INTRODUCTION The word ‘organic’ means en comparatively litle chemistry wa 4 ope thought that substances like sugar, weet” in and acetic acid could be obisined wait jing sources like plants and animals, So they cay ashsubstances organic compounds (the compounds jeived from living organisms) and the chemistry galing with them was named organie chemistry, Ay, sist these compounds, substances like commons «lt blue vitriol, nitrate, which could be produced fam minerals and non-living sources, were called irae compounds, and the chemistry deating sihthem was called inorganic chemistry, gl Pertaining to life, Since these organic compounds were obtained sraight from nature and there was no known sathod of preparing them in the laboratory, it was telieved that they were the products of some “vital force” of nature. The vital force theory of organic compounds was soon discarded when, in 1828, a Germa chemist named Friedrich Wéhler showed that it vas possible to obtain an organic compound urea, fom the laboratory process, NH,CNO | _tea_, (Ammonium cyanate) Irorganic compound In 1845, Kolbe prepared acetic acid (CH;COOH) from its constituent elements, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Berthelot, in 1856, COWNH,), (Urea) Organic compound synthesi ; ynthesized methane as (CH). In this manner, the ol 50s (CH i Concept of organic chemistry was given up and ceo t® M¢Cepted that organic chemistry is Ssentially the chemistry of carbon compounds 12.2 ORGANIC ComPoUNDS Organic compounds are the compounds of carbon and organic chemistry is the study of Carbon compounds, excluding oxides of carbon, metallic carbonates and related compounds like ‘metal cyanides, metal carbides. Sources of organic compounds 1. Plants : Compounds like sugar, starch and cellulose, as well as several drugs, are obtained from plants. 2. Animals : Urea, proteins, fats, etc., are obtained from animals. 3. Coal : Destructive distillation of coal produces benzene, toluene, naphthalene, dyes, drugs, perfumes, ete. 4. Petroleum : A large number of organic compounds, like gasoline, fuel gases, petrol, naphtha, etc, are obtained from petroleum. Fermentation : Compounds like ethyl alcohol and acetic acid are obtained by fermentation. 6. Wood : Methyl alcohol, acetone, etc... are obtained by destructive distillation of wood. 7. Synthetic Methods : Most organic compounds are now synthesized in the laboratory 122.1 Comparison between organic and inorganic compounds | Characteristics Organic compound Inorganic compound ] Carbon ii organic compound. |. Presence of a necessary element in every | C: bon is not an essential element in inorganic compounds. 2. Solubility in water They g nerally do not dissolve in water. They g snerally dissolve in water, * Solubility inthe LL &reanic solvents They dissolve in org benzene and chloroform, ic solvents like alcohol, ic compounds do not dissolve in ve low mp. decompose on heat + Mettin | ing a nd They h oiling point id b.p. and easily p. and bp, and usually do |ey atammables FE" they are i ‘Th easily 5. Combustibility 6. Bonding They are no! 7. Conductiv enomenon of ist y the phi 8. Isomerism They show the Pl Organic compounds have chi and odour. Molecular reactions are SION.” presence of Finkages. These T proceed to completion 9. Colour and smell 10, Reactions They form 60 ent bond! lectroly'¢s aracteristic colour They vo" ch fire cal 1 ionic bonds Most of them fo Only those that form ionic bonds ape electrolytes. No such phenomenon is shown by ings compounds. Rat somerism. Most of them are colourless and oxoutias ~ Tonic reactions are fast and covalent asi Hons jue to the 7 are slow. tions never Application of Organic Chemistry Organic compounds are extremely useful to us in our daily life. The soaps and shampoo’ bath, the powders, perfumes, the clothes we wear, food we eat ie., carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, etc, fuels we use, natural gas, petroleum products, medicines, explosives, dyes, insecticides, are all organic compounds. There is hardly any walk of life where we do not need organic compounds. 12.3. UNIQUE NATURE OF CARBON ATOMS Carbon shows unique properties of tetravalency and catenation. These properties enable carbon to form large number of compounds. we use while taking we apply on the body, (i) Tetravalency of the carbon atom : Carbon has four valence electrons (Ar. no. of C = 6; Elec. Config. = 2, 4). Since it can neither lose nor gain electrons to attain octet, it forms covalent bonds by sharing its four electrons with other atoms. This characteristic of the carbon atom, by virtue of which it forms four covalent bonds, is called the tetravaleney of carbon. Carbon atoms possess a unique property to link together (self linking) to form very long chains. This property is referred to as catenation, The property of self-linking of atoms of ay} element through covalent bonds in order to form straight chains, branched chains and cycte chains of different sizes is known as eatenation The property of catenation is shown by other elements also but carbon exhibits this property to maximum extent. This is due to greater strength of carbon-carbon bond and due to tetra-covalency of carbon. (a) Formation of straight, branched and cyclic chains of carbon atoms : The combination of carbon atoms with one another gives rise to straight or branched or cyclic chains, (Branched chain) (Straight chain) a a (Cyclic or closed chain) ac c< The carbon-carbon chain can be very lone Organic molecules containing as many as seventy carbon atoms joined together, one after the other are known to exist, 184f single, double and triple fhe valency of carbon is four, je. it lent, In order to satisfy its valency, it forms single, double and triple covalent bonds by sharing one, two or three pairs of electrons respectively between two carbon atoms as well as with other atoms like oxygen, nitrogen and so on, eee io C=C ~—cecH ' 1 —c—C— an (single bond) (double bond) (triple bond) ° rot —c—c— —CeN 1 ltl bond with oxygen atom) (triple bond with nitrogen stom) ‘This unique nature of carbon atom (catenation nd tetravalency) gives rise to the formation of a lage number of compounds, More than 5 million organic compounds are known today and thousands of new compounds are added every year to the existing lot. All this demands a separate branch of chemistry for carbon and its compounds. It is known as organic chemistry. Organic chemistry may be defined as the of hydrocarbons and their derivative nitrogen, oxygen, the halogens, as well as phosphorus, silicon and sulphur. ‘Table 12.1 : Organic Compounds Types of Identified by the compound presence of Example 1. Hydrocarbon * Gy alka —C—C— bond | Ethane H\C—CH, (b) alkene Ethene H,C = CH, () alkyne —C=C— bond | Ethyne HC = CH 2. Aleohol —OH group Methanol CH,OH 3. Aldehyde —CHO group | Ethanal CH,CHO 4, Ketone >c=0 Propanone CH,COCH, 5. Carboxylic acid | —COOH group | Ethanoie acid CH,COOH 6. Bther C—0-C group | Dimethyl ether H,C—O—CH, 7. Halide —X(F,C1, Br 1) | Chloroethane C,H,CI 12.5 HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up only of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Classification of Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are sub-divided into two main ‘groups, the aliphatic (open) and cyclic (closed) chain compounds. Features of covalent bonding involving carbon : *+ Carbon atoms can join with each other to form long chains. Atoms of other elements can then attach to the chain, * The carbon atoms in a chain can be linked by single, double or triple covalent bonds. * Carbon atoms can also arrange themselves in rings. 12.4 TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The organic compounds have been classified a8 hydrocarbons whereas their derivatives are classified as alcohol, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ethers, halides. These compounds may contain any number of other elements, including hydrogen, Hydrocarbons i 1 Aliphatic or open Cyclic or closed chain compounds chain compounds Saturated Unsaturated Aromatic Alkanes (paraffins ParatTing) Alkenes (olefins) Allgynes Han 42 2 Caton CyHoa - 2 Uisranbineieis RES tenet Calan 2 | The open chain compounds or aliphatic compounds are further sub-divided imto saturated compounds and unsaturated compounds. Saturated Compounds ‘The simplest open chain h is ; \ydrocarbon is alka Itis represented by the formula CyHy, a chore where represents a natural number. 7as all the four Ie is a saturated hydrocarbon Te covalent valencies of carbon are satisfied by 2 sing bond. (For further details refer section 7 Unsaturated Compounds | ‘are further classified as ‘Alkenes which are eT: with double bond and Alkynes which are the hydrocarbons with triple bond between two carbon atoms, The term ‘unsaturated’ means that more hydrogen or any other atom can be added to the hydrearbon to make it saturated (ke. with single bonds). (For further details refer sections 12C and 12D). Comparison of Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated organic compounds Saturated organic compounds 1. The valencies of at least two carbon atoms are not fully satisfied by the hydrogen atoms. 1. Allthe four valencies of each carbon atom are satisfied by forming single covalent bonds with carbon and with hydrogenatoms. 2. Carbon atoms are joined only by a single covalent bond. 2. Carbon atoms are joined by double ‘covalent bonds rt >C=C< =eac= or by triple covalent ro bonds. -Cec- 3. They are less reactive | 3. They are more reactive due to the non. due to the presence of availability of electrons in the double electrons in the single or the triple bond, and covalent bond, and therefore undergo therefore they undergo addition reaction**, substitution reaction”, Cyclic or closed chain or ring chain compounds These compounds contain three or more carbon atoms in their molecules. These have properties © Substitution reaction : A reaction in which one atom of a molecule is replaced by another stom (or group of atoms) is called a substitution reaction, eg. CHy + Cl > CHCl + HCL ‘** Addition reaction : A reaction involving addition of atoms) for molecule(s) to the double of the triple bond of an unsaturated compound so as to yield a saturated product is known as an addition reaction, eg. CyHy + Bry > CoHBry similar to open chain hydrocarbons, called carbocyclic compounds, The cyclic hydrearbons are of Wo type (i Alicyclic compounds : These 2 Ss ; carbon compounds containing three of mes MEd of carbon arranged in a closed structure” ™ Examples : They a 4, CH, HC Neu, ay ie: HC CH, Cyclopentane (CH) CH, HAC CH, Cyclopropane (CH) CH, Aaa HC” ‘CH HC. CH Ne cH, Cyclohexene (CiH9) Gi) Aromatic compounds : Some hy carbons contain at least one benzene ring in their molecules. The benzene ring is a specific type of ring structure of six carbon atoms having carbon- carbon single and carbon-carbon double bonds in alternate positions. i Cc. we Nig H d ! H 7 No/ Benzene Benzene H Most of these compounds have pleasant smell. | Hence, they are known as aromatic compounds. Few other members of this class are cH, oH ZA > | | ~ A ‘Toluene Phenol ‘aphthalene4 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES n homologous series is a group of organic pou having a similar structure and similar “nical properties in which the successive ponds difer by a CH, group. Z s ‘Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, y adding CH, group (known as methylene » a given hydrocarbon, another hydrocarbon h ‘a higher number of carbon atoms (higher yonctogue) is obtained, e.g., CH, +CH, > CH, Methane Ethane similarly, by removing CH group from a yyicoearbon, another hydrocarbon with a lesser aber of carbon atoms (lower homologue) is tnaied, eB CH 2 CH, + CH, Butane Propane 126.1 Characteristics of a homologous series |All members of a homologous series share the general formula. (Same elements and same functional group). For example, the general formula for alkane is C, Hoga» alkene is Cy Hp, alkyne is CyHyq_. 2.Each member of the series differs from the preceding one by the addition of CH, group and by molecular mass of 14 a.m.u. 4. The physical properties of the members change gradually i.e. show gradation in properties as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases, ie, as molecular mass increases. ing point and the For example, melting point, bor density of the successive members of the homologous series increase with the increase in molecular mass. Examples : Alkane Molar mass Boiling point Physical state {) Methane 16 -161.4°C gas (i) Ethane 30 “883°C gas ‘ii) Propane 4 445°C gas () Butane 58 OC gas (9 Pentane 72 362°C fiquid 4. Members of a homologous series have similar chemical properties. For example : Methane reacts with chlorine to form methyl chloride. CH, + Cl, > CH,Cl + HCL. Similarly, ethane reacts to form ethyl chloride CyH, + Cl, > C,H,Cl + HCl. 5. Alll the members of a homologous series can be prepared by using the same general method of preparation, For example : Alcohols are prepared by alkyl halides. CH,Br + KOH _boil_, (aqueous) CH,OH + KBr. C)HsBr + KOH _boil_, C,H,OH + KBr. (aqueous) Examples of Homologous Series. 1. ALKANE Gon, formula (CH, Molecutar formula Methane cH, Ethane Hy Propane CH, Butane Cho Pentane CH, Hexane Cig Heptane CH Octane Cots Nonane Colay Decane CoH 2. ALKE! Gen, formula [C,H Ethene \ Propene Butene Pentene Hexene Heptene Octene Nonene Decene (7)sd Structure of methane ‘The methane molecule is three-dimensional. ie four outer electrons in the carbon atom move. {iar apat from each other as possible, because & rons repel each other (remember that particles ‘Gp similar charge always repel each other). It is a ct that the electrons will have the greatest distance ween themselves when the carbon-hydrogen nds are in the shape of a tetrahedron. A ‘edron (‘tetra’ is a Greek word meaning "four") eral S i igppramid-shaped, three dimenstional structure H 1 or = =H—C—H 1 H Electron dot formula Structural formula METHANE H aS H 8 H Fig. 12.1 The tetrahedral arrangement of four atoms of Iydrogen around a carbon atom in a molecule of methane 12.14.3 Laboratory preparation of methane Reactants : (Soaiimmenhanoate (sodium acetate) amg sodatlime. Since sodium hydroxide is deliquescent, soda lime (a mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium: oxide) is used which is in the form of a white porous mass or granules. Procedure : A mixture of sodium ethanoate (sodium acetate) and soda lime is taken in a hard glass test tube (as shown in Fig. 12.2), and heated over a bunsen burner. SODIUM ACETATE + SODA LIME, METHANE DELIVERY BOILING TUBE Fig, 12.2 Preparation of methane Regstion :« Collection : Diergusmevolvedsisme Semana 12.14.4 Laboratory preparation of ethane Reactants : SouiuMMpropanoaten(sodium Procedure : A mixture of sodium propionate and soda lime is taken in a boiling tube and heated over a bunsen burner (apparatus similar to Fig. 12.2). Reaction :* © caxcoonmencon Geo ngco;rCP Collection : MeyEasyeveledrisTeolseteaity 12.15 OTHER METHODS OF PREPARATION OF METHANE AND ETHANE I. Iodomethane @iethylemiodideymmana C2 Ga FS CHa Jodomethane @ Bromoethane Ethane Nascent hydrogen is produced by the action of Zn powder and dil. HCl or Zn/Cu couple in alcohol. When water is added at room temperature to aluminium carbide, methane is prepared. ALC) + 12H,0 — 3CH,? + 4AL0H) sb Ethane from alkyl halides + When methyl iodide or methyl bromide is warmed with sodium metal in the presence of dry ether, ethane is produced. 2ICHyL + 2Na G+ HC - CH, + 2Nal ‘This reaction is referred to as Wurtz reaction. Note : Methane cannot be prepared by this method. This method is not suitable for the preparation of alkanes with odd number of carbon atoms. i. mL. * This reaction is known as decarboxylation reaction as carbon dioxide molecule is eleminated from a carboxylic acid. CO, is eleminated as carbonate. . 19912.15.1. Physical properlies Methane ess gas. i) Teis a colourless and an odourless £88 ; 7 ie 183°C andits boiling point So ig -162 °C. = (ii). Itis negligibly soluble in water and soluble organic solvents. Ethane (i) Itis a colourless, odourless, tasteless and non: poisonous gas. : : (ii) Its mp. is -172 °C and its bop. is -89 °C. (ii) I is sparingly soluble in water but wholly soluble in organic solvents like alcohols, acetone and ether. 12.15.2 Chemical properties Methane and ethane are saturated hydrocarbons, They do not react with bases such as sodium hydroxide, or with oxidising agents such as Potassium permanganate, or with reducing agents such as sodium metal. * They undergo combustion reaction as well as substitution reactions, : 1. Combustion (i (Coniprercombustion Methane and ethane burn in air sooty flame to form carbon Vapour. A large amount So alkanes are good gas with a bluish non- dioxide and water e0us fuels, n alkanes burn in an insuficiens supply of arbon mon ‘oxide and water. a caras : Soot is used in the and tyres, —— manufacture of printing inks Alkyl halides contain One or more halogen atoms, OR on H 7 G m—~ 1 —f—HeA cl sno hates 7N=C— asa H Methane i ‘Chlorometh> In this reaction, CH Substitution of hydrogen atom of molecule, by a chlorine atom, This type of reac. is known as substitution reaction ant the product formed is known as substitution product, SCI is fo, ‘The product formed (chloromethane) further Atom set chlorine, substituting one more hydrogen atom and producing hloromethane. This further Produces trichloromethane and finally, tetrachloro- methane. CHCl + Ch > CHC, + HC Chloromethane Dichloromethane CHC + Ch > CH, + HEL Dichloromethane Trchovomethane Cito) CHC, + Cl, > CCl, + HCL Trietoromethane “Tetrachovomethane Caton sacra) The substitution products can be separated by Sractional distillation because of the appreciable | differences in their respective boiling points, Eecaree|Alkenes are unsaturated hydro-carbons that contain double bond. Occurrence : Since alkenes are reactive, they seldom occur free in nature. Lower alkenes occur in minute quantities in coal gas. They are produced ona large scale by the cracking of petroleum. lsomers in alkenes Alkenes with 4 or more than 4 carbon atoms can form isomers. Types of isomerism shown by Alkenes () Position isomerism : per the” positi Example CH\CH,CH = CH, CH,CH = CHCH; \-butene 2-butene Gi) Chain Isomerism : AS\per the naturelof|parent(chainvony CH; Example \ CH;CH,CH = CH, CH, — C = CH, 1-butene 2-methyl propene For example ; Butene has three isomers : (i) CHjCH)CH = CH, But-l-ene (i) CH,CH = CHCH, But-2-ene Gi) CH, = C - CH; \ CH; 2-methyl propene 412.1.1 Ethene (Ethylene) CHa wa tis the first member of the alkene se ane present in natural gas, In small amounls, HOP as a plant hormone and is responsil ripening of fruits. 12.16.2 Structure of ethene Each carbon atom of ethene is dintted Ge hydrogen atoms by single covalent bonds ane 1 another carbon atom by a double covalent yen There are four C-H single covalent bonds an me C=C double covalent bond. It is a planar : molecule. All bond angles (H-C-H_ an H-C=C) are of 120°, as shown in Fig. 12.3. Iris H 120° H Noel i» Fig. 12.3 Structure of ethene 12.16.3 [Preparalion of ethene ethyleney (i, Reactants ; SBtiaTO ana oneAsulpHUReACR Procedure : Arrange the apparatus as shown in Fig. 12.4. Take one part of ethyl alcohol in a flask. Add two parts of concentrated sulphuric acid and heat gradually to about 170°C. Ethene gas is evolved, The gas is passed through NaOH solution which removes CO, and SO, (impurities formed by oxidation of the acid). Ethene is collected by “downward displacement of water (add some aluminium sulphate to the wate rin order to avoid Srothing). ‘cone, Sulphuric acid Ethene Toas | Water wilh Fig. 12.4 Preparation of ethene from ethyl alcchot Reaction ¢ H,CH,OH + 1,80, > TESA Os + Hh0 cH z (Ethyl hydrogen (Ethanol) sulphate) : exces 80, 4, 2 CH,CH,HSO, To? Gi) iSiMsolMblenmwarER oy EY: Ethene is preapred by dehydrohalogenatono ethylhalide or haloethane by alcoholic hot com potassium hydroxide. | (ale, hot and cone.) | (alcoholic) (hot and conc.) | (alcoholic) (hot and cone.) 12.16.4 Properties of Alkenes A. Physical properties ()_Ethene is a colourless and inflammable ga wit 4 peculiar odour (faint sweetish smell). Gi) Its melting point is -169°C and boiling pit! 102°C, (ii) Tt is sparingly soluble in water but wi soluble in organic solvents like alcobo!, and chloroform. : (iv) It produces an anaesthetic effect ¥* inhalation,chemical properties IL @ Addition;op hydrogen (hydrogenation? When ethene and hydrogen are passed over finely divided catalysts such as platinum or Jladium at ordinary temperature or nickel ht 200°C, the two atoms of hydrogen molecule are added to the unsaturated molecule, which thus becomes a saturated one. 2 CSO, Ethene Ethane (iy Additionsopivalogensi(iatogenation) Reaction with fluorine is explosive, hence the compound formed is not stable. Chlorine, bromine and iodine are added to the double bond of ethene at room temperature to form saturated dichloro, dibrome and driodo ethane. Ethene at a a 1, 2dichloro ethane F winene ' ms Br Br 1, 2-dibromo ethane _—___, Bromine solution in CCly has a reddish brown colour When added dropwise to ethene, the reddish brown colour of bromine disappears due | to the formation of the colourless dibromo ethane. (ethylene iodide) (i) Saionrop water isaration® A water molecule gets added to alkenes in the presence of acids (e.g., sulphuric acid) to form alcohols. (iv) AdaitowmopHeD When ethene gas is treated with HCl, chloroethane is formed. Ethyl chloride (chloroethane) If chloroethane is treated with aqueous potassium hydroxide, ethanol is formed. (CH;CH;CLKOH=y'CH;CH;OH MERCY Ethanol Ethene 2. Polymerization : When two or more molecules of the same compound associate to form a bigger molecule, the reaction is called polymerisation. Ethene polymerises to produce polythene high temperature I> Tigh pressure catalyst [H,C- CH], (Polythene) 2 nC (ethene) 3. Oxidation : Ethene is oxidised with alkaline KMnO, at room temperature. H,C=CH, + H-O-H+[0] >H,C- CH. Ethene Cold alkaline = 1 I KMnO, solution OH OH {oxidising agent) 1, 2-Ethane-diol (Ethylene glycol) n of ethene Ethene birnsinaiwwitly However, bums with a pale blue flame to produce carbon dioxide, water and a large amount of heat. (GH{#30; 2007 #2H,0% Heay 12.16.5 Uses of elhene (i) Ethene is used in making polythene. (ii) I is converted into ethanol which is used as a starting material for other products, mainly cosmetics and toiletry preparations. Its used for ripening of fruits. It is used in making epoxyethane (used in t! manufacture of detergents). It is used for producing oxy-ethylene fame, which is used for cutting and weldiy metals. (vi) It is used in the manufacture of syr chemicals. (iii) @v) wy) 205)12.17.3. Laboratory preparation of ethyne Reactants : NAteRaNayCalciumEETBs.shown in = the apparatus as show? Procedure : Arrange the ve elu carbide im 2 ieces 0} . 12.5, Take a few piece er through the a bide reacts jis nel, Calcium cat _ na (ether — Ste enous gas with sweet, sn eae 7 Yiu ceiyne gas) THE ration is ex ike) THISTLE FUNNEL ea PINCH IYNE cock em CALCIUM CARBIDE (acetylene). Fig. 12.5 Lab. preparation of ethyne Reaction : 4 = . cium acetylene carbide hydroxide Collection : THENGASMSTCOMECTEDNBY NYY insoluble int wate}. Purification : Impurities like phosphine. hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and arsine are formed along with ethyne due to the contamination of calcium sulphide and calcium phosphide in calcium carbide. On passing through water, all impurities except phosphine are absorbed. Phosphine is absorbed by passing through acidified copper sulphate or acidified potassium dichromate solution. Note : Flask should not contain air as ethyne forms explosive mixture with air. The air of the flask is displaced with oil or some inert gas. Preparation from 1, 2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide). When 1, 2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide) is boiled with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, ethyne is formed, 7 am 20c na (alcohol 12.17.4 Properis® A. Physical properties (i Eihyne isa colourless 208 With ane gqveet odour when ibis pure (the ang 9M from catcivan carbide has gare gga to the presence of traces of Phospy, ray hydrogen sulphide). cat (ii) It is negligibly soluble in water bur soluble in organic solvents like acct alcohol. ay (iii) It is lighter than air (V.D. (iv) It Tiquefies at 84 °C. (x) Its boiling point is ~75 °C. 3). B. Chemical properties Ethyne is a highly reactive compoung the presence of a triple bond between carbon atoms. te, US thy 1. Oxidation of ethyne (combustion) Ethyne contains a greater proportion of cx, content than alkanes (ethane) and atkins (ethene). Since all the carbon particles dy get oxidised completely, it burs with a sing flame. s Ethyne burns in excess air with a brillian yg flame to produce carbon dioxide, water vas and a large amount of heat. 2CH = CH + 50, > 4CO, +21 Addition reactions ,0 + Heat Alkynes are unsaturated compounds, st are associated with addition reactions, ine tiple bonds break up easily. The breakin of a triple bond gives a product that iss unsaturated (double bond), Further breaking of the double bond gives a saturated pros (i) Addition of hydrogen (catalytic hydrogensti® In the presence of nickel, platinum © palladium, ethyne first tak hydrogen to change to ethene, wh takes up two atoms of hydrogen to give Fi age of reaction ¢ 1 CRRHTESTH, Ethyne EtheneSecond stage r Ethene Eihene rherefore, fbyne Ethene (i) Addition of halogen Ethane Ethyne, in an inert solvent like carbon tetra chloride [CCl,] for example, gas chlorine to change into an ethene derivative with carbon-carbon double bond, and then to an ethane derivative with carbon-carbon single bond. cH CHCl CHI, ee ee CH emccl) CHC] CCl) CHC, Ethyne 1, 2dichloro 1, 1,2,2- ethene tetrachloro ethane Acetylene roacts vigorously with chlorine gas in the presence of sunlight to give out flames. : When bromine, in carbon tetrachloride, is added to ethyne, its brown colour disappears due to the formation of addition products. The reaction is similar to the addition of chlorine. dibromoethene _tetrabromo ethane ACOA odine reacts slowly with ethyne in presence of alcohol to form a di-iodo derivative, (1, 2-di-iodoethene) ii) Reaction with HCL Ethyne reacts with hydrochloric acid to first form chlorocthene and finally 1, 1-dichloro ethane, cH HL, CH, —i0., CH, " i cu cHCI Ethyne Chloro ethene cue, 1, 1-dichloro ethane 12.17.5 Uses of ethyne It is used (@® for oxy-acetylene welding at very high temperatures. These temperatures are obtained when ethyne bums in oxygen. Gi) as an illuminant in oxy-acetylene lamp. (iii) for artificial ripening and preservation of fruits. (iv) also forthe manufacture of synthetic products like polymers, artificial rubber and oxalic acid, etc. (v) for the manufacture of important organic compounds like acetaldehyde, acetic acid, plastic and rubber. 12.17.6 Chemical Tests to distinguish between Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes : ‘Alkanes ‘Alkenes “Aleynes Nes Test (Methane and ethane) (Ethylene) (Acetylene) Saturated Unsaturated unsaturated compound compound compound 1 | On adding a few drops of No change is observed. | ‘The reddish brown colour | The reddish bromine solution in earbon of bromine solution gets | brown colour gets tetrachloride, to the hydrocarbon. decolorised. decolorised 2 | om adding a few drops of alkaline | No change is observed. | The purple colour fades. | The purple potassium permanganate (purple colour fades colour) to the hydrocarbon. Baeyer’s test) CH=CH + ao Ethyne coon