CLASS11 HYDROGEN IMPORTANT QUESTION WITH

ANSWERS
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1. What is water gas made of? Where is water gas used?

Ans: Water-gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) produced by passing steam over red-hot coke using the
endothermic reaction C + H2O = CO + H2.

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It is used for production of fuel gas. It is used to remove carbon mono oxide from fuel cell application.
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2. Atomic hydrogen combines with almost all elements but molecular hydrogen does
not. Explain.

Ans: Hydrogen atoms are extremely unstable. Because atomic hydrogen’s electronic configuration is 1s1, it requires one more electron to
complete its configuration and achieve stability. As a result, atomic hydrogen is extremely reactive, combining with practically every
element. It, on the other hand, reacts in three separate ways, namely,

i) due to the loss of a single electron to H+

ii) by gain of one electron to from H− and

iii) by forming single covalent connections by sharing its electron with other atoms.

3. Which isotope of hydrogen is radioactive?

Ans: Tritium

4. Why is the Ionisation enthalpy of hydrogen higher than that of sodium?

Ans: ionisation enthalpy of hydrogen (1312 kJ/mol) is larger than sodium (496 kL/mol), because of the stronger nuclear attraction,
removing a valence electron from the H atom requires more energy than removing one from the Na atom.

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5. Why is dihydrogen gas not preferred in balloons? 
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Ans: Being the lightest gas dihydrogen should have been used in balloons. But it has high combustibility, so that it is not recommended.

6.Name the isotopes of hydrogen. What is the importance of heavier isotopes of

hydrogen?

Ans: Deuterium and tritium. The importance of heavier isotopes of hydrogen is in nuclear reactor.

7.Give an example of each anionic and covalent hydride.

Ans: Ionic Hydride NaH Covalent hydride NH3.

8. State two properties in which hydrogen resembles alkali metals.

Ans: Hydrogen behaves like alkali metals:

Presence of one electron in the outer most valence shell:

H         1s1

Li         [He] 2s1

Na       [Ne] 3s1

K         [Ar] 4s1 etc.

Electropositive character:

Alkali metals have tendency to loss one electro from its valence shell to form unipositive ion having electronic configuration same with
previous noble gas atom (low ionization potential). Hydrogen also has tendency to form H+ ion like alkali metals.

Na → Na+ + e

H → H+ + e

9. How does H2O2 behave as a bleaching agent?

Ans: On decomposition it produces nascent oxygen which decolourises the colour. Actually, hydrogen peroxide contains a single oxygen-
oxygen bond which is known as a peroxide bond, this is incredibly weak and unstable. When its oxygen-oxygen bond breaks, hydrogen
peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen. When this happens, it releases free radicals that are highly reactive with other substances.

10. Why is H2O2 concentrated at low pressure?

Ans:
Because it decomposes at ordinary pressure or on heating.
11. Name the compounds which retard the decomposition of H2O2.

Ans:
Acetanilide, glycerol.

12. What happens when H2O2 reacts with ethylene?

Ans: When hydrogen peroxide reacts with ethylene, ethylene glycol is formed.

13. Why is dihydrogen used as fuel cells for generating electrical energy?

Ans: Dihydrogen is used as a fuel cell for generating electrical energy because it does not pollute the environment and releases more
energy per unit mass of fuel than gasoline or any other fuel.

14. Explain why HCI is a gas and HF is a liquid. 

Ans: HF molecules are held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. As a result, HF is a liquid at room temperature. Because the
HCl molecules lack intermolecular hydrogen bonding, it exists as a gas at ambient temperature.

15. Give an example of electrons – deficient hydride. 

Ans: Diborane is electron deficient hydride.

Traditionally, diborane has often been described as electron-deficient, because the 12 valence electrons can only form 6 conventional
2-centre 2-electron bonds, which are insufficient to join all 8 atoms.

16. What is the significance of H2O2 labelled as 30 volumes’?

Ans: 30 volume hydrogen peroxide means, 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution liberates 30 ml of oxygen gas at STP.

17. What is understood by hydrogenation? 

Ans: Hydrogenation is an addition reaction where hydrogen molecules are used to saturate organic compounds. This process is effective
under certain catalytic conditions and controlled temperatures depending on the type of hydrocarbon.
Hydrogenation of alkene

18. What is heavy water? What is the importance of heavy water?

Ans:Heavy water is water that contains heavy hydrogen – also known as deuterium – in place of regular hydrogen. It can also be written
as 2H2O or D2O. Deuterium is different than the hydrogen that usually occurs in water—known as protium, since each atom of
deuterium contains a proton and a neutron, while more commonly occurring hydrogen contains only a proton.

Heavy water does occur naturally, however in much smaller quantities than regular water. Approximately, one water molecule for every
twenty million water molecules is heavy water. Since deuterium is a stable isotope, heavy water is not radioactive.

Importance of heavy water:

It is extensively used as a moderator in nuclear reactor.

It is used as a tracer compound to understand reaction mechanism.
It is used for the preparation of other deuterium compound like CD4, D2SO4.

19. How does the atomic hydrogen or oxy-hydrogen torch function for cutting and
welding purposes ? Explain.

Ans: When hydrogen is burnt in oxygen the reaction is highly exothermic, it produces very high temperature nearly 4000°C which is
used for cutting and welding purposes.

20.  Among NH3 H2O and HE, which would you expect to have highest magnitude of
hydrogen bonding and why?

Ans: HF is expected to have highest magnitude of hydrogen bonding since, ‘F’ is most electronegative. Therefore, HF is the most polar.

21. Name the phenomenon of absorption of hydrogen by palladium?

Ans: Occlusion.

22. Name one example of a reaction in which hydrogen acts as an oxidizing agent.

Ans: The reaction of hydrogen with active metals

2Na + H2 → 2NaH
23. Concentrated H2SO4 cannot be used to dry moist H2 gas. Why?

Ans: Concentrated H2SO4 cannot be used to dry moist H2 because it absorbs water from moist gas which produces so much heat that H2
gas catches fire.

24. Give two advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel over gasoline.

Ans: The high heat of combustion and production of no pollutants like SO2, NO2, CO2, etc.

25. What is the difference hard and soft water?

Hard water is water with excess calcium and magnesium, while soft water is free from these harsh minerals that can damage your home
and body.

26. What is meant by auto protolysis of water?

Ans: Auto-protolysis of water is self-ionisation of water. The auto-protolysis (self-ionization) of water takes place as follows:

H2O(l)+H2O(l)⇌H3O+ (aq) + OH− (aq)

The significance of auto-protolysis is that it shows the amphoteric nature of water i.e., water acting as acid as well as base.

27. What is the difference between hydrolysis and hydration?

Hydrolysis:

The reaction of water with another chemical compound results in the formation of two or more products.Reactions of hydrolysis
are possible with salts, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, etc.

Hydrolysis reactions are primarily used to break down polymers into monomers and this is exactly what happens in living organisms.
When consuming different foods, our digestive system breaks down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into smaller molecules, enabling
resulting compounds to be absorbed by our cells.
Hydrolysis of ester

Hydrolysis of polymer

Hydration:

Hydration is indeed a chemical reaction that involves when water particles come into contact with a material. Hydration is the adding of
a molecule to that of an unbalanced chemical, such as an alkene or alkyne, inorganic chemistry. Hydration, on the other hand, refers to
the connection of molecules of water and substances in physical chemistry. The formation of a solution involves the interaction of solute
with solvent molecules. Many different liquids can be used as solvents for liquid solutions, and water is the most commonly used
solvent. When water is used as the solvent, the dissolving process is called hydration.

Hydration of sodium ion

The molecule of water is introduced at the site where there is an unsaturation in organic chemistry. The molecule of water splits into
protons as well as a hydroxide hydrogen ion at this point. The hydroxide anion binds to the atom with more methyl groups. Using
Markovnikov’s rule, the protons will join with less replaced carbon. Hydration can affect any unsaturated chemical molecule.

Hydration is the interaction between water molecules with only an artificial substance in inorganic chemistry.

Hydration of alkene

28. Distinguish clearly between:Temporary hardness & permanent hardness of the water.
 Temporary hardness Permanent hardness

1. This is due to calcium & magnesium bicarbonates in the water. 1. This is due to calcium & magnesium chlorides & sulphates.

2. It can be removed by boiling water. 2. It cannot be removed by boiling water.

29. Why does hard water not form lather with soap?

Ans: Hard water does not lather with soap because the salts of calcium and magnesium react with soap to form insoluble salts.

30. Why do lakes freeze from the top to the bottom?

Ans: There are intermolecular hydrogen bonding in H2O molecule. The density of water is greater than ice. It may be noted that at 4°C
water has maximum density. In the severe cold, the upper layer of the seawater freezes & the heavier water (density more than that of
ice) is present below the surface of the ice. Due to this sea animals can live safely in the water.

31. Write two reactions to explain amphoteric nature of water

Those compounds which can act as acid as well as base are called amphoteric compounds.

1) Water acting as an acid: When H2O reacts with NH3, it donates H+ ions to NH3 such that formation of ammonium ion (NH4+) and
hydroxide ion (OH−) takes place.

H2O(l)+NH3(aq)⇋OH−(aq)+NH4+(aq)

According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, acid is a substance that donates protons H+ .

Thus, in the above reaction H2O is acting as an acid.

(ii) Water acting as a base: When H2O reacts with H2S, it accepts H+ ions from H2S such that formation of hydronium ion (H3O+) takes
place.

H2O(l)+H2S(aq)⇋H3O+(aq)+HS−(aq)

According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, base is a substance that accepts protons H+ ions and forms its conjugate acid. Thus, in the above
reaction H2O is acting as a base.

32. Why is H2O2 concentrated at low pressure?

Ans: Because it decomposes at ordinary pressure or on heating.

33. How can the production of dihydrogen obtained from ‘Coal gasification’ be
increased?
Ans: The production of dihydrogen in coal gasification can be increased by reacting CO(g) present in syngas with steam in the presence
of iron chromate catalysts.

With the removal of C02 the reaction shifts in the forward direction and thus, the production of dihydrogen will be increased.

34. What is the behavioral similarity between NH3, H2O HF compounds?

Ans: They behave as Lewis is bases i.e. electron donors. The presence of lone pairs on highly electronegative atoms like N, O and F in
hydrides results in hydrogen bond formation between the molecules.

35. Why can not sea animals live in distrilled water?

Ans: Due to lack of oxygen.

36. How heavy water is prepared from normal water?

Ans: Heavy water is deuterium oxide (D2O). Ordinary water contains a fraction (1 in 6000 parts) of heavy water. On large scale, it is
produced by repeated electrolysis of ordinary water containing alkali. It is also produced by repeated distillation and condensation.

37. Write the Name of a zeolite used in softening of hard water.

Ans. Sodium aluminum silicate Na2Al2Si2O8. X H2O.

38. What is calgon?

Ans: Calgon is the trade name for complex salt, Sodium hexametaphosphate (NaPO3)6. It is used for softening hard water. In this
process, Calgon ionizes in water to form complex anion and Na+ ions.when Calgon is added to hard water, it causes the magnesium and
calcium ions present in hard water to displace sodium ions from the anion complex of Calgon. It means a complex anion is formed when
Calgon ionizes.

This results in the removal of calcium and magnesium ions from hard water in form of a complex formed with calgon.
Na6P6O18→2Na++Na4P6O2−18
M2++Na4P6O2−18→[Na2MP6O18]2−+2Na+
Where, M = Mg and Ca

39. What are the advantages of using hydrogen as fuel?

Renewable and Readily Available

Hydrogen is a Clean and Flexible Energy Source to support Zero-Carbon Energy Strategies
More Powerful and Energy Efficient than Fossil Fuels
Highly Efficient when Compared to Other Energy Sources
Almost Zero Emissions
Reduces Carbon Footprints
Fast Charging Times
No Noise Pollution
No Visual Pollution
Long Usage Times
Ideal for Use in Remote Areas
Versatility of Use
 Democratisation of Power Supply

40.What happens when sodium hydride reacts with water?

Ans. Saline hydride (sodium hydride) react violently with water producing dihydrogen gas.
41. Why is water an excellent solvent for ionic or polar substances?

Water is a polar solvent with a high dielectric constant. Due to high dielectric constant of water the force of attraction between cation
and anion gets weakened. Thus water molecules are able to remove ions from the lattice site using in dipole forces easily.

42. Arrange H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te in the decreasing order of boiling point.

Ans: H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te.

43. Why is sodium less soluble in heavy water than in ordinary water?

Ans: Due to the lower dielectric constant of D2O over H2O, NaCl is less soluble in heavy water.

44. Explain why beryllium forms a covalent hydride while calcium forms an ionic
hydride?

Ans: Be has higher electronegativity (= 1.5) than Ca electronegativity (= 1.0); so Be forms covalent hydride calcium forms ionic hydride.

45. Why is hydrogen peroxide stored in wax-lined glass or plastic vessels in dark?              

Ans. H2O2 decomposes slowly on exposure to light

In the presence of metal surfaces or traces of alkali (present in glass containers), the above reaction is catalyzed.

46. Explain why electrolysis of ordinary water occurs faster than heavy water.

Ans: Due to lower bond dissociation energy of H-O-H bonds in water than D-O-D bonds in D2O, electrolysis of H2O is much faster than of
D2O.

47. What do you understand by (i) Electron-deficient (ii) Electron-precise (iii) Electron-
rich compounds of hydrogen? Provide justification with suitable examples.

Ans: (i) Electron deficient hydrides: Compounds in which central atom has incomplete octet, are called electron deficient hydrides. For
example, BeH2, BH3 are electron deficient hydrides.
(ii) Electron precise hydrides: Those compounds in which exact number of electrons are present in central atom or the central atom
contains complete octet are called precise hydrides e.g., CH4, SiH4, GeH4 etc. are precise hydrides.
(iii) Electron rich hydrides: Those compounds in which central atom has one or more lone pair of excess electrons are called electron
rich hydrides, e.g.,NH3, H2O.

48. What do you understand by the term ‘non-stoichiometric hydrides’? Do you expect
this type of hydrides to be formed by alkali metals? Justify your answer.

Ans: Those hydrides which do not have fix composition are called non-stoichiometric hydrides, and the composition varies with
temperature and pressure. This type of hydrides are formed by d and /block elements. They cannot be formed by alkali metals because
alkali metal hydrides form ionic hydrides.

49. Compare the structures of H2O and H2O2.

Ans: In water, O is sp3 hybridized. Due to stronger lone pair-lone pair repulsions than bond pair-bond pair repulsions, the HOH bond
angle decreases from 109.5° to 104.5°. Thus water molecule has a bent structure.
H2O2 has a non-planar structure. The O—H bonds are in different planes. Thus, the structure of H2O2 is like an open book.

50. Write chemical reactions to justify that hydrogen peroxide can function as an
oxidising as well as reducing agent.

Ans: As an oxidising agent

2Fe2+  (aq) + 2H+(aq) +H2O2(aq) ———–> 2Fe3+  (aq) + 2 H2O(l)
As a reducing agent
I2(s) + H2O2 (aq) + 2OH– (aq) ———> 2I– (aq) + 2 H2O(l) + O2(g)

51.What is meant by ‘demineralised water’ and how can it be obtained?

Ans: Demineralised water is free from all soluble mineral salts which is obtained by passing water successively through a cation
exchange (in the form of H+) and an anion exchange in the form of OH– resins.

H+ exchanges for Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and other cations present in water. This process results in release of proton which makes the water
acidic.
OH– exchanges, for anions like Cl–, HCO3–,SO42-etc.
OH– ions thus liberated neutralize the H+ ions set free in the cation exchange process. H+(aq) + OH–(aq) ——-> H2O(l)

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