Contents.

• 3. Ceramics: Definition, classification,

subdivision. Raw materials. Manufacture of
ceramics. Manufacture of ceramic white
wares. Enamel porcelain. Ceramic industry in
Bangladesh.
 What are ceramics?
Ceramics include all articles which are
essentially silicates or articles which are made
of clay are mainly known as ceramics.
The terms ceramics is derived from the old
Greek word keramos which means pottery
and has its root in older sanskrit word
meaning to burn. Ceramics are therefore, also
called clay products or pottery products.
• Now a days we understand by ceramics, not
only the pottery articles but also all those
articles in which clay or similar plastic raw
material is used and which after having been
shaped and dried, are subjected to a firing
process to make them hard or to give them
the desired mechanical strength. This
definition is very broad and covers a large
variety of products such as table ware,
crockery, decorative ware, sanitary ware,
industrial ware etc.
 What are ceramics?
Ceramicsis the art of producing useful articles
entirelyor chiefly from raw materials of an
earthy nature by high temperature treatment.
Ceramicsincludes all articles which are mainly
knownas ceramics. They are therefore also
known as clay products. They were
known
also as pottery products.
Ceramics Include ail articles which are
essentially silicates or articles which are made
of day are mainly known as ceramics.
The terms ceramics is derived from the old
Greek word keramos which means pottery
and has its root in older sanskrit word
meaning to burn. Ceramics are therefore, also
called clay products or pottery products.
 Subdivision of ceramics
a. Heavy Clay Products:
b. P9tgery Products:
Pottery products are of four types:
i. Terracotta
ii. Earthen ware
jii. Stone wares
iv. Porcelain
 Give the classification of ceramics
A. According to the degree of vitrification or the
progressive reduction in porosity: Ceramics
products can be classified into the following
types
i. White wares: Varing amounts of flges; at at
moderately high temperatyqeäzvbYyi}B
vitrification
ii. Heavy clay products heat-at

iii. Refractories: Few flu , Keat at high

temperatures,littl vffgqgatjgnø-go(DI
iv. Enamels. Very abündant fluxes, heat at
moderate temperatures, complete
vetrification
v. Glass: Moderate fluxes, heat at
temperatures, compley vetrificatipoC
 B. Classification according to the main

i. Structural ecamlcs,eArticies used mainly in

constructing buddings and various other structures
belong to this group, e.g. building bricks, hollow tiles,
Hooftiles, drain tiles etc.
ii. Facing materials: Articles used for internal a
external facing of buildings and strugureS e.g. facing
bricks, oven tiles etc.
iii. Refractories: Materials Och ret
properties at 1000 degreqq 9r111gh
temperatures and henceen e used in makiraw
various parts of industrial urnances, oven nd
apparatus for operatin
 Give the subdivision of ceramics
• For the sake of sinopliCltyceramic materials
mavbroadly be subdivided into two classes:
10 Heavy clay products
2, Potter products
1. Heavy clay products:
those products which popsi ma nly of claw—
with only small amouHt!of6ther raw
materials.
e.g. Building bricks, common bricks, roof tiles,
hollow tiles, drain tiles, sto eware,
refråcfories, etc:
2. Pottery product: Those products wtlich'(are
made of such materials as terra kbtta earthen
ware, stoneware, por$Iain,XY
vitreous china are kno O
e.g. Sanitary ware, glaze al , electricalsmze—
etc. (D
IOC-MO
6
 In general may be classified into the
following four groups.
j," terra Cotta: This includes all pottery P"ducts
made from common clays.
ii, Earthen ware; All potterie> or
products which are
made from red burning elm/and v/hiteftäys
and coated with a glaie are includedin) •
earthen ware,
iii. Stone ware Pottery which become
impermeable to liquids during firing are called
stbrfe wares.
iv. Porcelain: Porcelain is a pottery with "hite
translucent and impermeable bbdy. Tftey are
the best type of potteUes
of the body is so adjust hen
subjected to high tem Yatüres, it becodies
completely translucsnteo light.
 Commercially ceramics may be

1. Rough wares
2. Fine wares
1. Rough wares: Rough wares are made from,
coarse-grained ceramic drought and
porous biscuit of non-unifo
e.g. building materials anÜef
2. Fine wares: Fine wares n pore
t
with a uniform structuk
e.g. Porcelain,glazed, o ertangspgcja€ar$lf%ck
10
 Discuss about ceramic industries in

Short note on ceramic industries in

Bangladesh/Describe the future prospects of
ceramic industries in Bangladesh.
The demand and market of ceramics in Bangfadesh
is very high and is increasing day-by-day. The
main raw material for the måhdfactws6f
ceramics is clay. There iSJödep
Bijoypur in Mymensing ,+kåfn e
obtained at Jaflong in Sy hec
 Discuss about the raw materials of

Basic raw mate jals ot ceramic industries/ceramic

products
Tberp ere three matn raw materials of ceramic products
which are.
i. Clay
ii. Feldspar and
iii. Sandor Flint
Clay : Clay is an important ra m
industry. Clay are more
aluminium silicates that ayethe products of
decomposition of thenineral feldspars.

4
Clay vary so much in their physical properties and in
the impurities resent that it is frequently

procedure
2: Feldspar, Feldspar is the mixture of aluminium,
siiicå and alkali oxides. It is great importance as a
fluxing constituent in ceramic formulas.TJ@re are
three common types of feldspar wbjcfrare used
in ceramic products. Th eabe;k
i. Potash feldspar: (K20, I
ii. Soda feldspar 6Si02,
iii. Lime feldspar: ( CaP*A1203,6Si02
3. Sand or flint: Sand or flint is the third main raw
material of ceramic products. It is used as the
colourol products, sand with a low iron
content should be chosen. It is non- plastic, non-
shrinkable and is melted at high temperature
(iiOOdegree Celsius).
In addition to the three main raw mateqialdthere
are some minor raw materials in teamic
industries. These are:
i) Fluxing agents: e.g. Bo soda
Sodium nitrate, Pear ashÅ Vo par, Cryoli8e&
Iron oxides, Lead oxidd, Antimony oxides——-——
Lithium minerals, Barium minerals t

CD
2. Special refractory ingredients: Lime,
Limestone, Alumina, Zirconia, Titania, Thoria,
CKr8mite, Magnesite, Carborundum,
Dolomite, Aluminium silicate.
3. Glazingagents:Na OtqoxaO,PbPgSi02 etc
 Define the following terms:

i.) Fluxing agents: The materials that lower the

temperatureof manufacture are called fluxing
ågents. E.g. Borax, Boric acid, Na2C03 NaN03 tc.

protect the ceramic wares from highgem%eratures

and heat are called refraqtory jgredle%ttrr
e.g. A1203,cao, cacoj (Y w
iii) Glazing agent: A glaze is a thi#oat ng of glass
melted into the surface oy the more or less pofbus
ceramic materials. Substances which are u
glazing purposes ar
Nap, K20.
 Discuss the theory of manufacture of

Theory of manufacture of ceramics:

All c,eqamicproducts are made by combining
various amount of the raw materials ( if. Clay,
feldspar, sand, fluxing agents, rq!ßctory
ingredients etc.) Shaplg aH&heatÅogtö firing
temperatures.These m era ifr€s
700-2000 degree celsiG, uc temperaturey—
cause a number of r.a Ions:
1. Dehyratlon or chemical water smoking at
150-650degree Celsius.
2. Calcination e.g. of Calcium carbonate 600-
900 degree celsius.
3. Oxidation of ferrous top
at 350-900 degree celsiu»/b
at)b •ree celsiumå Ä
4. Silicateformation
higher.
The latter reaction such as silicate formations
ui a with the
empen an cons I uen ra IOS,
The common Ingredient of all ceramic products
is clay(Kaolinite, usually) and therefore the
chemical reactions which occur on heajqng
clay are quite important. The 1Shßffétt of heat
is to drive off the watvef hWratiort5f is
occurs at 600-650 degr€ebqe#.
Leaving/giving an amow ous mixture
aluminium and silica
6 10
CD
A1203.2Si02e2H20 A1203+ 2Si02 + 2H20

As heating js continued, the amorphous A1203

changes to a crystalline from of alumina (
Gamma-alumina) at 940 degree celsius
A1203 A1203 ( Crystallineb%
Amorphous)
At a slightly higher temperpkufe,a about 80001C¯
degree celsius, the alu ina and silica
converted into c
3(A1203.2SiOPH20) 3A1203.2Si02 + 4Si02

Kaolinite Mullite Cristobalite

The of fluxes tends to lower the

temperature of formation of mullite an$fpeeds
up the approach to equilibrium
An actual ceramic body qontaihö
ingredients than clay itself H the chemical
reactions are more invoke and there wilbbe
other chemical speciybesides mullit
cristobalite presen

_4ps.JY_
All ceramic bodies undergo a certain amount of

depends upon the relative amounts of

refractory and fluxing agents in the
composition, the temperature and the time of
heating. Thus it is seen that any ceramhs body
is composed of a vitreous matri&øptüscrystals
of which mullite and Ttob%frte ate-f oo
the most important.