சைவமும் வைணவமும்

irtKk; itztKk; gf;fk; 1!
irtk;
1.irtk;
1.irtk;> rptk; vd;gjd; nghUs;;
• irtk; vd;gJ - rpt rk;ge;jKilaJ.
n
• flTs; vd;gjd; nghUs; - ahth; czh;itAk; fle;jth;.
l.i
• ,iwtd; vd;gjd; nghUs; - vg;nghUspYk; jq;Fgtd;;.
ta
• Kjy;td; vd;gjd; nghUs; - vg;nghUSf;Fk; Kw;gl;L mjid
njhopw;gLj;Jgtd;.
or
• rptk; vd;gJ - nrk;nghUs; vd;w nrhy;iyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
• ‘ngz;zhz; mypnaDk; ngw;wpad; fhz;f” - jpUthrfk;.
sp
• jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ngsj;jh;fis thjpy; ntd;w ,lk; - jpUnjspr;Nrhp
• ‘ghrkhk; gw;wWf;Fk; MhpaNd” - jpUthjT+uhhpd; jpUthrfk;.
• ‘nja;tNk rptNk> rptdUs;
ob
irtk; rptj;njhL rk;ge;jk;” -
jpUr;rpw;wk;gyehbfs; tha;nkhop.
ej
• ‘Xuy; ePoy; xd;foy; ,uz;Lk;” - jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; vOjpa jpUnkhopg;ghly;.
• rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; ,d;wpypUe;J - Rkhh; Ie;jhapuk;(5000) Mz;LfSf;F
e
Kw;gl;lJ.
.fr
• ùg;gh vd;Dkplj;jpy; Kjd;Kjypy; Muha;r;rp nra;J mwpf;if ntspapl;lth; -

rh; [hd; khh;\y;.
w
• ‘,Unkhopf;Fk; fz;Zjyhh; Kjw;Futh;” - fhQ;rpg;Guhzk;

• rkl;b epiy vd;gJ - KOKjy; ,ize;jJ vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
w
• tpal;b epiy vd;gJ - gphpT epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

//w
• ‘rj;” vd;w nrhy; Fwpg;gJ - rptngUkhd;.

• ‘rj;jhfpa xd;Nw Kjw;fz; cyfj; Njhw;wj;jpd; Kd; mj;tpjPakha; ,Ue;jJ” -
rhe;Njhf;a cgep\j;.
s:
• ‘xUtd; cUj;jpuNd> ,uz;lhtnjhd;iwf; nfhs;thh; my;yh;” - RthjhRtu cgep\j;.

•
tp
‘xUtd; vd;Dk; xUtd; fhz;f” - khzpf;fthrfh;.

• ‘xsp kzptz;zd; vd;Nfh! esph;kjpr; rilad; vd;Nfh!” - ek;kho;thhpd;
ht
jpUtha;nkhop.
• rf;jpAk; rptDk; rj; vDk; nrhy;ypd; gFjp tpFjpfshf Xjg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
• ‘jk;kyh; mbnahd;W mbath; gut” - jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;.
• rpyg;gjpfhuk; kw;Wk; kzpNkfiy Njhd;wpa fhyk; - rq;f fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy;.
https://t.me/tamilbooksworld
• Rliyahb vd miof;fg;gLgth; - rptngUkhd;.

• ‘cyfk; ahTk; ahz;L XLq;Fk;> mit Mz;L epd;Nw Njhd;Wk;” -fypj;njhif.
• ‘xLq;fp kyj;J csjhk; me;jk; Mjp vd;kdhh; Gyth;” - rptQhdNghj Kjw; #j;jpuk;.
• “kyh;jiy cyfj;J kuG ed;fwpag; gyh;nryr; nry;yhf; fhL tho;j;J” -
n
njhy;fhg;gpahpd; fhQ;rpj;jpizapd; nghUl;gFjp.
• ‘Cdf;fz; ghrk; czuhg; gjpia Qhdf;fz;zpdpy; rpe;ij ehb” - rptQhd
l.i
Nghj xd;gjhk; #j;jpuk;.
ta
• njhy;fhg;gpak;> jpUf;Fws; Mfpa E}y;fs; - ehd;F Ntj newpapidAk;>
ehd;kiw tof;ifAk; jOtp mike;Js;s E}y;fshFk;.
or
• ‘njd;dhLila rptNd Nghw;wp> ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; ,iwth Nghw;wp” - khzpf;fthrfh;.
• fq;ifAk; aKidAk; ,izAkplk; - gpuahif.
sp
• ‘Njth; FwSk; jpUehs; kiwKbAk;” - xsitahhpd; ey;top.
• ehd;F Ntjq;fspd; KbG vd miof;fg;gLtJ - cgepljq;fs;.
•
ob
irt rkaj;jpd; goq;fhy ngah;fs; - jpUnewp> nka;newp> Kd;newp> rptkhnewp.
• Mhpah;fs; rpe;J ejpf;fiuapy; trpj;;jNghJ mth;fis ‘,e;Jf;fs;” vd
ej
mioj;jth;fs; -- ghurPfh;fs; kw;Wk; fpNuf;fh;fs;.
• `pe;J vd;gjd; nghUs; -- `pk;irapy; Jf;fpf;fpd;wtd;
e
• gpw caph; Jd;GWk;NghJ mj;Jd;gk; jkf;F Neh;e;jJ Nghy; tUe;Jgtd; - ,e;J

.fr
• md;Ng rptk; vdf; $WtJ - ,e;J kjk;

• ,e;J kjj;jpd; NtWngah;fs; -- rehjdjh;kk;> jpUnewp> jtnewp> mUs;newp>
w
md;Gkjk; Mfpad
•
w
‘rehjdjh;kk;” vd;gjd; nghUs; -- moptpyh mwk;.

• goikahd kjk;> cyf kjq;fSf;F jha; - ,e;J kjk;
//w
• ‘,e;J kj ,izg;G tpsf;fk;

k” vDk; E}iy vOjpath; - kfhtpj;Jthd; MWKf ehtyh;
ehtyh.
2.Ntjq;fs; kw;Wk; cgep\

cgep\j;Jfs;
s:
• Ntjk;> Mfkk;> Njhj;jpuk;> rhj;jpuk;> Guhzk;> ,jpfhrk; Mfpad.

tp
• Ntjk; vd;gJ - mwpTE}y;> kiw> RUjp vdg;gLk;.

• Ntjk;> hpf;> a[_h;> rhkk;> mjh;tzk; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
ht
• mj®tz ntj¤Âš Tw¥g£LŸs tçéÂ¥ò nfhš - 1/6 tç tNè¡f¥g£lJ

• cgãõ¤JfŸ V‰fhjJ - rl§FfŸ k‰W« ntŸéfŸ
• ntj¤Â‹ kWbga® - °UÂ, vGjh¡ »sé
• ntj¤Â‹ K¡»a Ïy£Áa« - j‹id¤jhnd m¿ªJ bfhŸsš

• ntj§fŸ tèÍW¤J« flikfë‹ v©â¡if - IªJ
• Ntj ed;dlj;ij tpjpfs; - ];kpUjpfs; vdg;gl;ld.
• Ntjk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mwf;Nfhl;ghl;L jj;Jtk; - hpjh (,J jh;kepiyf;
Nfhl;ghl;bd; Kd;tbtk;)
n
• Ntjj;ij mbg;gilahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;L elf;Fk; jh;rdq;fspd; ngah; -
l.i
Mj;jPfk; (m) itjPfk;
hpf; Ntjk;
Ntjk;
ta
• hpf; vd;gjw;F - Jjpj;jy; (m) topgly; vdg;nghUs;.
• ntj§fëš gHikahdJ - ç¡ (10 k©ly§fŸ, 1028 ghlšfŸ)
or
• Kjy; 7 kz;lyq;fspy; ,iwtid mf;dpahf Fwpg;gpLtJ - hpf;Ntjk;.
sp
• 10tJ kz;lyj;jpy; ,iwtid gpukd;> ,e;jpud; vd;w ngahpy; Fwpg;gpLtJ - hpf;Ntjk;
• 10tJ kz;lyj;jpy; cs;sJ - GU\#f;jk; vd;w ghly; (th;zq;fis tpsf;FfpwJ)
• ç¡ ntjfhy flÎŸfŸ - m¡å, tUz‹, ÏªÂu‹ ob
• ç¡ ntj« - ».K. 1200-¡F K‰g£lJ.
• ,iwtid Jjpg;ghly; %yk; tzq;f ,t;Ntjk; topnra;fpwJ.
ej
a[_h; Ntjk;
e
• ‘ah[;” vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - ahfk; vd;gjhFk;.

.fr
• ahfk;> gyp> jhdk; Kjypa fphpiafis nra;aNtz;ba Kiwfisg; gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLtJ - a[_h; Ntjk;.
w
• mkhthir> ngsh;zkpf;F nra;aNtz;ba Nts;tpfs;> gpJh;fh;kk; gw;wp $WtJ - a[_h; Ntjk;
• a[_h; Ntjj;jpYs;s mlq;fpAs;s rpwg;Gtha;e;j gFjp - Uj;uk;

w
• a#]® ntj« - ntŸé, rl§FfŸ g‰¿aJ (R¡y a#]® ntj«, »UZa a#]®
ntj« vd ÏU ÃçÎfis cilaJ)
//w
• a#]® ntj¤Âš cŸs m¤Âaha§fŸ - 18
rhk Ntjk;
• t¡fj® v‹w F¿¥Ã£l ònuh»j®fshš ghl¥g£l ghlš bjhF¥ò - rhk ntj«
s:
(1459
1459 ghlšfŸ cŸsd)
• Ïiwtid ÏirÍl‹ gho JÂ¥gJ - rhk ntj«
tp
• ghgk; ePf;fp gyd; nfhLf;Fk; ghly;fs; mlq;fpaJ - rhk Ntjk;

mjh;tz Ntjk
Ntjk;
ht
• ke;jpu cr;rhpg;G Kiw> tpNuhjp moptpd; nghUl;L nra;ag;gLk; gpy;yp> #dpak;

Kiw> Ntjrhuf;fphpia> mD\;lhdq;fis gw;wpa Njhj;jpuq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sJ.
• Ãu«k ntj« vd¥gLtJ - mj®tz ntj« (731 ghlšfŸ, 20 gFÂfŸ)
• kªÂu«, Ãšè, Nåa« g‰¿aJ - mj®tz ntj«
Ntj mq;fq;fs;
• Ã‹ntj fhy¤Âš njh‹¿a ntj m§f§fŸ - MW
• Á£ir - vG¤Ây¡fz«/xypapay;
• éahfuz« - brhšèy¡fz«
• ãU¤j« - bghUëy¡fz« /nrhy;yhf;fk;
n
• fšg« - braèy¡fz« /rka rlq;F xOf;fk;
l.i
• rªj° - ah¥Ãy¡fz« /rPh;
ta
• {nahÂõ« - n#hÂl«
cgNtjq;fs;
or
• cgntj§fë‹ v©â¡if - eh‹F
sp
• MÍ®ntj« - ç¡ ntj¤Â‹ cgntj« (kU¤Jt üš)
• jD® ntj« - a#]® ntj¤Â‹ cgntj« ( ngh®¡fiy g‰¿aJ)
ob
• fhªj®t ntj« - rhk ntj¤Â‹ cgntj« (Ïir, eld« g‰¿aJ)
• Ášg ntj« - mj®tz ntj¤Â‹ cgntj« (f£ll¡ fiy¥ g‰¿aJ)
ej
cgep\
cgep\j;Jf;fs;
• ehd;F Ntjg;gphptpypUe;Jk; rk;`pij> gpuhkzk;> Muz;afk; Nghd;w
e
ghfq;fis Nrh;e;jit - cgep\j;Jf;fs;.

.fr
• ‘cgep\j;’ vd;gjd; nghUs; - Mr;rhh;ad;(FU) mUNfakh;e;J Qhdk; ngwy;.

• cgep\j;Jfspd; NtWngah; - jpUehd;kiwKbG
w
• cgep\j;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if nkhj;jk; 108.

w
• cgep\j;JfSf;F Kjypy; gh\;ak; nra;jth; -- rq;fuh;. mjd;gpd; ,uhkhD[h;>

tpj;ahuz;ah;> Mde;jjPH;j;jh; MfpNahUk; gh\;ak; ,aw;wpAs;sdh;.
//w
3.Mfkq;
3.Mfkq;fs;
• Mfkk; vd;gjd; nghUs; -Md;khf;fspd; ghrk; ePf;fp Kf;jpaUsy; vd;gjhFk;.
s:
• ,iwtdpd; 5 Kfj;jpypUe;J 28 Mfkq;fs; Njhd;wpd vdf; $WtJ -

fhuzhfkk;.
tp
• 28 Mfkq;fspy;> 10 rptNgjq;fs;> 18 Uj;uNgjq;fshFk;.

ht
• cg Mfkq;fs; nkhj;jk; 207.

• jphpNyhdrpthrhhpahh; ,aw;wpa E}ypd; ngah; - rpj;jhe;jrhuhtsp (Mfkq;fspd;
nghUl;fis thpirg;gLj;jp RUf;fkhf $WfpwJ).
• rpj;jhe;jrhuhtspapd; ciuahrphpah; - mde;j rpthr;rhhpahh;.
,iwtdpd;
Mfkq;fspd; ngah;fs;
Kfq;fs;
rj;Nah[hj Kfk; fhkpfk; fhuzk;
rpe;jpak;
(gilg;G) Nahf[k; m[pjk;
thkNjt Kfk; jPg;jk; #~;kk;
r`];uk;
(fhj;jy;) mk;Rkhd; Rg;uNgjk;
mNfhu Kfk; tp[ak; epr;thrk;
n
Rthak;Gtk;
(mopg;G) meyk; tPuk;
l.i
jj;GU\ Kfk; nusutk; kFlk;
gpk;gk;
(kiwg;G) tpkyk; re;jpuQhdk;
g;Nuhj;fPjk; ,yspjk; rpj;jk;
ta
<rhd Kfk;
re;jhdk; rh;Nthf;jk;
(mUsy;) guNk];tuk;
fpuzk; thJsk;
or
• tp\;Zit guNjtijahf itj;J $WtJ - itzthfkq;fs;.
• itzthfkq;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;. 1)gQ;ruhj;uhfkk; 2)itfhdh]hfkk;
sp
• gyhp\pfs; %yk; cgNjrpf;fg;gl;lJ - gQ;ruhj;uhfkk;
• Nkyf;Nfhl;il ehuhazGuk;> fhQ;rp> =uq;fk; Mfpa Nfhtpy;fspy; eilngWk;
ob
G+i[ Kiw -- gQ;ruhj;uhfkk;.
• jpUg;gjp Nfhtpypy; eilngWk; g+i[ Kiw - itfhdh]hfkk;
ej
• itfhdh]hfkj;ij cgNjrpj;jth; - tpfd]h;.
• Mfkq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gLgitfspy; Kf;fpakhdit - ke;jpuk;> je;jpuk;
e
• irthfkq;fspd; rhpia> fphpia> Nahf> Qhd ghjq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk;

.fr
jdpj;jdpNa jfty;fis jUfpd;wd.

• rhpia - G+i[g;nghUs; Nrfhpj;jy;> G+i[ Kiwfs; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
w
• fphpia - G+i[> jpUtpoh> rka tpNr\k; gw;wp $WfpwJ

w
• Nahfghjk; - Md;k Rj;jp> me;jh;ahfk; gw;wp $WfpwJ

• Qhd ghjk; - gjp> ghr yl;rzq;fisg; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
//w
4.Njhj;
4.Njhj;jpuq;fs;
• 12 jpUKiwfs; Njhj;jpuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
s:
• jpUKiw vd;gJ jk;ik mile;Njhiu rptNkahf;FjyhFk;.

• Kjy; VO jpUKiwfisAk; Nrh;j;J ‘Njthuk;” vd;gh;. ,jd;
tp
nghUs; ,iwtDf;Fhpa ghkhiy vd;gjhFk;.

ht
• Kjy; VO jpUKiwfspd; kWngah; - mlq;fd; Kiw> jpUnewpj;jkpo;

• jpUehTf;furh; mUspa 4-k; jpUKiw E}y;fs; - jpUNehpirg;gh> jpUtpUj;jk;
• jpUehTf;furh; mUspa 5-k; jpUKiw E}y;fs; - jpUf;FWe;njhif
• jpUehTf;furh; mUspa 6-k; jpUKiw E}y;fs; - jpUj;jhz;lfk;.
vOjpa Mrphpah;fs; jpUKiw

jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; mUspa Njthuk; 1>2>3 k; jpUKiw
jpUehTf;furh; 4>5>6 k; jpUKiw
ek;gpM&uh; (v) Re;juh; 7 k; jpUKiw
khzpf;fthrfh; 8 k; jpUKiw
n
jpUkhspifj;Njth; KjypNahh; 9 k; jpUKiw
l.i
jpU%yh; 10 k; jpUKiw
ta
jpUthythAilahh;> fhiuf;fhy; 11 k; jpUKiw
mk;ikahh; KjypNahh; mUspaJ
Nrf;fpohh; 12 k; jpUKiw
or
• jpUthjT+uhh; mUspa 8-k; jpUKiw E}y;fs; - jpUthrfk;> jpUf;Nfhit.
•
sp
jpUkhspifj;Njth; Kjypa xd;gjpd;kh; mUspa 9-k; jpUKiw E}y;fs; -
jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L.
• jpUthythAilahh; vd miof;fg;gLgth; - rptngUkhd;.
ob
• Ngahh; vd miof;fg;gLgth; - fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh;.
• jpUthrfj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jth; - [p.A.Nghg;.
ej
• jpUKiwfspd; rpy ghly;fis nkhopngah;j;jth;fs; - ,uhkehjd;>
nghd;dk;gyk; kw;Wk; gpypg;];.
e
• tp\;Zit jkpo;ghly;fs; %yk; topgl 12 Mo;thh;fs; mUspaJ - ehyhapu

.fr
jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;.
• jpU%yh; vOjpa ‘jpUke;jpukhiy”apd; NtWngah; - jkpo; %thapuk;.
w
• ek;gpah&uh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Nrukhd;ngUkhs; ehadhhpd; NtWngah; -

w
fowpw;wwpthh;.
• ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp tho;ej
; fhyk; - ,uh[uh[Nrhod; tho;e;j fp.gp.10-k; E}w;whz;L.
//w
• ‘jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp”ia vOjpath; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp.

• 12-k; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; megha Nrhodpd; Ntz;LNfhspd;gb
s:
Nrf;fpohh; mUspaJ - nghpaGuhzk;.

• nghpa Guhzj;jpd; NtWngah; - jpUj;njhz;lh;Guhzk;
tp
• jpUj;njhz;lh;j;njhifapd; NgUiuaha; epd;WepyTk; E}y; - nghpaGuhzk;

• ‘NjhLila nrtpad;” vd;Dk; ghly; mike;j E}y; - nghpaGuhzk;.
ht
• rptnewpf;F jiyaha gpuhkz E}y; ,yf;fpaq;fshf fUjg;gLtJ - gd;dpU

jpUKiwfs;.
• irt rhj;jpuq;fspd; Mjpj;jkpo; Kjw;E}yhf fUjg;gLtJ - gj;jhk;
jpUKiwahf cs;s jpUke;jpukhiy.
5.irt
5.irt rhj;jpuq;fs;;
• RUf;fkhf nrhy;yg;gl;l ed;ndwp topfhl;b - rhj;jpuq;fs; MFk;.
• rhj;jpuq;fs; nkhj;jk; 14 MFk;.
rhj;jpuq;fs; vOjpath; rhj;jpuq;fs; vOjpath;
n
jpUtpaY}h; ca;ate;j
jpUTe;jpahh; rptg;gpufhrk;
Njtehahdhh;
l.i
jpUf;flT+h; ca;ate;j
jpUf;fspw;Wg;gbahh; jpUtUl;gad;
Njtehadhh;
ta
rptQhdNghjk; nka;fz;l Njtehadhh; tpdhntz;gh ckhgjp
,Ugh ,UgJ Nghw;wg:nwhil rptdhh;
mUze;jp rpthr;rhhpahh;
rptQhdrpj;jpahh; nfhbf;ftp
or
cz;iktpsf;fk; kdthrfk; fle;jhh; neQ;RtpLJ}J
cz;iknewp
rq;fw;gepuhfuzk; ckhgjp rptdhh;
sp
tpsf;fk;
• Nkw;fz;l 14 E}y;fSk; - nka;fz;l rhj;jpuq;fs;(nka;fz;lE}y;fs;) vdg;gLk;.

•
ob
jpUTe;jpahh; kw;Wk; jpUf;fspw;Wg;gbahh; ,aw;wg;gl;l fhyk; - 12-k; E}w;whz;L.
Vida E}y;fs; Njhd;wpaJ - 13-14k; E}w;whz;L.
rptQhdNghjk;
ej
• rhj;jpuq;fspy; jiyrpwe;j E}y; - rptQhdNghjk;
e
• rptQhdNghjj;jpd; fhg;Gr; nra;Aspy; tzq;fg;gLk; flTs; - rptgpuhd;>

.fr
tpehafg; ngUkhd;.
• rptQhdNghjk; vd;gjd; nghUs; - flTis mwpe;J njspjYf;Fhpa E}y;.
w
• rptQhdNghjj;jpYs;s #j;jpuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if -- 12

#j;jpuk; #j;jpuk; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fs;
w
1 gjpapd; cz;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ (gjp -,iwtd;> Kjy;td;)

//w
2 gjpapd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;

3 gRtpd; cz;ik (gR - caph;> Md;kh)
4 ghrk; kw;Wk; gRtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;
s:
5 ghrj;jpd; rpwg;gpyf;fzk;(,iwtd; caph;fis njhopw;gLj;Jjy;)

6 gjpapd; rpwg;gpyf;fzk;
tp
7 gRtpd; rpwg;gpyf;fzk;
8 Qhdj;ij czUk; Kiw
ht
9 Md;k Rj;jp
10 ghr ePf;fk;
11 rptg;Ngw;wpid tpsf;FfpwJ
12 mize;Njhh; jd;ik vdg;gLk; [Ptd;Kj;jh; ,ay;igf; Fwpf;Fk;
• rptQhdNghjj;jpd; ciuE}y;fs; -- ghz;bngUkhs; tpUj;jp> rptQhdNghjr;

rpw;Wiu> rptQhdNghjkhghbak; (m) jpuhtpl khghbak; Mfpad.
• jpuhtplkhghbak; ciuE}iy vOjpath; - mg;ghbak; tpf;fpukrpq;fGuj;jpy;
cjpj;jtUk;> jpUthtLJiw MjPdj;ij Nrh;e;jtUkhd khjt rptQhd
Rthkpfs;.
n
• rptQhdNghjj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;j;jth;fs; - `ha;rpq;ld;>
l.i
igal;ghjphpahh;> fhh;ld;khj;A+];> ey;yrhkpg;gps;is> Nltpl;etkzpehlhh;>
ta
rptghj Re;juk; KjypahNdhh;.
• clk;ig ‘#d;ak;” vd mioj;jth;fs; - ngsj;j kjj;jpdh;.
or
• clk;ig ‘Md;kh” vd mioj;jth;fs; - cyfthjpfs;.
• rptQhdNghjj;jpd; 4-k; #j;jpuj;jpy; kWf;fg;gLtJ - kjk;.
sp
• rptQhdNghjj;jpd; 3-k; #j;jpuj;jpd; nghUs;fs; - 1)Md;kh #d;akd;W
2)Md;kh gUTlyd;W 3)Ik;nghwpfs; Md;kh my;y 4)fdTlyhf Ez;Zlk;G
ob
Md;khmd;W 5)gpuhz thA Md;kh md;W 6)gpuk;kk; Md;kh md;W 7)clk;G
Kjyhd fUtpfspd; $l;lk; Md;kh md;W
• ‘fw;wPz;L nka;g;nghUs; fz;lhh; jiyg;gLgth;> kw;wPz;L thuhnewp” vd 8-k;
ej
#j;jpug; nghUis tpsf;Fk; E}y; - jpUf;Fws;.
e
• ‘XHj;Js;sk; cs;s Jzhpd; xUjiyahg; Ngh;j;Js;s Ntz;lh gpwg;G” vd 9-k;

.fr
#j;jpug;nghUis tpsf;Fk; E}y; - jpUf;Fws;.

• ‘rhh;Gzh;e;J rhh;G nfl xOfpd; kw;wopj;J rhh;juh rhh;jU Neha;” - vd 10-k;
w
#j;jpug;nghUis tpsf;Fk; E}y; - jpUf;Fws;.

• ‘jk;ik czuhh; czuhh;> clq;fpiae;J jk;kpy; Gzuhik Nfshk;Gwd;” -
w
rptQhdNghjk;.
//w
rptQhdrpj;jpahh;
• rptQhdNghjj;ij jOtp vOjg;gl;l E}y; - rptQhdrpj;jpahh;.
• rptQhdrpj;jpahUf;F ciuvOjpath;fs; - rptQhdNahfpah;> jpUthtLJiw
s:
MjPdj;jpd; 16-k; gl;lk;ngw;w =y= Rg;gpukzpa Njrpfh; MfpNahh;.

•
tp
rptQhdrpj;jpah; ,U gphpTfis cilaJ. mit 1)Rgf;fk; 2)gugf;fk;

• Rgf;fk; vd;gjd; nghUs; - jd; nfhs;if
ht
• Rgf;fk; tpsf;FtJ - rptQhdNghjj;jpd; nghUs;epiy.

• Rgf;fk;
k 328 tpUj;jq;fshy; MfpaJ.
• Rgf;fj;jpw;F ciu vOjpath;fs; -- epuk;g mofpaNjrpfh;> kiwQhdNjrpfh;>
rpthf;fpaNahfp> Qhdg;gpufhrh;.
• gugf;fk; vd;gjd; nghUs; - gpw nfhs;iffis kWf;Fk; fUj;J.

• gugf;fk; 301 tpUj;jq;fshy; MfpaJ.
• gugf;fj;jpw;F ciu vOjpath;; -- jj;Jtg;gpufhr jk;gpuhd; Rthkpfs;.
• rptQhdrpj;jpahiu Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;j;jth;fs; - lhf;lh; fpuhz;l;>
n
ey;yrhkpg;gps;is> rptuhkd;.
• rptQhdrpj;jpahiu ,e;jpapy; nkhopngah;j;jth; - B.D .n[apd;.
l.i
• ‘rptQhdrpj;jp rpthfkh;j;jq;fSf;nfy;yhk; ciuahzp vd nrag;gl;L
ta
epyTtJ” vdf; $wpath; - jpuhtplkhghba Mrphpah; rptQhdRthkpfs;.
• 'ghhpy; cs;s E}nyy;yhk; ghh;j;jhpa rpj;jpapNy Xh; tpUj;jghjp NghJk;“ vd
or
rptQhdrpj;jpahiug; gw;wp mUspath; - FUQhdrk;ge;jh;.
,Ugh ,UgJ
sp
• FU> khzf;fdpd; ciuahly; Kiwapy; irt rpj;jhe;j fUj;Jf;fis $Wk;
E}y; - ,Ugh,UgJ ob
• ,e;E}y; 20 nra;Al;fshyhdJ. ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh fye;J me;jhjp njhil
mikag; ghlg;gl;lJ.
ej
• ,e;E}y; nka;fz;lNjtiu tpdTk; Kfkhf ghlg;gl;L cs;sJ.
jpUTe;jpahh;
e
• ,e;E}y; fp.gp.1147-y; jpUtpaY}h; ca;ate;jNjtehadhuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

.fr
• ,e;E}y; 45 fypj;jhopirfshy; MfpaJ.

w
• ,jpy; Kf;jpkhh;f;fk; gw;wp ed;F tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• Nfl;ly; Qhdk; mDgtQhdkha; Kjph;tjw;F Njitahd ,Utif Nahfg;

w
gapw;rpfs; 1)MjhuNahfk; 2)epuhjhuNahfk;.

//w
jpUf;fspw;Wg;gbahh;
• jpUTe;jpahiu jOtp te;j topE}y; - jpUf;fspw;Wg;gbahh;
• ,e;E}iy vOjpath; - jpUf;flT+h; ca;ate;jNjtehadhh; (jpUtpaY}h;
s:
ca;ate;jNjtehadhhpd; khzf;fh;) fhyk; fp.gp.1177.

tp
• ,e;E}y; 100 ntz;ghf;fshy; MfpaJ.

• cgepljk;> gpuhkzq;fs;> gftj;fPij Mfpa %d;Wk; Kjd;ikahd gpuhkz
ht
E}y;fs; vd ,e;E}y; $WfpwJ.
cz;iktpsf;fk;
• rpe;jhe;j cz;ikia tpsf;FtJ - cz;iktpsf;fk;
• ,e;E}y; 53 ntz;ghf;fshy; MdJ.
• ‘nka;f;fz;l re;jhd mDgtj;jpul;L “ vdg;gLtJ - cz;iktpsf;fk;.
n
• nka;fz;lNjtiu mtuJ khzf;fh; tpdt mth; tpil $wp tUtJ Nghy;
l.i
itj;J Mf;fg;gl;l E}yhFk;.
• irt rhj;jpuq;fis fw;Wzu tpUk;GNthh; ,e;E}iy Kjw;fz; Xjp czh;jy;
ta
Ntz;Lk;.
rptg;gpufhrk;
pufhrk;
or
• rptQhdNghjj;jpd; rhh;GE}y; -- rptg;gpufhrk;
sp
• ,jpy; irtE}y;fspd; ,ay;Gk;> jPl;ir tiffSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,J nghJ> rpwg;G vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
•
•
,e;E}y;; 100 tpUj;jq;fis nfhz;lJ.
ob
,J gjp> gR> ghr ,yf;fzk; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
• ‘Gwr;rkaj;jtUf;F ,Usha;” ‘njhd;ika Mk; vDk; vitAk; ed;whf”
ej
‘E}nyDk; vitAk; jPjhfh” Mfpa ghly;thpfs; cs;s E}y; - rptg;gpufhrk;.
e
jpUtUl;gad;
.fr
• ‘nre;jkpo; nghJkiwahfpa jpUf;FwSf;F xopG” vd nfhs;sj;jf;f E}y; -

jpUtUl;gad;. ,J gj;J mjpfhuq;fSk;> 100 ghly;fSk; nfhz;lJ.
w
tpdh ntz;gh
w
• ,e;E}y; 13 ntz;ghf;fshy; MfpaJ.

• ckhgjp rptdhh; jk; Mrpauhfpa kiwQhdrk;ge;jhplk; rhj;jpu cz;ikfis
//w
Nfl;Fk; tpjkhf ,e;E}y; mike;Js;sJ.

Nghw;wpg:.nwhil
s:
• jkf;F rptQhdk; ey;fpa FU%h;j;jpia tho;j;jp ghba ghly;fs; mlq;fpaJ.

• caph;fSf;F jpUtUs; njhd;Wnjhl;L nra;JtUk; cgfhuq;fis vLj;Jf;
tp
$Wk; E}y; - Nghw;wpg:.nwhil

• QhdjPf;ifapd; gaidAk;> jpUite;njOe;jpd; XJk; KiwiaAk; ,e;E}y;
ht
ciuf;fpwJ.
nfhbf;ftp
• xU fl;lis fypj;Jiw kw;Wk; ehd;F ntz;ghf;fSk; mlq;fpaJ.
• Vwhj jpy;iyf;nfhbia Vw;wpa ghly;fs;.(nkhj;jk; - 5 ghly;fs;)
neQ;RtpLJ}J
• Mrphpah; ckhgjprptdhh; jk; FUthd kiwQhdrk;ge;jhplk; khiy thq;fp
tUk;gb jdJ neQ;ir J}J tpLk; Kiwapy; mika ngw;w E}y;.
cz;iknewp tpsf;fk;
n
• jrfhhpaq;fis tpsf;FfpwJ. Kjypy; ,ij vOjpath; ckhgjprptk; vd
l.i
$wg;gl;lJ. Muha;;r;rp Kbtpy; ,ij vOjpath; - rPh;fhopjj;Jtehjh; vd;W
mwpag;gl;lJ.
ta
• ,jDila %yE}y; - JfsWNghjk;.
•
or
JfsWNghjj;ij ,aw;wpath; - rPh;fhopr; rpw;wk;gyehbfs;
• guKj;jp epiyia va;Jk; epiyfis ‘g+jg;gopg;G’ Kjyhf ‘gukhde;j mtrk;”
sp
tiu 30 mtjhuk; vdf; $WtJ - JfsWNghjk;
• ,jpy; Kjy; VO ghr mtjhuk;> gpd; 15 gR mtjhuk;> ,Wjp 8 gjp mtjhuk;
vdTk; tif nra;ag;gl;L cs;sJ. ob
• nka;fz;l E}y;fSld; Nrh;j;J mr;rpl;L toq;Fk; E}y; - JfsWNghjk;.
rq;fw;g epuhfuzk;
epuhfuzk;;
ej
• Ntw;W rkaq;fspd; re;Njf fUj;Jf;fis rq;fw;gk; vdf; $wp epuhfhpf;fpwJ.
e
• guKj;jp epiyia milaj; jiyg;gLk; caph; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Qhd

.fr
nra;jpfis tpsf;FfpwJ.
• ,e;E}y; 13 mftw;ghf;fisAk;> xU ntz;ghitAk; cilaJ.
w
• nka;fz;l E}y;fSs; ,Wjp 8 E}y;fis vOjpath; - nfhw;wtd;Fb ckhgjp

rptdhh;. ,tUila Mrphpauhd fle;ij kiwQhd rk;ge;jh; vOjpajhf
w
$wg;gLk; E}y; -- rjkzpf;Nfhit.

//w
• rhypthfd Mz;L - 1235 (fp.gp.1313)

• ‘rptg;gpufhrj;jpd; gugf;fk;” vd miof;fg;gLtJ - rq;fw;gepuhfuzk;.
• ‘rpthj;Jtpj irtk;” vd miof;fg;gLtJ - fhuz ghpzhkthjk;.
s:
• ‘Rj;j irtk;” vd miof;fg;gLtJ - irt thjk;.

tp
ht
6.,jpfhrq;fs; kw;Wk; Guhzq;fs;

• ,jpfhrk; vd;gjd; nghUs; - IjPfj;ij ep&gzk; nra;Ak; tuyhW.
• ,jpfhrj;jpw;F v.fh. ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk;.
• Ie;jhk; Ntjk; vdg;gLtJ -- kfhghujk;.
n
• Guhzk; vd;gjd; nghUs; -- gioa tuyhW.
l.i
• Guhzq;fis vOjpath; - Ntjtpah]h;. cyfpw;F mspj;jth; - #jGuhzpfh;.
• Guhzq;fs; nkhj;jk; 18.
ta
Guhzq;fs; vz;zpf;if ngah;fs;
or
irtk;> ,ypq;fk;> ];fhe;jk;> gtp\;ak;>
rptGuhzq;fs; 10 khh;f;fz;Nlak;> tuhfk;> thkdk;> kr;rk;>
$h;kk;> gph;khz;lk;
sp
tp\;Z Guhzq;fs; 4 fhUlk;> ehujPak;> it\;ztk;> ghftjk;
gpuk;k Guhzq;fs; 2 gph;kk;> gJkk;
mf;fpdpGuhzk; 1 Mf;Ndak;
ob
#hpa Guhzk; 1 gpuk ifth;j;jk;
nkhj;jk; 18
ej
• (jh;kk; ru -- jh;kj;ijr; nra; ) ( ]j;ak;tj -- cz;ikiag; NgR)
• ,e;J kj cl;gphpTfs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit 1)Gwr;rkaq;fs;
e
2)mfr;rkaq;fs; 3)mfg;Gwr;rkaq;fs; 3)Gwg;Gwr; rkaq;fs;.

.fr
• flTs; ,y;iy vdf; $Wk; rkaq;fs; -- rkzk;> cyfhajk;> Gj;jk;> rhq;fpak;>

kPkhk;rk;.
w
• òuhz¡ fhy« - ».Ã.300 -».Ã. 1000 v‹gJ - Í.v°. r®kh T‰W

w
• òuhz§fëš gHikahdJ - thÍ òuhz«

•
//w
òuhz¤Âš Ïl«bg‰WŸs fU¤J - IªJ

• kfhòuhz§fë‹ v©â¡if - gÂbd£L
• cg òuhz§fë‹ v©â¡if - gÂbd£L
s:
• gJk« vd¥gLtJ - g¤k òuhz« vd¥gL« Ãu«kòuhznk

tp
ht
7.kjq;fs;
fp.K.6--Mk; E}w;whz;by; ghurPfj;ijr; Nrh;e;j n[uh];lUk;> rPdhtpy;
fd;g+\pa]_k; Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis Nghjpj;jdh;.
Gj;j> rkz> kjq;fs; Njhd;w fhuzk;.-- rkar; rlq;Ffisf; fisa> rhjp
n
Vw;wj; jho;it xopf;f> kpUftijia jLf;f
l.i
rkz rkak;: ( fp.K.540 - fp.K.467 )
fp.K.6--Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpaJ.
ta
,jd; NtWngah; - MUfjk;> i[dk;> epfz;lthjk;> MrPtfk;.
,jpy; $wg;ngWk; nghUs; VO. mit 1.rPtd; 2.mrPtd; 3.Mr;rputk;
or
4.rKtuk; 5.ge;jk; 6.tPL 7.eph;r;rtuk;.
rPtd;
sp
mehjprpj;jd; (mUff;flTs;) Kj;jd; ngsj;jd;
ob
(Mrhghrq;fle;jtd;) (Mirapy; fl;Lz;ltd;)
rPtd; Mrhghrq;fis fle;J Mde;j Qhdk; Kjypa 8 Fzq;fisg; ngw;W

ej
Mfhaj;jpy; Nky;Nehf;fpr; nrd;W Nkyplj;jpy; ,Ug;gNj Kf;jp MFk;.
rpyhpd; fUj;Jf;fs; -- hp\gNjtuhy; (Kjš Ô®¤j§fu®) rkzrkak;
e
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
.fr
23-tJ Ô®¤j§fu® - g®rt ehj®

Ô®¤j§fu® v‹gJ - Ãwé¥ bgU§fliy flªj Phå vd¥bghUŸ.
w
rkz rka¤ij njhw;Wtpj;jth; -- th;j;jkhd kfhtPuh; (24-tJ jPh;j;jq;fuh;)

fp.K. 540 - y; gPfhhpy; itrhypf;F mUNf Fe;jf;
f fpuhkj;jpy; kfhtPuh; gpwe;jhh;.
w

je;ij -- rpj;jhh;j;jh;. jhahh; -- jphpryh(ypr;rhtp kuigr; Nrh;e;j ,sturp).
//w
kidtp -- aNrhjh. kfŸ - Ãçaj®rdh

30 tajpy; JwT g+z;lhh;.
42 tajpy; ifty;a epiyahfpa Md;kPf mwpT ngw;whh;.
s:
[Pdh; (jd;id ntd;wth;) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

,uh[fphpf;F mUNfAs;s gtGhpapy; ».K.467-š jdJ 72-tJ tajpy; ,we;jhh;;.
tp

flTs; ek;gpf;if ,y;iy. kdpjdpd; Mj;k xspNa flTs; vd Nghjpj;jhh;.
ht
kWÃwé ÛJ e«Ã¡if bfh©ld®.

,tuJ Nghjidfs; jpup;uj;jpdq;fs;(ed;dk;gpf;if> ey;ywpT> ed;dlj;ij)
vdg;gLk;.
m`pk;ir newpf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhh;.
rPlh;fSf;F Ie;J nfhs;iffis(éuj§fŸ) Nghjpj;jhh;.

1. m`pk;ir ------- caph;fSf;F jPq;F nra;ahik.
2. rj;jpak; -------- cz;ik NgRjy;.
3. m];Njak;-------- jpUlhik.
n
4. jpahfk; -------- nry;tk; Jwj;jy;.
5. gpuk;krhpak; ---- J}a tho;f;if.
l.i
fh;kh vd;w jj;Jtj;ij ek;gpdhh;.
ta
rkz rka« TW« ght§fë‹ v©â¡if - 13
rkz rkaj;jpd; cah;e;j Nehf;fk;--- Nkyhd mwptpid ngWjy;
or
rkz rkaj;ij gpd;gw;Wgth;fs; -- jpfk;guh;(Mil Jwe;jth;, Mfha¤ij
Milahf mâªjt®) ];Ntjhk;guh; (nts;is Mil mzpe;jth;).
sp
gpuhf;Uj nkhopapy; nfhs;iffis gug;gpdhh;.
rkz rkaj;ij Mjhpj;j kd;dh;fs; -- gpk;gprhuh;> m[hjrj;U> $d;ghz;bad;>
ob
Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kd;> fypq;f kd;dd; fhuNtyd;, rªÂuF¥j bksça® (jdJ
ÏWÂfhy¤Âš Mjç¤jh®), fs¥Ãu®fŸ.
ej
rkz rka E}y;fs; -- rPtfrpe;jhkzp (jpUj;jf;fNjth;)> ed;D}y;(gtze;jp
Kdpth;).
e
jpUts;Sth; rkz rkaj;ij rhh;e;jth;.

.fr
F[uhj;jpd; tuyhW> Nahf#j;jpuk; Mfpa E}y;fis vOjpath;--

rkzrkaj;ij jOtpa N`kr;re;jpuh;.
w
rkz rka fl;blf;fiyf;F vLj;Jfhl;L -- ,uh[];jhdpy; cs;;s mGkiyapy;

fhzg;gLk; jpy;thuh Nfhapy;> f[_uhN`h Nfhapy;> rpj;J}h;> udf;g+h; Nfhapy;.
w
rkzh;fspd; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLkplq;fs; -- cjafphp> fjpFk;gh>

//w
vy;Nyhuh> fph;dhh;.
ik#Uf;F mUNfAs;s rutzngynfhyh vDkplj;jpy; cs;s NfhkjP];tuh;
rpiy rkzh;fspd; epidT rpd;dkhFk;.
s:
».K. 300-« M©oš ghlèò¤Âu¤Âš Kjš rkz mit eilbg‰wJ.

(kfhÅuç‹ nfh£ghLfŸ 12 m§f§fshf Ãç¡f¥g£lJ)
tp
».gp. 512-š tšyÃæš 2-« khehL ToaJ.

ht
rkz rka« Åœ¢ÁÍw¡ fhuz« - mJ bjçé¤j bfhšyhik vD« bfhŸif.

mNefhe;jthj Nfhl;ghL gw;wp tpsf;FtJ - kfhtPuhpd; rkz rkaf; nfhs;if.
mNefhe;jthjk; - gy;epiyf;Nfhl;ghL: Vfhe;jthk; - xUepiyf;Nfhl;ghL
ahf;Qty;fpa Kdptuhy; vOjg;gl;l gz;ila rkar; rl;lE}yhfTk;>
nrhj;Jhpik Fw;wtpay; gw;wpAk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; E}y; - ahf;Qty;fpa RkpUjp
rkz Kdpth;fspd; elj;ij tpjpfs; nfhz;l E}y; - 6 Nra #l;lq;fs;.

vspa tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa %yj;jj;Jtq;fs; mlq;fpa E}y; - 4 %y #l;lq;fs;
rkz kjj;jpd; NtWngah;fs; - mUfkjk;> epfz;lkjk;> mNefhe;jthjkjk;>
rpahj;thj kjk;
23-tJ jPh;j;jq;fuhd ghh;r;Rt ehjiug; gpd;gw;wpath;fs; - ];Ntjhk;guh;fs;
s
n
24-tJ jPh;j;jq;fuhd th;j;jkhdiug; gpd;gw;wpath;fs; - jpfk;guh;fs;
l.i
th;j;jkhd kfhtPuh; cz;ikawpit ngw;w ,lk; - hp[{ghypfh
ta
Nfhrykhy;fp Gj;jpuh vd;gtiu 24-tJ jPh;j;jq;fuhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;l rkzh;fs;
- m[{tpf;uh;fs;
s vdg;gl;ldh;.
or
m[{tpf;uh;fs; gpd;gw;whj rkz rka fUj;Jfs; - kWgpwg;G> fUktpid
cUt topghL nra;a kWj;j rkzh;fs; - ];jhdfthrp vdg;gl;ldh;.
sp
tha; topahf gpd;gw;wg;gl;l rkzrka mwpTiufis njhFj;jth; - thypehl;L
JUtNrdh;

ob
JUtNrdUk;> gj;jpughFTk; njhFj;j newpfs; - gjpdhd;F gh;thq;fq;fs;
ghlypGj;jpuj;jpy; Kjy; rkz khehL $l;bath; - ygj;uh
Kjy; rkz khehl;by; njhFf;fg;gl;lit - gd;dpU mq;fq;fs;
ej
fp.gp.5-k; E}w;whz;by; ty;ygpapy; $ba 2-tJ rkz mitapy; njhFf;fg;
gl;lit - 12 cg mq;fq;fs;.
e
fp.gp.12-k; E}w;whz;by; rkz Ntjhfkq;fis jpUj;jpath; - N`kr;re;jpuh;

.fr
rkz rka E}y;fs;

s - rPtfrpe;jhkzp> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> tisahgjp> ePyNfrp>
cjazd; fhij> ehfFkhufhtpak;> NkUke;jpu Guhzk;> ehptpUj;jk;> ehybahh;>
w
ehd;kzpf;fbif> gonkhop> jpizkhiyE}w;wk;gJ> rj;jparpe;jhkzp>

w
ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif> ahg;gUq;fhytpUj;jp> Nekehjk;> ed;D}y;> mfg;nghUs;

tpsf;fk;> jkpo;epfz;L> #lhkzpepfz;L> ney;ypyf;f tha;g;ghL> rpWFop
//w
tha;g;ghL> fzpjkhiy> [pNje;jpukhiy.

hp\g Njth; - fhis : gh;rtehjh; - ehfk; : kfhtPuh; - rpq;fk;
s:
tp
ht
Gj;j rkak;: ( fp.K.567 - fp.K.487 )

Njhw;Wtpj;jth;: -- Gj;jh;.
,aw;ngah; -- rpj;jhh;j;jh;.
Neghsj;jpYs;s fgpyt];J vd;w ,lj;jpw;F mUNf Yk;gpdp tdj;jpy; fp.K.567
n
gpwe;jhh;.
je;ij: -- Rj;Njhjdh;(rh¡»a Fy jiyt®).
l.i
jhahh; -- khahNjtp (nfhèah Fy ÏstuÁ)
ta
rpw;wd;id -- gpuh[hgjp nfsjkp (,tuhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;ljhy; nfsjkGj;jh; vd
miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
or
kidé - anrhjiu kfd; -- ,uhFy;.
29-y; Jwtwk;.
sp
Gj;jhpd; Kjy; FU -- mujfykh. 2--tJ FU -- Uj;ufh.
Gj;jkjk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit 1)Nahfhrhuk; 2)nrse;jpuhe;jpfk;
3)itghbfk; 4)khj;kpfk;
ob
nfhs;if: vy;yh nghUSk; #d;ak;> flTs; ,y;iy. QhdNk Md;kh.
tpidAk; kWgpwg;Gk; cz;L. tpidA+l;b Ntz;lhk; mJ jhNd nrd;W gw;Wk;.
ej
Gj;jk; $Wk; ew;Fzq;fs; gj;J. jPaFzq;fs; gj;J.
e
Jd;g tpLjiy - eph;thzk; (m) rkhjp epiy vd;gh;.

.fr
fia efhpy; Nghjp kuj;jpd;(murkuk;) mbapy; QhNdhjak;(nkŒPhd m¿Î)

ngw;whh;. mJ Kjy; Gj;jh; vd;Wk;> rhf;fpaKdp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
w
thuzhrpf;fUNf rhuehj; khd; g+q;fhtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; rkaf;fUj;Jf;fis

Nghjpj;jhh;.
w
80--tJ tajpy; kšy®fë‹ jiyefuhd Frp efhpy; ,we;jhh;.

//w
Nghjidfs;: m`pk;iriaAk;> md;Gfhl;LjiyAk; mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ.

,tuJ nghjidfëš eh‹F bgU« c©ikfS«, vz; tif(m\;lhq;fp)
khh;f;fq;fS«, K¡»akhdjhF«.
s:
eh‹F bgU« c©ikfŸ - J¡f« , rKjha« , ãnuhj«(Miria xê¥gÂ‹

_y« J‹g¤ÂèUªJ éLjiy) , kh®¡f«.
tp
Ól®fS¡F IªbjhG¡f be¿fis¥ nghÂ¤jh®.

ht
bfhšyhik bfhŸifia tèÍW¤Âdh®. f®kh bfhŸif, kWÃw¥ò¡

bfhŸifæš e«Ã¡if it¤ÂU¤jh®. flÎŸ e«Ã¡if Ïšiy.
Nghjidfspd; njhFg;G -- jphpgPlfq;fs;(%d;W $ilfs; - Rj;j> tpda>
mgpjk;k gPlfq;fs;).
Gj;j rkaj;jpd; mbg;gilf;nfhs;if -- eph;thz epiyia va;JtJ my;yhJ

mwpahikia mfw;WtJ.
Gj;j kjj;ij Mjhpj;j kd;dh;fs; mNrhfh;> fdp\;fh;, Ã«Ãrhu®, m#hjr¤U.
rh¡»a Kå, MÁahé‹ xë vd ò¤j® miH¡f¥g£lh®.
n
mNrhfh; jd; kfd; kNfe;jpuidAk;> kfs; rq;fkpj;jpiuiaAk;> Gj;j kjj;ijg;
gug;g ,yq;iff;F mDg;gpdhh;.
l.i
fdp\;fh; fhyj;jpy; gh;kh> [g;ghd;> jpngj;> kj;jpaMrpah>rPdh Mfpa ehLfspy;
ta
Gj;j kjk; gutpaJ>
fdp\;fh; fhyj;jpy; Gj;jkjk;; k`hahdk;> `Pdahdk; vd ,U gphpTfshf
or
gphpe;jJ.
Gj;j ];J}gpfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; -- rhQ;rp> ty;ygp> eye;jh.
sp
Gj;j [hjf fijfs; vd;gJ - Gj;jhpd; Kw;gpwtp gw;wpf; $WtJ.
fhe;jhur;rpw;gk;> m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh> Mfpatw;wpYs;s rpw;gq;fs; Gj;j rkaj;jpd;

ed;nfhilahFk;.
ob
Gj;j rkaj;jpd; gpuhh;j;jidf;$lq;fs; irj;jpaq;fs; vd;Wk;> klhyaq;fs;
tpfhuq;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
ej
ò¤j rka khehLfŸ
khehL M©L khehL T£l¥g£l Ïl« k‹d® jiyt®
e
Ïuh#»UfkUnf cŸs
1 -tJ ».K. 483 m#hjr¤U kfh frgh
.fr
r¥jghz¡ Fif
2-tJ ».K. 383 itrhè fhfth;kd; rgfkp
3-tJ ».K.251 ghlèò¤Âu« mnrhf® bkhfhèò¤jÂrh
w
4-tJ ».Ã.100 fhZÛ® Fªjšf©£ fåZf® mRtnfhõ®

• Kjš kheh£oš ò¤jç‹ nghjidfsh»a éda Õlf«, R¤j Õlf« M»at‰iw
w
bjhF¡F« gâæš cghèÍ« , MdªjU« K¡»a¥ g§F t»¤jd®.

//w
• 2-tJ kheh£oš fU¤JntWgh£o‹ éisthf gHikéU«ÃfŸ °jhguthÂfŸ (m)

njh®fŸ v‹W«, kh‰w§fis éU«Ãat®fŸ - kfhrh§»a®fŸ v‹W« Ãçªjd®.
• 3-tJ kheh£oš mÃj«k Õlf« bjhF¡f¥g£lJ.

s:
• _‹W Õlf§fë‹ bjhF¥ò - _‹W Ïu¤Âd§fŸ (m) _‹W TilfŸ vd¥gL«.
• _‹W Õlf§fS¡fhd ciufë‹ bga® - éghõ§fŸ

tp
Gj;jkjk; tPo;r;rpAw fhuzk; -- Fg;ju; fhy ,e;J kWkyh;r;rp> murhpd;

ht
Mjutpd;ik.
cUt têghL m¿Kfkhd ò¤j rka¥ ÃçÎ - kfhahd«
• `ÏªJ rka¤Â‹ òu£Á¡fhu bg©fŸ` vd miH¡f¥g£l kj§fŸ - rkz«,
ò¤j«.
cyfhajk;
• ,k;kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - gpuf];gjp
• ,jd; NtWngah;fs; - rhUthfk;> fhl;rpthjk;> ehj;jpfthjk; vd;gh;.
• Ik;G+jq;fspy; epyk;> ePh;> fhw;W> jP Mfpa ehd;F kl;LNk cz;L vd;gh;.
n
• ey;y ngz;iz kze;J ,d;gk; Efh;tNj Kf;jp vdf; $Wk; kjj;jth; -
l.i
cyfhaj kjj;jth;
• ,k;ik tho;f;if xd;wpidNa Fwpf;Nfhshf nfhz;L tho;f;if elj;JNthh;; -
ta
cyfhaj kjj;jth;
rhq;fpak;
or
• mwnthOf;fj;NjhL Md;k czh;itAk; nghUshff; nfhz;L czh;j;Jk;
sp
rkaq;fs; - rhq;fpak;> Nahfk;> Ntjhe;jk;
• Njhw;Wtpj;jth; -- fgpyh;. jj;Jtk; 24.
•
•
25-tJ jj;Jtk; -- GUld;.
GUld; ngj;jepiyapYk;>
ob
Kf;jpepiyapYk; xNu jd;ikaha; jhkiuapiy
jz;zPh; Nghy gw;ww;W ,Ug;ghd;.
ej
• %yg;gFjpapd; ghpkhzk; Gj;jpahFk;. mJNt fhuzKkhFk;. %yg;gFjp>
e
GUlid gFj;Jiug;gjhy; mtpr;ir ePq;FtNj Kf;jp.

kPkhk;rk;
.fr
• Njhw;Wtpj;jth; -- i[kpdp. ,th; Ntjtpahrhpd; rPluhthh;.

w
• ‘cyfk; epiyngw;wJ. Njhd;wpaopahJ’ vd;gh;.

• kPkhk;rk; ,Utifg;gLk;. 1)gl;lhr;rhpad; kjk; 2)gpughfud; kjk;
w
• gl;lhrhhpad; kjk; -- jh;kk; gad;nfhLf;Fk;. Ntj Nts;tpfs; jj;Jt Qhdk;

//w
jUk;. nrhh;f;f Kf;jpNa Kf;jp. ,jpy; xU Mde;jKz;L.

• gpughfud; kjk; -- Qhdk; nfl;lNghJ fy; Nghy; fplg;gNj Kf;jp.
8.jh;
8.jh;rdq;fs;
s:
• mDgtpj;J mwptjw;Fhpa rhj;jpuk; vdg; nghUs;gLk;.

tp
• ,J itNrbfk;> epahak;> rhq;fpak;> Nahfk;> G+h;tkPkhk;i]> cj;jpukPkhk;i]

vd MWtifg;gLk;.
ht
itNrbfk;
• ,aw;wpath; -- fzhjh;.
• itNrbf nghUs;fs; -- gpuhkhzk; Kjy; epf;fpufk; tiu gjpdhwhk;.
• ,jd; msitfs; - fhz;ly;> fUjy;> ciu> ctkhdk; vd ehd;fhFk;.
• itNrbfj;jpd; gpuNkak;> Md;kh Kjy; Kf;jp tiu gd;dpnuz;lhFk;.

• ,jd; epj;jpa nghUs;fs; -- MW. mit ehd;F G+jq;fspd; guhkhZf;fSk;>
Mfhak;> fhyk;> jpf;F> Md;kh> kdk;.
• cyfpw;F Kjw;fhuzk; - mZf;fNs. gilj;jy; vd;gJ gukhj;kh
n
Kf;Fzj;NjhL $b epd;W nra;tjhFk;.
epahak;
l.i
• ,aw;wpath; -- mf;fghjh;.
ta
• ,k;kjj;jpd; NtWngah; - ieahapfk;.
• Af;jpNa ,jd; mbg;gil.
or
• nghUs;fs; - VO. mit jputpak;> Fzk;> fh;kk;> rhkhd;ak;>
sp
tpNrlk;> ]kthak;> mghtk;.
• itNrbfk;> epahak; ,uz;ilAk; ‘jUf;fk;” vdf; $Wth;.
Nahfk; ob
• ,aw;wpath; - gjQ;ryp Kdpth;.
• ,jd; mq;fq;fs; - ,akk;> epakk;> Mrdk;> gpuzhahkk;> gpuj;jpahfhuk;>
ej
jhuiz> jpahdk;> rkhjp vd;gd.
e
• 26-k; jj;Jtkhf ,iwtd; csd;. rhj;jpuk; mUspatd;.

•
.fr
mzpkh> kfpkh> fhpkh> ,yfpkh> gpuhg;jp> gpuhfhk;ak;> <rj;tk;> trpj;Jtk;

Kjypa ml;lkhrpj;jpfs;. ,jid ngWtNj Kf;jp.
w
cj;jpukPkhk;i]
• ,J Ntjj;jpy; cs;s Qhd fhz;lkhFk;.
w
Vfhd;kthjk;
//w
• ,J ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit 1)rj;jg; gpuk;kthjk; 2)fphPlhg; gpuk;k thjk;

3)ghw;fhpa thjk; 4)khahthjk;.
9.rpj;
9.rpj;jhe;jq;fs;
s:
• tl,e;jpahtpy; gf;jp ,af;fk; jPtpukhff; fhuzk; - ,];yhkpah; gilnaLg;G.

tp
• g¡Â v‹gj‹ bghUŸ - têghL

• gŠrh¥Ãš Ó¡»a rka« njh‹w¡fhuz« - g¡Â Ïa¡f«
ht
• jkpofj;jpy; itjPf xOf;f newp> rkak;> fiy ,yf;fpak;> gz;ghL Mfpatw;wpy;

kWkyh;r;rp Vw;gl;l fhyk; - fp.gp.7-k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjp.
• 8-k;; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa Mo;thh;fs; - Mz;lhs;> ek;kho;thh;> nghpaho;thh;>
jpUkq;ifaho;thh;.
mj;itjk;
• Njhw;Wtpj;jth; -- rq;fuh;.
• fp.gp. 788y; Nfushtpy; fhybapy;(tljpUthq;$h;) gpwe;jth;.
• Gj;j> rkzf;nfhs;iffis vjph;j;jhh;.
n
• ,jw;F Ntjhe;j kjk; vd;W ngah;.
l.i
• ,jid gpd;gw;WNthh; -- Ntjhe;jpfs;.
• Ntjtpahrh; ,aw;wpa gpuk;k#j;jpj;jpw;Fk;> gftj;fPijf;Fk;>
ta
jNrhgep\j;JfSf;Fk; mj;itj rpj;jhe;jg;gb gh\;ak; nra;Js;shh;.
•
or
,k;%d;iwAk; ‘ gpu];jhdjpuak;’ vdf; $Wth;.
• irt> itzt Ngjkw;wth;. tp\;Z r`];uehkj;jpw;F gh\;ak; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
sp
• jkJ 32-tJ tajpy; Kf;jp ngw;whh;. Nfl;ly;> rpe;jpj;jy; > njspjy;> ep\;il>
$ly; Kjypatw;why; epiyngw;w Nghpd;gj;ij mile;J gpuk;k kakhtNj Kf;jp.
• m + j;itjk;. m - ,y;iy. j;itjk; - ,uz;L. mj;itjk; -- ,uz;lw;w xd;W.
ob
• mfk;gph;kh];kp -- ehd; gpuk;kkhapUf;fpd;Nwd;.
• mj;itjk; (m) mj;tpjPak; - ,jd; NtWngah; - Nftyhj;J tpjk;.
ej
• ‘Kf;fpa cgep\j;Jfspd; KbT gpuk;kk; xd;Nw> cs;nghUs; cyfk; gpuk;kj;jpd;
e
Njhw;wNk” vd;gJ ,thpd; nfhs;ifahFk;.

tprp\
tprp\;lhj;itjk;
tjk;
.fr
• Njhw;Wtpj;jth; -- ,uhkhD[h;. =ngUk;GJ}hpy; 1017-y; gpwg;G.

w
• 18-tajpy; =uq;fk; nrd;W nghpaek;gpia re;;jpj;J nfhs;if fw;W JwT G+z;lhh;.

• gpuk#j;jpuk;> gftj;fPijf;F gh\;ak; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
w
• rq;fuh; nfhs;ifapid kWj;jhh;.

//w
• rpj;J> mrpj;J> gukgpukk; Mfpait xd;whfNt cs;sd.

• gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb.itzt
itzt Kå vd miH¡f¥g£lh®
• ÂUnfh£oô® v‹w Ïl¤Âš enkh ehuhazh v‹w kªÂu¤ij nghÂ¤jh®.
s:
• flTis md;Gf;fly;> mofpd; ,Ug;gplk; vdf; fUjpdhh;;.

tp
• ,thpd; Nghjidfs; fPij> cgepljj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lit.

• Mya EiHÎ Ïa¡f¤J¡F K‹ndho vd miH¡f¥g£lh®.
ht
• ngç‹g¤ij mila g¡Âna Áwªj be¿ v‹wh®

• ePyfz;lrpthr;rhhpahH - Nfhfh;zj;jpy; gpwe;j njYq;fh;.
• gpuk#j;jpuj;jpYs;s gh\;aj;jpw;F irt tprp\;lhj;itj Kiwg;gb gh\;ak;
vOjpath; - ePyfz;lrpthr;rhhpahH. ,jw;F ‘ePyfz;lgh\;ak;” vdg;ngah;.
Jitjk;(Ngjhthjk;
(Ngjhthjk;)
• Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - kj;Jth; vDk; Mde;jjPh;j;jH.
• ,aw;ngah; - thRNjtd;.
• ,th; JStehl;by; cLg;gpf;fUfpy; mee;NjRtu fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.
n
• fhyk; 1238 - 1318. 9 tajpy; mr;Rjgpufhrhpd; rPluhfp Jwtpahdhh;.
l.i
• gpuk#j;jpuk;> fPij> jNrhgep\j; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Jitj Kiwg;gb
gh\;ak; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
ta
• 37 nghpa fpue;jq;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
•
or
Jtp vd;why; ,uz;L vdg;nghUs;. [Pthj;khTk;> gukhj;khTk; NtWNtW.
• gpuk;kh Kjypa Njth;fs; [Pth;fNs. gpwg;G> ,wg;G cz;L. ];J}yNjfk; cz;L.
sp
• fHkk; jPh;e;jhy; Nkhl;rk; cz;lhFk;.
• jpUkhNy cah;e;j nja;tk;> mtUf;F nra;Ak; gf;jpNa Kf;jpf;F rhjdk; vd;whh;.
• ob
kj;Jth; nfhs;iffspd; RUf;fk; - caph;fspd; mbg;gilf; Fzq;fshfpa
rj;Jtk;> uhrrk;> jhkrk; vd;w tifapNy mit ngWk; Kf;jpepiyfs;
1) ,d;gNk cs;s Kf;jp 2),d;gk; kw;Wk; Jd;gk; fye;j Kf;jp 3)Jd;gNk cs;s
ej
Kf;jp
• JwÎ, g¡Â, Âahd¤Â‹ _y« ÅL ngW milayh« v‹gJ Ït® nfh£ghL
e
,uhkhde;jh;
.fr
• ,uhkD[hpd; rPlh;.
w
• ,e;jpapy; ,uhkD[hpd; Nghjidfis tl ,e;jpagFjpfspy; gug;gpath;.

• ,e;jpapy; fUj;Jf;fis Nghjpj;j Kjy; rPh;jpUj;jthjp.
w
• flTs; ghh;itapy; midtUk; rkk;. cah;T> jho;T vd;w Ngjk; fpilahJ -

//w
,uhkhde;jhpd; $w;W.
• rPlh;fs; - 12 Ngh; (Kf;fpakhNdhh; -- fgPh;jhrh;> gj;khtjp)
tšygh¢rhçah®
s:
• Ãw¥ò - ».Ã 1479š thuhzhÁ

• ÏWÂahf j§»a Ïl« - gdhu°(thuzhrp)
tp
• Ït® nghÂ¤j j¤Jt« - R¤j m¤itj¡ nfh£ghL ( Jha xU bghUŸ nfh£ghL)

ht
• Ït® nghÂ¤j nfh£ghL - ò°o kh®¡f«

• Ïtç‹ Ól®fëš mZlrh¥ v‹w v£L féP®fŸ ÏUªjd®.
• ‘»UZznd Ãu«k«, g¡ÂÍl‹ K¡ÂailªJ gukh¤khÎl‹ M¤kh fyªJ
bfhŸsyh« ‘ v‹gJ Ïtç‹ bfhŸifahF«.
ehkNjth;
• Ãw¥ò - kAhuhZouhéYŸs g©lçòu«
• Ïtç‹ bfhŸif - c©ik g¡Â, flÎŸ têghL
• ryitj; njhopyhspapd; kfd;.
n
• tp\;Zit “tpj;Njhgh” vd mioj;jth;.
l.i
• cUt têghL ònuh»j rl§Ffis vÂ®¤jh®
• c‹idna c‰W¥ gh®¤J Açæ‹ bgaiu ehL v‹wh®
ta
• ,thpd; ghly;fs; rPf;fpahpd; FUfpue;jrh`pg; vd;w Gdpj E}ypy;
or
Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
irjd;ah;
•
sp
Ãw¥ò - t§fhs¤Âš cŸs ehoah v‹w Ïl« (».Ã 1485)
• tq;fhsj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,th; jPtpu fpU\;z gf;jh;.
• 24 - k; tajpy; JwT G+z;lhh;. ob
• ,thpd; rPlh;fs; ,tiu tp\;Ztpd; mtjhukhf fUjpdh;. kfhgpuG vd
mioj;jdh;.
ej
• flTspd; Gfio nghJ ,lq;fspy; ghLk; rq;fPh;j;jdk; vd;w Kiwia nfhz;L
te;jhh;.
e
Jsrpjhrh;
.fr
• “Nfhrhkp” vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,th; ,uhkgf;jh;.

• ,uhkhazj;ij ,e;jpapy; nkhopngah;j;jhh;. ,e;E}ypd; ngah; -,uhkrhpjkd];.
w
• `pe;jp nkhopapy; [hdfpkq;fs;> ghh;tjp kq;fs; vd;w Ehy;fis vOjpdhh;.

w
• ,th; vOjpa kw;nwhU E}y; - mDkd; rhyP]h (40 ghly;fs;)

kPuhgha;
//w
• ,uh[Gj;jpu ,sturp
• jPtpu fpU\;zgf;juhd ,th; ,uh[];jhdp nkhopapy; gf;jp ghly;fs; ghbdhh;.
• tho;ehspd; ngUk;gFjpia fpU\;zd; gpwe;j ,lkhd kJuhtpYk;>
s:
tsh;e;j ,lkhd gpUe;jhtdj;jpYk; fopj;jhh;.

tp
• Nkthh; jiyefh; rpj;J}hpy; ,tUf;F Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Ãw¥ò - Ïw¥ò RH‰ÁæèUªJ éLg£L ngç‹g ãiyia mila »UZzgf;Â
ht
mtÁa« v‹gJ Ït® fU¤J

• vëa g¡ÂÍ«, e«Ã¡ifÍnk ÅL ngW mila tê v‹wh®
FU ,uhkjhrh;
• rj;ugjp rpth[papd; FU.
• flTs; Kd; midtUk; rkk; vd;gJ ,th; fUj;J.
• rkaf; nfhs;if cgNjrpj;jJld;> rpth[p %yk; xU Njrk; cUthf
n
fhuzkhfapUe;jth;.
Jh;f;fhuhk;
l.i
• kfhuh\;bu Jwtp.
ta
• fpU\;zid ghz;Luq;fd; vd mioj;jhh;.
• ,thpd; gf;jpghly;fs; -- mgq;fq;fs;
s vdg;gLk;.
or
QhNd];tuh;
• kfuh\;buhtpy; gpwe;j ,th; tp\;Zit fpU\;zd; tbtpYk;> ypj;Njhgh
sp
tbtpYk; tzq;fpath;.
• gftj; fPijia kuhl;ba nkhopapy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;. ,jd; ngah; QhNd];thp.
ob
ã«g®f®
• nfhjtç eÂ¡fiuæš ÃwªJ kJuhé‰fUnf Ãu#h v‹w Ïl¤Âš thœªjh®
ej
• uhjh - »UZz têghL brŒjh®. Ïtç‹ bfhs;if - ngjhngj«
•
e
jj;Jtk; - Jitjhj;itjk;
tjk: ,uhkD[hpd; rkfhyj;jth;.
• rj;-itztk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - epk;gh;fhpd; itztk;.
.fr
Vfehj®
w
• Ãw¥ò - kfhuhZouhéYŸs ig¤jh‹ v‹w C®

• f©zå‹ Ôéu g¡j® , bgça ghftj òUõ®
w
N®jhr®
//w
• Ït® vGÂa N®rhf® v‹w Ehš f©zid FHªijahf fUÂ Á¤jç¡»wJ

• “thœÎ xU éisah£L, Åu Ôu¢ braš, Mdhš nghuh£l« m‹W” vd¡T¿dh®
grth;
s:
• fd;dlj;jpy; trpj;j “ypq;fhaj;” vd;w tPu irt tFg;ig Nrh;e;jth;.

tp
• rptNd cah;e;j flTs; vd;whh;.

• Ïtiu Ã‹g‰Wnth®fŸ è§fha¤Jf;fŸ vd¥gL»‹wd®
ht
irt rkak;
10.irt mfg;Gwr; rkaq;fs;
• rptngUkhid Md;khthdJ mila ghpRj;j mwpT> mUs; Mfpatw;iwf;
n
nfhz;L Nghpd;gj;ij jUk; kjk; - irt kjkhFk;.
l.i
• cl;gphpTfs; gy. Kf;fpakhdJ - rpj;jhe;j irtk;.
•
ta
Kg;nghUs; cz;ikfs; - gjp> gR> ghrk;. gjp - flTs; (m) rptk;. ,tUf;Fk;
Uj;ud;> gpuk;kh> tp\;ZTf;Fk; NtWghL cz;L.
or
• %tUf;Fk; KOKjy; flTs; rptNd. flTis rFzh; (m) eph;Fzh; vdf;
$Wth;.
sp
• mfsk; -- eph;f;Fzk;. FwpAk;>FzKk;> njhopYk;> cUtKk; ,y;yhky;
vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Gwk;ghf epw;gij mfsh; vdf; $Wth;.
• mfskha; epd;w mwptUk; ob
mg;nghUNs rFzkhFk;NghJ vl;L
Fzq;fSilajha; Ie;njhopy; ,aw;Wfpd;wJ.
• Kjy;tid ‘vz;Fzj;jhd;”; vdf;$Wk; E}y; - jpUf;Fws;.
ej
• J}a mWFzd;(Rj;j \hl;Fz;zpad;) vd miof;fg;gLgtd; - Kjy;td;.
e
• ‘eph;Fzd;” vd miof;fg;gLgtd; - Kjy;td;

• vz; tif Fzq;fs; :
.fr
1)jd;taj;jhdhjy; ----------- Rtje;jpuij

w
2)J}a clk;gpddhjy;--------- tpRj;jNjfk;

3),aw;if czh;tpddhjy; - mehjpNghjk;
w
4)Kw;Wk; czh;jy; -------------- rh;tQ;Qij

5),ay;ghfNt ghrq;fspypUe;J ePq;Fjy; - mehjpKj;jj;Jtk;
//w
6)NguUs; cilik --------------mYg;j rf;jp

7)Kbtpy; Mw;wYilik
8)tuk;gpypd;gKilik.
s:
• mehjp Kj;jj;Jtj;jpd; NtWnghUs; - epuhkak; (gpzpapd;ik)> epj;jpajpUg;jp.

tp
• ‘Vth;jk; ghYk; ,d;wp vy;iy jPh; mkyw;Fs;s %tpUFzZk; Nra;f;F

Kfq;fsha; cw;w njd;d” - fe;jGuhzk;
ht
• ,iwtd; nra;Ak; njhopy;fs; Ie;J tifg;gLk;. mit - rpU\;b - gilj;jy;;:

rk;`huk; - mopj;jy;: ];jpjp - fhj;jy; : j;Nuhgtk; - kiwj;jy;: mDf;fpufk; -
mUsy;.
• ‘ghrkhk; gw;wWj;J ghhpf;Fk; MhpaNd” - jpUthrfk;(khzpf;fthrfh;)
• ‘Nrh;thh; jhNk jhdhfr; nra;Ak; mtd;” - MSilagps;is vd

miof;fg;gLk; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; vOjpa jpUg;ghl;L.
• ‘gilj;Jk; fhj;Jk; fue;Jk; tpisahb” - jpUthrfk;.
• ‘%d;W %h;j;jpAs; epd;wpa Ye;njhopy; - %d;Wk; Mapd %tpiy #oj;jhd;” -
n
jpUehTf;furh;.
• ‘,uz;Lk; Mkth;f;F cs;sd nra;njhopy;” - jpUehTf;furh;.
l.i
• ‘ge;jk; tPL jU gukd;” - nghpaGuhzk;.
ta
• Kjy;tid ‘tpr;Rthjpfd;> tpr;Rtfhuzd;> tpr;Rt&gp> tpr;Rthe;jhpahkp” vd
miog;gJ -- Ntjq;fs;.
or
• tpr;Rtk; vd;gjw;F cyfk; vd;W nghUs;
• ,j;njhopy;Ghpa ,r;ir> fphpia> Qhdk; Mfpa rf;jpfs; cjtp Ghpfpd;wd.
sp
• ‘]j;fhhpak;’ vd;gJ - ‘cs;sJ NghfhJ : ,y;yhJ thuhJ” .
• irt rka msitfs; 6. mit fhz;ly;> fUjy;> ciu> xg;G> nghUs;> Rghtk;.
ob
• irt rkak; $Wk; ,iwtdpd; ,U ngUepiy - nrh&gepiy> jlj;jepiy.
• irt rkak; ,iwtid rr;rpjhde;jk; vd;fpwJ.
ej
• irtrka fpisfs;:
mfg;Gwr;rkak; mfr;rkaq;fs;
e
.fr
ghRgjk;; khtpujk; fghyk; thkk; taputk; If;fpathjk;

w
ghlhztjk; Ngjthjk; rptrkathjk; rptrq;fpuhde;jthjk; <];tumtpfhuthjk;

rpthj;Jtpjirtk;
w
• mfg;Gwr;rkaq;fs; nkhj;jk; 6. mitfshtd:

• 1.ghRgjk; - Md;kh ,y;iy. ,d;gJd;gk; ntWg;G> Njhd;Wifapy;
//w
Md;kh ,iwaUisg; ngWfpwJ.

• 2.khtpujk; - Md;kh ge;jKw;W ,d;gJd;gj;;ij mDgtpf;Fk;. vYk;Gkhiy
s:
mzpe;J rhpia njhz;L nra;jhy; Kf;jp fpl;Lk;.

• 3. fghyk; - jiyNahl;by; Iak; Vw;W cz;L gr;ir nfhb Ve;jp rptid
tp
topgl;lhy; caph; ,iwtdplk; fyf;Fk;.

• 4. thkk; - rf;jpia topgl;L mjpy; yapg;gNj Kf;jpia ,ak;Gk;.
ht
• 5. taputk; - itutf; flTis rhUtNj Kf;jp.

• 6. If;fpa thjk; - Mzt kykpy;iy. ght> Gz;zpak; ePf;fpd; kha> fd;kq;fs;
mopAk;.
• irt mfr;rkaq;fs;
s 6. mitahtd:
• 1.ghlhzthjk; - Kf;jpapYk; Md;kh ePq;fhJ. fy;Nghy; fplg;gNj Kf;jp.
Md;kh ,iwaplk; $Ltjpy;iy.
• 2. Ngjthjk; - Md;kh %d;W kyk; ePq;fngwpd; ngWthDk;> NgWkha; epw;Fk;
n
mJNt Kf;jp.
• 3.rptrkathjk; - caph; ePq;fg; ngwpd; ,iwtdpd; vz;Fzk; ngw;W>
l.i
Kjy;tNdhL mj;JtpjkhFk;.
ta
• 4.rptrq;fpuhde;jthjk; - cg;gpypl;lit cg;ghtJ Nghy Md;kh rptNkahfp>
rptfuzk; ngWk;.
or
• 5.<];tu mtpfhu thjk; - Flj;jpy; Vw;wpa tpsf;F Nghy Md;kh clk;gpy;
gpufhrpf;Fk;. mJ kyghpghfk;> re;epjpghjk;> Njh;e;j NghJ ,iwtdb milAk;.
sp
• 6. rpthj;Jtpj irtk; - gR> gjp> ghrk; rpj;jhe;j irtj;NjhL xg;gf;$wp kuj;jpd;
nfhk;GfSk; kukhtJ Nghy midj;J ]j;Nj vdTk;> Md;khtplkpUe;J
mwpAk; ]j;J rptNk vdTk; $Wk;.
ob
• irtj;ij mWtifahf gFj;J $WtJk; cz;L. mitahtd:
ngah; topglg;gLk; flTs;
ej
fhzhgj;jpak; fzgjp
e
nfskhuk; KUfd;
.fr
n]suk; #hpad;
itztk; tp\;Z
w
rhf;Njak; rf;jp
irtk; rptd;
w
• ‘xd;wJ Ng&h; top MW mjw;Fs;” -- jpU%yh;.

//w
• “mWtif rkaj;Njhh;f;Fk; mt;tth; nghUsha;” - rptQhdrpj;jpahh;.
11.gjp> gR> ghrk;

• KbTepiy cz;ikg;nghUl;fs; ,iw>caph;>jis vd %d;W tifg;gLk;.
s:
mit KiwNa gjp> gR> ghrk; vdTk; NtWngahpl;L miof;fg;gLk;.

tp
• jis (m) ghrk; vd;gJ Mztk;> fd;kk;> khia vd %d;W tifg;gLk;.

• caph;fspd; epiyfs; - 2. mit gpwg;G epiy> tPl;L epiy.
ht
• ‘ge;jKk; tPLk; Ma gjgjhh;j;jq;fs; my;yhd;” - rptQhdrpj;jpahh;.

• ‘mdhjpKj;j rpj;JUthfpa ve;ij> fl;L tPL vDk; gjq;fisAila gR ghr
gjhh;j;jq;fsJ ,ay;Gilad; my;yd;” - rptQhdrpj;jpahh;.
• ‘gjk; mt;tr; nrt;tp” - rptQhdrpj;jpahh;
• Kjy;tdJ rf;jp jpUtUs; vdTk;> jpUtb vdTk;> rptQhdk; vdTk;> mk;ik

vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
• Kjy;tdhdtd; - Njtrtpjh> rpt#hpad; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;whd;.
• ,iwtdpd; jpUTUtq;fs; %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit 1)Nghftbtk;
n
2)Nfhutbtk; 3)Nahf tbtk;.
gR
l.i
• caph; (m) Md;kh vdg;gLk; gy vd;Wk; mit cs;sit.
ta
• flTs; capiu cz;lhf;Ftjpy;iy. clk;igNa gilf;fpd;whh;. mjDs; nghwp>
Gyd;> fuzk; mikf;fpd;whh;. mit fUtp (m) jj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;.
or
• cs;epiy fUtpfs; 36. Gwepiyf; fUtpfs; 60. nkhj;jk; 96.
•
sp
Md;khtpd; mt];ijfs; - Ie;J. mit 1)[hf;uk; 2)nrhg;dk; 3)R\{g;jp
4)Jhpak; 5)JhpahjPjk;.
• Md;kh 3 tifg;gLk;. 1)tpQ;Qhdfyh;
ob - Mztkyk; gw;wp epw;Fk;
2)gpusahfyh; -- Mzt> fd;k kyk; gw;wp epw;Fk; rfyh; - Mzt> fd;k> khia
kyk; gw;wp epw;Fk;.
ej
• Md;kh ]j]j;J (rhh;e;jjd; tz;zkhFk; jd;ikAilaJ)
ghrk; (m) jis (m) jil
e
• Md;khit gw;wp epw;gJ - ghrkhFk;. gw;wWj;jhy; mJ gjpAld; fyf;Fk;.

.fr
• jis(m) ghrk; Ie;J tifg;gLk;. mit 1)Mztk; 2)fd;kk; 3)jpNuhjap

4)Rj;jkhia 5)mRj;jkhia.
w
• caph;fspd; J}a;ikia khw;wp Jd;GWj;Jk; khR vdg;gLtJ - Mztk;> fd;kk;>

w
khia vDk; %d;Wk;.

• gRit fl;b epd;W ,iwtid milatplhky; jilnra;tJ - ghrk;
//w
Mztk;
• Mzt kyk; - caph;fspd; mwpthw;wiy ,y;iy vDk;gb kiwj;J epw;gJ. ,J
s:
caph;NjhWk; nrk;gpy; fspk;G NghyTk;> ney;Yf;F ckpahfTk; fhzg;gLk;.

• Mzt kyj;jpd; NtWngah;fs; - %ykyk;> rf[kyk;> ,Us;> mtpj;ij>
tp
mwpahik.
•
ht
‘Mztj;ij ePf;fpf; nfhs;s cyfj;jhh; Ke;JtJ ,y;iy” - ckhgjprptdhh;.

• mwpahikf;F fhuzk; - Mztk; MFk;.
• Mztj;jhy; KOtJk; mwptpoe;J epd;w caph;fSf;F rpw;wwpTk; rpWnraYk;
tpsq;Fjw;nghUl;L ,iwtd; khiaapd; rk;ge;jj;ij cz;Lgz;ZtJ -
‘cyFrpU\;b” vdg;gLk;.
• fdT> cwf;fq;fspy; mwpthw;wiy kiwg;gJk;> edT epiyapy; jd;id

Nehf;fhJ Gwg;nghUis Nehf;fp XLkhW ek; mwpit jpirjpUg;GtJ Mzt
kyj;jpd; nrayhFk;.
• Mthufk; - kiwg;G: mNjhepahkpfhrf;jp - fPo;tPo;f;Fk; rf;jp (m) ,Us;.
•
n
epahkpfhrf;jp - kUs;> khR> nrUf;F vdTk; nghUs;gLk;.
fd;kk;
l.i
• fd;kk; -- caph;fs; clk;gpypUf;Fk;NghJ kd>nkhop> nka;fshy; nra;Ak;
ta
ey;ydTk;> jPaTk; Mfpa nray;fNs fd;kkhFk;. ,ij ‘tpid
tpid”
tpid vdf;$Wth;.
• ,J 1)rQ;rpjk; 2)gpuhug;jk; 3)Mfhkpak; vd %tifg;gLk;.
or
• Mfhkpak; - vjph;tpid: gof;f &gkha; Gj;jpapy; Ez;zpa epiyapy; gw;wp
epw;Fk;NghJ ‘fpiltpid” (rQ;rpjk;) vdg;gLk;.
sp
• fpiltpidapy; gf;Ftg;gl;l ghfk; ,d;g> Jd;g Efh;r;rpia gag;gjha;
ntspg;gLk; epiyapy; “Efh;tpid” ( gpuhug;jk;) vdg;gLk;.
ob
• fpiltpid gad;gLk;NghJ mJ %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit 1)Mjpj;ijtpfk; -
nja;tj;jhy; tUtJ 2)Mj;jpahd;kpfk; - mwptpay; nghUNshL $ba caph;fs;
ej
thapyhf tUtJ 3)Mjpngsjpfk; - mwptpay; nghUs; thapyhf tUtJ.
• tho;f;if #o;epiyf;F fhuzkhd fpiltpid - rdfk; vdg;gLk;
e
• MASf;F fhuzkhd fpiltpid -- jhufk; vdg;gLk;.

.fr
• gpwtw;wpw;F fhuzkhd fpiltpid - Nghf;fpak; vdg;gLk;

khia
w
• khia -- Rj;j khia> mRj;jkhia vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

w
• ,d;gk; xd;Nw gag;gJ - Rj;jkhia

• ,d;g> Jd;g> kaf;fk; vd;w %d;iwAk; jUtJ - mRj;jkhia
//w
• jD> fuz> Gtd> Nghfk; vd ehd;Fk; xd;whf ,ize;J epw;Fk;NghJ mjd;

nghUs; - khNaak;
s:
• fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fs; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Kbe;j Kjw;fhuzkhf cs;s nghUs; -

khia MFk;.
tp
• khiaapNyNa Njhd;wp khiaapNyNa kiwtd - jD> fuz> Gtd> Nghfk;

• gpusah kw;Wk; tpQ;QhdfyUf;F jD> Gtd> fuz> Nghfk; Kjypatw;iw
ht
nfhLg;;gJ - Rj;j khia.

• mRj;jkhiaAk; - NkNy nrhd;dtw;iw nfhLf;Fk;. Mdhy; jpNuhjhap
Md;khit ,jpy; mOe;jp fplf;fr; nra;Ak;.
• mRj;jkhiaapd; Kjw;fhhpak; - khia.
• mRj;jkhia - Nkhfpdp> mNjhkhia vd NtWngauhYk; miof;fg;gLk;.

• ‘tpbthk; msTk; tpsf;fiza khia> tbthjp fd;kj;J te;J” - jpUtUl;gad;.
• Rj;jkhia> nrhy; kw;Wk; nghUs; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
• nrhy; - capUf;F> cyfg;nghUs;fis ,~J ,d;dJ vd NtWgLj;jp czUk;
n
rtpfw;g czh;it gaf;Fk;.
•
l.i
nkhop - vOj;J> nrhy;> ke;jpuk; vd 3 tifg;gLk;.
Rj;jkhia
ta
nrhy; nghUs;
or
vOj;J nrhy; ke;jpuk; fiy jj;Jtk;
sp
ob
ept;Uj;jpfiy gpujpl;lhfiy tpj;jpahfiy rhe;jpafiy rhe;jpajPjfiy
ej
ehjk; tpe;J <Rtuk; rhjhf;fpak; Rj;jtpj;ij
e
Rj;jkhia Ie;J tifg;gLk; mit:

.fr
ehjk; rptk;
tpe;J rf;jp
w
rhjhf;fpak; rjhrptd;
<];tuk; kNf];tud;
w
Rj;jtpj;ij cUj;jpud;
//w
• gilg;Gf; fhyk; Kjy; Copf;fhyk; tiu jd; jd;ik khwhJ epiyj;Js;s

nghUl;fs; - jj;Jtq;fs; vdg;gLk;
s:
• capiu cyfNghfj;jpy; mOe;Jk;gb nra;tJ - jj;Jtq;fs;

• mRj;jkhia tpj;jpahjj;Jtk;> Md;kjj;Jtk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
tp
• tpj;jpah jj;Jtk;
tk -- khia> fhyk;> epajp> fiy> tpj;ij> muhfk;> GUld; vd
ht
toq;Fk;.
• Md;kjj;Jtq;fs;
s -- gpuhf;Ujp> Gj;jp> mfq;fhuk;> kdk; vDk; me;jfuzk; vd
ehd;F. nka;> tha;> fz;>%f;F> nrtp vDk; mwpTg;nghwp (QhNde;jphpaq;fs;)
Ie;J. thf;F> ghjk;> ghzp> ghA> cgj;jk; vd;Dk; njhopy;nghwp(fd;Nke;jphpak;)
Ie;J. Rit> xsp>CW> Xir>ehw;wk; vd;Dk; jd;khj;jpiu(#f;FkG+jk;) Ie;J.

thd;> tsp> mdy;> Gdy;> kz; vDk; G+jq;fs; Ie;J. Mf nkhj;jk; 24.
• Gwf;fUtpfspd; vz;zpf;if - 20
• Ik;G+jq;fspd; Ez;zpa epiy - jd;khj;jpiu
•
n
ehjk;> tpe;J> rhjhf;fpak;> <Rtuk;> Rj;jtpj;ij Mfpa Ie;Jk;
rptjj;Jtq;fshFk;.
l.i
• vdNt rptjj;Jtk; - 5> tpj;jpahjj;Jtk; - 7> Md;kjj;Jtk; - 24. Mf nkhj;jk;
ta
irtj;jpy; $wg;gLk; jj;Jtq;fs; 36.
• 24 jj;Jtq;fisAk; mlf;Fk; %tif Fzq;fs; - rj;Jtk;> uhrjk;> jhkrk;
or
• rj;Jtk;> uhrjk;> jhkrk; vdg;gLk; %tif Fzq;fs; gphpahky; mlq;fp epd;w
epiyNa -- %yg;gFjp vdg;gLk;.
sp
• Mde;j kaNfhrk; vdg;gLtJ - ‘fhhpakhia’ vd ijj;jPhpa cgep\j;
$WfpwJ
•
ob
fiy> tpj;ij> muhfk; ,k;%d;wpdhy; caph; jd; nray;> ,r;ir> mwpT
vd;Dk; %tif Mw;wYk; tpsq;fp cyfg;nghUl;fshy; tUk; ,d;gJd;g kaf;f
Efh;r;rpia ngWk; jFjpAilajha; epw;Fk; epiy - GUld;.
ej
• caph;f;F GUldhFk; jd;ikia va;Jtpg;git - tpj;jpahjj;Jtq;fs;.
e
• GUlid Nghfpaha; epd;W kaq;fr; nra;tJ - Md;k jj;Jtq;fs;.

.fr
• fhyk;> epajp> fiy> tpj;ij> muhfk; vDk; 5 jj;Jtq;fspd; njhFjpNa -

tpQ;QhdkaNfhrk; vd ijj;jPhpa cgep\j; Fwpf;fpwJ.
w
• rptjj;Jtk; Ie;Jk; nrYj;Jk; fUtpfs; gw;wp $WtJ - gpNuuf fhz;lk;

vdg;gLk;.
w
12.clk;
12.clk;gpd; tiffs;
//w
• jj;Jtq;fSs; khiaahdJ caphpd; fhuz rhPuk; vdg;gLk;.

• fhyk;> epajp> fiy> tpj;ij> muhfk; vDk; Ie;jpd; njhFjp - fQ;Rf rhPuk;
(fQ;Rfk; - rl;il) vdg;gLk;.
s:
• %yg;gpuf;Ujpapd; Kf;Fzq;fSk; tpsq;fp epw;Fk; epiy - FzrhPuk; MFk;.

tp
• fhuz> fQ;Rf> Fz Mfpa %d;W rhPuKk; Nrh;e;J capUf;F kpf neUf;fkha;

mike;j epiy - gurhPuk;
ht
• gurhPuj;jpw;F Nky; #f;Fk G+jk; vdg;gLk; jd;khj;jpiu Ie;J> kdk;> Gj;jp>

mfq;fhuk; MfpaitAk; Nrh;e;J miktJ - mff;fuzrhPuk;
• 8 jj;Jtq;fshy; mff;fuzrhPuk; mike;j epiy - Ghpal;lfk;.
• fdT epiyapy; ekJ czh;Tk;> Nghf Efh;r;rpAk; cz;lhf fhuzkhd rhPuj;jpd;

ngah; - mff;fuzrhPuk;
• MAs; Kbtpy; cliy caph;ePj;jgpd; gphpNjhh; cliy vLf;f fhuzkhd rhPuk; -
mff;fuzrhPuk;.
•
n
edT epiyapy; Nghf Efh;r;rpf;F fhuzkhf mikAk; gUTlk;gpd; ngah; -
];J}yrhPuk;
l.i
fhuzrhPuk; - Mde;jkaNfhrk;
ta
fQ;Rf rhPuk; - tpQ;QhdkaNfhrk;
FzrhPuk; - kNdhkaNfhrk;
or
mff;fuzrhPuk;(#l;Rk cly;) - gpuhzkaNfhrk;
];J}y rhPuk; (caph;) - md;dkaNfhrk;
sp
• ghrq;fs; ePq;fp epw;wy; - Kjy;td; ,yf;fzk;.
• ghrq;fspy; fl;Lz;L epw;wy; - caph;fspd; ,yf;fzk;.
•
•
ob
‘kPsh mbik cdf;Nf” - vd;Wiuj;jth; ek;gpah&uh;(Re;juh;)
‘vd;W eP md;W ehd; cd;dbikay;yNth!” - jhAkhdth;.
Md;khf;fs;
ej
• caph;fspd; Njhw;wk; ehd;F. gpwg;G VO tif. cUtNtw;Wik (Ngjk;) 84 yl;rk;
e
• ehd;F tif Njhw;wk;

.fr
mz;l[k; Kl;ilapy; Njhd;Wtd. v.fh. gwit> Ch;td> ePh;tho;td

];Ntj[k; Nth;itapy; Njhd;Wtd. v.fh. fpUkp> Ngd;
w
cj;gp[;[k; tpj;J> Nth;> nfhb> fpoq;fpypUe;J Njhd;WtJ (jhtuq;fs;)

ruhA[k; fUg;igapy; Njhd;Wtd v.fh. kdpjUk;> tpyq;FfSk;
w
vOtif gpwg;Gf;fshtd:
//w
gpwg;G cUtNtw;Wik gpwg;G cUtNtw;Wik

Njth; gjpNdhU ,yl;rk; gwit gj;J ,yl;rk;
s:
kdpjh; xd;gJ ,yl;rk; Ch;td gjpide;J yl;rk;

tpyq;Ffs; gj;J ,yl;rk; ePh;tho;td gj;J yl;rk;
tp
jhtuk; gj;njhd;gJ yl;rk;

ht
• jhtuk; vd;gJ - mruk; vdTk;> epiyapay; nghUs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

• Nkw;fhZk; Vida gpwg;Gg; nghUl;fs;midj;Jk; rq;fkk; vdTk;> ruk; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;.
• ‘cwq;FtJ NghYk; rhf;fhL> cwq;fp tpopg;gJ Nghy gpwg;G” - jpUf;Fws;.
• ‘itaj;J ,we;jhiu vz;zpf; nfhz;lw;W” - jpUf;Fws;
13.flTSk;
13.flTSk; capUk;
• flTshy; Md;khf;fSf;F jD> fuz> Gtd> Nghfk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• cyif jD> fuz> Gtd> Nghfk; vd ehd;F tifg;gl tpsf;FtJ - irtE}y;
n
• jD - 84 yl;rk; Ngjj;jpw;Fk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; clk;Gfs;.
l.i
• fuzk; - 36 jj;Jtq;fis nfhz;l kdk; vd;Dk; mff;fUtpfshfTk;>
Gwf;fUtpfshf 60 jj;Jtq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
ta
• clk;Gf;F Mjhukhf cs;s epyk; - Gtdk;
or
• Nghfk; - caph;fs;> Ie;J ,e;jphpaq;fs; %yk; Efu tpUk;Gk; ,d;gkhFk;.
• mRtj;jk; vd;w kuj;jpd; ,U gwitfs; - [Pthj;kh kw;Wk; gukhj;kh -- Kz;lf
sp
cgep\j;.
• ‘Nfty rfy Rj;jnkd;W %d;wtj;ij Md;kh” --- rptQhdrpj;jpahh;.
• ob
caphpd; %d;W mbg;gil czh;T epiyfs; - 1)Nftyk; 2)rfyk; 3)Rj;jk;
• Nftyk;(,uT) - mwpahikapy; mOe;Jk; epiy
• rfyk; (gfy;) - cyfg;nghUl;fspd; jd;ikapy; mOe;Jk; epiy.
ej
• Rj;jk;(,uT gfyw;w ,lk;) - Kjy;tdpd; jpUtUspy; mOe;Jk; epiy.
e
• Nftyhtj;ij : ,iwtd; cyifg; gilf;Fk; Kd; vt;tpj clk;Gk; ,y;yhky;

Md;kh mQ;Qhdj;jpy; #og;gl;L fplf;Fk;.
.fr
• rfyhtj;ij : jD> fuz> Nghfj;jpy; jpisf;Fk; Md;kh.

w
• Rj;jhtj;ij : Md;kh tpUg;G> ntWg;gw;w epiyapypUf;Fk;. fd;kk;> khia>

mfd;W Qhdk; mUSk;.
w
• rpj;jpahhpd; $w;Wg;gb> Md;khtpw;F NtnwhU tifapy; 5 mtj;ij cz;L.

//w
Ie;J mt];ijfs;
jfs; ,lk; fUtp
[hf;uk; GUteL 35
nrhg;gdk; fOj;J 25
s:
R\{g;jp ,jak; 3
Jhpak; ehgp 2
tp
JhpahjPjk; %yhjhuk; 1
• capuhdJ md;dkaNfhrj;ijg; gw;wp njhopy;gl;L tpidg;gaid EfUk; epiy
ht
- edT([hf;uk;)
• capuhdJ gpuhzkaNfhrj;ijg; gw;wp epidT czh;TfNshL $b
tpidg;gad;fis EfUk; epiy - fdT (nrhg;gdk;)
• capuhdJ kNdhkaNfhrj;ij gw;wp epd;W xLf;fKWk; epiy - cwf;fk;; (ROj;jp

(m) R\{g;jp)
• capuhdJ tpQ;QhdkaNfhrj;ijg; gw;wp epw;Fk; epiy - NgUwf;fk; (Jhpak;)
• capuhdJ Mde;jkaNfhrj;ijg; gw;wp epw;Fk; epiy - caph;g;glf;fk;(JhpahjPjk;)
n
• R\{g;jpapy; -- gpuhzthA> rpj;jk;> GUlj;;Jtk; Mfpait fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• Jhpaj;jpy; -- gpuhzthA> GUlj;Jtk; Mfpait fhzg;gLfpwJ.
l.i
• JhpahjPjj;jpy; -- GUlj;Jtk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ta
• ek; clypDs; cs;s Ez;Zly; #f;Fk rhPuk; (m) ahjdh rhPuk; (m) Mtp (m)
cs;Slk;G vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
or
• ];J}yj;jpypUe;J #f;Fkk; gphpe;J nry;tij glk;gpbj;jth; - ghluf;
• ];J}yrhPuj;jpDs; #f;FkrhPuKk;> #f;FkrhPuj;jpDs; FzrhPuKk;>
sp
FzrhPuj;jpDs; fQ;Rf rhPuKk;> fQ;RfrhPuj;jpDs;; fhuz rhPuKk; cs;sd.
• fdT fhZk; rhPuk; -- #f;Fk rhPuk; ob
• ];J}y cliytpl;L caph; gphpAk; epiy - kuzk;
14.Kf;jp khh;f;fq;fs;
ej
• Mztk;> fd;kk;> khia vdg;gLk; %d;W jisfis ePf;fp Kjy;tid
e
jiyg;gLtJ - tPLNgW (m) Nkhl;rk; (m) rptj;Jt mgptpaf;jp

• gukgjk; -- vy;yhtw;wpYk; cah;e;j fjpaha; fhz;ghDk;> fhl;LtJk; Njhd;whJ
.fr
mDgtpj;J mwptJ.
•
w
‘ghrj;ij gRf;fs; tpl;L gjpapid miltNj Kf;jp” - rptQhdrpj;jpahh;.

• ‘Nrh;thh; jhNk jhdhfr; nra;Ak; mtd;” - jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
w
• rptNdhL ,uz;lw fye;J gphpahJ mtid gw;Wk; epiy - rhA[;[pak;

•
//w
Nrhghdf;fpukk; vd;gjd; nghUs; - gbtopKiw

• tPLNgW (m) Kf;jp miltjw;Fhpa khh;f;fq;fs; vz;zpf;if - 4
Kf;jp NtWngah; Md;khf;fs; Kf;jp milAk; ctik
milAk; gjtp
s:
khh;f;fk; mile;jth;fs; epiy

rhpia jh] khh;f;fk; rhNyhfk; jpUehTf;;furh; gj Kj;jp mUk;G
fphpia rw;Gj;jpukhh;f;fk; rhkPgk; Qhdrk;ge;jh; gj Kj;jp kyh;
tp
(kfd;iknewp)
Nahfk; rf khh;f;fk; rh&gk; Re;juh; gj Kj;jp fha;
ht
Qhdk; rd;khh;f;fk; rhA[;[pak; khzpf;fthrfh; gu Kj;jp fdp

• ehy;tif khh;f;fq;fisAk;; > mUk;G>kyh;>fha;> fdpf;F xg;gpl;L tpsf;fpath; -
jhAkhdth;.
• ‘gw;Wf gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid” - jpUf;Fws;.
rhpia kw;Wk; fphpia

• ,iwtdpd; cUtbtk; xd;wpidNa nghUs; vd czh;e;J ,aw;wg;gLk;
topghL - rhpia
• ,iwtdpd; mUTUtk; (m) ypq;fk; xd;wpidNa nghUs; vd czh;eJ
;
n
mfk;Gwk; ,uz;lhYk; ,aw;wg;gLk; topghL - fphpia (rptG+i[> rptjd;kk;)
l.i
• rptG+i[f;F nra;ag;gLk; Rj;jpfspd; vz;zpf;if - 5 (G+j> jhd> jputpa> ke;jpu
kw;Wk; ypq;f Rj;jpfs;)
ta
• ‘md;gpdpy; tpise;j MuKNj” ‘<wpyh gjq;fs; ahitAk; fle;j ,d;gNk
vd;Dila md;Ng” ‘md;Ng rptkhtjhUk; mUfpyh;” ‘md;gpy; Cd;w
or
cs;nsOk; Nrhjpaha; epd;wdd;” -- jpUKiwfs;.
• ‘tpUk;Gk; rhpia Kjy; nka;Qhdk; ehd;Fk; mUk;Gkyh; fha;fdpNghy; md;Nwh”
sp
- jhAkhdth;.
• ‘,Us;Nrh; ,UtpidAk; Nruh ,iwtd; nghUs;Nrh; Gfo;Ghpe;jhh; khl;L” - jpUf;Fws;.
•
ob
,iwAyfj;jpy; cs;s ,d;gq;fis Efh;e;J thOjy; - rhNyhfk;.
• ,d;gj;NjhL xU Gjy;tid Nghy ,iwtd; mUfpy; mkUk; epiy - rhkPgk;
ej
• ,iwtd; cUtk; Nghd;W cUte;jhq;fp ,d;gk; EfUk; epiy - rh&gk;
• ,iwtNdhL epj;jpahde;jk; mDgtpj;J gpwtpia mWj;J ePôp fhyk; thOk;
e
epiy - rhA[;[pak;.
.fr
Nahfk;
• gf;jd; jd; ntspj;Njhw;wk; Jwe;J cs;slq;fp ,iwtNdhL xd;Wk; epiy --
w
Nahfk;.
w
• ,iwtdpd; mUtk; xd;wpidNa nghUs; vd czh;e;J ,aw;wg;gLk; topghL -

Nahfk;.
//w
• Nahfpah; milAk; rpj;jpfspd; vz;zpf;if - 8

• Nahfj;jpd; mq;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 8
s:
• Nahfj;jpd; tiffs;: 1),akk; 2)epakk; 3)Mrdk; 4)gpuhzahkk;

5)gpuj;jpahfhuk; 6)jhuiz 7)jpahdk; 8)rkhjp
tp
• ,akk; - jd;id mlf;Fjy; (10 tifg;gLk;)

• nghJnthOf;fj;jpy; mlq;FtJ - ,akk;> epakk;.
ht
• epakk; -- jd;id epr;rapj;J nfhs;Sjy; (10 tifg;gLk;)

• Mrdk;(,Uf;if) -- Nahfj;ij xOq;fhf elj;j clk;ig mkur; nra;jy;
• gpuhzhahkk; (tspepiy) - (gpuhzthAit ke;jpu [gj;NjhL (m) vJTkpd;wp
mlf;FtJ)
• gpuj;jpahfuk;(njhifepiy) - kdij Ik;Gytop nry;ytplhky;

xUKfg;gLj;Jjy;
• jhuiz(nghiwepiy) - Kjypy; cgNjrk; ngw;W epk;kjpahd
jpahdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; epiy.
•
n
jpahdk;(epidjy;) -- kdij rydkpd;wp ,iwtDld; epWj;Jjy;
• rkhjp(mJthjy;) - kdk;> RaNghfj;ij ,oe;J ,iwaUspy; Njha;e;J epw;gJ.
l.i
Qhdk;
ta
• ,iwtdpd; mUs;topepw;wy; - Qhdk;
• Qhdj;jpd; %ykhf fpilf;Fk; epiy - tPLNgW (m) guKj;jp (m) rhA[;[pak; (m)
or
gukyl;rpak;.
•
sp
‘Qhdk; <rd;ghy; md;Ng vd;wdh;” - nghpaGuhzk;
• rhj;jpuk; Muha;e;J mtw;wpd; rhuj;ij FUtpdplk; Nfl;L> Nfl;ltw;iw
rpe;jpj;J njspe;J> njspe;jij Nkw;nfhz;L> Qhdk; (mwpT) QhjpU(mwpgtd;)>
ob
NQak; (mwpgLnghUs;) ,tw;iw fle;J guk;nghUspd; eph;tpfw;g Qhdj;jhy;
nra;Ak; Muhjid.
ej
Qhdk;
e
gjpQhdk; gRQhdk; ghrQhdk;

.fr
jw;gpufhrk;(xspQhdk;) gug;gpufhrk;(Md;khitfhl;Ljy;)
w
• gRQhdk; - jw;nrh&gkwpahJ re;Njfg;gl;L epw;Fk;

• ghrQhdk; - cyfg;nghUis xUthW mwpAk; vdyhk;
w
• gjpQhdNk cz;ikahdJ. mJNt gpuk;kQhdkhFk;.

//w
• QhdkhdJ Nfl;ly;> rpe;jpj;jy;> njspjy;> ep\;il vd ehy;tifg;gLk;.

• ,tw;iw filgpbf;f guKj;jp fpilf;Fk;.
• rptGz;zpaj;jpd; gadha; mwptpd;fz; ‘,Utpidnahg;G” vDk; FwpNjhd;Wk;.
s:
• mjhtJ ey;tpid>jPtpid ,uz;ilAk; rkkhf ghtpf;Fk; gz;G.

tp
• ,Utpidnahg;gpd;fz; epfo;td: 1)kyghpghfk; 2)rj;jpepghjk;

• kyghpghfk; - kyrf;jpfs; Nja;e;J mfYjw;Fhpa gUtk; va;Jjy;.
ht
• rj;jpepghjk; - kyghpghfk; epfOk;NghJ ,iwtd; mUs; caphpd;fz;

gjpAk;. ,g;gjpT rj;jpepghjk;. ,jpy; epfo;tJ nka;Azh;T.
• FU = F + H+ c: F - kyk;: U - ePf;Fgth;:
• ‘FUl;bid ePf;Fk; FUtpid nfhs;shh;” - jpU%yh;.
15.j
15.jPl;ir
• capUf;F ghrj;ijf; nfLj;J Qhdj;ij (m) nka;Azh;it Vw;Wf;nfhz;L
ed;ik gag;gJ - jPl;ir vdg;gLk;.
• Kjy;tdJ re;epjpapy; jPl;ir vdg;gLtJ - njhopw;ghL MFk;.
n
• Kjy;td; nra;Ak; Ie;njhopy;fSs; mUsy; vdg;nghUs;gLtJ - jPl;ir
l.i
• irtj; jpUKiwfis XJtjw;Fk;> irt newpia xOFtjw;Fk; jFjpia
cz;L gz;ZtJ - rptjPl;ir vdg;gLk;.
ta
• Kjy;tdhy; jug;gLk; jPl;irapd; tiffs; - 2> mit 1)epuhjhuk;> 2)rhjhuk;
or
• Kjy;td; jhNd nra;Ak; mUl;nray; - epuhjhu jPl;ir
• mg;gh;> rk;ge;jh;> Re;juh; MfpaNahUf;F mspj;jJ - epuhjhu jPl;ir
sp
• tpQ;QhdfyUf;Fk;> gpusahfyUf;Fk; ,iwtd; mspj;j jPl;ir - epuhjhu jPl;ir
• rfyUf;F Kjy;td; mspf;Fk; jPl;ir - rhjhu jPl;ir
• ob
khzpf;fthrfUf;F mspf;fg;gl;l jPl;ir tif - rhjhu jPl;ir
• rhjhu jPl;ir nghJthf jPl;ir vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
• jPl;irapd; tiffs;:- 3> mit 1)rkajPf;if 2)tpNrljPf;if 3)eph;thz jPf;if
ej
• rhpia njhlq;FKd; nra;ag;gLtJ - rkajPf;if.
e
• fphpia njhlq;FKd; nra;ag;gLtJ - tpNr\jPf;if

•
.fr
Nahfk;> Qhdk; njhlq;FKd; nra;ag;gLtJ - eph;thz jPf;if

• jPl;ir nra;Ak; Kiwfs; - 7 tifg;gLk;. mit: 1)];ghprjPl;ir
w
2)eadjPl;ir(jpUNehf;F) 3)khdjjPl;ir(ghtid) 4)thrfjPl;ir(ciu)

5)ke;jpujPl;ir(rhj;jpuk;) 6)NahfjPl;ir 7)xsj;jphpjPl;ir
w
• Nfhop jd; Kl;ilia milfhj;J FQ;ir ntsptur; nra;tJ Nghy; FU jd;

fuj;jhy; rPlid njhl;L rPlDf;F fh;kghrk; ePq;fr; nra;J gf;Ftg;gLj;JtJ -
//w
];ghpr jPf;if.
• kPd; jd; rpidapypUe;J FQ;ir ntsptu nra;tJNghy Mrphpad; jd;
s:
mUs;Nehf;fhy; ghr ge;jj;jpypUe;J khzf;fid tpLtpj;jy; - ead

jPl;ir(jpUNehf;F).
tp
• Mik jd; Kl;ilia kdj;jhy; epidj;J cjTtJNghy FU jd; khztdJ

kdij jd;tag;gLj;jp mtdJ fh;kj;jpd; typikia Fiwa itj;jy; - khdj
ht
jPl;ir(ghtid).
• FU cgNjrpj;J khztd; njspjy; - thrfjPl;ir(ciu).
• ‘fhjw;w CrpAk; thuhJ fhZq; fil topf;Nf” - vd;W kUjthzhpd;
cgNjrj;jhy; JwT G+z;lth; - gl;bdj;jhh;. ,J thrfjPl;irf;F v.fh. MFk;.
• ‘nrj;jjpd; tapw;wpy; rpwpaJ gpwe;jhy; vj;ijj; jpd;W vq;Nf fplf;Fk;?” vd;W

kJuftpaho;thh; Nfl;ljw;F ‘mj;ijj; jpd;W mq;Nf fplf;Fk;” vd;W
ciuj;jth; - ek;kho;thh;;. ,JTk; thrfjPl;irf;F v.fh. MFk;.
• FUthdth; ke;jpuj;ij cgNjrpj;J> mij rPlh;fs; cr;rhpg;gjd; %yk;
mth;fsJ kyq;fis mopar;nra;tJ - ke;jpu jPl;ir
n
• Nahfk; vd;gJ - Nrh;f;if vd nghUs;gLk;.
l.i
• FU khzf;fid ,iwtNdhL xd;w itg;gJ - Nahf jPl;ir
ta
• N`hkh mf;dp %yk; rPldpd; kyq;fis ePf;fr; nra;tJ - xsj;jphp jPf;if.
• xsj;jphp jPf;if nra;Ak; Kiwfs; - 2 tif. mit 1)fphpahtpjp 2)Qhdtop
or
• Fz;lkz;lyq;fis N`hkj;NjhL nra;tJ - fphpahtpjp vdg;gLk;.
• Fz;lkz;lyq;fs; ,d;wp N`hkj;ij kdjhy; nra;tJ - Qhd top.
sp
• xsj;jphp jPf;ifapd; tiffs; - 3> mit rkajPf;if> tpNrljPf;if> epUthz jPf;if
• xsj;jphpapd; tif %d;Wk; jdpj;jdpNa eph;gPrk;> rgPrk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
ob
• cgNjrpf;Fk; ke;jpuq;fis gPr mf;fuq;fspd;wp czh;j;JtJ - eph;g;gPrk;.
mjhtJ ,J rka Mrhuq;fis Xk;gp xOf Kbahjth;fSf;F nra;ag;gLtJ.
ej
• eph;gPrj;jpd; NtWngah; - epujpfhiu.
• ke;jpuq;fis gPrq;fSld; czh;j;JtJ - rgPrk;.
e
• rgPrj;jpd; NtWngah; - rhjpfhiu

.fr
• Nts;tpr;rhiy mikj;J> jPAUtha; tpsq;Fk; ,iwtid khzf;fd;

topgLk;gb nra;J N`hkj;jhy; J}a;ikg;gLj;JtJ - rkajPf;if
w
• rkajPf;ifapd; NtWngah; - ke;jpuhjpfhiu

w
• rkajPf;if ngw;w khzf;fid rptGj;jpud; Mfnra;tJ - tpNrljPf;if

• tpNrljPf;ifapd; NtWngah;fs; - mh;r;rdhjpfhiu> Nahfhjpfhiu
//w
• khzf;fdpd; rQ;rpj fd;kj;ij tYtpof;fr; nra;J> %y kyj;jpd; typia

ePf;fp> Kg;nghUs; gw;wpa nka;Azh;it nghJtifahy; tpsq;fr;nra;tJ -
eph;thzjPf;if.
s:
• eph;thz jPf;if ngw;Nwhh; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; newp - Qhdnewp.

tp
16.G+i[ nra;jy;
• G+i[apd; tiffs; - 2> mit Mj;khh;j;jk;> guhh;j;jk;
ht
• Mj;khh;j;jk; -- jd;nghUl;L G+i[ nra;jy;

• guhh;j;jk; -- gpwh; nghUl;L G+i[ nra;jy;
• guhh;j;jk; (m) rkatopghL 1)epj;jpak; 2)iekpj;jpfk; 3)fhkpfk; vd %tifg;gLk;.
• md;whlk; khwhky; nra;JtUk; rkatopghl;L G+i[ - epj;jpak;
• tpNrl fhyq;fspy; nra;ag;gLk; rpwg;G topghL - iekpj;jpfk;

• rpw;rpy gad;fis fUjp E}y;fspy; tpjpj;jg;gb mt;tg;NghJ nra;ag;gLk;
topghL - fhkpak;
• eph;gPrjPf;if ngw;wth; - epj;jpa topghL xd;wpw;Nf chpath;.
n
• rgPrjPf;if ngw;wth; midj;J tpj topghL nra;tjw;Fhpath;.
• [Ptd; Kj;jh;fs; : [PtNdhL ,iwtd; jpUtUis Efh;e;J ,t;Tyfpy;
l.i
tho;gth;fs;. ,th;fsplk; Kk;kykope;Jk; mjid vQ;rpa thrid
ta
kyk; ,Uf;Fk;. v.fh. tp];thkpj;jpuh;> fhrpgKdpth;.
• thrid kyk; ePq;f - mbahh;fisAk;> Myaq;fisAk; ,iwtdhf fUjp
or
topgl Ntz;Lk;.
17.Mya
17.Mya eph;khzk;
sp
• rpthfkq;fs; - 28> irt cghfkq;fs; - 116> rj;Nja cghfkq;fs; - 64>
gQ;ruhj;uhfkq;fs; - 108. ob
• ve;j Mfkj;ij xl;b Myak; epWtg;gLfpwNjh me;j Mfkj;ij Mjhukhff;
nfhz;Nl G+i[ Kjypait eilngWk;.
ej
• Mya eph;khzk; - 1)Mth;j;jk; 2)mehth;j;jdk; 3)Gduhth;j;jdk; 4)me;jhpjk;
vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
e
• Mth;j;jk; - Gjpjhf Myaq;fl;b Kjd;Kjypy; tpf;ufk; epWtp mDf;iQ Kjy;

.fr
Fk;ghgpN\fk; tiu Kbg;gJ.

• mehth;j;jk; - kio> Gtpajph;r;rp Kjypa ,aw;ifrPw;wj;jpd; Nghpy; Myakope;J
w
Nghdhy; kPz;Lk; GJg;gpj;jy;.

w
• Gduhth;j;jdk; (m) [Ph;Nzhj;jhuz m\;lge;jd Fk;ghgpN\fk; - Myaj;jpy;

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rpy ghfk; rpije;J Nghdhy; kPz;Lk; GJg;gpj;jy;. vl;L
//w
rf;jpNahL ,iwtid ,izg;gJ - m\;lge;jdk;.

• me;jhpjk; - mRj;jg; nghUNshL jpUlh; GFe;jjdhy; Myaj;ij Rj;jk;
nra;Ak; nghUl;L nra;ag;gLk; rk;g;Nuhl;rdk; me;jhpjk; vdg;gLk;.
s:
• gpujpl;ilf;Fhpa fphpiafs; nkhj;jk; 64.

tp
• mDQ;iQ - Mfk E}y;fis Muha;e;J> fphpiafis xOq;Fg;glnra;Ak;

Mw;wy; te;j Xh; Mr;rhpaid Njh;e;njLj;J> ,t;thpa nraiy
ht
nra;tjw;F ,iwtd; mDkjp ngw;W epakdk; nra;tjhFk;.

• fzgjp G+i[ - vLj;j fhhpak; ,dpJ epiwNtw
• th];J rhe;jp - Njth;fis G+[pj;J ,ilA+W Neuhtz;zk; Fk;ghgpN\f gzp

nra;Nthh;> fye;J nfhs;NthUf;F ,d;dy; tuhkYk;> mRu njhe;juT
NeuhkYk; ,Uf;f nra;Ak; fphpia.
• kz; vLj;jy;
y - ,e;jpud; Kjypa 8 fhtyhplk; mDkjp ngw;W> Rj;j G+kpapypUe;J
kz; vLj;J gs;sj;jpy; mgpNrfk; nra;jy;.
n
• KisaPL - ghypif vd;w kz;ghj;jpuj;jpy; tpijapl;L cyf rpU\;bia
l.i
czh;tpj;jy;.
ta
• fhg;Gfl;L - fphpia elj;JNthUf;F ,ilA+W Neuhtz;zk; ke;jpu fapw;iw
ifapy; fl;Ljy;.
or
• Fk;gjhdk;
jhdk - Flj;ij clyhf ghtpj;J> [Ptdhf ke;jpuq; $wpa tpj;ahNjfkhf
ghtpj;jy;.
sp
• fyhfh;\zk; - ve;j %h;j;jpia vf;Flj;jpy; Mthfdk; nra;fpNwhNkh
mf;Flj;jpy; %h;j;jp ,Ug;gjhf epidj;J topgly;.
•
ob
ahfrhiy - Fk;ghgpN\fj;jpw;F Kd; ahfrhiy 1>3>5>9 Fz;ltpjhdkhf
mikf;fg;gLk;. gpd; mjid 81 ghfkhf nra;J eLtpy; gpukgjj;jpid
mikg;gh;. mjid Rw;wp 16> 24> 32 vd gy gjq;fis mikg;gh;. mjpy; jP
ej
tsh;j;J> G+i[ nghUl;fis vhpg;gh;. mJ ,iwtDf;F ‘`tp];” vDk;
e
nghUshf khwp mthplk; Nrh;fpd;wJ.

• gpk;gRj;jp - tpf;ufj;jpYs;s mOf;F ePq;Fjw;nghUl;L gl;il> jsph;>
.fr
kz; ,itfisf; nfhz;L Nja;j;J mgpNlfk; nra;jy;.

•
w
];gh;rhFjp - ahfrhiy Flj;jpw;Fk;> %y tpf;ufj;jpw;Fk; jh;g;igf; fapW>jq;ff;

fk;gp> nts;spf;fk;gp ,tw;why; ,izg;G Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
w
• m\;lge;jdk;
dk - ,J %y];jhd %h;j;jpf;F nra;ag;gLk; Kf;fpa
fphpiaahFk;. %H;j;jpiaAk;> gPlj;ijAk; xd;WNrh;j;jy; (m) gjpj;jy;
//w
MFk;. ,t;thW Nrh;j;jYf;F kUe;Jrhj;jy; vdf; $Wth;.

• kUe;J nghUl;fs; - Rf;fhd;> fw;nghb> Fq;fpypak;> nfhk;guf;F> fhtpf;fy;>
s:
nrk;gQ;R> ,ypq;fk;> nts;;is nkOF> ntz;nza; vd vl;L MFk;.

• FlKOf;F - ahfrhiyapy; ve;j %h;j;jpf;F ve;j Flk; itj;J G+[pf;fg;
tp
gLfpwNjh mf;FlePiu %h;j;jpf;F mgpNlfk; nra;jy;.

• kfhgpN\
kfhgpN\fk;
fk - Fk;ghgpN\fk; fope;jgpd; ,iwtdpd; vOe;jUspf;Fk;
ht
tpf;ufj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kiwg;gb mgpN\f> myq;fhu epNtjdk; nra;jy;

• kz;ly mgpN\
mgpN\fk; - kfhFk;ghgpN\fk; Kbe;J %d;Wgl;rk; fopj;J nra;Ak;
mgpN\f Muhjid.
• gQ;r Rj;jp - G+[pg;gth; cly; cs;sk; Rj;jkhf ,Uf;fr; nra;tJ.
Itif Rj;jpfs;
• Mj;kRj;jp - Mr;rhhpad; jd; cliy Nfhtpy; cs;spUf;Fk; jpUNkdp Nghy
Rj;jkhf itj;jy;.
• ];jhd Rj;jp - mh;f;fpa ePiu G+kpapy; njspj;J Myaj;jpd;
n
midj;J ,lq;fisAk; Rj;jkhf itj;jy;
l.i
• jputpa Rj;jp - G+i[ nghUl;fis (ghj;jpuk;) ed;F fOtp rq;F ePuhy;
G+i[ gjhh;j;jj;ij mh;f;fpa ePh;nfhz;L njspj;jy;.
ta
• ke;jpu Rj;jp - gP[hl;ru ke;jpuj;ij R\{k;id ehbapy; mlf;fp me;je;j %h;jj
; pf;F
chpa %yke;jpuj;ij gj;J Kiw [gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
or
• ,ypq;f Rj;jp - mgpNlf ghj;jpuj;jpy; ePh; epug;gp fq;if Kjypa 9 jPh;j;jq;fis
Mthfdk; nra;J ,ypq;fj;jpy; mgpNlfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. tpf;ufq;fspy; xl;b
sp
fplf;Fk; nkOfpid fiye;J Rj;j Mil fl;lNtz;Lk;.
NrhlNrhgrhuq;fs; ob
• ,J ,iwtDf;Fhpa G+i[apy; nra;ag;gLk; 16 cgrhuq;fs;.
• 1.Mthfdk;
1.Mthfdk - ,iwtid tutioj;J Neh;Kfg;gLj;jp tpf;ufj;jy; Nrh;g;gjw;F
ej
Mthfdk; vd;W ngah;. ,J %yhjhuj;jpYs;s [Ptirjd;aj;ij vLj;J
R\{k;id topahf NkNyw;wp nfhz;L te;jjhf rq;fw;gk; nra;jy;.
e
• 2. ];jhgdk; - ,iwtid tpf;ufj;jpy; vOe;jUs Ntz;Lnkd gpuhh;j;jpj;J

.fr
gPlj;jYs;s tpf;ufj;jpy; ,iwtid mkh;j;Jjy;.

• 3.re;epjhdk;
pjhdk - ,J g+[pf;fg;gLk; %h;j;jp ekf;F mDf;fpufk; nra;Ak; KiwAk;>
w
G+[fd; mUs;ngWk; KiwAkhFk;.

w
• 4.re;epNuhjdk; - ,iwth mbNadplk; vd;Wk; fUizNahL ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;

vd Ntz;b G+i[ KbT tiu rhepj;ak; nra;AkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;Sjy;
//w
• 5.mtFz;ldk;
dk - tpf;ufj;ijr; Rw;wp ftr ke;jpuj;jhy; %d;W mfo; cz;lhf;fp
jilfs; tuhky; mk;ke;jpuj;jhNyNa mjid %l Ntz;Lk;.
• 6.mgpN
6.mgpN\
mgpN\fk; - vz;nza;> khg;nghb> ney;ypKs;sp> kQ;rs;nghb> gQ;rft;ak;>
s:
gQ;rhkph;jk;> ghy;> japh;> Njd;> fUk;G> thiog;gok;> vYkpr;irgor;rhW> ,sePh;>

tp
md;dk;> tpG+jp> re;jdk;> gj;Nuhjfk;> Fk;Nghjfk; ,tw;iw thpirg;gb

mgpNlfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mgpNlfj;jpw;Fg;gpd; NjDKj;jpiu fhl;lNtz;Lk;.
ht
• NjD Kj;jpiu vd;gJ gRtpd; mfL Nghd;w Kj;jpiu MFk;.

• 7.ghj;
7.ghj;ak;
k - re;jdk;> ntz;fLF> tpyhkpr;ir ,e;j ehd;F nghUl;fisAk; ghj;a
ePhpy; fiuj;J %yke;jpuj;ij ‘ek” vd KbAkhW $wp ghjj;jpy; tplNtz;Lk;.
• 8.MrkeP
8.MrkePak; - ePhpy; Vyf;fha;> fpuhk;G> gr;irf;fw;G+uk;> ehtw;gok;> rhjpf;fha;>
Fq;Fkg;G+ vd;w nghUl;fis ,l;L rk;fpjh ke;jpuk; Kk;Kiw nrhy;yp ghjj;jpd;
mbapy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• 9.mh;
9.mh;f;fpak;
pak - ,iwtDf;F %yke;jpuk; $wp vs;> atney;> jh;G+rzp> ghy;> mhprp>
G\;gk;> ntz;fLF Kjypad fye;jePuhy; rpurpy; rkh;g;gpj;J mh;f;fpak; nfhLf;f
n
Ntz;Lk;.
l.i
• 10. khiy rhj;Jjy; - mofpa G\;gq;fshy; ,iwtid myq;fhpj;jy;.
ta
• 11. J}gk;
}gk - re;epjpapy; rhk;gpuhzp Gifj;jy; MFk;. ,J fphpah rf;jpiaf;
nfhz;L Mztkyj;ij mfw;wyhk; vd;gJ jj;Jtk;. mfpy;> fPohney;yp>
or
rhk;gpuhzp> Fq;fpypak; Kjypad J}g nghUl;fshk;.
• 12. jPgk; - Mj;khtpd; kyj;ij Nghf;fp> Qhdj;ij nfhLf;fpwJ. jphp> fw;G+uk;>
sp
Jzp> E}y;> gQ;R ,tw;wpy; vijahtJ gad;gLj;jyhk;. jPgNkw;wp kzpabj;J
ke;jpuk; $wp fPhplk; Kjy; ghjk; tiu fhl;lNtz;Lk;.
•
ob
13. ieNtj;ak; - ,jw;F ney;yhprp> NfhJik> Kisahprp ,it cj;jkk;.
nts;is mhprpia tpl rpte;j ney;yhprp epNtjdj;Jf;F cj;jkk;. ney;> fy;>
ckp> Nuhkk; ,it mhprpapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
ej
• Rj;j md;dk;> ghahrk;> nghq;fy; Kjypad rpj;uhd;dq;fs;. epNtjdj;Jf;F
e
cfe;jit.
• Mj;kh Fzkhfpa mfq;fhuk;> rq;fw;gk;> Nfhgk;> Nkhfk; ,itfis md;dkhf
.fr
Ntfitj;J ,iwtDf;F rkh;gpg;gij epNtjdk; Fwpf;fpwJ.

•
w
14. ghePak; - thridAs;s jPh;j;jj;ij <];tu g;hPjpf;fhf rkh;g;gpj;jy;.

• 15. [grkh;g;gzk;
zk - %yke;jpuj;ij 108 Kiw cU [gpj;J mij <];tuDf;F
w
rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. [gk;> G+i[> N`hkk; Kjypa vy;yh Gz;zpa

nray;fisAk; mh;r;rfh; <];tuDf;F rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
//w
• 16. jPghuhjid - gy tpj jPgq;fis <];tu re;epjpapy; fhl;b nra;tjw;F

jPghuhjid vd;W ngah;. ,t;Ntisapy; Vw;gLk; Nksjhsq;fs;>
s:
kzpnahypfSk; rq;fehjKk; muf;f gprhrh;> gpuk;kuhl;rrh; KjypNahiu

ntFnjhiytpy; tpul;Lfpd;wd.
tp
• jPguhjid 16 tifg;gLk;. J}gk;> G\;gjPgk;> ehfjPgk;> tpUl;rjPgk;> NkUjPgk;>

GU\hkpUfjPgk;> Fk;gjPgk;> Muhj;jphpfk;> el;rj;jpujPgk;> fw;G+ujPgk;>
ht
g];Nkhgrhuk;> fz;zhbfhl;Ljy;> Filg;gpbj;jy;> nfhbfhl;Ljy;> rhkuk;

tPRjy;> tprpwp tPRjy;.
• jj;Jtk; - gQ;rG+jk; xd;wpnyhd;W xLq;fp ,Wjpapy; fw;G+ujPgk; Nghy; vhpe;J
vt;tpj kpr;rkpd;wp ,iwtNdhL xd;WfpwJ.
• jpUePwpd;(tpG+jp) NtWngah;fs; - g\pjk;> g];gk;> #l;rhuk;> ul;ir> G+jp> ePW.

• tpNr\khd I];th;ak; - tpG+jp
• xspiaj; jUtJ>rptjj;Jtj;ij tpsf;FtJ - g\pjk;
• ghtq;fis ePf;FtJ - g];gk;
n
• Mgj;ij (m) kyj;ij ePf;FtJ - #l;rhuk;
•
l.i
mr;rk; ePf;fp fhg;gJ - ul;ir
• Gy;ntspapy; Nka;e;j ,sk;gRtpd; rhzj;ij mf;fpdpapy; ePw;wp vLf;Fk;
ta
nghbNa -- tpG+jp MFk;. mjid gl;Lg;ig> rk;Glj;jpy; itj;jy; eyk;.
• ‘ke;jpukhtJ(ghuhtzk;) ePW” - jpUQhdrk;ge;jhpd; jpUePw;Wg;gjpfk;
or
• tlf;F (m) fpof;F Kfkhf epd;W 3 tpuy;fshy; vLj;J rptrpt vd rptid
jpahdpj;J jpUePw;iwg; G+Rjy; Ntz;Lk;.
sp
• tpG+jpia ePhpy; fiuj;J clypy; ghfj;jpy; G+Rk;NghJ $wNtz;ba ke;jpuq;fs; :
ke;jpuq;fs; tpG+jpia G+r Ntz;ba cly; cWg;G
ob
<rhd %h;j;jpNa ek rpuR(jiy)
jj;GU\ tfj;uha ek new;wp
ej
mNfhu `pUjha ek khh;G
thkNjt Fàha ek nfhg;G+o;
e
rj;Nah[hj %h;j;jpNa ek G[q;fs;>kzpf;fl;L>,Lg;G if>fhy;%l;Lfs;

.fr
• fz;bif vd miof;fg;gLtJ - cUj;jpuhf;fk;

• rptngUkhdJ 3 jpUf;fz;fspypUe;J nghope;j ePuhy; Njhd;wpajhf vz;zp
w
rptdbahh;fs; mzpe;J nfhs;tJ - cUj;jpuhf;fk;

•
w
ePhpy; %o;Fk;NghJ cUj;jpuhf;fj;jpy;gl;L clypy; tpOk; ePH fq;if ejpapd;

GdpjePUf;F rkkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
//w
• tpehafUf;F Kd; Njhg;GfuzKk;> jiyf;Fl;LjiyAk; ed;wpAzh;Tld; nra;a

fhuzk; - faKf#uid tpehafh; mopj;jjhy;.
• Njthu ghly;fs; ghlg;gl;l Myaq;fs; ‘jyq;fs;’ vd;Wk;>
s:
jpt;tpagpuge;jghly;fs; ghlg;gl;l Myaq;fs; ‘jpt;tpaNjrk;” vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
tp
• Mo;thh; ghly;fis ‘kq;fshrhrdk;” vdTk; $Wth;

ht
• irtrkar;rhhpahh;fshy; ghly;ngw;w jyq;fs; nkhj;jk; 274. mitahtd:

NrhoehL 190 njhz;ilehL 32 eLehL 22 nkhj;jk;
ghz;behL 14 kiyehL 1 JStk; 1 274
<oehL 2 nfhq;F ehL 7 tlehL 5 jyq;fs;
• Mo;thh;fshy; kq;fhsrhrdk; nra;ag;gl;l jpUg;gjpfs; 108 MFk;.

mitahtd:
NrhoehL 40 ghz;behL 18 kiyehL 13 gukgjk; xd;W.
eL ehL 2 njhz;ilehL 22 tl ehL 12 nkhj;jk; 108.
•
n
jpUf;fhsj;jp> jpUr;rp> jpUf;Nfhzkiy ,tw;iw njd;jpir fapiy vdf; $Wth;.
• ml;l tPul;lq;fs; -- rptgpuhd; Ghpe;j vl;L tPunray;fis nfhz;l jyq;fis
l.i
‘ml;ltPul;lq;fs;” vd;gh;. mit: jpUf;fz;bA+h;> jpUf;NfhtpY}h;> jpUtjpif>
ta
jpUg;gwpaY}h;> jpUtpw;Fb> jpUtOT+h;> jpUf;FWf;if> jpUf;flT+h;.
• rpy %h;j;jp tpNr\ jyq;fshtd:
or
tpehafh; tyQ;Rop jpUf;Fkud; jpUNtufk;
jl;rpzh%h;j;jp Myq;Fb rz;Nlrh; Nra;QY}h;
sp
ee;jp jpUthtLJiw tLfd;(iguth;) rPh;fhop
rghgjp jpy;iy jpahfuh[h; jpUth&h;
•
ob
fhrpf;F rkkhd jyq;fshtd: jpUntz;fhL> jpUitahW> jpUkapyhLJiw>
jpUtpilkUJ}h;> jpUr;rha;f;fhL> jpUKJFd;wk;(tpUj;jhryk;)> jpUthQ;rpak;.
• etjpUg;gjpfs; - 1)=itFz;lk; 2)Mo;thh;jpUefhp 3)njd;jpUg;Ngiu
ej
4)jpUf;Fsj;ij 5)Gspaq;Fb 6)jpUf;Nfh@h; 7)tuFzkq;if
e
8)njhiytpy;ypkq;fyk; 9)njhiytpy;ypkq;fyj;jpy; mutpe;jNyhrdd;

rd;dpjp jdpahf cs;sJ. mijr; Nrh;j;J xd;gJ jpUg;gjpfs; MFk;.
.fr
18.flTs;
w
• flTs; vd;gjd; nghUs; - vy;yhk; fle;jth;.

• flTis fhz gad;gLj;Jk; 3 msitfs;. 1)fhz;ly; 2)fUjy; 3)E}ysit.
w
• fhz;ly; - flTis fz;zhy; fhZjy;.

//w
• fUjy; - mDkhdj;jhy; cz;nld czh;jy;

• E}ysit - flTs; cz;nld E}y;fs; %yk; mwpjy;.
• flTspd; 3 &gq;fs; (m) jpUNkdpfs; (m) epiyfs; - m&gk;> &gh&gk;> &gk;.
s:
• m&gj; jpUNkdpiaf; Fwpj;J ,iwtd; - rj;jd;> ,yarptd;> rptd;> rf;jp>

tp
ehjk;> tpe;J vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwhd;.

• &gh&gk; - rjhrptk;> cj;jpAf;jd;
ht
• &gk; - kNf];tud;> cUj;jpud;> khy;> mad;> gputpUj;jd;

• rptd; m&gj;jpy; ehjhkhapUf;ifapy; rf;jp tpe;Jthfpwhs;.
• rptd; &gh&gj;jpy; rjhrptkhifapy; rf;jp kNdhd;kzpahfpwhs;.
• rptd; &gj;jpy; kNf];tudhifapy; rf;jp kNfir Mfpwhs;.
• rptd; &gj;jpy; cUj;jpudhifapy; rf;jp cikahfpwhs;.

• rptd; &gj;jpy; jpUkhyhifapy; rf;jp yl;Rkpahfpwhs;.
• rptd; &gj;jpy; gpuk;khthifapy; rf;jp ru];tjpahfpwhs;.
• ‘itaj;J ,we;jhiu vz;zpf; nfhz;lw;W” - jpUf;Fws;.
n
19.Myak;
l.i
• flTs;; jpUtbapy; Md;kh ,yapf;Fk;. Nfhtpy; flTs; jq;Fkplk;.
• Myak; %yNk ,iwtd; mUis nghopfpd;whd;.
ta
• Nfhtpy; kdpj tbtk; (N\j;jpuk; rhPu gpu];jhdk;)
or
ghjk; NfhGuk; Koq;fhy; M];jhd kz;lgk;
nfhg;G+s; gypgPlk; njhil epUj;j kz;lgk;
sp
khh;G kfhkz;lgk; fOj;J mh;j;j kz;lgk;
rpuk; fh;g;gfpufk; khh;gpy; eluh[h;
tyJ nrtp jl;rpzh%h;j;jp ,lJ nrtp
ob rz;bNf];tuh;
fOj;jpy; ee;jp tha; ];egd kz;lgthry;
%f;F ];egd kz;lgk; GUtkj;jp ,ypq;fk;
ej
jiyAr;rp tpkhdk;
NfhGuk;
e
• ,J ];J}y ypq;fkhFk;. ,iwtdJ tpuhl];t&gNk NfhGuk;.

.fr
• Fk;gk; N\hlrhe;jkhFk;.
•
w
NfhGu jhprdk; ,iwtdJ ghj jhprdkhFk;.

gpufhuq;fs;
w
• 3 gpufhuk; - md;d> gpuhz> kNdhka Nfhrq;fis czh;j;Jk;.

//w
• 5 gpufhuk; - NkYk; tpQ;Qhd> Mde;j ka Nfhrq;fis czh;j;Jk;.

• 7 gpufhuk; - NkYk; ];J}y> #l;Rkq;fis tpsf;Fk;.
• gy Kiw gpufhuj;ij Rw;wp tyk; tUjy; Nfhrq;fis fle;J ,iwtd;
s:
tpsq;Fjiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
tpkhdk;
tp
• tpkhdk; 3 tifg;gLk;.
• gPlk; Kjy; midj;Jk; rJuk; - ehfuk; (Mz; tpkhdk;)
ht
• fz;lk; Kjy; tl;l tbtk; - Ntruk; (myp tpkhdk;)

• fz;lk; Kjy; vz;Nfhz tbtk; - jpuhtplk; (ngz; tpkhdk;)
• tpkhdKk; ];J}y ypq;fkhFk;. ,jd; fPo;g;Gwk; - KUfd;> Nkw;Gwk; - tp\;Z>
njd;Gwk; - njl;rpzh%h;j;jp > tlGwk; - gpukd; cUtKk; ,Uf;Fk;.
nfhbkuk;
• ,J #l;Rk ypq;fkhFk;. rJu mbg;ghfk; - gpukidf;(gilj;jy;) Fwpf;Fk;.
• mjd;Nky; vz;Nfhzk; - tp\;Zitf;(fhj;jy;) Fwpf;Fk;.
• Nky; cUz;L ePz;l ghfk; - cUj;jpuidf; (mopj;jy;) Fwpf;Fk;.
n
• mRuiu mfw;wTk;> Njtiu tutiof;fTk;> Myaj;ij ,ul;rpf;fTk;> gf;jh;fis
l.i
fhf;fTNk - nfhbkuk; gpujp\;il nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
• nfhb kuj;jpd; Nky;ghfj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ - me;je;j %h;j;jpapd;
ta
thfdk;. v.fh. tpehafh; - %\pfk;> rh];jh - Fjpiu.
• %yypq;fj;;Jf;F nra;Ak; midj;J khpahijfSk; - nfhbkuj;jpw;F cz;L.
or
• nfhbkuj;jpw;F cfe;j kuq;fs; - Kfpy;> re;jdk;> NjtjU> nrz;gfk;> tpy;tk;.
• nfhbkuj;jpw;F kj;jpkkhd kuq;fs; - kh> gyh.
sp
• nfhbkuj;jpw;F mjkkhd kuq;fs; - fKF> njd;id> gid.
• nfhbkuj;jpy; 36 fZf;fs; ,Ug;gpd;
ob rpwg;G. ePsk; Mya mstpw;F
Vw;wthW ,Uj;jy; eyk;.
• nfhbkukPd; jj;Jtk; - Nahfepiyf;F xg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
ej
• nfhbkuj;ij Nahfpapd; KJnfYk;G (m) NkUjz;lj;jpw;F xg;gpLth;.
fh;g;gfpufk; (%y];jhdk;)
e
• ,J vy;yh cyfq;fisAk; gilj;jw;F fhuzkhd %yg;gpufpUjpapd; ,lkhFk;.

.fr
• %h;j;jpf;nfjpNu %h;j;jpapd; thfdKk;> gpd; xU gypgPlKk; mikg;gh;.

• ,J (gjp - ,iw - %h;j;jp)> (gR - caph; - thfdk;)> (ghrk; - jis - gypgPlk;)
w
Mfpatw;iw czh;j;Jk;.
w
rptypq;fk;
• ypq;fk; - Fwp vd;W ngah;.
//w
• vy;yhk; xLq;fp kPz;Lk; ntspg;gLtnjdg; nghUs;.

• rptypq;fj;jpd; mbg;ghfk; ehw;fuk; - gpuk;kh. eLg;ghfk; vz;Nfhzk; - tp\;Z>
s:
Nky; - ePz;l tl;ltbtk; - rptd;.

• Kk;%h;j;jpfspd; mlf;fNk rptypq;fk;.
tp
• ypq;fk; 3 tifg;gLk;. 1)ep\;fsk; (m) mt;af;jk; (m) m&gk; 2)rfyep\;fsk;

(m) taf;jk; (m) &gh&gk; 3)rfsk; (m) taf;jk; (m) &gk; (64 cUtk;)
ht
• 64 &gj;jpy; 24 &gk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd fhuzfhkk; $WfpwJ.

• iry[k; -- fy;yhy; nra;ag;gLk; ypq;fk;.
• uj;d[k; -- khzpf;fk;> kufjj;jhyhd ypq;fk;
• Nyhf[k; -- nghd;> nts;spahyhd ypq;fk;
• ~zpfk; - mhprp> kzy;> Nfhkpak;> tpG+jp> re;jdj;jhyhd ypq;fk;. rpwpJ

Neuj;jpw;F gpd; mope;JtpLk; vdg;nghUs;.
• ypq;fk; mJ cz;lhd fhuzj;ij itj;J MW tifahf gphpf;fyhk;. mit
1)Njtpfk;> 2)jpt;ak; 3)Mh;\k; 4)khD\k; 5),uhl;r\k; 6)ghzk;.
jpUee;jpNjth;
n
• ee;jp - vg;NghJk; Mde;jj;jpypUg;gth;.
l.i
• irt rkaj;jpd; Kjy; FU - ee;jp
ta
• caph;fis k`hrk;`huk; nra;Ak; chpik ee;jpf;F cz;L.
• ee;jp rptre;epjpapy; fhty; Ghpfpwhh;. ,th; mDkjpngw;Nw rptjhprdk;
or
nra;aKbAk;.
• ee;jpapd; NtWngah;fs; - J}atd;> iryhjp> ,lgNjth;.
sp
• jg;G nra;Njhiu jz;bf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,tUf;Fz;L.
• jl;r ahfj;jpy; rptid gopj;J Ngrpa jl;rd;> Njth;fis rgpj;jhh;.
ob
• ee;jpaplkpUe;J cgNjrk; ngw;wth; rej;Fkhuh; rj;aQhdpjhprpdp
guQ;Nrhjp nka;fz;lhh;. ,g;guk;giu jpUf;ifyha guk;giu vdg;gLk;.
ej
gypgPlk;
• = gyp ehjh; vdg;gLk;. ,J vl;L %iyapYk; xt;nthd;W cs;sJ.
e
• jiyik gypgPlk; - ee;jpf;Fg; gpd; cs;sJ.

.fr
njl;rpzh%h;j;jp
• rptdpd; FU tbNt ,th;.
w
• NtWngah; - njd;Kff;flTs; (fh;g;gfpufj;jpd; njd;gFjpapy; cs;sjhy;)

w
• fy;yhy kuj;jbapy; rdfhjp Kdpth; 4 NgUf;F cgNjrpg;gJ Nghy;> xU fhy;

Kay; kpjpj;Jk;> kw;nwhd;W tPuh]dk; ,l;Lk;> 4 iffNshL cs;shh;.
//w
• tyJ if 1 - rpd; Kj;jpiu fhl;LfpwJ.

• tyJ if 2 - Uj;uhl;r kzptlk; cs;sJ.
s:
• ,lJ if 1 - mkph;j fyrk; cs;sJ

• ,lJ if 2 - Ntfk;.
tp
• rpd; Kj;jpiu vd;gJ - Rl;L tpuyhy;> ngUtpuy; mbiar; Nrh;j;J kw;w 3

tpuy;fis xJf;fp fhl;LtNjahFk;.
ht
• NahfepiyapypUg;gjhy; - Nahfjl;rpzh%h;j;jp
• Jk;GU kw;Wk; ehujUf;F tPiz ,yf;fzk; czh;j;jpajhy;
tPzhjl;rpzh%h;j;jp vd NtWngah;fs; cz;L.
• jl;rpzh%h;j;jpia ‘Silent Watcher” vd mioj;jth; - gpshtl;];fp mk;ikahh;.
eluh[h;
• eluh[hpd; tyf;fhypy; kpjpgl;Ls;s Kay; - mg];khuk;.
• gQ;rypq;f jyq;fs;
gpUj;tp ( epyk; ) -- jpUth&h;
n
mg;G ( ePh; ) - jpUthidf;fhty;
NjA ( jP ) - jpUtz;zhkiy
l.i
thA (fhw;W) - fhs`];jp
ta
Mfhak; - rpjk;guk;
• Mz;fs; MLk; $j;J - jhz;ltk; vdg;gLk;
or
• ngz;fs; MLk; $j;J - ,yh];ak; vdg;gLk;
• eluhrh; MLk; $j;Jfs; - nfhLfl;b> gpz;luq;fk;> fhghyk; vd %d;whFk;.
sp
• nkhj;jk; cs;s jhz;ltq;fs; -- 108 MFk;.
• jpUeld jj;Jtk; - khiaia Xl;b> fd;kk; Rl;L> Mztj;ij mKf;fp mUshy;
ob
Md;khit NkNy vLj;J Mde;jf;flypy; %o;fr; nra;tJ.
,lk; rig jhz;ltk;
ej
rpjk;guk; nghd;dk;gyk; Mde;j jhz;ltk;
kJiu nts;spak;gyk; re;jpah jhz;ltk;
e
jpUthyq;fhL uj;jpd rig Ch;j;Jt jhz;ltk;

.fr
jpUney;Ntyp jhkpu rig fhspfh(Kdp)jhz;ltk;

Fw;whyk; rpj;jpu rig jphpGu jhz;ltk;
w
• Nrukhd; ngUkhDf;F rpyk;nghyp fhl;b mUs;nra;jJk;> Nrf;fpohh;f;F

jpUj;njhz;lh;Guhzk; ghl ‘cynfyhk;”vd mbnaLj;J nfhLj;jJk; - rptNd.
w
• mk;gythzh;(eluhrh;) cUtk; Ie;njOj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. $j;J Ie;njhopiyf;

//w
Fwpf;Fk;.
• mk;gythzh; jpUNkdp Mde;jj;ijAk;> epUj;jrig Jhpa mUzpiy
jhdj;ijAk; Fwpg;gd.
s:
• Nrhkhq;fe;j jpUTUtk; ‘tarp” vd;Dk; Kf;jpgQ;rhf;fuj;jpd; cUtfkhFk;.

• jpUthrp - Xq;fhuj;ijAk;> mjd; fz; cs;s 51 Rlh;fs;
tp
mt;ntz;zpf;ifAs;s khj;Ufhf;fuq;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk;.

ht
KUfd;
• FwpQ;rp epyf; flTs;.
• mWgil tPLfs; - 1)jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; 2)jpUr;rPuiytha;(jpUr;nre;J}H)
3)jpUthtpdd;Fb (godp) 4)jpUNtufk; (Rthkpkiy) 5)Fd;WNjhwhly;
(jpUj;jzp) 6) goKjph;r;Nrhiy.
• KUF vd;why; - ,sik> moF> eWkzk;> Njd;> flTs; jd;ik.

• KUfdJ %h;j;jq;;fs; - Rg;gpukzp> rz;Kfd;> Qhdrf;jpjud;> NjtNrdhjpgjp>
kapy;thfdd;.
• KUfdpd; 1-tJ Kfk; - ,USila cyif Fw;wkpy;yhjjd; nghUl;L gy
n
fpufzq;fis Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
• 2-tJ Kfk; -- md;gh;f;F Ntz;Lk; tuk; jUjy;
l.i
• 3-tJ Kfk; -- Ntjk; jtwhj gpuhkzh;f;F ahfj;jpy; jPq;F tuhky; jLf;f.
ta
• 4-tJ Kfk; -- Ntjhfkj;jpy; kiwe;Js;stw;iw Muha;e;J Nghjpj;J re;jpud;
Nghy; tpsq;Fk;.
or
• 5-tJ Kfk; -- mRuiu xopj;J NghH Nts;tpia Ntl;lJ.
• 6-tJ Kfk; - ts;spAld; kfpo;r;rpia nghUe;jpw;W.
sp
• KUfDf;F iffs; -- 12.
• nfhf;fWNfh - #udhfpa kh kuj;ij ntl;b tPo;j;jpa jiytd;.
ob
• ts;sp (Re;jhp)> nja;thid(mKjty;yp) G+h;tn[d;kj;jpy; jpUkhypd; Gjy;tpah;.
• rptQhdNghjk; 8-k; #j;jpuj;jpYs;sJNghy;> caph; jd;dpay;gpy;yhky;
ej
fUtp ,ay;Ng vd kaq;Fk; NghJ ,iwtd; Ml;nfhs;thd; vd;gJ - ts;sp
jpUkz jj;Jtk;.
e
rz;bNf];tuh;
.fr
• Mya ,Wjp topghL.

• Kk;Kiw ifjl;b topgLth;.
w
• tPLNgW tpUk;GNthh; ,tiu topglyhk;.

w
• Nrhoehl;by; kz;zpahw;wq;fiuapy; Nra;QY}hpy; vr;rjj;jDf;Fk;>

gtpj;jpiuf;Fk; kfdhf gpwe;jth; - tprhurUkh;.
//w
• Mw;W kzypy; ypq;fk; mikj;J ghyhgpN\fk; nra;jth; - tprhurUkh;.

• mjdhy; mth; je;ij Nfhgj;jpy; fhyhy; ghy;Flj;ij ,lw> tprhurUkh;
je;ijia mbf;f NfhnyLf;f> mJ kOtha; khwp fhy;fis ntl;baJ.
s:
• tprhu rUkUf;F Kd; rptd; Njhd;wp nfhd;iw kyiu ,tUf;Fr; #l;bdhh;.

tp
• ,th; Mo;e;j rpe;jidapy; Myaj;jpd; tlGwk; NfhKfpf;fUNf jdpf;Nfhapypy;

tPw;wpUg;ghh;. ,tuUNf Myaj;jpw;F Njitahd E}y;> jphp> nea; Nghd;wtw;iw
ht
itg;gh;.
20.ke;
20.ke;jpuq;
jpuq;fs;
• kddk; nra;gtid jpuhzdk; (ul;rpg;gJ) nra;tJ - ke;jpuk;.
• ‘epiwnkhop khe;jh; Mizapw; fpse;j
kiwnkhop jhNd ke;jpuk; vd;g” - njhy;fhg;gpak;.
n
• epiwnkhop khe;jh; ngUik epyj;J
l.i
kiwnkhop fhl;b tpLk; - jpUf;Fws;.
• ke;jpuk;> 1)rpj;jk; 2)]hj;ak; 3)];trpjk; 4)hpG vd ehy;tifg;gLk;.
ta
• rpy %yke;jpuq;fs; :
or
rptd; %y ke;jpuk; Xk; ekrptha:
tp\;Z %yke;jpuk; Xk; eNkh ehuhazha:
sp
Njtp %y ke;;jpuk; Xk; ckhNjt;ia ek:
fzgjp %yke;jpuk; Xk; fzgjNa ek:
Rg;gpukzpah; %yke;jpuk; Xk; rutzgtha ek:
ob
rh];jh %yke;jpuk; Xk; rh];j;U %h;j;jNa ek:
• ke;jpu [g Kiw - khd]k;> ke;jk;> thrfk; vd %tifg;gLk;.
ej
• kdJf;Fs; [gpg;gJ khd]khFk; (cj;jkk;).
• jdf;F kl;Lk; Nfl;Fk; tz;zk; nky;y cr;rhpg;gJ - ke;jk; (kj;jpkk;)
e
• gpwh; mwpa cr;rhpg;gJ - thrfk; MFk; (mjkk;).

.fr
• fhiy> khiyfspy; re;jpahte;jdk; Kbe;jJk; [gpf;fg;gLk; ke;jpuk; - fhaj;hp ke;jpuk;.

• fhaj;hp vd;gjd; nghUs; - [gpg;gtid ,ul;rpg;gJ
w
• fhaj;hp ke;jpuj;jpy; cs;s nkhj;j vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 24

w
• fhaj;hp ke;jpuk; cs;s ,lk; - hpf; Ntjj;jpd; 3-tJ kz;lyk;

• ml;lfhk tpj;ijfs; - ];jk;gdk;> Nkhfdk;> trpak;> Mfh;\zk;> cr;rhldk;>
//w
tpj;Ntlzk;> Ngjdk;> khuzk;.

Kfq;fs; vOj;Jf;fs; rpj;jpfs; cr;rhpf;f Ntz;ba
vz;zpf;if
s:
<rhd Kfk; efuk; cr;rhldk; 25 Kiwfs;

jj;GU\k; kfuk; tpj;Ntlzk; 25 Kiwfs;
tp
mNfhuk; rpfuk; ];jk;gdk; 25 Kiwfs;

thkk; tfuk; Ngjdk; 25 Kiwfs;
ht
rj;Nah[hjk; afuk; khuzk; 25 Kiwfs;
• gQ;rhf;fuk; gpuztj;jpd; cs;SWg;ghFk;.

gQ;rhf;fuk; ml;ruq;fs; gad;fs;
];J}y gQ;rhf;fuk; ekrptha ,k;ik> kWik gad; mspf;Fk;
#l;rk gQ;rhf;fuk; rptha ek kyj;ij ehrk; gz;Zk;
fhuz gQ;rhf;fuk; rptha rpt ghrj;ijf; nfLf;Fk;
n
kfhfhuz gQ;rhf;fuk; rpt mUs;> rptj;NjhL ,d;gkspf;Fk;
l.i
kfhkE rp rptNkahf;Fk;
ta
• ];J}y gQ;rhf;fuk; - ,J efhuk; KjyhfTk;> afuk; ,WjpahfTk; cs;sJ.
mg;gh;> Re;juh;;> rk;ge;jh; ‘ekrptha gjpfk;” ghbAs;sdh;.
or
• jpUite;njOj;J vd miof;fg;gLk; ke;jpuk; - ekr;rptha ek
• gpuztj;jpd; tbtk; vd miof;fg;gLk; ke;jpuk; - ekr;rptha ek
sp
• midj;J ke;jpuq;fSf;Fk; %ykhtJ - ekr;rptha ek
• ehd;F Ntjq;fSf;Fk; KbGzh;j;Jk; kfhthf;fpakhf miktJ - ekrptha ek
•
ob
ngUk;ngah;> rpt%yke;jpuk;> jpUehkk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - ekrptha ek
• gQ;rhf;fuk; vdg;gLk; ke;jpuk; - Xk; ekrptha
ej
• gQ;rhf;fuk; vdg;gLk; ke;jpuk; - a[_h; Ntjj;jpy; cs;s VO fhz;lq;fspy; eLf;
fhz;lj;jpy; eL rk;`pijapy;> Uj;uhj;ahaj;jpy; eLehafkhf $wg;gLfpwJ.
e
vOj;Jf;fs; gQ;rG+jq;
G+jq;fs; mjpNjtij $wg;gLk; nghUs;
.fr
efhuk; gpUjptp (G+kp) ,uhkd; ghrj;ij njhopw;gLj;Jjy; (m)

kiwj;jy;
kfhuk; mg;G (ePh;) tp\;Z Kk;kyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;
w
rpfhuk; NjA (jP) rptd; rptidf; Fwpf;Fk;

w
tfhuk; thA kNfRtud; jpUtUs; xyp

(m) rf;jp
//w
afhuk; Mfhak; rjhrptk;

capiu ,iwtd; mUl;nfhs;Sk;
tpjk;;
• ‘ehNdNah jtk; nra;Njd;> rptha ek vdg; ngw;Nwd;” - jpUthrfk;.
• ‘Cdeldk; xUghy; xUghyh Qhdeldk; jhd; eLNt ehL” - jpUtUl;gad;
s:
FUypq;f topghL
tp
• irtj;jpy; (m) rptnewpapy; irt rkaf;Futh;fs; ehy;tuhYk; rptnewpapd;

caph;f; nfhs;if vdf; fUjg;gLtJ - jpUf;Nfhapy; topghL
ht
• ‘fPh;j;jp jpUtfty;” vd;w E}ypd; %yk; jpUf;Nfhapy; topghl;il tpsf;fpath; -

khzpf;fthrfh;
• ‘Nr\hj;uNfhit” vd;w E}ypd; %yk; jpUf;Nfhapy; topghl;il tpsf;fpath;fs;
- Kjy; %th; (mg;gh;> Qhdrk;ge;jh;> Re;juh;).
• jpUf;Nfhapypd; rptypq;fj;jpd; Kd;Gwkhf mkh;e;Js;s ,lg thfdk; Fwpf;Fk;

nghUs; - jHkk; (mwnewpapd; gadhf nka;Azh;T va;jpa Rj;j Md;khitf;
Fwpf;Fk;)
• jpUf;Nfhapypy; cs;s gypgPlk; Fwpg;gJ - ghrj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
21.
21.jpUtpohf;fs;
n
l.i
• kNfhj;rtk;> gpuNkhj;rtk; vd;W $Wthh;fs;.
• nghJthf 1 Kjy; 21 ehl;fs; tiu jpUtpoh eilngWk;.
ta
• nghJthf nfhbNaw;wk; Kjy; 10 ehl;fs; eilngWk;.
or
• nfhbNaw;wj;jpw;F Kd;jpdk; tpehafh; CH;tyk; elj;jg;gLk;.
• Jth[Nuhfdk; vdg;gLtJ - nfhbNaw;wk;
sp
• jpUtpohtpy; Kf;fpakhf elj;jg;glNtz;ba fphpiafs; 18.
• ,iwtdpd; njhopy;fs; Ie;J.
•
•
ob
rpU\;b - gilj;jy; (kz;vLj;jy;> KisapLjy;> nfhbNaw;wk; Kjypad)
];jpjp - fhj;jy; (thfd cw;rtk;> ahfk;> gyp Kjypad)
• rk;`huk; - mopj;jy; (Njh;j;jpUtpoh> ghpNtl;il> rhe;jzpjy;)
ej
• j;Nuhgtk; - kiwj;jy; (nksdkhf eilngWk; jpUtpoh)
e
• mDf;fpufk; - mUsy; (kl;ilab> jpUT+ly;> eluh[ cw;rtk;)

.fr
• Kjy; 5 ehl;fs; - tpUj;jpfpuk Ie;njhopy;.

• 2-tJ 5 ehl;fs; - ,yafpuk Ie;njhopy;.
w
• nfhbNaw;Wtpoh jj;Jtj;ij ckhgjprpthr;rhhpah; ‘nfhbf;ftpapy;” $wpAs;shh;.

• Kjy; ehs; - nfhbNaw;wk; (%h;j;jpapd; thfdnfhb rpthya hp\g nfhb>
w
jh;k&gkhfTk;> Mj;kh cUtkhfTk; kjpf;fg;gLfpwJ)

//w
• Kjy; ehs; ,uT - rptd; kuj;jbapy; tPw;wpUg;gJ tpUl;\ thfdk;. Nfhyk; -

tpUj;jpfpuk rpU\;b Nfhyk;> ku ,iy> fpisfs; caph;
th;f;fq;fshk;. ,iwtd; rpU\;bf;nfy;yhk; Nth; Nghd;wpUg;gjhf Fwpf;fpwJ.
s:
• 2-tJ ehs; fhiy - #hpa gpuig. khiy - re;jpugpuig> Nfhyk; -

tpUj;jpfpuk ];jpjp Nfhyk;
tp
• 3-tJ ehs; fhiy - mjpfhu ee;jp (tpQ;Qhdfyhpd; jiytd;> rh&g gjtp

ngw;wth;) > khiy - G+j thfdk;: Nfhyk; - tpUj;jpfpuk rk;`hu Nfhyk;.
ht
• 4-tJ ehs; -- ehf thfdk;> ehfkhdJ eQ;R> khzpf;fj;ij kiwj;J

itj;jpUg;gjhy; ,j;jpUtpoh j;Nuhgtj;ij Fwpf;Fk;.
• 5-tJ ehs; tpU\g thfdk;> khrw;w nts;is epwk;nfhz;l mUs;ngw;w
Md;kh - tpU\gk;. mUsisf; Fwpf;Fk; (mEf;fpuf Nfhyk;)
• 6-tJ ehs; -- ahid thfdk; (Nfhyk; - ,yaf;fpuk rpU\;b Nfhyk;)

• ,yaf;fpukk; vd;why; xOq;FKiw vdg;nghUs;. cyfg;nghUs; midj;Jk;
xNu gpz;lkhd ahidapd; gUTly; Nghy xLq;Ftij Fwpf;fpwJ.
• 7-tJ ehs; - ifyhr gh;tj thfdk;> ,uhtzd; NkYs;s ifyhr
n
gh;tjj;jpy; ,iwtd; vOe;jUsy;.
• jPq;F nra;Njhh; mlq;fp topgl;lhy; ,iwtd; mUs;thd; vd Fwpf;fpwJ.
l.i
Nfhyk; - ];jpjp Nfhyk;> rpy ,lq;fspy; Njh;j;jpUtpoh eilngWk;.
ta
• 8-tJ ehs; mRt (Fjpiu) thfd MNuhfdk;> Nfhyk; - `q;fhuk; : khiyapy;
- gpr;rhld Nfhyk;> hp\p> hp\pgj;jpdpfspd; jpkpiu mlf;fp gpd; kiwe;J
or
mUspdhd;.
• 9-tJ ehs; - Njh;j;jpUtpoh (];jpjp Nfhyk;)
sp
• 10-tJ ehs; -- jPh;j;jthhp> fhiyapy; eluh[h; tPjp cyh tUthh;.
• rigia tpl;L Gwg;gLjy; - rpU\;b. mgpN\fk; - ];jpjp.
•
ob
fUQ;rhe;jzpjy;> myq;fhu Muhjid -- rk;`huk;.
• nts;isr;rhe;J nghb -- kiwj;jy;> kl;ilab jhprdk; -- mUsy;.
ej
• mjd;gpd; jPh;j;jthhp eilngWk; (kfhUj;u ghj jPh;j;jk; vdg;gLk;)
,ju jpUtpohf;fs;
fs;
e
jpUf;fypahzj; jpUtpoh
.fr
• Myaj;jpy; 6 (m) 7 tJ jpUtpoh ehspy; (m) jdpj;Jk; eilngWk;.

• ,iwtd;> ,iwtp nra;tJ - jpUf;fypahzk;.
w
• ,iwtd; vLf;Fk; jpUNkdpfs; 3. Nahfp - Nahf Kf;jpaUsy;>

w
Nghfp - caph;fSf;F Nghfk; Ghpjy;> Ntfp(Nfhu tbtk;) - caph;fSf;F tpid

Cl;Lfpd;whd;.
//w
• ekf;F xU tUlk; vd;gJ Njth;fSf;F -- xU ehs;.

• guhrf;jp> jl;rd; kfs; jhl;rhapzpaha;> gh;tjd; kfs; ghh;tjpaha;> kiyaj;Jtr
s:
ghz;bad; kfs; jlhjif(kPdhl;rp)aha; Njhd;wp> jtkpaw;wp ,iwtid

jpUkzk; nra;jhs;.
tp
• jpUf;fypahz jj;Jtk; - cyfpy; MNzh> ngz;Nzh

jtkpaw;Wgtuhapd; ,iwtd; fhl;rpaspj;J mUs;Ghpthd;.
ht
tpehafh; rJh;j;jp
• xt;nthU tUlKk; Mtzpapy; mkhthir fope;j 4-k; ehs;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
• tpehafh; - jdf;F epfuha; xU ehafh; ,y;yhjth;.
• kdpjh;> tpyq;F> MAjq;fshy; jd;id nfhy;yf; $lhJ vd tuk; ngw;w

f[Kf#uidf; nfhd;w jpdk;.
• f[Kfh#uDf;F nfhLj;j khpahijahd jiyapy; Fl;bf;nfhs;Sjiy
me;ehs; Kjy; tpehafUf;F nra;fpd;wdh;.
•
n
gpuk;kd; ghpe;Jiuahy; ehuj khq;fdpia rptd; KUfDf;F nfhLf;f re;jpud;
mijf; fz;L rphpf;f tpehafh; ntFz;L re;jpuDf;F rhgk; nfhLj;jhh;.
l.i
mjdhy; rJh;j;jpad;W re;jpuid ghh;f;fhky; G+[pg;gth;f;F kl;LNk tpehafh;
ta
mUs; KOikahff; fpl;Lk;.
• NkYk; re;jpuid rJh;j;jpad;W ghh;g;gJ clYf;F gytpj jPq;fpid
or
tpistpf;Fk;.
etuhj;jphp tpoh
sp
• Gul;lhrp khjk; mkhthirf;F gpd;tUk; 9 ,utpy; guhrf;jpia gy tbthf
G+[pf;Fk; tpoh.
•
ob
Kjy; 3 ehl;fs; - ghh;tjp(kiykfs;) > gr;ir/ePyk;/ Qhd tbtk;.
• ,ilapy; 3 ehl;fs; - yl;Rkp(miykfs;)> rptg;G/nghd;/ nry;t tbtk;.
ej
• ,Wjp 3 ehl;fs; - ruRtjp(fiykfs;)> nts;is/64 fiyfSf;Fk; mjpNjtij.
• gj;J ,uTfs; tpoh elg;gjhy; ,jid -- jruh vd miog;gh;.
e
• etuhj;jphp jj;Jtj;ij gw;wp ‘Njtpghftjk;” $WtjhtJ :

.fr
• vjphpapd; gyj;ij mUe;Jk; typikiaf; nfhz;l tuj;jpid guhrf;jpaplkpUe;J

ngw;w kfp\h#uid guNk];tuid kze;j Njtpapd; mtjhukhd yypjh
w
nfhd;W Njth; Jahpid Nghf;fpdhs;. mtis vjph;j;j mRud; jk;gpahd

tpRf;ud;> tprq;fidAk; Njtp jd;dplj;jpy; Njhd;wpa JH;f;if %yk;
w
tpOq;fpdhs;. ,JNt etuhj;jphp tpoh jj;Jtk;.

//w
fe;j tpuj tpohf;fs;

• thu tpujk; -- xt;nthU nts;spf;fpoik.
• el;rj;jpu tpujk; - xt;nthU khjKk; fpUj;jpif NjhWk; tpujkpUe;J KUfid
s:
topgLjy;.
•
tp
‘ru” vd;why; 25. 25 jj;Jtj;jpd; $l;lkhfpa gpugQ;rNk rutzk; MFk;.

• ‘rutzgtd;” vd;gjw;F ehzy;Gy; epuk;gpa jlhfj;jpy; Njhd;wpatd; vdg;
ht
nghUs;.
• fhh;j;jpif khjhpd; ehshfpa fpUj;jpifapy; KUfd; Njhd;wpajhy;
fhh;j;jpNfad; vd ngah; ngw;whd;.
jpjp (m) r\
r\;b tpujk;
• Ig;grp mkhthir fope;j 6 ehl;fs; tpuj jpUtpoh.
• fhrpg KdptUf;Fk;> khia muf;fpf;Fk; gpwe;j #ud;> rpq;fKfd;> jhufd;
MfpNahh; rptid Nehf;fp jtkpUe;J tuk; ngw;W> Njth;f;F njhy;iy
n
nfhLj;jjhy; ,iwtd; KUfdha; Njhd;w> mtNdhL Njth;fs; 6 ehl;fs;
cztUe;jhky; KUfid epide;J jpahdtpujkpUe;jdh;.
l.i
• Nghhpy; jk;gpaUk;> jidaUk; ,we;jgpd; #ud; khku tbthf flypDs; kiwe;J
ta
epd;whd;. KUfd; jd; Ntiy vwpe;J kuj;ij ,U $whf;fp Nrty;> kapyhf
khw;wp #uDf;F mUs;Ghpe;jhd;.
or
• mjdhy; Njth;fs; Ig;grp tsh;gpiw MWjpdq;fSk; tho;j;jp tzq;fpdh;.
• KRFe;jd; vd;gtd; fe;jr\;b tpujk; Nkw;nfhz;L cyf mjpgjpahdhd;.
sp
• jj;Jtk; - Mzt kyk;> Kf;jpapYk; mopahJ tYf;Fiwe;J epw;Fk; vd;gij
#ud; mopahJ kapyha; khwpaJ czh;j;Jk;.
jpUf;fhh;j;jpif tpsf;fpL jpUtpoh
ob
• fhh;j;jpif khjk; ngsh;zkp ehspy; fhh;j;jpif el;rj;jpuk; tUifapy;.
ej
• fhh;j;jpif el;rj;jpuk;(kPdpd;) kWngah; - Muy;> ,why;> mWtha;> msf;fh;>
mWkPd; Mfpad.
e
• #hpad; fhh;j;jpif el;rj;jpuj;ij FWFk;NghJ mf;fpdp el;rj;jpuk; Muk;gkhFk;.

.fr
• tpsf;fpLtjpd; jj;Jtk; - ,iwtd; caph;fspd; Mzt kyj;ijg;Nghf;fp

jd;kakhf;Fthd;.
w
• jpUtz;zhkiyapYk; jPgk; Vw;wg;gLfpwJ.

•
w
jPgNkw;wp topgl Kbahj ,lq;fspy; rpt-tp\;Z Myaj;jpw;F Kd; nrhf;fgid

Nta;e;J nfhSj;Jth;.
//w
jpUthjpiu tpoh
• khh;fopapy; jpUthjpiu el;rj;jpuj;jpy; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;.
• jpU milnkhop el;rj;jpuq;fs; - jpUthjpiu (rptd;)> jpUNthzk;(tp\;Z)
s:
• fz;zd; fPijapy; $wpaJ - khjq;fspy; ehd; khh;fop.

tp
• ,k;khjk; Njth;fSf;F tpbaw;fhiy Ntis.

• “jpUthjpiuapy; eluh[iu topglNtz;Lk;” - fhuhzhfkk;
ht
• Mjpiuad; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ - rptd;

• ,t;tpoh jpUg;ngUe;Jiw vDk; MTilahh;Nfhtpypy; eilngWfpwJ.
• jj;Jtk; - ey;> jPtpidfSf;F Vw;g ,d;gJd;gj;ij ,iwtd; Cl;Lk; j;Nuhgt
nraiy ,J $WfpwJ.
• nfhbNaw;wj;jpd; md;W khzpf;fthrfiu vOe;jUsr; nra;J epNtjdk; nra;J

jpUntk;ghit Xjp eluh[Uf;F rpwg;G mgpN\fk; nra;th;.
• khh;fop jpUthjpiuapy; cikahs; kfpo rptd; jpUf;$j;jhbajhy; ehKk;
$j;jd; jhprdk; fz;L me;ehspy; FJ}fypf;fpd;Nwhk;.
itFz;l Vfhjrp
n
• khh;fopapy; tUk; Rf;ygl;r Vfhjrp rh;tKf;Nfhl;b Vfhjrp vd;gh;.
l.i
• =uq;fj;jpy; Mz;lhs; jpUg;ghit ghb ,iwtid tzq;Fth;.
ta
ijg;G+r tpoh
• ijg;ngsh;zkp G+r el;rj;jpuj;jpy; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
or
• jpUtpilkUJ}h;> kJiu Kjypa ,lq;fspy; eilngWk;.
rptuhj;jphp tpuj tpoh
sp
• khrp khjk; Nja;gpiw rJh;j;jrpapy; eilngWk;.
• md;W rpthyaq;fspy; 4 fhy G+i[ eilngWk;. ob
• ,jid tpoheprp(,d;guhj;jphp)> gpuk;knrh&gk;> kfhjgR> gpufhrk;> arR>
rfyGtdk;> rj;jpak; vdf; $Wth;.
ej
• j;uNahjrp - mk;gpifia Fwpf;Fk;.
• rJh;j;jrp - rptid Fwpf;Fk;.
e
• rptuhj;jphp vd;gJ gQ;rG+jq;fis khiaapy; ,Ue;J xLf;fp

.fr
midtUk; ,y;yhjgb rk;`hpg;gJ.

• rk;`huk; nra;j rptd; eh;j;jdk; MLifapy; rptfhkp mk;ikahh; caph;fspd;
w
Nky;nfhz;l fUizahy; rptid G+[pj;jjhy;> rptd; rptfhkpNahL xd;wp

w
kPz;Lk; cyifg; gilj;jhd;.

• caph;fl;F jD> fuz> Gtd> Nghfkspj;jhd;.
//w
ahkk; mgpN
mgpN\
pN\fk; G+r;R kyh; epNtjdk;
Kjy; ahkk; gQ;rft;ak; re;jdk; tpy;tk; (m) gr;irgaW>
jhkiu nghq;fy;
s:
2-k; ahkk; u]gQ;rhkph;jk; mfpy; Jsrp> jhkiu ghahrk;>

3-k; ahkk; nfhk;Gj;Njd; gr;irfw;G+uk; rhjpky;yp> vs;
tpy;tk; md;dk;
tp
4-k; ahkk; fUg;gQ;rhW Fq;Fkg;G+ ee;jpahth;j;jk;> Rj;j

ePNyhw;gtk; md;dk;
ht
khrp kfk;
kfk;
• khrp ngsh;zkp kf el;rj;jpuj;jpy; eilngWk;.
• gq;Fdp cj;jpuk; - gq;Fdp ngsh;zkp cj;jpu el;rj;jpuj;jpy; eilngWk;. ,lk; -
jpUth&u;.
n
• rpj;uhngsh;zkp (irj;Nuhj;]tk;) - rpj;jpiu ngsh;zkp rpj;jpiu el;rj;jpuj;jpy;
eilngWk;. ,lk; - kJiu
l.i
• itfhrp tprhfk; - itfhrp ngsh;zkp tprhf el;rj;jpuj;jpy; eilngWk;. ,lk;
ta
- jpUr;nre;J}h;> jpUg;ghjphpGypA+h;.
• Mdp cj;jpuk; - Mdp khj cj;jpu el;rj;jpuj;jpy; eilngWk;. ,J
or
MdpjpUkQ;rdk; vdg;gLk;. ,lk; - rpjk;guk;> ngUe;Jiw.
• Mbg;G+uk; - =tpy;ypGj;J}h; Mz;lhs;> rpt];jy mk;ghSf;Fk; eilngWk;.
sp
• gpuNjh\k; - xt;nthU khjKk;> tsh;gpiw> Nja;gpiwapy; tUk; j;uNahjrp md;W
gpuNjh\ tpujk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,t;tpujj;ij rpj;jpiu> itfhrp> Ig;grp>
ob
fhh;j;jpif VNjDk; xU khjj;jpy; Nehd;G Nehw;f Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• rdpf;fpoik tUk; gpuNjh\k; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ.
ej
• gpuNjh\j;jpw;Fk;> Vfhjrp> Jthjrpf;Fk; cs;s rk;ge;jk; - Jh;thrh; rptG+i[apy;
fpilj;j kyiu ,e;jpudplk; nfhLf;f mtd; mjid myl;rpakhf nts;is
e
ahid kPJ itf;f> ahidahdJ mjid J}f;fpnawpa NfhgKw;w Jh;thrh;

.fr
nry;tkidj;Jk; ePq;ff;fltJ vd rhgkpl> nry;kpoe;j Njth;fs;> mRuh;

cjtpNahL ghw;fliy fila mjpy; ,oe;j nry;tq;fs; tp\j;Jld; tu>
w
mjid rptd; cz;z mth; fOj;jpNy tp\k; jq;fp ePyfz;ld; vd ngah;

ngw;whh;. md;iwa jpdk; Njth;fs; topgl;lJ - Vfhjrp. kWjpdk; - Njth;fs;
w
gukid ghuhazk; nra;jJ - Jthjrp. mjw;F kWehs; rptd; Voiu ehop

//w
jhz;ltkhbaJ - gpuNjh\k;.
• jj;Jtk; - rptgpurhjj;ij ,fof; $lhJ. ,foe;jhy; nry;tkpoe;J mtjpAw
NehpLk;.
s:
tp
ht
22.
22.,e;Jf;fspd; rlq;
rlq;F Kiwfs;
• ,e;Jf;fs; gpwg;G> ,wg;G> thOk; fhyq;fspy; nra;Ak; rlq;Ffs; - fphpiafs;
vdg;gLk;. ,jid njhy;fhg;gpah; ‘fuzk;” vd;ghh;. ,it Nrhlr
rk;];fhuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
n
• 1.Gk;]tdk; - ngz; fUTw;w 3 khjj;jpy; fh;;g;gjw;F ,ilA+W
l.i
Neuhtz;zk; ,iwtid gpuhh;j;jpj;jy;
• 2.rPke;jk; - fUnfhz;l 4 (m) 8 khjj;jpy; Foe;ijia ,ul;rpf;f Njth;fis
ta
Ntz;LtJ(tisfhg;gpLjy;)
• 3.[hjfh;kk;
k - Foe;ij gpwe;jTld; nra;aNtz;ba fphpia> rhkh;j;jpak;> MAs;>
or
nry;tk; ngw Ntz;Ljy;.
•
sp
4.ehkfuzk; - ngah;#l;Ljy;
• 5.Gz;zpahthrdk;
pahthrdk - Gz;zpahthrdk; nra;j Gdpj ePiu khtpiyapd; %yk;
tPL> kdpjh; kPJ njspj;jy;. ob
• 6.ep\
6.ep\;f;uhkdk; - Foe;ij gpwe;j 4 khjq;fopj;J Kjd;Kjypy; ntspNa nfhz;L
nry;Yjy;
ej
• 7.md;dgpurd;dk;
k - 6 tJ khjk; NrhW> japh;> nea;> Njd; fye;J flTis
gpuhh;j;jpj;J Foe;ijfSf;F nfhLj;jy;
e
• 8.tpj;ahuk;gk; - Foe;ijfSf;F 5 tajhdJk; Kjd;Kjypy; fy;tp gapy

.fr
itg;gJ. fzgjp> FU> ru];tjpia tzq;fp ‘mhp mhp” vd vOjr;nrhy;YtJ.

• 9.fh;
9.fh;zG+\
G+\zk; - NjhL Kjypa njhq;f nra;aTk;> jq;fk; topNa ghAk; ePh;
w
Foe;ijf;F MNuhf;fpak; jUtjhYk;> jPa tp\aq;fis Jis topNa ntspNa

w
nrYj;JtJNk ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

• 10.nrsdk;
10.nrsdk; (FLkp itj;jy;) - Foe;ijf;F Kjd;Kjyhf nkhl;ilabj;jy;.
//w
• 11.cgeadk
11.cgeadk;
cgeadk - 7 tajhdJk; fhaj;hp ke;jpuk; cgNjrpj;J G+Z}y; mzpjy;.
• cgeadk; nra;NthUf;F jPl;ir nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gpwg;G 2 vd ,e;Jkjk;
$WfpwJ. mJ G+Z}y; mzpjy; Kd; kw;Wk; mzpe;j gpd;.
s:
• 12.FUFythrk;
12.FUFythrk - khzth;> FUtpw;F gzptpil nra;J fy;tp fw;wy;.
tp
• 13.jpUkzk;
13.jpUkzk - FUFyk; Kbe;jgpd; FUtpd; mDkjp ngw;W eilngWtJ.
• 14.Fwpf;Nfhs; gfh;jy; (rq;fw;gk;) - fhyk;> ,lk;> nraiy tpsf;fp gpuhh;jj
; pf;f
ht
Ntz;Lk;.
• 15.GdpjePH; Rj;jp (Gz;zpahthrdk;) - clk;G> cs;sk; Rj;jp nra;Ak;nghUl;L
Gdpj ePiu kzkf;fSf;F njspj;jy;.
• Gdpj ePh; cUthf;Fk; Kiw - mhprpia fPNo ,l;L jh;;g;ig ,l;L Kk;%h;j;jpfis
jpahdpj;J Ie;njOj;Jfis vOjp> ghy;> japh;> nea;> Nfhkpak;> Nfhrdk; vd;w 5
nghUl;fis Nrh;j;J ‘gQ;rft;ak;” Mf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• 16.fhg;G fl;Ljy; (uf;\hge;jdk;) - jpUkzk; elf;ifapy; ,ilA+W
Neuhtz;zk; Mz;fSf;F tyJ ifapYk;> ngz;Zf;F ,lf;ifapYk;
n
tpehafiu tzq;fp kQ;rs; fl;Ljy;.
l.i
• 17.KisapLjy; (mq;Fuhh;g;gzk;) - coitr; rpwg;gpf;f re;jjp tpUj;jpapd;
ta
nghUl;L tpthf fhyj;jpy; nre;ney;> vs;> ntz;fLF Kjypa jhdpaj;ij 12
kz;ghypiffspy; ,l;L tsh;j;jy;.
or
• 18.FltopghL (Fk;gG+i[) - Fk;gePh; %yk; flTis topgl ,J mtrpak;.
• 19.vhpNahk;gy; (mf;fpdpfhhpak;) - J}a kzypy; ckp tphpj;J My;> muR> kh>
sp
Kjypa Fr;rpfis itj;J jP %l;b ney;> nea;> nghhp> jhdpakpl;L
jPapid ,iwtdhf tzq;Fjy;.
•
ob
20.tbt topghL (%h;j;jp G+i[) - ,iwtid xU tbtj;jpy; vOe;jUsr; nra;J
tzq;Fjy;.
• 21.jhdk
21.jhdk;
jhdk - jpUkz ehsd;W Vio> vspNahUf;F nghUs; nfhLj;jy;
ej
• 22.ifgpbj;JnfhLj;jy;
y - kzkfspd; je;ij> kzkfDf;F ngz;iz
e
ifgpbj;J nfhLj;jy;.
•
.fr
23.jpUkq;fyehz; G+l;Ljy;
jy - Mr;rhhpah; nfhLf;f kzkfSf;F kzkfd;
rNfhjhpapd; cjtpNahL jhyp fl;Ljy;.
w
• 24.r\
24.r\;bag;j G+h;j;jp
jp - 60 Mz;Lfs; G+h;j;jpahdJk; ‘Uj;uhl;r” khq;fy;ak; fl;b
rpw;wpd;g tho;T Kbj;J Md;kPf tho;f;if tho ngw;Nwhhplj;J ed;wp nrYj;Jk;
w
nghUl;L gps;isfs; nra;tJ

•
//w
25.rjhgpN\
25.rjhgpN\fk; (80 - 84 taJ) - 80f;F NkYs;Nshh; 1000 gpiw fz;Nlhh;
vdg;gLth;.
• 26. mguf;fphpia - xUth; ,we;jgpd; mtu; Mj;kh rhe;jpaila gps;isfs;
s:
nra;Ak; fphpia.
• 27.me;jpNal;b - ,we;jJ Kjy; jPapypLk; tiu nra;Ak; fphpiafs;.
tp
• 28.mj;jp rQ;radk; - vYk;G (m) rhk;giy Nrfhpj;J Gdpj ePhpy; fiuj;jy;.

• 29.rpuhh;j;jk;
k - ,we;j ehsd;wp> mkhthir> tUlg;gpwg;G
ht
ehl;fspy; ,we;NjhUf;F jPh;j;jKs;s ,lk; (m) Nfhtpypy; nra;Ak; fphpia.
23.rptdbahh;fs;
• ‘njhz;lh;jk; ngUik nrhy;yTk; nghpNj” - xsitahh;.
khzpf;f thrfh;
• gpwg;G -- ghz;baehl;L jpUthjT+h; (kJiu)
n
• ghz;baehl;L ke;jphpahf gzpahw;wpath;.
l.i
• jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; jpUtUs; ngw;whh;.
•
ta
jpUthjT+uhh;> kfpo;nrOkiw Kdpth; vdg;gLgth; - khzpf;fthrfh;.
• ,th; ghba E}y; - jpUthrfk;> jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf;Nfhit> fPh;j;jp jpUtfty;.
or
• rpwg;G - rpjk;gu ngsj;jh;fis thjpy; ntd;wJ> Cikg;ngz;iz Ngr itj;jJ.
• jpUthrfk; 600 ghly;fSk;> jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf;Nfhit 400 ghly;fSk; cilaJ.
sp
• ,th; ,iwtDld; If;fpakhd ehs; - Mdp khj kf el;rj;jpuk;.
• ,th; nghUl;L ,iwtd; ehpfis ghpfshf khw;wpdhh;> itifia
khzpf;fthrfh; nkhope;jtw;iw vOjpdhH.

ob
ngUf;Nfhlr; nra;J> gpl;Lf;F kz;Rke;J gpuk;gb ngw;whh;. VL nfhz;L
• “thdh» k©zh» tëah» xëah»” vd ghodh®

ej
• ‘ghit ghba thahy; Nfhit ghLf” vd khzpf;fthrfiu jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf;
e
Nfhit ghlr; nra;jth; - jpy;iyak;gy ngUkhd;.

.fr
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
• je;ijahh; - rPh;fhop rptghj ,Ujah;
w
• NtWngah;fs; - jpuhtplrpR> MSilagps;is> NjhzpGuj;Njhd;wy;> ,d;jkpo;VRehjh;
• 3 tajpy; mk;ikaplk; Qhdg;ghy; cz;lhh;.

w
• Njthuk; mUspdhh;. tho;e;j fhyk; fp.gp.7-k; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp.

//w
• jpUf;Nfhyf;fhtpy; nghw;whsk;> jpUtuj;Jiwapy; Kj;Jg;gy;yf;F> Kj;Jf;Fil>

Kj;Jr;rpd;dk; ngw;whh;.
• jpUg;ghr;rpyhr;rpuhkj;Jiwapy; kotd; kfspd; Kayf Neha; jPh;j;jhH.
s:
• gl;B];tuj;jpy; Kj;Jg;ge;jy; ngw;whh;.

tp
• jpUthtLJiwapy; nghw;fpop ngw;W> jpUkUfypy; ghk;G fbj;j tzpfh; kfis

caph;ngwr; nra;jhh;.
ht
• jpUtPopkoiyapy; gbf;fhR ngw;W> jpUkiwf;fhl;by;(Ntjhuz;aj;jpy;) fjit

milf;fg; gjpfk; ghbdhh;.
• $d;ghz;badpd;(epd;wrPh;neLkhwdpd;) ntg;G Neha; jPh;j;J> rkziu ntd;W>

mf;dpapy; jk; VL Ntfhky; nra;J> itifapy; ePiu vjph;j;NjhLk;gbAk;
nra;jhh;.
• jpUf;nfhs;sk;GJ}hpy; gjpfk; ghb Xlj;ij Xlr; nra;jhh;.
•
n
jpUNthj;J}hpy; Mz;gidia ngz;gidahf khw;wpdhh;.
• kapiyapy; vYk;ig ngz;zhf khw;wpdhh;.
l.i
• jpUey;Y}hpy; ngUkzj;jpy; %yel;rj;jpuj;jpy; Kf;jp mile;jhh;.
ta
• ÂU¡fil¡fh¥ò v‹gJ -Phd r«gªj® vGÂa Kjš 3 ÂUKiwfŸ
• ‘tho;f me;jzh; thdth; Mdpdk;” - jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;.
or
jpUehTf;furh; (mg;gh;)
•
sp
Ãw¥ò - ÂUKid¥gho , ntshs® kuò
• Gfodhh; kw;Wk; khjpdpahhpd; kfd;.
• tho;e;j fhyk; fp.gp.7-k; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp.
ob
• ,tuJ jkf;ifahh; - jpyftjpahh;. ,aw;ngah; - kUs;ePf;fpahh;.
• ,tuJ NtWngah;fs; - jhz;lfr;rJuh;> mg;gh;> thfPrh;.
ej
• Muk;gj;jpy; jUkNrdh; vd;w ngahpy; rkzrkaj;jpy; ,Ue;jhh;.
e
• #iy Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L jpUtjpifapy; jkf;ifaplk; te;J Nrh;eJ

; >
Njthuk; ghb Neha; ePq;fp irth; Mdhh;.
.fr
• ,jdhy; NfhgKw;w kNfe;jputh;k gy;ytd; ePw;wiwapy; itj;Jk;> tp\k;

nfhLj;Jk;> ahidia VtpAk;> fy;ypy; gpizj;J flypy; js;spAk; ,iwaUshy;
w
jg;gpdhh;.
w
• mg;G+jpahh; kfid ghk;G jPz;l> mjd; tp\k; ePf;fpdhh;.

• jpUkiwf;fhl;by; Ntjq;fshy; milf;fg;gl;l gjpfk; ghb fjit jpwe;jhh;.
//w
• jpUitahw;wpy; fapiyf; fhl;rpia fz;L kfpo;r;rp mile;jhh;.

• jpUg;GfY}hpy; rpj;jpiu khj rja el;rj;jpu ehspy; Kf;jp mile;jhh;.
s:
• v‹ fl‹ gâ brŒJ »l¥gnj - ÏtuJ bgh‹bkhê

• cl«ng nfhæš v‹wh®
tp
• ÂU¥gh£L v‹gJ - ÂUehÎ¡fur® vGÂa 4, 5, 6 ÂUKiwfŸ

ht
Re;juh; (ek;gpah&uh;)
• Ãw¥ò - ÂU¡fæiyjpUehtY}hpy;
• riladhh;> ,irQhdpahhpd; kfd;.
• jpUnewpj; jiyth;> ek;gpah&uh;> MSilaek;gp> jk;gpuhd;Njhoh; vd

miof;fg;gLgth; - Re;juh;.
• tho;e;j fhyk; fp.gp.9-k; E}w;whz;L.
• jpUkzehspy; mbik Xiyiaf; fhl;b> ,iwtd; ,tiu Ml;nfhz;lhd;.
n
• jpUtjpifapy; ,iwtd; jpUtb #lg; ngw;whh;.
• M&hpy; guitahiu kze;J> jpUj;njhz;lh;njhif ghbdhh;;.
l.i
• ‘nghpaGuhzj;jpd; %yk;” vd miof;fg;gLtJ - jpUj;njhz;lh;njhif
ta
• Fz;ila+hpy; ney;kiy ngw;whh;.
• jpUg;GfY}hpy; nrq;fy;iy nghd;dhf;fpdhh;.
or
• jpUKJFd;wpy;(tpUj;jhryk;) ,iwtdspj;j nghd;id Mw;wpypl;lhh;.
• gpd; mjid jpUth&hpy; Fsj;jpy; vLj;jhh;.
sp
• jpUnthw;wpA+hpy; rq;fpypahiu kze;jhh;. mjdhy; Vw;gl;l guitahhpd;
Cliy ,iwtidj; J}J tpLj;J Nghf;fpdhh;. ob
• jpUitahwpy; fhtphp ePh; toptpl gjpfk; ghbdhh;;.
• mtpdhrpapy; Kjiy thapy; mfg;gl;l gps;isia kPl;lhh;.
ej
• Mb khj Rthjp ehspy; nts;isahidapy; mkh;e;J NruDld; fapiy
nrd;whh;.
e
• jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> jpUehTf;furh;> Re;juh; vd %th; mUspa

.fr
jpUg;gjpfq;fshfpa Njthuj;jpd; NtWngah; - %th; jkpo;.

• jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> jpUehTf;furh;> Re;juh; vDk; %tUld; khzpf;fthrfUk;
w
Nrh;j;J mUspa Njthu jpUthrfq;fspd; njhFg;gpd; NtWngah; -jkpo;kiwfs;.

w
• irt rkaFuth;fs;(irt rka Mrphpah;fs;) vd miof;fg;gLgth;fs; -

jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> jpUehTf;furh;> Re;juh;> khzpf;fthrfh;.
//w
• irt rka Futh;fs; mUspa jkpo;kiwfSf;F MWKfehtyh; ,l;l ngah; -

jkpo; Ntjk;.
• “Ã¤jh Ãiw No bgUkhnd mUshsh“ vd ghodh®
s:
• ‘jpy;iy tho;e;jdh; mbahh;f;fbNad;” vd rptd; mbnaLj;J nfhLf;f Re;juh;>

jpUj;njhz;lh;njhif ghbdhh;.
tp
irthr;rhhpahh;fs;
ht
• Kf;fpakhdth;fs; - ePyfz;lr;rhhpahh;> fr;rpag;grpthr;rhhpahh;> thfPrKdpth;.

• ePyfz;lhr;rhhpahhpd; NtWngah; - =fz;lhr;rhhpahh;.
• ePyfz;lhr;rhhpahhpd; nfhs;if - rpthj;Jtpjk;.
• ‘kjhr;rhhpahh;fs;” vd miof;fg;gLgth;fs; - rq;fuh;> ,uhkD[h;>

kj;Jth;. ,th;fs; %th; Mf;fpa kjq;fspd; kWngah; - jphpkjk;(Kk;kjk;).
• fe;jGuhzj;ij ,aw;wpath; - fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhhpahh; (11k; E}w;whz;L ,Wjp)
• thfPr Kdpth; jq;fpapUe;j klj;jpd; ngah; - rJuhdd gz;bjH klk;
n
(jpUnthw;wpA+h;)> 12k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; tho;ej
; hh;.
• ‘Qhdhkph;jk; “ vd;w kUj;Jt E}iy vOjpath; - thfPr Kdpth;.
l.i
gpw mbahh;fs;
s;
ta
• rpjk;gu eluh[Uf;F njhz;Lnra;Ak; me;jzh; - jpy;iytho;me;jzh;fs;(3>000 Ngh;fs;)
• jpUePyfz;lh; - guj;ijghy; fhKw;Wgpd; kidtpahy; mwpTngw;W ,iwtid ehbdhh;.
or
• ,aw;gif ehadhh; - ,iwtd; tpG+jp jhpj;j fhKfdhf te;J ,th; kidtpia
Nfl;f> ,th; nfhLf;f ,iwtd; Ml;nfhz;lhd;.
sp
• ,isahd;Fb khwh; - ,k;ik nry;tkidj;Jk; mbahh;f;F mUspdhh;.
• nka;g;nghUs; ehadhh; - rptdbahh; Nghd;W Ntlkzpe;j Kj;jpehjd; fj;jpahy;
Fj;jpa NghJk; njhOJ epd;whh;.
ob
• rpWnjhz;lh; - kfid mKjhf ,iwtDf;F mspj;jhh;.
ej
• fz;zg;gh; - ,iwtDf;fhf ,U fz;fisAk; toq;fpdhh;.
• Nrukhd;ngUkhs; -- ahidg;gtdpapd; NghJ ntz;zpwNkdpaha; cth; Rke;j
e
tz;zhid ,iwtdhf tzq;fpdhh;.

.fr
• Gfo;Nrhoh; - rptfhkp Mz;ltuJ G+f;$ilia ahidg; gwpj;J vwpe;jJ.

• khdf;fQ;rhsh; - kzg;ngz;zhd jd; kfspd; $e;jiy mWj;J mbahh;f;F
w
nfhLj;jhh;.
• jpUehisg;Nghthh; - jpUGd;$hpy; ,iwtdUshy; ee;jp tpyf jhprdk; nra;J>
w
rpjk;guj;jpy; jpy;iyf;$j;jd; jhprdk; fhz te;J ,iwN[hjpapy; fye;jhh;.

//w
• mg;G+jpabfs; - jpUehTf;furh; ngahpy; jz;zPh;g;ge;jy; mikj;Jk;> kfDf;F

ghk;G jPz;bAk; FUTf;F mKJ}l;bdhh;.
• Vah;Nfhy;fypuhkh; - Re;juh; ,iwtid J}JtpLj;jij mwpe;J ntFz;L>
s:
jdJ #iy Nehiaj; jPh;f;f Re;juh; tUtijawpe;J> jd; tapw;iw jhNd

fpopj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
tp
ngz; mbahh;fs;
ht
• kq;ifah;furp> fhiuf;fhyk;ik> ,irQhdpahh;>

• ‘kq;ifah;f;F jdp murp vq;fs; nja;tk;” --- Nrf;fpohh;.
• r«gªj® rkz rka¤ij bt‹W irt rka¤ij ãiyeh£l cWJizahf
ÏUªjh®
fhiuf;fhyk;
hyk;ikahh;
• tzpf fztd; mDg;gpa ,U khq;fdpapy; xd;iw mbahh;f;F mspj;J>

kw;nwhd;iw fztDf;fspj;jhh;.
• kw;nwhd;iwAk; fztd; Nfl;f> ,iwaUshy; ngw;whh;.
n
• gpd; vw;Glk;G(Nga; tbtk;) ngw;whh;.
l.i
• fapiyf;F jiyahy; ele;J nrd;whh;.
•
ta
,irQhdpahh; - Re;juiu kfdhfg; ngw;wth;.
• jpyftjpahh; - ngw;Nwhh; kdk; Ngrp fypg;gifahh; ,wf;f> jhDk; caph;tplj;
or
Jzpe;jhh;.
• re;jdhr;rhhpahh;fs; 4 Ngh;. nka;fz;lhh;> mUze;jprpthr;rhhpahh;>
sp
kiwQhdrk;ge;jh;> ckhgjp rptk; MfpNahh; Gwr;re;jhdhrhhpahh;fs;.
• ee;jp> rdj;Fkhuh;> guQ;Nrhjp> rj;aQhdjhprpdp MfpNahh; fapiyapy;
•
ob
tho;tjpdhy; mfr;re;jdhr;rhhpahh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
rkaf;Futh;fs; Njhj;jpu tbtpy; $wpatw;iw re;jdhr;rhhpah;fs; rhj;jpu
tbtpy; $wpdhh;fs;.
ej
nka;fz;lhh;
hh;
e
• jpUg;ngz;zflj;jpy; mr;Rjfsg;ghshpd; kfd;.

•
.fr
rptQhdNghjj;ij guQ;Nrhjp ,tUf;F Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpNyNa mUspdhh;.

• Ig;grp Rthjp ehspy; ,iwtdb Nrh;e;jhh;.
w
mUze;jp rpthr;rhhpahH
• jpUj;Jiwapy; gpwe;jhh;.
w
• rpwg;G ngah; - rfykhgz;bjh;.

//w
• ,th; nka;fz;lhhpd; je;ijapd; FU. gpd; nka;fz;lhhpd; rPluhf khwpdhh;.

• ,th; ,aw;wpait - rptQhdrpj;jpahh;> ,Ugh,UgJ
• jpUj;JiwA+hpy; Gul;lhrp G+rj;jpy; ,iwtdb Nrh;e;jhh;.

s:
kiwQhdrk;ge;jh;
tp
• jpUg;ngz;zflj;jpy; trpj;jhh;.
• rpjk;guj;ijaLj;j jpUf;fshQ;Nrhpapy; Mtzp cj;jpuj;jpy; ,iwab Nrh;ej
; hh;.
ht
ckhgjp rptk;
• jpy;iytho; me;jzh;fs; 3000-y; xUth;.
• jpy;iyapy; Vwhj nfhbia ‘nfhbf;ftp’ ghb Vw;wpdhh;.
• nfhw;wtd;Fbapy; rpj;jpiu m];j ehspy; ,iwab Nrh;e;jhh;.
vz; mbahh;fs; gpwe;j khjk; el;

elrj;
;rj;jpuk;
1 jpUePyfz;lh; ij tprhfk;
2 ,aw;gifahh; khh;fop cj;jpuk;
3 ,isahd;Fb khwh; Mtzp kfk;
4 nka;g;nghUs;Nte;jh; fhh;j;jpif cj;jpuk;
n
5 tpwd;kpz;lhh; rpj;jpiu jpUthjpiu
l.i
6 mkh;ePjpahh; Mdp G+uk;
ta
7 vwpgj;jh; khrp m];jk;
8 Vehjpehjh; Gul;lhrp cj;jpuhlk;
or
9 fz;zg;gh; ij kpUfrPhp\k;
10 Fq;fpypaf;fyah; Mtzp %yk;
sp
11 khdf;fQ;rhwh; khh;fop Rthjp
12 mhpthl;lhah; ij jpUthjpiu
13
14
Mdhah;
%h;j;jpahh;
obfhh;j;jpif
Mb
m];jk;
fhh;j;jpif
15 KUfh; itfhrp %yk;
ej
16 cUj;jpugRgjpahh; Gul;lhrp m];tpdp
17 jpUehisg;Nghthh; Gul;lhrp Nuhfpzp
e
18 jpUf;Fwpg;Gj; njhz;lh; rpj;jpiu Rthjp

.fr
19 rz;NlRtuh; ij cj;jpuk;
20 jpUehTf;furh; rpj;jpiu rjak;
w
21 Fyr;rpiwahh; Mtzp mD\k;

w
22 ngUkpoiyf;FWk;gh; Mb rpj;jpiu
23 fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; gq;Fdp Rthjp
//w
24 mg;G+jp mbfs; ij rjak;

25 jpUePyef;fh; itfhrp %yk;
26 ekpee;jpahh; itfhrp G+rk;
s:
27 jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; itfhrp %yk;

tp
28 Vah;Nfhd;fypuhkh; Mdp Nuhfpzp

29 jpU%yh; Ig;grp m];tpdp
ht
30 jz;b mbfs; gq;Fdp rjak;

31 %h;f;fh; fhh;j;jpif %yk;
32 Nrhkhrpkhwh; itfhrp Mapy;ak;
33 rhf;fpah; khh;fop G+uhlk;
vz; mbahh;fs; gpwe;j khjk; el;rj;jpuk;

34 rpwg;;Gypahh; fhh;j;jpif G+uhlk;
35 rpWnjhz;lh; rpj;;jpiu guzp
36 Nrukhd;ngUkhs; Mb Rthjp
37 fzehjh; gq;Fdp jpUthjpiu
n
38 $w;Wth; Mb jpUthjpiu
l.i
39 Gfo;r;Nrhoh; Mb fhh;j;jpif
ta
40 eurpq;fKidaiuah; Gul;lhrp rjak;
41 mjpgj;jh; Mtzp Mapy;ak;
or
42 fypf;fk;gh; ij Nutjp
43 fypah; Mb Nfl;il
sp
44 rj;jpahh; Ig;grp %yk;
45 Iabfs; fhlth;Nfhd; Ig;grp %yk;
46
47
fzk;Gy;yh;
fhhpahh;
obfhh;j;jpif
khrp
fhh;j;jpif
G+uhlk;
48 neLkhwh; Ig;grp guzp
ej
49 thapyhh; khh;fop Nutjp
50 KidaLthh; gq;Fdp G+rk;
e
51 fow;rpq;fh; itfhrp guzp

.fr
52 ,lq;fopahh; Ig;grp fhh;j;jpif

53 nrUj;Jizahh; Mtzp G+rk;
w
54 Gfo;j;Jizahh; Mtzp Mapy;ak;

w
55 Nfhl;Gypahh; Mb Nfl;il
56 G+ryhh; Ig;grp mD\k;
//w
57 kq;ifah;f;furpahh; rpj;jpiu Nuhfpzp

58 Nerh; gq;Fdp Nuhfpzp
59 Nfhr;nrq;fl;Nrhoh; khrp rjak;
s:
60 jpUePyfz;laho;g;ghzh; itfhrp %yk;

tp
61 riladhh; khh;fop jpUthjpiu

62 ,irQhdpahh; rpj;jpiu rpj;jpiu
ht
63 Re;ju%h;j;jp Rthkpfs; Mb Rthjp
mujj;jh;
• 9-k; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;gFjpapy; Nrhzhl;by;> fQ;rD}hpy; itztf;Fbapy;
gpwe;jhh;. ,sk;gUtj;jpNyNa rptgpuhd; mUs;ngw;whh;.
• ,th; vOjpa E}y;fs; - RUjp#f;jpkhiy(151 RNyhfq;fs;)> gQ;ruj;jpdkhypif
n
Mfpa tlnkhop E}y;fs;.
24.KUfdbahh;
4.KUfdbahh;fs;
l.i
ef;fPuh;
ta
• kJiu fzf;fhadhh; kfd;.
or
• ,th; ,aw;wpa E}y; - jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil filr;rq;f gj;Jg;ghl;bd; Kjy; E}y;.
• KUfdUshy; G+jj;jpd; ,lh; ePq;fp ,d;Gw;whh;.
sp
mUzfphpehjh;
• ,aw;wpait - fe;juyq;fhuk;> fe;jh; me;jhjp> fe;juDG+jp> jpUtFg;G Mfpad.
•
ob
rptd;> rf;jp> tp\;Z midtiuAk; KUfNdhL ,izj;Jg; Gfoe;jhh;.
• mUiz NfhGuj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;J 36 MapukhtJ jpUg;Gfo; ghLk;NghJ KUfd;
fhl;rpaspj;jhuhk;.
ej
• kapy; tpUj;jk;> Nty;tpUj;jk; ghbdhh;.
e
• ‘thf;fpw;F mUzfphp” vdg; ngah; ngw;whh;.

.fr
FkuFUguh;
• ghz;ba ehl;by; =itFz;lkUfpy; ifyhrGuj;jpy; ftpuhah; -
w
rptfhkRe;jhpapd; kfd;.
• Kjy; 5 Mz;Lfshf Cikahf ,Ue;jhh;.
• nre;jpyhz;ltuhy; Ngr;Rjpwd; ngw;W ‘fe;jh; fyp ntz;gh” ghbdhh;.
w
• ,th; ,aw;wpait - fapiy fyk;gfk;> kPdhl;rpg;gps;isj; jkpo;> kJiuf;

fyk;gfk;> Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj; jkpo; Mfpad.
//w
• ,tuJ Qhdrhhpah; - jUk MjPd khrpyhkzp Njrpf Rthkpfs;.

• ,th; fhrpapy; klq;fl;b njhz;lhw;wpdhh;.
• fhrpapy; itfhrp fpU\;zgl;r jpjpapy; ,iwtdb Nrh;e;jhh;.
s:
irtk;
tp
• %yfhkq;fs; 28. cghfq;fs; 20 Nghd;w tiuaiwfs; 11k; E}w;whz;bd;

njhlf;fj;jpw;F gpd;Ng jkpofj;jpy;; gutpd.
ht
• jphpNyhdrpthrhhpah; ,aw;wpa tlE}y; - rpj;jhe;jrhuhtsp.

• ,jpy; tlE}y; Mfkq;fspd; ehw;ghj nghUs;fis RUf;fkhfTk;>
thpirg;gLj;jpAk; $WfpwJ. mjd; fphpahghjj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; irthrhhpahh;
tuyhW $wg;gLfpwJ
• rpj;jhe;j rhuhtspapd; ciuahrphpauhfpa mee;j rpthr;rhhpahh; ‘,q;F

G+h;tfij” vd;w tuyhw;W Fwpg;ig jUfpd;whh;.
• mjd;gb Nfhjhthp fiuapy; ke;jpufhsp vd;w gl;lzk; cz;L. mq;F ke;jpu
fhsPRtiur; #o Mkh;j;jfk;> Gl;gfphp> Nfhsfp> ,uzgj;uk; vd ehd;F irt
klq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
n
• mq;fpUe;j irthr;rhhpaiu ,uhN[e;jpuNrhod; fhQ;rp kw;Wk; Nrho
l.i
kz;lyj;jpYk; ];jhgpj;jhd;.
ta
• kd;dd; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; ‘fq;ifnfhz;l Nrhod;” vd Gfog;gl;lhd;.
• ,e;epfo;r;rp ele;jJ fp.gp.23 MFk;. ,tw;iw fy;ntl;L rhd;WfNshL fye;J
or
Nehf;Fgth; - b.tp. rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh;.
• epfz;L E}y;fshfpa jpthfuk;> gpq;fyj;ij vd;git Ntjk;> mq;fk;> Guhzk;>
sp
cgGuhzk;> ];kpUjp vd;gdtw;wpd; ngah;fisAk;> njhiffisAk; $Wtd.
Mdhy; Mfkq;fis gw;wp ,t;thW vLj;J $Wtjpy;iy.
•
ob
=fz;lhr;rhhpahh; vd miof;fg;gLgth; - ePyfz;;l Mrhhpahh;.
• ePyfz;lr;rhhpahh; - gpu`;k#j;jpuq;fSf;F Kiwg;gb gh\;ak; nra;Js;shh;.
•
ej
rptrh&gk; ngw;w gjKj;jh;fspy; mtjhuk; vdf; $wg;gLk; Nahfhrhhpahh;fSs;
Kf;fpakhdth; - RNtjhrhhpahh;.
e
• RNtjhrhhpahh;> ePyfz;lrhhpahhpd; Mrphpah; vd;gJ =fz;lh\paj;jhy;

.fr
tpsq;FfpwJ.
• tUzgj;jjp> irthfk Qhdk; ngw;w jiyaha irthrhhpahh;fs; --
w
1)=JUthrh; 2)igq;fyhr;rhhpahh; 3)cj;jpur;Nrhjp 4)rj;jpaNrhjp

5)=fz;lh;(ePyfz;lh;) 6)=tp\;Zfz;lh; 7)tpj;ahfz;lh; 8)uhkfz;lh;
w
• ,th;fs; midtiuAk; ‘NjrpNfhj;jkh;fs;” vd miof;fpd;wdh;.

//w
• thfPr Kdpth; 12k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; jpUnthw;wpA+hpy; rJuhd gz;bjh;

klj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;J> Nrhkrk;G gj;jjp> MSilaek;gp =Guhzk; Kjypatw;iw
nghJkf;fSf;F nrhw;nghopthw;wpdhh;.
s:
• thfPrKdpth; vOjpa E}y; - QhdkpUjk; (mftw;ghf;fshy; MdJ)

rptnewpf;Fk; Mo;thh; newpf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL
tp
• 1)rptnewpapy; Kjw;flTSf;F gpwg;G ,y;iy. mtjhuk; $wg;gLtjpy;iy.

ht
Mdhy; Mo;thh; newpapy; flTSf;F 10 mtjhuq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

• 2)guKj;jp epiyapy; caph;f;Nfh>flTSf;Nfh clk;G cz;L vd;w nfhs;if
irtj;jpy; fpilahJ. itztj;jpy; guKj;jp epiyapy; flTSf;Fk;
caph;fSf;Fk; jpt;tpa rhPuk; cs;sJ.
itztk;
25.itztj;jpd; fUj;Jfs; kw;Wk; gphpTfs;
n
• tp\;ZNt flTs;. tlfiy Ntjrhj;jpuj;jpw;Fk;> njd;fiy Mo;thh;
l.i
ghly;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpak; jUthh;fs;.
• tlfiyia Njhw;Wtpj;jth; -- Ntjtpahrh;
ta
• njd;fiyia Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - kzthskhKdpfs;.
• ,jpYs;s Fwpfs; Ie;J. ,jid gQ;rrk;];fhuk; vd;gh;. mit jhgk;>
or
Gz;l;uk;> ehkk;> ke;jpuk;> mh;r;rdk;.
•
sp
itztk; $Wk; Kf;fpa nghUl;fs; Ie;J. mit gQ;rfk; vdg;gLk;.
milgtd; [Ptd; ];t];&gk;
milag;gLtJ tp\;Z ob gu];t&gk;
gad; Kbtpyh ,d;gk; GU\hh;j;j nrh&gk;
cghak; gf;jp cgha nrh&gk;
ej
,ilA+W rh];jpu tpNuhj nray;fs; tpNuhjp nrh&gk;
• Kg;nghUs; cz;ikfs; (m) jj;Jtj;jpuak; -- <];tud;> rpj;J> mrpj;J.
e
• caph;fs; ehd;F gphpT. mZ> Qhdk;> Mde;jk;> mkyk;.

.fr
• ke;jpuq;fs; -- m\;lhl;rhp> \lhl;rhp> Jthjrhl;\hp.

• cl;rkaq;fs; - MW. mit 1)ahjtk; 2)khahjtk; 3)`puz;afh;g;gk;
w
4),uhkD[Pak; 5)gh];fuk; 6)jj;Jtk;.

w
• tp\;Z -- vq;Fk; epiwe;jth;. ,ul;rfh;. gilj;J> fhj;J> epw;gth;.

gQ;rhl;ruj;jpy; ,iwtd; m&gpaha; Qhdtbtpduha; Mjp%ynghUsha;
//w
vq;Fk; epiwe;Js;shh;.
• jj;Jtq;fs; 24. tp\;Z 25-k; jj;Jtkhf guthRNjt nrh&gkhf ,Uf;fpd;whh;.
• ,tuJ tpA+fhtjhuq;fs; -- th]{Njth;> rq;fh;\zh;> gpuj;Ak;dh;> mepUj;jh;
s:
vd ehd;fhFk;.
tp
• ,thpd; jrhtjhuq;fs; -- kr;r> $h;k> tuhf> eurpq;f> thkd> guRuhk> jrujuhk>

gyuhk> fpU\;z> fy;fp.
ht
• MjpNr\d; kPJ Nahfepj;jpiu nra;fpwhh;. ,th; itFz;lj;jpy;

guth]{Njtuha; ,Ue;J ce;jp jhkiuapypUe;J gpuk;khit cz;lhf;fp cyif
gilj;J> gpuk;khtplkpUe;J Uj;uid cz;lhf;fp rk;`huk; nra;fpd;whh;.
• tp\;Z jhNk fhj;jy; njhopiyr; nra;fpd;whh;.
26.ehuhazh;
26.ehuhazh; kw;Wk; mtuJ mtjhuq;fs;
• gQ;rrd;ak; vd;w rq;if Kof;fp cyif gilf;fpwhH.
• Rjh;rd rf;fuk; -- mopj;jy; njhopy;.
• mgafuk; -- fhj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
n
• fjhAjk; -- cyf Rf Jf;fq;fis jLf;Fk; jd;ik.
l.i
• ee;jfk; vDk; ths; -- mQ;Qhdk; mopf;f
• rhuq;fk; vd;w tpy; -- mbahH;f;F NeUk; jPtpid jLf;f.
ta
• nfs];Jg kzp -- me;juhj;khit czh;j;JfpwJ
or
• tj;rk; vd;w kU -- gpuhjdj;ij czh;j;Jk;
• ghyhopapy; gLj;jpUg;gJ -- J}a cs;sj;jpNy mkh;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
sp
• MjpNr\dpd; Nky; radk; -- (mde;jd; - Kbtpy;yhjtd;) cyf Kbtpy;
Nr\dhfpa jhNkhFzk; nfhz;L cyf mopit Fwpf;Fk;.
•
•
ob
jhq;fhky; jhq;fp Rfk; ngWk; epiy -- tp\;Ztpd; radk;
yl;Rkpia mUfpy; itj;J Nahfk; ep\;il nfhz;lJ - Ik;Gyd; mlf;fj;ij
Fwpf;Fk;.
ej
jrhtjhuq;fs;
e
• jrhtjhuq;fs; vLf;f fhuzk; - ey;Nyhiu ul;rpj;J> J\;lh;fis mopf;f.

.fr
kr;rtjhuk; (kPd;)
• àf;fPhPtd; Ntjj;ij flypy; xspj;jjhy;.
w
$h;k mtjhuk; (Mik)

w
• ke;jpu kiyia kj;jhf> thRfp ghk;ig fapwhf nfhz;L ghw;fliy filAk;

NghJ ke;jpukiy rha> Mik mtjhunkLj;J mjid epiyepWj;jpdhh;.
//w
tuhftjhuk; (gd;wp)
• `puz;ah#ud;(`puz;ah~d;)> G+kpia RUl;b flypy; xspj;jjhy; mij kPl;f.
eurpq;ftjhuk;
s:
• `puz;afrpGtpd; mfq;fhuj;jhy; kfd; ‘gpufyhjd;” flTs; vq;FkpUg;ghh; vd

tp
$w> J}iz mRud; cijf;f mjpypUe;J eurpk;kh; ntspg;gl;L mtid

nfhd;whh;.
ht
thkd mtjhuk; (Fs;sd;)

• kfhgyp mRud; Njth;fSf;F Jd;gk; ju thkd mtjhunkLj;J mtd;
jiyapy; fhy; itj;J G+kpapy; mkpo;j;jpdhh;.
guRuhk mtjhuk;
• je;ijia nfhd;w fhh;j;jtPhpaidf; nfhd;whh;.
jruj uhk mtjhuk;
mtjhuk;
• FUthf;fpa ghpghydk; -- nfhba nray;fis nra;j jlhif muf;fpia FU
n
tp];thkpj;uh; nrhd;djhy; nfhd;whh;.
l.i
• je;ij thf;fpa ghpghydk; - jrujd; ifNfaplk; nfhLj;j tuj;ij epiwNtw;w
tdthrk; nra;;jhh;.
ta
• rNfhju md;G -- tdthrk; nry;tJ fz;L gujd;> ,uhkid ehlhs miof;f>
kWj;J Njw;wpaDg;gjpYk;> Ffd;> Rf;hPtd;> tPgP\zd; MfpNahhplKk; rNfhju
or
md;igf; fhl;bdhd;.
• Vfgj;jpdp tpujk; - #H;g;gdif tYtpy; te;J kzk;Ghpa Ntz;baij kWj;jJ.
sp
• thyp tjk; -- Rf;hPtd; kidtpia> thyp jdjhf;fp nfhz;ljhy; >
Rf;hPtd; ,uhkid mZfpajhy;> thypia nfhd;whh;.
ob
gyuhk mtjhuk;
• ,th; MjpNr\dpd; mk;rk;. fz;zDf;F Kd; gpwe;jth;. fz;zdpd; yPiyapy;
ej
cldpUe;jth;.
fpU\
fpU\;zhtjhuk;
e
• thRNjth; - Njtfpf;F kfdhf gpwg;G -- Mah;ghb ee;jNfhgd;-aNrhjh

.fr
Gj;jpudhf tsh;g;G.
• NfhFy ee;jd; - NfhFyj;jpy; 16 taJ tiu tsh;e;jhd;.
w
• G+jid ghYld;> tp\Kk; Cl;l mtisf; nfhd;whd;.

w
• ntz;nza; jpUbaJ - ghy; Nghd;w Rj;jKk;> ntz;nza; kpUJthd

mbahh;f;F mUSthd;
//w
• Nfhgpah; Nriyfis fth;e;jJ - khd mgpkhdq;fis iftpl;L ,iwtid

milNthUf;F Kf;jpaUsg;gLtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
•
s:
FoY}jp kaf;fpaJ - [Pthj;kh> gukhj;khit miltijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

• Jtuhfh ee;jd; :- Jthuiff;F murdhdJk;> rpRghyd;> fk;rd; MfpNahiu
tp
mopj;jJ. JhpNahjddplk; ghz;lth;f;fhf J}J nrd;wJ.

• ghh;j;jrhujp -- mh;[_dDf;F NjhNuhl;bahfp fPijia cgNjrpj;jJ.
ht
fy;fpatjhuk; -- fypapd; Kbtpy; jh;kj;ij epiyehl;l vLf;f ,Ug;gJ.
27.Mo;
27.Mo;thh;fs;
Mo;thh;fs; mk;rk; ghRuq;fs; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;
ngha;ifaho;thh; gQ;rrd;ak; 100
Kjy; jpUte;jhjp
G+jj;jho;thh; fij 100
2-k; jpUte;jhjp
Ngaho;thh; ee;jfk; (ths;) 100
3-k; jpUte;jhjp
n
jpUkopiraho;thh; rf;fuk; 216
jpUr;re;jtpUj;jk; 120
ehd;Kfd;jpUte;jhjp 96
l.i
kJuftpaho;thh; iteNjah; 216 fz;zpd; Ez; rpWj;jhk;G
ek;kho;thh; ehk;rk; 1296 jpUtha;nkhop
ta
FyNrfuh; nfs];Jgk; 105 ngUkhs;jpUtha;nkhop
nghpaho;thh; fUld; 473 jpUg;gy;yhz;L> nghpaho;thh;
jpUnkhop.
or
Mz;lhs; G+kp 173 jpUg;ghit 30> jpUnkhop
140
njhz;lub it[ae;jp (v) 55 jpUkhiy>
sp
nghbaho;thh; tdkhiy jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp> ÂUkiw
ÂUkiy ÂU¥òfœ¢Á
jpUg;ghzh; tj;rk; 10 mkyhd; Mjpgpuhd;
ob
jpUkq;if rhuq;fk; (tpy;) 1361 MW mq;fq;fs;
• Â›éa Ãugªj¤ij mUëajhš - Âuhélh¢rhça®fŸ vd¥gLt®
• ÏUªjäœ òyt®fŸ , MÂg¡j®fŸ v‹w bgauhY« miH¡f¥gLt®
ej
• K‰fhy¤J Mœth®fŸ - bghŒifahœth® , ngŒ Mœth® , ÂUkêir Mœth®
e
• Ïil¡fhy¤J Mœth®fŸ - e«khœth® , kJuféahœth® , Fynrfu Mœth® ,

.fr
g£l®Ãuh‹ v‹w bgçahœth® , nfhij eh¢Áah® v‹w M©lhŸ

• Ã‰fhy¤J Mœth®fŸ - bjh©luo¥ bghoahœth® , ÂU¥ghzhœth®, fèa‹
w
v‹w ÂUk§if Mœth®

•
w
Kjyho;thh;fs; vdg;gLNthh; - ngha;ifaho;thh;> G+jj;jho;thh;> Ngaho;thh;.

ngha;ifaho;thh;
//w
• gpwg;gplk; - fr;rp (fhQ;rp) efhpYs;s jpUnt:.fh

• mtjhpj;j kyh; - jhkiu
•
s:
el;rj;jpuk; - Ig;grp jpUNthzk;.

• mk;rk; - gQ;rrd;ak; (rq;F)
tp
• ,\;lnja;tk; - jpUg;gjp VOkiyahd;

• mUspa jpUehkk; - ‘Ntq;flth; jpUkiyia tpUk;Gktd; thopNa”
ht
• mUëaJ - Kjš ÂUtªjhÂ

• “eant‹ Ãw®bghUis, e‹nd‹ ÑHhnuhL” vd¤ bjhl§F«
ghliy¥ ghoÍŸsh®
G+jj;jho;thh;
• gpwg;G - njhz;ilehl;bYs;s jpUf;fly;ky;iy(khky;yGuk;)
• mtjhpj;j kyh; - FUf;fj;jp kyh;
• el;rj;jpuk; - Ig;grp mtpl;lk;.
n
• mk;rk; - nfsNkhjfp vDk; fjhAjk;.
l.i
• ,\;lnja;tk; - =uq;fk; jpUtuq;fh;;.
• mUspa jpUehkk; - ‘nghd;GiuAk; jpUtuq;fg; GfOiuj;jhd; thopNa”
ta
• mUëaJ - 2 -« ÂUtªjhÂ
•
or
“ m‹ng jfêah , M®tnk beŒahf” vd¤ bjhl§F« ghliy¥ ghoÍŸsh®
Ngaho;thh;
sp
• gpwg;G - kapyhg;G+h;
• mtjhpj;j kyh; - nrt;ty;ypg;G+
•
•
el;rj;jpuk; - Ig;grp rjak;.
mk;rk; - ee;jfk; (ths;)
ob
• ,thpd; NtWngah; - k`jh`;tah; (jpUkopiraho;thiu jpUj;jpajhy;)
ej
• ,\;lnja;tk; - jpUf;NfhtpY}h; ,ilfopapy; cs;s jpUkhy;
e
• mUspa jpUehkk; - ‘Nekprq;fz; tbtoif neQ;rpy; itg;Nghd; thopNa”

.fr
• ‘jpUf;fz;Nld; nghd;Nkdp fz;Nld;” - Ngaho;thh;

• mUëaJ - 3 -« ÂUtªjhÂ
w
• “mJ e‹W ÏJ ÔJ v‹W Ia¥glhnj“ vd¤ bjhl§F« ghliy¥ ghoÍŸsh®

•
w
Kjy; %d;W Mo;thh;fs; re;jpj;j ,lk; - jpUf;NfhtpY}h; ,ilfop

jpUkopiraho;thh;(Gfo;kopir Iad;)
//w
• Ãw¥ò -ÂUkêir
• m«r« - jpUthop (r¡fu m«r« )
s:
• Átth¡»a® v‹w bgaUl‹ irt rka¤Âš ÏUªjh®. ngahœth® _y«

itzt¤Â‰F kh¿dh®
tp
• mUëaJ - eh‹Kf‹ ÂUtªjhÂ , ÂU¢rªj éU¤j«

ht
• všyh« ÂUkhš vd v©Q»wh®

• “j‹DŸns Âiu¤bjG« ju§fbt‹ jl«nghš“ vd¤ bjhl§F« ghliy¥ ghoÍŸsh®
• gpwg;gpd;NghJ cly; Cdkhf gpwe;jth; - jpUkopiraho;thh;.

• ,\;lnja;tk; - jpUnt:.fhtpYk; > jpUf;Fle;ijapYk; cs;s ngUkhs;.
ek;kho;thH(mUs;khwd;)
• Ãw¥ò -18 jpUg;gjpfisAila ghz;behl;by; jhkpuguzp fiuapy;
Mo;thh;jpUefhpapy; (jpUf;FU$h;)
• el;rj;jpuk; - itfhrp tprhfk;
n
• mk;rk; - jpUf;FWq;Fb ek;gpapd; mk;rKk;> =nfs];Jgk;
l.i
vDk; ,uj;jpdhk;rKk;> N]id KjypNahuJ mk;rk;
• Áw¥ò¥ bga®fŸ - khw‹ , rlnfhg‹ , guh§Fr‹ , tFsóõz‹
ta
• Ït® ghoa ghRu§fis eh‹fhtJ Mæu« v‹g®
•
or
Ït® ghoa bkh¤j ghRu§fŸ - 1296
• cyf¥ g‰¿id é£L Ïiwtid ru© milªjhš mid¤J« bgWtJ vëaJ v‹wh®
sp
• “ÅLä‹ K‰wÎ« , ÅL brŒJ c«Kæ® v‹w ghliy¥ ghoÍŸsh®
• rlk; vDk; thAit Xl;b xopj;jjpdhy; ‘rlNfhgd;” vd ngah; ngw;whh;.
• ,th; 16 taJ tiu nksdkha; ,Ue;jhh;.
ob
jpUtpyr;rpid nra;J> cgNjrk; nra;J it\;ztuhf;fpdhh;.
N]id Kjypahh; ,tUf;F
• ,th; vOjpa E}y;fs; - jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUthrphpak;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp>

ej
jpUtha;nkhop. ,e;ehd;Fk; ‘ehd;F Ntjq;fs;” vdg;gLfpd;wd.
e
• ‘ngha;apy;ghly;” vd miof;fg;gLtJ - jpUtha;nkhop.

• ‘khwp khwp gy gpwg;Gk; gpwe;J” - jpUtha;nkhop
.fr
• ,th; mtjhpf;Fk;NghNj ,iwtdplk; Ngud;G nfhz;ljhy; ,th; ,iwtd; kPJ

w
nfhz;Ls;s gf;jpia ‘]`[gf;jp” vdf; $Wth;.

• ,\;lnja;tk; - fpU\;zd;.
w
• ,th; ‘fpU\;zj;U\;zhjj;tk;” vd;W nfhz;lhlg;gl;lth;.

//w
• ‘Mo;thh;fSf;nfy;yhk; jiyth;” vdg; Nghw;wg;gLgth; - ek;kho;thh;.

FyNrfuho;thh;(Nruyh;Nfhd;)
• je;ijahh; - Nruehl;by; Nfhopf;NfhL(jpUtQ;rpf;fsk;) vDk; ,uh[jhdpapy;
s:
muRGhpe;j jpultpUjd;.
• gpwg;G - khrp Gdh;G+r el;rj;jpuk;
tp
• mk;rk; - =nfs];Jg kzp

ht
• ,aw;ngah; - nfs];Jghkruh;> Nruyh;Nfhd;.

• rpwg;G ngah;fs; - nfhy;ypfhtyd;> $ly;ehafd;> $lyh;Nfhd;>
Nfhopf;Nfhd;FyNrfud;.
• ,th; tlnkhopapy; ghbaJ - KFe;jkhiy.
• ,th; ,uhkgpuhid topgl;lth;.

• ,th; ghba gpuge;jk; - ngUkhs;jpUnkhop.
• ngUkhs; jpUnkhopapy;
jpUnkhopapy; $wg;gLk; nghUs;fs; :
Kjy; %d;W jpUnkhopfs; =uq;fk; Nfhapiyg; gw;wpaJ
n
4-k; jpUnkhop jpUNtq;flj;ijg; gw;wpaJ
5-k; jpUnkhop tpw;Wtf;Nfhl;iliag; gw;wpaJ
l.i
6-k; jpUnkhop Ma;r;rpah; Cliyg; gw;wpaJ
ta
7-k; jpUnkhop Njtfpapd; Gyk;giyg; gw;wpaJ
8-k; jpUnkhop ehkhpd; jhyhl;ilg; gw;wpaJ
or
9-k; jpUnkhop jrujd; Gyk;giyg; gw;wpaJ
10-k; jpUnkhop ,uhkhazf; fijr; RUf;fk;
sp
nghpaho;thh; (Ja;agl;lehjd; (m) gl;lh;gpuhd;)
• gpwg;gplk; - =tpy;ypGj;J}h;
ob
• Fyk; - Ntah;Fyk;;
ej
• el;rj;jpuk; - Mdp Rthjp
• mk;rk; - fUlhk;rk;
e
• ,aw;ngah; - tp\;Zrpj;jh;.
.fr
• tlngUq;NfhapYilahDf;F jpUkhiy fl;b rkh;gpj;J te;jhh;.

• ,th; mUspaJ - jpUg;gy;yhz;L> nghpaho;thh; jpUnkhop.
w
• ehuhazh; ,th; fdtpy; $wpagb> kJiu ghz;bad; mitf;fsk; rhh;eJ

;
w
jpUkhNy guk;nghUs; vd epWtpf; fpopia ,Wj;jhh;.

• ehyhæu Â›éa Ãugªj¤Âš Kjš ghlš ÏtUilaJ
//w
• tuyhw;W Fwpg;Gfs; cs;slq;fpa ghly;fis ghbath; - nghpaho;thh;

njhz;lubnghbaho;thh; (md;gh;jhspJ}sp)
s:
• gpwg;G - Nrhoehl;by; Fk;gNfhzk; jpUkz;lq;Fb

• el;rj;jpuk; - khh;fop Nfl;il
tp
• mk;rk; - jpUkhyJ it[ae;jp vDk; tdkhiy

• Fyk; - gpuhkzh;
ht
• =uq;fk; ngUkhis topgl;lhh;.

• ,aw;ngah; - tpg;uehuhazh;.
• ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; - jpUkhiy> jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp> ÂUkiwÂUkiy ÂU¥òfœ¢Á
• “x‹nw Fy« xUtnd njt‹ v‹w bfhŸifia tèÍW¤ÂdhH.

jpUg;ghzho;thh; (ew;ghzd;)
• gpwg;G - Nrhoehl;L ciwA+h;
• el;rj;jpuk; - fhh;j;jpif khj Nuhfpzp
• mk;rk; - =tj;]j;jpd;(jpUkW) mk;rk;
n
• me;jzdJ new;gaph;fjphpy; gpwe;jjhy; Kjyho;thh;fis Nghy ‘mNahdp[h;”
l.i
vdg;gl;lhh;.
• ,th; xU fhdQhdp. ,tiu N]hf]huq;fkhKdpfs; Njhspy; Vw;wp =uq;fk;
ta
ngUkhs; Kd;tpl;lhh;.
• ,th; ‘mkyhd; Mjpg;gpuhd;” vDk; ghRuk; ghb ,iwtNdhL If;fpakhdhh;.
or
• Ït® ghlš bgU«ghY« mu§fehjid¥ g‰¿ajhF«
•
sp
Ïiwt‹ K‹ V‰w¤jhœÎ Ïšiy v‹gJ Ïtç‹ nfh£ghL
jpUkq;ifaho;thh;(ew;fypad;)
• gpwe;j ,lk; - Nrhoehl;L ob
jpUthopjpUefhp vDk; jpt;tpa Njrj;Jf;F
mUNfAs;s jpUf;FiwaY}h;
• gpwngah;fs; - ePyd;> gufhyd;> fypad;> kq;ifNte;jd;> Mypehlhd;>
ej
ehYftpngUkhs;.
• gpwg;G - Nridj;jiytd; kfdha; fhh;j;jpif khj fhh;j;jpif el;rj;jpuk;
e
• mk;rk; -jpUr;rhuq;fj;jpd;(tpy;) mk;rk;.

.fr
• kidtp - FKjty;yp
•
w
tayhyp kzthsdplk; ke;jpu cgNjrk; ngw;wth;.

• nghpangUkhs;(=uq;fk;) re;epjpapy; jpUg;gzp nra;jth;.
w
• ,th; vOjpait - nghpa jpUnkhop> jpUf;FWe;jhz;lfk;> jpUneLe;jhz;lfk;>

jpUntOf;$w;wpUf;if> rpwpa> nghpa jpUkly;> vd;w MW gpuge;jq;fs;(,it
//w
‘khwd; gzpj;j jkpo; kiwf;F mq;fq;fs;” vd $wg;gLfpd;wd)

• ÂUtu§f nfhéè‹ R‰WRt® f£oat® . irt be¿æY« <LghL bfh©lt®
s:
• k‹Dkiy miua‹ bgh‰ghit v‹w Át‹ ghliy¥ ghoÍŸsh®

Mz;lhs;
tp
• ,aw;ngah; - RUk;ghh; Foy; Nfhij.

ht
• Áw¥ò¥ bga®fŸ - nfhij , No¡bfhL¤j eh¢Áah®. Ãw¥ò - ÂUéšè¥ò¤Jh®

• bgçahœthç‹ ts®¥ò kfŸ
• ghoaJ - eh¢Áah® ÂUbkhê , ÂU¥ghit
• ‘mQ;RFbf;F xU re;jjp” vdf; nfhz;lhlg;gLgth; - Mz;lhs;.
kJuftpaho;thh;
• gpwg;G - ghz;ba ehL jpUney;Ntyp> Mo;thh;jpUefuUNf jpUf;Nfh@h;
• el;rj;jpuk; - rpj;jpiu khj rpj;jpiu
• mk;rk; - fzehjuhd FKjuJ mk;rk;
n
• #hpNahjj;jpw;F mUNzhjak; Nghd;W ek;kho;thh; mtjhuj;jpw;F Kd;
l.i
kJuftpaho;thh; gpwe;jhh;.
• ghba gpuge;jk; - ‘fz;zpd; Ez; rpWj;jhk;G” (ek;kho;thh; gw;wp ghbaJ)
ta
ehjKdpfs;
• ek;kho;thuhy; mUsg;gl;lth;.
or
• tprp\;lhj;itjk; mopAk;NghJ mjid ed;F gug;gpdhh;.
sp
• ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jg; ghly;fis njhFj;jth;.
• ,thpd; Ngudhd Mste;jhh; gug;gpa rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; ngah; - vk;ngUkhdhh; jh;rdk;.
vk;ngUkhdhh; ob
• ,aw;ngah; - jpUtde;jho;thd;.
• gpwg;G - =ngUk;GJ}hpy; rpj;jpiu khj jpUthjpiuapy; gpwe;jhh;.
ej
• ngw;Nwhh; - M]_hpNfrtngUkhs; - G+kpgpuhl;b
•
e
‘gQ;rhAjq;fspd; mtjhuk;” vd jpUtuq;fj;jKjdhuhy; miof;fg;gl;lth; -

vk;ngUkhdhh;
.fr
• gQ;rhAjq;fshtd : Rjh;rdk;> ee;jfk;> fij> rhuq;fk;> ghQ;rrd;ak;.

•
w
tp\;tf;NrdUila mtjhuk;> jphp jz;lk; nrq;Nfhypd; mtjhuk; vd

Ntjhe;jNjrpfdhuhy; miof;fg;gl;lth; - vk;ngUkhdhh;.
w
• njhz;lD}hpy; i[dh;fSld; thjk; nra;jhh; vdf; $Wk; E}y; -

FUguk;guhg;gpughtk;.
//w
• gd;dpU Mo;thh;fspd; itgtq;fis tphpthf ‘FUguk;guhg;gpughtk;” Kjypa

E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;.
s:
• ngUkhis vg;NghJk; epide;J thOk; 12 Mo;thh;fSk; ‘epj;jpa]_hpfs;”

vd;W jpt;tpa]_hpa rhpjk;> FUguk;guhg;gpughtk; Kjypa E}y;fs; $Wfpd;wd.
tp
• Guhzq;fisj; jOtp epw;Fk; E}y;fs; - jpt;tpa]_hpa rhpjk;>

FUguk;guhg;gpughtk;
ht
• vk;ngUkhdhiu jpUtde;jho;thd; mtjhuk; vd ciuf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; -

FUguk;guhg;gpughtk;> jpt;tpa#hparhpjk;.
• ehyhapu jpt;tpagpuge;j E}ypd; midj;J ghRuq;fSf;Fk;; ciu vOjpath; -
nghpathr;rhd;gps;is.
• ek;kho;thh; ghRuq;fSf;Fkl;Lk; ciu vOjpath; - tlf;FjpUtPjpgps;is

• kzthskhKdpfshf mtjhuk; nra;jth; - vk;ngUkhdhh;
• jpUtde;jho;thd;> Kjypy; vk;ngUkhdhuha; mtjhpj;J gpd;G
kzthskhKdpfsha; mtjhuk; nra;jhh; vd ‘tutuKdprjfk;” vDk; E}ypy;
n
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sth; - vUk;gpag;gh;.
• ek;kho;thh; mUspait “ehd;F Ntjq;fs;” vd;Wk;> jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
l.i
mUspait ‘MW mq;fq;fs;” vd;Wk;> gpw Mo;thh;fs; mUspait
ta
‘;cghq;fq;fs;” (cjtpGhpAk; E}y;fs;) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• Njrpfd; vOjpaJ ‘=kj;u`];aj;u]huk;”. ,jd; tpahf;ahdk;(tpsf;fk;)
or
‘]huh];thjpeP”
• ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk;> Guhzq;fs; Nghd;wit Ntjf; fUj;Jf;fis
sp
njspthf njhptpf;f te;jikahy; mit ‘ NtNjhg g;Uk;k`zq;fs;” vdg;gLk;.
• ehjKdpfs; Kjy; vk;ngUkhdhh; eLtha;> kzthskhKdpfs; <whf cs;s
ob
FUguk;giuia Nrh;e;j k`hd;fs; - G+h;thr;rhhpahh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
itzt¤ jy§fŸ
• tlehL - neghs« , Jthuif
ej
• kiyehL - ÂUtdªjòu«
e
• eLehL - ÂU¡nfhéYh® , ÂUnt§fl«

.fr
• bjh©ilehL - fhŠÁòu«
28.itztj;
28.itztj;jpd; rpwg;Gfs;
w
• xd;iw cs;sgb czUtjw;F fhuzk; vJNth mjd; ngah; - gpuhkzk;.

w
• gpuhkzj;jpd; tiffs; - 3> mit 1)gpuj;jpal;rk; 2)mDkhdk; 3)rg;jk;

• jpUkhiy nja;tkhff; nfhz;l kjk; - itztkjk;
//w
• itztj;jpd; tiffs; - 2> mit 1)tlfiy> 2)njd;fiy

• tlfiyapdh; Ntjrhj;jpuq;fSf;Fk;> njd;fiyapdh; ehyhapu jpt;a
s:
gpuge;jq;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gh;.

• CW> Xir> xsp> Rit> ehw;wk; Mfpa Fzq;fisAk;>
tp
mjw;fbg;gilahd ,e;jphpaq;fisAk; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; rhjdk; - gpuj;jpal;rk;

• Xhplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,UnghUl;fSk; xd;iwtpl;L xd;W gphpahky; ,Uf;Fk;
ht
epiyfz;L NtNwhhplj;jpy; fhzg;glhj xd;iw fz;lnjd Cfpg;gJ -

mDkhdk; vdg;gLk;.
• ,e;jphpaq;fshYk;> mDkhdj;jhYk; cs;sgb czuKbahj cahpa nghUis
czUtjw;fhd fhuzKk;> ml;ruq;fspd; $l;lKk; - rg;jk; vdg;gLk;.
• rg;j gpuhkzq;fSs; rpwe;jjhf fUjg;gLtJ - RUjp

• RUjpapd;(Ntjk;); tiffs; - 4> (hpf;> a[_h;>rhk>mjh;tzk;)
• ];kpUjpfis ,aw;wpath;fs; - kD Kjyhd k`hd;fs;.
• tp\;ZGuhzj;ij ,aw;wpath; - guhruh;
n
• =ghftjGuhzj;ij ,aw;wpath; - tpah]h;
•
l.i
Ntjq;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis njspthf njhptpf;Fk; E}y;fs; - cggpukhzq;fs;
(,jpfhrq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> ];kpUjpfs; Kjypad)
ta
• Ntjj;jpd; ,U ngUk; gphpTfs; - fh;kfhz;lk;> gpuk;k fhz;lk;.
• gukGU\dpd; Kfkyh;r;rpf;fhf nra;Ak; Nts;tp> jhdk;> jtk;> Kjypatw;iwAk;
or
mtw;iwr; nra;Ak; Kiwfisg; gw;wp $Wk; Ntjg;gFjp - fh;kfhz;lk;.
• gukGU\dpd; jpUNkdp> Fzq;fs;> mtid mila cjTk; cghaq;fs;
sp
Mfpatw;iw tpsf;FtJ - gpuk;kfhz;lk;.
• fh;kfhz;lj;jpw;fhd topE}y;fs; - kD ];kpUjp
ob
• gpuk;kfhz;lj;jpw;fhd topE}y;fs; - ,jpfhrq;fs;> tp\;ZGuhzk; Kjypa
Guhzq;fs;
ej
• ];kpUjpfs; - Mrhuq;fisg; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
• ,jpfhrk;> Guhzq;fs; - gukGU\d;> gf;jp> tPLNgW Kjypatw;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
e
• Guhzq;fs; midj;ijAk; Kjypy; gilj;jtd; - gpukd;

.fr
• gpukdpd; Fzq;fs; - 3> mit rj;Jtk;> uhrrk;> jhkrk;.

• gpukdhdtd;; jhkrFzk; Nkypl;bUe;jNghJ gilj;jit -mf;fpdp>
w
rptGuhzq;fs;
w
• gpukdhdtd; uhrrFzk; Nkypl;bUe;jNghJ gilj;jit - gpukGuhzk;

• gpukdhdtd;; rj;JtFzk; Nkypl;bUe;jNghJ gilj;jit - ehuhazGuhzk;
//w
• ehuhazdpd; jpUttjhukhf fUjg;gLgth; - tpah]h;

• ,jpfhrq;fSs; rpwe;jJ - ,uhkhazk;
s:
• xU nghUSf;Fhpa jd;ikia mjpy; mwpahJ NtWnghUspd; jd;ikia

mwpjy; (Kj;Jr;rpg;gp Nghy;) - me;ahjh[;Qhekhk;
tp
• nts;spapd; jd;ikia mwpjy; - me;ajh[;Qhekhk;

• xU nghUis NtnwhU nghUshf mwpjy; - tpghPjh];Qhekhk;
ht
• xU nghUis Jizg;GU\dhf mwpjy; - tpghPj[;Qhekhk;

• tpah]h; nra;j rh];jpuq;fspy; rpwe;jJ - gpuk;k#j;jpuq;fs;
• guhruhpd; kfd; - tpahrh;
• gQ;ruhj;jpuk; vd;Dk; rpwe;j rhj;jpuj;ijg; gilj;jth; - ehuhazh;.
• thA gfthDila mtjhukhfTk;> Uj;uhk;rk; nghUe;jpatuhfTk; fUjg;gLgth;

- rpwpa jpUtb vd miof;fg;gLk; mDkd; (nrhy;ypd;nry;td;)
• jpUtde;jho;thdpd; G+uz mtjhukhAk;> gQ;rhAjq;fspd; mk;rk;
(rf;jpahNtrk;) cs;stuhfTk; fUjg;gLgth; - vk;ngUkhdhh;.
•
n
tp\;Z vd;Dk; cah;e;j nja;tj;ij Ntjq;fspdhNyNa mwpa KbAk; vd
ciuj;jth; - Ntj tpahrh;.
l.i
• ‘vy;yh Ntjq;fspdhYk; mwpag;ngWk; nghUs; ehNd“ vd ciuj;jth; -
ta
=ghh;j;jrhujp (E}y; - gftj;fPij)
• vtd; xU cz;ikia jhk; cs;sgb czh;e;J gpwUk; mjid cs;sgb czu>
or
ca;T ngw E}ypd; %ykhf ntspapLfpwhNdh mtd; - Mg;jjkd;
jkd vd
miof;fg;gLfpwhd;.
sp
• ‘]N`hthr t;ah]: ghuhrh;a:” vd Ntjj;jpdhNy Gfog;ngw;wth; - Ntjtpahrh;
• fpUj Afj;jpy; ,Ue;j Kf;jpkhh;f;f tif - Qhd khh;f;fk; (jpNujh
•
ob
Afj;jpy; ,k;khh;f;fk; rpwpJ khWjy; mile;jJ. Jthgu Afj;jpy; mopTw;wJ)
Jthgu Afk; mopTw;wNghJ guhruUf;Fk;> rj;jpatjpf;Fk; kfdhf gpwe;jth; - tpahrh;
• ‘[gh\;ak;” vDk; xg;gw;w E}iy mUspath; - vk;ngUkhdhh;.
ej
• = trd G+rd #j;jpuj;jpw;F tpahf;fpahdk; mUspr;nra;jth; -
e
kzthskhKdpfs;.
.fr
• ‘ehuhazfjhk; ,khk;” vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghliyf; nfhz;l E}y; - kfhghujk;

• ek;gps;is <L> Mrhh;a `pUjak; vDk; E}y;fspy; jiytuhf fUjg;gLk;
w
Mo;thh; - ek;kho;thh;.
• cz;ikg;nghUis md;Gld; rpe;jpf;Fk; rpe;jid - gf;jp vdg;gLk;.
w
• cz;ikg;nghUis ruziljy; - gpugj;jp

//w
• gpugQ;rk; - fhhpag;nghUs;. jpUkhy; - fhuzg;nghUs; -- Kjy;tif.

• gpugQ;rk; - cilikg;nghUs;: jpUkhy; - cilatd;.
• kw;nwhU tif - rh];jpu tif.
s:
• tp\;Zit Ntjq;fspNyNa mwpa KbAk; vd $wpath; - Ntjtpahrh;.

•
tp
RUjpapy; cs;s gpuk;k vDk; nrhy; Fwpg;gJ - ngUikAila nghUs;.

(,g;ngUikahdJ 1)nghUspd; ngUik (gpUfj;Jtk;)
ht
2)mg;nghUSf;fhd ,ay;gpd; ngUik(Fzg;gpUfj;Jtk;) vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

• vy;yh nghUs;fspYk; cs;Sk; GwKk; epuk;gp xd;iwAk; tplhJ ,Ue;J
mg;nghUSf;Fhpa mt;thwhd ,Ug;Ng - nghUspd; ngUik MFk;.
• vg;nghUs; jd; ,ay;ghy; vq;Fk; gue;jpUf;fpwNjh mt;thwhd ,Ug;G - ,ay;gpd;

ngUik MFk;.
• gpuk;k vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; tpsf;Fk; nja;tk; - ehuhazh;
• ‘me;jh;g`pr;r” vd;Dk; nghUs; tpsf;FtJ - nghUspd; ngUikf;F chpatd;
n
ehuhazd;
• ‘a];]h;t[;Q” vDk; nghUs; tpsf;FtJ - ,ay;gpd; ngUikia cilatd;
l.i
ehuhazd;.
ta
• ‘`puz;afh;g;g: ]kth;j;jjhf;Nu> e]j;erh]j; rptVt Nfty:” > ‘VNfhìt
ehuhaz M]Pj;” vd;Dk; 3 thf;fpaq;fspy; Kjy; thf;fpak; - vy;yhk; mope;j
or
fhyj;jpy; gpukd; ,Ue;jhd; vd;W czh;j;JfpwJ. ‘rj;Jk; mrpj;Jk;
mf;fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy. rptd; kl;LNk ,Ue;jhd; vd 2-k; thf;fpak;
sp
czh;j;JfpwJ. gpukDk;> rptDk; ,y;yhj mf;fhyj;jpy; ehuhazd;
kl;LNk ,Ue;jhd; vd 3-k; thf;fpak; czh;j;JfpwJ.
•
•
ob
ehuhazid ‘`puz;afh;g;g” ‘rpt” vd $Wk; E}y; - tp\;Zr`];uehkk;.
‘xd;We;NjTk; cyFKapUk; kw;Wk; ahJkpy;yh md;W ehd;Kfd; jd;NdhL
NjtUyNfhL gilj;jhd;” - ek;kho;thh;.
ej
• ‘gpbj;jhh; gpbj;jhh; tPw;wpUe;J nghpathDs; epyhTthNu” - ek;kho;thh;
e
• ‘,dpawpe;Njd; <rw;Fk; ehd;Kfw;Fk; nja;tk;

.fr
,dpawpe;Njd; vk;ngUkhd; cd;id ,dpawpe;Njd;

fhuzd; eP fw;wit eP fw;giteP> ew;fphpir
w
ehuzd;eP ed;fwpe;Njd; ehd;” --- jpUkopiraho;thh;.

• ‘VNfhìt ehuhaz M]Pj; eg;u`;kh Nerhe” vd;Dk; kNfhgep\j; thf;fpak;
w
czh;j;Jk; nghUs; - cyfk; cz;lhtjw;F Kd; ehuhazd; xUtNd ,Ue;jhd;.

gpukd; kw;Wk; rptd; ,y;iy.
//w
• ‘VNfhìt ehuhaz M]Pj; e g;u`;kh Nerhe” vd;Dk; kNfhgep\j; thf;fpak;

czh;j;Jk; nghUs; - rptd; gpukd; tp\;Z %tUk; xUtNu.
s:
• gpugQ;rk; - Njth;> kdpjd;> gR gl;rpfs;> Gy;G+z;Lfs; vDk; ehd;F tifapy;

mike;Js;sJ.
tp
• kfhghujj;jpy; $wg;gl;l rptr`];uehkj;jpy; ehuazd; ngah; $wg;gltpy;iy.

tp\;Z r`];uehkj;jpy; ehuaz ehkq;fshf `puz;afh;g;g> rpt vDk;
ht
ehkq;fs; cs;sd.
• GGj;ij (m) Mfhq;i~ vd;gjd; nghUs; - cz;ik mwpa tpUg;gk;
• Mfhq;i~Aw;wJ - ]hfq;~k;
• Mfhq;i~aw;wJ - epuhfq;~k;.
• cj;jhyfh; vd;w mwpQhpd; kfd; ngah; - RNtjNfJ.

• Flj;jpw;F kz; cghjhd fhuzk;> Fatd; epkpj;j fhuzk;>
mJNghy ,g;gpugQ;rj;jpw;F gpu`;kk; epkpj;jfhuzha; cghjhd fhuzkha;
cs;sJ.
•
n
Mrhhpadplj;jpy; Nfl;lg; nghUis jdf;F njhpe;j gpukhzq;fisAk;>
Af;jpfisAk; nfhz;L epr;rapj;J nfhs;Sjy; - kddk;.
l.i
• xU nghUis vz;nzapd; jhiu Nghd;W ,iltplhJ rpe;jpf;Fk; rpe;jid - jpahdk;
ta
• cz;ikg;nghUsha; ,Ug;gjhy; ‘eph;tpNr\k;”; vd$wg;gLtJ - gpuk;k ke;jpuk;.
• fhuz nghUspd; ,Utiffs; - cgjhdk;> mghjhdk;
or
• fhhpak;(Flk;) cghjhd fhuzkhd epiyia (ve;j kz; FlkhdNjh
mk;kz;zhd epiyia) ngw;W mghjhdj;NjhL(ve;j kz; &gkhf
sp
Mftpy;iyNah mk;kz;NzhL) xd;wha; nghUe;jpapUf;Fk; epiy - yak; MFk;.
• jd;khj;jpiufs; mfq;fhuj;jpw;Fk;> mfq;fhuk; kfhjj;Jtj;jpYk;> kfhjj;Jtk;
ob
mt;af;jypYk;> mt;af;jk; m\;ruj;jpYk;> m\;ruk; jkrpYk;> yakilfpd;wd.
• Kf;FzKk; rkkha; ,Uf;Fk; epiy - mt;af;jk;.
•
ej
[Pt] %yj;ij jd;dplk; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; kpf yl;rzkha; FzKs;sjha;
cs;s epiy - ‘m~uk;”
e
• ePhpy; fiue;j cg;G Nghd;Wk;> re;jpufhe;j fy;ypYs;s ePh; Nghd;Wk;> #hpafhe;j

.fr
fy;ypYs;s xsrz;ak; Nghd;Wk;> ,iwtd; xUtNd czuf;$ba #l;Rk epiy

- jhkrk;
w
• ]j;tk;> u[;[{> jk]{ Mfpa Kf;Fzq;fspy; cs;s Vw;wjho;Tfis it\k;ak; vd;gh;.

• it\k;a epiyapYs;sJ - fhhpanghUshFk;. v.fh. k`hd;> mfq;fhuk;>
w
jd;khj;jpiufs; Nghd;wd.
//w
m`q;fhuk;
]hj;tPfk; jhk]k; uh[]k;

s:
,e;jphpaq;fs; jd;khj;jpiufs;
tp
• gpukj;jpw;F cz;ikapy; Fzk; fpilahJ. mJ Rj;jkhdJ. mtpj;ij vDk;

ht
Njh\j;jpd; njhlh;ghy; gpu`;kj;jpw;F Fzq;fs; Vw;gLk; vd ‘a ]h;tQ;Q”

‘g;uh];a rf;jp” vDk; ];Ujpfs; $Wfpd;wd.
• gpu`;kj;jpw;F Qhdk;> rf;jp> Kjypa vz;zpwe;j fypahz Fzq;fs; cz;L.
mf;Fzq;fs; rj;jpak; vdTk; Ntjk; $Wfpd;wJ.
• ‘jj; j;tk; m]p” vDk; thf;fpak; ]khehjpfuz thf;fpak; vdg;gLfpwJ.

• gukhj;kh ehuazd;. mtDf;F xj;jnghUSk; xt;thj nghUSk; Fzq;fSk;
cz;ikapy; cz;L.
• ,U nrhw;fSk; Kjy; Ntw;Wik ciladthf cs;s thf;fpak; ‘]khehjpfuz
n
thf;fpak;” vdg;gLk;.
• ,Unrhw;fSk; Ntw;Wikay;yhj xU nghUisj; jUgtdthf ,Ue;jhy;
l.i
mt;thf;fpak; ‘t;ajpfuz thf;fpak;” vdg;gLk;.
ta
• [Ptd;> rpwg;G ngWtjw;F fhuzk; - jhd; mDgtpj;jy;> gpwUf;F cgfhpj;jy;
Nghd;w ,iwtd; tpUk;gjFe;j md;NghL $ba ,e;j Nr\j;t epiyia -
or
jh];ak;
k vd;gh;.
• [PtDf;Nf chpa rpwg;gpay;G - jh];ak; vdg;gLk;.
sp
• xU nghUs; xU fzk; ,Ue;jhy; mt;thW ,Ug;gij ]j;ij vd;gh;. ,uz;L
fzq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; me;je;j fhyj;jpy; mg;nghUs; ,Ug;gij ‘]j;jpjp” vd;gh;.
•
ob
Kaw;rpia ‘g;ut;Uj;jp” vd;Wk;> Kaw;rpapd;ikia ‘ept;Uj;jp” vd;Wk; $Wth;.
• xUtUila ]j;ij> ]j;jpjp> g;ut;Uj;jp> ept;Uj;jp Mfpait ,iwtDf;F
ej
chpadthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy;> [Ptd; vk;ngUkhDf;F ‘guje;
guje;jpud;
pud”
vdg;gLfpd;whd;. vk;ngUkhd; ‘];tje;jpud;
pud” vdg;gLfpwhd;.
e
• [Ptd; ,iwtDf;F cgNahfkha; ,Uf;f cs;s jFjp - Nr\j;tk; vd;Wk;>

.fr
mt;thW cgNahfkha; ,Ug;gJ - ‘ghuje;jphpak;” vdg;gLfpwJ.

• xUtd; jd; Nr\j;t ghuje;jphpaq;fis mwpAk;NghJ> mt;twpT
w
ciladhapUf;ifiag; gw;wp mtd; ‘it\;ztd;” vd Gfog;gLfpwhd;.

• #hpad;> mjd; xsp Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ‘NjN[hj;
NjN[hj;ut;aq;fs;
s” vdg;gLk;.
w
• [hehjp - xU nghUis cs;sgb czUjy;.

//w
• ,r;rjp - nghUspd; ,dpikia mwpe;J mjid tpUk;Gjy;

• aNjj - mg;nghUis mila KaYjy;
• fNuhjp - mjw;F Vw;w topia filg;gpbj;jy;.
s:
• mEgtjp - Kbtpy; mg;nghUisaile;J ,d;gk; ngWjy;

•
tp
‘jj;t]huk;” vd;w E}iy vOjpath; - elhJ}h; mk;khd;.

• ];thje;jphpak; - xd;iw jd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g nra;aTk;> nra;ahjpUf;fTk;
ht
ty;yikahapUj;jy;.
• rpfPh;\h - xd;iw nra;tjw;F mD$ykhd tpUg;gk;.
• g;uaj;ek; - Kaw;rp.
• ‘guk GU\Dila epf;u`k; Mjhpf;fj;jf;fJ: epf;u`fhuzk; ntWf;fj;jf;fJ:”

(“epf;u`k;NghNy g;uhg;ahe;jh;f;fk;”) vdf; $wpath; - Nyhfrhhpad;.
• flh; Kjypa hp\pfs; jq;fs; jtj;jhy; fz;L $wpa NtjgFjpfs; - fhlfk;>
fhyhgfk; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
•
n
ehuazk; vDk; hp\pahy; fhzg;ngw;w Ntjg;gFjp - GU]_f;jk;
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J tp\;Zit Njtijahff; nfhz;lJ.
l.i
• Ntjj;ij gpukhzkhf xg;Gf;nfhz;lth; - itjpfh; vdg;gLth;.
ta
• rg;j Qhdj;jpdhy; cz;lhFk; czh;T - rhg;NjNghjk;. ,J ,U
~zq;fs; ,Ue;J kiwAk;. ,jdhy; ]k;];fhuk; cz;lhFk;.
or
• ]k;];fhuj;jpdhy; ];k;Ujp vd;Dk; Qhdk; cz;lhFk;. ,J ,iltplhky;
Njhd;Wk; NghJ ]e;jjp vdg;gLk;.
sp
• ]k;Ujp ]e;jjp gphPjp &gkhapUf;Fk;NghJ - gf;jp vdg;gLk;.
• tPLNgW ngWtjw;F rhjdkhd gf;jp> rhz;by;a tpj;ij>
ob
jùtpj;ij> ]j;tpj;ij> cgNfhrytpj;ij vd 32 tifg;gLk;.
• 32-Yk; gpu`;kk; tp\ag;nghUs; MFk;.
ej
• gpukj;jpw;F ]aj;tk;> Qhdj;tk;> mee;jj;tk;> mkyj;Jtk;> Mee;j;tk; Kjypa
Fzq;fs; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfshk;.
e
]aj;tk; tpfhukpd;ik Qhdj;tk;

jhNd Njhd;WtJ
vq;Fk; Njh\kpd;wp gpw
.fr
mee;j;tk; mkyj;Jtk;
epiwe;jpUj;jy; Njh\k; Nghf;Fjy;
ghpRj;j kdj;jhy;
Mee;j;tk; mE$y Qhdj;tk; kNehkaj;tk; mwpag;gLk;
w
nghUshapUj;jy;
• ,itaidj;Jk; ‘];t&g ep&gf jh;kq;fs;” vdf; $wyhk;.
w
• rhz;by;a tpj;ij(tpy;tpj;ij) vDk; gf;jpia ‘rhe;Njhf;a cgep\j;” cgNjrk;

//w
nra;fpwJ.
• gf;jp epiyfs; 1)gugf;jp 2)guQhdk; 3)gukgf;jp
• gukid $bapUf;Fk;NghJ jhpg;Gk;> $lg;ngwhj NghJ jhpahikAk;
s:
cz;lhk;gbahd epiyapYs;s gf;jp - gugf;jpahFk;.

• ngUkhidf; fhZk;gbahd epiyapYs;s gf;jp - guQhdk;
tp
• ngUkhd; fpl;lhtpby; [PtNd mopAk; vd $Wk;gb cs;s gf;jp - gukgf;jp

ht
(,jd; %yk; fpilg;gJ tPLNgW)

• jpNthjh]dpd; kfd; ijNthjh]p vd;w g;ujh;j;jdd;> mkuh;f;Fk; mRuh;f;Fk;
ele;j Nghhpy; mRuiu mopj;jhd;.
• ghtq;fs;> 1)G+h;thfk; (Kd;G nra;j ghtk;) 2)cj;juhfk; (gpd;G ftdkpy;yhky;
nra;j ghtq;fs;) vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
• 1 gq;F kz;> 1 gq;F jP> 1 gq;F ePh; vLj;J> mjid

(½ gq;F kz; ¼ gq;F jP ¼ ePh; ) > (½ gq;F jP>; ¼ gq;F kz;>¼ ePh;)
(½ gq;F ePh; ¼ gq;F jP ¼ kz;) vd gphpj;J Nrh;j;J fyj;jy; j;hpt;Uj;fuzk;
vdg;gLk;. ,J KiwNa mz;lk;> Njtd;> kdpjd; cz;lhf;f jFjpAila
fhuzg; nghUshf mikfpwJ.
n
• epyk;> ePh;> jP> thA> tpz; Mfpa Ie;jpidAk; fyf;Fk; fytpia gQ;rPfuzk; vd;gh;.
l.i
• k`j;jj;Jtk;> m`q;fhu jj;Jtk;> Ik;G+jq;fs; Mfpa VO nghUs;fisAk;
ta
fyf;Fk; fytpia ]g;jPfuzk; vd;gh;.
• Njtd;> kdpjd; Kjypath;fis gilg;gth; -- j~h; KjyhNdhh;.
or
• j~h; KjyhNdhiu gilg;gJ - gpuk;kd;
• midj;ijAk; gilg;gtd; - ehuhazd;.
sp
• ‘tUzhr;uk jUkq;fshy; Muhjpf;fg;gLfpd;wtd; ehuazd;” - vdf; $wpath;
-- Fy;Y}fg;gl;lh;.
• t;Uj;uhRuid mopj;jtd;> Kg;gj;J
ob Kf;Nfhb Njtijfis ]`hakha;
nfhz;ltd; - ,e;jpud;.
ej
• [dNk[aUf;F itrk;ghadh; $wpaJ - kfhghujk;
• itrk;ghadUld; cldpUe;J Nfl;lth; - Nuhk`h;\dhpd; Fkhuh; cf;ur;ut];
e
• iekprhuzpak; vDk; jyj;jpy; ahfk; nra;j nrsdfh; Kjyhd hp\pfSf;F

.fr
kfhghujj;ij cgNjrpj;jth; - cf;ur;ut];

• kpf cah;e;j tp\aj;jpy; jho;e;jtd; g;hPjpAld; nra;Ak; ];k;Ujp]e;jjpNa - gf;jp.
w
• gukGU\d; jhNd nra;Ak; rpU\;b - rkl;brpU\;b

• gukGU\d;> gpukd; %ykha; nra;Ak; rpU\;b - tpal;brpU\;b
w
• t;a\;brpU\;b nra;tjw;F Ik;G+jq;fs;> fz; Kjyhd QhNde;jphpaq;fs;> thf;F

//w
Kjyhd fUNke;jphpaq;fs;> k`j;jj;Jtk;> m`q;fhuk;> kdk; Mfpa

midj;Jk; fhuzkhf cs;sd. ,it mguhg;Uf;Ujp vdg;gLk;.
• [Pthj;khf;fSf;F guhg;uf;Ujp vd;W ngah;.
s:
• ,it ,uz;Lk; ]tj;Jf;fs;. mjhtJ ,iwtdpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;fpzq;f

tp
tpepNahfk; nra;aj;jFe;jit.
• mjp\;lhdk; - cz;ik : mj;a];jk; - kha Njhw;wk; :
ht
• epaj;Uj;tjij - J}z;LgtdhapUf;Fk; jd;ik.

• epahk;aj;ij - J}z;lg;gLk; nghUshapUf;Fk; jd;ik.
• ‘Guhz uj;jpdk;” vdg;gl;l E}y; - tp\;Z Guhzk;.
• cz;ikg;nghUs;fspy; kpfTk; rpwpaJ - gukhZ.
• xd;W Nrh;e;j ,U gukhZf;fs; - j;t;aZfk; vdg;gLk;

• xd;whf fye;j %d;W gukhZf;fs; - j;u]NuZ vdg;gLk;.
• ,t;thW tifg;gLj;jp $wpath; - ieahapfh;.
• vtd; gpwh; mwpahjthW vq;Fk; gue;Js;shNdh mtd;ghy; xU ngUik cz;L.
n
mg;ngUik ];t&gg;U`j;tk; vdg;gLk;.
• vtDila vf;Fzk; vq;Fk; njhlh;Gw;wpUf;fpwNjh mtDila mf;Fzj;jpw;F
l.i
cs;s ngUikia Fzg;U`j;tk; vd;gh;.
ta
• vtd; jd; rq;fy;gj;jpdhy; Vida nghUs;fis ([Ptd;) ngUikAw;wjhf
nra;fpd;whNdh mtDf;Fs;s mg;ngUikia g;Uk;`zj;tk; vd;gh;.
or
• ‘Njh\k; rpwpJkpy;yhky; Qhdk;> rf;jp> gyk;> I];th;ak;> tPh;ak;> Nj[]; vDk;
MW Fzq;fSs;stDkhd ,iwtid czh;j;Jk; gfthe; vDk; nrhy;
sp
Vida nghUs;fspy; mKf;fpakha; ,Uf;fpwJ” - =guhruh;.
• ,g;gpugQ;rj;ijNa rhPukhf nfhz;l Mj;kh - GUN\hj;jkd;.
•
ob
kioePiu czthf nfhs;Sk; gwit - rhjfgl;rp.
• Gy];jpah;> trp\;lh; Mfpa k`hd;fSila mUshy; kpf cahpa cz;ikg;
ej
nghUis czh;e;jth; - = guhruh;.
• guhruhplk; re;Njfk; Nfl;lwpe;jth; - ikj;jpNuah;
e
• thy;kPfpaplk; ‘,~;thF tk;rj;jpy; jpUmtjhuk; nra;j uhkNd fypahz

.fr
Fzq;fl;F fly;” vdf; $wpath; - ehujh;

ehujh
• ‘vk;ngUkhd; jpUehkq;fis $WtJ kpfr;rpwe;j jUkk;. vdf;F ,\;lk;” vdf;
w
$wp tp\;Zr`];uehkj;ij jUkUf;F cgNjrpj;jth; - gP\;kh;.

• Nj[]; - midtiuAk; mopg;gtdhapUf;Fk; jd;ik.
w
• [PtDf;Fk;(Mj;kh)> if> fhy; Kjypa cWg;GfNshL $ba ‘gpz;lj;jpw;Fk;”

//w
cs;s njhlh;G - rhPuhj;kghtk;.

• J}z;Lk; nghUisAk;> J}z;lg;gLk; nghUisAk; xd;whf $Wk; Kiwapy;
‘]h;tk; g;u`;k;” vDk; thf;fpak; mike;Js;sJ.
s:
• ‘gpugQ;rk; rhPuk;> gu`;kk; Mj;kh” - vdf; $WtJ cgep\j;Jf;fs;.

•
tp
gukGU\
gukGU\Df;Fhpa nray;fshtd :
1)gilj;jy;
ht
2)gpuNtrpj;Jg; glh;e;jpUj;jy;
3)jhpj;jy;
4)J}z;belj;jy;
5)mJ mJ nra;Ak; gzpia ctj;jy;
• ,iwtdpd; ,ay;G - ,U tifg;gLk;. mit 1)nrh&g epiy(jd;dpay;G)

2)jlj;jepiy(jlj;jk; - mUfpypUg;gJ(m)fiuf;fz; ,Ug;gJ)
• nrh&g epiyapy; Kjy;td; rptd; vd;w ngauhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwhd;.
• jlj;jk; vd;gJ jkpopy; ‘nghJ,ay;G” vdTk; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
n
• nghJtpay;G epiy %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit 1),yaepiy 2)Nghfepiy
3)mjpfhuepiy.
l.i
• vy;yhg; nghUl;fspYk; fye;J rf;jp&gkha; ,Uf;Fk; epiy - ,yaepiy
ta
• rf;jp&gkha; epd;W caph;fis Ie;njhopy;gLj;j Kw;gLk; epiy - Nghfepiy
• mt;tj;njhopypy; ahnjDk; xd;wd;ghy;gLj;jp njhopw;gLj;Jk; epiy -
or
mjpfhuepiy
• ‘];Ntju]k];j];tJ tpy~zd;” -- jd;idnahope;j> NrjdhNrjdg;
sp
nghUl;fs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; NtWgl;ltd;.
• ‘me;jkpyhjp mk;gfthd;” vdf; $wpaJ - Mo;thh;fs;.
ob
• [Ptd; mZthapUg;gpd;> tPLNgW ngw;wpUe;jhd; vdpy;> ,iwtDf;F epfuhd
Qhdg;ngUik cilatdhk;. ,J [PtDf;Nf cs;s ngUik.
ej
• ,d;gJd;gq;fis fye;J mDgtpf;Fk; [Pthj;khf;fs; - ‘]k;]hhpNrjdh;fs;”
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
e
• ];the;jpud; - jd; tpUg;gjpw;Nfw;g xd;iw nra;aTk;> nra;ahjpUf;fTk; ty;ytd;.

.fr
gQ;ruhj;jpuk;
• vk;ngUkhdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. gy ]k;`pijfis cilaJ.
w
• ‘Ntj]kk;” vd Nghw;wg;gLtJ - gQ;ruhj;jpuk;

w
• ,jpy; $wg;gLtd :
1) Myak; mikj;jy;
//w
2) gpk;gq;fis vOe;jUsg; gz;Zjy;

3) gpujp\;il nra;jy;
4) G+i[fs; nra;jy;
s:
5) cj;]tq;fs;
6) ,NjhL cgep\j;> rh];jpuq;fspd; cz;ikfs;.
tp
ht
rkaq;fspd; tsh;r;rpfs;
29.,e;
29.,e;jpag; gz;ghL
üšfŸ bghUŸ /MÁça®
ç¡ r«ïijfŸ ghlšfë‹ bjhF¥ò
rhk ntj« c¢rhld üš
n
a#]® ntj« ntŸé têgh£L üš
mj®tz ntj« kªÂu üš
l.i
Ãuhkz§fŸ têgh£L üš
Mu©af§fŸ td üšfŸ
ta
cgãõ¤JfŸ MÁça® mU»yk®ªJ Phd« bgWjš
°UÂ btë¥ghL
or
ntjh§f« ntj cW¥ò
é¡ukh§f rçj« ÃšAz®
Ïuhkrçjh rªÂafhuh
sp
fjt¤J bkh¡fhèò¤j Ârh
• Áfh - Xéa§fŸ
•
•
fšgh - rl§FfŸ
éahf®dh - Ïy¡fz«
ob
•
ej
ãU¤jh - brhšTW
• rªj° - Ïir
e
• òuhz§fëš eL ehL vd miH¡f¥gLtJ - ÁªJ, f§if¢ rkbtë

.fr
• j¡fhzK«, bj‹åªÂahÎ« nr®ªj gFÂ - j£Áz gj«

• ÁªJ¡ f§if¢ rkbtëæ‹ Ús« - Rkh® 3,200 ».Û.
w
• ÏªÂahé‹ eh‹F ÂirfëY« kl§fis¤ njh‰Wé¤jt® - r§fu®

w
• Mça® tUif¡F K‹ò ÏªÂahéš MÂ¡f« brY¤jt®fŸ - Âuhél®fŸ

•
//w
Mça®fë‹ rKjha mik¥Ãš N¤Âu®fshf Ïizªjt®fŸ - Âuhél®fŸ

• g©ghL v‹w brhšiy cUth¡»at® - o.nf. Áj«guehj®
• ÏªÂa¥ g©ghL - ÏiwÍz®Î«, M‹Ûf nt£ifnahL« bjhl®òilaJ.
s:
• `thœé‰Fça cgãlj fU¤Jfis tèÍW¤Jtnj¥ g©ghL ` - uhkrhä mŒa®

tp
• #«ò¤ÔÎ vd miH¡f¥gLtJ - ghuj ehL

• `ÏªÂahit gy Ïd§fë‹ mU§fh£Áaf«` - lh¡l®. °ä¤
ht
• cW¥ò kh‰W mWitÁ»¢ir¥ g‰¿ TW« òuhz« - jäœ òuhz«

• `thoa gæiu¡ f©lnghbjšyh« thond‹` vd ciu¤jt®- tŸsyh®
• fhy¤Â‹ f©zho vd miH¡f¥gLtJ - Ïy¡»a§fŸ
• M‰W¥gil Ïy¡»a§fŸ - k‹d®fë‹ bfhil¤ j‹ikia és¡F»wJ
• àhJ« Cnu , ahtU§ nfë®` - òweh}W (fâa‹ ó§F‹wdh®)

• `Â§fnshL« brG«gUÂ j‹ndhL«, é©nzhL« cL¡fnshL« bgh§F flš
Ït‰nwhL« Ãwªj jäœ ’ - ghuÂah®
• K¤jäœ v‹gJ - Ïaš, Ïir, ehlf«
n
• `r§f¤ jäœ _‹Wªjh` - vd éehafiu ngh‰¿ ghoat® - xsitah®
l.i
• ghiy¥g© - gŠRu« Kšiy¥ g© - rhjhç beŒjš g© - br›tê
•
ta
`ghujehL gH«bgU« ehL` - ghuÂah®
• í.Í. ngh¥ bkhê bga®ªj;j EhšfŸ - ÂUthrf«, ÂU¡FwŸ, ehyoah®,
or
òwehDhW, òw¥bghUŸ bt©ghkhiy
• uhkhD#® thœªj fhy« - nrhH®fhy«
sp
• jhœ¤j¥g£nlhiu nfhéY¡FŸ nrd;W topglr;nra;jth; - uhkhD#®
• e«Ãah©lh® e«Ãæ‹ C® - ÂUehiuô® ob
• irt Á¤jhªj¤ij gu¥Ãat®fŸ - rªjdh¢rhçah®fŸ
• nrhH®fhy¤J¢ rkz Ehš - ÓtfÁªjhkâ
ej
• rkz ts®¢Á¡F ghLg£l k‹d®fŸ - Kjyh« uh#uh#‹, Kjyh« nyh¤J§f‹
•
e
eštê, Phd¡FwŸ M»a Ehšfid vOÂat® - xsit

• ehndh gh¡»ahd« v‹w Ehiy vOÂat® - òfnHªÂ¥òyt®
.fr
• Vbu>gJ, Ïy¡Fä mªjhÂ, ru°tÂ mªjhÂ, rlnfhg® mªjhÂ - f«g®

w
• `m‹ng ÁtK« Ïu©bl‹g®` - ÂU_yç‹ ÂUkªÂu«

• ÂUkiw v‹gJ - j«ik milªjtiu Átkh¡Fjš
w
• gt¤ Ñij cz®¤JtJ - j®k«

//w
• ÏÂš ÏšyhjJ ntbw§F« brhšy¥gléšiy vd bga®bg‰w Ehš -kfhghuj«

• gft¤ Ñij cz®¤J« nahf§fŸ - 4 kh®¡f§fŸ
•
s:
FU ó®âkh bfh©lhl¥gLtJ - ntj éahr® ãidÎ

• »çia (rl§FfŸ) v‹gJ fuz« vd¥ bghUŸ v‹wt® - bjhšfh¥Ãa®
tp
• Gj;j rkak; jpngj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L -7-k; E}w;whz;L

• ,e;J rkaj;jpd; 3 Kf;fpa newpfs; - 1 Qhd khh;f;fk; (mwpT newp) 2.fUk
ht
khh;f;fk; (flik newp) 3. gf;;jp khh;f;fk; (md;G newp)

• “gpwd;kid Nehf;fhg; Nguhz;ikAk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;ijAk; “ vd;w ghly; cs;s
E}y; - ,uhkhazk;
• jh;kj;jpd; tho;Tjid R+J ft;Tk;” - kfhghujk;
• gukhj;khitAk;> [Pthj;khitAk; ,izf;Fk; fiy - Nahfh vdg;gLk;

• “,k;ikf;Fk; kWikf;Fk; Mde;jk; jUtJ cgep\j; - ];Nfhg;ghsh; $w;W
• “vq;F vq;F ghh;j;jhYk; vt;Taph;f;Fk; mt;Tapuha;” vdghbath; - jhAkhdth;
rptdpd; gQ;r G+j tbtq;fs;
n
• jpUthidf;fh - ePh;
•
l.i
fhs`j;jp - fhw;W
• rpjk;guk; - Mfhak;
ta
• jpUtz;zhkiy - neUg;G
• fhQ;rp> jpUth&h; - kz;.
or
30.ÁªJ (ùg;gh gz;ghL)
30.ÁªJ rkbtë ehfßf« (ùg;
sp
• ».Ã. 1826 š Au¥ghé‰F br‹W giHa FoæU¥òfë‹ Áijéid f©lt® -
rh®y° nkr‹
•
ob
».Ã. 1872 š Au¥ghé‰F Áy bghU£fis nrfç¤jt® - my¡rh©l®
f‹å§Ah«
ej
nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; (».Ã 1922) Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;lth; - rh; [hd;
khh;\y;
e
nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; Ma;tpid njhlh;e;jth;fs; - kf;Nf> Nly;]; kw;Wk; thl;];

.fr
`ÁªJ rkbtë k¡fŸ - MçaU¡F K‰g£lt®fŸ` - #h‹ kh®õš

`ÁªJ ehfßf k¡fŸ Rnkça®fŸ` - fh®l‹ îšnl
w
`ÁªJ ehfßf k¡fŸ Âuhél®fŸ` - ghd®í

w
`ÁªJ rkbtë k¡fŸ, gy Ïd¤jt®` - lh¡l®. Ffh

bkhfŠrjhnuh mikªJŸs eÂ¡fiu - ÁªJ eÂ
//w
Au¥gh mikªJŸs eÂ¡fiu - uhé (ÁªJé‹ Jiz eÂ)

`ÁªJ rkbtë ehfßf¤Âš éÂKiwfë‹go bjU¡fŸ, ÅÂfŸ mikªÂUªjd`
s:
- fh®l‹ îšnl
• Au¥gh ehfßf« - br«ò fhy ehfßf tifia rh®ªjJ
tp
• 1960 š jhgh® v‹gt® MuhŒ¢Á brŒj Ïl« - uh#°jhåš cŸs fhèg§f‹

•
ht
%gh® cŸs Ïl« - gŠrh¥

• F#uh¤Âš cŸs nyh¤jš JiwKf¤ij f©l¿ªjt® - v°.M® uh›
• bkhfŠrjhnuh - yh®¡fhdh kht£l«, 1922 - ghd®í vd;gtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;lJ.
• Au¥gh - kh©£nfhkhç kht£l« - jahuh« rAhå vd;gtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;lJ.
ùg;gh ehfhpfk; fz;lwpag;gl;l Mz;L - fp.gp. 1921

nkhfQ;rjhNuh kw;Wk; ùg;gh - efu ehfhpfk; MFk;
rpe;J kw;Wk; ùg;gh ehfhpfk; - rhy;Nfhypjpf; fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpf fhyk; - fp.K. 3250 Kjy; fp.K.2750 tiu (rh; [hd; khh;\y; $w;W)
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpf fhyk; - fp.K. 2500 Kjy; fp.K.1500 tiu (kh®Ok® Åy® $w;W)
n
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpf kf;fs; tzpf njhlh;G nfhz;l ehL - RNkhpah> vfpg;J>
l.i
ghgpNyhdpah.
ta
nkhfQ;rjhNuh kw;Wk; ùg;ghtpw;F ,ilapy; cs;s njhiyT - 600 fpkP.
,we;jth;fspd; efuk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - nkhfQ;rjhNuh
or
nkhfQ;rjhNuh efhpd; caukhd gFjp - Nfhl;il (rpl;lhly;)> jho;e;j gFjp-
efuk; > ntspg;Gw gFjp - Fbirfs;
sp
Nfhl;il gFjpfs; jhdpaf; fsQ;rpak;> kf;fs; $Lk; efh; kd;wk;> ngUq;Fsk;
Mfpait ,Ue;jd.
nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg;nghpa
ob fl;bl mikg;G - jhdpaf;
fsQ;rpak;
tPLfs; Rl;l nrq;fy;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lit.
ej
Kf;fpa njhopy; - tptrhak;
bghGJ ngh¡F - jha éisah£L, fhis r©il, nrtš r©il,
e
nt£ilahLjš, Ïir, eld«

.fr
Kjd; Kjypy; new;gapiu tpistpj;jth;fs; - rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs;.

nluNfhl;lh vdg;gLk; RLkz;ghz;l njhopy; kf;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopyhf
w
jpfo;e;jJ.
w
Au¥ghé‹ k£gh©l§fŸ - Rnkça k£gh©l§fis x¤ÂUªjJ

rpe;J rkntsp kf;fŸ ga‹gL¤Âa k£gh©l§fë‹ ãw§fŸ - Áf¥ò, fU¥ò
//w
rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; tzpfj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jpait - rpd;dq;fs; MFk; .

cŸeh£L tâf¤J¡F ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ - kh£Lt©o
s:
r%f tho;f;if - 3 gphpTfs;

ÁªJ rkbtë ehfßf k¡fë‹ Kf;fpa czT - NfhJik> ghh;yp
tp
F#uh¤Âš Fona¿a k¡fë‹ czÎ - mçÁ

kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa vOj;J - gl vOj;J Kiw (rpj;jpu vOj;J).Kjš tç
ht
tyäUªJ ÏlkhfÎ« Ïu©lh« tç ÏläUªJ tykhfÎ« vGÂd®

rka topghl;bd; rpd;dk; - murkuk;.
tzq;fpa flTs; - gRgjp vd;w rptd;> ngz;nja;tk;> jpkpy; fhis> Gwh,
Ô, éy§FfŸ
kW gpwtp ek;gpf;if> ,we;jth;;fis Gijf;Fk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ.

tpisahl;L nghUl;fs; nra;a gad;gLj;jpaJ - nluNfhl;lh vdg;gLk; RLkz; fij
• ÁªJ rkbtë ehfßf k¡fŸ ga‹gL¤Âa K¤Âiuæš bgh¿¡f¥g£LŸs cUt«
- fhis
•
n
ika muÁ‹ jiyikælkhf és§»aJ - Au¥gh
•
l.i
khãy muÁ‹ jiyikælkhf és§»aJ -bkhfŠrjhnuh
• bkhfŠrjhnuhéš K¡»a thâfkhf ãfœªj bjhêš - ü‰ghilfŸ
ta
• k¡fŸ f©zhoahf cgnah»¤j cnyhf« - bt©fy«
•
or
kU¤Jt¤Âš - nt¥Ãiy¡F K¡»a¤Jt« bfhL¤jd®
• `ÁªJ rkbtë k¡fë‹ bkhê jäœ ` - ïuh°ghÂçah®
sp
31.ntj
31.ntj fhy«
• ÏªÂahéš ntjfhy« njh‹¿aJ - Mça®fŸ fhy«
ob
• ntj§fŸ cz®¤J« mça c©ikfŸ - m¿Î , f®k«, têghL .
• Ïy¡»a§fŸ tif¥ghL - 1) r«ïijfŸ 2) Ãuhkz§fŸ 3)Mu©af§fŸ
ej
4)cgãlj§fŸ 5)°UÂ & °äUÂ 6) ntj§fŸ
e
• m¿Î¡ fUñykhf¤ Âfœgit - r«ïijfŸ

•
.fr
gHikahd r«ïijfŸ - ç¡ ntj fhy r«ïijfŸ

• Ãuhkz§fŸ v‹gJ - ntj kªÂu§fS¡fhd és¡fÎiuÍl‹
w
vGj¥g£l¥ gFÂfshF«.
• Mu©af§fŸ v‹gJ - mikÂahf fh£o‰F¢ br‹W f‰W¤ bjëa nt©oa
w
brŒÂ v‹W bghUŸ

//w
• mEóÂ be¿fŸ k‰W« j¤Jt¡ fU¤J¡fŸ ml§»a bg£lf« vd¥gLtJ -

Mu©af§fŸ
•
s:
cyf gªj ghr§fëèUªJ éLg£L, ÅLngW mila Phd« njit vd

ciu¥gJ - cgãlj§fŸ (v©â¡if = 108)
tp
• bré têna nf£Lzu¥ bg‰w brŒÂ - °UÂ MF«.

• j®kN¤Âu« - Mça®fë‹ e«Ã¡if¥ g‰¿aJ
ht
• ¢bus¤j N¤Âu« - ahf« & rl§FfŸ brŒÍ« Kiw

• »UÀa N¤Âu« - Mça® thœ¡if
• ca®ªj cŸs§fë‹ Áªjid¤ bjhF¥òfŸ - °äUÂfŸ
• r£l«, rKjha Kiwia és¡FtJ - j®krh¤Âu§fŸ

• ÏÂfhr«, òuhz«, rh¤Âu«, N¤Âu« M»ad - °äUÂfŸ MF«.
• Mhpah;fs; kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;jth;fs; (fhyk; fp.K.2000 Kjy; fp.K. 1500 )
• Mhpah;fs; ifgh;> Nghyd; fztha; topNa ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;fs;.
n
• Mhpah;fs; Kjypy; FbNawpa gFjp - gQ;rhgpy; cs;s rg;jrpe;J.
l.i
• Mhpah;fs; gpd;dh; FbNawpa gFjp - fq;if rkntsp (Mhpath;j;jk;).
• Mhpa ehfhpfk; - fpuhk ehfhpfk; MFk;.
ta
Kd; Ntjfhyk; (hpf;Ntj fhyk; )
fpK.2000 Kjy; fpK.1000 tiu
or

Kd; Ntjfhyk; gw;wp mwpa cjTtJ - hpf;Ntjk;.
sp
»uhk thœ¡if thœªjd®.
murpay; mikg;gpd; mbg;gil myF - FLk;gk; .
ntj fhy¤Â‹ muÁ‹ mo¥gil myF - FL«g« / Fy«
ob
FL«g¤jiyt‹ - Fyt‹ / »uAgÂ
jªijtê brh¤Jçik Ã‹g‰w¥g£lJ.
ej
»uhk¤ jiyt‹ - »uhkâ
e
gy »uhk§fë‹ T£lik¥ò - é°
gy é[&¡fë‹ T£lik¥ò - #dh
.fr
murå‹ mÂfhu tu«ig `räÂ` `rgh` v‹w Ïu©L mitfŸ f£L¥gL¤Âd.

w
bghJk¡fŸ k‹w« vd¥gLtJ - räÂ

Ãuò¡fŸ mit mšyJ KÂnah® mit - rgh
w
K¡»a¤ bjhêš - ntsh©ik

//w
Ïu©lhtJ bjhêš - fhšeil ts®¤jš

gRit òåj bjŒtkhf¡ fUÂd®
bršt kÂ¥ÕL / g©lkh‰W myF - gR
s:
gRé‹ cçikahs® bga® - nfhk¤.

tp
je;ij top kuG gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ .

FLk;g jiytdhd je;ij fpufgjp vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;;.
ht
ngz;fs; epiy - kjpf;fj;jf;fjhf ,Ue;jJ. (gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; kq;f

njhlq;fpaJ).
fy;tpapy; rpwe;j Kd; Ntjfhy ngz;kzpfs; - NyhgKj;jpuh> tp];tthuh>
Nfh\h> rpfhjh> epththhp kw;Wk; mgyh.
tzpf njhlh;G - Nkw;F Mrpah> vfpg;J.
thzpgj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jpa ehzak; - ep\;fh.

Vw;Wkjp nghUl;fs; - myq;fhu nghUl;fs;> je;jq;fs;> re;jdk;.
,wf;Fkjp nghUl;fs; - Fjpiu> Nghpr;rk; gok;
Nrhkh vd;w nrbapypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gl;l Nrhk ghdKk;> ghh;ypapypUe;J
jahhpf;fg;gl;l Ruh ghdhKk; Nghij nghUl;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
n
nghOJNghf;F - Ntl;ilahLjy;> Njh; ,Oj;jy;> rJuq;fs;MLjy;> Mly; ghly;.
l.i
ngz;fs; mzpe;j Milfs; - (cs; Mil- trh]; > Nky; Mil- mjp
ta
trh];> ,Lg;gpy; mzpAk; Mil -eptp)
,aw;ifia mf;dp> thA> tUzd;> #hpad; Mfpa nja;tq;fshf tzq;fpdh;.
or
cUt têghL »ilahJ. FL«g¤ jiytnu rka FUthf brašg£lh®.
éjit kWkz« mDkÂ¡f¥g£lJ.
sp
Ã‹ ntj fhy«
fpK.1000 Kjy; fpK 600 tiu

ob
rhk> a[_h;> mjh;tz Ntjq;fs; gpuhkzq;fs; > cgepljq;fs;> Muz;afq;fs;
jtpu ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk; Nghd;w ,jpfhrq;fSk; Njhd;wpd.
ej
v©tif ÂUkz Kiwfis¥ g‰¿¡ F¿¥ÃL« Ïy¡»a« - °äUÂ.
murpay; eltbf;if ikakhf jpfo;e;j ,lk; - fq;if rkntsp.
e
ahfq;fs; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
.fr
,uh[#ak; - murd; cah;epiy mila elj;jg;gl;l ahfk;

mRtNkj ahfk; - mRtk; (Fjpiu) nrd;w ,lk; vy;yhk; jd; fl;Lghl;bw;F
w
nfhz;L tu elj;jg;gl;l ahfk;.

th[;Ngak; - Njh;ge;jak; (murdpd; Njh; vg;NghJk; ntw;wp )
w

Vf;uhl;> rhk;uhl; Mfpa gl;lq;fis #bf;nfhz;ldh;.
//w
kf;fsplk; tpjpf;fg;gl;l thp - ghyp> Ry;f;> ghfh.

th;zk; vDk; rhjpKiw Njhd;wpaJ.
rhÂKiw fLikahf¥ Ã‹g‰w¥g£lJ.
s:
ç¡ ntj« rhÂKiwia g‰¿¡ F¿¥ÃLtJ - òUõN¡j« v‹w ghlèš.

tp
rhjpKiw ehd;F gphpT nfhz;lJ.

éç (nj®ªbjL¤jš) vD« rk°»Uj bkhêæèUªJ `t®z«` v‹w brhš
ht
ÃwªjJ.
òUõ‹ vD« Kjš kåjå‹ clèèUªJ Ñœ¡fhQ« rhÂ¥ÃçÎfŸ
njh‹¿ajhf òUõN¡j« ghlš TW»wJ.
gpuhkzh; (jiyæèUªJ njh‹¿at‹) -- FyFU> Mrphpah;
rj;hpah; (njhëèUªJ) --- Ml;rpahsh;> Nghh;tPuh;

itrpah; (bjhilæèUªJ)--- tzpfh;> tptrhap
#j;jpuh; (ghj¤ÂèUªJ) --- fPo;gphpT kf;fs;
gpd; Ntjfhy kdpj tho;f;ifapd; ehd;F epiyfs;:
n
gpukr;rhpak; -- khztgUtk;
fpu`];jk; -- FLk;g];jd;
l.i
tdgpu];jk; -- fhl;by; trpj;jy;
ta
rd;ahrk; -- Kw;Wk; Jwe;j epiy
gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; epiy: kq;fj;Jtq;fpaJ. Ójd« tH§F« Kiw
or
m¿Kfkh»aJ.
gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; fy;tpapy; rpwe;j ngz;fs; -- fhh;fp> ikj;hp
sp
fhh;fp vd;w ngz;kzp [df kfuh[hthy; nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
jDh;Ntjk; vd;gJ -- Nghh;fiyia Fwpf;Fk;.

Kf;fpa njhopy; -- tptrhak;.
ob
K¡»a bghGJngh¡F- nj®¥gªja«, FÂiu¥ gªja«.
,Uk;G mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
ej

taYf;F cuk; ,lg;gl;lJ.
e
• gRf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid nghWj;J nry;t epiy kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ

.fr
• gof;fj;jpypUe;j jq;f ehzaq;fs; -- ep\;fh> ];th;zh> rjkhdh

fUkhh; vdg;gLk; nrk;G Ntiy nra;gth; uh[];jhdpYs;s Nfj;hpapypUe;J
w
nrk;G ngw;wdh;.
rhk;gy; tz;zk; jPl;lg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fis gad;gLj;jpdh;.
w
ghgpNyhdpahTld; thzpfj;njhlh;G ,Ue;jJ.

//w
tzq;fpa nja;tq;fs; -- U¤u‹, gpu[hgjp> gRgjp> tp\;Z> fpU\;zd;.

K‹ntjfhy flÎŸ - ÏªÂu‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤ij ÏHªjh‹.
Nkhl;r fUj;jpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
s:
gypapLk; Kiw ,Ue;J te;jJ.

fhéa¡ fhy«
tp
uhkhazj;ij ,aw;wpath; - thy;kpfp.

• Ïuhkhaz« - VG gFÂfisÍ«, 24,000 brŒÍŸfisÍ« bfh©lJ.
ht
• Ïuhk‹ tdthr« br‹w td¤Â‹ bga® - j©lfh td«.

• kfhghujj;ij ,aw;wpath; - tpahrh;
• cy»‹ äf¥bgU« brŒÍŸ eil üš - kfhghuj« (xU Ïy£r« brŒÍŸ

bfh©lJ)
• cy»‹ äf¢Áwªj j¤Jt üš - gft¤ Ñij
• FUFy¡ fšé Kiw Ã‹g‰w¥g£lJ.
n
• K¡»a¤ bjhêš - ntsh©ik, ML ts®¤jš.
l.i
• bghUshjhu thœé‹ myF - »uhk«
•
ta
tz§»a flÎŸ - Át‹, ÂUkhš, Ãu«kh, gh®tÂ, fnzr®, ÏªÂu®, Ïuhk‹,
»UZz‹ M»nah®.
or
mnrhfç‹ fšbt£L¡fŸ
mnrhfç‹ 5-tJ ghiw¡fšbt£L
ghiw¡fšbt£L F¿¥ÃLtJ - j®k kfhkh¤Âu®fis¥ g‰¿aJ.
sp
gh¥% fšbt£L - ò¤j rka¡ nfh£ghLfis¡ TW»wJ.
fahéYŸs
fahéYŸs guhg®
guhg® Fif¡ fšbt£L - míéf® v‹w rka¤ JwéfS¡F
tH§f¥g£l e‹bfhil g‰¿¡ TW»wJ.
ob
fdp\
fdp\;fh;
kfj kd;diu ntd;W Gj;jQhdp mRtNfh\iu jd;Dld; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.
ej
Gj;j rkaj;ij mNrhfUf;F ,izahf gug;gpajhy; ,uz;lhk; mNrhfh; vdg;gl;lhh;.
e
fh\;kPuj;jpy; cs;s Fe;jy;tdk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ehd;fhtJ Gj;j khehl;il

$l;bdhh;. jiyth; -- mRtNfh\h;. khehl;by; gq;Fngw;w ,ju cWg;gpdh;fs; --
.fr
tRkpj;jpuh;> ehfhh;[_dh;> grth;.

ehd;fhtJ Gj;j khehl;by; Gj;jkjk; kfhahdk; (Gj;jh; flTs;) `Pdahdk;
w
(kjj;jiyth; flTs;) vd ,U gphpthf gphpe;jJ.

w
mRtNfh\h; vOjpaJ - Gj;j rhpjk;, rçò¤uÃU»Ukh (rk°»Uj féijüš)

`fhëjhrç‹ K‹ndho` vd¡fUj¥gLgt® - mRtnfhõ®.
//w
tRkpj;jpuh; vOjpaJ -- kfhtpghrk;

ehfhh;[_dh; vOjpaJ -- kj;jpakpfh#j;uk;.
s:
fdp\;fh; Mjhpj;j Gj;jrkagphpT -- kfhahzk; .(mNrhfh; Mjhpj;j

Gj;jrkagphpT-- `Pdahzk; )
tp
kfhahzk; ngUtop vd;Wk;> `Pdahzk; FWtop vd;Wk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

`Pdahzk; ghyp nkhopapYk;> kfhahzk; rk°»Uj (m) gpuhf;Uj nkhopapYk;
ht
gug;gg;gl;lJ.
Ëdahd« guéa ehLfŸ - ÏªÂah, Ïy§if.
kfhahd« guéa ehLfŸ - ÏªÂah, Âbg¤, Ódh, #¥gh‹.
kfhahd¥ Ãçé‹ jiyÁwªj m¿P® - ehfh®#]d®.
`yèj é°jhu«` v‹w üš F¿¥gJ - ò¤j® thœ¡ifia.

kfhahd bfhŸifia és¡F« üš - r¤j®k ò©lßf« (e‰rka¤ jhkiu).
Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; gjpndl;L Guhzq;fs; vOjg;gl;lJ.
ÃuhkÙa« (ÏªJ kj«) caça ãiyia milªjJ.
n
f§if¢ rkbtëia `Ãuhkz®fë‹ óä` vd miH¤jt® - gh»ah‹.
l.i
ÃUf¤r«ïjh TW« rhÂfë‹ v©â¡if - 4
rK¤Âu F¥j® el¤Âa ahf« -mRtnkj ahf«
ta
thÍ òuhz«, k¢ròuhz« M»a Átòuhz§fŸ njh‹¿a fhy« - F¥j® fhy«
rkz kj ÏU¥Ãl§fŸ - cja»ç, kJuh
or
F¥j® f£ol§fŸ - fU§f‰fshš Mdit.
sp
[hd;rp mUNf jpNahfuhtpy; cs;s jrhtjhu¡ Nfhapy;> [hd;g+h; Nfhapy;>
gpj;jhhp Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh> Fiffspy; Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;ld.
ob
Ršjh‹fŠ¢-š cŸs Ãu«kh©lkhd ò¤j® Áiy ã®khå¤jt®fŸ - F¥j®fŸ.
`h;\th;j;jdh; (fp.gp.606--
(fp.gp.606-- fp.gp 647 )
ej
rkar»¥ò¤j‹ik, ts;sy; jd;ikAilath;.
e
Ie;jhz;Lf;F xU Kiw eilngw;w gpuahif $l;;lj;jpy; jdJ nry;tj;ijf;

nfhilahf mspj;jhh;.
.fr
fp.gp 644-y; Athd;Rthq; ,e;;jpahtpw;F tUif je;jNghJ mtiu nfsutpf;f

`h;\h; fd;Ndhrpapy; 23 ehl;fs; Gj;j khehl;il $l;bdhh;.
w
tp[aefug; NguuR: (fp.gp.1336 - 1565).

1565)
w
,e;J jh;kj;ij epiyehl;l FU tpj;ahuz;ah; MrpAld; fp.gp.1336 - y;

Jq;fgj;jpiu ejpf;fiuapy; `hpùh;> Gf;fh; tp[aefu Nguuir ];jhgpj;jdh;.
//w
bj‹åªÂa kuÃ‹ Ïiræ‹ K‹ndho vd fUj¥gLgt® - é¤ahu©a®

é[aefug;NguuR Njhw;Wtpf;f fhuzk; -- njw;fpy; ,];yhk; rkak;
s:
guTtijj; jLf;f
üšfis ru°tÂ g©lhu« v‹w bgaUl‹ nfhéšfŸ ã®t»¤jd.
tp
m¥igaÔ¢Áj® vGÂait - m¤itj j¤Jt« , irt Á¤jhªj«

tlbkhê Ïy¡»a¤ij mur®fŸ bgçJ« ngh‰¿d®.
ht
,e;J rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpdh;.

rpjk;guj;jpYs;s jpy;iy Nfhtpe;juh[ Rthkpf;F rpiy tbj;jth; -- mr;Rjuhah;
Muk;g fhy kd;dh;fs; irth;fshfTk;> gpw;fhy kd;dh;fs;
itzth;fshfTk;> ,Ue;jhh;fs;.
itztj;jpd; ,U gphpTfs; ,Ue;jd. mit tlfiy> njd;fiy.

tlfiy gphptpd; jiyth; Ntjhe;j Njrpfh;(rk];fpUj Ntjj;ij gpd;gw;wpdh;)
njd;fiyapd; jiyth; kzthskhKdpfs;(jkpo; E}Yf;F Vw;wk; mspj;jdh;)
mofpa Njrpfh; vOjpaJ -- NrJ Guhzk;.
fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhhpahh; vOjpaJ -- fe;jGuhzk;.
n
kfhghujk; tpy;ypGj;J}uhh; vd;gtuhy; jkpopy; nkhopngah;;f;fg;gl;lJ.
l.i
`hpjhrh; vOjpaJ -- ,Urka tpsf;fk;.
ta
jpUkiyehjh; vOjpaJ -- rpjk;guGuhzk;> nrhf;fehjh; cyh.
ed;D}y; --- gtze;jp Kdpth;.
or
mhpr;re;jpu Guhzk; -- ey;Y}h; tPuftpuhah;.
32.g¤bjh‹gjh«
32.g¤bjh‹gjh« E‰wh©oš rKjha Ó®ÂU¤j§fŸ
sp
• ÏªÂah kWky®¢Á¡F e‹¿ brY¤j flikg£LŸsJ v‹wt® - Ã. v‹. Yhåah
,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;: ob
• kWky®¢Á v‹gj‹ bghUŸ - ò¤Jæ®¥ò (m) kWÃw¥ò
• r%f> rka rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb, òÂa cy»‹ éobtŸë,
ej
kWky®¢Áæ‹ jªij, òÂa ÏªÂahit ãWéat® , ÏªÂahé‹ ò¤Jyf Á‰Ã ,
e
òÂa kWky®¢Áia bjhl§»at® -,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;

.fr
• 1774 š t§fhs¤Âš uhjh ef® v‹w Cçš Ãwªjh®.

• Mf°£ 20, 1828- y; gpuk;k rkh[k;; njhlq;fpatH -,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;
w
• Ãu«k rkh#« v‹gj‹ bghUŸ - Ïiwt‹ rig

•
w
1814 š M¤äa rigia ãWédh®.

• ,th; vOjpa E}y;fs; - VR fpwp];Jtpd; fl;lisfs;> mikjpf;Fk; kfpo;r;rpf;Fk; top.
//w
• ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;f;F “,uh[h” gl;lk; toq;fpath; - ,uz;lhk; mf;gH

• Ãu«k rkh# nfh£ghL - x‹nw Fy« xUtnd njt‹
•
s:
gpuk;krkh[k; fz;bj;jit - cUttopghL> rka rlq;Ffs;> jPz;lhik> rjp

• gpuk;krkh[k; -- ,e;J rkaj;jpYk;> Ntjq;fspYk; cs;s ek;gpf;ifia ,of;ftpy;iy.
tp
• 1829 -y; “rjp” vDk; cld;fl;il VWjy; jil rl;lj;ij tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;;
gpuG nfhz;L tu fhuzkhdth; -- ,uh[huhk; N;khfd; uha; .
ht
• 1872 -y; gpuk;krkh[j;jpd; jiytH - Nfrt re;jpunrd;

• Foe;ijj; jpUkzk;> gyjhu kzk; Mfpatw;iw xopf;f ghLg;gl;lth;-- Nfrt
re;jpunrd;
• ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;f;F gpwF gpuk;k rkh[j;jpd; gzpia Nkw;nfhz;ltHfs;

- Nfrt re;jpunrd;> NjNte;jpuehj; jh$H.
• brŒÂ¤jhŸ cy»‹ K‹ndho - Ïuh#huh« nkhf‹uhŒ
• Ïuh#huh« nkhf‹uhŒ bjhl§»a ghuÓf bkhê g¤Âçif - ÃuhJš m¡g®
n
• Ït® bjhl§»a g¤Âç¡ifæ‹ bga® - r«th¤ bfsKÂ
l.i
• nkhf‹uhŒ jh‹ Kj‹ Kjèš rka x¥òik MŒit m¿éaš Kiwæš
nk‰bfh©lt® vd¡ T¿at® - khåa® éšèa«°
ta
• Ïuh#huh« nkhf‹uhŒ Ïwªj Ïl« - Ãç°lš (1833)
or
kfçî njntªÂu eh¤ jhT®
1842 š Ãu«k rkh#¤Âš nr®ªjh®.
sp
Ït® m¿Kf« brŒj têgh£LKiwæ‹ bga® - Ãu«nkhghrdh
(Ï¡nfh£ghLfis gu¥Ãl j¤JtnghÂå rgh v‹ w rghit ãWédh®).
ob
Ït® bjhl§»a g¤Âç¡ifæ‹ bga® - j¤Jt nghÂå
nfrt rªÂu br‹

ej
1857 š Ãu«k rkh#¤Âš nr®ªjh®.
e
1860š r§f¤ rgh v‹gij cUth¡»dh®.

.fr
ÏtU¡F njntªÂuUl‹ V‰g£l fU¤JntWghL V‰g£lJ. vdnt Ïtiu

rh®ªnjh® ÏªÂa Ãu«k rkh#¤jt® v‹W«, njntªÂuiu rh®ªjt® MÂ Ãu«k
w
rkh#¤jt® v‹W« miH¡f¥g£ld®.

w
Ït® FGéèUªJ Ãçªj Áteh¤ rh°Âç, Mdªj nkhf‹ M»nah® 1878 š

ãWéa rigæ‹ bga® - rhjhu© Ãu«k rkh#«
//w
M¤khuh« gh©Lu§
Ït® Mu«Ã¤j rigæ‹ bga® - Ãuh¤jid rkh#«
s:
Ït® FGéš ÏUªj Ïuhznl v‹gt® Mu«Ã¤j r§f¤Â‹ bga® - j¡fhz

tp
fšé r§f«
jahdªj ru°tÂ
ht
• 1875- y; Mhpa rkh[k;; njhlq;fpatH -jahde;j ru];tjp

• ,thpd; ,aw;ngah; -- %y;rq;fH
• jahde;j ru];tjpapd; FU - tuh[;de;jH
• jahde;j ru];tjp > tuh[;de;jiu re;jpj;j ,lk; -- kJuh
• jahde;j ru];tjpapd; Kof;fk; - “Ntjq;fis Nehf;fpr; nry;”> “RNjrk;”>

“,e;jpah ,e;jpaUf;Nf”
• jahde;j ru];tjp vOjpa E}y; - rj;ahHj;j gpufh\; (Ntjq;fisg; gw;wpaJ)
• kjk; khwpa ,e;Jf;fis jpUk;gTk; ,e;J rkaj;jpw;F nfhz;L tu ,th;
n
Vw;gLj;jpa ,af;fk; - Rj;jp ,af;fk;.
• jahde;j ru];tjpapd; rpwg;Gg; ngaH - ,e;J rkaj;jpd; khHbd; Y}jH
l.i
• rPlHfs; - yhyh y[gjpuha;> yhyh`d;];uh[;> gz;bj FUjj;
ta
• ,thpd; nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpatHfs; - ghyfq;fhju jpyfH> Nfhghy fpU\;z
NfhfNy.
or
• Mhparkh[j;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; thrfk; - “tha;ikNa nty;Yk;> ngha;ik my;y”
vd;W nghUs;gLk; “rj;aNkt n[aNj> eh md;hpjk;”.
sp
• rhujh r£l¤ij Mjç¤j rka« - Mça rkh#«
• Mça rkh#¤Â‹ btëeh£L¡ »isfŸ mikªJŸs Ïl§fŸ -y©l‹ , ãôah®¡
ob
• jahdªj® M§»y ntj¡ fšYhçia ãWéat® - yhyhA‹°uh{
gpuk;kQhd rig - (1875) (jpNahrhgpfy;
(jpNahrhgpfy; nrhirl;b)
ej
• jpNahrhgp vd;gJ -- flTisg; gw;wpa mwpT MFk;.
e
• 1875-y; u\;ahtpd; gpshtl;];fp> mnkhpf;f fh;dy; My;fhl; MfpNahuhy;

epA+ahh;f;fpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ
.fr
• gpuk;kQhdrigapd; jiyikaplk; mnkhpf;fhtpypUe;J khw;wg;gl;l ,lk; - milahW

• gpuk;kQhdrigapy; mah;yhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahH
w
mq;fj;jpduhd Mz;L - 1893
• md;dpngrd;l; ,e;jpah te;j Mz;L - 1897

w
• kiwtpay; fy;tpg; gs;spia epWtpa mikg;G- gpukQhd rig

• ,e;jpah;fs; Foe;ijfs; my;yh;> mth;fSf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
//w
vd typAWj;jpath; md;dpngrd;l;
• md;dpngrd;l; njhlq;fpa gj;jphpf;if - epA+ ,e;jpah
• gdhurpy; (fhrp) kj;jpa ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hp njhlq;fpath; -- md;dpngrd;l;
s:
• md;dpngrd;l; njhlq;fpa ,af;fk; -- jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; (1916).

tp
,t;tpaf;fj;ij Nkhjpyhy; NeU> rp.MH.jh];. MfpNahh; Mjhpj;jdH.

Ïuhk »UZz®
»UZz®
ht
• ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rh; fy;fj;jh jl;rpNzRtuj;jpy; cs;s fhsp Nfhtpy; G+rhhp.

• ,uhkfpU\;zhpd; nfhs;if - “kdpjUf;F nra;Ak; bjh©nl ÏiwtD¡F nra;tjhFk;”
• ,uhkfpU\;zhpd; rPlH -- tpNtfhde;jH Mthh;.

• ÏªÂa thåš njh‹¿a éobtŸë vd miH¡f¥gLgt® - Ïuhk »UZz®
• Ïuhk »UZzç‹ Ól® - rhujh njé

• Ïs« taÂš fjhjß vd miH¡f¥g£lh®
• f©lt® é©oy® é©lt® f©oy® v‹gJ ÏtuJ fU¤J
• ÏiwtD« kåjD« fyªj éa¡f¤jF fyit vd Ïtiu¥ g‰¿¡ T¿at® -
n
éntfhdªj®
l.i
tpNtf
tpNtfhde;jh;
ta
• ,aw;ngah; - eNue;jpuehj; jj;jh
• Muk;gj;jpy; gpuk;krkh[ cWg;gpdh;
or
• ,th; uhkfpU\;z ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpa Mz;L - 1896
• “cz;ikf;fhf vijAk; Jwf;fyhk; Mdhy; vjw;fhfTk; cz;ikia Jwf;fhNj”
sp
- tpNtfhde;jhpd; nghd; nkhopfs;
• tpNtfhde;jhpd; nfhs;if -- “ViofSf;Fk;> jho;j;jg;gl;ltHfSf;Fk; nra;Ak;
ob
gzpNa flTSf;Fr; nra;Ak; kpfg;nghpa gzpahFk;”.
• mnkhpf;fhtpy; rpf;fhNfh cyfr; rka khehL eilngw;w Mz;L--1893
ej
,k;khehl;by; tpNtfhde;jh; “ ,t;Tyfr; rNfhju> rNfhjhpfNs” vd
ciuiaj; njhlq;fpdhH.
e
• Rthkp tpNtfhde;juhy; ,uhkfpU\;z klk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lk; -- ghuhefçš

.fr
xU klK« (1887), nfhy;fj;jh mUNf cs;s NgY}çš xU klK« (1899)

ãWt¥g£lJ.
• ,uhkfpU\;z klj;jpd;; nfhs;if -- ‘kdpj ,dj;jpw;F Nrit nra;tNj”
w
• ep\;fhkfh;kk; - gw;ww;w nray; (m) gpujpgyd; ghuhJ nrayhw;Wjy;

w
• gpu`;k gpugQ;rq;fSf;F cs;s njhlh;G - cyfhj;kghtk;

• ,e;J rkag;gb kdpjdpd; Mrpuk fh;kh vd;gJ - gpuk;krh;ak;> fpuf];jk;>
//w
tdg;gpu];jk;> rd;dpahrk; Mfpad.

• cgep\j; vd;gjd; nghUs; - <Lghl;Lld; neUq;fp mkh;jy;
• ,d czh;T kw;Wk; czh;T vd;gJ - jUkp Qhdk; (m) jh;kG+j Qhdk;
s:
• kdpjd; tpLjiy ngw gftj;fPij njhptpf;Fk; 3 topKiwfs; - Qhd khh;f;fk;>

tp
gf;jp khh;f;fk;> fh;k khh;f;fq;fs;.

• kdpj kjpg;gPLfspd; thpir - fhkk;> jUkk;> mUj;jk;> Nkhl;rk;
ht
• tho;f;ifapd; vjph;kiw (m) ,Uz;l gFjp kPJ ftdk; nrYj;JtJ - Nrhh;T thjk;
thjk
• njd;jpir fapiy vdg;gLtJ - jpUf;fhsj;jp> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> jphpNfhzkiy

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irtKk; itztKk; gf;fk; 1!

• `ug;gh vd;Dkplj;jpy; Kjd;Kjypy; Muha;r;rp nra;J mwpf;if ntspapl;lth; -

• ‘,Unkhopf;Fk; fz;Zjyhh; Kjw;Futh;” - fhQ;rpg;Guhzk;

• tpal;b epiy vd;gJ - gphpT epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

• ‘rj;” vd;w nrhy; Fwpg;gJ - rptngUkhd;.

• ‘xUtd; cUj;jpuNd> ,uz;lhtnjhd;iwf; nfhs;thh; my;yh;” - RthjhRtu cgep\j;.

‘xUtd; vd;Dk; xUtd; fhz;f” - khzpf;fthrfh;.

• Rliyahb vd miof;fg;gLgth; - rptngUkhd;.

• gpw caph; Jd;GWk;NghJ mj;Jd;gk; jkf;F Neh;e;jJ Nghy; tUe;Jgtd; - ,e;J

• md;Ng rptk; vdf; $WtJ - ,e;J kjk;

‘rehjdjh;kk;” vd;gjd; nghUs; -- moptpyh mwk;.

• ‘,e;J kj ,izg;G tpsf;fk;

2.Ntjq;fs; kw;Wk; cgep\

• Ntjk;> Mfkk;> Njhj;jpuk;> rhj;jpuk;> Guhzk;> ,jpfhrk; Mfpad.

• Ntjk; vd;gJ - mwpTE}y;> kiw> RUjp vdg;gLk;.

• mj®tz ntj¤Âš Tw¥g£LŸs tçéÂ¥ò nfhš - 1/6 tç tNè¡f¥g£lJ

• ntj¤Â‹ K¡»a Ïy£Áa« - j‹id¤jhnd m¿ªJ bfhŸsš

• ‘ah[;” vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - ahfk; vd;gjhFk;.

• ahfk;> gyp> jhdk; Kjypa fphpiafis nra;aNtz;ba Kiwfisg; gw;wp

• mkhthir> ngsh;zkpf;F nra;aNtz;ba Nts;tpfs;> gpJh;fh;kk; gw;wp $WtJ - a[_h; Ntjk;

• a[_h; Ntjj;jpYs;s mlq;fpAs;s rpwg;Gtha;e;j gFjp - Uj;uk;

• a#]® ntj¤Âš cŸs m¤Âaha§fŸ - 18

• ghgk; ePf;fp gyd; nfhLf;Fk; ghly;fs; mlq;fpaJ - rhk Ntjk;

• ke;jpu cr;rhpg;G Kiw> tpNuhjp moptpd; nghUl;L nra;ag;gLk; gpy;yp> #dpak;

ghfq;fis Nrh;e;jit - cgep\j;Jf;fs;.

• ‘cgep\j;’ vd;gjd; nghUs; - Mr;rhh;ad;(FU) mUNfakh;e;J Qhdk; ngwy;.

• cgep\j;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if nkhj;jk; 108.

• cgep\j;JfSf;F Kjypy; gh\;ak; nra;jth; -- rq;fuh;. mjd;gpd; ,uhkhD[h;>

• ,iwtdpd; 5 Kfj;jpypUe;J 28 Mfkq;fs; Njhd;wpd vdf; $WtJ -

• 28 Mfkq;fspy;> 10 rptNgjq;fs;> 18 Uj;uNgjq;fshFk;.

• cg Mfkq;fs; nkhj;jk; 207.

• irthfkq;fspd; rhpia> fphpia> Nahf> Qhd ghjq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk;

jdpj;jdpNa jfty;fis jUfpd;wd.

• fphpia - G+i[> jpUtpoh> rka tpNr\k; gw;wp $WfpwJ

• Nahfghjk; - Md;k Rj;jp> me;jh;ahfk; gw;wp $WfpwJ

• jpUKiw vd;gJ jk;ik mile;Njhiu rptNkahf;FjyhFk;.

nghUs; ,iwtDf;Fhpa ghkhiy vd;gjhFk;.

• Kjy; VO jpUKiwfspd; kWngah; - mlq;fd; Kiw> jpUnewpj;jkpo;

vOjpa Mrphpah;fs; jpUKiw

• tp\;Zit jkpo;ghly;fs; %yk; topgl 12 Mo;thh;fs; mUspaJ - ehyhapu

• ek;gpah&uh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Nrukhd;ngUkhs; ehadhhpd; NtWngah; -

• ‘jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp”ia vOjpath; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp.

Nrf;fpohh; mUspaJ - nghpaGuhzk;.

• jpUj;njhz;lh;j;njhifapd; NgUiuaha; epd;WepyTk; E}y; - nghpaGuhzk;

• rptnewpf;F jiyaha gpuhkz E}y; ,yf;fpaq;fshf fUjg;gLtJ - gd;dpU

• Nkw;fz;l 14 E}y;fSk; - nka;fz;l rhj;jpuq;fs;(nka;fz;lE}y;fs;) vdg;gLk;.

• rptQhdNghjj;jpd; fhg;Gr; nra;Aspy; tzq;fg;gLk; flTs; - rptgpuhd;>

• rptQhdNghjj;jpYs;s #j;jpuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if -- 12

1 gjpapd; cz;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ (gjp -,iwtd;> Kjy;td;)

2 gjpapd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;

5 ghrj;jpd; rpwg;gpyf;fzk;(,iwtd; caph;fis njhopw;gLj;Jjy;)

• rptQhdNghjj;jpd; ciuE}y;fs; -- ghz;bngUkhs; tpUj;jp> rptQhdNghjr;

• ‘XHj;Js;sk; cs;s Jzhpd; xUjiyahg; Ngh;j;Js;s Ntz;lh gpwg;G” vd 9-k;

#j;jpug;nghUis tpsf;Fk; E}y; - jpUf;Fws;.

#j;jpug;nghUis tpsf;Fk; E}y; - jpUf;Fws;.

MjPdj;jpd; 16-k; gl;lk;ngw;w =y= Rg;gpukzpa Njrpfh; MfpNahh;.

rptQhdrpj;jpah; ,U gphpTfis cilaJ. mit 1)Rgf;fk; 2)gugf;fk;

• Rgf;fk; tpsf;FtJ - rptQhdNghjj;jpd; nghUs;epiy.

• gugf;fk; vd;gjd; nghUs; - gpw nfhs;iffis kWf;Fk; fUj;J.

• ,e;E}y; fp.gp.1147-y; jpUtpaY}h; ca;ate;jNjtehadhuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

• ,e;E}y; 45 fypj;jhopirfshy; MfpaJ.

• ,jpy; Kf;jpkhh;f;fk; gw;wp ed;F tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

• Nfl;ly; Qhdk; mDgtQhdkha; Kjph;tjw;F Njitahd ,Utif Nahfg;

gapw;rpfs; 1)MjhuNahfk; 2)epuhjhuNahfk;.