SEC PRACTICAL PHYSICS MANUAL EAST 3 Laws of Reflection ARE ‘Assessable Skills: MM, ORR’ (Readings and Table) ro TEACHERS Inmaus Aim: To use the Ray Plotting Method to prove the Laws of Reflection: 1) The incident ray, reflected ray and normal, at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. 2) The angle of incidence (2) = the angle of reflection (#) Apparatus: 30cm ruler, small plane mirror stuck to a thin wooden block, large protractor(0 ~ 180° x 0.5"), optical board, plain paper, micro-point pencil, 4 straight pins, thumb-tacks or tape. Diagram: mints —miror M, Ie an eee (canto ee a a straight line Incident ray 0:X- Incident Ray aaaerened I = SiX—Reflected Ray 0, O2~ Object pins Su S2~ sighting pins 1, la images of object pins O: = Ray Plotti =t Technique: The pins are usually sighted at their heads, but the position of the pin is marked at the hole made by its point. The pin must be vertical so that the position of its head aligns with the position of its point. Metho 1. Use the thumb-tacks or tape to attach the paper to the optical board. 2. Draw a thin fine (MyMp). 3. Mark a point (X) midway on the line (MyMz ). 4. Draw the normal (N;X Na) at the point (X). [Ensure that the angle between the normal and (MyMz) is 90°]. 5, Measure the angle [ £ = 20.0°] and draw a thin line for the incident ray (OX). 6, Place the (mirror- holding block) on the paper, with the mirror vertical and on top of the line(MMg). 7. On the incident ray (OX), insert the object pin (01) so that itis vertical and close to (X), and the object pin (02) so that itis vertical and further away from(X). 8, Look into the mirror, as shown in Fig. 1 to find the images (I, and I) of the object pins( O,and02). 9. Move the eye until the image (1) blocks the image (I). 10. Insert the sighting pin (S,) vertical and close to (X), so that it blocks the images (Iyand I. 11. Insert the sighting pin (S,) vertical and far away from (X) so that it completely blocks (S,) and the images (Iyand Iz) as in Figure 1. 12, To reduce parallax errors, ensure that (Sz, S1,Iand I2) remain in a straight line when the eye is moved to ‘and fro, as in Figure 1. 13. Remove the mirror and sighting pins (Sy and S2). 14, Mark the points (01, 02, $1, S2) with dots and join (S1S2X) using a thin line. (Number this ray 1). 15. Measure and record the angles( Fand f) to 1 decimal place. 16. Repeat points (5) to (14) for angles [ # = 40.0*,60.0° and 80.07] (Number your rays 2, 3 and 4). - — { %* }—SEC PRACTICAL PHYSICS MANUAL Results: yr 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 FP Discussion: Precautions: Major Source of Error: Conclusion: Answer the following questions and justify your answer: 1. How does using a sheet of paper to draw the Incident ray, Reflected ray and Normal verify the first law? 2. What is the relationship between the angle of incidence (i) and the angle of reflection (F)? Is the second Law of Reflection verified? ATTACH YOUR TRACE FOR 13 TO THIS PAGESEC PRACTICAL PHYSICS MANUAL is Refraction with a glass block manne | Assessable Skills: MM, ORR’ Readings, Table and Graph), Al (Gradient, Answers). [TEACHERS Part (A): 1. To investigate the relationship between sin t and sin F and hence test Snell's Law. 2. To use a rectangular glass block to determine the refractive index of glass (Ig). Part (B): To measure the lateral displacement (d) of the incident ray when the angle of incidence [i = 10. 0° Air Apparatus: rectangular glass block, 4 straight pins, plain paper, optical board, thumb-tacks or tape, protractor, 30cm ruler, micro-point pencil Theory: Part (A): 1 Refraction is the bending of light, as it passes from one medium to another, due to its change of speed. 2. Refractive index of a medium (ng,) = speed of light in a vacuum/ speed of light in the medium (Vp/¥m) sine of the angle of incidence in a vacuum/sine of the angle of refraction in the medium (sin t)o/(sin fm the relative refractive index from air to glass (aNg) : sin (In air) /sinrr (in glass) =.np=ny =constant 3. The refractive index of glass (ng) 4, Snell's Law (for light going from air to glass) sini = ng: sin? This equation is of the form:y = m- x soagraph of (sin? vs sin#) has a gradient (m= ng) Theory: Part (B): 1L. The sides of the block are parallel, so # = @ and Incident and Emergent rays are parallel. 2. The lateral displacement (d) is the perpendicular distance between the Emergent Ray and the direction of the Incident Ray, if it had not refracted. Diagram: Object pins Incident ry Ray2 SNE (Emergent ray) ca Sighting A nid Pins “Xe Fig2SEC PRACTICAL PHYSICS MANUAL Method: Part (A): 1. Use the thumb-tacks or tape to attach the paper to the optical board. 2. Place the glass block with its larger face flat on the page and draw a sharp outline (ABCD) of the block. 3. Remove the block, 4. Ata point (N), approximately 1 to 2 cm from the end of the block (A), construct a normal to side AB. 5, Measure and record the angle [ f = 10. 0°] and draw the incident ray (IN). 6. Replace the block. 7. Insert the object pin (02) on the incident ray (IN), so that it is vertical and close to (N), and the object pin (01) so that itis vertical and further away from (N). 3. Ensure that (01) can be seen when looking through the block, as in fig. If (O1) is not seen; bring it closer to (Ox). 9. Look through the face (DC), as in figure 1. and move the eye until (02), seen through the glass, blocks Os. 10. Insert the sighting pin (S:) vertical and close to (Na), so that it blocks (02 and 0x), seen through the glass. 11. Insert the sighting pin (Sz) vertical and further away from (Ni), so that it blocks (S1, O2 and 0s). 12, To reduce parallax errors, ensure that (Sz, 51,02, 01) remain in a straight line when the eye is moved to and fro, as in Figure 1. 13. Remove the glass block 14, Join (S2S1Ni) and number it (Ray 4). 15. Join (Nand Ni). 16. Measure and record the angle [*] 17. Repeat points (iv) to (xvi) for [2 = 25.0", 40.0°, 55.0°, 70.0°,80.0° | at the same point of incidence N. (Number your rays 2 to 6. See figure 2). NB. There will be a different point of emergence (Ni) for each of the six angles of incidence. 18. Tabulate [7,?, sin and sin? 19. Snell's Law suggests that Fand Fare related by the equation: sin f= (ng)(sin#), where ngis a constant. To test this relationship, plot a graph of sin ? against sin # and draw the best ft line. Do NOT use a broken scale. 20. Determine the gradient (m) and calculate the refractive index of glass (ng) from: n, Method: Part (B): 1. Use a dashed line to continue Incident Ray #1 straight through the block. (See Figure 3). 2. Measure and record the perpendicular distance (d) between the Emergent Ray and the dashed line. Results and Calculations: Part (A):SEC PRACTICAL PHYSICS MANUAL Part (A): Results: Part (B perpendicular distance (d) Discussio Precautions: Answer to the questions: 1 All the rays have the same point of incidence (N). Why don’t they all have the same point of emergence? 2. Why are the emergent rays all parallel to their corresponding incident rays? Major Source of Error: Conclusion: The refractive index of glass (lg) was found to be - The lateral displacement (d) of the incident ray was found to be - ‘Answer the following questions and use your graph to justify your answer: What isthe relationship between siniand sin? 1s Snell's Law verified? ATTACH YOUR TRACE FOR LS TO THIS PAGE(CSEC PRACTICAL PHYSICS MANUAL