LECTURENOTES 1-CRIMINALLAWII

TITLE I. CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND

THELAWOF NATIONS (ARTICLES114-123)
CrimesagainstNationalSecurity

Treason(Art.114,RPC);

Conspiracyandproposaltocommittreason(Art.115,RPC);

MisprisionofTreason(Art.116,RPC);and

Espionage(Art.117,RPC).

CrimesagainsttheLawofNations

Incitingtowarandgivingmotivesforreprisal(Art.118,RPC);

ViolationofNeutrality(Art.119,RPC);

Correspondencewithhostilecountry(Art.120,RPC);

Flighttoenemycountry(Art.121,RPC);

Piracyandmutiny(Art.122,RPC);and

QualifiedPiracyandMutiny(Art.123,RPC).

NOTE: Crimes against National Security and the Law of Nations are exceptions to the principle of territoriality underArt. 2,
par. 5 of the RPC (one can be held criminally liable even if those crimes were committed outside the Philippinejurisdiction).
However, the prosecution for the said crimes can proceed only if the offender is already within Philippineterritory
orbroughttothePhilippinespursuanttoanextraditiontreatyafter thecommissionofsaidcrimes.

Wherecancrimesagainstthelawofnationsbetried?

Itmaybetriedanywherebecausetheyareconsideredcrimesagainstthefamilyofnations.Theyarecommittingcrimesagainst nationalsecurity.

GeneralRule:Allcrimesagainstnationalsecuritycanonlybecommittedintimesofwar.

Exception:

Espionage(Art.117,RPC);

Incitingtowarorgivingmotivesforreprisal(Art.118,RPC);

ViolationofNeutrality(Art.119,RPC);and

Mutinyandpiracy(Art.122,RPC)(Boado,2008).

ARTICLE114.Treason.

Treason-isabreachofallegiancetoagovernment,committedbyapersonwhoowesallegiancetoit.
Allegiance-Itistheobligationoffidelityandobediencewhichtheindividualsowetothegovernmentunderwhichtheyliveortotheir
sovereign,inreturnfortheprotectiontheyreceive.

2Kinds:

Permanent–acitizen’sobligationoffidelityandobediencetohisgovernmentorsovereign;or

Temporary – allegiance which a foreigner owes to the government or sovereign of the territory wherein he resides, solong as he remains
there, in return for the protection he receives, and which consists in the obedience to the laws of thegovernment orsovereign.

Elements

ThattheoffenderisaFilipinocitizen;oranalienresidinginthePhilippines(RA7659);

That thereisawarinwhichthePhilippinesisinvolved;and

Thattheoffendereither:

LevieswaragainsttheGovernment;or

Adherestotheenemies,givingthemaidorcomfort.

NOTE:Treasoncannotbecommittedintimesofpeacebecausetherearenotraitorsuntilwarhasstarted.

CommissionoftreasonoutsidethePhilippines

IftheoffenderisaFilipinocitizen,hecancommitthiscrimeevenifheisoutsidethePhilippines;or

TreasonbyanalienmustbecommittedinthePhilippines(EO44)exceptincaseofconspiracy.

Modesofcommittingtreason

Levyingwaragainstthegovernment;

Adhering to the enemies, giving them aid and comfort. Formal declaration of the existence of a state of war is notnecessary.

“Levyingwar”
Thisrequirestheconcurrenceoftwothings:

Thattherebeanactualassemblingofmen;and

Forthepurposeofexecutingatreasonabledesignbyforce.

Thelevyingofwarmustbewithintenttooverthrowthegovernment,notmerelytoresistaparticularstatuteortorepelaparticular officer.

Adherencetoenemies

There is adherence to enemies when a citizen intellectually or emotionally favors the enemies and harbors sympathies
orconvictionsdisloyaltohiscountry’spolicyorinterest.Adherencealonewithoutaidandcomfortdoesnotconstitutetreason,
butsuchadherencemay beinferredfromtheacts committedbyaperson.

Aidandcomfort

Itmeansovertactswhichstrengthensortendstostrengthentheenemyofthegovernmentintheconductofwaragainstthegovernmentoranactwhichw
eakensortendstoweakenthepowerofthegovernmenttoresistortoattachtheenemies ofthe

government.

Extentofaidandcomfort

The overt act of giving aid or comfort to the enemy must be intentional. As a general rule, to be treasonous, the extent ofthe aid and
comfort given to the enemies must be to render assistance to them as enemies and not merely as individualsand in addition, be directly in
furtherance of the enemies’ hostile designs. To make a simple distinction: To lend or givemoney to an enemy as a friend or out of charity
to the beneficiary so that he may buy personal necessities is to assist himas individual and is not technically traitorous. On the other hand,
to lend or give him money to enable him to buy arms orammunition to use in waging war against the giver’s country enhance his strength
and by the same count injures theinterest ofthegovernmentofthegiver.That istreason(Peoplev.Perez,G.R.No.L-856, April18,1949).

Treason cannot be committed through negligence. The overt acts of aid and comfort must be intentional as
distinguishedfrommerelynegligentorundersignedact(Cramerv.U.S., 325U.S.1;1945).

Howtreasonmaybeproved

Testimonyoftwowitnesses,atleast,tothesameovertact(Two-witnessrule);or

Confessionoftheaccusedinopencourt.

Two-witnessrule

It is a rule which requires the testimony of at least two witnesses to prove the overt act of giving aid or comfort. The two-witness rule is
severely restrictive and requires that each of the witness must testify to the whole overt act; or if it
isseparable,theremustbetwowitnessestoeachpartoftheovertact(Peoplev.Escleto,G.R.No.L-1006,June28,1949).

Illustration: Witness A testified that he saw the defendant going to the house of X in search of the latter’s
revolver.WitnessBtestifiedthatwhenXwenttothegarrison,thedefendantrequiredhim(X)toproducehisrevolver.Itwasheld that
the search for the revolver in the house of X is one overt act and the requiring to produce the revolver in
thegarrisonisanother.Thus,theremustbetwowitnessesforeachact(Peoplev.Abad,G.R.No.L-430,July30,1947).

Adherence need not be proved by the oaths of two witnesses. Criminal intent and knowledge may be gathered from
thetestimonyofonewitness,orfromthenatureoftheactitself,orfromcircumstancessurroundingtheact.Ontheotherhand,anovertact,mustbeestabli
shedbythedepositionoftwowitnesses.Eachofthewitnessesmusttestifytothewholeoftheovertact;orifitisseparable,theremustbetwowitnessestoe
achpartoftheovertact(Peoplev.Adriano,

G.R.No.L-477,June1947).
Confession

It means confession of guilt in an open court; that is, before the judge while actually hearing the case.
Extrajudicialconfessionorconfessionmadebeforetheinvestigatorsisnotsufficienttoconvictapersonoftreason.

Example:Xfurnishedwomentotheenemy.Doestheactconstitutetreason?

Answer: Commandeering of women to satisfy the lust of the enemies or to enliven the entertainment held in their honorwas NOT
treason even though the women and the entertainments helped to make life more pleasant for the enemies (Peoplev.Perez,G.R. No.L-
856,April 18,1949).

Acceptingapublicofficeundertheenemydoesnotconstitutethefelonyoftreason

Mereacceptanceofapublicofficeandthedischargeofthedutiesconnectedtherewithdonotconstitutepersethecrimeof treason, unless such office

was accepted as an aid and for the comfort of the enemy and that the person who acceptedtheofficeadheres totheenemy.

Treasonasacontinuingoffense

Itcanbecommittedbyasingleactorbyseriesofacts.Itcanbecommittedinonesingleordifferenttime.Intreason,thereisonlyonecriminalintent.Apers
onwhocommitstreasonisnotcriminallyresponsibleforasmanycrimesoftreasonastheovertacts ashehas
intentionallycommittedtogiveaidtotheenemy.

NOTE:Theoffendercanstillbeprosecutedevenafterwar.

Commoncrimes(e.g.murder,robbery,arson)committedinthefurtheranceofthecrimeoftreasoncannotbeconsideredcrimes
separatefromtreason

Thecommoncrimescommittedinfurtheranceoftreasonaretheovertactsofaidandcomfortinfavoroftheenemyandarethereforeinseparablefromtreas
onitself.Theybecomeanelementoftreason.However,iftheprosecutionshould
electtoprosecutetheculpritspecificallyforthesecrimes,insteadofrelyingonthemasan element of
treason,punishmentforthesecommoncrimesisnotprecluded(Peoplev.Prieto,G.R.No.L-399,January29,1948).

Aggravatingcircumstancesinthecrimeoftreason

Cruelty;

Ignominy;and

Rape,wantonrobberyofpersonalgainsandbrutalitywithwhichthekillingorphysicalinjuriesarecarriedoutwhichcanberegardedascruelty
andignominy.

NOTE: Evident premeditation, superior strength, and treachery are circumstances inherent in treason, and therefore,not
aggravating.

Example:Awaschargedwiththecrimeoftreason.Inhisdefense,heassertsthathecan no longer
beprosecutedfortreasonsincehealreadylosthisFilipinocitizenshipunderparagraphs3,4,and6oftheCommonwealthActN
o.63,whichprovidesthat“…aFilipinomaylosehiscitizenshipbyacceptingcommissionin the military, naval, or air
service of a foreign country…” when he joined the Japanese armed forces. Is hisdefensetenable?

Answer:NO.AcannotdivesthimselfofhisPhilippinecitizenshipbythesimpleexpedientofacceptingacommissioninthemilitary,naval,orairserv
iceofsuchcountry.Ifsuchcontentionwouldbesustained,theverycrimewouldbetheshieldthatwouldprotecthimfrompunishment(Peoplev.Manay
ao,G.R.No. L-322,July28,1947).

Suspended allegiance or change of sovereignty cannot be used as a defense to the crime of treason because
ofthefollowingreasons

Acitizenowesanabsoluteandpermanentallegiancetohisgovernment;

ThesovereigntyoftheGovernmentisnottransferredtotheenemybymereoccupation;

ThesubsistenceofthesovereigntyofthelegitimateGovernmentinaterritoryoccupiedbythemilitaryforcesofthe enemy
duringthewar isoneoftherulesofInternationalLaw; and

Whatissuspendedismerelytheexerciseoftherightsofsovereignty(Laurelv.Misa,ibid.).

NOTE: The defense of duress or uncontrollable fear, and lawful obedience to a de facto Government are gooddefenses in
treason (Go Kim Cham v. Valdez, G.R. No. L-5, September 17, 1945; People v. Bagwis, G.R. No. L-
262,March29,1947).

ARTICLE115.ConspiracyandProposaltoCommitTreason

Elementsofconspiracytocommittreason

Intimesofwar;

Twoormorepersonscometoanagreementto:

Levywaragainstthegovernment,or

Adheretoenemiesandtogivethemaidorcomfort;and

Theydecidetocommitit.

Elementsofproposaltocommittreason

Intimesofwar;
 Apersonwhohasdecidedtolevywaragainstthegovernment,ortoadheretotheenemiesandgivethemaidandcomfort; and

Proposesitsexecutiontosomeotherpersonorpersons.ThemereconspiracyandproposaltocommittreasonarepunishableasfeloniesunderAr
ticle115becauseintreason,theveryexistenceoftheStateisendangered.

Two-witnessruledoesnotapplytoconspiracyandproposaltocommittreason

Itisbecauseconspiracyandproposaltocommittreasonisseparateanddistinctoffensefromthatoftreason(USv.Bautista, G.R. No.2189,

November3,1906).

Crimecommittedifactualactsoftreasonarecommittedaftertheconspiracyor
aftertheproposalisacceptedThecrimeoftreasonisalreadyconsummatedsincetheperpetratorhadalreadyexecutedwhatwasagreeduponor
whatwasproposedtobedone.Theconspiracyorproposalisthenconsideredmerelyasmeansinthecommissionthereof.

ARTICLE116.MisprisionofTreason.

Elements

ThattheoffenderwhoisnotaforeignermustbeowingallegiancetotheGovernment;

ThathehasknowledgeofanyconspiracytocommittreasonagainsttheGovernment;and

ThatheconcealsordoesnotdiscloseormakeknownthesameassoonaspossibletotheGovernororFiscalofthe provinceorMayoror
Fiscalofthecity inwhichheresides.

Thiscrimeisanexceptiontotherulethatmeresilencedoesnotmakeapersoncriminallyliable.Itisacrimeofomission.

Misprisionoftreasoncannotbecommittedbyaresidentalien

TheoffendermustbeowingallegiancetotheGovernment,withoutbeingaforeigner.
Penalty

Art.116doesnotprovideforapenalty,buttheoffenderispunishedasanaccessorytothecrimeoftreason.Therefore,thepenaltyistwodegreeslowertha
nthatprovidedfortreason.

NOTE: The offender in Art. 116 is considered a principal in the crime of misprision of treason, not as an accessory tothe
crime of treason. The term accessory refers only to the penalty to be imposed, not to the person who actedsubsequent
tothecommissionof theoffense.

Example:X,aFilipinocitizen,hasknowledgeoftreasoncommittedbysomeoneanddoesnotreportitscommissiontotheproper
authorities.CanhebeheldliableforMisprisionof Treason?

Answer: NO. Art. 116 does not apply when the crime of treason is already committed. This is so because Art. 116 speaksof “knowledge
of any conspiracy against” the Government of the Philippines, not knowledge of treason actually committedby another.

Espionageis the offense of gathering, transmitting, or losing information respecting the national defense with intent
orreasontobelievethattheinformationistobeusedtotheinjuryoftheRepublicofthePhilippinesortotheadvantageofany foreignnation.

NOTE:Espionagecanbecommittedintimesofwarandpeace.

WaysofcommittingespionageunderArt.117andtheirrespectiveelements

Byentering,withoutauthoritytherefor,awarship,fort,ornavalormilitaryestablishmentorreservationtoobtainanyinformation,plans,photograp
hs,orotherdataofaconfidentialnaturerelativetothedefenseofthePhilippines.

Elements:

Thattheoffenderentersinanyplacementionedtherein;

NOTE:Theoffenderisanyperson,whetheracitizenoraforeigner,aprivateindividualorapublicofficer.

Thathehasnoauthoritytherefor;and

That his purposeis toobtaininformation, plans, photographs, or other dataof confidential naturerelativetothedefenseofthePhilippines.

NOTE:TheoffendermusthavetheintentiontoobtaininformationrelativetothedefenseofthePhilippines,butit
isnotnecessarytohaveactuallyobtainedsuchinformation.

Bydisclosingtotherepresentativeofaforeignnationthecontentsofthearticles,dataorinformationreferredtointheprecedingparagraph,whichhe
hadinhis possessionbyreasonofthepublicofficeheholds.

Elements:

That theoffenderisapublicofficer;

Thathehasinhispossessionthearticles,data,orinformationreferredtoinparagraphno.1ofArticle117,byreasonofthepublic officeheholds;
and

Thathedisclosestheircontentstoarepresentativeofaforeignnation.

OffendersunderArt.117
Par.1–theoffenderisanyperson,whetheracitizenorforeignindividualorapublicofficer

Par.2–theoffenderisapublicofficer,whohasinhispossession,articles,data,orinformationbyreasonofthepublicofficeheholds.

OtheractsofespionagewhicharepunishableunderCA616 (AnActtoPunishEspionageandOtherOffensesagainst NationalSecurity)

Unlawfullyobtainingorpermittingtobeobtainedinformationaffectingnationaldefense;

Unlawfuldisclosingofinformationaffectingnationaldefense;

Disloyalactsorwordsintimeofpeace;

Disloyalactsorwordsintimeofwar;

Conspiracytoviolateprecedingacts;

Harboringorconcealingviolatorsoflaw;and

Photographingfromaircraftofvitalmilitary

Espionagevis-à-visTreason

Basis Espionage Treason

Astothecitizenshipoftheoffender Itisacrimenotconditionedbycitizen Withtheamendment,underArt.114,treason

shipoftheoffender. maybecommittedbyaFilipinocitizenoranal
ienresidinginthePhilippines.

Astothetimeitmaybecommitted Itmaybecommittedeitherintimeofwar It iscommittedonlyintimeofwar

orintimeofpeace.

Astothemannerofcommittingthecrim Itmaybecommittedindifferentways. Thereareonlytwomodes

e ofcommittingtreasonasprovidedunderArtic
le114.
 ARTICLE118.IncitingtoWarorGivingMotivesforReprisals.

Elements

Thattheoffenderperformsunlawfulorunauthorizedacts;and

ThatsuchactsprovokeorgiveoccasionforawarinvolvingorliabletoinvolvethePhilippinesorexposeFilipinocitizenstoreprisalsontheir
personsorproperty.

Ifbothelementsconcur,thecrimeiscommittedregardlessofhisintentions.

Timeofcommission

Thecrimeofincitingtowarorgivingmotivesforreprisalsiscommittedintimeofpeace.

Reprisal

ItisanykindofforcibleorcoercivemeasurewherebyoneStateseekstoexerciseadeterrenteffectortoobtainredressor satisfaction, directly or

indirectly, for consequences of the illegal acts of another State which has refused to makeamends for such illegal conduct. Reprisal is
resorted to for the purpose of settling a dispute or redressing a grievancewithout goingtowar.

Extentofreprisals

Reprisalsarenotlimitedtomilitaryaction.Itcouldbeeconomicreprisalsordenialofentryintotheircountry.E.g.XburnsaSingaporeanflag.If
SingaporebanstheentryofFilipinos,that isreprisal.

Example: From 1658 to 2012, the inhabitants of Sabah Malaysia were paying rents to the Sultanate of Sulu.
On2013,SultanJ,oftheSultanateofSuludecidedtosenditsroyalforcesinordertoclaimownershipoverSabahonthebasisof
adocumentcedingownershipofSabahfromBruneiinfavorofSulu.SinceSabahisalreadypartof the territory of Malaysia
and claiming that the act of Sultan J violates Art. 118 of the RPC, the Philippinegovernment suedSultanJ.
Willthesuitprosper?

Answer: NO. Art. 118 is applicable only when the offender performs unlawful or unauthorized acts. Sultan J was merelyasserting his
right to own the territory of Sabah when he sent its royal forces. The cession made by Brunei in favor of
theSultanateofSuluisalawfulandauthorizedbasisuponwhichtheclaimof SultanJmaybemade.

ARTICLE119.ViolationofNeutrality.

Neutrality

Neutralityisaconditionofanationthat,intimesofwar,takesnopartinthedisputebutcontinuespeacefuldealingswiththebelligerents.

Elements
 ThatthereisawarinwhichthePhilippinesisnotinvolved;

Thatthereisaregulationissuedbyacompetentauthorityforthepurposeofenforcingneutrality;and

Thattheoffenderviolatessuchregulation.

Authoritytoissuearegulationfortheenforcementofneutrality

TheregulationmustbeissuedbycompetentauthoritylikethePresidentofthePhilippinesortheChiefofStaffoftheArmedForcesofthePhilippines,durin
gawarbetweendifferentcountriesinwhichthePhilippinesisnottakingsides.

ARTICLE120.CorrespondencewithHostileCountry.

Correspondence

Correspondenceiscommunicationbymeansofletters;oritmayrefertotheletterswhichpassbetweenthosewhohavefriendly orbusiness relation.

Elements

ThereisawarinwhichthePhilippinesisinvolved;

Thattheoffendermakescorrespondencewithanenemycountryorterritoryoccupiedbyenemytroops;and

Thatthecorrespondenceiseither—

Prohibitedbythegovernment,or

Carriedoninciphersorconventionalsigns,or

Containingnoticeorinformationwhichmightbeusefultotheenemy.

NOTE: Even if the correspondence contains innocent matters, but the correspondence has been prohibited by
theGovernment, it is still punishable. However, in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Art. 120, prohibition by the Government is
notessential.

Ciphers-Itmeanssecretmessageorcode.
CircumstancesqualifyingtheoffenseunderArt.120

Twothingsmustconcurtoqualifytheoffense:

Thatthenoticeorinformationmightbeusefultotheenemy;and

Thattheoffenderintendedtoaidtheenemy.

NOTE:Iftheoffenderintendedtoaidtheenemybygivingsuchnoticeorinformation,thecrimeamountstotreason;hence,
thepenaltyisthesameas thatfortreason.

ARTICLE121.FlighttoEnemy’sCountry.

FLIGHTTOENEMYCOUNTRYART.121

Elements

ThatthereisawarinwhichthePhilippinesisinvolved;

ThattheoffendermustbeowingallegiancetotheGovernment;

Thattheoffenderattemptstofleeorgotoenemycountry;and

Thatgoingtoenemycountryisprohibitedbycompetentauthority.

NOTE:Itshouldbenotedthatthemereattempttofleeorgotoenemycountrywhenprohibitedbycompetentauthorityconsummates thefelony.

Personsliable

Alienresidents,notonlyFilipinocitizens,canbeheldliableunderthisarticle.Thatlawdoesnotsay“notbeingaforeigner.” Hence,allegiancehereinmay
bepermanentortemporary.

ARTICLE122.PiracyinGeneralandMutinyontheHighSeas.

PIRACYINGENERALANDMUTINYINTHEHIGHSEASORINPHILIPPINEWATERS ART.122

Piracyisarobberyorforcibledepredationonthehighseas,withoutlawfulauthorityanddonewithanimofurandi(intenttosteal)andinthespiritand
intentionofuniversal hostility.

Modesofcommittingpiracy(Art.122)

Byattackingorseizingavesselonthehighseas;or

Byseizingthevesselwhileonthehighseasorthewholeorpartofitscargo,itsequipmentorpersonalbelongingsof
itscomplementorpassengers,bynon-passengersornon-membersofthecrew.
 Elements

ThatavesselisonthehighseasorinthePhilippinewaters;

Thattheoffendersarenotmembersofitscomplementorpassengersofthevessel;and

Thattheoffenderseither—

Attackorseizethatvessel,or

Seizethewholeorpartofthecargoofsaidvessel,itsequipmentorpersonalbelongings
ofitscomplementorpassengers.

Highseas

It means any waters on the sea coast which are without the boundaries of the low-water mark, although such waters
maybeinthejurisdictionallimitsofaforeigngovernment.TheConventionontheLawoftheSeadefines“highseas”aspartsof the seas that are not
included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial seas, or in the internal waters of a State,or in the archipelagic waters of an
archipelagic State. “High seas” does not mean that the crime is committed beyond thethree-milelimitof anyState.

Courtwhichhasjurisdictionoverpiracycommittedinthehighseas

Pirates are in law hostes humani generis. Piracy is a crime not against any particular state but against all mankind. It
maybepunishedinthecompetenttribunalofanycountrywheretheoffendermaybefoundorintowhichhemaybecarried.The jurisdiction of piracy
unlike all other crimes has no territorial limits. As it is against all so may it be punished by all. Nordoes it matter that the crime was
committed within the jurisdictional 3-mile limit of a foreign state, “for those limits, thoughneutral towar,arenotneutraltocrimes"
(Peoplev.Lo-loandSaraw, G.R.No.17958,February27,1922).

Example:IfpiracywascommittedoutsidethePhilippinewaters,willthePhilippinecourtshavejurisdictionovertheoffense?

Answer: YES, for piracy falls under Title I Book 2 of the Revised Penal Code. As such, it is an exception to the rule onterritoriality in
criminal law under Article 2. The same principle applies even if the offenders were charged, not with aviolation of qualified piracy under
the Code but under a special law, PD 532 which penalizes piracy in Philippine waters(Peoplev.Catantan,G.R.No.
118075,September5,1997)

PiracyUnderRPC PiracyUnderPD532
CanbecommittedwhilethevesselisonhighseasorinPhilippinewaters. CanbecommittedonlywhenthevesselisinPhilippinewaters.

Canonlybecommittedbypersonswhoarenotmembersofthevessel’sco Canbecommittedbyanypersons,includingthevessel’scomplement,orth
mplement,orthepassengersof thevessel. epassengersofthevessel.

NOTE: There is, thus, no piracy when members of the vessel’s complement or its passengers attack or seize
thevessel or its cargo on high seas. The offense would then be theft or robbery cognizable by Philippine
courts, if thecrimeiscommittedonaPhilippineship,pursuant topar.1,Art. 2oftheRPC.

Mutiny

Itistheunlawfulresistancetoasuperiorofficer,ortheraisingofcommotionsanddisturbancesonboardashipagainsttheauthorityofits
commander.

Piracyvis-à-visMutiny
Piracy Mutiny

Offendersarestrangerstothevessel.Hence,offendersareneither Offendersaremembersofthecomplementorthepassengers ofthevessel.

passengersnorcrewmembers.

Donewithanimofurandi/ Againsttheauthorityofthecommanderoftheship.
intenttostealandwiththeintentionofuniversalhostility.

Intenttogainisanelementofpiracy. Intenttogainisimmaterial.

Attackfromtheoutside. Attackfromtheinside.

ARTICLE123.QualifiedPiracy.

Circumstancesqualifyingthecrimesofpiracyandmutiny

Whenevertheyhaveseizedavesselbyboardingorfiringuponthesame;

Wheneverthepirateshaveabandonedtheirvictimswithoutmeansofsavingthemselves;or

Wheneverthecrimeisaccompaniedbymurder,homicide,physicalinjuries,orrape.

Nocomplexcrimeofpiracywithmurder
Thereisonlyonecrimecommitted–
qualifiedpiracy.Murder,rape,homicide,physicalinjuriesaremerecircumstancesqualifyingpiracyandcannotbepunishedasseparatecri
mes,norcantheybecomplexedwithpiracy.Qualifiedpiracyisconsideredaspecialcomplexcrime.Itispunishablebyreclusionperpetuat
odeathregardlessofthenumberofvictims.

References:

TheRevisedPenalCodeCriminalLaw.LuisReyes.18 thEdit.2012.BookTwoArts.114-367.

NotesandCasesontheRevisedPenalCode(Book1and2)andSpecialPenalLaws.2013.LeonorD.Boado.Fundamentals
ofCriminalLawReview. Gregorio.2008.

CRIMINALLAW.2017GOLDENNOTES,FACULTYOFCIVILLAW,UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMASMANILA.

MEMORYAIDINCRIMINALLAW.SanBedaCollegeofLaw,2014CentralizedBarOperations.BOOKONE,BOOKTWO,
SPECIALPENALLAWS.

www.lawphil.comwww.chan
robles.com

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1930/12/08/act-no-3815-s-1930/