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NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
FOR AERONAUTICS

TECHNICAL NOTE

No. 1269

METHOD FOR CALCULATING WING CHARACTERISTICS

BY LIFTING-LINE THEORY USING NONLINEAR

SECTION LIFT DATA

By James C. Sivells and Robert H. Neely

Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory

Langley Field, Va.

•O^ FILE COPY

Washington „ To be returned to
** A* of thi Htuhad
April 1947 Advisory Cmmftm

Ö.C,

^
 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOE AERONAUTICS

TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 12Ö9

METHOD FOR CALCULATING WING CHARACTERISTICS

BY LIFTING-LINE THEORY USING NONLINEAR

SECTION LIFT DATA

By James C. Si veils and Robert H. Neely

SUMMARY

A method is presented for calculating wing characteristics "by

lifting—line theory using nonlinear section lift data. Material
from various sources is combined with some original work into the
single complete method described. Multhopp'e eystems of multipliers
are employed to obtain the induced angle of attack directly from
the spanwise lift distribution. Equations are developed for
obtaining these multipliers for any even number of spanwise stations,
and values are tabulated for ten stations along the semispan for
asymmetrical, symmetrical, and antisymmetrical lift distributions.
In order to minimize the computing time and to illustrate the
procedures involved, simplified computing forms containing detailed
examples are given for symmetrical lift distributions. Similar
forms for asymmetrical and antisymmetrical lift distributions,
although not shown, can be readily constructed in the same manner
as those given. The adaptation of the method for use with linear
section lift data is also illustrated. This adaptation has been
found to require less computing time than most existing methods.

The wing characteristics calculated from general nonlinear

section lift data have been found to agree much closer with
experimental data In the region of maximum lift coefficient than
those calculated on the assumption of linear section lift curves.
The calculations are subject to the limitations of lifting-line theory
and should not be expected to give accurate results for wings of
low aspect ratio and large amounts of sweep.

INTRODUCTION

The lifting-line theory is the best known and most readily

applied theory for obtaining the spanwise lift distribution of
a wing and the subsequent determination of the aerodynamic character-
istics of the wing from two-dimensional airfoil data. The character-
istics so determined are in fairly close agreement with experimental
results for wings with small amounts of sweep and with moderate
2 NACA TN No. I269

to high values of aspect ratio; for this reason, this theory has
served aa the "bads for a large part of pre cent aeronautical
knowledge.

The hypothesis upon which tho theory is "based is that a

lifting wing can "be replaced "by a lifting line and t'uit the
incremental vortices ahed along the span trr.il "behind the wing In
straight lines in the direction of the free-stream velocity. The
strength of these trailing vortices is proportional to the rate
of change of the lift along the span. The trailing vertices induce
a velocity normal to the direction of the free—stream velocity and
to the lifting line. The effective angle of attack of each section
of the wing is therefore different frcm the geometric angle of
attack by the amount of the engle (called the induced angle of
attack) whose tangent is the ratio of the value of the induced
velocity at the lifting line to the value of the free—stream
velocity. The effective angle of attack is thus related to the
lift distribution through the Induced angle of attack". In addition,
the effective angle of attack is related to the section lift
coefficient according to two-dimensional data for the airfoil
sections incorporated in the wing. Both relationships must "be
simultaneously satisfied in the calculation of the lift distribution
of the wing.

If the section lift curves are linear, these relationships

may "be expreused "by a single equation which can "be solved analytically.
In general, however, the section lift curves axe not linear,
particularly at high angles of attack, and analytical solutions
are not feasible. The method of calculating the sponwise lift
distribution using nonlinear section lift data thus becomes one of
making successive approximations of the lift distribution until
one is found that simultaneously satisfiea the aforementioned
relationships.

Such a method has been used by Wieselsberger (reference 1)

for the region of maximum lift coefficient and by Boshar (reference 2)
for high—subsonic speeds. Both of these writers used Tani's
system of multipliers for obtaining the induced angle of attack
at five stations along the semisprn of the wing (reference 3)«
Tani, however, considered only the case of wings with symmetrical
lift distributions. Multhopp (reference h), using a somewhat
different mathematical treatment from that which Tani used, derived
systems of multipliers for symmetrical, antioy'-maetrical, and
asymmetrical lift distributions for four, eight, and sixteen
stations along the semispan. Multhopp'0 derivation, in slightly
different form and nomenclatures is presented herein and tables
are given for the multipliers for ten stationo along the semispan
(the "usual number of stations considered in many reports in the
United States).
ITACA TN No. 1269

For symmetrical distributions of wing chord and angle of

attack, the multipliers for symmetrical lift distributions may be
used with nonlinear or linear section lift curves. For asymmetrical
distributions of angle of attack, the multipliers for asymmetrical
lift distributions must be used if nonlinear section lift curves
are used. If an asymmetrical distribution of angle of attack can be
broken up into a symmetrical and an antisymmetrical distribution,
the antisymmetrical part may be treated separately if the Bection
lift curves can be assumed to be linear.
The purpose of the present paper is to combine the contributions
of Multhopp and several other writers, together with some original
work, into a single complete method of calculating the lift
distributions and force and moment characteristics of wings, using
nonlinear section lift data. Simplified computing forms are given
for the calculation of symmetrical lift distributions and their use
is illustrated by a detailed example. The adaptation of the method
for use with linear section lift data is also illustrated. No
forms are given for asymmetrical or antisymmetrical lift distributions
inasmuch as such forms would be very similar to those given.

SYMBOLS

S wing area
b wing span
c chord at any section
cß root chord

c.(. tip chord

c" mean geometric chord (s/b)
/2 |VD/2 ?
c1 mean aerodynamic chord [— I c dy
A aspect ratio (b2/s)

x coordinate parallel to root chord

y coordinate perpendicular to plane of symmetry

z coordinate perpendicular to root chord and parallel to
plane of symmetry
k KACA TH No. 1269

q free-etreem dynamic pressure ( -xP-v )

8
/pVc PVC \
E Reynolds number ( =• or -— )

p mass density

V free-stream velocity

\i coefficient of viscosity

CL wing lift coefficient (l/qS)

C2 section lift coefficient (l/qc)

L wing lift
I section lift

Cj) wing drag coefficient (D/qS)

CD0 wing profile-drag coefficient

Cj). wing induced-drag coefficient

c^ section profile-drag coefficient
c^. section induced-drag coefficient
D wing drag

Cm wing pitching-moment coefficient (M/qSc')

CJJJ ,. section pitching-moment coefficient about section quarter—

' chord point

M wing pitching moment

Cj wing rolling-moment coefficient (iZ/qS)

L* wing rolling moment

Cn. wing induced—yawing-moment coefficient

Cno wing prcfile-yawing-moment coefficieot

a angln of' attack of any section along the Bpan referred

to its chord l:'no
NACA TN No. 1269 *

a-, angle of attack of root section referred to it3 chord

lins

aa angio of attack of root section referred to its zero

3
lift line
oj_ section induced an^le of attack

CLQ effective angle of attack of any section

aQ section angle of attack for two-dimensional airfoils
a7 angle of aero lift of any section
'o
a7 angle of zero lift of root section
<x„, v wins en^le of attack for sero lift
-(L-0/
c geometric angle of twist of any section along the span
(negative if washout)
e' aercayrrmic a-gle of twist of any section along the spen
(negative if washout)

e geometric angle of twist of tip section

e^* aerodynamic angle of twist of tip section

a wing lift—curve slope, per degree

aQ section lift-curve slope, per degree.

/ Two-dimensional lift—curve slopo\
s. Edge—velocity factor /
cos 0 coordinate (2j/b)

An coefficients in trigonometric series

ßafc multiplier for induced angle of attack (asymmetrical
distributions)
X^ multiplier for induced angle of attack (symmetrical
distributions)

y^, multiplier for induced nngle of attack (entisymmetrlcal

distributions)
 NACA TTT No. 12Ö9

Tj multiplier for lift, drag, and pitching-moment coefficients

m
(asymmetrical distributions)

T) multiplier for lift, drag, and pitching—moment coefficients

ms
(symmetrical distributions)

a multiplier for rolling— and yawing-monent coefficients

(asymmetrical di otrituti ons)

0 multiplier for rolling-moment coefficient (antisymmetrical

distrlbutions)

E edge-velocity factor />emir»rijggter\

\ span /

Subscripts

max maximum va]ue

al ralue for additional lift (C^ = l)

b value for basic lift (CL = 0)

/a„a "\ value fcr constant value of a„a

V "J s
(^M value for fdven value of e^'

THEORETICAL DEVELOrMFJuT OF METHOD

Lift Distribution

The methods of Tani (reference 3) and Multhopp (reference if-)

for determining tho induced an^le of attack are fundamentally
the same, differing only in the mathematical treatment. The
method presented herein is essentially the came as that given
by Multhopp, In the following derivation the spanwise lift
distribution is expressed as the trigonometric series

C f*

as in reference 5, vhere 9 is defined by the relation cos 9 = 2Z ,

It may be noted that each coefficient An, as used herein, is equal
KACA TN No. 12Ö9

to four times the corr©spending coefficient in reference 5. The

induced angle of attack (in degrees) at a point y-, on the lifting
line is

* <m dy (2)

This integral (in different nomenclature) wa,3 civan by Prandtl in

reference C. If equation (l) is substituted into equation (2) and
the variable is changed fron y to 6, the induced anrjle of attack
at the general point ß becomes, according to reference 5*

a. = ——— > nfi, sin nO (3)

hn sin 0-'—- ^

The problem of obtaining the induced angle of attack is thus reduced

to cne of c'stemming the coefficients of the trigonometric series.

Tiie lift distribution (equation (l)) mR.y he approximated by

a finite tr'.gciioretric series of r -- 1 terns where> for subsequent
c7c
usage, r is assumed to he even. The values of —- at the equally
b
spaced points <9 = —-- in the range 0 < 9 < JT are expressed as

(?£) = 5" ^ sin n 52 (k)

CiO
where m = 1, 2, 3,. . ., r — 1. Conversely, if the values of —£
b
are known at each point the coefficients An of the finite series
may be found by hamonic analysis as

0 X-l /c c\
7
An = -t\
r
LL.I 0in nM
r
^
m=l Wm
8 NACA TW No. 1269

If equation (5) is substituted in equation (3), a double

summation is obtained for the induced angle of attack as

'r-1
Oi(9) = - I80 n sin n6 r
kn ein 9\ r J~
E=l
\ b An.

r—1 r—1
coa
to sin 0 ^— V b A -^—-
m=l n=i

If the induced angle of attack is to be determined at the same

points 6 et -fchich the load distribution is known, that is, at the
points 0 = —£, then

lQ. r-1 , . r~l

C C (k - m)ir (k + m)it
°li . —S2-T- V ( 4b -)m Y n cos n — cos n
to sin ^ ---r \ / •—T

" / c7 c\
(6)
m=l

vhero

r-1
180 cos — cos n (k + m)jt
ßmk = 4ifr ein JSS. <-— (7)
•-» n=.- r

It can be shown that, if cos f> •/ 1,

r cos (r - 1)0 - (r - 1) cos r$ - 1

/ n cos n$ =
n=l 2(1 - cos 0)
NACA TW No. 1269

If $ = 0, a numerical series is obtained

f1 n . rir^li
2
fei

By use of these relationships in equation (7) it is found that,

when kirn is odd

3&£L
1
ßmk = (8a)
W sin ^L 1 - cos (k + m)n 1 - COS Xk^jüit
r T

when k = m

l80r (8b)
ßmk
8n sin &L

and when k i m is even and k / m

ßmk = 0 (8c)

For a symmetrical lift distribution

v b /m \ b /r-m

and

^k = «ir-k

so that the summation for a^, needs to be made only from

1 to r/2
10 KACA TN No . 1269

r/2
hi) (9)
<Hk ( * Am \mk
m=l

where, when k ± m is odd

Ink = ßmk + ßr-m,k (far m

t r 2
/ )

l8o cot 1*±»>JL cot (k - m

>"~
.£ C (10a)
2nr sin ^ sin jCk_+-ffiL>L 8in (k ,- m)n
r r

*mk = ßmk (for m = r 2

/ )

l8o (10t>)
- / 2kir -v
itrfcoß
\ r + 1)

vhen k = m

=
\te ^mk

l80r (10c)
8it sin ^
r

and when k ± m is even and k ^ m

»Bfc- ° (lOd)

For an antisymmetrical lift distribution

(2il) m-(22±)
NACA TN No. 12Ö9 11

and

«lk * "" °lr-k

In this ca8e the summation for oc^ needs to be made only from 1
to (§ - l) since (^) - 0; then

I-1
Olfc-
m. ?mk (11)

where, when k ± m is odd

?mfc ~ nak ßr-m,k

- ^2 ' 1 1
(12a)
2itr sin 2 (k + m)ir (k - m)n
r sin^
r

when k - m.j

=
?mk ßmk

_ 3.80r (12b)
8it elLn £2.
r

and when k i m is even and k ^ m

= 0 (12c)
?mk

Multipliers can thus be calculated so that the induced angle

CT C
may be readily obtained by multiplying the known values of -*—
by the appropriate multipliers and adding the resulting products.
12 WACA TN No . 1269

The multipliers are independent of the aspect ratio and taper ratio
of the wing. Tables I and II present values of ßu^, and X^
and 7-sfa} respectively, for r = 20. Similar tables for YFn^rnk
and Tn^yßiir are given in references 7 and 8, respectively, tut
no derivation is given therein. Tables for jjrrßak» ng^ndc' and ißZ7^
are given in reference k for values of r = 8, lb, and 32. An
inspection of tables I and II shows that positive values occur on3y
on the diagonal from upper left to lower right and that almost half
of the values are equal to zero, The multipliers ß^ and X^
may be used with either nonlinear or linear section lift data whereas
the multipliers for 7^ may. be used only with linear section
lift data.

The method of determining the lift distribution becomes one

of successive approximations. For a given geometric angle of attack,
a distribution of c-j is assumed from which the load distri—
bution —-— is obtained. The induced angle of attack is then
b
determined by equation (6), (9), or (11) through the use of the
appropriate raultip?.iers and subtracted from the geometric angle
of attack to give the effective angle of attack at each spanvise
station. From section data for the appropriate airfoil section and
local Eeynolds number, values of Cj are road which correspond
to the effective angle of attack of each section. If these values
of c^ do not ag^ee with those originally assumed, a second
assumption is am de for c^ and the process is repeated. Further
assumptions are made until the assumed values of c^ are in agreement
with those obtained from the soction data.

Wing Characteristics

Once the lift distribution of a wing has been determined, the

main part of tho problem of calculating the wing characterietics
is completed. The induced-drag and induced-yawing-moment coefficients
are entirely dependent upon the lift distribution and it is assumed
that the section profile-drag and pitching-moment coefficients are
the same functions of the lift coefficient at each section of the
wing as those determined in two-dimensional tests.

The calculation of each of the wing coefficients involves a

span-wise integration of the distribution of a particular .
function f(T?)' This integration can be performed numerically
through the use of additional sets of multipliers which are found
in the following manner.
•NACA TN No . 1269 13

If
?(&) = f(cos 0) =/ An sin n£

then

f'/ 1 f/Ez\ JZz) =

f (y A sin no ] ein 0 dO

• = a A
2 1

Since the values of f( -v- ) are determined at the points 9 = —,

A-, can he found hy harnonic analysis as in equation (5)

r-1
A
l = I X/'
1 r
f
^ £
)
\ b /m
sin
~r

Therefore

! r-1

, if) <?; - f m=l

1 <?1 - ?
r-1
2 f
- l
m=l
(f7mV '13a)

where
TU.
,m = JL sin M
2r r
Ik NACA TN No. 1269

If the distribution is symmetrical., f( &•) = f( §£) and

V b /m \ 0 /r-m

where

= 2
%s % (m ^ 2 )

^ms =
^m
(-S)
The moment of the distribution f(^) can bo found in a similar
manner. ,b/

P1 nrt
f
j (?) (¥) if) - I (I An »"> *9) 3ln * - » «

fA
4 20

-i\ f(?z) 8in22HI

?r /__ \b/m r
m=l

r-1
mh (l4a)
)-*$)„ **
Dl=l
NACA TN No . 1269 15

where

„ = JL ein &£
m 8r

If the distribution is antisymmetrir.al, ?(~) - ~ f(~-)

\b /m \b /r-ffi

5-1
I ff^Y^ d/2yV. ^ f(gyA (14b)

vhere

iaa = yam
P

Values of r\'m', r\'ins', c mJ, and 0 are given in table III for r = 20.

Wing lift coefficient.- The ving lift coefficient is obtained

by means of a spanwiae integration of the lift distribution,

nb/2
1 czc dy
D
-0/2

A2 f1 « 12 a(£)
<L * b \b/

If the lift distribution is asymmetrical

CL - A >m (15a)
16 NACA TN No. 1269

If the lift distribution is symmetrical

r/ 2
CL = A
m=l

Induce«?-dra^ coefficient.— The section induced-drag coefficient

is equal to tlie product of the section lift coefficient and the
induced angle cf attack in radians,

Ttc7a.
1
180

The wing induced-drag coefficient is obtained by means of a sparwise

integration of the section induced-drag coefficient multiplied by
the local chord;

rtci c
% "i I "W dy
(UA

A . c,o
b 130 Vb /
ii-1

For asymmetrical lift distributions

r-1
«A "v /c7c \ ,,s .
= T£ ; i-f- °dL nm (16a)
m=l

For symmetrical lift dictributions

r/2

m-1
KACA TN No. 1269 17

Profile^drag coefficient,— The section profile-drag coefficient

can lie obtained from section data for the appropriate six-foil section
and locol "Reynolds number. For each spanvise station the profile-
drag coefficient is read at the section lift coefficient previously
determined. The vin£ profile—drag coefficient Is then obtained
by me e no of a sp.-iirwif.e integration of the section profile-drag
coefficient multiplied ly the local chord:

nVa
CT c c d
Dr d0 y
ii-i-b/2

i
2 f)
-1

For asymmetrical lift distributions

r~l

>° ->m-1 (c*4 ^ (17a)

or for syiuiretrical lift distributions

r/2
V—
(17b)
^
'o ~ / [ ^o~ ) \a
3^

Pitching-moment coefficient.— The section pitchmg-moment

coefficient about its quarter-chord point can be obtained from
section data for the appropriate airfoil section and local
Reynolds number. For each spanwise station the pitching-moment
coefficient is read at the section lift coefficient previously
determined and then transferred to the wing reference point by the
equation
18 NACA TN No. 1269

c
m = cmc/^ ~ J cos (as - aj.) + cä ein (aB - a^)

c aln
l (as ~ al) ~ Gd0 G0S
(ae * a
i) (18)

vhere x and z are Treasured frou the wing reference point to the
quarter—chord point of the section under consideration and upward
and backward forces and dietex>cüs are taken a3 positive. The
section pitcliingnncment coefficient about its aerodynamic center may
be used instead of cm n , in which caße x and z arc- measured
to the section aerodynamic center. The term c^ Bin (^3 - o^) may
usually bo neglected. The wing pitching-fiioment coefficient is obtained
by the epanwiee integration

Cm 7
cm c2 dy
Sc
J-b/2

\fmm
For asjTmaetrical lift distributions

'in (19a)
z
—r \ C C * /rm.
m=l

For symmetrical lift dibtrlbutions

X /CTT,C
ra
^AcV Tme (19b)
m=l

Rolling-moment coefficient.- The rclling-moment coefficient

is obtained by means of a spanwise integration
 MACA TN No . 1269 19

|V2
1_ Cjcy dy
C, =
Sb
-"b/2

_ A
k •b 1) \b/
I

(20a)

For an antisymmetrical lift distribution

I-1
(20b)
H-*L(?
m=l

Induced—yawing-moment coefficient.— The induced-yawing-

mcment coefficient is due to the moment of the induced-drag
distribution

b/2
0
JtC
c„. --L l£2t y d-y

L
ni
Sb J 180
•b/2

A Q
4 b ISO b \b/

r^l
/czcc
nA \ ~/£i \
LA bb
I80 Z—V °y» a- (21)
m=l
20 KACA TN Nc . 1269

The induced-yawing-moment coefficient for an antieymmetrical lift

distribution is equal to zero and has little meaning inasmuch as
the lift coefficient is also zero. The induced-yawing-moment
coefficient is a function of the lift and rolling-moment coefficients
and must be found for asymmetrical lift distributions.

Profile-yawing-moment coefficient.- The profile-yawing—

moment coefficient is due to the moment of the profile-drag
distribution,

b/2

Cn -i- cdQcy dy
o Sb
tU/2

£dof £y
c b if)
r-l
K— CJ
Y(
2L \ ur ) °m
'm
W
m=l.

APPLICATION OF METHOD USING NONLINEAR SECTION LIFT DATA

FOR SYMMETRICAL LIFT DISTRIBUTIONS

The method described is applied herein to a wing, the geometric

characteristics of which are given in table IV. Only symmetrical
lift distributions are considered hereinafter inasmuch as these
are believed to be sufficient for illustrating the method of
calculation. The lift, profile-drag, and pitching-moment coefficients
for the various wing sections along the span were derived from
unpublished airfoil data obtained in the Langley two-dimensional
low—turbulence pressure tunnel. The original airfoil data were
cross-plotted against Reynolds number and thickness ratio inasmuch
as both varied along the span of the wing. Sample curves are given
in figures 1 and 2. From these plots the section characteristics
at the various spanwise stations were determined and plotted in the
conventional manner. (See fig. 3.) The edge-velocity factor E,
derived in reference 9 for an elliptic wing, has been applied to
the section angle of attadc for each value of section lift coefficient
as follows:
 NACA TW Ho . 1269 21

ae = E(a0 -alQ)+ alo

Lift Distribution

Computation of the lift distribution at an angle of attack

of 3° is 3liovn in table V. This table is designed to be used where
the multiplication is done by means of a slide rule or simple
calculating machine. Where calculating machines capable of performing
accumulative multiplication are available, the spaces for the
individual products in columns (6) to (15) may be omitted and tb'.i
table made smaller. (See tables VII and VTII.) The mechanics of
computing are explained in the table; however, the method for
approximating the lift coefficient distribution requires some
explanation. The initially assumed lift-coefficient distribution
(column (3) of first division) can be taken ae the distribution
given by the geometric angles of attack but it is best determined
by some simple method which will give a close approximation to the
actual distribution. The initial distribution given in table V
was approximated by

Cl = A
A + 1.8 j_2
1 + 21
nc -iff 'Ha)

where cj(a) i"3 the lift coefficient read from the section curves
for the geometric angles of attack. This equation weights the lift
distribution according to the average of the chord distribution of
the wing under consideration and that of an elliptical wing of the
same aspect ratio and span. When the lift distributions at several
angles of attack are to be computed and after they have been obtained
for two angles, the initial assumed cj distribution for subsequent
angles can be more accurately estimated in the following manner:
Values of downwash angle are first estimated by extrapolating from
values for the preceding wing angles, and then, for the resulting
effective angles of attack, the lift coefficients are read from the
section curves.

The lift coefficients in column (10) of table V, read from

section lift curves for the effective angles of attaok, will usually
not check the assumed values for the first approximation. In
order to select assumed values for subsequent approximations,
the following simple method has been found to yield satisfactory
results. An incremental value of lift coefficient Ac7tin is obtained
according to the relation (numbers in parenthesis are columns
in table V) :
22 NACA TN No. 1269

+
Acim =
"(18) - oflaHL 3[(18) - (3)]m * [(18) - QlJan
K

where K has the following values at the spanwise stations

K
b
0 to 0.8910 8 to 10

.9511 11 to 13

.987T Ik to l6

and (l8) - (3)Jm is the difference "between the check and assumed
values for the mth spanwise station. The incremental values BO
determined are added to the assumed values in order to obtain new
assumed values to be used in the next approximation. This method
has been found in practice to make the check and assumed values
converge in about three approximations if the first approximation
is not too much in error.

Wing Coefficients

Computations of the wing lift, profile-drag, induced-drag,

and pitching-moment coefficients are shown in table VI. Since the
lateral axis through the wing reference point contains the quarter-
chord points of each section, the x and z distances in
equation (18) are zero, and the pitching-moment coefficient of
the wing is determined solely by the values of cm /• .

APPLICATION OF METHOD USING LINEAR SECTION LIFT DATA

FOR SYMMETRICAL LIFT DISTRIBUTIONS

Although the method described herein was developed particularly

for use with nonlinear section lift data, it is readily adaptable
for use with linear section lift data with a resulting reduction in
computing time as compared with most existing methods. When the
section lift curves can be assumed linear, it is usually convenient
to divide any symmetrical lift distribution (as 5n reference 10)
NACA TN Wo. 1269 23

Into two parts — the additional lift distribution due to angle of

attack changes and the basic lift distribution due to aerodynamic
twist. The calculation of these lift distributions is illustrated
in tablea VII to X for the wing, the gsroaetrJc characteristics of
which were given in table IV,

It should be noted that tables VII and "VIII are essentially

the same es table V but are designed primarily for use with
calculating machines capable of performing accumulative multi-
plication. If such machines are not available, these tables may
be constructed similar to table V to allow spaces for writing the
individual products.

Lift Characteristics

Two lift distributions are required for the determination of

the additional and bae?c lift distributions. The first one is
obtained in table VII for a constant angle of attack cc^ (c ' ^ 0)
and the second one in table VIII for the angle of attack distribution
c c
due to the aerodynamic twiat (aag = 0). The check values of —i—
(column (l8)) are obtained by multiplying the effective angle
of attack 0^ . by -,-C-. The final approximations are entered in
table IZ as (923.) ° and i'-^)
(ccas) V /(Gt*)

The (211))
(--*- distribution is the additional lift distribution

corresponding to a wing lift coefficient CL/.^ \ determined in

table IX through the use of the multipliers r^. It is usually
CJ 1 c
convenient to use the additional lift distribution —-=-— corresponding
to a wing lift coefficient of unity. This distribution is found
by dividing the values of {——) by Or. ,.
V "b /(aa3) (aag)

The ( —- ) . distribution is a combination of the basic lift

\ b /(et-)
distribution and an additional lift distribution corresponding to
a wing lift coefficient CL/e ,\ also determined in table IX. The
c
l>c
basic lift distribution —ep- is then determined by subtracting the
additional lift distribution —^— ^L(^. >\ from l'T~//e >\-
2k NACA TN No. 1?69

Inasmuch ao the wing lift curve is assumed to "be linear, it is

defined sy its slo^e and angle of attack for zero lift which ar6
also found in table IX. The maximum wing lift coefficient is
estimated according to the method of reference 10 which is illustrated
in figure k. The maximum lift coefficient is considered to be the
wing lift, coefficient at which some section of the wing "becomes
the first to reach its maximum lift, that is, c74, + Or cit = c7
D ^ a]_ 'max
This value cf C^ is moat conveniently determined "by finding the
minimum value of —'Zax Ji along the span aB illustrated in table 33.
C
ial

Induced—Drag Coefficient
The section induced-drag coefficient is equal to the product
of the pection lift coefficient and the induced angle of attach
in radians. The lift distribution for any wing lift coefficient is

£i£ = _M_ cLL + -^- (2 )

v 3
b b b

The corresponding induced rngle of attack distribution may be

written as

a a C +
i = i„i L ^.-h (2^

The values of aj, and aj, are determined in table X in the

same manner a3 —~~ and —k_ j.n table IX. The induced-drag
b b
distribution is therefore
c
d-,c c7c a-.
b b 57-3
or
c c c
dn äi -,-u0 c
dn- c
Cd-!c ^al 9 +
2 alb ^ /
-~ = —~- CL — QL + —-£- (25)
b b b b
N/.CA TN No . 1269 25

where

13 13 57.3

c
Cfl1n1, c C) ,c a., 7,,,

^ "b 57.3 * 57.3

and
(28)
b >I O

The calculation of each of these iiidueed-drag distributions is

illustrated 'n table X together with tho numerical integration of
each distribution to obtain the wing induced-drag coefficient.

Profile-Drag and Pitching—MoMent Coefficients

Tho ^rofile-drag and pitching-ironent coefficients for the

wing depend directly upon the section data and therefore their
calculation is the saue whether linear or nonlinear section lift
data are used. For tue linear case the section lift coefficient is

c
l°cl&1°L+°h

for any wing coefficient C^. By use of this value for c, the
profllc-d^ag and pitching-inonent coefficients are found as in
table VI.

DISCUSSION

The characteristics of three wings with symmetrical lift

distributions have been calculated by use of both nonlinear and linear
section lift data and are presented in figure 5 together with
experimental results. Those data were taken from reference 11.
The lift curves calculated by use of nonlinear section lift data
are in clooe agreement with the experimental results over the
entire range of lift coefficients whereas those calculated lay use
of linear section lift date are in agreement only over the linear
portions of the curves as would be expected.
26 IRC;. TN No . lc-69

It mr>Bt be remembered that the methods presented are subject

to the limitations of lifting—line theory upon which the methods
are based; therefore, the close agreement shown in figure 5 should
not b3 exoected for wings of low aspect ratio or large uweep.
The use of the edge—velocity factor more or lees ccmpenaateß for
some of the effects o^ aspect ratio and, in fact, e.pueare to over
compensate at the larger values of aspect ratio as shown in figure 5«

Additional comparisons of calculated and experimental data

are given in reference 11 for wings with symmetrical lift distributions,
but very little comparable data are available for wings with
asymmetrical lift distributions. Such data are very desirable
in order to determine the reliability with which calculated data
may be used to predict experimental wing characteristics.

Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
Langley Field, Va. December 20, 1946
 NACA TN No. 1269 27

HEF3REUCE1

1. WieBelebergor, C: On the Distribution of Lift across the

Span near und beyond the Stall. Jour. Aero. Sei.., vol. 4,
no. y, July 1937, pp. 363-365.

2. Boshar, John: The Determination of Span Load Distribution at

High Speeds by Jre of High-Speed Wind-Tunnel Section Data.
NACA ACE No. 4B22, 19kk.

3. Tani, Itiro: A Simple Method of Calculating the Induced

Velocity of a Monoplane Wing. Rep. No. Ill (vol. IX, 3),
Aero. Res. Inet., Tokyo Imperial Univ., Aug. 1934.

4. Multhoop, II.: Die Berechnung der Auftriobsvertoilung von

Tragflügeln. Laftfahrtforschunj Bd 15, Nr. 4, April 6, 193$»
pp. 1^3-109.

5. Glaserb, H.: The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory.

Oiuoridge Univ. pre so, 1927«

6. Pi'DPv.tl, L.: Applications of Modern Hydrodynamica to Aeronautics.

NACA Rep. KoVlIo, 1Q21.

7. Munkj Max M. : Calculation of Span Lift Distribution (Part 2).

Aero. Digest, vol. 48, no. ?, Feb. 1, 1945, ?• 34.

8. Munk, Max M.: Calculation of Span Lift Distribution (Part 3).

Aero. Digest, vol. 48, no. 5, March 1, 1945, p. 98.

9. Jonec, Robert T.: Correction of the Lifting—Line Theory for

the Effect of the Chord. NACA TN No. 3l7, 1941.

10. Anderson, Raymond F.: Determination of the Characteristics

of Tapered Wings. NACA Rep. Ho. 572, 1936.

11. Neely, Robert II., Bollech, Thomas V., Westrick, Gertrude C,

and Graham, Robert R.: Experimental and Calculated
Characteristics of Several NACA 44-Series Wings with
Asnect Ratios 8, 10j and 12 and Taper Ratios 2.5 and 3» 5-
NACA Tin No • 1270, 1947 •
 NACA TN No. 1269 28

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29 NACA TN No. 1269

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NACA TN No. 1269 30

TABLE III.- WING-COEFFICIENT MULTIPLIERS

¥ m ^ ^3 «m ^ma

-0.9877 19 0.01229 -O.OO607

-.9511 18 .021+27 -.01151+

-.8910 17 .03066 *- -- 0 jrtt* -.OI589
-.8090 16 .Ol+6l6 -.OI867
-.7071 15 .05551+ -.019614
-.5878 14 .O635I+ -.OI867
-.I+5U0 13 .O6998 -OI589
-.3090 12 .071+70 -OII5I+
-.156!+ 11 .07757 -.00607
0 10 .07851+ 0.0785I+ 0 0
.156]+ 9 .07757 .15515 .00607 0.01211+
.3090 8 .071+70 .11+959 .OII5I4 .02308
.1+51+0 7 .O6998 .13996 .OI589 .05177
.5878 6 .O635I+ .12708 .OI867 .03735
.7071 5 .O555I+ .11107 .OI96U .03927
.8090 h .Ol+6l6 .09233 .OI867 .03735
.8910 3 -^.03666 .07131 .OI589 .03177
.9511 2 / .021+27 .01+85)+ .OII5I+ .02308
.9877 1 .01229 .021+57 .00607 .01211+
NATIONAI. ADVISORY
COMMITTEE F OR AERONAUTICS
,&]S~/£
/täL
 31 NACA TN No. 1269

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NACA TN No. 1269 32

TABLE __ CALCULATION OF LIFT DISTRIBUTION FOR. . WING.

First opproxlmotion
(1) (2) (3) (41 (5) (6) (7) I (8) 1(9) (10) I (II) I (12) I (13) | (14) | (15) (16) (17) (18)

¥ a c
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0 .1564 1 .3090 .4540
X_k x column (5)

.5878 .7071 .8090 8910 .9511 .9877

S(6)
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lac,' eS assumed ITobte 17) Ox (4) (21-06) (cl-«c»)

143.239 -58.533 0 -6.950 0 -2865 0 -1.804 0 -1.468
O
It« 0.51 0.142« 0.071 10. so -4.29 0 -.SI 0 -.21 0 - ___ 0 -.11 1.88 1.12 O.libll
-115.624 145.025 -67298 0 -10.158 0 -4840 0 -3 394 0
0.1564
2,76 .si7 .1295 .0670 -7.75 9.72 ___5J, ._ g -.68 0 -.52 0 -.23 0 .«1.78 .511
0 -64.802 1506 M -67.15 7 0 -9916 0 -4.968 0 -3768
3090
?,li7 •^21 .1161, .06015 0 -1.95 9.17 -4.09 0 -.60 0 -.10 0 -.2? ,90 w . _£
-12384 0 -62.917 160.76 1 -72.472 0 -10926 0 -5.812 __0
4540
?.ll .51< .lolid .os4a -.67 0 -1.40 e.68 -1.91 0 -.59 0 -.11 _Q --77 1.36 • Sill
0 -8 320 0 -65.803 177.054 -82083 0 -13.134 0 -7.713
5878
1-75] .501 •a?*: .0463 0 _, -_-___ 0 -3.05 8.20 -3.80 0 -.61 0 -.56 .60 J.15 .500
-4.051 0 -7.372 0 -71.743 202.571 -97965 0 -17 388 0
70 71
l.?f| .477 .082' _.o_9j -•16 . 0 __-..__9... ,--0- J -2.82 7.96 -3.85 0 -.68 0 .65 .61 •k-u
0 -2.880 0 -7.208 0 -81.434 243.694 •i 25.537 0 -26.635
.8090 i
.BO •430 • 0735 .031« 0 -•09 0 -.23 0 -2.57 7-70 -5-97 0 -.84 _ I55J_-J25_._
-1.638 0 -2 3 7 1 0 -7.370 0 :96 962 315.512 -180.528 0
.8910
_.J2 .560 .0665l_ .025s -•OJi.H 0 -.06 0 -.18 0 -2.J2 L-5_,.. - U.31 0 4*4-10 •iiii
0 -1 06 2 0 -2 016 b -7 599 0 -122.880 463.533 -329976
.9511
-.10 .281 .0613 .017? 0 -.02 0 -.05 0 -.13 0 - 2.11 7-97 -5.68 .77|-87 • 336
-0459 0 -0620 0 -1.491 0 -7.039 0 -167045 915651 [
.9877
-,19 .228 .olid .010c 0 0 -.01 0 -.01 0 -.07 0 - i-_67_. S-16. . U94i-2.11 .165
£ 1.88 • 98 .90 •77 .60 • 65 •55 •U2 •77 I.9U
Second approx motion
143.239 -58533 0 -6950 0 -2 865 0 -1.804 0 -1468
0
„1_0_ .1),JQ .0712 10.20 0 _ -.49 0 -.20 0 -.11 1.19.
-115624 145025 -67.298 0 -10 158 0 -4 840 0 -3 394 ~ 0
01564
LJi __5__ ,1295 . .0668 -7.72 9.69 -4.50 0 -.63 JJ -.32 . 0 -•?3 . 0 1.07 1.69 .521
0 -6480«! 150 611 -67167 0 -9916 0 -4.968 0 -376 8
3090
2 41 .524 .1164 .0610 0 -3-95 9-19 -4.10 0 -.60 0 -5? ^ 0 '-.23 .95 1.52 _-i.iL
-12 384 0 -62.917 .160761 -72 472 0 -10.926 0 -5.812 0
4540
2.11 .517 .1040 .0538 -.67 0 -1.18 8.65 -1.90 0 -.59 0 -31 0 •74! 1-39 •517
0 -8 320 0 -65803 177.054 -82.083 0 -13.134 0 -7713
5878
1.71 .500 .0925 .0461 0 -•39 0 -1.05 ._!___> -I.80 0 -.61 0 -•36 .60 1.11 .500
-4051 0 -7.372 0 -71.743 202.571 -97.965 0 -17.388 0
7071
1 .?f .47e .0821 .0191 -.16 0 -.29 0 -2.82 7.96 -3.es 0 -.68 0 • s( •70 .480
0 h2 880 0 -7 208 0 -81 434 243694 -125.537 0 -26635
8090
,80 ______ .0715 .0124 0 -.09 0 -.21 a -2.64 7.90 -4.07 0 -.86 .611 .19 .441
-1 638 0 -2 371 0 -7.370 0 -96.962 315512 -180528 0
8910
.1? .182 .066S .0254 -.04 0 -.06 0 -.19 0 -2.46 8.01 -4.59 0 •7< -.18 .586
0 -1.062 0 -2.016 0 -7599 0 -122880 463533 -329.976
.9511
-.10 .252 ,0611. .0179 0 -.02 0 -.04 0 -.14 0 -2.20 8-30 -5.91 .8« -•99 .512
-0.459 0 -0620 0 -1.491 0 -7.089 0 H67.045 915651
9877
-.19 .2iq .0417 .0096 0 |_ Q -.01 0 -.01 0 -.07 I 0 -I.60 a.79 *-r, -1.7; .228
r 1.61 1 .07 .35— •Til .60 .58 .61 1 .70 .39 1.11
Third approximation

NATIONAL ADVISORY
Numbers appearing in parentheses denote column number. COMMITTEE fM AIRMIUTICS
33 NACA TN No. 1269

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 oaraaa (eta«) ,70° 6073
I DIVISION, Aerodynamic? (£) Ö3IG AGENCY NUMQ
Sivells, James IHCTION: Wings end Airfoils (6)
Heoly, Robert H. flcBOSS REFEBENCES. Hing» - Lift distribution (99170) TM-1269
I REVISION
AUTHORS) JL
AMEB-TIUEi Method of calculating wing characteristics by lifting-line theory using non-
I lineer section lift data
F03GN. TlTUi
OBK3INATING AGENCY, National Advisory Coimittee for Aeronautics, Washington, D. C.
TOANSLATION,
COUNTRY LANGUAGE tfOÄG'NjCLASa U. SjCLASS. I DATE I />AG£S I 1U.US. FEATURES
| P. S. Eng. tfnclass. Apr'Ltf. 1+6 20 tables, grephs
AOSTOACT
Hateriel fron various sources is combinod with some original work into the method of
calculating wing characteristics by lifting-line theory. Kulthopp'B systems of multi-
pliers sre employed to obtain the induced angle of attack directly from the spamriee
lift distribution. Detailed examples sre given for symmetrical lift distribution. Winj
characteristics cslculated from general nonlinear lift date have been fovnd to agree
much cloeer with experimental deta in the region of maximum lift than thoee calculatod
on the eesuoption of linesr section lift curves.
NOTEi Requeste for copies of this report must be eddressed toi N.A.C.A.,
Washington, D. C.
T-Z HO., AID MATERIEL COMMAND Aß VECHNICAI DNDEX WaiGHT FIELD. O IIO, USAAF >*
or>o>» turn <a c: