GEOGRAPHY

H.C.G. - Paper-2
(Two Hours)
(2014)

Attempt seven questions in all.

Part I is compulsory. All questions from Part I are to be attempted.
A total of five questions are to be attempted from Part II.
The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets.

PART I (30 Marks)

Attempt all questions from this Part

Question 1
Study the extract of Survey of India Map Sheet No. 45D/10 and answer the following questions:
a) i. Give the four figure grid reference of the settlement of Hamirpura : (2)
Ans. 0123.
ii. Give the six figure grid reference of the temple in the settlement of Jolpur
Ans. 078187/ 078188/ 079187/ 079188.
b) i. What does the blue coloured circle in grid square 0619 indicate? (2)
Ans. The blue coloured circle in grid square 0619 indicates a perennial lined well.
ii. What is the compass direction of Dantrai from Jolpur?
Ans. The compass direction of Dantrai from Jolpur is North West
c) What is the difference between the: (2)
(i) pattern of settlement in 0725 and the settlement of Idarla.
Ans. The pattern of settlement in 0725 is Scattered/ Dispersed, while the pattern of
settlement of Idarla is Nucleated.
(ii) drainage patterns of the streams in 0624 and those in 0824.
Ans. The drainage pattern of the streams in 0624 is Trellised/ Rectangular while that in
0824 is Dendritic.
d) What is the value of the contour line in grid square 0226? What is the contour interval in
the map? (2)
Ans. The value of the contour line in grid square 0226 is 300 meters.
The contour interval in the map is 20 meters.
e) Mention any two factors which provide evidence that the region in the map extract is a
rural region. (2)
Ans. Factors which provide evidence that the region in the map extract is a rural region:
i. Agriculture is the major occupation.
ii. Presence of perennial lined wells as the main source of irrigation.
iii.The only transport lines in the map extract connecting settlements are cart tracks.
iv.Absence of facilities and amenities like metalled roads, railway lines, telephone lines,
hospitals etc. found in urban areas. (Any Two)
f) i. How does the feature indicated by black curves in 0721 show that rainfall in this
region is seasonal? (2)
 Ans. Broken ground is a result of weathering caused by alternate wet and dry periods which
means that rainfall is seasonal.
ii. Mention one manmade feature in the map which also provides evidence that the rainfall is
seasonal.
Ans. Cart tracks crossing streams and motorable in the dry season, presence of causeways
across metalled roads all indicate seasonal rainfall.
g) i. Name two natural features in 0527. (2)
Ans. Two natural features in 0527 are seasonal streams and barren land.
ii. Name two manmade features in 0325.
Ans.Two manmade features in 0325 are cart tracks,permanent settlement/cultivated land.
h) Name two features which make Dantrai a more important settlement than the other
settlements in the map extract. (2)
Ans. Two features which make Dantrai a more important settlement than the other
settlements in the map extract are the presence of post office and police chowki.
i) Calculate the area of the region which lies to the south of northing 21 in square
kilometers. (2)
Ans. The area of the region which lies to the south of northing 21 is 30 km².
j) What are the following: (2)
i. The black vertical line between eastings 09 and 10.
Ans. The black vertical line between eastings 09 and 10 is the line of longitude of 35’.
ii. 302 in grid square 0425.
Ans. The figure 302 in grid square 0425 is a spot height.

Question 2
On an outline map of India provided:
a) Draw, name and number the Standard Meridian. (1)
b) Label the river Yamuna. (1)
c) Shade and name the Gulf of Khambat. (1)
d) Mark and name the Nathu La Pass. (1)
e) Mark and name the Karakoram Range. (1)
f) Shade and name a sparsely populated state in Northeast India. (1)
g) Mark a region with laterite soil in Eastern India. (1)
h) Mark with a dot and name Vishakhapatnam. (1)
i) Mark and name the winds that bring rain to West Bengal in summer. (1)
j) Print S on the iron mines in Singhbhum. (1)
 PART II (50 Marks)
Question 3
a) Mention the different sources of rain in Punjab and Tamil Nadu in the winter season.(2)
Ans. The source of rain in the winter season in Punjab is westerly depressions /western
disturbances while in Tamil Nadu it is the north east monsoons.
b) State the benefits that are derived from the local winds that blow in summer in the
following states: i. Kerala ii. West Bengal (2)
Ans. i. The Mango Showers in Kerala benefit the ripening of mangoes
ii. The Norwesters/Kalbaisakhi in West Bengal benefit the cultivation of Rice and Jute.
c) Mention a geographical reason for each of the following; (3)
i . Patna receives heavier rain than Delhi.
Ans. Patna( located in the lower Ganga valley)comes under the influence of the Bay of
Bengal branch of the Monsoons before Delhi( located in the upper Ganga valley) does, as it
blows from south east to north west over the northern plains shedding its moisture en route
from lower Ganga valley to upper Ganga valley.
ii. Western Rajasthan receives no rain from the Arabian Sea branch of the South West
Monsoons.
Ans. Western Rajasthan receives no rain from the Arabian Sea branch of the South West
Monsoons because it blows parallel to the Aravali mountains and thus sheds no moisture.
High temperature over Rajasthan prevents the saturation of air masses also.
iii. Mangalore is not cold even in the month of December.
Ans. Mangalore is not cold even in the month of December since it is close to the equator
and has a coastal location influenced by the moderating effect of the sea..
d) Study the climatic data given below and answer the questions that follow: (3)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Temperatur 25.0 25.5 26.3 27.1 30.0 36.2 36.0 35.9 30.3 28.4 27.0 24.6
e
°C
Rainfall 24.5 23.1 15.0 2.4 0.1 11.0 9.3 7.2 4.0 9.4 14.5 20.4
cms
i. Calculate the annual annual temperature range.
Ans. The annual annual temperature range of the station is 11.6°C
ii. What is the total annual rainfall?
Ans. The total annual rainfall of the station is 140.9 cms.
iii. Presuming that the station is located in India, give a reason for its location being on
the east coast or west coast of India.
Ans. The station is located on the east coast of India as it gets most of its rainfall in the
winter season.

Question 4
a) State two methods of controlling soil erosion. (2)
Ans. Two methods of controlling soil erosion by wind and running water are:
 i.Planting of Shelter Belts Afforestation
ii.Adopting good agricultural practices like terracing /contour ploughing /strip cropping /
crop rotation / use of fertilizers.
iii.Contour bunding /constructing dams, plugging gullies and checking over grazing. (Any 2)
b) Mention two differences between alluvial soil and red soil. (2)

Ans.
Alluvial Soil Red Soil
Transported Soil formed by the deposition Residual Soil formed by the weathering of
of silt and sediments brought by rivers. ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
(Ex Situ Soil ) ( In Situ Soil)
Loamy and fertile as it is rich in potash and Sandy and infertile as they lack lime
lime. magnesia, phosphate and nitrogen but
become productive with the application of
fertilizers and irrigation.
c) Give a geographical reason for: (3)
i. different regions in India have different kinds of soils.
Ans. Different regions in India have different kinds of soils due to variation in temperature,
rainfall, natural vegetation and parent rock material the weathering of which forms soil.
ii. black soil being suitable for the growth of cotton.
Ans. Black soil is suitable for the growth of cotton as it is clayey, moisture retentive and
a self ploughing soil. It is fertile as it is rich in iron, lime, potash and calcium.
iii. the conservation of soil as a natural resource.
Ans. The conservation of soil is necessary as it is a medium of plant growth, provides raw
material for agro based industries and material for construction. It takes a very long time
for
an inch of soil to form but is eroded in no time due to human negligence and natural causes.
d) Name the soil which: (3)
i. is good for the cultivation of cashew nuts.
Ans. Laterite and red soils are good for the cultivation of cashew nuts.
ii. covers almost all of West Bengal.
Ans. Alluvial soil covers almost all of West Bengal.
iii. is a result of leaching.
Ans. Laterite soil is a result of leaching.

Question 5
a) Write two reasons why monsoon deciduous forests are commercially more useful than
other types of forests. (2)
Ans. i. Monsoon deciduous forests are commercially more useful than other types of
forests since they provide valuable timber for construction and furniture and many forest
products like rubber, lac, gum,
herbs, medicinal plants, fruits etc.
ii. The trees of the monsoon forests grow in pure stands and are therefore easier to exploit.
 iii.The forests are not very dense and neither is the wood of trees growing in these forests
very hard, thus they are accessible and easy to exploit and transport.

b) How do forests: (2)

i. Have a favourable effect on the climate of the region?
Ans. Forests have a favourable effect on the climate of the region as they increase
humidity through transpiration, lower the temperature and can be responsible for rain.
ii. Act as a flood control measure?
Ans. Forests act as a flood control measure as the roots of the trees absorb part of the
moisture and also check the speed of running water controlling surface runoff .
c) Give one important use of each of the following types of trees. (3)
i. Sundri.
Ans. Sundri tree is used for building boats, firewood and construction.
ii. Sandalwood
Ans. Sandalwood oil is used in perfumes, cosmetics and soaps and the wood is used to
make handicrafts and incense sticks.
iii. Rosewood
Ans. Rosewood is used to make expensive furniture and musical instruments.
d) Name the natural vegetation largely found in the following regions. (3)
i. The delta of the Ganga river.
Ans. Mangrove/Tidal forests are found in the delta of the Ganga river.
ii. The windward side of the Western Ghats.
Ans. Tropical Evergreen forests are found along the windward side of the Western Ghats
iii. The Deccan Plateau.
Ans. Monsoon Deciduous/Thorn forests are found in the Deccan Plateau.

Question 6
a) State two reasons why tank irrigation is popular in South India. (2)
Ans. Tank irrigation is popular in South India because :
i. The Deccan Plateau is made up of hard impermeable rock which does not allow the
rainwater to percolate underground.
ii. The Deccan Plateau is highly dissected and has many natural hollows and depressions
in which rainwater gets collected.
b) Mention two advantages that surface wells have over inundation canals.. (2)
Ans. Surface wells are easier and cheaper to use, and are an independent source of water
supply for the farmer and they can be used at will.
Inundation canals are expensive as the farmer has to pay for its use and the supply of water
is controlled by other agencies and it cannot be used at will.
c) Give one geographical reason for each of the following statements. (3)
i. Irrigation is necessary despite the monsoons.
Ans. Irrigation is necessary despite the monsoons because monsoonal rain is erratic,
sporadic, irregular, seasonal, uncertain & unevenly distributed over space and time.
Some crops require more water than the amount provided by rain and some crops need
water during the period when there is no rain.
 ii. The drip method of irrigation is the best among all modern methods of irrigation.
Ans. The drip method of irrigation is the best among all modern methods of irrigation as in
this case, water is taken directly to the roots, and the flow of water is customized to benefit
each crop. There is no wastage or loss through evaporation and the water is use judiciously.

iii. Canal irrigation leads to the ground around it becoming unproductive.

Ans. Canal irrigation leads to the ground around it becoming unproductive since water
from unlined canals percolates into the adjoining area creating swamps. Due to this the
capacity of the soil to absorb water decreases ruining crops.
Due to over flooding, alkaline salts from the water table below reach the surface causing
salt effervescence destroying the productivity of the soil.
d) Give three reasons for the conservation of water resources. (3)
Ans. Water needs to be conserved due to : (Any three)
i. Growing population leads to water scarcity.
ii. Deforestation leads to drought and reduction of rainfall.
iii.Overuse of water has led to the lowering of the water table.
iv.Water is essential for both agriculture and industries.
v. Much of ground water and surface water is polluted.

Question 7
a) Mention any two uses of manganese. (2)
Ans. Manganese is alloyed with iron to impart strength and durability to steel. It is also
used in the manufacture of black enamel, glass, batteries, insecticides, bleaching powder.
b)Which of the different varieties of coal is used for domestic purposes and why? (2)
Ans. Bituminous and anthracite are used for domestic purpose as there is no smoke or ash
left on burning. The process is slow and the heating value is high.
c) Name the mineral used in the manufacture of: (3)
i. Cement
Ans. Limestone is used in the manufacture of cement.
ii. Aluminium
Ans. Bauxite is used in the manufacture of aluminium.
iii.Synthetics
Ans. Petroleum and Coal are used to manufacture synthetics.
d) Which state is the leading producer of the following minerals? (3)
i. Coal.
Ans. Jharkhand is the leading producer of coal in India.
ii. Oil
Ans. Maharashtra is the leading producer of oil in India.
iii.Manganese.
Ans. Orissa is the leading producer of manganese in India.

Question 8
 a) How has poverty and fragmentation of land become problems of agricultural India.(2)
Ans. Farm fragmentation is a result of laws of inheritance which reduces the size of
holdings on which it is not possible to use harvesters or other farm machinery and modern
methods of agriculture. Farmers cannot afford good quality seeds, fertilizers or farm
implements as the input becomes more than the output, so the yield is low.

b) Mention any two features of plantation farming stating two examples. (2)
Ans. Features of plantation farming include: (Any Two)
i Large capital investment.
ii. Monoculture is practised. ( single crop cultivation)
iii.Huge capital investment.
iv.Labour Intensive.
v. Export oriented.
vi.Crops grown as plantation crops are tea, coffee, rubber and spices.
Two examples are – Tea Gardens of Assam and Rubber plantations of Kerala.
c) Mention three differences in the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of
rice and wheat. (3)
Ans.
Rice Wheat
Kharif Crop Rabi Crop
18°C-32°C Temp; 150 to 300cms of rainfall. 10°C-15°C Temp; 50 to 100cms of rainfall.
Alluvial soil with a clayey sub soil. Loamy Soil.
Sown by broadcasting, dibbling, drilling or Sown by drilling.
transplantation.
Manual labour used in harvesting. Combined Harvesters used in harvesting.
d) Give a geographical reason for each of the following:- (3)
i. Cotton grows widely in Maharashtra.
Ans. 18°C-32°C temperature, 150 to 300cms of rain, and black soil in Maharashtra are
suitable for the cultivation of cotton here.
ii. Clonal planting is the best method for tea propagation.
Ans. The new tea plant has all the qualities of the mother plant from which the cutting is
taken and sown.
iii.Oilseeds are an important commercial crop grown in India.
Ans. i. Oilseed are exported and hence earn valuable foreign exchange.
ii. Provides edible oil and raw material for manufacturing paints, varnishes & soaps
iii.The oilcake is used as fodder and as fertilizer.
iv. Provides employment.

Question 9
a) Name two textiles using any animal fibres. Name an important state where these
industries are located. (2)
Ans. Two textiles using any animal fibres are Woolen and Silk Textiles.
i. Woolen Industry – Jammu & Kashmir/Himachal Pradesh/Rajasthan/Punjab/Haryana.
 ii.Silk Industry- Karnataka/Andhra Pradesh/Tamil Nadu/West Bengal/Assam/Bihar.

b) Give two reasons for each of the following: (2)

i. Kolkata is an important cotton manufacturing centre even though West Bengal is not a
leading producer of cotton.
Ans. Kolkata is an important cotton manufacturing centre because of the availability of
water from the Ganga and its distributaries/power from DVC/port facility provided by
Kolkata/labour from West Bengal, Orissa & Jharkhand./good transport network road & rail
good market for cotton textiles because of hot and humid climate.
ii. The wool industry is not as developed as the cotton industry in India.
Ans. India being a tropical country the demand for wool is not as much as for cotton goods/
Woollen goods do not bring much profit and are more expensive as compared to cotton
goods/ woolen goods face stiff competition from synthetic goods/good quality raw material
ie. fleece is not easily available.
c) Mention three problems of the jute textile industry in India. (3)
i. The supply of raw material fluctuates since it is an agro based industry.
ii. Machinery is outdated and obsolete.
iii. Productivity of workers is low.
iv. Competition from synthetic textiles
v. Competition from countries like Bangladesh.
d) Name three factors that have helped the sugar industry flourish in the peninsular region
rather than in the northern regions of India. (3)
Ans. Sugarcane grows better in the south because it is a tropical crop and because of the
black soil and cooperative system of cultivating sugarcane.
i. The sugar mills are new and modern and set up close to the cotton growing areas so
there is no loss of sucrose. This lowers transport costs. It is necessary to crush sugar
cane within 24 hours of harvesting to prevent it from drying.
ii. High temperature, heavy rainfall, moist marine winds, frost free winters and the
absence of loo, favour the cultivation of good quality cane with a high sucrose content.
iii. The crushing season is longer in the south, ( 7 to 8 months) than in the north.
iv. The sugar industry is in the co operative sector and better managed in the south.

Question 10
a) Name one integrated iron & steel plant in the private sector. Where does it obtain
its iron and coal from? (2)
Ans. Tata Iron & Steel Company is in the private sector .
It gets iron ore from Singhbhum in Jharkhand/ Mayurbhanj and Bonai in Orissa/ and
coal from Jharia and Bokaro in Jharkhand.
b) Name two raw materials used in the petrochemical industry. State two advantages of
petrochemical products. (2)
Ans. Two raw materials used in the petrochemical industry are Petroleum/Coal/LPG/
Naptha/Ethylene/Benzene.(Any 2 )
 Two advantages of petrochemical products are: they are cost effective, economically
stable, cheap, and durable. They are easily available since they are not dependent on
agriculture.

c) Give a reason for each of the following: (3)

i. Vishakhapatnam is a leading centre for ship building.
Ans. Vishakhapatnam is a leading and most modern centre for ship building as it is a
sea port, has the facility of a dry dock, gets its iron and steel from VISL, power from
Nagurjunasagar dam, labour from Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Karnataka.
ii. Mini steel plants cause less pollution than integrated steel plants.
Ans. Mini steel plants cause less pollution as they use electric furnaces while the
integrated steel plants use blast furnaces.
iii The electronic industry has made an impact on both entertainment and education.
Ans. The electronic industry has made an impact on both entertainment and education
as it covers a wide range of products like televisions, video players, audio systems.
computers, LCD projectors and software for various fields. This has revolutionized the
lifestyle of the Indian masses.
d) Name a manufacturing centre for each of the following industries. (3)
Ans. i. Engines for MIG aircrafts Ans. Koraput in Orissa
ii. Diesel Locomotives Ans. Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh
iii.Software Ans. Bangaluru/Hyderabad/Pune.

Question 11
a) Why is road transport in India considered more useful than rail transport. (2)
State two reasons in support of your answer.
Ans. Road transport in India is considered more useful than rail transport as it provides
door to door service/ /is suitable for perishable goods/ is suitable for short distance travel
b) Mention one advantage and one disadvantage of inland waterways. (2)
Ans. Advantage of inland waterways: Cheapest/suitable for heavy and bulky goods/
fuel efficient/eco friendly/no traffic congestion/comfortable.
Disadvantage of inland waterways; slowest/ depends on weather conditions/can cause
sea sickness/possible only where rivers are navigable.
c) How does waste accumulation affect the environment?.
(3)
Ans. Waste accumulation causes pollution/ becomes an eyesore spoiling the landscape/
leads to health hazards/affects terrestrial life adversely.
d) What is acid rain? Mention two of its effects. (3)
Ans. Acid rain is a result of excessive acids in rain water formed as a result of the
reaction of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide in air with water.
Acid rain makes the soil acidic destroying crops and forests/ corrodes buildings
monuments and bridges/ contaminates air and water/ affects the nervous system and
health in general/ affects aquatic life adversely.
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