SIR ALFRED DENT Founder of the Chartered Company UNDER CHARTERED COMPANY RULE (North Bomeo 1881-1946) BY K.G. TREGONNING BAB, Ltt (Oxon) 7 1wg00031857 WORepu: Publihing Divison of Sani Be Sei 59000 Ris Lipa Nila Repistd2007 OK.G.Teponsing revit used by: Unf f Malaya Pres ‘The author asserts the mora right io be ident he suur of a wok Setin Garand 1.25 pe Alig eared, No prt of is pbletin my be space, stored "*Spehina paoeping, eng crane han pa ‘emia of par ae Penman NepeMai Cap ateion Da eco: th Ba 1189 (teens oe) Ian it oe [wo HyH.1986 2 Sabi. LT, Sn Nishingnle Pritng San. Bhs 4 Foreword & ‘The Malay Peninsula in prehistoric times has been described tava bridge which was used hy successive gencraiions of migrant peoples in passage southwards. The sea surrounding Malaya on three sides has held the most dynamic influences of Malaya’s history for centuries This book in the series of Malaysian Heritage collection was ‘pels published to preserva make avaiable national istrical information about Malaysia, which otherwise ‘would perish with me as caswaldes of modernity. Presently, such les are very scarcely available and ‘considered as rare books. . The publishers of these books make no claim 10 be the copyright owner. pubes mate sry effort gee the pros tiers of the orginal cope hold ut wih no Trccese. Anfone caning cori should write to the iblsher atthe addres given The Malaysian Heritage collection iva dedicwed contribution lofature generations ofthe remarkable history of our country from the Malay Kingdoms, influence of foreign settlements ‘i the independence. These publications also reveal various authors experiences ofour rch culture, customs las, nse sayings prayers, ‘hreuturat races, forest lore, navigatnal, methods {tnd tales whitch mere integral part ofthe day Wife af or ‘ommuniles previous. ‘Past remains «crucial part of Malaysia's present. PablisherPREFACE HE Dia Bogeo Chane) Conpnyes formed in 88 alier he eriny fNoth Bo, oe hiding Chere Ces wer sexy in frst en tp Ea lin Cp ected in 5h ed wa upg sme th ti ot event sol bein eve Hine cea, hve ed to omaonf ent mow fe comp i a, Wo ad South ta sy eimai New Gur Tee hel oy tide hi, ond tw em of gov ih econ nr Dsm orto 18 are Copy ovr he Sou cng ren cnn "he Bh Noth oto Campy ws ot he eg sng essen sey Ce Conpere a ‘inl oe ht pene dommes Wh ape Ny ofthe Chater Company is here lin fil or dhe fs ne, Pled haphazadly in tn wunk in Loadon are numerous bundles of ees andl documents ofthe Company, and tse vest how a0 Ami firempt wo found a eaooy in North Borneo led step by tp, 20 dhe formation of the Charezed Company. Oter records, efi and _unffca,pobshed and primazy, in beth onan Nor Rowoeo, tl he history of the Company and of the tencory of No Borne. It's slide known bu very credible history «sy-year re hit, prodcel fom wari and povexy-suckn anarchy a pecefl and Contented people and an erererpendag eonomy. nthe Hight of pene day condions in Sooth-eat Aa hc isan achievement a hotel wot be belied td one that ay wellbe envied "The reseech necessary for the compilation of this book would sot have beea possible had not the Testes of the Gowrie Tras ia ‘Auseala and the Noid Foundsioa ia London sea fi to ava tne a Pack Hore- Ruthven Schobsshp and a Dominion Taveling FFalowship respective, which ented me wspend tice year of sevdy ae New College, Onfrd nd ate Colonial Office, London. The ines ofthe Ite General Sr Nel lel, KCB, DSO, and of ‘Si Doogl Malcom, KCAGG,, former Pesient and Director of te ‘riish Noah Borneo (Chartered) Company, ho invited me ata i Bstory, and who scared far me the pepision ofthe Penmanent Vndee Secret atthe Colonial Off, Sit Tomas Lyod, G.CMG., KCB, eo conse aot only alt records whch had been banded ‘over to the Colonial Office on its velanary gustion ie 1946, but ts the rae vege of perasing al Glial Office eorespondence ‘eltng to Borneo besween 1881 and 194, slo ackoowiedges with rca, sis the bl given me bythe bead aia ofthe Colonia Dice Libary, the ate Me A. B, Michel, MA. and by his aac the advice and encourgernen given to re by Mr. Francs Camel, M.A. BLATT. A he Univers of Osford‘The Noffild Foundation and the Univesity of Maya book ‘nade fandsavible ro me cows and teavel extensively in Noth Borneo and Bro and to work on the Chastred Company econ in Jescton chan them oth 4a North Bosneo isl I was bape by de asstiace ofthe Govesnor, Genel Si Ralph Hooe, KCMG, KBE, MC, TD, sd by discussions wih former manbers ofthe Chartted Compny, in parclas Mests Combe, MC, J. Marwell-al and W. K. ‘Wookey, and ako by the Dice Offer at Kota Bead, Me, George, fe head ofthe Anglican Church ia Sandan, Fate Los, Father Walsh of te Roman Catholic Church here, nd Mr. Chin Yong Ee, of essckon ____ Draft chapters ofthis book wer ead and cited in North Borneo by old Chaxesed Company employees, in panicaar Me. ‘Wookey, and in Singapore by De E. Stokes and I, Poin of the Usivessiy of Mali. In nto, vlsbe information wae pine by ‘convestons with Me. RK. Hardwick wha dow fel on his iy ea knowledge of Neth Boeneo Ta Landon a insight into an easier ‘age va given me by conversations withthe nine-year widow of W.C.Cowi, who lef North Bone in 188, “The compilation of hie research was encouraged in Singapore by Profesor C. Norbcoe Puskas, PHLD., MAL, Rlfls Professor of History a the Univesity of Maly, and saddened by te det in ‘Adelie of my old profsts, Gamer Vere Ports, MA., BLITT. metus Profesor of History snd Poll Science a the Universi .0f Adehie, who enable me to eeu the Goviie Scholarship and ‘he Nufeld Felowship, who wis my gue and fiend, at whose memory Idec ths book. KG. Size 1957 CONTENTS PREFACE va [BACKGROUND 1 1 THEAMERICAN COLONY) 2 THEBRITISH COMPANY} 7 3 EXPANSION AND PROTECTION » » 4 ADMINISTRATION a 5 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 3 * 6 NATIVE ADMINISTRATION as 7 LABOUR & _ 19 8 HEALTH 19 9 BDUEATION 213 “10 SLAVERY a 11 REBELS 25 rz 1941-1946 21 [BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE, 29 BIBLIOGRAPHY at INDEX x01 ILLUSTRATIONS Sic Alf Dent, Founder of ee Chartered Company fine W.€. Cowie beige Sandakan ia 1940 and 1985 page 258 259 MAPS Borneo, 1578 pa Noth Borneo, 1941 270a BACKGROUND ‘ORNEO, she sid ager nan io dhe wor ls crore. the equator to the south-east ofthe maak of South East Asn The pial climate i ot aad very huni. * ‘Unlethe oka island that pany ence beongs eclgicaly tothe old non-voleaic Sunda Pltfoxs, and was one appears, pat, ofthe mail of Asia, om whichis now separated by the shallow Joo and China Sea To he not he lan ls vay ui 10 grt eps of ocean “The inland i almost ens covered by dense forest The 190 rnvjoe mountain tanger szetch approximately om nordh-eatt 10 South-west, ad fom eat to wert 2eoss the island, The central sit ‘aly noth the equator il pasty unexploed, Some peaks ae too high for vegetation other than mottes and suazed bushes, bot ‘hewhee get sree compte for fe witha hat undergroweh ff younger and salle ees ania rch vary of pls, cxeepers and oe 1 e—a fos Many apse of Aine mammal hie inte fret Thee ince he ino, the elghnt. sever pec af money, ha «vo of te anton sp the gibbon ae he mgt he the der he alpen ed tesa ck ease ae ‘evn vrs ke, sd ome 40 vii oi ste ferrous cling nd ingen Helin fom, sed tng inthe many sams hey ow gehen he ont ma _ ove swamps toward the inevitable bar ate merous exocodlies, By fr he rene po ofthe de ihe, Te th iio, ihe pbs of the wmde al aso Pons, 106009010 ofthe mow pine te mot ine tod Sinid of noma Ho ft oman prope of ingens peop ‘ee seen cnn by heer batt em ‘io buen elgg a he pl forest nh wy charac of hee houghost be wor pow dy ero hes far fom any seam Wher noma ony, te ign aes separ fp the cn pogle by the sp denage of lion ‘Thon on he con wht May Sly Mano Bu 2 enero gets depres Man thor i we op ia wa eo Boro ceva the archpet, by odin aA des a mechan an thea rote Te 1252 Marco Plo ha found Ian eb ty Sac’ wes ‘Pes smal por on te noth cut of Suma. Te enh of te Hinds Ene of Jove wn ptap pone Se the es ‘tac fs spread a oe wa ow bos af the fr groving pow a Maca embraced he fh clin he enh emery, owt ws ore aid Smile more tan ade elo of opens, ta ns Moped by the cnt peoples of Sumtn, the Waly Pens, Jn, Cie, Bore Sl an the south Phipps and conte i no sal met the veto of the Maat pie, Long ae ih ole the Tins a Bee ‘Abe were sl sprang sh fh ad by he seventeenth ceary eodenonting to conver the Papuan “Amongitthetetden who led theseabnesofhe archipelago, lege eels of tise soos ofa sch Hladamat merchant who had musi che daughter ofthe Suk of Johore. One tok he fh the Phiippines; another became Salta of Sal; whe de shi the thls, acti de daughter ofthe Chinese Blooded Stn of Bes, in rt-west Borneo, and became, on the death of hi faerie, the reigning Sein, . “The Chincsc had been Brunel «long dine Ts refed vo in Chinese Ansals fom as cay asthe seventh etary A.D, and counts ce one deed ding the Ming paid (1368-1644). Trade ‘bone consti and iewould appear tha seleneatsof Chinese were ‘iablhed. The slopes ofthe dver banks ladingto Brunel encourged the gin of pepper which found a ready ale in Souls Chins es ‘vii beeame te monopoly af the Chinese, whose presen, td the kowldge ofthe power they represented, encmaaged Brune (0 shake off the oveoeship of the Mapai ro be te fast of de ‘Soteofthe archipelago send szbasendor to Ching and then in the fies cenasy, to embak on a caress of conquest When 2 Mastin Sultan came to the tone fesh vigour was ven Baul expansion, Wi pet aied to pincy her power spread. ec weath wat increased by the fillofMabeato the Portage in 1513, Many Muslin ters ed fom the Chsans and sou 2 fw centre in Brune, sanding stelike ona sallow bend of he only Bornean iver without snd bar atte mouth Sebecare the bz ‘of athe sands, ad wher the Sst Buropeanasved she was atthe height of her power, having sbjeced all te svess oF aorh end ‘west Borneo, and beyond. Pgaent, chzonicer of Magellan, vised Bron in 151, and wi eee with oyal pomp and sate “The thice yea modern influences on the archipelago, the ‘wee fir theea "Europea, dhe Chinese and Islam, had al rived but they weze 0 ss he by. For aealy 400 years the story of Nor Borne is one of decine, The power sod the acour of the Sltandmiashed. The conguared teitaries broke may, were coded aia, or epied into {oda isolon. The Chinese opped coming, for they found greater ‘wealth and security nearer the Buropean trader, and he had found cher pias ehewbete. Basa’ inporance asa rading cen seaily iminished, and as ead decressed povety ad the tenewof the new religion simaed great increase piay. Slowly she diterated (CHAPTER ONE ‘THE AMERICAN COLONY YY dhe mide ofthe seenth century vaio attempts tad been made by Boropean Powers 10 sexe in Bomeo. Almost without exzepion they bal aed. The Fortogueie hd contented themcve withthe most ofequeat of ‘radi vite From Mia the Spal bad sen an embassy and te {pune espttion against peti Brunel The Duch wee clinging ‘pecans o dhe souther Conran the Bri, afer he ules of Sockadang anjermassin and Balabangan, were in possession ofthe ‘minut and of Labuan in Brune! By. ‘Cede bythe Salta of Brel in 1846 and sated by teat the {ollowing yee, he sad had been oped partly o tp the wade of the mortem nds, and pay to make safe che Chinn Sex. rsh CChine-bound ships, after pasing the the welll barants of Penang, ‘laces ad Siagpore in the dak eves’ ally ofthe Male Stas, faced a loely and perilous pa scross the China Sea to Canton, aes $i 00 5 00BQ eons abut a HongKong ese the ner yee of Pert th ld we cece db sil gotemo was Junes Brooke wo, alone of the sdvnsues Egshnen oh lb eoccce i sog in Doo Bet Asan Heine oh (ough ned yates, a aoe Maray inh cath filed Won et alin Suomen Bre, ‘2s the exepion nei fr anal pest be we a foveronhp oft baie province bythe San of rey od Endl assomed sho oer ancveinesing ncn the ae tein. Aide ces by wis of te Des Ney be dee sy the pe fee om te oth nd aloy extended ps od Crdersong te contin of ween Booey ‘Apa rom Get italy he only oer ween power eee Joo clans ‘wih he sinking Suse of Brame was the Und Sie of Ames, Thee bad tesn Aneta inter in Sout ‘sin ely he de ofthe Wa of dependence ie pore bd founda main Arica or An Pode by 10 sage ‘icy oF moe ships snmualyeechd Caton, It appt at Sines wat aoa style For twa ep fon he newly ended Segoe ht ‘he nes fm Bornes ere oped ‘ih unions om Aretian era say hing ot Peng Ad there pats our eansalane betes have done tome good be senpowde the el wil nor explode Bye ely ghee, wien Anes cpr ep igus lu weno he Pes dplomaierligore with Far Ea couaiza wee blag csobled ‘Ames’ pot wt to oan for Bel leh advange sta had en ested by other went owe he ndeody seqotnted eis wth Asin contin Aw Aman vs Bre 1645 n puso hs objet de es, pty bere 1 JH a, Nef a ni ing 37 a ‘ofthe blandringe ofthe runen servant Rajah Brooke had loened a5 inserptte, The pipe was armed in 850, however, when texty sees signed searing from the USA. all she pegs ofthe most favoured maton, Amok tansered her ines othe count, tt agua, as for cones bone; Brune stgnaed and decayed Thea in 1865 came theft wit apa ofthe moder age. Weng in reat lec the Bish Con at Sarak eld Landon tha the Ameicns| ‘vere implementng the sos: onptten ean that ey ad pine 1 Cons to Bruns sod thatthe effort’ of Rajah Brooke eo annex ‘more ofthe Sots estory might aow come to nog” "The American Coal, Clade Les Mose, wero prepaseoss incident out of which was to emeyge the Brisk North Botnco ‘Compaey? He appets to have been an neater pe ad simple, discarded member of the lower deck of the United Sines Ney. ‘Op arial Laban, the nese post fel 1 Beane! for Bogen ‘ese eld o borrow money pay is fae fom Singapore and his immediate and oni bject seems wave besa dhe aquisition of| ‘wea He acted iy, Witin a ew dy of sania at Bran! he cued, oo the promine of certs payments woe Salton and the Peageran Temonggng, the heir w the drone he cession for tea yous of lege wat of Prune esion tothe aa, Armed with he ‘esionpapens ele mmediately or Hong Kong. is accom had created grave slim. Orn Kaboas the Beth ‘company wothig the coat mines feued thet the American ceion ‘would pejudice Bash interests ia Non Bom, by which they reant thir ovn, whe seth in Sawa here waa tering ofthe ovecotes with lk of he fne harbours America dau ant of how eter aloo or wth heroldaly France, hememblishing heals 1 Pile Reo! Of, 2019/9, Bah Cat Smo Fae Of 30 1 a ed deciptin nee The as Mia Rei: Mime 1954, "Resch 2 Rete eae reneeTedo-Chine opposite, she could dpa the pasige of the Bh eet and intercept merchant men inthe China Sea, An Ametian colony ound anvil depot would ieviabysbsorb Brean the nce vith Brooke. So it wae seston in Sarak. Hail the dpatches sped to Leadon [Nearile Moses, swift wo seeare the concesions, sok therm jose a sity. They were acqized by two Ameren merchants of Hong Koog, Joseph W. Torey and Thomas B. Hast nd Chinese partes Wo Hang, He soon withtew, and wa replaced by Le Assing and Poog Azone, The Fur sgred in Octles 1855 takeover the ‘cestions, to frm «company which they sped "The Amescan Trading Company of Borne’, ad, with $7,000 as expo investi inthis ey acqited tevioxy? Motes undertook to extend the protection ofthe United Sentes gy setdanent in Borneo in etn for thid ofthe pfs. He spate tha 0 ag oser than that ofthe United ‘States was to be hoisted, and hat the laws ofthe USA. were to be opted, ‘Asenlement in Bownco was decided upon; labourers colecteds 4 dozen of so Ameicans inte! in the schemes and eatly in [November te party sailed. Tey was appintedSapreme Roet 2d Governor, nd given the ites of Rajah of Armbong and Maud, and Si Mahasjth of North Boraeo by the Bane’ Sula, who vested hie ‘withthe power of fe and deah over the inhabitants he ight o coin ‘money and make laws, and all other powers and ght exiled by 9 sovertign rer, Sail north from Bron the lite expedson see st the mouh of che Kimanis Rive, some sity mis avy, wheve & ‘inc ed ot the intron. Here sity Chinese and evehe Americans Setledon te smal sive pli, hacking nthe jangle mangore to build ‘flimsy socade and precious jen. The aetement, red ‘lena? Ferg OP en rig Conga fee Doe & ane rns Conn of re oe “po perc cou, Bee ; Oe tna al er oe ago a a ay ede mg ppoinag cae Joseph W. Wheel tobe Liesteant Governor of ee aia eebange mg eee ee eae ie cn any ee ee cit sewrary, Thomae B. Haus, who Tad ped Torey 1 Te an Sn se ‘adventuresome trip through jungle and over the shen unknown seen St he ne anon Cee en eed opts oe ee Dado ee ese onapernaacinaet ie ei ee ele oy ein a ao ey omen - ‘Mowe oho bad followed Torrey to Hong Kong, Was becoming, a en incl nF. soe ne tal wre ee Ce ce pam as fel Me re tetany Ce ee pen wm man Coen a tinea be po ee ec matepmade Se aca gone So te oii tine 2 Oe cement Se reno 5 Se Si i sto 5 on: ane 9 annesfc *hipaground onthe old undecsates base of ont guading Brun: ther thy trie the Slay saying tha they wee ow Ameen ‘nda come to settle, batteranelok dying ena they departed witout incident back to the an alley of Maa, lewing Moses pennies sod lone inthe const of Bruni ‘Te Kimani setlement ated aie longer, bt enw abandoned ‘ova the end of 1866. Torey never sete The bowers se living obained employee inthe dectept coal mins of Labuan, whetefotes made nother atemptt scare some one. Wheeltight ‘nd ejected hon at Elles, and had ths Boos gaily, ld Moses, of ‘zeaon 10 the United Stat; he was to be equlywascessally {ahuan. Oust limps of ths American venti of Heel ent by Torey to supesiend te ecastn, reposting to the Governor ‘of tabusr, Hugh Low, atthe company had. been cong fale, Moves ad a last gamble; aftr Grivel Gung is aap ht whieh bore the impressive de of Usted Seite Const he demanded = lage sum at compensation frm the Suan, He hd ot, howeres, recired sigle cent from eter Moses of Tory thoughout the ‘whole sony busines, Moses stnd no chance of eating mony Ein Fim. A gunboat ofthe Ameizes Navy ent javeitipt agreed with 'e San and dectine opreshe charge. Mose if Laban in 1867, and drowned on his way back Amis, After th the Americas ef Boxe for x ie, Amoag he mations of wets Europe the dite fc ealonies va increasing. In Aiea the same wat about oben South ‘st Asa the Dutch, dhe Buh and the French were onthe teeshold| of grat expansions of poses aed tsttory, and the ag colossus of ‘Cains was even thea being regu at pechipe woth of pation. "Tein he pic ofthis lan-hangy age the tht we nd the empty spaces of Norh Borneo appeaing to yet another aew mtn, Tal. 11870, she conceived the pan fextlehing penal element om Te Aner our Be ‘Bangg Inhod,slongsde Balm banga Toland where the Ba dia CCorapay factory had ben sacked by pnts humded years before, nd of exing + ship epoe in Gags Bay, bodh i etary ceded 9 “Toc. Tieprojece was opposed the British onlabuan, and ame to nothings dle plan fora penal semen ia Sonata. “The csions granted! to Monts ad subsequently tansfeted to “Tourey as been fora plod of tn years Tszey had not lost hope ‘of expting thera in some way ad eadeavoused wo inert vious people io them, Fie approached the government of he United Sates. Ted informed the Beis in 1846 hat Moses was acting on his own suthory in ecring the cession and Iio-Formel Torey that edd ‘noc eocomge investments oute the Unieed Sate. Neverthe though Torey was rebated be American Nay appents £0 ave ‘considered rel ues the posites of Bangg shag ws = val “depo andthe Bei, with piafl memodes of piven the Civil War, cal aoted its inceret! ‘nsecessfl in he, Sots, Torey was more Tock in Hong Kong whi, for 4 coloiy ful of basiness men, as pasting thug 4 remalable period of credlous optimism in regal 19 Borneo. Ta 1875,whgn the essons were ds tere, he reamed to Brunei with Baron wo Oretbock, the Ausuien Consul Genel at Hong Kong, ange man aged forey-fous, of both courage and ably. A cxtive Of Lppe Desmald in Germany, be had spent his al ie fy a> St mgt wo Ameria, then a8 4 whaler ks the Besng Sea based 00 the eoaing hullabaloo tbat oss Hosalal in the eigen, ane subsequent in business jn Hoag Kong, where he nd asses he “Austin government in seve way and had been vaca a barony sd conte in retuen. ‘Hebd been intexestdin the concessions asa a8 1870, and 1 ep 0, 10118 cr ent orm a te 17ago lunoen Cnanrenen conniey ue finally decide thar hey were worth preserving Ta seach of suppor be interested so frends of his in London, Count Monge st the ‘Auszo-Hlangavan Embassy, and AB, Miford ater Lord Redes, tod some businss mea a Vienna. He viguliaed «highly proftabe _ teal his governments yet colony es in colony grabbing em. Wik his ends an greene wes signed ca I July 1874 by whieh he was to provide £2000, the oxkers ang [1,00 cach; be was 0 scgire the cession and recive two-thitds of the pee fom ay r- ‘ile. “The busines men vere more cations Inguses were made, stings were pulled and may year ae, in May 1875, an Anni ‘core arived asus, having been tacked by pets on the wap The captain inquired of High Low wir the prospects and positon, of the American Trading Company were. He wat infor, an the Information ao doube was passed onto the capitis in Vienna who ‘nd instigated the inguin that no such eompury exited on the cont oF Borneo. ‘The Viennese meres ded, - Overbeck meaneile had retuned fiom London, and ia oop Kg in January 1875 he purchased for $15,000 al she hts powsessd by Torey inthe America Trading Company of Borne 00 the condition that within nine months a renewal ofthe presen ese thoald be obtained. Together they sailed eo Brine, where dst, in the shape ofan oped and stubborn Sola, ewsted them, He refed to renew the leses; sid noting had been right with the American company ftom the besiaaing: and suengthened by advice fom Low on Labuan, rjcral a thelr offers. They were more succes withthe heir to che Uwone, ee penniless and vaicoue Pengeran ‘Tuonggong, aad eondaded an sptcenteat wit him. The American “rating Company wus eleate From all ast iis om payment of $1,000, an on 21 June hesgaed a renewal ofthe lentes fe nother ten years. To this document the Stan ese alc his ‘ehop ad ate tee pronounce we With i Ove a be cot, reece pened Hoag Kone Scat ober war by now lee ia Non Bor. whetght weaning sin Gay ed nd the ile Tieaatns te mn eon Txt ating A= See one he abies of aig a a ores Si Ping Sonar, wlan Cake Cote wen yeu Ir oF wee Eagan ne tec by eps Mang Decor ad CEE Sein hana! Companys ae Ben ied be chine he sme ate ind ode Nod Boren ad TAitcinsc tbo Te cs rhe Hesnd Rah Beco stay send the Conpay th Mk te Se pds inthe Pipes wer engi oo cof ick mine cpio cones Sie Ah hn lve lnc sigs eng fom He swt Pie a pe uses af ecm Borne, a ad gop wich ty bd eae cing me forte pst 190 pee. © Covi eae Soo Sanat af + sa Seg fem, Fab FES copay auc os coeroing to make money ox of Fear Sop mie Spent inde fhe piel Tietan tre scl a ees cnet the Sle dene of is utuning cern ers wih yoy sve fre om oe Germans oF Liao Laman To hs por, + coment cane Pe Sgr oS ere oto ojo Te abou im opt tance fo Con, et Coos A Spied san Supine ead oer whe eg toe wats seer ee Taegan on of tow teed eu fom ‘Nac nn wh Mesa as ore shi ond Se hires sere Sco hs wh he sng, an ie y= nai SFomiven liu pita gust ted Nose s+ 6390 12 ono. anes 12 880.es sissonary in the iain backwater of Laban, there co above foe Spain onthe netball ‘Several dies the German and Boigshcapsins ofthe Company were suprised, dc eanoce kes, nd thee bodies maakendled Uy the Spenardsacdng on information sent sm (om Cusreroa. The le seamer ofthe Suan Sul of Brunt, who hed endeavoured secute a porton ofthe profits, became & Spanish gunboat. Cowie then obained the peminion of the Salen of Sse for bie Compuy soiish thls depot deep in the immeadty of Sandakan Bay oa he fother oust of Bone, facing Sol, sad compet tlsted. Though in| teetog claimed by the Sutin of Brn ad coded by him o Moses, ied been given tothe Sul Solem i 1704 in reeuen for lpn suppesing a rebelion . "This wancage pls, mote fom she yes ony other European, vex al seaclyiabie by the indigenous aatve. Then 26 noe, ‘he heavily bese ent const of Now Bomeo had an extremly meagre peplton, Prom 2 small kampoog or vllge, which bee nowa as ‘Kampong Geran? Cowie ard those wih him, Capi Ross, Otto Sache, JE Hoff, Hane Olzea, Leth, R. Assn, 'A. Moron, L, Wyadbam and Captia Schock, sexe a ew names from oblivion, slipped eros 10 Sulu. Torrey, however, waing to be pid by Overbeck forthe estions, considered that he sil postal Fah othe terry. Sos when Cowie axived at Hog Kong in 1876 writs a cargo fom Sanalan, he war charged a perceage of the prof ia ie of export and impo eases, by the Ameren Rash of [among asd Maru. Cowie convinced Tozzey dha the cession 8 regula Sandakan wee worthless, bet was then interested by him in the advantages to be gained if he eould secure a con ofthe ad feom the Salta of Su. He was urged to throw ins ot wth Toney, W.C. COWIE 1 Ch a it ard aae Luwoer CnAsrERED Conran LE and share he profits either fom the ade that coud be developed tee or fram a resale ton European power. Cowie consulted Kast Schomburg in Singapore, the head of his Company, who refosed to ‘coasidr tein, The pun ws abandoned, Sora the Labuan “Trading Company found the profit of thei tade dseppearng, the Company wis wound up; and Cow, sect one ofitssteamers, the ‘yar one he had felped beng ot fram Glasgow, went ino td arnessip wih is end, he sill conquered Sain of Sl. ‘Overbeck by this ad spene net alli capital He rerusned to Landon in an unsocessflstempe 10 fk fea finds from the “Eminsy Neither Miford nor Moniglas were wlngto advance mote ‘Heendesoutedo sek i from Geimny, but his ies were ao lett ough and besides, he was decsde to so0a, for Binarch was 08 jo undetate a Pact expesion uot later. In deepetion Overbeck approached Alfie Dent, dhe young heid of the reorganized fem of| ‘Dent Brothers with whom he ad ance worked. Dent was aged 3, his ‘rather 3, Neither was tobe anything thar than anol bse, rater insigfcant London busines man forthe et of his ey in this enterite they were to wodk eats, ceargeously, 203 most temiosly to accomplish great things; especially outstanding ‘was the ability and vigour of Aled Dent who srw immediately the possi ofthe scheme if backed with ficient ail His success ‘wis to have a sgaieance fr grestet than could be imgned. Vast new etre in Asia and Alia were to be added to the white man's Durden and che Beiish fag was to wave over lands dat had bon primera jngle when Ovebeck met Dent inthe cy of London (a coniton tha the chief contol and management ofthe aff be hae over hie, Den vanced Ovecbeck £10,000 ses itn ‘ot to Borneo; ad his was the power icctorymtligence behind evens fom tha ne ona, CHAPTER TWO ‘THE BRITISH COMPANY jn gt Oreck haces al ee teste ands Toney dae! orate Hts they ccooece te young ta enable sais ho war be thf gros of Noh Base hen {once Seem Rest Geer of te Fee May Scena Hod Texter Te Chesed Company ose putz nga en els Gl Sere pane ‘Srwowhy gu y Teer Ove odo in hat Spates it rons bythe etn cio foun temp te deco estes of Noh Bose. Be ‘vets nino cig color tekacs Teacher wt inf pees He edjel mrp ‘roe te companys meds Bode ged 0 Sect este! tt cons oft Amen ny Scone Sed eon wit he Soon f Bor te 16 asst 00 17 3008aH Lupen crasrenee Conrsey BLE — completly new lens He ako sve thatthe censin should be made subject «0 the content ofthe British goverment and that clase Sonldsipulae thatthe gane would aot be tafe ko the etiens of s foreign state wihout Bish approval To these suggestions ‘Ovedbeck aged, and sad upiteam to Deane ‘Overbeck hud no intention, howeves, ong hampered in say fio transactions by the restive cles Teacher had sugested Both he and the Deot botees had gone into the fie messy to scquie the terry and then sll eo whatever goveenment Was izrete, Austen big thin hope They hd not considered at ‘hac tig, the iden of chnted compaay,orof administering Now ‘Beno themselves. Overbeck, out of sigh of Treacher, pointed oat ‘ohe ned Sultan shat dee causes which Teche informed hes wee advisable were thre dsced bythe Brith Goverment Bute tsk what had dhe Beis done o belp Brana? Aad were the Bish the less of Bron hat they could inst in in-what do? (Overbeck wis soporte in hi penion by bis dlls, the fat the Suan had sen in all these negoeons. Enrspeoed, he wis ‘won over. The clase seggertd by Treacher wire mitted, and fer, och haggling and dustin in which the leding Chinese intervened Uecisively in Orertec’s fous, the documents were drawn Op a8, (0829 December 187, signed. The Sultan, in thee grants of teretor fiom Gaya Bay onthe west cast the Sibuca Rivero the ext, and the Pengeran Tumonggoag ia grant of it wert cous possesion, the svers Kimanis and Benoni, ceed to Orebeck and Dent, with all the powers of oveigny, some 28,000 ager miles of resi, ‘embracing 900 mir of Noch Bornes contig, fr a total yap pryment of 15,000, Ths meagre renal rete the rte Of aff, Te ‘entry had long snc ceased to bender Bron contol and fled 0 bringin any eevee. Te Suan ecved $35,090 for nothing, and be vearwel pleased "At the conclosion ofthe negotintons Overt. who had learnt hace north-east cou which comprised lags pion ofthe ceded terion, wat in the bene of the Sultan of Sulyamde pesce with ‘Trenches It wat «wie move, He reained thas no emepsite ia Nowth Borneo cold prosper witout he goodwill ofthe Bash, He decided to goto Sala and in any wey he could conclude the woud inset the raticive clauses detd by Teacher. Afr coming Cunteton ‘on the Speish position he salle with Cowie for Joy the ie land of Sl and at that moment fecaly besieged by te Spaniaed, who wate closer to conus stchiplago than they hadevce been before ‘Treacher, taking advantage of visting Briich warship, went (00; smsou t hesp a0 ey 08 Orecch, and glad wo lee the low lying Fondines of Labuan fr the cool slopes of hill Joa. ‘oth veaslssachored at Meinbong on the thera side ofthe ‘sand, ce capital big ia he possession ofthe Spas, and ate some vegoiating with the hard preaed Suan, Ovabeck secured on 22 Jamary, the cession of te Satan's North Bone possessions for fan anual renal of $5000, Treacher, who had add the Sultan to tel sar chat the apreement placed thatthe mitory would ot be tansfereed to ante ion witout she sanaion of the Bish government, ro whom al pues besween the Som or his is, nd Onebeck of hie success were tobe subsite! “Te Satan ctimed tht he possessed the an as far sous 8 the Mall Papar River, wished ht tobe named southernmost limit of hi cession. Bat Ovebeck, featng to aningonize the Dsich iflind eo far south wee ceed 0 him, incre te Sibuco River the boundary. The San most eluctay agreed, wing tha by 50 boing be abvicate! his eam to the teaitory fate south, tersiory ‘were ater age oll deposits were tobe discovered. 1 RO..0:32/54, WH Tether Fin Of, 2m E78.He unogR Cuarenee Comrie RULE ‘Overbeck, satisfied, then reamed to Singapore 40 calm his saxlous parte. He let Willa Paper, one of is entourage, in Sindakan Bay wih the imposing side of Resident ofthe East Coes Dryeris one ofthe mastengaging Sguresia Noth Borae history! By his courage and ethusism he was to make se and secre the gle "European occupation ofthe eas coast. As the founder af the modern town of Sandakan het waforunaely bay remembered cher. Bat he deserees to be remembered as the ouistndig member ofthe small band of pionees who made North Botne into the pct snd contented lad itis today. Overbeck wl him to cla sendy ‘eaions with the oc ees, and only to inode changes gradually snd with da rigid the existing custome ofthe people. Prer wat ened not to pexmit ay het land speculition, and to understand itat-lnd belonging © native coald not be sald to another party ‘without his supevsion ofthe sein which he was to asarehimsll "has the owner received a fair and equiableindemifeson, Thus at the very begining Overbeck lsd down the principles of eae ‘dminisation hich reained the pie ofthe Chartered! Company ‘sits iqidation. Before steamingout of thelong bay with Overbeck, ‘Teacher appointed Pye as coal agent, 40 that he wes ale, on bing fated on 11 Pebrary 1878 athe former ‘Kampong German’ tohoist the Union Jck lose Dens hou fg, On the west cot ‘were land evo othe: young Eaglshmen, Wii Peeyman and H Leicester, at Tempus and Papas respec, ‘This equision bya shadowy Beth cone of Noth Boren, ‘or Sabor Sabah, to give the testy ts Bron and peshaps Biba sume, aroused the pres of Spin, Holland andthe Urine Sate of Ameria Ie aroused ak the Sere indignation of Chaies Brooke of 1 Foca aan of ie me KG. Pgh fue of Eilat oe Soy nach ly TE 2 Ee pee Ea “pve oersy conn, Qe Stereain which peapes Raha jealosy athe bestowa ofthe ide lof Mahajch on Overbeck bythe Sela of Brunel as vue pst, for the went vindictive gts to prevents ceemonal award, Brooke 1 Tong conser himself ot merely a5 se ely protest ofthe riven north and west osteo bt alo atte amare successor to ai he il adiitered textos of the Sultan, and he wold him hat hwo do his wrest totus he encroachment ofthis wild an jstifabl advent" Angle steamed north en advise the ives ig the ceed asic to ect Tas began in biteres host har hs not yet die beroven the wo Sats. The Forign Office London dese a terse rebuke to hims and Teeaher, remonstating om aban, ssid ha, asa Brit saject he had no dhe o proceed up ‘the cout in an armed vesiel oie the adivesaspst of opposition toa Brish under aking, nd shat «Brune Raji sary seemed Consonant wih is day toi sz, se Sultan, tonite his object (o disobey his commande, Brooke, wih pethaps the memory of Bis «yon recent and frome Slam is ind, aside io angry otesings an ierige. “The howity of Brooke on the west coat was peshaps not fs teous, though ix proved more Inning than the danger on the {asc Her Peper ha begun imposing impor and export dues co he fest annoyance of Cone who was ping up and down the coast {his cocleshell Cowie ad been led wo ble at she Slt cession ‘esptitions that Overbeck would purchase his wesel, and x0 had ‘pdewoued 0 jnflvens ie end the Sultan sede Seba, but when the gneramene soreyro Singapore reported that the hull was ina ‘ery bid condition, andthe desl fll dough, he hed become bse ‘opponene of Overbeck and his Residents, He took every opportaaity {omiepeesnt the behviout and intentions of the new Exropeans the Solan, and he found aie in» band of Sulu ng n Sandan Bry, 1 RO, Foa/54 Rp neo W. HT Ap 7, ce 20 one. 4960 21 onewe sLnoen cwwsrenee Courneey RULE wo resented the present of Pera dtersnt otic impesiion on the othe, ess arse, natives. ‘The sivation pre tense when Comi, aking advantage ofthe temporty absnce of Peer, who ws tempting to clea the mighty ‘Kinsbatangan Rive of pistes, sed the loc! Sul chief ove to Bt brothernlay the Sula. On hi een the Satan fag was hoisted ‘he bay, and Cowie gave out that the Sul was coming to tke ovr Peer hed recunad and was nopoce bythe fw Chinese eters bythe ther nsvs With he Sus in shoul, heroic mood cere wa ‘sey nena clah hat might have copied the whole semen seemed potible hat Sandahanmigh become another Balaban. Bat Pye refs sare civt-wae and kept peace in the bay ut ‘Overbeck and Dent sumoroned fom Singapore, asved hati on ‘he eens Comie wi offed a subsidy and aeepted, and imei ‘ssuted the Salam shall wn well wit thee good people, «refer that forthe moment he found somewhat confsing. Pye pesuaded the loc! troublemaker © go hom and she-bay once again became ‘Hit Cowie, however, mantine his die of Overbec’s men for Dent and Oreck seuured to Engind. Before leaving Singapore Dent eadearoued to scate Noe! Denison of Pe, a2 Chit Manager and Sopesistendent of the als of the Company fn the ea He had been commended by Hugh Low, foumedly of [Labuan and then Willa developing Peak Low was o emo dhe Send of North Borneo alvays, but Dent fled to secuce Denon tod sumed insta ro WH. Read ofA I Johnston and Company, the agents in Singspore for Deot Broke. Hewat alto the Dutch Consul and 2 played lading pare in Singspose afr. Read wet ‘empoutcied to sppintaa Inspector Gene if unable himself «it er tn atte tw ty erat Cony “pee onmen cours, he the elements in Nor Brno, over which fd El uo, ain he shee Eng yea shar weep fore Caner ‘we gtd ad» Gover pine, he ner ved nnd Teeter ay neste: ate sinter with the Covert tedhis spon of tpecor nthoiy cued et sone sl ical apts ypedhn a ie aponblier wre Sted tithe of ape Tom the hig Saskes oot Dae, 4 mis of emcee a enti nd with connie char of ent, two the oper of the pty cit a the pole, who wee i deine half rare, une cones unde the Ae ‘eine lol bins peed Te wept 5 eee fx we ‘sig Soprber RT Sprit un now seamed in he ha “The Stan of Shad ben coer, he Speirs nw wee ‘ining al his Boren pestis, posenios beh ede wy Some ss mons btw biting.‘ epain ofthe Bl Dowd ‘id tunes Ge Spa fg wee belt ge wold be Tomball women nl ren nd Pes ang eed bude of Sa and apocalypse og we Cow, Schreiner, pp 0 wach atthe am bm ted over» geonany ve shy sd rie Spied ib Te wuld een fe Maia with Inge fe Hel bot never reume "ey thse hd won she oppor of the igs ound the by and he was ale extend is pee nee pe nbatngua River, vere ped nase Hewes Ibe, tc Siam in Duvet By be pct sot, a heck he Dah ‘hoi the crs ee mde plc nd been moving ther faner rot Following dango pate dae ng cst byacombied foc of Bj ad Ilana. secredthe r-opeaon of aah gun-on nated he It peng in orth‘orneo. Tung, snd theo opened up another sve, the Tabak ‘When in Jon 1879 hie eolaedvilge some seventeen nes up Sandakan Baya aceldentaly bunt, he decid that he ha ult ‘sueng tempt the pines with impunity He moved down to he “out ensarce, nd foandedin peimeval jungle 2 ew vag which he named Hlpun. With Pye ene at Wok, the only Beopean fochundeds oles, the vitae grew pity. t became nd eames ‘the chitown ofthe teste, alee losing in the proces both the ‘ame and the memory ofthe founder. Chinese and natives serch ‘of protection ocked in. Cowie ws unable to handle the maser of jungle produc, she rata, gute percha, wild suber, andthe ele ‘zd’ nests rm the Goma caves up the Kinsatanga dat were ‘ow brought down to the buy. The ob days of Iawlesanet slowly ‘unished, and the pescefal wade wrscened by Chinee steamers ‘om Singapore who hret Cowie se, (On the est coast dh the deteanined efforts of Pres backed ‘in one lastnee bya Brssh gun bor had lesene the cure of pracy and revi a considerable wade On the wert cost conlios were somewhat difrent, There was fa les jungle prodice on the narow coastal pains han among the calling rtteses ofthe es ad there ‘w35 no oute fa to ute the far mre mamerous sve population (oF mutually hose natives. Both the Residences wete in cited locales wih none of the comes potntlies of Sanalan, and both fed eo devop. Yee Preryman on the support ofthe Manan, the dreaded pte of ol, and they counteriaanced the Baus, etce roving Mss who fared thc thee das of licence were vanishing He buts mall por which Cowie sofen aot avoided imaged powcefil mtarmasket, and collected pols. Both intinted cous ‘n hich falling Overbeck’ iatrctons, they swith the lea it. Although they found impossbiedheznpsiion of expt nes, and although hey bad o face the host of Beck and, Inter ofthe to 24 8.fons . -overnce of Labuas, by thei presence snd ha bout they bought pce to an increasing namber of wilges which had been consany ‘wating before thei aia ‘Weturn now to London. Dent had dei tht the inerference ‘of Treacher at Labuan bad rendered imposible the sl fee cxtions ‘Aosta oF to any oer foreign power He deided eherfor that ‘he aad should he deveped by Bris company, and, co give it trong, sabity ad psig, he decided to sca & Royal Chat "To this iden che Colonial Office ia London objected strenuously, comidesig that no priate company should cxescie overs sights. Herbert, the pomesfl permanent of ther, wat favourably incioed to the enetspese, but the substantial weigh of the Colona (Oltce ws behind the views ofthe Consul a Suva, a sapponer oF Brooke, who sated thatthe development of Nort Boeneo by pack of dventarees woud mein the ssi of Labuan; would be Anageour apd unjot to the atv; and would le 1 woul with Splin and Bruni He added a futher rent fr aot recogniing the czsons,in thei would be ivetring wit the legate progress ‘ofthe Rash of Sar, an argument which be eabrated over five pages of sap, while eaclosingia suppor of hr views the comment of Brooke, the Spaniard ae bad enough ax bigoted and sarcow minded voadegee, But doubti hey atemuch worse hana set of mexexe vents? The Colonial Office recogaize, however, hac although ‘could aot approved ofthe scheme de ais wa peasy « Foreign Office concern, and decided no 10 press its point. Nevetheless its staade inlenced i colonial goveror. "The Foreign Offer were more deerme ia deeming thelr avn to the cession, Here Dent had the good fortune 9 have ‘icing the af Sie Jalan Paonceote at that ie Pegnanene Unde 1 ABest De 3 ewe 2 BAO EOa7e elena ote hy tnd 7 by Secretary and later a Lord Paunceore, frat Arbasedoeto de United Ste of America. Pancafte war a amy Fiend ofloog sanding, ad tad know Dent in Hong Koog, He ws in whole heated sgrement with Denes project, snd iis nor oo much 2 my da the labours of ‘hic servant vcured Now Boeneo forthe Bish io the Ee of eas of delay and oppoion ftom other goverment depaementsand polices. I: 4s poste cat the very idea of eeving the castred ‘company concept, which bad lapsed wits che Ent India Company, ‘crue fom him, Le ashe who decided dat a ston would be ‘alen wt Dene reached London, abough dean Dent ws tld ‘ofl thatthe Foreign Ofc aude was Gvoarable ~ Bacourged by th, Dest hs teten to Landon, submited so La Sasbaty, Forign Secretary inthe Conserve Goversment ‘of ond Beacons, an immediate applicon for a Royal Chart ‘Aes outing hs scvses in Borneo, Den si hr his proposed ‘ompiny would novseck io mpoe any enonopoly of wade; nor would ic penal any foreigner, whether Baropean, Chine a oer, 10 ove stivesand ie would both by degres the system of avr pevaling in the coded cerstory. would respect native igh and insstons, eel treatment wo llin the courts of justice, an it wosld adopt the sem of nising rereaue by means of stip controlled fans sich was in force inthe colonies of Labuan, Kong Kong and the SiaitsSete ments. Ifa Carer were granted he waspepated to accept ‘ers stipulating that he Company would zeman Bash in characte that he consent of the Baksh government would be obined before ny afer of testy ook pce and thatall dps wis dhe Solan ‘woul be bie ti thatthe appoinemenr of toe Goveraoe snd the cit judicial officer would subjoctto the apa fee Beds goverment, and chat de Cornpany would endetoee to provide all posible face forthe Royal Navy. “These binding restctons, the oudine of which Paunceforepuma ad saggeedt Dex, night hae led othe immediate gating of Custer, Brith expansion was progressing a Noth and Sout Ais, Indian she ar Eas, and Beaconsfield wasnot one to eat avesiy to the assumption of more responses. There were intratonal complains however ia parcularthe chim of Spins. In 81, na shot-lived bur excel warfare she ad for the momeat best Sul oer koe a she eay of eapialaon Sala had adie hese vasa of Spin ad onthe basi of thi tety Spi ws cing ‘he posseisions of Salvin North Borgo. But in the desenption of ‘he outves ofthe Salen in tha tetall mention of Now Bern svat eacaded apd the Beth goverment had een cael acer ecogpze the eit of the Spanish to soveegnty over Sul and her dependences. . ‘A most pronase cotrespcndeace ore wade in dhe archipgo ‘and Spasish tacks 0n German ships, which under the management ‘of Cowie had en the Sai blade, he had resulted in the sigaing (4 German Bash Spanish agzeemeonfcedom of wade ia 157 ‘now a fanher rouactd comespondence over the Spain cms to Now Roane helped to delay For seen years the graning of « ‘Chace. Ieee cee before the deusions ended tha the oso ‘of Dent, maid expecially by Payers sucesso occupation of nowh-easeBomeo, was sound. It as aot ual March 1885 hovers, that Eagan, Gemaay and Spain signed a conversation by which te former so tccogazed Spanish vveelgay over Sal, 2 Spin a return renouned all he claims 9 Nor Borneo, Flip pltians, Ihoweve, in ements of sationltfermons, all ley clin to che crstwhile Bonen titres of the now defunct Suleanate. ‘This diary diplomatic correspondence with Spin had proved the weakness of ber cams to North Bomza. Another county Bat ndavoused, wit eres es esa, to txcade the Beth rom Borneo ‘wns Hollnd The Datch had afew seater outpost onthe southern ae 28 ont once oust of Borne, some handed of mies away from the scene of Dents activity, The noth of the lad had sever een under thei jesdiction not ba hey, ia thee 300 year tere in the ast Ld, rrmead te aligheseierest in i, Neier Sabor no is secre, ‘Tord Genie, bth of her well bf by Paancefore, was prepared to pay emuch anton he Detch chins, which they pressed mos smsutenly, hata Ts setementin Borseo would caure a profound Toarbanceand thetic wns a vilatoa of be 124 Anglo-Dutch ay thc had spel, they insisted, hat the Bs woul sete 09 oisand inthe Baste south of he equi Borneo extended both tort ad sou ofthe equator, Paunefte informed his mises, das cris 146 itd been secognied hate ety id not rh to tha itd “Although quite wnable to stp the granting of » Chance, the ‘Dutch resi story tthe Bish acqston of Nowh Bornes. [ter he seamen a Sadak they bein nong nortwadssod the news of se steniyencroachaent ben! te Sico”Rier, he Jouthcrnmostpoint sumed by both Sens in ei cessons, tied he Foreign Octo expedite the Chater The dugreement between the ‘wo mations log remained unsetded Both made extriagant cms nd the ise was complicated by the fact hat the poston of te Sbuco River was oniy vaguely know, oving to fay snapping ofthe ‘il, swampy, and almost uninhabited cent ait dela The spo as endedin 193% when compromie suggestion by the Bash Nore Bounco Companys China, Sir Ruherord Akocks, dats pull of Inuinde be coger, was adopted. twa ot unl 1912, Rowers, tha the inland booty, the wid mosnaiaous rnge around 4°10" south tchich wa the witehed for the sv unsing south and nor wos “emarcaced bya mixed Boundary Commision. The work wus greed pon by the govements coneened in September 1915, by which ‘Sine the cd aed lng ben replace! by amicable co-opersion ese 29 atte$e seeneeens ‘The ony ier county wo objeto he cession of Noth Boraco ses the Unt Sate of Ameen Febrary 1650 Commoder ‘Schutte Ameean Navy potted on behalf of hi govemenent ‘oth WE Read sed the Seta of Bre hae the United Stes 4 not scknoledge the competency ofthe Sal to ele orks ny fost of hi dminionyin view fe wen of 1880 with USA {oie the Suan ened hate wat an ndependens wove at heme a epgemen wih USA nottomake cern of ey, | __ andar the Amesengorereathad made objcedons der he tot peope ee et bese soph by Srl, wt psf te onan of Laban, whith hy poste ews oxy [Rais spl ofan ote hase of San at Deven, ‘eve Cont Ree, cvs Sena pon 0 eed te cson 84 $300 yt. rake ted needa, tres Conpy moved ins cay owes pe Foca Kein Some jes who we exon 28 Soran ee “Tur ge a mporontscamna Boro smal Sino ho seed he cesioe hd feo fom Be Sate sade lc cers ad the ed wt iva Hg, row ohhdtcn nosed et fr enon eat Sano forme ie posto London’ Te hee, 50 2 es Bog aa, 08 Th a Stra rac tet pate he 4. Coens CouefDeeaory 1 Mah 5 3 Soren conser is. ate 40 ann. eine 41 cateSconces ‘he advieof Ley the govern of abut fused to colt poll, snd eearing rcs the land si hatte ese ofthe penile was ‘vgclled sd ta the Rajah of Sarawak bad summoned thamll to meting to dics sistance. Under he wenty of 1847 bern Bsn sd Brunel, the lace wae cefered back to the Bish govemment, 0d for some moat the ssation war dicate, But in he Province ‘if there was uncersiny there was lee went slough the Sara geet at Bane cd want scover some flaw inde nection, Ln May 1886 Ls landed on the peinela td informed the ambled ives that inthe eyes oF the Queen the ess was binding ae Sal, «decision dad been coaeyedto him si months before Anotber via atempe by Brooke to chede the southward ‘match of Non Borneo occured en in 185, when Tracer, oer ecuting te Mantanani Islands out in the China Sen, nego for snd purchased the small Kewang River Som its absense andor ia Brel Brooke protested as wo and supported the ems tothe. tives of aval Pengecan Reap. Ithed been his same Pengean whose support Brooke ad elie upon 87Bwhen he endeavoured tossrp srmed resitanceto Dent and Overbeck The case, hardy the Bnet Sula in his te of overlord, consmed the wality ofthe cession. ‘Sony ater th cession two Europeans, a doctor and the chief of police andewo constables weceatacked andl by followes ofthe pretends, ad Teacher wrote, Tcanot belp expressing ay pinion hac Rajah Becoke, by intiging agin wand supporting Pengean ‘Rup in is ig ims co the Kevan, and also by inteiing in the Pads, where judcous methods have obvited bloodshed, is cing 2 scandalous pa" Raj Beooke had aot contented himself with effosto dere av chat the Company in dhe tes he had vec, La 182 the ‘move which the Consl at Kuching had forecast ight yeas before, sonnei he bad aequised fon the Sultan the gree Baram Rive ajlaing hi northern boundary. Brune! was sadly shaking, and Brooke wes cages forts conplae extinction. Comings te norhet Brine sony Mer Teeaches had putcased the Pada Kline Peas, be anes the solitary Truan River. This move not only bred Teeaher’® suhatd march bur aio fred Beal by this tne spproacing he foal sages of dntegraton anc anarchy, into the powetl enc, embrace of Sra ‘Only one iver ay etseen Brunel tow and dhe Tes, he Lmbang, on an arm of which lay rune! in = poston somevtat sina to that of Alesis onthe Nie. Te tye besween Brooke to secure the Limbang, an the Salter resin wae © be ove of the main events leidng to the teuetun intesventon of te Beish government an the proclamation of a Protectorate ove the whole “There had been no suggeton of 4 Protectorate ia Now ‘Borneo sce James Brooke ad beea offered one in. 1857; the Bish government fad been quite content withthe inlaesce exerted by Brooke and lec withthe psion held by the Chartered Company. No further assmption of auhority war envisaged, Iewaseontetto vatch the dissppeaince of Brune and se others undertake the expen of| government. Now, however, feaelof he ffors of Charles Brooke 0 ‘scquire rivers tothe arth of Brunel, snd so envelop it Si Rthefoul ‘Alcock, the Chaizman of the Charter Company, in 184 begged the ‘Baiish government wo exbish a Proectone over Bras! ‘Aleock exprened the fer ha another Europesn power might inervene, peiesedy Germany. Thescramblein Aca bepo, nd “Euzopean aon wee engiged i the seach for ettore ewes Gemnaay had just acquited nortnera New Guines, and the Chaieman pointed out ber inet nthe are around Nowth Borneo; the oa Sem AbenkoSr Pave 31 Deoago Cranrenso CoweAsY Ru < nines which were being woke athe mouth ofthe Brunei River by WLC. Come were anther inducement, hei apart fom the anarchy prvalng in the Slaate, for the vention af a fregn power. Ne Grew she governments attention to the pasorl lef the Brooke ins, and poited teat there was nobing to restrain Sarawak fam seeing to another county, ashas een suggested before. Bish interest were in danger of being oveooked, he ainained. These aspuments, thogh val, were merely pret: wha the company rely feared was a ng and power Brooke oa thes bores “Teacher added to the pressure by fwd a pesion frm CCinese and Indian tradean Brn praying fora Brie Presetorste Granville endeavouted wo reassce the Company, and, wo dsp! their fers dat Sarawak might pas to some fscign power sad tha the [uj wold be cae upon wo sgn a foxmal agreement that none of Ii cecitory woud ees be ceded without he consen of the Beds overament 5 "This wa a fara the Bish governmenc ws prepated 0g fo the mortent, tad been with elacrance that it had Foal aequisced inthe orpansionie ply of Sic Andrew Clarkin he Walay Penis dot yer entered flint such programme, and ws not peepaced toassame responsible dhewhere, Neveneles the atte toward ‘expansion wns changing at bh dhe Feonchand she Germans in Ac ‘inthe Pace cotoued to enlarge th colonies. The Chatman ‘rote tothe Governor: ‘The proceedings ofthe Geeman Chaneelor in Afies, New Guines and ekewhers, hve thorough smlened oot Goveenmenctochedangerof delay and vacation. .bothSieR Hesbest atthe Colonial Ofc ad Sc J Pasncefote sy tha a Protectorate ie the righ thing and shat hey hoped vo peti" The permanent ofc wer to have tae way, ‘Siac the Treaty of 1847, all cesons of land by the Shan 1 SR Ak Goer 185 sects OR of Drone had seated she consent of dhe Brith goverment, The Company had hoped tat the aegis by Brooke of the Trusan tool oe Be recognizes fr hy 19 the noc it Bre! tetory exes ide, and hd no connexion with Sarawak this bao thet “pansion were removed they would be able w move south, andi fhe government not ined to establish a Protector, ake ovr ror! themselves. Negotiations wih Cowie the sie of the Monet ‘al eld and possessor of fireaching esa and sovercgn sights ‘bev, were bea, but collapsed whe the Cout heard that London (Bd not object tothe acquekon of the Tran River by Sarma (Con, snce Muara we surrounded by land which Sawak hd eed, boxpandy sold his cession to Brooke and ened to Eaghod here he was lair tobe elected ro tbe Company and ro become ois sit ‘rsa and the Company by this dane were openly contin inuiging in Bruns, and endeavouring w fare cach o1bers ccopaton of newly acute vers "The Bi government decided Iteveoron was neces, Paoncefote atthe Forign Office, bit fnge ll in Borneo pie, dee op a plan of stenent. He propor = Protectorate not over Bruel alone bat ove the hee wating ty to tn all ce fre contacts with each oer woud e though the rich government, or rater Re depury, the Governor ofthe Seis Serlements, who woul! be appointed the High Commissiones for Bosneo. “Tercivcaly,twas suggested that nocony sould Brooke sin the Teasan and tke the Limbang om Bran bot that he shoud beaten permission bythe British government to take al the Brant cero bewesn thoes vers, and al those bere te Liang, Gnd the northern bounty of Sarak, the Ban Rive, exceing vm the Bruni River North Bozneo wast have the permision of the Bash government secure all he remaining Brunei renitry te 46 ont atte 45: 3t00.a - herueen thet body and the northesn opost of Sarawak, the “Trusen, and oobi all he sal independent vers terening Jn her west cont Residency. To Brunel was left nothing butte sal feeder subsiding ofthe Limbang Rivet. Procfote suggested hat Sit Francs Well, Goreor of the Sits Seslements shouldbe ante supevise the dele negosntions tht would be secesany ‘This was ad seement lei ot only aud to undead how Pauneefoe could have pundit bt how i secured the appeoal of the Colonial fice at well. Ie reworsclesly deprived Bree of fe thou extinguishing her. Ia Malaya aot Aca, a eos under the contol ofthe Foreign of Colonial Ofces, native autores wet being butrere, and their entores preserved onder was being imposed inside the exsingfmework But nt ia Briel, The thinking behind the secdemene was muddled, and ite exeston hat left extnosiouy eoavolusons on the geile map of Borneo Wik a resurgent Bene an enbappy hares may yet be cep pat Pauncefors policy. Me Coloial Ofe approved howe -irly sugcd with the Foreign Ofcebefoce she tne of Chamber - end the plan was adoped. Weld ef for Bron, hough his depute was ely five month, ut the Treas gave approval. In Brune he found te Sultan sistent on so ponte dese for Bilish Resides an his refs to yield the Liman Rvs. The Stan had absersed the work of hi fiend Hugh Low in Perewie ‘obvious o him hati he wete to svehistoteting Satehe mastpesere ‘what enlaed oft tertory and secure «Bish administer, Weld agrod with hin 0a both itu, told the Colonia Office «Resident ‘should be appoined at once, and commended Davies, he Resident ‘of the Chartered Company oa the west css, who was ako eniverty acceptable tthe lan, He ebuked Broke and his Cons for thet Actives ia Beane, and informed the Sula that he woul got be 1 PR, 0127.50 Mine fr Lon asa pel 29 eri _Seronton ano PnoTECTON aie forced to code any of i trstory. He hoped tha the Tron white ceplant of lee or no we to Saavak om which it was dione, ‘oul be coded nthe Company alongside Brac! wat tin hopes of “The Salam wes qpillyciitusionad In London Herbert and Pauneefateagcedthat Brune coudo longer pay fraBash Reset, tnd ciher was prepared to approach the omnipotent Teena fora noua gant. The mgption that the Resident shoud be spp bythe Stra Setemenes was dscaded, No Resident was appoined Brooke waited few yan the in March 1890 stead up the Liban, snd annexed fe The Satan eefwsed wo dieas compensa, deaed peat, although a Brune ws impoverished, accep the $6O00| Sarna had decked asa fe annual ental and wotepesivendy 0 ‘he Foreign Ofc aking for his ve: Fina in 1895 he was informed ‘hat the question was closed, and Sarswa was istructd spend the 640 developing the Liang,” ‘Brunel aeqied ao Resident andl th Limbang, She sgn Protsctorate agreement however on 17Septisber 1888 and by trex Beka breed the intereasio oF ay cher power ia an area which he ‘ele uaable to govern teas not an seson worthy of her. The tay ‘wi signed bythe Solan and by Hugh Low, formed of Labuao, and tha me the ding exponent of the Resident sytem inthe Mal Sates, Low had bait up Perk from a debesadaled anarchy siden ‘county into a proseros nd conteted Sate and current concur ‘ame inthe Gat governor ofthe amalgamated terior of Noa ora, Sarawak and Brune. Despite aumezou common problems however, prospect of closer association vid at appear possible nl after 1946, when bothSaswak and Noth Borea cach with nies ‘opestactre of adainnation posed ponderous ove sparse sad Primitive peoples, became colonial testo, A siniar Proton 1 PRO, RO12/105, £0. Nenonnsamge noen cunrenee cour fe agrestis sgn by Noth omen, the Company being wel pled with he ona bya preset eed (Dent tine cg igh aby Sr wih ws ed on core nang fae qusioa athe ig of stein wal be ‘feed Her sje Goverment for dein. Ira opted Shae won beween te tertots sos be conducted ough Great Botan. In Brana wave oat Earopexa fing swe the os “he Limtang River fe wry, and + bro poe scan ich provid oe of hein reef npr Brae ‘at soli 1906, when the Bet poly of soon was roe he Coon Off, whith ken ve te soln of she Brent fom the Foren Oe, ou the he robin ‘ose sled rok emedterert Brae ws ope tht Broke ad fle o aq Brn, som foc ins of be Linke Seva wl! oer ts hl. he mae es Seca vv Ses, St wo cages were made, aoa Beane ‘secured # minor success in 1921, when it won back the administrative nex gh a Monn whieh Cove dow Broke “Tie Linteng qurion wt vein 1981 Samoa apparent convinced that is anesaon retin uoworhy pg in ts ‘tons proposed a fnncl eds of some $2000, tod 81.000 annul Tiree eed Brae beth dt ‘a ancl when tame the easing of the High Commioner, {hen ko the Beh Aen thoagh whom al Sawa Bee ih pe Toco an European eg aongch people of Brana ‘he sing ofthe Potcomten159hlpet agree somewhat etc stion at ad aren in Prvince Dent te Pr Ks Peni ad eon ald. Ther wal ey, Pas Din ‘he Pena, nd hier wi nl ine cen, ba wa 80 48 $39 ———___ sect oven on eb fia yg Saban he of sere ane tl bus hope thot evn ate undies bz th ro wel be ne cay hi we torre Heh chi so ean ofthe nghtoig seam Fh nhaons inne ey me ae of Noch Boren Hs [eNShoan ay suc ctedoneca fthe oa meshed Percent ann proceso ey sted he drt Se age pen ys pn ng te ‘pn dpe as fred Bes wha Fen 1887 te ehson wu fe tt ony wis were Te Penge tore neon nbn yy ith ge Fe he (hone tee se oe mere a el The ad of High La inns occ auc Beit Rs in Bran wos be apo ye nd of heyy, fl wood de ht a mean i Conard ring sti people Lae Stoughton oly to teste Sears new be Prone be of fo abe fer tno usando pred Howe. ovat enh oma ut aL i Pet a ser to Tree ang he open Bh Rate ‘Se ounemat bed ie Cre he wos tne cd an ‘Speen race the Nor oil pp he Penge cee L's ope Toe Peng Sata Shur hewlett iho sence ay he tanga ero arson yi cos Broe hee Crh crs een. ow ng eed en ‘Spo cus rit cventon whan et fre of eshenng ss tame pte Hd ep rin si io Ue Sam, ‘etondonthe Cou ape Forsgn OF $$ sie 9 er ——__—_in view ofthe Charer wich spalaed that dferenees between the Sulan of Buse andthe Company waze to he eat othe Brith goreroment for decision. Ltr the Protectorate ws urged at another pes orinervenion, and pin te Foreign Ose decid to interfere, D. Daly the acing went cae Resden, sent Shab an lat; ‘tog that he matcher had over four noted ciminsehelteing ‘hex and reat hie prizones,o he Company would intervene. No snouee ns eceived and athe head of «smal force Daly crossed the Padas Dani border on 7 November 188, Trnmediaey he anno dati. The Pengesa hd bul Foue powesfl fons along che sver pd aldbough Daly wane by all he Principal cies from the Pad and Klin Rivers they were-held up Jn ror ofthe fest. Ammanion ra out only four ot ofa unde palee coud Sze the smal mounain guns; bagonets was discovered ‘suhapened; tnmonion sat fmm Singapore was nex ll weless; ad the foce was bud le and mosineficins, The ing degged (In December ewe gts scl in January vrme handel Sikhs were Sat ftom Penk: By Febasty dhe main fort tad bem capes. In. March the Pengeran cade the smal ve, hatngsubmied #0 the ssivaton of Hamilton, the sew and very deaf Governor of Labean, swbieaonia which Brook, sl’ spatious and dangers clement in [North Bomeo police eadeavouied eo interfere. Ceeigh excluded ll Europeans from these for ten yenes, and sectivd immediate instocions reduce thé police fore, ns Dea costed that it was apt o make officers lest modete ad more stoi thas they would ote be. The Coutin London hoped thatthe naves of the Pass Damnit River wold be won over by ‘inne sod sympathy. Daly weerained the names of the subordinate chiefs, and governed the diver hugh ther, sending in a medicine chest and 2 doctor forthe woupdel und sc, dowot who stood by 1 Dep Coven, Mey 89. enn so merEsTOH ee heplesy as Daly himself ded of fever. The Pengran was advised by Roh Brooke that, 2 bad pen no cause oe pevoestion for an sa be was ended oc heyy damages fiomake Company, bat hn deeded vse Meces insted, sending his childan wo «Singapore fehool wie te “This was to be the las sequsion of and bythe Company fom the Beas chiefs us th cose ofthe canta Vasiour vers along the west coast were ilindependent,buctheboundaves were vel defined and foe some years the chiefs conduc themselves in a pescefl manner. The Bath goverment had ated sequstion ‘of these teities bythe Company, bat Creagh promod that as one 15 they didnot tad his teary fr slaves, of Raion cial, He ‘woud eve them alone, This promise he kept. Andahough dhe area beeueca the southern boundary of North Bora, the Pads Klis Penns andthe nortbexn expos of Saale theTsan River, was Jets peel and more tan, and although itd been assigned 1 North Born by Paunceoe, here again 20 sepawere akan foe decade ‘Ding the adminiation of Cap there ws howeves, one theron othe Company’ teitory, the Bishalony of Labuan which wat handed ove in 189, The Beish goramment, alone of ‘hore who ver the previo fory-odd| years had ben reducing the ‘erty ofthe incompetet Sutae of Brand, ha secured Labuan forcothng alone pai no cestion one, Th ili war taken over (08 M Decanber 1846, garsoned by Indian Sepope fo wens) Yeats 0d sdniitered by # Governor snd a sominuted eouna for forty yea Icha log sinc file to develop into a nate Singapore tnd had completely stated, When a renewed atom to wotk the cones fled, Govemor Lyin 1886 informed te Forign Office offs cite acl pigh and suggested tha, at a aerative to & reveal of he Grants-in-Aid which ad stained ib, shoul be‘ited with one ofthe neighbouring states. "By 1888 al che pbc buldings on Labusn wesein the lat stages ofdilpidivon; staf had been duced to 2 sian less than tn uropeans retained. Boh por and expors were lower tha thy hadeverboen, andthe spose venue of alle more than £2,000 could seaealy meet the few demands made wpon ic The Chartered Compeny ‘wo kein July 1889 if ie would consider wing over dhe island Daspit it uprepostessng sppearnce twa ll» Ceown Colony, toi offer 0 the Compaay was a wba tits adminisvaton. The fer was accepted immediatly, and following the wsal interval of| sine necenay in such uansatons Creagh assume tne governorship ofthe istnd on Janay 1850. Although the ilnd remained a Crowa Colony, the Chastered CCamaay ad vadestod that i eld gover Labuan in the sme nanos the reat of i postesions, making iin adasistaion what its fact an neg pat of North Borneo. Inhisplans for ating theisand on «paying bass Creagh considered impoxng the shipping hes and hes on impor: Hat were enforced ia Noth Bosneo. The [ish government gree the Company co undesand tha it wok ‘ot objeto any aeson ofthe Governor in amiisering Lab fi Ind been approved hy Sit Rotherfrd Alcock nd the remainder ofthe ‘Cat in Landon. In jane 1850, however, the Calan Minitriasued ‘ct intracion hat the Charred Company wis to govern Labosa tr before, tha all Proclnatons needed the content ofthe Crow, aed that Eabute’ re pore wat to be maintained, The sland wat not tobe made an integral part of North Bonneo. The Bh goverment Ind admit he inability of Labuan #0 pay way a a fee pore by tenfesng it: Now it doomed the Chatred Compiny 1 support a filing eerste while denying ithe tight opt the land back ons Seereconomiely Provident another eff a developing te bege eal eources a he end ofthe land was made by a Bish companys eo 52 0M. seve ened Chinese nbouras were imported revenue incresed snd he lan’s ecomomy became solvent. ‘Cieg was authorized osboih he Leystne Counc which fee some time bad been fe, meeting searedy once a yeas, and co govem by Proclamation. He sppointed » Chasse Advisory Boat, nd promulgated various Oninanees the provisions of which, Bke tu alors Borneo Odinaceschrooghout is history wer taken ‘om the Sits Setlemens othe Malay Denial, Heshen rerned ‘to Sunde, leaving she adsninration of Laban inthe hands of Resident The Court forvaned ll ordinances ro he Colonial Office, ‘beotberwse dd not trouble and Labuan contnnedontsunevenfal ‘ay teioeyneracies ofits people providing bai for the soit oF Contd lif, and ater Mavghar. ‘By 1895 the act nd cnsideriton forthe pope shown bythe sinistation of Teecher and Cregh, both guided and repposted by ‘Dena Alcock, had besa speed bythe pushing aggresivenes of Con He hd force Dencff the Cia and dispatched wo Borneo the Fist Gofemor who wis aot colnial officer fom the Malay Sates, “eeneeP. Beaufort. Daring hk adinitaion dee was widespread _Srssieson which cmlaned in she one serous mae ring Nox Borneo was to experience eis dale wth more ul eewhet;herall har pete wo be noted sone incient ofthat sig, whch le 0 the sexu f more testy bythe Company. "The sing was led by one Mahomed (Mat Sal), who afer ever rushes with stony on the east cous rst the county tndin 1896 persuaded he wi Baja, who had setddalong the banks fof two ofthe independent ves on the wes eoast the Snanam and the Meagkabong, to cos the by with him and ack he government seo oa the island of Gays, Gaps was looted and bunt. A force sent to punish the stacker planged ito the wesitry of the v0 ces 59 cepj-ommsnmemenan Brand ver and ince onset damige, Salleh fed into the fae ier, and while dhe Company chimed large damage fom the Slee of Brune, frie was his subjects who had sacked Gara, the Salas chimed even larger dmages for dhe desteton ought along the Toanam. Cowie came out fom London and ater ong negotiation the evo chims weee doppel. The Sut suede his sveccgn ight for $1,200 annual, the vacous chiefs ofthe dives sold thie ‘eet or “an” ight for ery payments ranging fom $2,500 200, andthe independent der of Inanam, Mengkabong, Mena 3 Simbulan and Neos Tambabing became pit Nowh Boraeo. Thee Independence was a nitnce evn before terri del cots fot oping ams and for selling thee chien: andranawy Ibouzes snd convict had taken refoge there. The Kina River, another which jue ito North Romeo teritory, had been sequin 1897 when itsinkabiants afer ving onthe agen of thei absent owner, who ‘come ocx tera se asked Benfor forpoeionEem Ns avarice. The teeny was ow a compace whole ‘The sves berseen North Borac and Sew, which Brome end wee aot acquired nd the next century These too had become 1 source of touble, as they provided uncontrolled highways iat dhe interior of North Boren. Laws, the most impocant of them, wat 1 senowned save mater a te ae 1902. The ee slowly had bien stamped out in Nosth Borge, but he remote ilind bes of Marts fund in the Lawas country ready Brunei mae for thie unwanse ‘hie, ia rewen for guns and arsmarition. Linde fre was made by Sarnwak to stop the eae Grom is norte ones, and afer lining the pecmision ofthe Desh government, which with Me (Chasen a ite Colonial Minister ad Become rater more acive in asserting is, aegodaons were bagun at Beane forthe cession ‘of these ives: Divored from hs etory round the bay by Sawa, to acutely npoverised the Salen had oral power over them, and comment ‘was content co Sense $60 for his rights. The Pagers accept nual panne: tonalng $4475. The Membak River wis purchased the flowing year for anodhe 20, ‘Along argument ensued over the Lawa Rives, which owed into Brunet Bay oppose Labuan. The Governor of North Borneo rainined that docamenay evdeace showed dat the Pengeraa ‘occupation ofthe river was not che sigh owney, whe che High CComaistone, the powerel Swesenhac, held sa ic west uest to rely on weten seconds, and Wat the Pengerss, who had bee in ‘conta fhe sve for many yas, mast be rested athe one. The Chiefs question, who waded os his own secouns, was a man ofs0me " peronliy He woul have aothng co do ith the Company. nor with anyother white maa, exces aparently, Rajah Brook, who suppaced ‘im in is sie of Extopeen goverment. Ta an effet win ion cover peacefilly the Compzy pemited the Peagean t employ the ‘nephew of Rajah Brook, acting a he representaive, tari im ‘n the adainsion, and they made no other efoto conte the ‘ead orley tes. Howeveria 105i exchange forthe aig hs slong the were cast, which Brooke had secured some years befoe when they ha been Rent the iver was abated by Sara, snd the young nephew who ind made the ecrr of working for the sival concern was rebeved of ipo. Nozth Borneo had assuaed the ovate has today. . ‘Withthesaleofte Brine Bayer, the Sultanate apparent bad ‘eached teen, Inno way whatever had the establhent of a Batish Proecoate alles the misery, duced the want ox ingroved the condition of Brune, whick had developed nat ino the Venice of he ‘Eas, bat something more bike pow 1918 Viens, Handeeds of fly ad lef Brune to excape the senate oftheir woman snd chide by Impecinios chiefs and aden who sold them ino slavery. The rkish Cons, who mighs hive exerted some influence, chore 10ag unoge CHARTERED Cowen RULE ‘ede ascely on Labuan, and fom there obrered the oacontolled ce and the pening anachy with which Bran entrod om the ‘wont ena. Jowph Chamberin, the Colonial Minister, decided in 1900 harathis mate of fais must be ended. He inset the High Commision ehat the exiting adminisation shold be brought ‘oan end onthe death of th Sta, if aa eae, and he country pardoned! Governor Birch of Noth Bouneo urged tt, stead of roe, Beis Resident sald be appointed. With his Malayan ‘expesnce wo guide him he fl tht the county could be saved if taken ia and. A son of Dainty fot Resident of Penk, but with ‘more understanding end sympaty for the peoples wader him, Bsch ‘eka Resident with twenty police and s boas cew could keep nds, suppees slavery and administer the ots on paying bass, A versa schoo! should be established, he si, andthe cesion payments conte by the Reside, who wosld work pd the High Commissioner : Swavae hud not lst hope that Bran! would fall er, nee it was saroonded by her tention. She Began connecting her coils, [ogontions for its sansfer were began through the Bish Consol ‘The tem suggested, 50 Bich ol the High Commissions, wete that «he Suan woul be paid a eliryof 1,000 month, and would atsign allhis sovereign rights tothe Sasa government. Tess the Cons hoped wos be accepted by the Sian under the dal presse of dee and hunger which be endeavoured to intensify, Bich said hat when the Brunei people head ofthese secre: negotinons the Sultan was told has ifhe tld ie county he and the jth wood be thes wo to i. Tis al very piteous, and am very sony, bt lee me there 's only oe oorse tha is bonowrble. Aboch the Cons Appoint « 1 PRO,FON2/13 Fon Oe gh Coma, 27 80 soonsion Axo Prorcnon ee Resident, 1 do uige you todo thew save che pce" Bich, He reiterated pleas with grit exes, urging ov Swetenam the ‘cee fra Resident bod pessoal and by comespondence. Finally tis argoments were accepted, In 1905, flowing x chace discovery of ‘iin Broe teriony Bish Reider was appoined Mock human sffesing would have been sveded, however, if ether the ump of terior had ban parsdoned or, mare in keeping wth Nala policy, if Resident had been appeiaed some seventeen years before. As it ‘9s, Brune had been saved justin time ‘An efor had been made by te Company a the being of the centr to sete additonal erry tthe es. After the ice callpse of the Manila goverment before the Ames in 1698, Cowie enderoared to abt the Sols Archipelago. Unsuecesfl here, nd with dei signs tat che Uned States Government didnot ‘neat engi its anos ovis newly acqied erie, the Company steed to tk ete event yell adainisuaon of evo sal Su stands some Seen miles off Seon. Cowie instructed Bich to secure dhe by porchae fom the Sala, and all othe sands wich were near the North Borneo cosst but wich had ‘ot beet ocd in the cession tered by Overbeck, ich warned the Cou tha this method woud sot scceed, and sgetd that they shold approach he United States iedy and ‘opelyehough the Foreign Ofice. He obeyed instoesions however, sand che Salan padly accepted $3,200 for hls indy atthe same ‘ine stating io the presene ofthe United Sates ier ha they belonged to the US.A. ts retion was swift; an Ameo warship ‘sted al the ans inthe Solas that were moze tan sine miles Sonn ce Noth Boeneaa cos, snd plated a them the United Sates ag By an agement in 1907 he USA, waved its ght sdiinistes the islands hing off Sandan, bt by the Bosndsry Convention of 1 Gonenrotigh Common 8 Oe 1862 a8 56 ot. age 57 onawee Lunoen Cammteno Comma” RULE 1990 chey wer inclaed within the United Stes posesions. The Company however wore lef in postesion, though Habe to expbion at yt’ notice. Following Flin indpendenceafce dhe 13045, ‘wu, Meni resumed authority, cough jing by dhe nero ds ‘a tlghousing Borneo, 0 fll cont ‘Disappointed here, Come was wo suffer another blow om the ‘west const. On Labutn the exports of coal which had began agi shorty after th Company took over, consinsd fo some yeu, andthe Chinese labourers mpored fr the cou! mang, « tsk most oique in South-east As, bad contbuted towstde a How tz inthe revenue ofthe, Gosenoe Beno however, managed to produce ete, 18 duewhersin Noch Borneo, eeligs of wiaton towards regime. “Thesination wa agrvated by the smal sizeof he setdement the Tile colection officals and athe wece coped up with notenongh to do, help undera beng sun and etme in by the fun Ia such an atoypere it wis n0¢difioul forgremaces to be Found. One, hich led to woe argument and eousterargament by Chater Company offic nd the Europes employed by te coal eompeny ose over the lay which A.J, West ad ait and t demons the petinesofadockexcentin Non Borneo atthe me. “The Cet Borneo Company who worked the coal owned the land on either eof thee alway obich le from Post Vicor the coal nine. Bultontis and was the Labuan Clb, rom which forsome reaton theo were barred. Ia retin the Coal Company (enced in thi lind beside the ealwey, and when reo employes of the Chartered Company ex the wit in an effort mo reac thie, ‘hey were prosected, The dspite one of sees, was rfc in all solemnity othe Governor aad he ele ieothe Coun Lao, sccompani by maps, statements, semorada and mina fom sll concecned. Another dispute, even more tv, occuced when ‘eter collate owed ost oan incomig hip, introduced himself ens ii 5 the pil, and ta hee aground on the aster shoal, charging fy doles for hi serves. "Amore seo occured soon sf: Following depot of four cconits in 1855, which proened on ebalF oF the naves, the Chines, and the Europeans against the adminixraion ofthe CChacered Company hee potions weresent to che Colonial Miniter ia London, Joseph Chamberlain, paying forthe Brdsh government ‘o resume the sl ofthe ead. They complained tha he Laltive (Counc ha been abolished by the Company atthe suru vee sees not spent in Labua; that ther was no Saniary Commitee that convicts were set worl ia Nowth Bornes nd tha it wae det “Thee grievances wore anewered by the Governor 29 the High Commissioner of the Seer Sevens, who in his apy at Coats! General for Bomeo ws dispatched by Chambedin in 186 to vestigate. He diovered shat che Lepditive Counc hich for several year bad bar & free, with on one three members an snd ancting once yea, had een abate by the Colonial Oe, “Thote was no splat erenae, bu xhersn anual deficit, which the Company paid. Thethes complaint wee egal without focndaos, snd Sit C. Michel reported to London that the petitions were dhe ‘ett mote of local social stifle than of my rel sete of oppreion enfoetremved the Resident and hoped the antagonism woudl die Gon lack of provoeton. Chambers took ao action bjond recommending thatthe Company etablh the rghe of appeal om ‘the Governor's Cou othe High Covr of Singapore = recommended ‘which the Company di 20 dope Action was ken a few yeus bc, however. In 1902 the Company appeocial the Coloni Office for loan The Fign Offs, consueedby the other depaeens oaks viewpoiaceompeey ‘oppor to hat which they ad eld eveny years Before, when theeo uncer Cranrenes Courant RULE, imoraace of North Horna in sltion the Chins Sex te ha ea sessed. They considered hat seaegily Norh Born in fol asco ace Bish sade a ino way on cd that Bis poly shoul ot omit el beyond maining wh 1 sims expendi» Bish Protectorate ovr he re. No om siren. = then in a nde est 4 ead othe Colonia Ottice Governor Bie, ter enolnghe vite of Nock Bore std athe Bsisth Goreme should anoex eA copy of thi eter cece Cowie and be decided ha Bich soul de “othe decison he Calon Ofc tok the rarest eception ad fc slmot he ony tinein he stoition a ever apping wis dae the Company by the Colo Ofc, Covi wt tod tot to be supine if in fe ein itangenenss were reid ‘Bich ez x oops in Malis andthe falloving ya (1999, the Company was informed tha eh Bish goverment had die tome the aminisimng of Labutn Covi wite wes eer afproese Despite te anal defi, the presige of adie» ‘Bekah Colony had been nequtecompensiton, Set you wi not tne: othe jer andes of those who at ous ow be ‘, you canst eosdr hung us inthe es ofthe wo Sch coun woul be a very seus ow wou presente] 4 sup He short of diutrous" Ba his pots wee of 0 a Tabu wa ken ove by he Colonial Ot inary 196, beng stir s yar tern the Stats Selement, Keio ees 2 Nosh Borneo unt he Company had pos nto vlna idan folowing the econ wed wat, ard North Bore ial ad become, ici esevhde al down south, Ba colony, CHAPTER FOUR ADMINISTRATION THEN Dent became conSidene dha his applition fort Chater would prosper, he ated on he sogestion of. Pre, approached Treacher in Londo, and, secon isles fen the Colonial Ofice for fv yeas appointed him the Comp’ st Goveros He established his temporary headquairs com Taba in Asgut 1881, before she Chace wat published “Treacher ad beter knowledge than most he langoages sod peoples of what was then an amore completly aegoted aa, The ‘Mounisative spade he was ealed on perform, inorder terest espeseuetue of adminitason over an area at age a rela wa tobe one thoroughly and well andthe xzework ne uit emaned ‘hebass trace. The Company was ornate in so ety establishing ‘ conesion with Bush colonel government aici sucpising hat this feu ofits soceess was avoided by the chard companies ‘which followed ie Ate, 2000 60 880. tte 61 0888| - Sea nose GusreRED ConPweT RULE “Treacher soon moved from Labuso, whee the new coli govemor refused to co-opeate, an esublished bis headquates in a towly dicovered usable! fet in Marada Bay. Here, a Kut, vas de st capil of Noth Borneo. Grea hopes were beld of i ‘coastal steamers would ply down both fans of Borneo and from the ‘shnds wo the nach and est iva hoop, whe the cllected de would be dawn of by oceinging lines from Europe snd Chia “These high hopes, reminiscent of tote enteraind fo Labuan Sy yeas befoe, didnot eventute. A small own ge there, ott was slays a sleepy hotow ss Dent had visaied, aed in 1863 Treacher moved busting Sandakan, By Apa 1882, the Chineed Company had bean fotmed. Auempt 1 secuse a¢ Chaitan the imposing Sie Bute Fete of ‘Lord Caracvan were unstccesi and St Rutherford Alcock, whoee ‘contact both athe Eat andi the overnment had bees of reat use to Dent emained inthe chic. Dent wae the devng fore, Managing Dizecor.Vaousditinguished geademen who pay uo fates pst it four tory wok the place onthe Court of Ditectoes; shares weee Jnnued co the pale; and Treacher quadrupled his expendioe since ‘ne wos asued by Dent that, ahoogh the public had not sobs to the extent acpated, yet the Sisnees ofthe Company were vy aly inden, "His action precipitated «cia The fw bac to London of these ge cas onthe Singspor bank, andthe lack of information accompanying them caused the Decors gave uacuiaess diag 1882 andthe flowing yes, Teacher wr spending fa in excess of the modest income ofthe Company. His eat repre filled 10 cote che detaled reasons fr he expenditure, and when io 1883 Dane dacovered that he had engaged over Forty Eacopeas with salary bl oF$14,50, he was toll tha Selangor ince May States was amiisened by hiceen Europese 0 $5,000 yea nd that Brooke ——$e ‘at renin Seon an soy ty oF $100, Teachers {imu for event and expendi fo 1683 wee fund be a inexcs of howe tone ed conned oo efaenes tet {nd elton he Cot habs aig a neces. De se te Bor, af th fre ine ve Tate toh ad eine the Company wn ose and td bre povided wit oy gee td vagy pine sco, eign 9 the Company fener “heat bs n pel 1692 hal een £3620, Ou fia hd be tthe ion ofthe proviso sostion and foc rnming exper the Comper eld count om we mer han {£38000 he a pen wendy {30000 of ha wel the lol ig evens ad he hd planed w spend aneher {200i 19. there wr fos of ee ining Noth Bomeo, md especie nome wosd soon ave rut a Geode. Heid, Teacher ule nhs oron or sre yt, {Mogh dfs coined i ace expends bp eer on Spore ad London own iis, He wii ee inveior pv eocel the adn va ode pl, eae + coin tea sone Bet 0d come bering the umpc went cot He eed the cones of Loon, te alowed tim ct hi clot ow eel. Sloe vais 1 skeen cb ton ping cach Eaopeen in care of seven! Spurmens, and big te ll with dv. Fo {87 when deen: of co indy by apc et rend spn proportion dln le and cpr oe ae onsen nth eve he be fhe ecm doy Decne Batmed he Company hd pled toh, Seve thong oe crises wer by he Ba sty a he Compan ee he most cite “The dita of Nowth Borneo into West and East Const