Smart Materials: The Next Generation Nabita Shehata, Beni-Suot University, Beni Suet, Egypt ‘Mohammad A Abdelkareem, Minia University, Mini, Egypt and University of Shariah, Shariah United Arab Emirates Enas T Sayed, University of Sharia, Sharjan, United Areb Emirates and Minia University, Minia, Egypt Davidson E Egirani, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria ‘Alfred W Opukume, Niger Delta University, Wiverforce Island, Nigeria {© 2021 Elsevier Ine Aight reserved. ‘Nomenclature: Fe lon “Or iano oxide iti Nitinol Gu Copper Ph Lead Siossary PVDF. Polyinyenfouride Caeser aera BY/PVDE BaliO,jpolyinylidene fuori Poe eet nee yee CNTs. Carbon nanotses. {ING Triboclectrc anogenerstor. G¥D_ Chemical vapor deposition UAV Unmanned aerial wehies DE_ Didlcric elastomer. SHMs Set healing mals LCD Ligui enstal display SMPs Shape memory palmer. Us Lithium ion beri. SCCBs_ Sea colloidal erst arcdes (SCC) NDs_ Nanodtoples SMa Smart materials (Ss). SMe Pamive smart mateiala SHA Structural health monitoring (SUN) PMC Polymer mati composites UNESCO United Nations Lueatonal, Scientia PVA. Polyinlaleahol Caltral Onpization Introduction ‘Smart materials (SMs) are defined as the materials that change their behavior in systematic manner as a response to specific stimualis (Roger, 1989) which could he alterin magnetic ofand electric feds, stress, acoustic, temperate, nuclear radiation, or) and chemical properties (Fig. 1) They are superior to other materials with five characcrstica: selectivity, directness, immediacy, selfactuation, and transieney (Aadingion an Sehoedeck, 2006) ‘There is growing interest toward production and development of SMs. They show significant merits in various areas expecially ‘the medical, electronic applications. The analyses ofthe smart material around the world refer to 13% annual increment growth rate and by 2023; ts expected to reaches 73.9 billion dolar. All ofthese led to the appearance of the SM next generation. The next, jeneration ofthese materials is usually involving composites of at last two materials. The main reason for this isto minimize the ‘ost, mass and the duration ofthe active materia. The aim ofthis article i to provide future vision for SMs in the different applications. This atcle mentions composition and properties and synthesis process ofthe next generation of SMS. The article also mentions the research on different smart structures {hat can be used for varons construction and building, elocronic and medical applications among others The Next Gener : Materials Classifications, Mechanisms and Characteristics The next generation of smart materials (Maurya etal, 2020; Smye, 2020) is discussed in the next sections: ‘Active Smart Materials (ASMs) “The material is said to be ASM if they change their geometric or material properties, for example Shape-memory materials Shape-memory materials are firstly developed by NASA to enhance the aicraftsafery. hey are kind of materials that keep their shapes (self memory) even if they undergo an external pressure or temperature. Ihe effect of shape memory returns them to their original shape after certain time when the external stimulus is eliminated. The shape-memory materials are vided to three main categories: pseudo-easticty effec, manner influence, and two-manner influence, The shape memory materials are applied in nocpatia ofSart Meals ens WTONSTO TD OTID ODDEN 72__ Smart Materials: The Next Generation ‘Temperature alloy [> Mechanical strain change ec Lf Fyroclectric —|_5 Electric polarization a Biectrostrietors |. sisctsic polarteation Mechanical strain Magnetostrictors |_, Change in magnetic field ical fed 2] Bleotrochromic |, cotour change st settee Fig. 1 Elect of externa stimulus on some SMS dlfferent sectors like aviation, renewable energy and biomedicine. WM Lluang eta, reviewed shape memory materials in aerospace industry. They reported that ferrous polycrystalline SMs alloys possess super elasticity and high tensile strength while On and Fe based SMAs are cheap, Some of these SMAs have temperature memory effect, where any change in the temperature will cause bending of the material in controlled manner (Huang eal, 2010) The most powerful alloy in this section is Nitinol (Nii). It an recover its orignal shape under a wide range of temperstare (200 to 100°C). The temperature range depends on the nickel/tanium raio during the alloy formation (Maurya tal, 2020). lis resistance to corrosion and fatigue and super elasticity encourage is application in aviation industry (Lobo et al, 2015). NIT, strips are utilized in acuators to enhance the engine efficiency and minimize the cooling system (Suman eal, 2015). Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) were developed to harvest energy from body motion. The propose device is based mainly on a uiboeletrc nanogenerator (TING) that ulize triggered shape (thermal) of organics (Li et al, 2018), they used hand tapping to efficiently operate 150 hi ing diodes. However, these materials are the best choice for wearable technologies that depend fn flexibility i shape and durability Shape memory polymers based om TNG can detoct and conserve biomechanical energy. Veit limitations are the low strength and weak thermal conductivity compared with other shape-memory materials. They implemented {in airerfs skin, they can undergo lange deformations and beat aerodynamic presse (Yaricand Sui, 2019). The propertios oF SMP can be improved by incoporaing specific additives, for example adjusting the recovery temperature of biodegradable Polyglycolce SMP can be managed by controlling the Polyglycolide molecular weight (Ratna and Karge-Koess, 2008). Shape memory composites have superior characteristics, for example: polymer matsix composites (PMC) that can handle extremely high temperatures. Aluminides matrix composites have high sifines, very robust and light in mass ratio, The matrix ‘composites that invalve ceramic materials ae withstanding elevated buming efficiency. Smart composites ae also utilized in space to monitor garbage and its impact on satellites (Choubey etal, 2018. ‘Magnetosirictive materials Magnetostictive materials are materials change their shape sith changing in surtounding magnetic Bld. The highest mage: tostrctve effect for a material was reported by Terfenol-D alloy (tebium, iron and dysprosium), it teaches 2000 yz. One of the major applications of magnetostrictive materials i in level detectors, The mechanism of operation dlepencls on the presence of the 'SMs as wite surrounded by fequent electrical pulses originated from an electronic that connected tothe wite which i esponsible for creating a magnetic eld. While there is a magnet sits established on a float onto the liquid top. Incase of any change in the level ofthe liquid, the probe enters the magnetic field and the wire wists. Subsequently, measure the liquid level accurately ‘Bicomponent fibers Two materials characteristic with different physical mechanical an chemical properties are originated from the same precursor and they can design indifferent structure to achieve the required results, Three categories exist in this are: Side-by-side: two materials that could adhere to each other which facilitate their connection mechanically ate obeyed to side-by side category. These materials vil find their way in texture indastry for example self crimping fibers ike the combination between and ethylene octene copolymer and polypropylene Sheath cor: the design involves using core materials surrounded by sheath, Also this design of SM could be applied effectively fn toque industy. For example the engineer could use a sheath soft fiber and a core from high strength fiber. Mairi: matrix involves distribution of one material into another; its the mont complicated design of SMs, Is used in very fine fiber with density < 1.11e-05 like artificial veins‘Smart Materials: The Next Generation 3 Fig. 2 Aopication areas of hyroge! in biomedicine Selt-organizing materials There i abroad structure of research toward selForganizing materials. It isa broad category encompasses selthealing, self-cleaning and similar trends. The aca of self-cleaning is rowing fst in renewable energy sector, such as coating the surface of photovoltaic cells with a hydrophobic film like titanium dioxide, where the dit, and moist dort retain on the module surface. SelF-healing materials include ceramic, elastomers and polymers. I has two operating mechanism: inwinsie and extrinsic. The former occur internally once the material subject to external stimulus. For example a suny conducted in 2008 by Song etal, he intrinsic healing foceurs asa result of chemical reaction while the extrinsic healing occur via multistage response where the material receive healing from extemal system, transported i tothe damage area and finally epair it. Inthe cise of extrinsic mechanisms, these healing agents in the polymer matrix present as vascular networks or capsules (in the microscale). In case of damage these healing agents would be transferred to the cavty/crack location and conduct the required healing (Utd etal, 2017), Quantom-tunneting composites Quantum-tunneling composites are consist of conductor (metal) and insulator (polymer) where this composite is designed in such way that the conductor elements are far apat from each other and subsequently from the curent to pas Unrough i. Wher the ‘extemal presse is implemented, the elements of the conklactor get cleser which enable the current to passes through it This kind fof smart material is applied in pressure sensors Gels: hydrogels and aerogels These materials absorb and retain as many time of their weight in specific liquids. They have promising applications in drug delivery (Fig. 2), energy storage and oil indusuy. Smart hydrogels were developed for biosensing systems, their applications include detection of specific biomolecules Le, auceic acid, glucose, enzymes and proteins. For examples, a quickly photo crosslinked hydrogel (Celatin-methacrylamide) and a pl-responsive hydrogel (hydroxyethyl acrylate carboxymethyl cellulose) were crosslinked together to produce a composite hydrogel. As shown in Fg. 3, dhe composite presented pil sensitivity (Fi. 3(a) and (b). The pl resulting in various swelling ratios (Fig. 3(c) and (d)), where at glucose high concentration (pH reaches low value), the hydrogels swelled lower than glucose low concentration (pH reaches high value) Photonic crystals were incorporated in carbohydrate hydrogel to detect lectin, Ovening to this binding there will be shrinkage in the hydrogels volumes which lead toa considerable shift in the hydrogels diffaction wavelength (Cai eal, 2017), “The hydrogels exhibited variable volumes during detecting of enzymes and the change in the hydrogel volume is clearly visible to the naked eye Besides to that, this detection method doesn't need highly trained technician and complicated instruments, therefore introducing a competitive altemative to traditional analytical techniques (Cio et al, 2020) Passive Smart Materials (PSMs) The passive smart materials (PSMs) are materials that could transduce energy inherently like piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials, her optics, et Piezoelectric materials The materials that produce electrical current when an extemal mechanical sess is applied is called piezoelectric like lithium niobate (LINDO), quartz (Si0,), and PZE [Pb(Zr,_,1i}Os]- On the contrary, when current is passed through it, deformation of ‘the material structure occurs, These materials are the most known SMS and they expected to achieve a wide spread in fields ike4__ Smart Materials: The Next Generation pH7.0 02.77 5.55 11.11 16.66 22.22 mM 47mM —10.3mM_—14.2mM bad Fig. 3. Smart hydrogels for glucose detection: Swaing of fcrages a varied oH values (3), SEM images of hydrogels at varied pH (b), Smart hydrogels ieorporaed i steret concanraon of ghense solutions (c), Fuorescence Wages of hydrogels tat implant ia mice at dierent levels of blond glucose (3) Reproduced from Wu, M, et af, 2019, A smart hydrogel system for visual detection of gluse, Brsensers and Blelecronies 142. 11547 letronics, pressure transducers accelerometers, actuator, stra, pressure and distributed vibration sensors, sporting equipment and medical applications. Their merits include fast and accurate responses. Fig. 4 shows the main piezoelectric composites that {implemented i various applications The lead zinconate titanate oxide (PZI) is superior to other SMs duc to its lowcost and high sensitivity and stiffness, Owning to these properties it could be used as actuator a well sensors. Its obtained by heating predetermined mix of Pb, 130 and zirconate at elevated temperature ($00-1000°C), 3 binder is used for combination and finaly dhe powder is sintered to the required size The PZT basel sensors are often fixed on the targeted inrastmctare surface and an impedance analyzer is used to excite eletticity ‘The PZT transducers are implemented forthe infrastructures monitoring, Their sensing ranges are 0.4 m and 4 m for RCstructres and metal beams respectively (Maurya eal, 2020). Hassan Elahi et al. investigated te effect of various thermal and electrical loads fon Harium Titante, they analyses the results using numerical methods and a model forthe thermomechanical loading effect was developed (Lahi eal, 2018). In 2019, fingiang, Li etal. developed an empirical formula to describe the motion of a piezoelectric material that used as actuator. Hamlton’s and Rayleigh Rit’s method was used to deduct the formula. Great results could be obtained via tracking the ‘external control volume and optimization of the material structure (i etal, 201) Piezoelectric energy harvesting, a recent techniqu during the presence ofa force on that surface where mecha highly recommended as harvester du to their high capacity to conserve energy per unit volume. They used to power the micro and ‘unmanned! aerial vehicles (UAV) and as smart aircraft components, They can also inject the fuel precisely (Sharma and Srinivas, 2020), Films, ceramics, and crystals were used efficiently in the microsystems where the conventional actuator and sensors were substituted with dhese small size materials (Zinang ea, 2016). Simulation and optimization of the PZT dynamic characteristic hhave been performed sith the aid of extemal cites (Miveenko ef al, 2012), Different shaped geometries of ceramic fibers A vibra fs use piezoelectric ma al 10 conserve energy from the airraft surface energy is converted directly to electricity. Piezoelectric materials are containing filaments of piezoelectric 3 respectively e implemented in vehicles and helicopter rotor blades to minimize noise Ferroelectric materials Some pyroclecric materials show electrical polarization when subjected to hea like gallium nitride. "The material called ferme lectical if they revered this current upon exposure to external electrical field like barium dtanate in capacitor. However, the next, {generation ofthese materials wll be in electronic devices like the ferroelectric form of the random aecess memory (RAM) insted Of the ordinary RAM where the former is cheaper and more stable than the late. IuiliOy/powinyldene faoride (BI/PVDE) composite wos developed using 2D platelets using quenching treatment and solution east, The results recorded a significant improved performance in energy storage and the dielecttic properties of theFig. 4 Casticaton of plemaernic composts. Raprducd from Ribero, Ge al, 2018, Plezoceche Polymers and Polymer Compost for Sensors and Actus. sour. nanocomposite. the composite film (1 wi8 of BI shows a high discharge energy density eached 9.7 J em™* at 450 MV m-" that {is nearly 5 times than the commercial biawally oriented polypropylenes (Wen eal, 2019) Etectroactive polymers Electroactve polymers were first discovered by Wilhelm Réntgen in 1880, He concluded increase in length of rubber band (few of centimeters) hen subjected to an electrical charg. The electroactive polymers are materials change their volume, shape or length ‘upon exposure to an electrical stimulus. hey are superior to piezoelectric ceramic actuators since they can withstand strong stains with large deformation. They are the keys to produce artificial muscles and more realistic animatronies in the future. I consists of ‘wo brands: dielectric (dry ype) and ionic (wet type). When a passive polymer is applied between two electodes and once a voltage is applied, ifn actuation is occurred then it called dielectric On the other hand, if this electric current changing the ions positions in the polymer then the ionic function ts occurred Dielectric elastomers (DE) are type of electroactive polymers, hey are deformed with extemal electrical fekd which enable them to be applied in energy harvesters and robots (Mansor and Akio, 2020). An energy harvesting device was developed by lng otal, when itis set on the surface of the ocean, the sacked DEs actuators compressed repetitively due to the uniform movement of the device resulting from the ovean waves (up and dover) which resulting in harvesting of electricity from this ‘mechanical movement (Leng cal, 2011). DE was also used inthe eyinder wall of polymer engine generator; they concluded that the polymer reduces heat loss and fuel leakage (Praha, 2005), Etectroluminescent materials ‘The materials that emit light when electrical currents passthrough them called elecroluminescent materials. Uncil now, these materials are used widely in electronics. They can reduce power consumption in liquid crystal display (LCD) lke gallium arsenide ‘The farue research ofthese materials will focus on using the doping technique to contro the light color, for example doping zine sulfide with silver produce a bright blue light while doping the same material with copper yield green and so on, Chromic materiats The chromatic material are kind of smart material that change its color with change in light iradiation (photochromic), tem- perature (thermochromic), magnetic field (magnetochromia), electronic state (electrochromic), and mechanical pressure (pie zochromic). There is a wide range of application of these materials like silver chloride in color changing sunglasses. Optcat fiber Optical fibers are thin cylindrical shaped fibers in nanoscale; they produce optoelectronic signals due to the extemal stimulus related to te fiber characteristics. They are made from silica, zeonex, topas, polymer, etc. Their main applications are the sensor, where they consist mainly ftom inner and outer fers, detector and light modulator. The merits of optical fibers include light weight, rugged and beat proofing (Ijin eta, 2002; Bhardwaj etal, 2020), Recent in Smart Technologies There are number of technologies that depend mainly on smart materials Inthe following section, there is short discussion fon them6__ Smart Materials: The Next Generation ‘Structural Health ‘Monitoring Global response __Locall response based based technique ‘technique YW NY Global static Global dynamic response based response based ‘technique ‘technique NY NS Fig. 5 Casficaion of structural health montong, Structural Health Monitoring ‘The approach of siictural health monitoring (SHM) is utilized in structure engineering to detect and characterize any damage. This technique and its components are summarized in Fig. 5 (Maurya et al, 2020) ‘Morphing Technology (Changing the structure shape fora specific requirement iscalled morphing The success of this technology is depending on the ability of the materials 10 have variables intemal anisearopic properties, The main obstace in this technology’ is to combine between contrast, characteristics forthe same material; the reversible deformation and the high sifiness (Shara and Srinivas, 2020) Ajit S. Panesar eal. sggested usage of blended bi table laminates. An example of this application isthe design of aicrat wing Which undergoes intensive load resulting in bending stresses and fatigue failure in the structure. In order to withstand these Intensive loading, the wings needed to be robust. However, these loads shouldn't reach the critical load limits (Panesar and Weaver, 2012}, ‘A model that predicts the shapes of multistable laminated plates under different thermal loads while accounting for properties related to this temperature change was developed. Ritz minimization techniques were implemented to yield solutions with constant curvature shape functions. The model described successfully the effect of temperature on the related properties ove large temperature ranges (Uckstein etal, 2013), ‘Additive Manufacturing ‘he technology of additive manufacturing depends on the production of complex shape/object using very accurate design withthe aid of well controlled computer, This technology which is known as 3d printing is characterized with high accuracy, rapidity, ove ‘manufacturing cost, and minimum limit of geometry. Additionally, it minimizes the numberof parts and total weight. However, it sill imited for mass production where the conventional one is characterized with low tora cost and high reliability but stil dis, technology is preferable for products with low volume (Falahati eal, 2020). Fi. 6 shows the main additive materials use in this technique. Employment of SMs in 1D designing and fabrication will move through the 4D fabrication where the printed materials will change acconing to controlled and predetermined manner. "This change is ofa high importance in fields like electronic, Aerospace, transport and medical applications among others. Fabrication methodology occurs through various technologies owning to the used SMs, manufacturing technique and equipment There are seven categories: binder jeting, vat photo-poly ‘merization, sheet lamination, powder bed fusion, material jetting, directed energy deposition and material extrusion (Palimero and Bollero, 2020), ‘Smart composites used in 3D and 4D printing: (1) Magnetic composites: the magnetic properties incorporated into non-magnetic matrix. he final printed abject depends on the precursors, synthesis of the composite. design and 3D printing. Zhu e al. used direct writing process to print 3D structres ‘characterized with magnetic sponse. They developed ink for 1D printing by incorporating of magnetic iron nanoparticles, into poly dimethy siloxane. They produced a remotely tinable 4D terahertz photonic crystals that is characteristic with a fast response time (Zhu etal, 2018). Kim et a. fabricated objects exhibited fast controlled deformations that response to a magnetic field using ink containing particles of boron, iron and neodymium. Multiclomain shape-shifting SMs could be applied in biomedical devices, soft robotics and flexible electronics (Kim eal, 2018).‘Smart Materials: The Next Generation 7 Additives 1 Metals: staintess steet| | Composites ‘Titanium Combining ‘hermosets Aluminum potymers, Alums metals and sins Tram Polylacticacta Fig. 6 casscaton of addive manuaeuring materia (2) Tierma-uned composite: the th composite (3). Composites for enforced architectures enhancement of the mechanical properties for specific objects in constriction fs done via incomporating specific bers in te composite fiber. (4). Electrically conductive composite the composites that used in electronics and sensing devices mal conductivity of such composite is improved via controling the fiber orientation in the Inkjet printing was used to develop flexible electrical devices sich as temperature sensors using a conductive ink of carbon ‘nanotubes or silver nanoparticles onto a printed shape memory polymers objects. Materials, have different wansition temperatures, were used fo print multishape memory objects for example elastomeric matrix contain SMP fibers was implemented to fabricate objects exhibit mutiple thenmomechantaally controlled shape changes (wu eral, 2016), The variety of changes ofthe produced objets shapes could be managed by optimizing the printing process conditions including thermomechanical loading profile. 3D printing parameters, and material properties ofthe precursor com poste (lahat etal, 2020), Fig. 7 presents the different printing methods. The 4D printing technique # based mainly on SMs, These materials are the only source for this technique. ‘The materials properties, the combination between two or more of them are the main parameters ofthe 4D printing proces. Also, the modeling strategy i the other important fact, However, this area of rexcarch has some limitations concerning the design, the material and the process. Fig. 8 shows the main research gaps in this technique (Pasha etal, 2020) ‘The Next Generation of SMs in Different Sectors (Owning to their unique characteristics, the next generation of smart materials find their way in different sectors: Energy Appi There is growing interest in polymer based composites as SM used in production and harvesting of energy. Nanotubes were suaggesed tobe use in polymer based composite due to thei low density which increases the electrical conductivity via improving the compressive loading during absorption of energy in addition to increasing the composites strength, Single/double carbon, ranotubesa@polyphenylencvinylene, an cample of these composites, is characteristics with minimized losses in photo luminescence and high thermal conductivity (Reo and Cheetham, 2001), Polyaniline nanocomposite is another example ofthese composite that is environmentally stable and not expensive and finally has good electrical properties. They cold he applied on rechargeable batteries, capacitors and electrochromic devices (ITiomas and Zaikov, 2008), “The monitoring of specific biomolecules is significant in diagnosis of specific diseases, for examples; protein for detecting genetic and neurodegenerative discases, cancers, diabetes, nucleic acids for genetic disorders and cancer and blood glucose levels for diseases like diabetes, obesity and cancer. Nanotechnology offered significant contribution in biosensing due to the characteristics of nanomaterials including gold nanoparticles and nanorod. quantum dots (QDs) and muliwalled carbon nanotubes, Modified gold nanopasies were used to tect glucose where in the presence of glicose, the golk| nanoparticles don't ageregate (the color of the solution is red while during absence of glucose, the panicles aggregate and the color ofthe solution turns violet) (Fig. 8)8__ Smart Materials: The Next Generation ser Sintering Direct Ink Writing nT ee ng Controllablgpressure Print Bed fic) regen Sensi rset ty Poe Bereta Modeling Uvlight Uv-curabl Source ink Print Bed Print Bed Photo-curable Resin The 30 pring tecmniqus, Reproduced from Flat M, el, 2020. Smart polymers and nanocomposites for 3D and 4D printing In Matias Today 40, 215-245. ‘Research gaps in the 4D printing technology Design and ‘Material Process development modelling + Mutti-direction shape Extrusion-based + Controtted changing processes deformation + Mechanical robustness + Low production rate + Geometrydependent | | « Two-way shape + Structural fidetity shape changing recovery + Anisotropic properties + Modelling «+ Environmental of products frameworks ‘stability 2. Vat photopelymerzation + Small print votume + Limited materials 3. Poly jot printing + Limited materials + High cost equipment }- Multi-materials printing {8 Tho main esearch gaps in 40 pening esearch and technolo.‘Smart Materials: The Next Generation 9 © _ @ incubation without @ i glucose dispersion, Fig. 9 Gold nanoparics for colorimetric sensing of gene. Silica colloidal crystal barcodes (SCCBs) decorated with QDs and integrated with MoS» were fabricated to sereen multiplex ‘tumor miRNA. The probe form a double stand with the target miRNA resulting in liberation of quantum dots away from MoS sheets, subsequently the QDs will recover their fluorescence. Since the liberated QDs are directly related t0 the nucleic acid concentration, Subsequently, the miRNAs can be measured. Three kinds of tumor miRNAs with high sensitivity which represent an ltemative technique to the traditional PCR technology were detected ([hian otal, 2019). Als, gold nanoparticles and QDs are used for detecting enzymes owned to their distinctive optical characteristics (Iowes otal, 2014), Building and Construction A wide study in Iran investigated implementations of different SMs in building fade, It was found that thermochromic photovoltaic and photosrictive materials are very effective in building facade in terms of energy consumption, resistance 10 quake and safety issues (Balaliand Valipour, 2020). Ie was estimated that energy saving dhe to using electrochromic SMs in windows could reach 170 kwh m * annually (Azens and Granvist, 2005). Incorporation of SMs in windows maximize passive solar heat gains in winter as a result of bi ‘mittance sates adoption, reduces cooling loads by minimizing solar heat gain coefficient in plazing during summer, reduce the need for artificial lighting and common shading devices, reduce glaring which subsequently offer unobstruced view of the saurounding environment (Piccolo, 2010) However, the electrochromic materials represent the lowest energy consumption compared t@ thermochromic ane! photo: chomic materials present in the market acording toa suudy by Tallberg etal. (2019), they investigated three contol strategies, tlhuminance level on a work plane, sadiance impinging the extemal surface, operative temperature ‘Aviation Industry Due tothe large investment inthe aviation industry, SMs are involved in the evelopment of aircraft technology. The SMs shoul allow the temporary or even permanent deformation in the structure while keeping the structural integrity under all suspected/ ‘unsuspected circumstances ([bishir etal, 2018). Shape memory based materials an! piczoelectric are mostly applicable in wigs fabrication due to their good compactness and controllabily. Stl the challenge fs to reduce their weight. Fig. 10 shows the proposed areas forthe implementation of SMS in aiterafs Electronic Applications The new generation of the printable io electronic devices is depends mainly on smart biomaterials used in optical and electrical devices. Resistive memory devices was developed by embedding gold nanoparticle in the biopolymer of silk protein fibroin (Gogurla etal, 2013), Tors etal. combined clastomer of polydimethl siloxane with functionalized sil in a microfluidic device [It provides the device optical esponse via controlling a temporal and spatial delivery of solutions to the system. The modified silk is characteristic with stability of spectrally responsive fora wide pl range (Isions tal, 2010). graphenesill pressure sensor was developed with high sensiivty value (0.4 KPa"), the sensor can detect up to 140 kPa (Liu et al, 2017).10 __ Smart Materials: The Next Generation cabin noise central control unit reduction Engine monitoring Flutter suppression flaps positioning ‘10 Posse locations of Ss in an aera. Reproduced trom Alias, G., 2000, Smart mates and smart systems for he future. Canaan IMirary Journal (3), 25-31 Impact detection ‘Medical Applications ‘Smart materials are attracting researchers in medica sector due to theie vital trextment process, Their main applications are discussed a8 follows les in enhancing the selectivity and efficiency of the ‘© Drug delivery applications: some newly smart materials have strong characteristics that enable them to be excellent dg eariet. Tian ot al. developed the magnetic field that guides the drug delivery system, They aimed targeting cancer cells via doxorubicin londed om magnetic sill her nanoparticles. They optimized the synthesis process by tuning the magnetic nanoparticles (ian tal, 2014), (© Wound dressing: hydroge-based dressing was loaded with drug and pl responsive alginate scaffold arrays to treat wound and control drug delivery. This multifunctional hydrogel dressing can detect the wound infection level and subsequently release controlled antibiotics acconding to the pH change and swelling (Mirani eal, 2017) (© Sutures modified sutures of sille were developed in 2016, Incomporating of SMs increased ther tensile strength to 626 + 23.3 MPa and knot strength to 388.6 + 16.8 MPa) in addition to the antimicrobial characteristic which sugges their applications in cardiac, sncurysmal embolization and artrio venous occlusion surgeries (Francis cal, 2016), (© Dentistry: the conuibution of the SMs in dentisuy is enormous, these materials reinforced the tooth structure and facilitate the ‘occurence of conservative cavity preparation. Some ofthese materials like enamel and dentin can mimic the strctures ofthe natural tooth, The dental SMs include orthodontic shape memory alleys, smart burs, smart suture, and smart impression material. Also restorative materials like smart ceramiccomposies,resin- modified glass ionomer, ete. (Cupta, 2018). (© Tisue engineering: SMs have revolutionized the field of tissue engineering. In cancer research and treatment, del contolled baydrogels were able to suppress tumors growing. The responsive silk fibroin hydrogels were formed by the crosslinking reaction of horseradish peroxidase at physiological conditions (Ribeiro tal, 20186), Environmental Management SSman nanoparticles were applied in various agricultural, industrial and environmental sectors (Sayed! e al, 2020; Shafeek eal, 2020), Additionally, numerous smart nanoparticles have achieved promising results in water and wastewater remediation. They can atiach different pollutani in the same time lke carbon nanotubes to manage chemical and biochemical oxygen demand suspended solids and even the pathogens (EL Rabiei el, 2017), cays as barrier system (Eran etal, 2020a) ori the form of natural composite to manage heavy metals (Il-Naggar etal, 2019) and much other (Liam ct al, 2020) ‘The Opportunities and Challenges Sustainability is owned to care about the next generations while using the current sources precisely and efficiently. The UNESCO has reported 17 goals of sustainable development (UNESCO, 2020) There are goals are strongly connected to implementation and development ofthe next generation of SMs. For example, using smart photochromic, thermochromic, and electrochromic materials in building reduce its consumption of energy which achieves the 1th goal (sustainable cities and communities), Another cample; uiizing smart materials/technologies in biomedical applications agreed with the third goal (good leat and wellbeing). Adltionally, implementation of smart materialjtechnologics im aviation, renewable energy an other inustsy achieves the goals 7,8, 9, an 17.‘Smart Materials: The Next Generation 11 ‘The next generation of SMs, that have the tendency to be clever active, fashionable, sharp and sophisticated, will be imple. ‘mented in human life and technology. Additionally, numerous studies have reported the application ofthese materials in civil engineering, disease therapy cell recovery, nanomedicine, energy, mechanical and bio-medical engineering, electronics, military, aerospace and automotive which wil subsequently improve all aspect of ie. The SMs extension and their sustainability depend fon the following factors: (2). Development and spread of the next generation depend basically on the development of definite sciences and technologies like material science, chemical, civil and mechanical engineering, neural netwotk, artical intelligence, aerospace, biotechnology and nanotechnology. (2) Detecting any change in the material fast and accurately. {G) Incorporation of specific smart material in any smant device or modem industry depends on the following criteria (Akdas, 2000) ‘The technical characteristics of SMs, including mechanfeal, chemical, electrical andl physical properties, ‘Technological characteristics like thermal processing forming, workability, welding abilities, pollution eve, ete Bconomic issues depend on the cost and availability ofthe raw material and the production process Environmental issues related to properties like pollution, toxicity, applicability of reusing/ecycling and sustainable develop “There are numerous opportunities to he discovered in the different applications. Iti highly recommended to investigate material architecture for enhancing their performance. Much effort should he done on developing prochcion methods (making them more simple), decreasing their cost and their negative impact on environment and optimizing specific material fr a specific application. The safety isues on human and environment shoul be considered, However, the next generation of SMs doesn't move fast. This may be ataibuted to that SMstructures and the corresponding technology are considered highly interdsciplinary area, encompassing the basic andl applied sciences (chemistry, physi, com- puting, mechanics, elecronies, engineering aeronautics) (Aklias, 2000). Conclusion In this arte, we reported the next generation of smart materials; their ypes, their speciic characteristics the main areas of applications and the corresponding technologies. The ultimate aim of article is to highlight the structure, compesition and characteristics ofthese materials which are essential to achieve the recent development in all sectors, Finally, the opportunities and challenges for the fast development of these materials were reported. References ing, Sows 0,205 Sat Mes and Teta: Fre ies 2 sgn Press Oo UX: Anal Pes, [206 vas, 6.200. Sat alls dst sss fhe ite Card Mita dour 1 (9) 25-3. ‘Aas, A, Gang C, 208, Erode sna winks: Eng fey an dc asec, oul ol Sod ile Ecce 7 (2, 4-8. A Vapar, A, 20 rein and eon a ung ge’ sat ia srg Sera deepen yas. Sree Mes and Testolges 2, e3 i Maa, 208. tan ne ral cars & stron pn ol xpi wing, Maas Toy: Pogs (1, 21082-2107, ara, VK, K, Stra AC, 10, apoed apa ix gona snd sansa yeas Dsl ot Ma ata Klar 2 eon. Opi Fe “cio 8. 2 Bn F. ef, 2018, Mojbsknun dss neat phone ces fr mr mts soning, Borns a Biers 18, 18-24 (a, 2, a9 2017 Ragrshe pene cya cays hyo enc mals skh an serve fn pole doecnn. ACS sar 2 (10), 1424-1481 Chou, Sines, LP, KM, 218. Canoe mara ied soar Reve, Nei Ty: Posing (I. 121-1026, Ev esi, Pra, A. tr, PM, 201. Maing highenpecase expose las lung Mme cies. Campsie Smacus10, 33-372 Foi, DE of a 2m Spinel sus ore carcino Eg al sce and is pion a 2 yori, barca and lia bac ‘sun Ans Joa ol Sous 7) 207-224 Fin, DE, Sha, Wea, MH, 220. Review ono ei in apis aid sees: Pantin, hanson, spe, opps, ‘hala 2 (), O08 tute, IM a 209 Arve ppc enol ta (an Han eae eg tee al a at. Wa Soc 9). LAaDeL MM, (3, 2017, aon of cor races (CNT) anaematl a l seoaled vaseratesent pat Rexx Josal ol Pesan iota nd Chie 8 (4), 180-1190. bi Hy a, 2018 Resprse Beebe maison herarecerial shocking and chil shosirg tr sous apis, Mezgysien Teles 248) ‘yaar Fath M. ett, 2000, Sat poymes ant rancongosts tr 0 ard 40 pig. seals Tey 4, 215-28 Fares NK. ta, 2016. ns rato cst ik ado-nsue atic sue sues, ACS Bons Sine & Erin 2 2, 18-196. Giga N, a, 28, Versa ad Hexen sling nay Gens mi ay is ONOFF alo wig god mapas enti sik poh aia, Nakina 24), 385202 ts, 2, oa, 20 epee pees ard gplcson fant mri in Bosig, Sa Nils Mee 1, 54-65, Spl, id Sa eas nc A ew anal Jasna! Adare sah and Dowie 3 (9), 8-36 Howes, PD, Chara, R, Severs, MM, 218 Callal mwas ano Dlg sens, Sun 346 (25).12 _Smart Materials: The Next Generation ng, WL, 2010, Supe amy mais. Mri ody 13-8), 54-1 Kn, 208 Prog emaget dais or une! et Yasmin Sot mass Nae 88 (7709), 274-29 Lo, a 201 Stage many ayo nde campers massa gpl. ges Vaal Siow 6 (7). 177-116. UJ, ta, 218 Ate von cnc Kncnsy ged zoe mais pie, Coroase ites 07, 58-51, {ita 2018 Shape mem polymers body maton sy avesing a e-powee chasing Aen Mies 20 (2, 170515. Lu, Ya 2017 Rex, nny sere esr esa wih a wite ange aston gogrene-k reworks. Api Pyses Les 110 (12), 128. Lote, PS, mot, 4 Guo, L, 201s Sap mimay a eno Aon Pada Engrg 11. 76-7, Maat, WA. Aap MZ, 2020 Poa uncongste at mai ny aeons. n Paes Naocargoste Bod Sat Maas, Es, go. 187-176 Mabetla, VP, ea, 2512. Seulaon wo optimal ya als opel sre sce Pye Meneses 15 (2-4), 10-10, Maura, «Xv A, JG, 120. Sat matias ad ero mec ingest: Arden Maras Toc Poets (nes). Mian 8 at, 2017An ates rns hopped tessog fr wound mong a a dey. Aan Hee Mts (9, 7071, Pair, EM, Bal, A, 223 ad 4D Pregl Facil an Sat Compute Nas. Esa, Pare AS, one, PA, 2012. Omit Hed baie lanes lr a marting tap. Compsie Secs Ot (10), 52-218, Pez. A 0 Tama are a aout wed a vcore We gyal Bogs 42 (2, 0-147 Phi, H, 205. Pore pow Die eases alr spear bed actin an power grate, Pang SSS 206, enol Claw on Sat lls Sac ad Sb. Baal, ea fan CN, Chota, AK, 201 Sees and elo frre: Cue sans and eps, Jura Maori Chemisty 1 (12), 257-204 Roa Soci of Cay) Fam, Dag ors J, 2008 Reon aan in shape mer yar vf comgost: Arvin. Mes Solr 3 (0, 254-288. (Sn ber, G. ea, 28 Piaaete Pers ard Ply: Conse Ss an cis. Powe bre, VP ea, 201 Ray epee sk tom Pde a a al meio We pyres unr ces ah PLAS ne 1, DIMA Fags, CA 190 US Amy ese Ofc Woashp on Se Ma, Sucaes ae Maral es Hod in Bech, Via 16 Sot To ‘Viglen ite a St very, Bass Sa ET, eal, 10, zo pags in ervermealy ery oleracea dais x smultezu wa alan and wastes Wen, Scene he oil Enon. 81086, Sek, AM, fl, 200 ene o 00 rnopatcle roan se cn meni properties an whines wie porta cane, Api Nec. (Spin Stam, KS. 220 Fingal ee in ven hy. Maas Toy Probing 27, 2-250. Sys, 8,200. rat is od at of prone Reed Pst 4). 20-35, Sina A. Fri A Main, M201. A tape eo aly bod mpg al in Bad: Fuca raion a perp, xy Pra 2, 272-2 atten fi, a, 2018. Compson ore ews sag pis ol ape ard corel at wns: 9 e-em ses ‘erm: plazome a eecatome lato. Sl Ereigy Matis and Sol Cals 200 horas. Zao, GE, 28, Pome ernest Rasch eros, Nove Publishes, Tia Yea 014 Doanbice-eed mega sk ian napa pled ery of mugs cs cel Waals 25 (6), 738-738 Wn 8, ea, 202 Ipicaten oq dsoae ee ag gag enn in ened cnet srcres. Mexsemt See ant esol 1 (4, 58 Ts, Kf a 200 Feud Shad ae ene vets Adare Furcal Maas 20 (7), 13-10 UNESCO, 220 UNESCO, UNESCO and Susale Doom Gls alae Mine cbse, UK, fa, 2017 Sing of dn ssid easel poymes~ A cial review. Pages in Ogre Cogs 14, 72-24, Wen fa 2018 Peat fey sone peomranc frst eects wh o-dinensorsl ples Congsts Scie andTezrvogy "ee 10a WJ a, 218, Ml stape atv amps ty 3D wig ol tse memory sly. Scie prs 6. 24024. (Wi, bi ta 209, ret yl syson or valdcton o hazse.Bosrs ad Ble 12. 11547 Yak, HA, Sur MT, 201 Stape marin py and Congo s mpg iss Bcearosis Fike teat Compost and Wr Comorian. i888 ‘hat, $4ULF Yu FP, 2016 Pade mail i ys nd igh ampere glans Sua Hath Nooo (39 in Anos Stats Ever. 8.58, ‘ah fy 28 4D petig of camp suse wih a pone a may se, ACS Ap Ma & ts 10 (2) 95-26.