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Comptibility of optical transparency and microwave absorption in C-band for the

metamaterial with second-order cross fractal structure

Dongyong Shan, Longhui He, Lianwen Deng, Heng Luo, Congwei Liao, Yuhui
Peng, Yunchao Xu, Shengxiang Huang

PII: S1386-9477(19)30859-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2019.113756
Reference: PHYSE 113756

To appear in: Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures

Received Date: 12 June 2019

Accepted Date: 27 September 2019

Please cite this article as: Dongyong Shan, Longhui He, Lianwen Deng, Heng Luo, Congwei Liao,
Yuhui Peng, Yunchao Xu, Shengxiang Huang, Comptibility of optical transparency and microwave
absorption in C-band for the metamaterial with second-order cross fractal structure, Physica E: Low-
dimensional Systems and Nanostructures (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2019.113756

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Comptibility of optical transparency and microwave

absorption in C-band for the metamaterial with
second-order cross fractal structure

Dongyong Shan1, Longhui He1,2, Lianwen Deng1,*,Heng Luo1, Congwei

Liao1,Yuhui Peng1, Yunchao Xu1, Shengxiang Huang1

1School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083,
China
2School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang

413000, China
*Corresponding author e-mail:denglw@csu.edu.cn

Abstract: An optically transparent metamaterial absorber (MMA) operated in the

C-band (4-8 GHz) is optimally designed based on the second-order cross fractal
structure. The experimental results show that the reflection loss of the proposed MMA
is lower than -10 dB from 3.98 GHz to 8.68 GHz. Two overlapped resonances located
at 4.77 GHz and 7.33 GHz, respectively, are caused by the second-order cross fractal
structure. Distributions of surface current, electromagnetic field and power loss
density are investigated to illustrate the absorptive characteristics and electromagnetic
loss mechanisms of the proposed MMA. Moreover, the average optical transmittance
of the MMA is close to 75% from 390 nm to 780 nm. The MMA possesses
simultaneously strong absorptive capacity in the C-band and high transmittance in the
visible light range, showing potential application in special environment.

Key words: metamaterial absorber; fractal structure; optical transparency;

electromagnetic loss mechanism; C-band microwave.

1 Introduction
Microwave absorbing materials have been widely used to eliminate the undesired
electromagnetic wave [1-3]. Numerous microwave absorbing materials are
successfully developed to operate in the X-band [4, 5] and Ku-band [6, 7]. With rapid
development of C-band communication and detection technology, it is essential to
develop high-performance microwave absorbing materials operating in the C-band.
The traditional microwave absorbing materials, such as Jaumann absorber [8] and
Dallenbach absorber [9], based on destructive interference effect, are characterized by
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the electrical thickness greater than a quarter of the wavelength of the operating
frequency. Thus, thicknesses of the C-band absorbers are in centimeter order of
magnitude, which is unsuitable for practical engineering applications.
Metamaterial absorber (MMA) is a burgeoning branch of microwave absorbing
materials [10-15], with electromagnetic loss mechanism based on inherent resonance
absorption [16-19]. Therefore, thickness of MMA is not limited by a quarter
wavelength compared with the traditional microwave absorbing materials. Since the
first MMA was experimentally fabricated by Landy et al. in 2008 [20], plentiful
MMAs with different resonant structures such as split-ring resonator [21], cut-wire
resonator [22], and leaf-shaped resonator [23], have been investigated extensively.
However, aforementioned resonant structures only exhibit single-band absorption.
Considerable efforts have been devoted to improve the performance of MMAs to
achieve dual-band absorption. Two typical strategies are used to implement dual-band
MMAs. The first one is to combine two resonators with different geometric shapes
into a large unit cell [24, 25]. The second one is to integrate two vertically stacked
layers into a new unit cell [26, 27]. However, there are two challenges in both
strategies, the former is the unit cell with large area, and the latter is the difficulty of
manufacturing technology.
Fractal structures possibly make metamaterials possess interesting resonant
properties not attainable in conventional metamaterial structures [28]. Particularly,
fractal structure can display dual-band even broadband performance within a single
unit. Yanbing Ma et al. [29] designed a MMA based on second-order Koch fractal
structure, and two absorption peaks appeared at 4.57 GHz and 12.82 GHz with
absorbance of 94.2% and 98.5%, respectively. Munaga P et al. [30] used the inverted
Minkowski fractal loop structure to construct a dual-band MMA with peak
absorptivities of 94.4% and 97.7% located at 4.82 GHz and 7.84 GHz, respectively.
Bağmancı M et al. [31] proposed a novel MMA structure based on fractal circle loop
and four lumped resistors, presenting a broadband absorption characteristics.
However, the main disadvantage of the above-mentioned MMAs is the optical opacity,
which hinders their applications in some cases requiring strong microwave absorption
and high optical transmittance simultaneously [32].
In this paper, in order to circumvent the above shortcomings, an optically
transparent MMA based on a second-order cross fractal structure is proposed and
demonstrated. A second-order cross fractal structure is considered to be the basic
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element, which is a multilayered structure consisted of indium tin oxide (ITO)

patterns and transparent substrates including polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and
polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The absorptive characteristics and loss mechanisms
of the proposed MMA are comprehensively investigated by analysis of the surface
current, electromagnetic field and power loss density. Especially, the fractal structure
of the proposed MMA provides special resonant feature, that is, a single resonator
produces two absorption peaks, reported seldom in previous literatures. The proposed
metamaterial structure provides a method to design optically transparent MMAs with
strong microwave absorption.

2 Design, simulation and experiment

Fig.1. (a) Schematic diagram of the optically transparent MMA based on a second-order cross
fractal structure. (b) Three-dimensional simulation model of the proposed MMA.
Previous reports [29, 30] indicated that use of the fractal structure as the unit cell
of MMA is an effective way to achieve dual-band absorption, resulting from the
fundamental resonance responses of the differently sized patterns. The second-order
cross fractal structure was originally used as unit cell of the microwave antennas with
the advantage of broad bandwidth [33]. The major advantage of the second-order
cross fractal structure in wave-absorbing application is the potential dual-resonance
characteristic, making it possible to extend the operating bandwidth by optimizing the
structural parameters appropriately [34]. Schematic diagram of the proposed optically
transparent MMA based on a second-order cross fractal structure is depicted in Fig.
1(a). The proposed MMA consists of a second-order cross fractal pattern array placed
on the PET film, a PMMA dielectric layer and a ground layer deposited on the PET
film. As a mature transparent conducting oxide, ITO with thickness of 0.2 mm and
surface resistance of 15 Ω/□, is used for both the pattern array and the ground layer.
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The finite element method (FEM) is adopted to implement the numerical

simulation. Three-dimensional simulation model of the proposed MMA is illustrated
in Fig. 1(b). Two pairs of master-slave boundary conditions are employed to simulate
periodic structure along E and H axes, respectively. A floquet port is designated on
the top boundary to generate the incident waves along the k axis, irradiating onto the
surface of the proposed MMA. The dielectric constants of PET and PMMA are
3.0(1-j0.06) and 2.25(1-j0.001), respectively. Detailed structural sketches of the unit
cell are also shown in Fig. 1(b). The optimized geometric parameters are as follows: P
= 14 mm, l1 = 13.5 mm, l2 = 6 mm, w = 1.4 mm, tm = 0.175 mm, td = 3.5 mm.
Reflection loss of the proposed MMA was measured by an arch measurement system
in a microwave anechoic chamber. The arch measurement system mainly composes of
a vector network analyzer (Agilent N5230A) and a pair of broadband antenna horns
(2-10 GHz). The optical transmittance of the proposed MMA was measured by the
ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer with the spectrum range of 380-800 nm.
3 Results and discussion

Fig. 2. (a) The simulated and measured reflection loss curves, and (b) normalized input impedance
of the proposed MMA.
The simulated and measured reflection loss curves of the proposed MMA are
shown in Fig. 2(a). The simulated reflection loss is better than -10 dB between 3.98
GHz and 8.68 GHz, with an effective bandwidth of 4.70 GHz. Two absorption peaks
occur at 4.77 GHz and 7.33 GHz with the reflection loss of -23.12 dB and -18.10 dB,
respectively. Similarly, the measured reflection loss is lower than -10 dB from 4.02
GHz to 8.33 GHz with an effective bandwidth of 4.31 GHz. The reflection losses of
two absorption peaks are -16.91 dB and -16.89 dB located at 4.89 GHz and 6.74 GHz,
respectively. Evidently, the measured results are basically consistent with the
simulated results, indicating that the simulated result is reliable and the structural
design is valid.
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According to the universal design principle of microwave absorbers, the

wave-absorbing performance of materials depends on two factors. One is the good
impedance matching between the microwave absorbers and free space, determining
the reflection degree at the surface. The other is the loss characteristic of the materials,
leading to the electromagnetic power attenuation. The normalized input impedance Z
of the proposed MMA is calculated by formula (1) [35], and the results are illustrated
in Fig. 2(b).
(1  S11 ) 2  S 21
2
1  S11
Z   ( S 21  0) (1)
(1  S11 ) 2  S 21
2 1  S11

where S11 and S21 are the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient,
respectively. Due to the existence of the bottom ITO ground layer, electromagnetic
wave can not penetrate the absorber, S21 always equals 0. As is shown in Fig. 2(b), the
real part of the normalized impedance is close to 1 and the imaginary part is near 0 in
the whole C-band, suggesting that the input impedance of the proposed MMA
matches very well with the free space.

Fig. 3. Surface current distributions of the proposed MMA: (a) on the top layer at 4.77 GHz, (b)
on the bottom layer at 4.77 GHz, (c) on the top layer at 7.33 GHz, (d) on the bottom layer at 7.33
GHz.
To ascertain the microwave absorption characteristic and loss mechanisms of the
proposed MMA, detailed numeric simulations have been carried out to obtain
distributions of the surface current, electromagnetic field and power loss density.
Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show the surface current distributions of the proposed MMA at
4.77 GHz on the top and bottom layers, respectively. It can be seen that the flow
directions of surface currents on the top and bottom layers, are anti-parallel at the
peak absorption frequency 4.77 GHz. Thus, the surface current could form magnetic
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dipole, and generate strong magnetic resonance at the peak frequency 4.77 GHz. It is
noteworthy that the large surface current appears on the big cross structure of top
layer. Therefore, it is concluded that the peak absorption frequency 4.77 GHz
correlates the big cross structure of top layer. Figures 3(c) and 3(d) plot the surface
current distributions of the proposed MMA at 7.33 GHz on the top and bottom layers,
respectively. Similarly, the surface current on the top layer is anti-parallel to that on
the bottom layer at the peak absorption frequency 7.33 GHz, constituting the current
loops resulting in strong magnetic coupling resonance. Moreover, it is evident that the
large surface currents are observed on the small cross structure of the top layer,
suggesting that the peak absorption frequency 7.33 GHz correlates the small cross
structure of top layer.

Fig. 4. Magnetic field distributions of the proposed MMA on the top and bottom layers: (a) 4.77
GHz, (b) 7.33 GHz; Surface power loss density distributions of the proposed MMA on the top and
bottom layers: (c) 4.77 GHz, (d) 7.33 GHz.
To investigate electromagnetic loss mechanism, distributions of the magnetic field
and surface power loss density on the top and bottom layers of the proposed MMA,
are shown in Figs. 4(a)-4(d). It is observed that the distributive characteristics of the
surface power loss density in Figs. 4(c) and 4(d), are similar to those of the magnetic
field in Figs. 4(a) and 4(b), indicating that the top and bottom layers are responsible
for dissipation of the magnetic field energy. Obviously, the surface power loss density
is highly localized in the distributive areas of surface currents shown in Figs. 3(a)-3(d).
Thus, it is concluded that the magnetic resonance plays an important role for the
high-efficient absorption at the resonant frequencies of 4.77 GHz and 7.33 GHz. The
specific loss mechanism is ohmic loss for the top and bottom ITOs with finite
conductivity on the basis of induced current generated by alternating magnetic field.
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Fig. 5. Electric field distributions of the middle dielectric layer at (a) 4.77 GHz and (c) 7.33 GHz,
respectively. Volume power loss density distributions of the middle dielectric layer at (b) 4.77
GHz and (d) 7.33 GHz, respectively.
The electric field distributions and volume power loss density distributions of the
middle dielectric layer at the resonant peaks of 4.77 GHz are presented in Figs. 5(a)
and 5(b), respectively. It is observed that the volume power loss density distributions
coincide with the electric field distributions at 4.77 GHz. Figures 5(c) and 5(d) depict
the electric field distributions and volume power loss density distributions of the
middle dielectric layer at the resonant peaks of 7.33 GHz, respectively. It is seen that
the distributive characteristic of the surface power loss density is similar to that of the
electric field at 7.33 GHz. Therefore, It is concluded that the middle layer is
responsible for the electric field energy attenuation.

Fig. 6. The measured optical transmittance of the proposed MMA. The inset is the photograph of
the fabricated sample placed at the top of a piece of paper with the university name and emblem.
The measured result, as depicted in Fig. 6, shows that the optical transmittance is
above 70% in the visible light region, and even above 80% at the wavelength range of
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526-780 nm, illustrating an excellent optical transparency of the fabricated sample.

The inset of Figure 6 shows the photograph of the fabricated sample placed at the top
of a piece of paper with the name and emblem of Central South University, visually
proving its high optical transparency. In the structural design, the constituent
materials of the ITO, PET and PMMA with high transparency, are compatible and
synergistic with the metamaterial to realize the novel transparent MMA.

4 conclusion
A novel MMA with fractal structure and optical transparency has been proposed
and demonstrated. The designed MMA achieves microwave reflection loss better than
-10 dB in the frequency range from 3.98 GHz to 8.68 GHz. The second-order cross
fractal pattern array can produce two significant absorption peaks located at 4.77 GHz
and 7.33 GHz, originating from the big cross structure and small cross structure of the
second-order cross fractal pattern, respectively. The absorption mechanism of the
proposed MMA is ohmic loss of the top or bottom ITOs and the dielectric loss of the
middle dielectric layer. The optical transmittance is more than 70% in the visible light
range. The designed transparent MMA has potential applications in the equipments
for transparent microwave absorbing material.

Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development
Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0204600)， the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant No.51802352) and the Fundamental Research Funds for
the Central Universities of Central South University (Grant No. 2018zzts355).

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Conflict of interest

The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this

work. We declare that we do not have any commercial or associative

interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the work

submitted.
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Highlights

(1) The proposed metamaterial absorber based on second-order cross

fractal structure was successfully prepared.

(2) The proposed metamaterial absorber possesses strong microwave

absorption and high optical transmittance simultaneously in the microwave

C-band.

(3) The experimental results show that the reflection loss of the proposed

metamaterial absorber is lower than -10 dB from 3.98 GHz to 8.68 GHz.

(4) The average optical transmittance of the metamaterial absorber is close

to 75% from 390 nm to 780 nm.