Educational assessment and

evaluation (8602)

ASSIGNMENT (1)
ID : 0000319172
Name : Warda Mubeen
Tutor :
B.ed : 1st semester
Q. No. 1 explain the concepts of measurement, assessment and
evaluation. Further elaborate the difference between them with
examples.
Answer :

Difference between measurement, assessment

and evaluation

Measurement-vs-evaluation-vs-assessment size is a systematic method of determining the

attributes of an object. It ascertains how rapid, tall, dense, heavy, vast, some thing is. But, one
can make measurements of bodily attributes simplest and if one has to degree those attributes
which can’t be measured with the help of equipment. This is where the need for evaluation
arises. It helps in passing fee judgement about the guidelines, performances, approach, strategies,
strategies, effectiveness, and many others. Of teaching.
Evaluation Is Detection and analysis

Assessment is “a scientific process for collecting facts that can be used to make inferences about
the characteristics of humans or items. Assessment is referred as “a technique of amassing proof
and making judgments regarding results”. It is stated that assessment has a narrower which
means than evaluation however a broader which means than size. In its derivation, the word
check manner “to sit down beside” or “to help the judge”, it displays that evaluation is a manner
of accumulating facts and fashioning them into an interpretable shape; judgment can be made on
the basis of this evaluation.

Measurement gives a solid base to make an evaluation, as you have got something concrete to
make a assessment between the gadgets. In addition, assessment has a essential role to play in
reforming the getting to know and teaching method and suggesting adjustments within the
curriculum.

 Definition of measurement

When one of the units of numerals is assigned to each set of items, be it character or commodity,
as per the customary regulations or standards and defined in general words, units and symbols,
so that you can signify the popularity of that object it’s far known as as measurement. In training,
size implies the quantitative assessment of the student’s overall performance in an examination.

It’s miles a mechanical process, which involves the systematic observe of the attributes with the
help of appropriate evaluation gear. It transforms the variable into verite, that’s effective in
making deductions. As an example, Intelligence is measured in phrases of IQ, and the end result
variable is measured as scores.

In addition, it’s far helpful in evaluating the performance of various students in addition to in
highlighting their high quality and negative factors.

 Types of measurement:
Bodily size:

The size of an item which materially exists, it’s miles referred to as as bodily measurement. As
an instance, measurement of peak or weight of an individual the usage of a measuring tape or
weighing gadget, beginning from 0 factors.

Intellectual dimension:

Otherwise referred to as as psychological measurement. It isn’t always described in absolute

phrases, alternatively it’s far relative. It isn’t always measured with the help of any instrument
but on the idea of the man or woman’s response or critical remark. As an instance, measuring the
amount of work achieved by way of an man or woman is psychological or intellectual
measurement.

Definition of evaluation

Assessment may be described because the act of assigning fee to the measure. It’s far a scientific
and continuous technique in which the analysis of the outcome derived from the size of the
feature of the object, person or interest is carried out as in line with the defined standards. In
addition, the relative position of the individual, object or interest is ascertained, on the idea of the
feature.

In assessment. What we do is, we bypass judgement regarding how appropriate, desirable or

treasured some thing is. In schooling, evaluation alludes to the general assessment of the
progress of the student, with recognize to:

 Defined objectives
 Efficiency of teaching
 Effectiveness of the curriculum

It acts like an ‘inbuilt monitor’, inside the machine, that tends to check the gaining knowledge of
development, at numerous points in time. It additionally presents feedback on various elements
of the academic structures, consisting of on coaching to the teachers and on mastering to the
inexperienced persons.
Evaluation = Quantitative description + Qualitative Description + fee Judgement

In which, the quantitative description consists of statistics and figures and the qualitative
description consists of ranking, weightage and cost.

In assessment, the expertise of the pupil/learner is not the most effective factor which is taken
into consideration, alternatively all the factors that are important for his/her improvement are
considered.

Key differences between measurement, assessment and

evaluation

Take a look at out the point said under, to apprehend the variations among measurement and
evaluation:

 size may be understood as the process of figuring out the attributes and
dimensions of a bodily item. Alternatively, assessment is an ongoing process of
measuring and assigning qualitative which means, by using passing value judgements.
 measurement accounts for the observations which may be expressed numerically,
i.e. quantitative observations. Conversely, evaluation consists of both quantitative and
qualitative observations.
 dimension includes the assignment of numerals to the person or item as in step
with the sure policies. As towards, evaluation entails the mission of grades, stage or
symbols in line with hooked up standards.
  even as dimension focuses on one or greater attributes or tendencies of a person or
object, evaluation covers all the aspects such as cognitive, affective and psychomotor
mastering.
 size analyses how plenty, how tall, how fast, how warm, how some distance or
how small something is and that too in numerical phrases. In assessment, assessment
solutions how properly some thing is that’s completed with the aid of including meaning
or value judgement to the size.
 With measurement, one can’t make logical assumptions approximately the
learner, but this isn’t always inside the case of evaluation.
 measurement consumes less time and power because it uses gear or measuring devices, to
serve the purpose. As towards, assessment calls for remark and it passes fee judgement,
which consumes time and energy.
 with regards to scope, measurement has a confined scope as it takes into account
simplest a number of dimensions of persona or attribute. However, assessment covers all
the dimensions before passing cost judgement. Furthermore, the evaluation consists of
measurement. Consequently, its scope is wider.
 size is content-oriented whereas evaluation is objective orientated

Q. No. 2 define classroom assessment. What is the role of

classroom assessment in teaching?

Answer :
:

Classroom assessment
Study room evaluation is a scientific method to formative assessment, utilized by teachers to
decide how an awful lot and how nicely students are studying. CATs and other informal
assessment equipment offer key data for the duration of the semester concerning coaching and
studying so that changes can be made as important. “The critical motive of classroom assessment
is to empower both instructors and their students to improve the exceptional of getting to know
within the classroom” via an method that is “learner-concentrated, teacher-directed, collectively
beneficial, formative, context-precise, and firmly rooted in correct practice” (Angelo & go, 1993,
p. 4).

1. Formative assessment :

It is used to monitor college students development at some point of education its reason to make
judgments about man or woman pupil achievement and assign grades. Instance, quizzes,
assessments, tests, time period papers, lab reviews, homework

2. Summative assessment :
Comprehensive, commonly given on the cease of a program and provide for responsibility
(burns) purpose to tell teaching and enhance mastering used as “remarks devices”. Examples
questions, listen to college students questions and remarks, screen body language and facial
expressions, lecture room assessment techniques.

 Role Of class room evaluation In teaching

Assessment and evaluation is an instrument this is used to degree the overall performance of
instructors and students. It’s miles an essential part of teaching and mastering system. Evaluation
aids in choice making because it determines whether or not or no longer the aim of schooling are
being met. It performs a first-rate function in how college students examine, their motivation. To
analyse and the way instructors train. It additionally permits one to think: “are we teaching what
we assume we are coaching?” “Are students learning what they may be purported to be
learning?” these are relevant query that one need to ask in relation to evaluation, therefore, this
essay will spotlight at the role of assessment in teaching and mastering.

The most important a part of the evaluation is the interpretation and using the data that is gleaned
for its meant cause evaluation is embedded within the studying system, it’s miles tightly
interconnected with curriculum and preparation. As teachers and college students work in the
direction of the success of curriculum effects. Checks plays a consent position in informing
practise, guiding the student’s subsequent steps, and checking development and achievement.
Instructors use many extraordinary manner and strategies for school room assessment, and adapt
them to fit the assessment motive and wishes of man or woman college students. It shows that
students study exceptional when assessment are based totally on clear learning dreams. It differs
in keeping with students gaining knowledge of.

Even though instructors mechanically examine their students getting to know, exercise in
powerful lecture room evaluation is not yet a part of most preserves education packages:
therefore, most instructors have had little coaching for engaging in meaningful ongoing
evaluation of scholar learning. For every school room assessment teachers create, they have to
ask “Will this evaluation permit college students to demonstrate that they have got obtained the
skills and information described inside the applicable content standards?” some common
demanding situations include developing or the usage of tests that align properly with lesson or
unit targets and cope with set up content standards; creating valid checks that permit college
students to do well because they are talented inside the targets (getting to know results) being
assessed implementing assessment in reasonable intervals to efficiently effect practise; offering
college students ok participation inside the evaluation procedure, permitting them to internalize
on which they’re being evaluated and offering ok opportunity if college students. Teachers and
principals develop their skills in mastering, imposing and modelling the middle practices of
assessment for mastering.

Q. No. 3 Describe the types of achievement tests. Explain the cause

of these tests in detail.

Achievement test

An achievement test is an assessment of developed know-how or talent. The maximum

commonplace form of success test is a standardized take a look at, including the SAT, required
for university access inside the America. Achievement tests are developed to measure
capabilities and know-how discovered in a given grade level, usually through deliberate
education, together with training or lecture room coaching. Fulfilment exams are often contrasted
with aptitude tests.

Achievement take a look at seek advice from exams which rankings are frequently used to
determine the extent of coaching for which a scholar is ready. Excessive achievement rankings
usually imply that a level of mastery of grade-stage material has been reached, and that the pupil
is prepared for advanced instruction. Conversely, low achievement scores can imply the want for
similarly remediation or repeating a course grade degree.
Types of success check :

There are different sorts of fulfilment assessments are as comply with.

1. Diagnostic tests

It’s far wise to start our dialogue with that type of testing, for it’s miles typically step one each
teacher, even non-language instructor, takes at the start of a brand new faculty year. Within the
established order where the author of the lecture is running it’s far one of the main guidelines to
start a new take a look at yr giving the students a diagnostic take a look at. Each year the
management of the university stemmed a unique plan where each instructor is supposed to write
whilst and the way they are going to check their college students. Moreover, the academics are
speculated to examine the diagnostic checks, whole unique documents and provide diagrams
with the consequences of each elegance or institution if a class is split. Then, on the cease of the
examine 12 months the teachers are demanded to compare the outcomes of them with the final,
success test . the writer of the lecture had never gone deep into details how it is built, why and
what for.

2. Placement tests

Some other form of take a look at we are meant to speak about is a placement check. A
diagnostic take a look at is meant for displaying a photo of the scholars’ preferred know-how at
the start of the study yr for the instructor to devise in addition work and layout the ideal syllabus
for his/her students. While, a placement test is designed and given for you to use the information
of the students’ information for putting the scholars into businesses consistent with their degree
of the language. Indeed, they’re both used for trainer’s planning of the path their capabilities
range. The students had been divided in keeping with their English language skills: the scholars
with higher expertise have been prepare, while the weaker students fashioned their own group. It
does not mean discrimination among the scholars. The teachers have explained the scholars the
reason for such moves, why it was vital – they wanted to supply the best teaching for every
student taking his/her skills into account. The lecturers have altered their syllabus to satisfy the
needs of the scholars. The end result proved to be pleasant. The students with better knowledge
stepped forward; no person halted them. The weaker students have regularly stepped forward
their understanding, for they obtained due attention than it would be in a mixed institution.

3. Progress test
Having discussed varieties of checks that are generally used at the beginning, we will approach
the check typically employed throughout the take a look at 12 months to test the students’
improvement. We can communicate approximately a progress take a look at. In step with
Alderson (1996:217), development test will show the trainer whether or not the students have
learnt the lately taught cloth successfully. Basically, the instructor intends to test positive objects,
no longer general topics blanketed in the course of the faculty or look at year. Generally, it isn’t
always very long and is determined to check the recent fabric. Consequently, the trainer would
possibly assume his/her newbies to get as a substitute excessive rankings. The subsequent type is
meant for use after the students have learnt either a fixed of devices on a subject matter or have
covered a particular subject matter of the language. It will display the instructor whether the
fabric has been efficiently obtained or the scholars need additional exercise alternatively of
starting a new cloth.

A progress take a look at will essentially show the activities based on the fabric the instructor is
determined to check. To evaluate it the instructor can training session a sure machine of factors
that later will compose a mark. Typically, such assessments do no longer impact the scholars’
very last mark at the end of the 12 months.

4. Success tests

Aside from a progress test the teachers employ every other type – success take a look at. In step
with Longman Dictionary of LTAL (3), an success check is a take a look at, which measures a
language a person has discovered throughout a particular path, examine or application. Here the
development is sizeable and, consequently, is the main point tested.

As a substitute, Alderson mentions two usage styles of achievement assessments: formative and
summative. The belief of a formative take a look at denotes the idea that the trainer could be in a
position after evaluating the outcomes of the check rethink his/her coaching, syllabus layout or
even gradual down the pace of reading to consolidate the material if it’s far essential in future.
However, those reconsiderations will not affect the prevailing students who’ve taken the take a
look at. They’ll be applied to the future syllabus layout.
Summative usage will deal exactly with the scholars’ achievement or failure. The instructor will
right away can soak up remedial activities to enhance a situation. Fulfilment check is essentially
devised to cover a large topic of the fabric included at some stage in the route. Similarly, one and
the same achievement check will be given to a couple of class at faculty to test each the students’
development and the teachers’ paintings. At that factor it’s miles very vital to bear in mind the
fabric blanketed via different training or companies. You can not ask the scholars what they have
got not been taught.

5. Proficiency tests

The closing sort of test to be discussed is a talent check. Proficiency check is a take a look at,
which measures how much of a language someone knows or has learnt. It isn’t always certain to
any curriculum or syllabus, however is intended to test the beginners’ language competence.
Even though, a few preparation and administration turned into executed before taking the check,
the take a look at’s effects are what being targeted on.

Motive of fulfilment test :

Achievement exams are frequently utilized in instructional and schooling settings. In schools, as
an example, achievements checks are regularly used to decide the level of education for which
students might be organized. College students would possibly take the sort of check to decide if
they are ready to enter into a specific grade degree or if they’re geared up to skip of a particular
subject or grade level and move directly to the subsequent.

Standardized success assessments also are used considerably in instructional settings to

determine if students have met precise gaining knowledge of desires. Each grade level has
certain academic expectations, and testing is used to determine if faculties, teachers, and college
students are assembly those requirements.

So how precisely are achievement exams created? Often, issue count specialists assist determine
what content material requirements ought to exist for a positive problem. These preferred
constitute the matters that an character at a sure ability or grade stage should realize about a
specific issue. Check designers can then use this information to broaden tests that as it should be
reflect the most critical matters that a person must recognize approximately that subject matter.

Q. No. 4 What are the types of selection assessments items? What

are the advantages of more than one choice questions?
Answer:

Selection test

Selection testing is a screening process that hiring managers use to judge an applicant’s fit for a
certain job or company. A ramification check is a standardized test that the hiring supervisor
offers to all applicants. This can be a physical check, an in-individual test during the interview or
an internet test finished in conjunction with the application or after an preliminary cellphone
screening.

Choice assessments can range in criteria and duration. A few selection checks can take a couple
of minutes to complete at the same time as others can take upwards of an hour. The length of the
assessment relies upon on the location and what the organization is trying to study the candidate.

 Types of selection assessments

The kind of choice test used can vary relying on what position is being filled and what hiring
managers need to recognise approximately the candidates. There are numerous distinct types of
choice checks employers can use:

Personality test
A character test measures an applicant’s traits to decide what type of personality they’ve. This
test consists of questions on the applicant’s conduct, choices, pursuits and running fashion.
Hiring managers frequently use those checks to determine whether or not a candidate is a great
match for the position and the employer. If the organization way of life entails a variety of
teamwork and communique, a persona take a look at can help hiring managers discover which
applicants will thrive on this surroundings.

Depending on the process, hiring managers can also fee distinctive effects. For a client-
orientated role, hiring managers may search for applicants who demonstrate excessive stages of
empathy and amiability. For a income function, hiring managers might also search for candidates
who are persuasive and decided.

Job knowledge test

Job knowledge tests are used to degree a candidate’s ability to reach a selected process. This test
evaluates the candidate’s expertise of terminology, strategies and competencies relating to the
process they’re making use of for. Hiring managers use this check to make certain that they lease
a candidate who’s acquainted with the function and in a position to complete the tasks it
includes. Those assessments are usually used when hiring for jobs that require precise abilities.

As an example, a hiring manager trying to fill an statistics generation process may also ask
applicants to finish a activity expertise check to ensure that they are acquainted with coding
language and IT regulations. Different positions like accounting or statistics access can gain from
process know-how trying out due to the fact they require very precise know-how approximately
right tactics and programs.

Integrity test

Integrity tests are much like persona assessments, but they attention on comparing a candidate’s
honesty and moral status in preference to a couple of elements of their persona. This take a look
at helps hiring managers make sure that they’re hiring those who will observe their enterprise’s
moral requirements. Integrity exams may be useful for any task and any industry because ethics
are vital within any company.

Cognitive ability test

Cognitive capacity exams are used to degree intelligence and can also be called IQ assessments.
They can attention on general intelligence or precise areas of intelligence that relate to a task,
like mathematical capabilities or deductive reasoning skills. A hiring supervisor usually makes
use of those assessments for jobs that contain a excessive stage of capacity in a single or greater
regions of cognitive potential.

Knowing how well a candidate can carry out mathematical functions and resolve equations is
relevant if the process involves math. A few government positions like criminal investigator or
corrections officer can also compare candidates on their capability to suppose severely in
difficult conditions because that could be a vital talent for the activity.

Emotional intelligence test

Emotional intelligence exams degree a candidate’s capacity to construct relationships and work
with others. This test may also include some similar questions as a character check, but it
especially specializes in the applicant’s emotional intelligence. Understanding how someone
interacts with others is critical whilst hiring for management positions and positions that contain
constant collaboration, like public family members or marketing jobs.

Skills test

A skills test evaluates a candidate’s capacity to perform precise responsibilities associated with a
job. Unlike a persona take a look at, a skills take a look at calls for candidates to perform those
abilities to prove their capacity in preference to solution questions related to the abilties. A hiring
supervisor can also administer typing tests for clerical and facts access process applicants to
ensure that they can type speedy and correctly. Some other example of a abilities check is a
writing project given to an applicant of a task regarding writing.

Physical abilities test

Physical competencies assessments degree a candidate’s power and endurance. Those exams are
essential for jobs that involve a certain degree of physical health and potential. Not unusual jobs
that utilize bodily skills exams include police and military positions. Hiring managers administer
those checks to make certain that applicants can handle the extent of physical pastime required
for the activity without threat for injury.

 Why selection assessments are held :

Selection assessments are a valuable aid for hiring managers because it permits them to examine
more records about a candidate earlier than moving to the next tiers of the hiring system. Choice
exams can save time, because the hiring supervisor does no longer should agenda a assembly
with each candidate. Rather, they can ship each applicant a web selection take a look at. They are
able to even consist of the choice test inside the virtual software to save even greater time.

Selection checks examine a candidate’s skills, knowledge and personality in a greater unique
manner than reviewing a resume. They could help hiring managers are expecting how a
candidate will carry out in a particular function or within a corporation. Selection tests may even
show the candidate’s ability to complete the job before being employed. This can enhance the
possibilities of hiring a candidate who plays the activity properly and stays with the business
enterprise, which also saves the hiring manager from repeating the hiring manner for a unmarried
position a couple of times.

Blessings of a couple of choice questions

Despite the fact that multiple desire questions have their blessings, there are some sizable
limitations to be aware of. Risks of the use of a couple of preference questions encompass:

1. Manage the respondent to answer in a positive way

This is one of the maximum commonplace troubles with more than one preference questions.
Whilst a question is presented with a defined set of answers, respondents can be forced to answer
in a way they otherwise would now not have.

The survey designer will offer alternatives that she or he thinks are the maximum relevant ones
for the question. But, in practice, the ones solutions might not be the maximum obvious choice
for the respondent. The respondent would possibly have something else in mind. For the reason
that respondent is limited to a fixed of predefined answers, the respondent may additionally even
bypass the query or choose a solution that won’t represent the reality.

2. Centred on collecting quantitative records

Multiple choice questions are designed to supply quantitative facts. This may be restricting in
case you want to find out about a purchaser’s personal experiences along with your organization.
Best collecting quantitative information will simply come up with an outline of how the
responses are allotted, and you may no longer have any insights into why the result looks like it
does.

3. Time-eating to layout

Even though multiple preference questions are speedy to method, they could take up your
treasured time. This is because arising with powerful questions is trickier than it sounds, and it is
able to be tough to ensure you have included each viable corresponding solution.

Q. No. 5 discuss in detail factors affecting the reliability of

test.
Answer:
There are two types of factors affecting the reliability of test. These are as follows:

 Intrinsic factors:

The important intrinsic elements which have an effect on the reliability are:

(i) Duration of the test:

Reliability has a exact relation with the length of the take a look at. The more the range of
objects the check consists of, the more may be its reliability and vice-versa. Logically, the
greater pattern of gadgets we take of a given area of knowledge, ability and the like, the greater
dependable the test might be.

But, it’s miles hard to ensure the maximum duration of the check to make certain the best price
of reliability. The duration of the exams in such case need to not provide upward push to fatigue
results within the testee, and many others. Thus, it is recommended to use longer tests rather than
shorter assessments. Shorter assessments are much less reliable.

(ii) Homogeneity of items:

Homogeneity of items has two factors: item reliability and the homogeneity of developments
measured from one object to some other. If the objects measure distinct features and the inter-
correlations of gadgets are ‘zero’ or near to it, then the reliability is ‘zero’ or very low and vice-
versa.

(iii) Issue cost of gadgets:

The difficulty stage and readability of expression of a take a look at item also affect the
reliability of test rankings. If the test gadgets are too smooth or too difficult for the group
individuals it’ll tend to supply rankings of low reliability. Due to the fact both the tests have a
restricted spread of ratings.

(iv) Discriminative value:

Whilst gadgets can discriminate well among superior and inferior, the object total-correlation is
excessive, the reliability is also likely to be high and vice-versa.

(v) Test instructions:

Clear and concise instructions growth reliability. Complex and ambiguous guidelines give rise to
difficulties in understanding the questions and the character of the reaction expected from the
testee in the long run main to low reliability.

(vi) Object selection:

If there are too many interdependent gadgets in a test, the reliability is discovered to be low.

(vii) Reliability of the scorer:

The reliability of the scorer also affects reliability of the take a look at. If he is moody,
fluctuating type, the scores will vary from one state of affairs to any other. Mistake in him
provide rises to mistake in the rating and therefore leads to reliability.
  Extrinsic factors:

The critical extrinsic elements (i.e. the factors which remain outside the check itself) influencing
the reliability are:

(i) Institution variability:

While the institution of pupils being tested is homogeneous in capacity, the reliability of the
check scores is probably to be reduced and vice-versa.

(ii) Guessing and risk errors:

Guessing in take a look at offers upward thrust to increased error variance and as such reduces
reliability. For example, in -alternative response alternatives there is a 50% hazard of answering
the gadgets efficiently in terms of guessing.

(iii) Environmental conditions:

As some distance as achievable, trying out environment should be uniform. Association should
be such that light, sound, and other comforts need to be equal to all testees, in any other case it’ll
have an effect on the reliability of the take a look at rankings.
 (iv) Momentary fluctuations:

Non permanent fluctuations can also increase or decrease the reliability of the check ratings.
Damaged pencil, momentary distraction with the aid of unexpected sound of a train going for
walks out of doors, tension concerning non-crowning glory of domestic-paintings, mistake in
giving the answer and knowing no way to alternate it are the factors which might also affect the
reliability of check rating.

Thank you