ConTENTS = ALLEN Synthetic Fibres & Plastics Combustion & Flame General chemistry Metals and nonmetals Coal & Petroleum Pollution of air and water Apbvance CuHemistry Dear students, we have put in best efforts for making this module highly interesting, easy to understand and free from errors. We welcome your valuable feedback, suggestions or any corrections to further improve the quality of this module. Kindly mail them to us on modules.pnef@allen inChemistry 1. SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS POINTS TO REMEMBER Synthetic fibres : Fibres which are manufactured ari used synthetic fibres are rayon, nylon and polyester (terylene) (@) Rayon: itis produced from natural cellulose in the form of long threads. Raw material used for rayon manulacturing iscellulose, that iswhy itis known as semi gnthetic fibre, Rayon resemblessilk in appearance. Hence itisalso known asartificial sik. I is produced from paper trips dipped in cold sodium hydroxide solution to purify celhilose isthen treated with carbon disulphide (CS, }1o form cellulose solution, Thissolution is then allowed to passthrough fine pores in metal cinders, into a dilute solution of sulphuric acid. This resultsin the formation oflong cellulose fibre known as viscose rayon, (©) Nylon: kristhe first man made fibre. risa condensation polymer and has good strength and elasticity. ibres. A few commonly (©) Polyester : lisa general name for synthetic fibres that contain many ester groups It is obtained by reacting ‘2 carbon compound containing two hydroxyl (-OH) groups with a compound containing two carboxylic acid (COOH) groups This fibre isvery sirong and corrosion resisiant. Terylene or Dacron isthe best example. Plastics Plastic isan organic material of high molecular weight with specific properties, Since most of the plastics are pokmers having long chain so we wil familiarize ourselves with some fundamentals that we commonly come across while dealing with pokmers, Polymer : A pokmerisa very bigmclecule formed by the combination ofa large numberof snall monomers, Exarnples of polymersare polyethene, polyingl chloride, polystyrene, etc. Classification of plastics (9 Thermoplastics : A plastic that can be melted repeatedly byheating and canbe moulded again and again into different shapesis called thermoplastics. it become soft on heating and hard on cooling. © Thermosetting plastics : A plastic substance, which once set, does not soften on heating isknown as thermosetting plastics. A thermosetting plastic can be used only once. Examples of thermosetting plastics are bakelte, malamineand urea formaldehyleresin, Monomer Polymer Uses (@ Ethene CH=CH, Polyethene(-CHy-CHy, Bags, containers, toys, ete (©) Propene Polypropane Fibres forcarpets, hand bags, (CHy- CH=CH, (@ af ce fishing net, ropes (0 Vinyichloride Pc Floortiles, helmets CH=CH L-CHCL, (@) Tetra fuorosthene Chemical caryjing pipes and nonstick CF) =CF, Ch CID, materials (©) boprene Netural Rubber Balls, shoes, sheets, water (2-Methyl butadiene) polyisoprene proof material for vulcanised rubber, CH.-C-CHeCH, : du, Convevar betts in coal mines, ete. @ Choroprene Insulating material for cables, hoses, CH. CH=CH, (oregon ) a {flexible pipes for oils and petrol) 87Class Vill ALLEN 10. n. 12 88 The plastics which soften on being heated but regain all theiroriginal properties on cooling are known as, (1) themoplasies (2}thermosetting plastes (3}themnodlastc (4}celtuiose Natural rubber isa polymer of (1)butediene (2)chloroprene (3}2,3-dimethylbutadiene (4)isoprene natural rubber istreated with sulphur itspropertiesare markedly changed. The processiscalled (1)catenation (2)isomerization (3) pokmerization (4) vulcanization Synthetic rubber, neoprene is prepared by the polym- erization of (butadiene {2)chloroprene (3)2,3-dimethylbutadiene (4)isoprene Match the following: le)Rayon {p) Magnetic recording tapes (}Nylon {q)substitute for wool (Polyester () resembles silk (a) Acrylic (s)machine parts (2)a-1,b-s,e-p,d-a (ja-g,b-sc-p.d-r (Ya-nb-pe-sd-q (ja-q.b-pyc-sd-r Which plastic isused forthe packaging of expensive materiale TV, refrigerator etc? (2)Polyethene (2)Bakelite (3)Polyvinglchloride (4) Polystyerene EXERCISE Which ofthe following isa natural pokmer? 13. (1) Celtulose (2)Nglon {8)Polythene (pve Which ofthe following havelong-chainsof protein? (1) date (2)Cotion 3)Sik and wool (4) Allof these Which of the following is used in endoscopy? 14. (1) Optical fibres (2)Non fibres 3)Gasswool (4) None of these Which of the following isnot a man made polymer? A) Nyon (2)Polyethene (3) Teflon (4) Wool 15. Polymer used in making floor tiles is ()teflon, [2)polypropylene @)pobvinyichloride — (4)buta-1,3iene Which ofthe following fssiilarto cotton? 16. (1)Nyfon (2)Dacron (3)Rayon (4) Tenlene Which ofthe following isan example of condensation pobmer? (1) Polyethene (2)Neoprene (3) Teflon (4) Nylon 1. “Themocolismade from ()polthene (2) polystyrene {8} perspex (4)tefion Which ofthe following isa thermoplastic? (1)Polyethene (2)Bakelte (3) Both ofthese (4) None of these Which ofthe following s used asnorrstick coating for cooking utensils? 18 (Perspex (2)Polypropylene (3) Polystyrene (4) Teton Which ofthe following are themosets? i (1)Formicaand Melamine (2)Pobsiyrene (3)Polythene (4) Themocal Which of the folowing doesnot soften upon heating? (Lucite (2)Bakelite 3)Poksiprene (4)Polythene Which property plastcsmakesthem unfitto be used widely? (1) They are strongand flexible (2) They areattacked bychemicals (3) Theyare nombiodegradable (4) Allofthem cannot be nemoulded againChemistry olland water donot sickis e 23. Special plastictowhi (1) fibre (2)Plastic (Polyester (8) polyost | (4) Polyester (2)Meamine 21. “Green bin’ and “blue bin” provided by municipality (3) Melamine are respectively employed for (PTE (plasticsand vegetable waste 24, Polyacrylonitile(PAN)isanothername of (2)food temsard pasties waste ieee (8)non-biodegradable and biodegradable waste (2) Acne (4) industrial and domestic waste (3)Mdamine 22. Which ofthe following substances are norbiodegrad- (A) Tenlene able? _ (2) Wool (Meal 25. Handles of variousutensils are made of bakelite as (Bakelite ()Wood (3 a of electricity (Lonty(o) (2)(b)and tc) a oo (3) 6) 8d) (4) Allof these (S}both (1) &(2) (A)itis biodegradable ANSWER KEY 6{7{ 8| 9 | 10| 11} 12] 13 | 14] 15 | 16 | 17| 18 | 19| 20 3t4a{2tifatileatijals eS ss > [BR > fer FRR 89Class Vill ALLEW IMPORTANT NOTESChemistry 2. COMBUSTION & FLAME POINTS TO REMEMBER ‘Combustion ‘=A chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat is alled combustion. The substance that undergoes combustion is called as a combustible substance, It is also called fuel. E.g, petrol, kerosene, The fuel may be solid, liquid or gas. For combustion, air is necessary. + The lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire is called ignition temperature. +A combustible substance cannot catch fire or burn aslong as its temperature is lower than its ignition temperature, + The substances which have very low ignition temperature and can easily caich fire with a flame are inflammable substances. E.g. petrol, alcohol, LPG {Liquified petroleum gas) et. Types of combustion ‘= Combustion in which gas bums rapidly and produces light and heat is known as rapid combustion. E.g buming of gas stove in kitchen. *# Thetype of combustion in which a material suddenlybursisto flame without application of any external source is called spontaneous combustion. E.g. spontaneous combustion of coal dust. * Combustion in which a sudden reaction takes place with the evolution of heat, light and sound is known as explosion e.g, ignition of fire crackers, Flame + A flame (from Latin flamma) is the visible (light-emitting), gaseous part of a fire. It is caused by a highly exothermic reaction (for example, combustion, a selF-susaining oxidation reaction) taking place in a thin zone Ifa fire ishot enough to ionize the gaseous components, it can become a plasma. * Colour and temperature of a flame are dependent on the type of fuel involved in the combustion, as, for example, when a lighter is held to a candle, the applied heat causes the fuel molecules in the candle wax to vaporize. In this state they can then readily react with oxygen in the ait, which gives off enough heat in the subsequent exothermic reaction to vaporize yet more fuel, thus sustaining ‘lame. ps Hottest Outer Zone of 1e zones parl complete combustion Middle Zone of (@) Inner most zone : Itis cooler than outer zones and itisdark, —_ Maderlely patti combustion o Inner Datk Zone of (b) Middle zone : It is the largest zone of candle flame. Least 2 anburat wax vapours This zone gives soot and smoke. (€) Outermost zone : This zone ofthe flame isthin and blue in colour. This is the hottest zone of the flame. The temperature of this zone is Different rones of a candle flame maximum around 180°C. Types of fire extinguishers (@) ‘Dry powder’ fire extinguisher : It containsa mixture of sand and baking soda (ie. sodium bicarbonate) when thrown over the buming material, baking soda is decomposed by the heat of fire to produce carbon dioxide, which being heavier than air cuts off the contact between air and fire, (i.e, the CO, layer is formed between the flame and air) aClass Vill 92 ALLEN 2NaHCO, + Na,CO, + H,0 + CO, (Carbon dioxide) (0) "Soda - acid” fire extinguisher : li consists of a metallic cylinder filled with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO, ). At the bottom of the cylinder, a thin sealed glass tube containing concentrated sulphuric acid (H,SO,) is placed. This tube is surrounded by a fixed wire gauze. A plunger with a sharp end is placed at the bottom of cylinder in such a way that the sharp end is placed at the sealed thin glass tube. On the top of the evlinder, a nozzle which is sealed with wax is provided. When the plunger hits against the floor, the sharp tip of the plunger breaks the glass test-tube. The acid in the test-ube reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas which is forced through the nozzle. The ‘wax seal is broken off, thus forcing CO, gas out through the nozzle. The fire is put off when the gas is directed towards the fire, 2NaHICO, + H,SO, > Na,SO, + 2H,0 +200, (©) "Foam-Type" fire extinguisher: tis similarto soda acid fre extinguisher, However sodium bicarbonate solution also contains a substance Saporin or turkey red oill which produces a foam with the gas and the solution issuing from the nozzle. The foam being light will float on the surface of oil fires, thus cutting off the air supply. Fuels ‘* Fuels are chemical substances which may be burnt in oxygen to generate heat, + They mainly consist of carbon and hydrogen and sometimes small amount of sulphur or minerals, ‘+ A.good fuel is one which is cheap, readily available, bums easily in air at a moderate rate. It produces a large amount of heat. It doesnt leave behind any undesirable substances. ‘+ The amount of the heat produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of the fuel is called its calorific value. It is expressed in kilo joule per kg. A good fuel has a high calorific value. «The increasing fuel combustion hasharmful effects on the environment like carbon fuel (wood, coal, petroleum) release unbumt carbon particles which causes respiratory diseases. Incomplete combustion of these fuels gives carbon monoxide gas which is poisonous gas. Combustion of most fuels releases carbon dioxide, Increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the air causes global warming. ‘+ Burning of coal and diesel releases sulphur dioxide. Moreover, petrol engines give oxides of nitrogen. Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dissolve in water of rain to form acids. Such rain is called acid rain which is very harmful for crops, buildings and soil. Types of fuels + Solid fuels- wood, coal, coke, charcoal etc. + Liquid fuelskerosene, petrol, diesel ete. + Gaseous fuels: LPG, CNG, coal gas, water gas ete.Chemistry EXERCISE Hydrogen gas has the highest calorific value i.e. 150kJ/kg. yet it snot used asa fuel. The reasons (1) it is explosive in nature {2) it causes storage leakage (3) it causes transportation problem {4) all of these In soda-acid fire extinguisher, 2NaHCOs + HySOq >? (1) NagSOg + 20 + 260, (2) NagSOq + HO + 2CO, (3) NagSOq + HzO + Op (4) NagSOq + HyO2 Water cannot be used as fire extinguisher t0 put out fire due to {1) burning wood (2) buming oil (3) buming cloth (4) buming charcoal Type of flame produced by a fuel depends upon (1) calorific value (2) amount of oxygen {3) type of fuel and its chemical composition, (4) all of the above Which of the following statement is NOT true? (1) COp is the best fire extinguisher. (2) Global warming can cause acid rain. (3) Burning of coal and diesel releases sulphur dioxide gas. (4) LPG has higher calorific value than biogas. Match column'A’ with column B's regard to char acteristics of a flame and its zone. a. Dark inner zone 1. Hottest part (No carbon) b. Blue zone 2, Partial decomposition ¢. Luminous zone 3, Unbumt vapours of wax, d.Nonduminous zone 4. Complete ‘combustion (1) al, b2, 63, dt (3) 23, b4, 6-2, del (2) 2, b3, od, d-1 (4) a4, bl, 62, 3 7. uu. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. The zone of flame having maximum temperature (1}luminous {2)nonduminous (3) dark zone The type of combustion in which heat, light and sound are produced is. (1) rapid (3) spontaneous Which of the folowing hasthehighest calorific value? (1) Petrol (2) Coke (4) Kerosene (4) none of these (2) explosion (4) none of these (3) Natural gas Which among the following is the best fuel? (1) Wood 4000 Cal/g (2} Coal 8000 Cal/g (3} Chareoal 7000 Cal/g (4) Kerosene 11,200 Cal/g Burning of crackers is a type of (1) Rapid combustion (2}Explosion (3}Spontaneous combustion (4) None of these Middle zone of a flame is (1)Nomuminous zone (2)Luminous zone (3) Blue zone (4) None of these Which of the following is a gaseous fuel? (1) Coal (2) Liquid hydrogen (3) Wood (4) Coal gas Fuels with maximum efficiency are (1) Solid flues (2) Liquid fuels (3) Gaseous fuels (4) All of these Which of the following statements in incorrect? (1) Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas (2}Sulphur dioxide gas is responsible for acid rain. (3} Hydrogen gas is a fuel with low calorific value (4) Dark inner zone is coldest part of flame The Zone of no combustion is ~ (Ip middle zone (2) outermost zone (3}luminouszone (4) innermost zone 93Class Vill ALLEN 17. Example of non-combustible substance is 19. Identify the incorrect statement (1) Coal (1) Complete combustion = Blue flame (2)Wood (2] White phosphorus Low ignition temperature (3)Stone (3) Forest fire - spontaneous combustion (4) Paper (4) Liquid hydrogen - Low calorific fuel 18. Electrical fires cannot be controlled by ~ 20. Hot bumt carbon particles are incolour, (1) Sand {2} Carbon dioxide (1) Blue (2) Black (3) Oxygen (4) Water (3) Yellow (4)Colouless ANSWER KEY 94Chemistry 3. LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY-I POINTS TO REMEMBER Atom ‘+ An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction, ‘+ Atoms are the building blocks of all the matter around us. # Atoms are so small in siz, that they cannot be seen even under the most powerful light microscope. + The size of an atom isindicated by its radius, which is called atomic radius. «# Atomic radius is measured in angstorm 1A = 10-m| Molecule * A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or a compound thet is capable of an independent existence and shows all the properties of that substance. + In general, a molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together. + Atoms of the same element orof different elements can join together to form molecules, Accordingly there are two types of molecules: (@) Molecules of elements + The molecule of an element contains two or more similiar atoms chemically combined together. + For example, hydrogen gas consists of H., molecules, nitrogen gas consists of N molecules, sulphur consists of S, molecules, ozone consists of O, molecules, phosphorus consists of P, molecules, ete. + Molecules of metals and some other elements such as carbon, do not have a simple structure but consist of a very large and indefinite number of atoms bonded together. (®) Molecules of compounds + The molecule of a compound contains two or more different types of atoms chemically combined together in a definite proportion by mass. + For example, hydrogen chloride molecule contains hytrogen and chlorine atoms, water molecule consists of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, etc Atomicity of a molecule of an element *# The number of atoms, which constitute one molecule of an element, i called its atomicity Phosphorus: P, -4 atomicity Sulphur: §, -8 atomicity Onygen: O, - 2 atomicity +# Recenily a different form of carbon -C,, has been discovered. It isnamed as buckminsterfullerene. Symbol + The symbol of an element isa short way of representing an element. +* Sumbols can be formed as follows: 1) By using the first leter of the English name of the element. Fidrogen | H_ [Phosphorus | P ‘Oxygen (O_[ Sulphur $ 2) By using the firs and second letters of the English name of the element. Helium He [Calum [Ca Tithiom [Li | Cobalt Co) +3) By using the firs letter and any other prominent sounding letter of the English name of the element. Magnesium —[Mg_[ Chromium [Cr Chlorine Cl_| Manganese | Mn 4) By using the firs letter of the Latin name of the element. Example: Potassium - Kalium -K. 95Class Vill 5) By using the first and the second letter of the Latin name of the element, Sodium- Natrium- Na. Sodium | Natrium [Na [Gad] Aurum [Au Copper | Cuprum | Ga [iron [Ferran [Fe ALLEN 6) By using the first and any other prominent sounding letter of the Latin name. ‘Siker | Argentum [Ag [Tin ‘Siannum [Sn Lead | Plumbum | Pb [Mercury | Hytrargyrum | Ha Remember Ifthe symbol has only one letter of the alphabet like in H, O, K, etc,, it must be a capital letter. Ifit has 2 letters, the firs is always a capital letter, while the second is always a small letter. Examples: Na, Cr, Mn ete. What does a symbol represent? + A. symbol represents one atom of an element. Example : H stands for one atom of hydrogen, ‘+ However, if 2 symbol has a subscript and a superscript, as given along side, then more information can be derived from it. ee Na 1 Subscriat (ateie auc «The subscript 11 showsthat one atom of sodium has 11 protons and 111 electronsin itor 11 positivelycharged, and 11 negatively charged particles and also that the net charge on the atom is zero, ‘* The distribution of the 11 electrons around the nucleus can be found out as: 2,8,1. i.e. 2 in the first orbit, 8 in the second orbit and 1 in its third orbit, This distribution also tells usthat itis a metal, and that its valency is + 1 ‘+ The superscript 23, shows that the atom contains 23 dense particles in the nucleus of the atom. The super- script also allows usto calculate the number of neutrons in an atom: this is done by subtracting the subscript from the superscript ic., 23 - 11-12. 5. Valency + Valency is the combining capacity of an atom, It is equalto the number of electrons the atom loses, or gains or shares when it combines with one or more aioms. «Depending on whether the atom loses, gains or shares electrons, the valency may be positive, negative or neutral respectively. Example : Valancy of sodium is + 1, because it can lose one dectron. It is represented as Na". Valency of oxygen may be -2 if it accepts 2 electrons ie., O°. + IF Wo or more atoms combine by sharing electrons i.e., not losing or gaining electrons, then the valency is neither positive nor negative. In the case of carbon dioxide, carbon and oxygen atoms, do not, lose or gain ‘electrons, and their valencies are 4 and 2 respectively. «Actually valency refers to the number, not the charge, + Certain atoms exhibit different kinds of valencies. This is because such elements can lose more than one elec- tron from their outer most shell depending on the available conditions. When such atomsexhibit variable valency, the name of the atom with the lower valency ends as -ous, and the one with the higher valency, ends as ic. Lower Valeney Hiigher Valency Capron a Cupic Gir Ferrous re Fee eT Phambous Par Plane Po Merauroum Fg Mercure Fa Auras Ar Ae ar 96Chemistry Remember ‘Atoms with variable valencies have their symbols same but are named differently Examples * Copper (Cu) hasa variable valency of 1 and 2. It is represented as Cu* and Cu"*. Cut is read as Cuprous and Cur is read as Cupric. Ferrous (Fe) and Ferric (Fe). ‘* Plumbous (Pb) and Plumbic [Pb'***). + Variable valencies are also represented, using the symbols along with the respective valency number in Roman snumerals in bracket. ‘Cuprous Cull) Cupric Cuil) Ferrous Fell) Ferric Felli Plumbous Pua Plumbie POV) # Atoms also combine in a group. When the atoms of different elements combine in a group they are called radicals, They behave as a single unit and the valency of radicals is the overall net charge of the group. The radicals maintain their identity in the chemical changes but are incapable of independent existence, + Stock system Stock nomenclature for inorganic compounds isa widely used system of chemical nomenclature developed by the German chemist Alfred Stock and first published in 1919. In the "Stock system’, the oxidation states of some or all of the elements in a compound are indicated in parenthesis by Roman numerals. « Radicals Formulae Hydroxide -OH™ Sulphate - SO,’ Nitrate - NO, List of common ions/radicals with positive valency Positive valency 1 ‘Symbol 1. Ammonium NHj 2, Hydrogen H 3. Lithium Lr 4. Sedium New 5. Potassium K 6. Cuprous [Copper] cur 7. Argentous [Siver ()] Age 8. Mercurous[Meroury(] Hy" 9. Aurous|Gold (] Positive valency 2 1. Magnesium 2. Caleium 3. Zine 4, Barium 97Class Vill 5. Nickel 6. Uranium 7. Cupric Copper N] 8. Argentic (Silver (I) 9. Mercurie [Mercury (ll 10. Ferrous [iron (I) 11. Plumbous[Lead (l} 12. Stannous[Tin 13. Pratinous (Platinum Positive valency 3 Alurnioium Chromium Bismuth Arsenic Fertic [ron ()] uric [Gold (IN) Positive valency 4 1. Stannie [Tin (V}] 2. Plumbie (Lead (V}] 3. Platinic [Platinum (1V)] Radicals with Negative Valency Negative valency 1 Fluoride Chloride Bromide kodide Hypochlorite aye eNe Chlorate Bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate eA aT ee Bisulphite or hydrogen sulphite 9. Bisulphide or hydrogen sulphide 10. Bisulphate or hydrogen sulphate 11. Hydride 12. Hytroxide 13. Aluminate 14, Permanganate 15. Cyanide 16. Nitrite 17. Nitrate 18. Acetate 98 ALLEN Hg" Fe Pot Sat* per Symbol ar ce Bit Ast Fe" Ag Symbol Sn Poe Pet Symbol cr Br clo- clog CH,COO-Chemistry Negative valency 2 1. Sulphate 2. Sulphite 3. Sulphide 4, Thiosuiphate 5. Zincate 6, Plumbate 7. Oxide 8. Peroxide 9, Mangenate 10. Dichromate LL. Carbonate 12, Silicate 13, Stannate 14, Oxalate Negative valency 3 1. Nitride 2. Phosphide 3. Phosphite 4. Phosphate Negative valency 4 1, Carbide + Remember (2) The number of protons or electrons in an atom consiitutes its atomic number. (6) The relative atomic mass of an element is the mass of its atom expressed in atomic mass unit, which is exacily 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12. Framing of formulae of compounds with the help of valency ‘A.compound isa substance formed by the combination of atoms of two or more elements. To be able to frame formulae, one should be thorough with the valencies. ‘The valency of Mg = 2 and that of N = 3 and the formula is Mg.N,. So, the number of magnesium atoms is equal to the valency of Nitrogen (3), and the number of nitrogen atomsis equal to the valency of Mg (2}. So, to frame this formula, write Mg and N and write their respective valencies just below them as: Mg N 2 3 ‘Then place 3 near Mg and 2 near N. In other words, interchange their valency numbers. Mg N = Mg.N, 99Class Vill ALLEN More examples Na Cl Na $ (a) Sodium chloride Nec {b) Sodium sulphide x NaS signa ae Na oN @ a (Sodium nitride oe NaN {a} Calcium chloride x CaCl, ees ore @ Oo Ga Pp le) Calcium oxide x CaO {Calcium phosphide xe CaP, ae gets. AO AO (@) Aluminium chloride x Ai, {h) Aluminium oxide x ALO, SH See: 8. Tons 100 An ion is an electrically charged particle. + tis forrmed by the loss or gain of one ormore valence electrons by an atom, so it contains an unequal number of electrons and protons. * Classification of ions (a) On the basis of charge 1. Cations are positively charged ions, ‘+ They are formed by the loss of one or more electrons by an atom. For example, Sodium atom loses one electron to form a sodium ion, Na*, which isa cation. Na — Net Sodium atom Sodiumion Electron + Since a cation is formed by the removal of electrons from an atom, therefore, a cation contains less electrons than a normal ator. * The atomic number of the atom does not change upon the formation of a cation. This. ‘of protons in a cation is the same as that in the parent atom. ‘* A cation is smaller in size than ils parent ator, since there is loss of electrons. because the number +A cation is stable as compared to its parent atom. #* The number of electrons in a cation is less than the number of protons. ++ A cation is unreactive as it usually contains 8 electrons in its outermost shell. ‘The ions of all the metal elements are cations. For example, Na*, K°, Ca, Mg, Al ete, H* and NH, are the only cations formed from non-metals. 2. Anions are negatively charged ions. They are formed by the gain of one or more electrons by an atom. For example, Chlorine atom gains one electron to form chloride ion, CI, which isan anion. a+ le +o of Chlorine atom — Electron Chloride ion ‘+ Since an anion is formed by the gain of electrons by an atom, therefore, an anion coniainsmore electrons than anomnalatom. Theatomic number of the atom does not change upon the formation of an anion. Thisis because the number of protons in an anion is the same as that in the parent atom.Chemistry ‘An anion is bigger in size than its parent atom, since there is gain of electrons. + An anion is stable as compared to its parent atom. ‘+ The number of electrons in an anion is more than the number of protons, ‘+ An anion is unreactive as it usually contains 8 electrons in its outermost shell. «The ions of all non-metals (are anions except H* and NH,"), For example, Cl, 0%, S*, N®, ete (b) On the basis of number of atoms 1. Simple ions ‘= Those ions which are formed from single atoms are called simple ions. For example sodium ion — Na" magnesium ion ~ Mg”, oxide ion ~ 0%, et. ‘© Simple ions are also called monoatomic ions. 2. Compound ions «# Those ions which are formed from group of atoms joined together are called compound ions. For example, ammonium ion - NH,*, hydroxide ion - OH", carbonate ion CO,*, ete. ‘* Compound ions contain more than oneatomsand can be classified as diatomic ions, triaiomic ions or polyatomic Tmportant compounds and their formulae 1. Aqua-regia Cone. HINO, + Cone. HCH =3) 2. Blue vitriol CuSO, .5H,O 3. Baking powder NaHCO, 4. Bleaching powder ca0cl, 5. Caustic soda NaOH 6. Caustic potash KOH 7. Green vitriol FeSO, .7H,0 8. Graphite Anallotrope of carbon 9. Lime [or quick lime or C20 burnt lime 10. Lime water ColOHy 11. Mik of magnesia Paste of MglOH) in water (Antacid) 12. Oilofvitriol Cone. HpS0, 13. Plaster of Paris, CaSO, 54,0 14. Washing soda Na,CO, . 10H,0 15. Soda ash Na,CO,, 16. Slaked lime CaOHy 17. White vitriol ZnSO, . THO 18. Wrought iron Pure form of iron ‘Some Common Gases and their characteristics ‘Name Characteristics 1. Carbon monoxide TToxic, colourless, (CO) odourlass. 2. Carbon dioxide(CO,) _Colouress, odourless. 3. Methane (CH, Colouress, odourless, inflammable, marsh danap. 4. Nitrogen dioxide Red brown, sweet (NO) odour, 5. Ammonia Colourless, irritating (NH) odour. 6. Sulphurdioxide Colourless, (so) acid rain gas, 101Class Vill ALLEN EXERCISE 10. 102 The branch of chemistry which deals with study of physical properties and conditionsis (1) physical chemistry (2)analytical chemistry (3) nuclear chemistry (4)pharmaceutical chemistry ‘One molecule of suiphurcontains (1)tWo atomsof suiphur 2) eight atomsof sulphur {3)fouratomsof sulphur (4) one atom of sulphur Which of the following istriatomic? (HO (2)CO @Coz —4)NeCl “Thesgmbolsoftin and mereury are respectively (1) Tiand Me (2) Meand Ti (3) Snand Hg {4)Meand Sn Which kind of information is conveyed bythe symbol ofanelement? (1) Thename of the element {2} The atomic mass ofthe element {3} Theatomic number of the element (4) Allofthese Which ofthe following isa symbol of palladium? we (iPad (8)Be (Ag Hgisthe symbol of (lead (2)tin Valeney of an atom orradicalsis (I) symbol of an element (2)volumeof atom, (Blantimony (4}mercuy {3)its combining capacity (@)size ofatom Inuhich ofthe folowing sts the valency of metal (A) isl? (aco, (ANNO, (ACO, (4) None ofthese What is the systematic IUPAC name for Hg** according to the Stock system? (1) Mereus() on {2)Mereuryion (3) Meruricion (4) Mereureusion i. 12. 13. ua. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. What isthe systematic IUPAC name for Cu according tothe Latinsystom? (1) Copper ion (2) Coppexion (3) Cupricion: (4) Cuprousion What isthe systematic IUPAC name for (1) Hypoiite ion (2) odide ion {3} kditeion {4} lodate ion. Whatisthe systematic UPACname forMn0,°? (1) Manganese ion (2)Manganateion (3) Manganiteion (4) Permanganateion What isthe systematic IUPAC name for SE,? (1)Sulfirterstuoride (2) Suifurhexafhuoride (3)Sulfurbeptafluoride (4) Sulfur octafuoride Whatisihe systematic IUPAC name for HBr? (1)Hydregen bromide (2) Hydrebromousacid (3)Hydrobromicacid (4) Bromousacid Na,S,0, representsthe compound (1) sodium sulphate {(2)sodium sulphite (S)sodiumthiosulphate (4) none ofthese Chemical formulaof Aluminium sulphate is (ALSO gly (2\A1S0, (ALSO, (a}none of these A tin halide is generally represented as (Sn (2)SnCg_-— ISAC AIS The oxide ofon can be represented as, (FeO, (2) FeO, ()Fe,0 (A) FeO, (Chemical formula gives information about (1) the dements which are present ina compound. (2)nature of compound. (3) otal number of atomsof each element present ina compound (4}both (1) and (3) ‘A metal Mis divalent in its‘ous' state and trivalent in its ‘ic’ state, What is the formula of itsstannate? (1) MSiO, (2)MSr0, (3)M, 610), MN,Chemistry 22. Predict the formula of *X’ from the following table, | 31- What is the formula for the compound composed ———— cof the bismuth ion, Bi" and the cyanide ion, CN’? pee | ts (1)BICN (2)BiCN, al (3}Bi,CN (4) BICN), Ar x 32. What isthe ionic charge for cobalt ion in Co,8,? (1) AISiIO, (2)A,Si0, (12+ 2) (33% AYE (3)AL (SiO), (4)AL{Si0), 33. Molecular mass of water is 23. Which one ise bivalent ion? (1)16 amu (2)2.amu (1)Sodium (2) Calcium (3}0.amu (4) 18 emu (3)Suiphide (4) Both (2) and (3) 34. Predict the chemical formula for aluminium se- 24. The chromate and dichromate ionsare respectively lenide, given the formule of aluminium oxide, ALO,, (1) GE ond CHO,2" (2) Cr40,? ond CO,” (1)AlSe —(2)ALSe (3)AlSe, (4) ALSe, (GO yond Og (4) C1042 ana | 35 Whstisthe formula for terophosphonstrsutde? 1,0, (UPS, «PS GPS, MPS, 25. Theatomicity of K.Cr,0, is 36. What isthe formula forsulphurous acid? ms (2a (310 (ay1z (DHS (2\H80, 26. Which of the following is/are bivalent radicals? ()HSO, (4) H,S0, (3) Sulphite (4) Both (1) and (3) are 27. Theirst scientist to use the symbols of elements was (eaz crs (1)Dalton (2) Berzelius (ica (4) None of these (3)Kaned (4) Proust 38. The molecular formula of potassium nitrate is 28. Which of he following ion isnot divalent? ——. (1) S04 (2) PO, (3)Cu** (a) Sn? (1) KNO (2)KNO, 29. Theammonium ion, NH,’ isclassified as which of (3]KNO, (4) KON the following? 39. Thehydroxide ion, OH" isclassified as which ofthe (1) Monoatomic cation (2) Monoatomic anion, following? (3) Polyatomic cation (4) Polyatomic anion (1)Monoatomiccation (2 Moncatomic anion 30. _ What isthe formula forthe ionic compound composed (3)Polyatamic cation (4)Diatomic anion of the barium ion, Ba’*, andthe phosphide ion, P*? | 40. Whatisthe formula for the hydrogen carbonateion? (1) BaP, (2)Ba,P, (NCH, (3) BaP, (4) BaP, (3)HCO, ANSWER KEY fauel i [2{s{4]s]{e]7|s| 9] 10] a] s2] 1s | 14] a5 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 an) if 2[iltsitalefa}salsaltelslele/2titslililala Que] 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32] 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 29 | 40 awl 2>3[a[il2};atiletsatstalslalatatalilela 2 fo oOClass Vill ALLEW IMPORTANT NOTES 104Chemistry 4, METALS AND NON-METALS POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. Comparison of properties of metals and non-metals Physical Metals Non-metals Properties ea. [Metals are solid at omdinary temperature. | Non-mntals exist in all the three states, that 1s| e Exception: Mercury is a guid, sold, liquid and gas. Lustre HThey possess sire or shine, [Tey possess no lustre Exceptions: Jodine and araphit Malleabiliv & Dutiliy [Metals are generally malleable and dusile |Non-metals are nether malleable nor ductile [Non-tnetals possess varying hardness Metals are generally har Hains Lesa rircti ecm Darn te hat aan Dena Hy have high dena [Thay generally possess low dense INon-tals are poor condor of het and [Matas are ood condtorsof heat and ele Condit eect, Escekion: Graphite «gp eondxtor of lacy Noting and toting [They usally have high meting and baiting |e malting ane boing pnts ae sal Points sins. Exceptions: Boron, cabon and sion Fremniare Metals Non-metals INor-metals are electronegative in character. They form anions in solution andl are iberated at the lanade when their salt solutions are subjected to lelecrolysis. Hickogen is an exception. It usually [Metals ae electropositive in character. Eledrocherical {They farm cations in solution and are bbohaviour {deposited on the cathode when electricity is passed through their soltion. INon-metals form adie cr nextral oxides. For 2 [They for basic oxides. For example, lexarmple, SOs, COs, POs, ete are acidic whereas Nature of exes JNocO, MgO, et. sides of luni an ee ee one anc are amphoteric Brace [Aaion with [Metals generally react with dilute inezal [Non-metals do not disclace Hyckogen on readion mineral adds [acids to berate Hi ans. lwith dilute minerals acids Reaction of metals with water * Potassium, sodium, lithium and calcium react with cold water. + Sodium reacts vigorously with cold water forming sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. 2Na + 2H,O —> 2NaOH + H, 7 + Red hot iron reacts with steam to form Iron ll Il} oxide. Iron + Steam —> Iron (ll) oxide + Hydrogen 3Fe + 4H,0 —> Fe,0,+4H, 7 + Tin, lead, copper, silver, gold and platinum do not react with water or steam. 105Class Vill ALLEN 4. — Reaction of metals with salt solutions. + Reactive metals can displace any metal less reactive than itself, from the oxide, chloride or sulphate of the less reactive metal in solution or their molten state. If metal A displaces metal B from its solution, it is more reactive than B. Metal A + Salt solution of B—+ Salt solution of A + Metal B Iron + Copper {ll sulphate — Iron (1) sulphate + Copper Fe + CuSO, —> FeSO, +Cu “An alloy isa homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal. Alllo [Composition [uses 1. Brass [Cu = 80%, Zn = 20% [Harder than pure Cu and Zn; used for making utensils, cartridges, ete 2. Bronze [Cu = 90%, Sn = 10% |For making siaiues, medals, ships, cains, machines, etc. 3. Solder (common) [Sn = 50%, Po = 50% _ |For joining metals, soldering wires, electronie lcomponents, etc. a. German siver [Cu = 60%, Zn = 20%, |For making utensils, ornaments, etc INi = 20% 5. Gun metal |Cu = 90%, Sn = 10% |Gears, castings, ete. 6. Bell metal [cu = 78%, Sn = 22% Bells, gongs, ete. Alloys ‘Composition Uses 1. Brass 60-80% For making utensils, statues, jeasiy cast, resists corrosion __ musical instruments, 2. Bronze Hard cantake up polish, resists |For making coins, medals, jcorrosion statues, utensil, ote [3. German silver Malleable and dacile, white and |For making jewellery, light like siver, high electrical decoration pieces, electrical resistance, heaters, ete Important facts to remember 1 _Lowestmn.pt. (metal + Mercury (Hg) (mpt.= 38.90) 2 Highest mp. (metal) : Tungsten (W) (mpt}=3410C 3 Lowestm.pt.and bt + Hefb.pt.-286.9°C) (non-metal) 4. Mostreactive solid fo element 5. Mostreactiveliquid element: C3 6. Totalnumberof gases + 1N(Hp,He,No,F,,Ne, Op, Cl, Ar, Kr,Xe, Ra} 7. Totalnumber of liquid + 2(B,Hg) element 106a 10. 11. 12. 13. 4. 15. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Total number of solid element Liquid silver Liguid non-metal Liquid metals Element kept in water Element kept in kerosene Noble metals White gold Metalloids elements Lightest element Heaviest naturally occuring element Poorest conductor of Hardest naturally occuring Most abundant gas Dry ice '89 in periodic table 2 Hg + Bry + Hg, Ga, Cs, Fr P Na, K 2 Au, Pt PL + Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te. Non-metals having metallic : :H lodine, graphite, lusture 236 + Pb(metal), S(non- current Pb (meta), S {non-metal} 2 Np + COp (solid) Chemistry diamond metal) 107Class Vill EXERCISE 10. n. 12. 13. er ‘Which of the following metal can be cut with a knite’ (1)Gold (2) Potassium (3)lron (4) All of these Which isthe least conductor of heat?” (1)Gold (2)Piatinum (3) Silver (4) Lead Metal hove no. of electrons in their outer most shell (1) 1t08 (2) 7109 (3) 1103 (4) 10 to 12 Sodium isa (1) silvery white and very soft metal (2) colourless and hard metal. (3) silvery white and very hard metal (4) colourless and very soft metal. Which metal has high melting point? (sn (2) 3)Sb ‘The sodium metal is stored in {Ipbenzene {2)aleohol (8) kerosene (4) toluene ‘The most malleable metal is {I)sodium —(2)selenium (8)gold (4) lead Because of high electropostivty, the atom of met als can easily form (2) positive ions. (3)neutral ions Which of the following property is generally not shown by metals? (1)Electrical conduction _(2)Sonorous in nature (3)Dullness (4)Ductility ‘The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wires is known as (A) ductiity {2)malleabilty {3)sonority (@)conductivity Generally, metals are solid in nature, Which one of the following metals is found in liquid state at room, (4)Pb (2) negative ions (4) covalent bonds temperature? (Na (2)Fe (3) Cr (a)Hg Metals are (1) malleable (2) ductile (3)none (4) both (1) and (2) ‘Which of the following metals catch fire on reaction with water? {1)Sodium (3)Magnestum (2) Potassium (4) Both (1) and (2) 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Lightest liquid metal is (Hg (2)Cs (3)Ga (4) None ofthese Metals are. (1) elements which can lose electron easily forming, positive ions (2) elements which can gain electron easily forming, negative ions (3) elements which can share electron easily (4) none of these ‘The most abundant element in the universe is, (1) hetium (2hoxygen (3) silicon (4)bydrogen ‘A metal, which melts on the palm (1) potassium (2) sodium, (3) gallium, () zinc Metals generally fom (I basic oxides (2)acidic oxides (3) neutral oxides (a)none of these Metals are. (1) bad conductors of heat and electricity (2) good conductors of heat and electricity (3) good conductors of heat and bad conductors of electricity (4) seri conductor of heat and electricity Metals are: (1) malleable and ductile (2) non-malleable and ductile (3) brittle and ductile (4) non-malleable and non-ductile Metals have (1)high melting and boiling points (2}low melting and boiling points (3) hgh metting and low boiling points (4) low metting and high boiling points The nonmetal which isa liquid at room temperature (oxygen (2) fluorine (3) sulphur (4) bromine Nonrmetal generally form (1)anions (2}cations (lions (4) none of these Which non metal has shining surface? (1) Graphite (2) Phosphorus (3) Sulphur (4) None of these 108 ——25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33, 34. 35. Which non-metal has semi conductor property? (1)Boron (2)Carbon (3)Stticon (4) Magnesium Generally, non-metals are not conductors off electricity, Which ofthe following isa good conductor of electricity? (1) Diamond (2) Graphite (3) Sulphur (4)Fullerene Which of the following elements is non-metal? (Na (2}Fe (cu (aS Which of the following metals is less reactive than hydrogen? (cu (2) Ba (3)Mg_(4) Pb Which metal does not react with water? (yeu (2)Au (3) Both(1) and (2) (4) Fe Which of the following metal reacts vigorously with oxygen? (1)Zine (2) Magnesium (3)Sodium (4) Copper Metals above hydrogen in activity series (1)react with acids to liberate hydrogen ions (2) react with acids to liberate hydrogen gas (3)donot react with water (4)none of these Which metal is highest in the activity series? (0K (2\CaG)Fe —(4)Pt Reactivity series gives (Iamangement of metalsin the order of decreasing reactivity (2) arrangement of non-metals in the order of decreasing reactivity (3)arrangement of metals in the order of increasing reactivity (4) arrangement of non-metals in the order of increasing reactivity Metals like gol, platinum which do not easily react are called (active metals (2) dull metals (3)noble metals (4)bright metals Which of the following displacement reactions is possible? (1) Copper + Sodium chloride —> Copper chloride + Sodium (2) Lead + Potassium nitrate —> Lead nitrate + Potassium (3) ron + Lead nitrate —> lron nitrate + Lead (4) Silver + Copper nitrate —> Silver nitrate + Copper 37. 39. a1. 42. 43. 45. Chemistry ‘Arrange the following metal in the increasing order of their reactivity towards water, Zine, Iron, Magnesium, Sodium (I}lron < Magnesium < Sodium < Zine (2}lron ._Lightest gasis 10. nu. 12. 13. 4. 15. 16. 17. 18. (IN: @)He = (3)0,,— (AH, 0.03% of air consists of (IhAr — (2)Nz_— (3) (4) COQ The layer of atmosphere nearest to earth surface is (1) troposphere (2) stratosphere (3) ozone layer (4) ionosphere COp is towards wet litmus. (acidic (2) basic (3) neutral (4) amphoteric Which ofthe following does not cause air pollution? (1) Establishing forest reserves (2} Using pesticides in farms (3} Developing housing estates (4) Quarrying for limestone Which air pollutant is wrongly matched with the effect? (1) Dust -reduces photosynthesis in green plents (2}Carbon monoxide-reduced oxygen in the blood (3] Chlorofluorocarbon ~damages nerves and tissues, (4) Nicotine-hardens and narrows blood vessels CO is toward litmus (2) basic (4) neutral (1) amphoteric oxide (3) oxidic Carbon particles and smoke from factories (1) increases the rate of respiration in planis (2) decrease the rate of photosynthesis in plants (3) increase the absorption of carbon dioxide by plants (4) increase the rate of transpiration in plants When is inhaled carboxyhaemoglobin is, formed (1)02 (2)CO— (BN (4) COQ Which of the following is not due to air pollution? (1) Thinning of the ozone layer (2} Increases in the number of diabetic patients (3) Destruction of habitats (4) Global warming W17Class Vill 19. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Air pollution can be controlled by (1) reduce use of fossil fuel (2) by filtering out the solid particles from smoke (3) using unleaded petrol (4) by all of these Barometer is a thin glass tube containing (1) mercury (2) lead (3) tin (4) tungsten ‘The gas associated with the greenhouse effect is {1) carbon dioxide (2) oxygen (3) nitrogen (4) sulphur gas cause green effect house effect (1) C02 (2) CHy (3) Ha (4) Both (1) and (2) Rain water containing is called acid rain. (1) HySOq (2) HNOg (3) Hel (4) Both (1) and (2) Ozone consists of (1) three atoms of carbon {2) three oxygen atoms (3) one carbon atoms and two oxygen atoms (4) one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms Oxygen can be prepared by (1) heating mercuric oxide (2) heating potassium chlorate (3) heating hydrogen peroxide (4) all of these ae 118 Due to direct exposure to sun's radiation the atoms convert into ions in (1) troposphere {2)ionosphere (8) orone layer (4) stratosphere Denitrifying bacteria (1) converts atmospheric No into nitrates, (2) converts nitrogen from the soil (3) converts nitrate of soil back into atmospheric nitrogen (4) have nothing to do with Np cycle 5 1 10. i. 12. 13. ALLEN Pollutantslike DDT reach into human bed through milk if cattle is exposed to DDT sprayed grass. This, is a case of (1) land pollution (2) eutrophication (3)biomagnification (4) none of these Depletion of ozone layer takes place due to (1) methyl alcohol (2) carbon tetrachloride (3) benzene (4) chloroftuorocarbon The atmospheric pressure at sea level is (1) 76 mm height of Hg (2) 76 cm height of Hg (3) 7.6 om height of Hg (4) 760 amheight of Hg The noble gas used in treatment of cancer is (2) argon (4) helium is the chief source for producing nitrog- enous fertilizers. (1) (2)HyO_— (3) NHg_— (4) O3 Carbon monoxide poisoning ismos likely to occur (1) open place with coal buming (2) room with L.P.G. gas burning (1) radon (3) neon (3) closed room with coal buming (4) charcoal burning in open space _ is used as fuel in rockets. (1) Liquid Hy (2) Liquid No (3) Op (4) Liquid O2 gasis used to fill electric bulb at low pres- (10, 2)Hy = B)Ar_— 4) No Atmospheric pressure___as the altitude (1) increases, increases (2} decreases, decreases (3) decreases, increases (4) remain same Permanent hardness is caused by sulphates/chloride of _____ and ___ and can be removed by treating with (1) calcium and magnesium, zeolite (2) sodium and calcium, zeolite (3) sodium and potassium, zeolite (4) calcium and sodium, zeolite Water can be used as a coolant in car radiators, because (1) ofits high specific heat (2) water is easily available (3) of high latent heat of vaporisation (4) water flows easilyChemistry Impurities in water __ its B.P. and its (1) increases, decreases (2) decreases, increases (3) increases, increases (4) decreases, decreases Tee floats on weler making aquaticlife possible. ee floats because ice at 0" has density than water at 0°C, (1) lesser (2)more (3) same (4) ice has air in it ANSWER KEY SEs) 9 | 10 [a1 [a2 | a3 | aa | a5, atatiftififs{a4 24 | 25 a3 fos fo 24 so [ai [a2 J a3 [aa | 5) | lo 119Class Vill ALLEW IMPORTANT NOTES 120