PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF PRUBIIC ADMINISTRATION HE PHILIPPINES+ Public Enterprise Management Through Privatization; + Reorganization and Decentralization; * Civil Society; * e-Governance; + Spatial Information Management /Strategic Management Approach; * Voluntary Sector Management; © Role of the Government; © Functions of Regulatory Agencies; * Constitutional Commissions; © Nongovernmental Organizations; © Public and Private Sector; = Bureaucracy and Personnel Administration; + Public Finance Accountability and Management; «Politics and Administration Dichotomy and Nexus; © Globalization and Technological Advancement; + Corruption and Ethic in Public Service; + Reengineering /Reinventing Government; + Good Governance; + Public Policy Administration; + Benchmarking Approach; + NEDAand MIPDP; * Accountability and Transparency; © Best Governance Practices; * Local Governments and Regional Administration; © Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations; and ‘© Sustainable Development and Human Development Approach. ‘The book also contains fresh and updated politico-adiministrative programs with issues croppingout ikemushroomsin the forest. Citations of the functions of concerned government agencies, including the.roles of top bureaucrats in the administration of Public services, and the presentation of pertinent tables and graphs make this book Piprant, interesting, and worth reading. This book then aims to develop a transfer of learning skills, and the acquisition of PA understanding as a notable endeavor for human and sociétal organization as the Author of this book made a rather simple yet concrete communication and transmission of necessary information about public TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 4 Understanding Public Administration Emerging Subfields of Public Administration. Defining Public Administration. Public vs. Private... = Provisions of Basic Services.. 1g Goals in Public Administrat ration as a Field of Study Public Administrat mn as a Discipline and Practis Endnotes .. sn Chapter 2 Origin and Development of Public Administration ‘A Call for Public Administrat tion. istration Dichotomy. istration Marriage / Nexus... Emergence of the Industrial Revolution. Classical Proponents of Public Administration. Frederick Taylor Henry Fayol and Leonard Whi William Willoughb’ 2 Mary Parker Foll é Neoclassical Proponents of Public Administratic Herbert Simon and Elton Mayo ....~ Chester Barnard and Abraham Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick. Frederick Herzbere ....Old Public Administratio Endnotes Chapter 3 Towards the Modern Public Admi Development Administration (1950s to 19608 Era). Development Administration in the Thisd World Development Administration in a Developed State. ‘The Emergence ofthe Liberal States... ‘New Public Administration (1960s to 1970s Era) “The Emergence of the Welfare States. ‘A Case in Underdeveloped 5 ‘A Case in the United St. ‘ACase in an indus Some Setbacks of « New Public Management (19 “The Emergence of the Regulatory State. ‘A Case of Privatization Reinventing Governmer Reengineering Government Public Administration as Governance (Toward 2001 Challenges to New Public Management and Governance Gustainable Development as Public Administration Framé Endnotes Hercbers’s X etivation tygiene Theory,” McGregor’s “Theory Xand Theory ¥," Argyris's “Per Sonalty vecaus Organization” and Likert's “Systems 1to4,” among others. (Shafrite find Hiyde, 1997 in Brillantes et al, 2008:4) Gulick and Lyndall Urwicke Lull + Jn 1999, Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick edited, as what was purportedly ‘considered 45 a state of the art organizational theory, “A Collection: Papers on the Science of Administration.” It was here that Gulick introduced his famous acronym, hich stands for the duties of the administrators. Itstands { poliial fe” (pp. 34) __ Frederick Herzberg Herzberg, in 1959 published the book, ition to Work. He studied and published the book to determine which facto employee's workplace caused eetifaction or dissatisfaction. The box below represents Herzberg’s theory-factors affecting job atitudes. “Table 4. Juxtapositio of Wer Digsatsfacton and Work Satisfaction by Hereborg Leading to Leading to Dissatisfaction Satisfaction Company Pol ‘Achievement Supervision Relationship with the Boss ‘Work Conditions Salary [Relationship with Peors | Knowledge Center Source Neth Business Knowledge Cente aConsequently, Herzberg found the factors causing job satisfaction were different from that causing job dissatisfaction. The motivation theory called for solt-drive while Iygiewe theory suggested the necessity to work. Thus, he developed the motivation- hygiene theory fo explain these results. He called the satisfiers as motioaiors and the . ‘omic rights-fo have the economic andl financial resources for autonomy-as citizens ina democracy. To sustain the state capacity for governance it must enforce is lars ‘onallits citizens, including al individuals within ts boundaries. “The term governance has assumed a significan weans an open, transpar- ent, and accountable process of formulating and implementing government pol and laws. Governance is not only by government agencies alone but the active entry ards equality social justice, rule of law, and people em of the people in its affairs powerment (Lazo, 2003:14).. According toan Asian Development Bank imperative adopted by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ally goes beyond government. ‘which citizens, institutions, organi tion of asystem, through and groups in a society articulate their in- terest thelr rights, and mediate ferences in pursuit ofthe collective good. UNDP describes it as “the exercise | economic, and administrative author. ity to manage a nation’s affairs, It embraces all of the methods-good and bad that societies use to distribute power and manage public resources and problems. According to Brillantes et al, (2006), the concept of “good governance” has ‘emerged and become prominent in international aid circles around 1989 and 1990. It 40 saved asa general guiding principle for donor agencies to demand that recipient gov- ernments adhere to proper administrative procssses in the handling of development assistance, and put ineffective policy instruments towards that end (Doornbos, 2003), Wen there is good governance, there is sustainable development ‘The Asian Development Bank (2005) in a document affirmed that good gover nance is synonymous with sound development management. They then identified some key principles of development which may be considered as elements of good governance. These are accountability, participation, predictability, and transparency. ‘The operational concept is understood in the following, context 1, Accountabiity means “making public officials answerable for government behavior and ive to the entity from which they derive authority ‘There should be to measure the performance of public officials.” ‘enhancing people's access to and influence on public “The most important approach in eliciting people's partic nagh community organization lity refers to “the existence of laws, regulations, and policies to reg- ulate society and the fair and consistent application of those. There should be established and sustained (appropriate) legal and institutional arrange- ‘ments by observing and upholding the rule of law and maintaining the con- sistency of public policies.” 4. Trsparency refers to “the availability of information to the general public and clear government rules, regulations, and decisions. Some key dimen- sions of transparency include insuring access to accurate and timely infor- ‘mation about the economy and government policies.” Challenges to New Public Manegement and Governance [Now Public Management and Governance therefore is characiesized by decen- xd service delivery system, accountability through participation, enhanced qual- Public services through increased flexibility effectiveness, and efficiency. NPM atikewise ushered in a new era of governance that isthe transformation of gover dee os Lean State by defining the functions of the government through system development of public peivate partnership, involvement and governance and is economically efficent and has social forms thatare compatible with the natural technical andl economic characteristics, cultural beliefs, values, and social paracigms that define and lei ¢ natural and social characteristics (Harpe, 2000). The Philippine government's major thrusts to ensure sustainable development are to pro- tmote a sustainable and more productive utilization of natural resources to encourage investments and entrepreneurship; to promote responsible mining that acheres to the principles of sustainable development which are economic growth, environmental protestion, and social equity; to focus and strengihen the protection of vulnerable and Ecologically fragile areas, expecially watersheds and areas where biodiversity is high ly threatened; to create healthier environment forthe population; and to mitigate the __cccutrence of disasters o prevent loss of lives and properties." regul of the civil bbe done ar evelopment of anew leadership syle suchas framing of management by OFesives land extending incentives for good performance evaitiation. ENONOTES: "This passage wa taken from the collaborative article of Brillante and Fernandez, en- titled “Ts There # Philippine Public Adminietration? Or Bettr Stil, for Whom Is Philippine advocacy came atthe sletion. atbage dispose! nucea threat, ane oper man-made caariies Cy the eat em the eifets of natural disasters al te more agitated the envirormentalists aansre forthe Mother Earth, the only planet suitable for human habitation. “The Philippine Agenda 21 for Sustainable Development (PA 21) inthe mi-1990s says the following concems in this respect 1g doctorate in 'Seleace atthe University of Hava at Manoa as a fll scholar of the act Woot Center. He began his career as a research assistant for Dr Rul P, De Cuzman in 1977, Meanwrhile, Maricel Fernandes, as co-weter ofthis atc sa research assistant at UP- avon Tene ren wh cleting set, vonmental au _clmullonmental Te Ero by ine inresed idence of VENTE iy fo tering re ah nin talingy,defrtatn, pollo, ta intr, ele ost ter desea acti Th epee “Relevance of New PA in Philippine Public Administration” in Bautista (eo), et clon tothe Study of Public Administration: A Reader. 193, College of Public ‘University of the Philippines Quezon City, pp. 143-144 awareness ofthe rele of ‘ 5 ire of bioaiversity conservation alongside the grow 4 ee Ricardo Lazs's Introductions fo Pole! Seon. 2009 Baton. Quezon City, Phiip~ Mga peoples in maining the integrity of ecoeytems, the Enronments pines. Rex Pistons Chapter 10 Buteaucracy and the Publi SooorTowarcs New Public rages Fern Sytem connac tobe plagued wih varios enforcement Rees ‘omplianes problems “Authors ofthe bastslling book, Renceting Gaverament How the Entnprencuril Sprit a ‘etre in 192 Ts book san enthusiasts acount ofthe ‘The vision of PA'21 is “a better quality of life forall through te Se te is arexuberant statement of thenew approach. As cited in Lazo's of just, moral, creative, spiritual, economically caring, diverse yet cohesive Tabet to Polen! Science 2009 Bdtion, p- 238. ee cPproprae product partipaory and democrat pro; Se er OY oot ein tein ofthe caying capa of natu nd tre inlgaty of eeation “he Philippine goverment i dow pursuing asain he ne Mtns Fey without compromising the aby of he ator g- the neds ofthe spe) of cede, Sustainable development is maining a balance i ee athe present population with the number ene wi between the need of 8 Peaon conte ndustrial proces and materia lization da ep A onsanabe society ast havea stable population Gout, 198) caving nd sing biologi bse, mal wet es fu: ‘The word reengineering organizations was caried in 1990 by Micheel Hammer and CChampy in an article published by the Harvard Business Review. "In Ricardo Lazo’s book, Philippine Gover 1987 Constitution, 2009 Eaton, ‘Quezon City, Philippines: Rex Publications. Chap lopment to meet ryChapter 4 PROFILING THE PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM numeri _ tut ei fequeny of ection 2 hee ned bu rok the case of Pride Te Sat Noma here samt ind 30 with the Vice President, “ected at large fora term of six years, whe ett enpement te lw tly wee wvernment, one that is repul “The Philippines operates under a representative 60 one thats reply var Ds rc goverment arcana ican in ai ye elatra body” The 1987 Con i pedi ee ice Vil Breve (Astle, and he ASAT {article Vi. Leaders of Philippine Administration ince 1965, President Ferdinand Marcos held an author'- Y pan Conaittion the 1987 OPE Aina, wh eal called fr 8 OM 8 the recy, Cone wo armen promagued an raed 2 Conan ee people and coke on 1 Febuary ft Ye dent in 1992 and Tatrada faced an impeachunent Oma allegations of corruption and betrayal of pul be Mr when the Supreme Court aoe ite vacancy in the Oifice ofthe President? st i allegations of electoral fra In 2004, Gloria Arroyo ran for president. Amidst 2°08 ana rigging the elections, she was dedared by Congres? 28 ‘the president-elect and | “ TAGUIC CITY UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. made her the Léth President of the Republic leading the Philippine public administra- President of the Republic of the jon in the country. in past constitutions, vested the pow- erof government oa the Legislative (Article ticle VID, and the Judi- ary (Article VII). Thus, the specific mandate is herein legislative power Jhall consist of aSenate, and a House of Representatives, reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and 2. Art. VIL Sec. 1: The executive power shell be vested in the Presicient of the Philippines. power shall be vested in one Supreme Court ‘be established by law. ‘The legislative structure in the Philippine eral. The Senate is composed ‘of 24 Senators, and the House of Representa ymposed of not moze than 250 members, unles otherwise fixed by law, who shal be elected (or legislative ‘districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and Metropoliten Manila area in accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants. Senators are elected at large for six years term of office and can be reelected. istrict (and or through party-list system) for tenure of not more than three consecutive terms. stitute 20% of the total number of Representa- ‘ “The party-lst representatives sha tives including those under the pa “The President is popularly elected with aterm of six years in office, without r= election. ail members ofthe legislative department and the executive branch shall, ines inter ‘upon the recommendation of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts may hold office during good behavior until thy reached the age of 70 yea or became ineapable to discharge the duties of their “The basic principle ofthe government embraced the rule of separation of powers among the three branches of government. The Constitution provides a mechanism of hock and balance to prevent abuses and unbridled discretion of a branch of govern ‘ment. Local Government Framework Local governments are widely recognized in every democratic state as general purpose units created by the national government. They represent vital constituent parts ofthe netion’s politico-administrative system, and play an important pact in the 45administration of public secvices. In the Ssubdivisions created by and barangays.” Phil ines, local gavernunents are political ret hese subdivisions ae provinces, ities, municipalities: ‘Figura 8. Local Government Struc {tis noticeable that local government system with administrative regions for spect Gore, The National Capital Region (NCR), the Aulonortou 2) ciong to this level. ‘composed of an executive and anao (ARMM), and the Cor ‘Under the Local Governins legislative power, together CprSeedl iia oat 823 era Administrative Regi of 1991, each anit is special bodies, as follows: structure in the s i a deeper “t integention and coordination func “able 2. Exoclv, Leglatve Counc and Local Seca Bodies atang LOUS abe ey 's Region in Muslim Mind- Local Special ‘Source nteren ence (12/2003) United Nations, 2004 ‘The Constitution pro state, and the creation of autonomous regions in Mu features, and structures o vision cutive Tegislative Subdivision Bei egal Province Governor Sangguniang Panlalawigan Sangguniang, ‘City Boards, i or Pankungsod Councils, and city May’ lungso ae Zengguniang | Municipal Boards, Municipality Mayor ‘Bayan Courais, and Committees an Sanggunian Barangay ranger | none Bees | Sy Development Council sal Worichop on Engaged Goverrance-An Overview ofthe PRiipine Exper for Article X establishing al metropolitan subdiv ‘Mindanao and the Cor re prom ati Mina rs ao regards this petcula powers nue ae ee various levels ‘and branches of government like RA “Ge 48 sions, end the provisions for the local governments of the dilleras. Moreover, enabling 7160, the Local Government Code of 1991, and EO 292, which is the Administrative ‘Code of 1987. Constitutional Commissions The 1987 Constitution sets the organiza framework among the major particular areas of system regulati personnel. The civil service embraces and any agencies of the government, including government ‘corporations with original charters. An appointment in the competitive eligibility examinations. The CSC maintains an effective, efficient, and accountable civil bureaucracy. ‘The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) under Art. IX-C is commissioned to guarantee free, orderly, honest, quiet, and believable election ‘i jum, andl recall through th duct of an election, and other elect gress offective measures where propaganda mat of election frauds, offer ‘election spending, bbe posted, and itcan prevent and penalize al forms ractice, and nuisance candidates. fice ofthe government that koaps the panera acount and government expendires ‘The COA shall have exclusive authority to define the ae of its audit td ‘exami- tion, etal the techniques and methods required thereof and promulgate c- Sung ae! aucitng rules ac cepulaons, ied thse forthe prevonton and Slaallovranco of tregulay unnecessary inexpensive, extravagant, or unconscionable cpendituresor uses of government fands and properties. National and Local Government Relations ‘The Local Government Code instituted a system of decentralization and decon- contrated field offices to the political subdivisions of the state. The national govern- (LGUs) lke the re- yament and natural velopment. ‘The national government promulgates genet cut rules and regulations. RA 7160, for one, grante sos polices, and carries, ‘units wider space for par- tiipatory governance over their community affairs and more flexibility in exercising revenue-generating activities, while the President only assumed general supervisory powers over LGUs. Under the Code, LGUs have the power lo create their own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees and charges, subject to such guidelines, which may accrue "7and which may be retained by them. They also hich is automatically released to them. And to these powers, they continue to be under the generat theic use and disposition Interior and Local rcraing that their functions and powers are Properly discharged mandates of the Code. political, Fiscal, and Administrative Autonomy pers pee Stoned bods including pubic exporasns. mnt : wT eee ai fansite eS mal rsfeatat a kiee gu mses zac Constitution, are fashioned t9- tical, fiscal, and administrative government-owned companies; smployees in the national soy fiseal autonomy. Accord: ing to Ait VI, Sec. 3 ofthe 1987 ing to Ae atone udiciny may not be reduc y ca autonomy: APP opine fr the pros Yuar an. aftr APPROVAL tatomatially end eg Sone (As DO shall enor Bry allocation. I autonomy, ‘Trends and Developmental Efforts Congistent with the goals of public opment efforts that governme cis pres magn me Oa ae ec, pene ingredient Ere re te cles steratrogns tence tn sion ewan a coca ‘morale of the civil service. 8 “the judiciary shall enjoy s- "ie the saane vein, the Constitutional Commnis- ‘and shall be assured of automatic bud get= administration, there are continuous devel- Puvational and local levels are committed to push yes ae al but manifestations of pecking up the nae and} ‘The thrust of reengineering governments is also 2 response to the public view Fces, and their employees by decon: offices where more personnel ace desired to deliver social headed by a Presidential Committor on Eifective tion, but current efforts are focused on ri ing structures, ensuring optimization of human resources and the abolition of offices whose functions have been rendered either as overlapping or marginal. Administrative System Perhaps, one strong bargaining power of publicadministration in the Philippines and regulations, The existence of government regulations of administration may be observed as the government's strength ia also be its source of weakness on the other side regulation of facilities and services that ‘allow a certain degree of abuse and may fo ofthe said sector. Overregulation, in many parts, on the other hand, may fge for so-called fixers who peddle their tricks anywhere or everywhere i igregular transactions in exchange fora fee. It has been noted that “or arrangements have been setup in eiical areas ike investments and impo: the pernicious practice of fixers continues,” which flourishes and even patronizes in some respect Issues on Regulation ‘The Administrative Code of 1987, known 2s Executive Order 292, sets down one chaptor pertaining fo government contracts and public bidding i the country. There ‘seems to be diverse regula lard isoued by different agencies regarding certain i ly an absence of uniform department to another. standaed or criteria appl “The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) issued a Manual of Regulations providing rules on the hiring of consultants for foreign assisted proj- feds. But hiring of local consultants has another regulation by the Bude feet and Management (DBM). The Commission on Audit (COA) puting public bddng goverment contract end gener updates. ‘The question breeds, whether or not itis possible to standardize a regulatory teria say, for public bidding. The issue contends however that government agen- des provide certain but differing services, they need to regulating the kind of services they offer. While it they are separately issued and required different submission to these various govern- {agoncics. Even the utilization of budget requires sepacate and different reports rious authorities, which necessitate an added personnel force 49“Thoce are persisting demands for regula and Development Authority (NEDA) report, discretion of the operating managers and the really thorough review of regulations that recessary.” fn terms of internal for foreign assisted projets or fo there are no local agents available \dy be irrelevant, outdated or un= petitive bidding, this is normally done only jdkot items like airplanes or tanks, for which Quaci-judicial Bodies “There are many administrative tribunals or guastudidal bodies where 26° grieved citizens may fie thei instant complaint 25 a wa redress of grievance. Example, an employee in a business sec been dismissed from work with- jut due process may bring this dispute ssal before the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) to resolve su — so, 2s a citizen who has been aggrieved from the ation ox decision 06 PHOIE ad eon nthortes can bring the matter for possible reroktion othe Onis: spamered citizea may bring an action for decision before The cdgenbayen fora particular antgraftorcoupt practice by 2 public office which act be has been disadvantaged. “The Constitution assures adequate legal asitance through the Public Attorneys otic (PAO) in favor ofe potential complainant and or (qualified) responds i te free of charge as this ultimately isthe aim of just fo Foo are of equal protection of the law clause. Apart from PAO, the In- rep ated Ber ofthe Plippines and the UP Cologe of Law extend ee egal ssisance to the public on meritorious cases. ‘There i a Commission for Human Rights, which is constitution ‘under Art XI Gocial Justice and Human Rights). The Comunission lon ares jadial bodies but are simply wrattonied and gathering diet quasi ination of cases may take yeas, long years t© promul Savmblainant may lose interest to oblain redress as the wheel Sie gina so slowly leaving them tobelove the adage that justice delayed. nae jerviee Caroor 50 | pended excep | detats of removal and suspension, and the Constitution guarantees payment upon Furthermore, aecording to the Civil Service Commission policies: skilled appti- cants applying for kill position have to take trade of test with the Technical Education ‘and Stalls Development Authority (TESDA). When an applicant passes the examina fn, he may apply to hi prefered ofr ox govern 2 where additional requirements may be imposed by the hiring offce. The decision to hire an applicant Ce et See Chmiodon ay daoppove oa plicant for not complying with the rules, regulations or standards. There are exernp- however, rom taking the civil service examination ike those positions that are appointees), highly technical (scientists or professors), crelaies or drivers). These postions are not requized to petitive examination system. {go through or pass ‘able 3. Number of Government Pocsonnal by Major Subdivision and Region: 2004 Region Total NGA ‘Goce LGU 1475699 1,001,495 303,977 370,207 75.104 53,382 1826 22,896 2 50302 31,403 2.639 16220 3 97.997 56,558 7516 33.822 4 156,993, 96,725 55,337 5 75298 54,650 19251 6 110,369 74197 35,568 7 81314 51,283 2.077 8 68,765, 45.763 2107 48,293 33.858 13342 59,904 38.348 19,600. 49,503 34,132 14,133 735 31.893 13382 40,075 24,721 14265 97.243 320409 46512 30.257 20,363 1403 ‘ARMM 42,226 23,759 3279 Sourcs: Data derive frm 2004 Inventory of Government Personnel by the Civil Service Commis: son as adopted in Biillanes et al, 2008, ‘Tenure and Civil Service Category tae pie i ey ory an pr a lett ly hie ecsy forjus ce. The law says, eae a1 in the civil service. The President is prohibited to remove ranted by law orby the Constitution. ice employees separate from the service not for cause “Tull be entitled to appropriate separation pay and to ‘under the laws of general application separation of some office those whose tenure is stain officials and employees who, because of the nature a enminous withthe appointing authority or cubject ‘edhe duration ofa particular service or based on how 1s in the civil service according to the Adminis- mists of those in the manual, clerical, ‘grades between 1 and 10. Thesscond those who have fin- in the civil bureaucracy, enjo} only the salary grade of 1 under the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), date the positions and salary Index of Occupational Services, tion and Position Classification System. However, Art. rarest posible time the Government shall increase the nd emloyees of the National Government.” system of Promotion In ord to boost the morale ofthe ci standardization among the government 2 sr ete sanandzaton of censtion of governs fit ess Se fing how nthe Govermen: ned a Conti COrpom ar co taken int acoum he nature of he responses Per dors andthe qulifisons requied fr ee postions” torn in the civil servic requites high qualifications and bet- es eeneity was all fo important an element for Saco Soper Comission gave extra premium on increasing Sei ae known ag "deep selection” or the vertical rn not ncceoniy 0 the basis of seniority but oe teal system of entrance is alowed ever: itions, where the pool for selection ie ‘among personnel of a partic ano Pevtay, undersecretary, bureau dizectors, assistant bureau di 52 directors, among others are appointed to the generic rank and may be assigned any- suhere for as long as there is no diminution of rank or salary “Tabla 4. Comparative Table Presentation of Numb er of Chl Servants per Population® Country | No.of CivilServants | Population ‘Ratio Population Philippines 175,599 8574614 160 Singapore 60,000 4,681,000 Thailand 1,296,688 63,038,247 France 4925 100 64,473,140 United States 2,700,000 308,095,000, India 8,000,000 1,132,910,000. ‘Source ip: en wrkipei org: number of vl servants. The aio disebution isd living the numberof ear ee et iecaycn ope ean aie rakes tpn ae ere ill serents aed appeepiat erimate i ob Civil Servants Movement and Retirement “¢ There are array of programs for human resource development ofthe civil service employees in the Philippines like subsidized education for scholars (including grad- ‘There are a num [ecs, Reviews of present laws and reforms are unde | lic personnel xetirees in the future. In the meantime, } average, get pensions of | monty salary received 1! up 10 20% or a maximum ile employed, These benefits, however shall only be com- more specialized neods like sirement Laws applicable to different set of ernploy- y to ensure equality for pub- rnment employees, on the '$300 of their highest ‘enced and be enjoyed by those who have worked in the organization for at last 20 | years of ser Presen’ YEAR 53, there ae about 90 milion population in the Philipines and about 1 nf clay the bureaucrat aye ne eigenen ced thatthe rato of overture employees to the population is 1: ones y le, this does not seem oversized as comparod f other counres 8 may be ‘argued that the bigger the bureaucracy the is the strength to expedite the delivery of public services. Still yet cu forili red than mere numbers in values of accountability and performance are much requis the cifieney of civil bureaucracy toward the publi. However with the given ratio, the-publie feeling is that there are too many employees in the national offices and agencies, but not enough in the LGUs where services need t0 be delivered with more employees in the frontline. Service and Public Administration che whole scope of bureaucracy with the employees who are charged with administrative functions to execute the delivery of public goods and ae creeto the people. While, public opinion refers to the agpregate views, positon preferences ofthe significant population on any given i9oue the society that directly Prete Teectly affects ther lives tis the outcome of collective discussion and agreement ord the arrival at a decision from the significant population, Public opine of service in pines reveals the general dissatisfaction of the people with regard to the administration of its functions. Civil service refer: Public Opinion on Bureaucracy the composite of individual views or preferences being commie nicated to the politically relevant leaders of government. Though, iti 100 impossible saa democracy that people with varying interests, beliefs, and expectations Wot each a unanimous opinion, those majority views or preferences nonetheless would generally be acceptable* Public opinion polls measure public satisfaction or approval of governmnett pol ies and government officials. Public opinion results generally influence oF affect the se ne ey direction of government plans and programs, Public opinion polls in the Philippine bureaucracy result in the dissatisfaction of the people towards the organi- ration because ofits views about red tape, corruption, and inefficiency. Nongovernmental Organizations Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) came in droves during the Aquino | seer a rea call for effective governance towards nation-building, The Local Gov EMrment Code of 1991 served se general impetus for the role of NGOs towards de- velopment. Primarily, NGOs were charitable institutions serving as the arms of local Shure parishes to aid the poor and underprivileged sector, They started their own Sntereste in the community. Later, NGOs assumed a more important position the Philippine governance tradition, thereby elevating the importance ofthese orgeniza tions for political, economic, and social purposes. Following People Power in 1986, Teabs became vehicles for advocacy works that revolved around specific concerns inf human rights, education, women, the disabled, and to intervene in many government affairs like housing, agrarian reform, urban poor, education, and others. To a great extent, they formed part of the interest groups that lobbied for some legislation in these areas, and attained considerable success. Today, NGOs coalesced w: sn of Development-NGOs (CODE-NGOs), the largest NGOs' coalition group. The CODE-NGO started to formulate vision statement and defined their relations with the government, other sectors of the society, including the International NGOs (INGOs). Filipino-based NGOs are now cooperating actively with INGOs to achieve their noble ends of serving the community. Citizens’ Participation ‘The 1987 Constitution in Acticle VI (Legislative) provided a new mechanism for people's initiative and referendum, enabling citizens’ participation in the legislative processes. Under the 1987 Consti the power to make, propose, or amend laws is also extended to the people, in whom sovereignty resides, through the mechanisms of initiative and referendum. In this legislative system, the people can directly pro- pose and enact Jaws, and approve or reject any act or law or part thereof. This result from the acts of Congress or local representative councils following a p duly signed by at least 10% of the total registered voters. By initiative, we mean that the authority is reserved to the people through direct participation of the electorate in lawmaking processes either in national or local level. By referendum, it means the process with which the people are referred directly on any question of law passed by Congress or a local legislative body for their approval or rejection. ‘Among the features that aimed to enlvance citizens’ participation include the pas- sage of Absentee Voting Act in 2004, the Dual Citizenship Act, the party-list represen ion system in the House of Representatives, the creation of development councils in the local governments, the recognition of the role of people's organization, voluntary groups and civil society, including NGOs. ‘Another feature is the independent Commission on Human Rights (CHR), first time in the Philippine Constitution, which may investigate, on its own initiative, cases or complaints involving violation of human rights ofa victim or an accused. However, asa new system, it suffers from the transitional problems of all pioneering organiza~ tions. The absence of a clear model to work from, and the need to orient and educate the populace about human rights, are viewed as the causes of ignorance. In fact; the CHR has no prosecutory powers to decide on cases of human rights violation, it has only investigative powers or functions which when compared to other agencies, CHR is nothing but a toothless piranha, It is quite evident that the Commission on Human Rights as an independent and constitutional body lacks quasi-judicial povrers to hear and decide cases of| rman tights violations. It has no authority to impose punishment but merely a com:Ethics and the Public Service The 1987 Constitution provides a particular article, Article XI, as the ba: laws regarding the behavior of public officers and employees. Article XI hes 18 s6<° sae viesoted to the accountability of public officers. At the same time, there is RAN Go15 orherwige known as Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials seat Eiployees. RA 3019 which isthe Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Ack the Moral Recovery Program in the 1990s, the creation of Presiden: Anti-Graft Commission (PAGC) uncer EO 12 in 2001, the Anti-Money Laundering Act or RA 9160, among others pines has numerous laws addressing graft and corruption, and ethics in the public administration. Mandated laws defined the prohibited and punishable tts of public officers and employees. They laid down specific penalties imposed for every breach thereof, and identified the agencies responsible in the implementation of laws. ‘Today, public opinions revealed the general distaste of the people in the govern, ment organization; they regarded bureaucrats as not honest, not transparent, and not aaeitral This is however a universal phenomenon as shown in most surveys of exist {ng related literature abroad, particularly among, developing countries. .¢ civil service employees are expected to be politically neutral at all time, es- i ‘ment leadership. Politicians tend to view gov- that is the reason why they are trying to cleanse the cal enemies after every election, particularly those at of preferring a fa- in advancing the peci ferment employees as partis bureaucracy of perceived pol the LGUs, In fact, there is a law against electioneering, the p' Vored candidate by using government resources, time, and facil winning, chances of a preferential one. ce likewise expected to be accountable in the discharge of their functions. The Civil Service Commission provides a system of control for offenses }) committed where the appointing authority also becomes the disciplin- in imposing sanctions t0 a proven offender. Decisions promulgated by ary epaisman may be Forwarded to Sandiganbayan where it may also impose penal aoe ear and above the usual administrative sanctions on an erring employee. There i at Omibutcman in every office as well as a national Ombudsman under which ative cases may be referred to for appropriate resolutions. In the Philippines Service Commission, the Ombudsman shall enjoy concurrent administrative jurisdiction over government officials and employees. Management and Good Governance Based on Civil Service Report, the importance of the use of management infor- mation techniques in Public Administration is essential for good governance, it said: intesrated tor se ICT for encapsulal information (expl Table 5 shows the e-government readiness index ba: ° re sed on UN World Public Sec- Report, which refers to the generic capacity or aptitude of the public aoe i in public service, and deploying to the public, high quality owledg jon tools that support hu- man devel ili s ies i man development The Philippine is the Sst among the countries fn ers f va % | le 33% 5% Pr M H A | aaa 4.38 4 iY = I L it 3.8% N 1% z A p D T it 7 2.624, at le 2 as oO M Vv . A ao q A N s ||¥ I 1 N M E A E \« B 1 L L 1% EF) |o s 3 7 TTT s D al|™ n| [4 I r N ° - a A P Table 5. e-Government Readiness Index from UN World Public Sector Report 2003"Traditi the public sector delivered services by utilizing its government s ct ds the 21st century gover- agencies to disperse public goods and services. But towar nance, the public sector can provide these services through the employment of techno. logical and communication networking with speed, reliance and rel ind this is with the adoption of e-government strategy (electronic government) Thi iV ly new integrated approach for enhancing the value of services offered to the public. Contracting Out Services ri xiblic administration in the Phil- ‘As part of the reengineering effort in the 1990s, pt ippines veted to contract out secvices like public works and highways. The DPWH ie perceived to be a corrupt-prone agency because of sub-standard materials used for a esteacting public facilities, thus, receiving a lot of criticism from concerned sectors f the society. There is a need to set the standard criteria for providing, operation ser- and better regulatory framework, those t lic. This has become an important should also be high regard for public funds, among local governments; o and Tgirleval technical works are contracted as well for more efficient services, as the ‘vate sector is perceived to be a better provider of this. A call for strong performanc= and result based oriented services emerges as a challenge for the govern- ment to institute earnest reforms. ‘Some Key Areas of Public Administration Higher Education ‘The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) was established in 1994 as an independent bod ‘ute reform programs under the education sector. Originally ine rete cmbrella of the Department of Education, CHIED today promulgates poli- cies and implements them through a national network of regional offices. Itsets college and university standards for effective operations and quality performance through its various accrediting arms. 4 slates both public and private tertiary schools in the Philippines an tei ae wi ebidies and deregulation status fo schools which have shown high performance ratings, while for schools that are lagging behind other colleges and universities in the area of course expertise and quality education and professional examinations; a system of subsidies has been extended to improve field specializati instruction and research, and enhance percentage passing in licensure examination ition fees and other miscellaneous expenses are wot aalicinn an imnncina (high) bodies are formed to reinforce CHED’s commitment to quality instruction and educa- tion. Other provisions like funding to private education, and pension fund for private teachers, organization of university consortia and linkages, training centers for profes- sional growth, and other education policies all help to optimize curricular offerings. Environmental Concerns During the 1990s, the Department of Environmentand Natural Resources (DENR) launched a program for sustainable development. This then served as a framework for good government and governance, and development in all departments and agen- cies of the government including the LGUs. Environmental issues became an integral focus of government, and the private sector and voluntary groups had generated sig- nificant amount of public awareness over the years toward the campaign. The policy of sustainable development came as a result of major public disas- ters that have been traced to environmental degradation and social neglect. Today, the government issues environmental compliance certificates before any major proj- ect can be started. Even the cutting of a tree requires government permission. Illegal logging, however, persisted without regard to the needs of future generations. Also, certain illegal fishing activities remained unabated and found to be truly harmful to the aquatic life and other marine resources. The lack of political will and strong leader- ship further aggravated the situation. With lack of manpower and funding to monitor environmental activities in far-flung areas all the more contributed to the decline of the environmental resources. Today, the DENR initiates policies, promulgates and implements laws for the protection of environment, and penalizes offenders of anti-environmental laws. There are also a number of NGOs and voluntary groups devoted to utilizing their resources and time for the protection and preservation of environmental concerns. They either work with government agencies to document irresponsible activities aiming to de- stroy the resources of the ecosystem or serve as a watchdog to the officials of DENR. Environmental groups are now fast becoming POs and NGOs’ choice. Social Policies ‘The National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) integrates and coordi- nates social and economic policies for the development and growth of the Philippines in general. The Authority covers the operational concerns of many departments of government such as DOLE, DSWD, DepED, DOH, among others. Essentially, “these units deliver programs that enhance employability, incomes and livelihood concems, particularly for those who are least able to fend for themselves.” The NEDA established on 22 July 1987 is the country's social and economic de- velopment planning and policy coordinating body as mandated by the Constitution. Itis an independent cabinet level azencv and is resnansihle in desionine the cowntr/=