5.4 quaions wth Futons as Unknowns 18S invented curves Cand Cin thee iensions aes permet) wh hmate Ric). C2 = KC). Co) 4.4 Equations with Functions as Unknowns su Fanctional Equations Yewitpowtookateqation whose unknowns ae fnctions Here satan ears ent pin Mentha, Fanciona Equations: A Prem Sling Arproe aks PVT Lid. 200 reample, Find alt fonctions f+ Resatsying the functions equation fay — 2000) sad oe =O, we obuin sexing 3 = On the second equation, we Bind that f(0) = Gor (0) = |. Oe the cher and, combining the wo equates, we EAN foay 200) = FOF Safsttatng this i he original equation yids (e+ FeO? = ts — V+ SO + aye We conclude thatthe functional equation has the two sotrions rb = andfut we ike more the nonsadad uncon eguation. Heres on, which ig simplied version of sor listed problem frm he 42nd Imerational Msthemai Cympind We liked about i the fact at he sux funtion fom the sole sie in dicrete situation, harmoniciy—s fundamental concep in mathemati The alton spies the mitt dls pnp, which states that sharon Function then the maw of Ps tainedon the boundary ofthe domino deft Harmonie function, characte ofthe vas in a ei bythe fat that he vale atone poi the vera. od ofthe point, ply undamena oe in geometry. Re ‘hampethey encode geome properties thet domains act made explicit in Haae Example, Find al anton f (0.1.2.0) (01 2,-0.1 Resisting AJ@tha-D+ splat D4 pe eo Gg Solon, We ce tha (1) = 1. The defining eatin gives f(1,2) = 1 £2, Dj and 701) 2 14 fU1.2)/2 and hence f2.1) = fUL.2) = 2. Then FG. Te fO.2/2,f2.2) = 14 $O.1/2+ 0.3/2. 0.3) = 1+ £2,272. 8 Pood 2 4, fO.1) = 3, f0.3) = 3. Repeating such computation. we eventual oes the explicit formula ra) = Da, Poa 2 0. And inded, this funtion sass the onion fom the statment Ae tere ther solutions to iso. but we need to rove sbi? The nse ‘Asume that fanfare bth sltions othe functional equation. Let = fi f [Jour g—D4hp=1aeD) spas moar= 1p if pg =. Fiatinep-+9 =ncand onhisline pick pte pin th maximizes the vaio fe Becase Aepoan) = Lin + Dey = D-H — Lat D i fetons that hip + 1ogy— 1) = po = 1+ 1) = Me) Shing epi Mic O10 Sincen wasabi wescetht hs idenclly ilo, Ther. f ihe problem bass uigue solution, ad this ation fp. g) = pa. Pog 20. 1 [And now an example of problem stout a multivariable function, from thes Shon ist submited by B, Enescu Romaniincense te lf hand side to + then spare oth sides, We ob Dyker sktke +t See ee ee pete 58, Find all functions > satisfying fue-y= 2+ fo £36 Find al complex-valued funetions ofa compex variable sting peel 2214s fora i) = Re continuoys at 0 tha satis forx RMI 1538, Find all fuetions RB that satiny the neal saan fords fern Ze ty +30) forall 599, Does there exis function J => R such tha fF) = numbers? 1 40, Find all fnetions f= > R satisfying fort yy fens — sins or at real manibers «and y. where cia constant zest a0 4h Le and be el vad fantom defined oat mambers ar SS functional equation | fovallx andy. Prove tat ffx) ot identically 70 and LF) = | sehen (gC) = 1 forall \ ‘ea, Frnt all cominuous fantions J: > R tha satisfy te relation afd +2 feat Se. forall3,4 Equations wih Functions as Unkoowas 189 fos al actors f= (0,20) > (0.20 set 16 conditions Fo pL fay) +2 = FG forall > Gi im, af) 9 =O Iau sorpose tat f+ Rest te incon ean gtx y) = eG) + FEVFO tec zand yn Rand that ft) = La ( = OForsome #2 Prove that f and satisfy gle +3) = ela)g09) - FEDFO oot forall wal x andy J amousfoetonal equation which caries te name of Caves fest y) = f+ 00. ‘Weare ooking for solutions > a king spa oa (2x) = 2/8) ad inacnely /(02) = af patinnstestam ytly) = A/G). bm seer im af posite IEEE: thea W=ns= 370 rh EAL 70) = $00) + £10) BS Oe be fone J) ingles f(=) = 712) We concn ts Fr a7 rational number 5 fa) = Fx rf to coninvous, ten the Hiner fontions ofthe frm hex c € Re the only soltions, That soca asluon i ina restricted he Bt oer ast be nea he whole ral nin, ESS) Sto nara be continous at ust one oun ital s near. Hes BESASS Bec syic ine wast of fyb f(y, f mst be conto ever as omtmy,esiuaton more compat, 194 vofchoie. which postltes that give8 there an independent statement called the fe isan indepen per ia uncon f 2 UA wi F0) Ar IB ‘ber words itis posible 0 select one element fom E22 5 Si ntti dimensional vector space ove he Nena te acl are ral numbers) © tly of he aon of uberschoice (Zor’s lemma implies the existence of a basis foe tis vector space. ear is this bois, then any eal number x can be expressed uniquely as where rjcricscfe ate onze rational numbers. To obtain a solution 19 Cauchy's equation, make any choice for fe, J, and then extend to all realy in such a vray tha its near over the rationals, Mos of these funtion are discontinious. As an ‘example. for a basis that contains the real number set (1) = 1 and fe) = 0 fr all ‘other bass elements, Then this function is nt continous. The problem below ae all about Cauchy's equation for coatinuows functions Let: R= Bebe a continuous nonzero function satisfying the equation Het N= /COFO), forall ey ER rove that there exists © > such that fx 546, Find al continuous functions f sR + E-sasfying fv ty)= fed F074 FOO forall x.y € 547. Determine all continuous funtions f 2 + B satisfying fty= LEO fopattav eR Te foofon 548, Find all comingows funetions f | R > B satisfying the condition fury) af) YF), forall sy eR 549, Find he continuous functions &, fg /bR — Be sain uy Fost aly for al ea numbers x.y. = Given a postive integer > 2 find the continous functions 7 withthe property that for any neal umbers 8.3... Dw - Devt Foy bast3,4 Equations with Functoneas Unknowns 191 ‘We conclude ou discussion about functional equations with nother instance in which comity is mporant. The intrmediate valve property implies hata one-to-one contn- R satisfying (J 9 fo f(s) = «for alre®. Solution. For any x © R. the image of f(J(x)) though fis x. This shows that fis see sas if fees) = fees then xy = S(FCFUaD)) = LEFF) = 2a whieh stat f one-to-one, Therefore. f ia continuous bijection, soit must be stthy soowonie, Ut fi decreasing, then f'o fis increasing and f > fo f is decreasing Tonradictng the hypothesis, Therefore, fis irily increasing Fix andletuscompare /(x)andz. Therearethree possibilities. Fist, we coudhave “piay = «, Monotoniity implies f(a) > f(s) > and applying agin, we have fee Fifeay) > {Uc > FU) > x, impossible. Or we could have f() < « “ich then implies /(J(e)) < f(x) < and x = (FFU) < FFE < fla) « shich again impossible. Therefore, fx) =. Since x was arbitrary this shows ‘har the ungue solution to the functional equation isthe identity function f(x) = x. 51. Do thee exist continuous functions fg g/t) = forall @R? > Resuch that f(g(e)) = and 82, Find all coninaous functions f = 8 — R with the propery that Fs) 2A) x 0, fowl eR. 342 Ord xr Differential Equations of the t Order Of fr greater importance than functional equations ae the differential equations, be use practically every evolutionary phenomenon ofthe real world can be modeled by Aiffeentil equation. This seetion is about fst-onder ordinary differential equations tamely equations expressed in terms ofan unknown one-varable function, its derivative, andthe variable, In their most general form, they are writen as Fx. 9. )") = 0. but we sil be concerned with only to classes of such equations: separable and exact ‘An equation is called separable if iis of the form 3 formally separate the variables and write J B= fone [Ate ntegration, we obtain the solution in implicit form, san algebraic relation between rand y. Here iva problem of LY. Maflel from the 1971 Romanian Mathematical (tympiad that applies this method Flar)gt3). In this ease we ——=—