21 23, 24, COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICA\ erence neem nec ound. 2. Name a reagent used to detect carbonyl group in a comp: Ans. DNP (2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine). 13. What is Tollen’s reagent? 14, What Ans. It is ammonical silver nitrate solution. the use of Schiff's reagent? Ans. Schiff’s reagent is used to detect aldehyde group. 15. Give one test to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone. 17. 18, 22, Ans. Because alkyl Phenyl carbocation. Why is aniline weaker base than ammoni Ans. Tollen’s test can be used to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone What is Rochelle’s salt? Ans. Sodium potassium tartarate is called Rochelle’s salt. What is formula of acetyl chloride? Ans. CH,COCI. What is Febling’s solution? Ans: It is a solution obtained by mixing equal volumes of copper sulphate solution ( 4 Solution of sodium hydroxide containing sodium potassium tartarate (Fehling How is nitrous acid is prepared? Ans. When sodium nitrite i produced. What is application of carbylamine reaction? Ans. Itis used to detect primary amine Why are diazonium chlorides usually solubt Ans. Because they are ionic compounds, How can phenol and aniline be distinguished ch Ans. Phenol is soluble in aqueous NaOH solution whereas aniline is not, Aniline is soluble in dilute HCI whereas phenol is not, In contrast to aromatic primary amines, aliphatic diazonium salts. Why? Phatie primary amines do not fo: reacted with dil. HCl at a temperature below 5° in water? Ans. Because lone Pair of nitrogen in aniline is delocali i vailable for sharing with acide ° 18 Celoealized over benzene Ting and is aot not fuUL 12. 14. 15. 10. COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL CHEN, $$ _ _ eee rbohydrates? the compoun Ans. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polydroxy ketones or on yield these on hydrolysis, Give two examples of monosaccharides. ‘Ans. Glucose and fructose Give two examples of disaccharides. ‘Ans. Sucrose and maltose What is Tollen's reagent? Ans. A solution prepared by adding NaOH solution to AgNO, solution and then adding NH om dissolve the ppt What are the functions of carbohydrates? Ans. 1. To supply energy to the body as bio fuel and to act as storage of chemical ener form of glycogen in liver. 2. As constituent of cell membranes. Why do we get a red ppt, in Febling’s test? Ans. Because of the formation of cuprous oxide (Cu,0), Why do we get a shining mirror in Tollen’s test? Ans. Due to the formation of silver which deposits on the walls of test-tube. What is Molisch’s reagent? Ans. Alcoholic solution of a-naphthol What is purple ring formed due to in Molisch’s test? Ans. Conc, H,SO, converts carbohydrates into furfural or its derivative which then reacts with naphthol to form a violet coloured compound. Name some reducing and non-reducing sugars, Ans, Glucose and fructose are examples of reducing sugar and sucrose is an example of reducing sugar. How will your distinguish between sucrose and glucose? Ans. Glucose, being a reducing sugar, will give silver mirror test positive (Sucrose is a non red sugar), What is the role of tartarate ions in Febling’s reagent? ‘Ans. It acts as complexing agent and prevents the precipitation of eopper (II) hydroxide What is the role of citrate ions in Benediet’s solution? Ans. It acts as complexing agent and prevents the precipitation of copper (II) hydroxide. lain why does fructose reduce Fe ‘solution and Expl se ee ‘ehling’s Tollen’s reagent inspite Ans. In alkaline medium fructose rearranges to glucose and the two are equilibrium with other (Lobry de Bruyn-van Ekenstein rearrangement), What are Febling A and Febling B solutions? solution A iis copper sulphate solution and Fehling solution B is mixture of ae on psosiam tartzele aa toa —- SyTuDY OF CARBOHYDRATES, FAT sruo) FATS AND PROTEINS IN PURE FORM ANO DETECTion 24, 25, 26, Do all the sugars give Fe ling ali Lio ‘ t? r Ans. No, only reducing sugars like glucose net ruton What are proteins? fs Ane. Proteins are naturally oscuring complex nitragenous organic wu ar masses. Chemically, they are polypeptides farvern nofa How are proteins affected by heat? Ans. They undergo coagulation -d by cone. HNO,? How are proteins affec Ans. Tu What Ans. Xanthoprotein react What are the final pro Ans. a-Amino acids. What is biuret test for protei Ans. To 2-3 ml of protein solution in a test-tube, add an equal volume of 10% NaOH solution. M. thoroughly and add a few drops of 0.5% copper sulphate solution. A purple-violet colour obtained, if protein is present What are oils and fats Ans. Oils and fats are triesters of glycerol with higher fatty acids. The What is the difference between oils and fat Ans. Oils are liquids at ordinary temperature. They contain higher proportion of un acids whereas fats are solids at ordinary temperature and contain higher proportion of the name given to the reaction between protein and cone. HNO.? lucts of hydrolysis of proteins? are also called triglyceride rated acids, Name two tests for testing fats or lipids. Ans. (i) Solubility test (ii) Acrolein test. What is Huble’s solution? Ans. A mixture of equal volumes of 5% iodine solution in ethanol and 6% aqueous solution of mercuric chloride. What is the importance of Huble’s test? Ans. It enables us to determine qualitatively the degree of unsaturation of a compound, thereby providing information whether the compound is an oil or a fat,youuMerr » a a ¥ Ani NaF atthe end point once ing to the titration f BEA cubetance | sable and unaffected ener 5 rote in at fat ia really eolubl Sipatandard substance. P h does not po salt, ete Primary standerte are creee i bore charsciviatice called «seco [aa enhyrdrous NajCO, Mohr lAns. The burett to be taken in them. ch of It is customary Bitapper menisc Mins Because it is easy to re Silica in case of coloured solutions. I clearly. Z What is a molar soluti (Ans. A molar solution is a solution, a litre of which ee {which contains one gm-mole of the substance. This is Why the last drop of solution must not be blown out of a pipette ? sured by the pipete. HAns. Since the drops left in the jet end is extra of the volume meas Pipette should never be held from its bulb, why ? ‘and introduce an error in the measurement Hans. The body temperature may expand the glass lution with which they are filled, why with which they are filled in order niscus in case of colourless and tr ansp tured solutions, why neniseus in ease of colourless solutions, while the upper loured solutions lower meniscus is not visible and alkalimetry ? alysis involving chemical reaction between an acid and a Tt is the branch of volumetric ana permanganometry Ferre titrations involving Xhn0, as thejexidising Re Sy called permanganometric iS ean oxidising agent and # reducing ent in the reaction between KMnO, and nt and FeSO, acts as reducing agent KMa0, acts as oxidising 98 is the indicator used in No indicator is u' KMn0, titration ? ved because KMnO, acts 85 & self'indicator.COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL CHEN i OE 29. Why does KMnO, act itself as an indieator ? 4s with reducing agent (oxalic ac presence of dilute sulphuric acid, KMnO, reac ¥ 162 Ans. In th rous sulphate), When all t jecomposed and imparts pink colour to the solution. 10. ¢ What is the end point in KMnO, titrations ? Ans. From colourless to permanent light pink. Why is Mohr’s salt preferred as a primary standard over ferrous sulphat analysis Ans. This is because of the fact that Mohr's salt is stable and is not readily oxidised by air. Ferroug sulphate gets oxidised to ferric sulphate. Why are a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid added while preparing a stanc of Mohr’s salt Ans. Few drops of H,SO, are added to prevent the hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate ck should not be used in KMn0, 43. Why a burette with rubber pinch Ans. Because KMnO, attacks rubber Sometimes a brown ppt. is observed in KMnO, titrations. Why ? B44 quantity of dil. sulphuric acid. Brown coloured ppt, (MnO, () Ans. It is due to insuffic formed due to the incomplete oxidation of KMnO,, 2KMnO, + H,O——> 2KOH + 2Mn0, + 310] Brown pot 35y Why should you heat the oxalic acid solution to about 60-70°C before ‘itr KMn0O, solution ? Ans. In cold, the reaction is very slow due to the slow formation of Mn** ions. Oxalic acid is heated to speed up the liberation of Mn* ions which then autocatalyses the reaction and thus the rea proceeds rapidly. This also serves the purpose of expelling the carbondioxide evolved durin reaction which otherwise does not allow the reaction to go to completion.19. List o' Name of the Salt Copper Sulphate Ferrous Sulphate Manganese Chlori Cobalt Nitrate Nickel Carbonate ate sulphate Copper Ace Manganese § Cobalt Sulphate Copper Chloride Nickel Sulphe Copper Carbonate The type of analysis that deals with the methods which are used to deter ents of a compound A radical may be defined as an atom or group of atoms which carries charge ctions. a single unit in chemical r Commo Cu n Coloover dil. HOR ction HCl gas is alan veg the acid radicals detect + Br, 1, NO, urd CH,Co¢ nate extract pr with double the amo then boiled is reduced to one F. [What is water extract? {fame ‘Ans. The given salt or mixture is sh = filtrate is water extract filtered. The filtrate i sodomy eaonat sodium carbonate waken well with distilled water and the solution is filtered. The nergy J, and Br, both are brown in colour, How will haatt By passing through falls will you test the presence of carbonate? 50, soln, black while Br, has no effect. Treat a small qu ty of the mixture with dil. H,SO, through lime water, itis turned milky. es the D, gas is evolved. When the gas is Na,CO, + 2HC1—+ 2NaCl + H,0 + C0, What is lime water? ‘Ans. A solution of Ca(OH), in water is called lime water. will happen if excess of CO, is passed through lime water? ‘The white ppt. of CaCO, changes into soluble calcium bicarbonate and the milkiness, there- » disappears. CaCO, + CO, + H,0 — Ca(HCO,),. do you test for sulphide? ‘Warm the salt with dil. H,SO,. H,S gas is evolved. It turns a paper dipped in lead acetate Na,$ + 2HC|—> 2NaCl + H,S Pb(CH,COO), + H,S— PbS + 2CH,COOH. theré any gas other than CO, which turns lime water milky? : Yes, it is SO, gas. nitrates on ating with conc. H,S0, in presence of paper pallet evolve NOs iat is the function of paper pallet? Paper pallet (carbon) reduces HINO, to NO, KNO, + H,S0,— KHSO, + HNO, 4HNO, +C— ead on ene cnetnn tints ve Ot NT OE that the solution is lime water.COMPREHENSIVE freshly prepared ferrous sulphate sol slong the walls of the tube, A dark brown + acid (cone,)is added ution is added and th two soluti . H,SO, test in not thrown in Ans. In order to avoid spurting, due to which H,SO, ray f 54. What is Tollen’s reagent? Ans. Ammonical AgNO, solution is called Tollen’s reagent. 58. Give formula of Diphenylamine reagent. Ans. (C,H,), NH 56. Why a dark brown ring is formed at the junction of two layers in ring test for ‘Ans H.SO, being heavier forms the lower layer and reacts only with a sinall weary FeSO, at its surface, a brown ring appears only at the junction of the tx 57. Why acetic acid is added before adding lead acetate solution ns. In order to prevent the hydrolysis oflead acetate which would yield white prec hydroxide. 58. What is the formula of Sodium nitroprusside? Ans. Na,{Fe(CN), NO}. 59, What is chromyl chloride test? Ans. Heat a small amount of the mixture with cone. H,SO, and solid K,Cr,0, in a d Deep brownish red vapours of chromyl chloride are formed. Pass these vapours in v sol. of H,CrO, is formed. Add to this solution NaOH, acetic acid and lead. acetate confirms chloride in the mixture. ANaCl + K,Cr,0, + 3H,SO, —s 2Cr0,C1, + K,S0, + 2Na,80, + 3H,0 Cr0,C1, + 2H,0—+ H,Cr0, + 2HCI H,Cr0, + 2NaOH —+ Na,Cr0, + 2H,0 Na,CrO, + (CH,COO), Ph —y PbCrO, + 2CH,COONa. 60. What is the chemistry of carbon disulphide test for a bromide or iod: Ans. To a part of the soda extract add dil, HCl. Now to this add small amount of CS, and ex chlorine water and shake the solution well. Chlorine displaces bromine or iodine from the or iodide, which dissolves in carbon disulphide to produce orange or violet colouration 2KBr + Cl, —+ 2KCI + Br, 2KI + Cl, —> 2KCI + I,. 61. Why do bromides and iodides not respond to chromy! chloride test? Ans. Because chromyl bromide (CrO,Br,) and chromyl iodide (C10, instead of these bromine and iodine are evolved K,Cr,0, + 6KI + 7H,SO, —> 31, + Cr(S0,), + 4K,S0, + 7H,0 K,Cr,0, + 6KBr + 7H,S0, —+ 3Br, + Cr,(S0,), + 4K,S0, + 7H,0 62. Describe the chemistry of match stick test. Ans. In match stick test, the sulphate is reduced to sulphide by carbon of match stick whic! gives violet colour with sodium nitroprusside solution. ZnSO, + Na,CO, —> ZnCO, + Na,SO, Ni + 4C —5 NaS+4cO ences ,) compounds are notTR a Uphurie Rof the sof ide tsined in presence of rave ANALYSIS I adsor Bie FINO, is an oxidising age odine upon starch, raion coment HS en HLS is passed. ives oxygen. A yell NO nea NO, + 2H,0 +8. Group 1—H.S int ail, HCL Mtoup IV_315 in + =f NHLCL £NH,O Group V—NH,), c 10H Group VI—No ape sence of NH,Cl and NH,OH In the precipitation pI BPEL H,S is toca weak act and di HS — ws heir sulphides, H.S i naa hee sulphides, Hin un the een of Hi Ht + Ch Hydrochloric acid being iy" being a strong ci i lrg oie io Thus hydrogen ion concentration is a concentration of sulphide ons produced by te onisaton of HS 6 1 ion effect. As a resultof which the sulphide ion concentration bility product of the sulphides of group II catio he sulphides of groups IIT and TV cations are very high, fnereased and con ufficiently decreased due to comm is sufficient d the Since the solubility products (Ks those cations are not precipitated for at under the above conditions. Ti the presence of NH,Ci, Fe(OH), is not precipitated basse 6 ts high solubility product For this reason Fe 3: Fe salts by boiling with eone, HINO, before adding NHI and NH,OH; otherwise Fe would not De ppted in III group. GFeSO, + 3H,SO, + 2HNO, — 3Fe, $0), + AH,0 + 2NO. 1 ions by suppressing the ionisation of centration of OF ‘ase, the concentration of OH: is 10 decrease the con alone is used in that (fect. If NH,OH fe of IV, V-and VI groups. It is done in order t NNHOH by common ion effe fenough to ppt. the hydroxid sus adsorbed on white PPt ofAXOH), lating in colourless solution. is blue particles (blu sis paaoed in alkaline med im or NH,OH, the H ions from the dissociation of sed in al ; — Poseeay! ions (OH) from te Ans. When HS & HLS gas combine with ised H,0.se the addition of (NH Ans. Ammonium chloride suppresses the ionisation of NH,OH a effect which results in the decrease in the concentration of OH. and does not exceed the solubility product of Mg(OH), or MgCO, and there in V group. Na,CO, cannot be used in place of (NH,), CO, in the group V. Explain w Ans. Na,CO, is highly ionised electrolyte, which produces very high conc, of CC ionic product of MgCO, may increase its Ksp and itm radicals of V group. An aqueous solution of HCI has conc. 10*M. What the approximate valuc Ans. Slightly less than 7. How will your prepare chlorine water? ‘Ans. Take cone. HCl in a test tube and add KMnO, soln. dropwise tll persisting. Now add a few drops of eone. HCI so that pink colour disappear thus obtained is chlorine water. monium. chloride Can we use ammonium sulphate in place of am precipitation’ ‘Ans. No, ammonium sulphate cannot radicals as their sulphates in group IIL Name a cation which is not obtained from a metal? ‘Ans. Ammonium ion (NH, t be used because it would cause precipi