Nominal Diameter of bolt Number of threads Diameter at root of thread Thread root area

(inches) (per inch) (inches)

0.25 20 0.185 0.026880252142
0.3125 18 0.24 0.045238934212
3/8 16 0.294 0.067886675651
7/16 14 0.345 0.093482016398
1/2 13 0.4 0.125663706144
9/16 12 0.454 0.161883127847
5/8 11 0.507 0.201885812503
3/4 10 0.62 0.30190705401
7/8 9 0.731 0.419686147991
1 8 0.838 0.551541147857
1 1/8 8 0.963 0.728353909392
1 1/4 8 1.088 0.929710363533
1 3/8 8 1.213 1.15561051028
1 1/2 8 1.338 1.406054349633
1 5/8 8 1.463 1.681041881593
1 3/4 8 1.588 1.980573106159
1 7/8 8 1.713 2.30464802333
 CLASS
Flange Size (NPS) 150 300
# of bolts nominal bolt diameter # of bolts
1/2 4 1/2 4
3/4 4 1/2 4
1 4 1/2 4
1 1/4 4 1/2 4
1 1/2 4 1/2 4
2 4 5/8 8
2 1/2 4 5/8 8
3 4 5/8 8
3 1/2 8 5/8 8
4 8 5/8 8
5 8 3/4 8
6 8 3/4 12
8 8 3/4 12
10 12 7/8 16
12 12 7/8 16
14 12 1 20
16 16 1 20
18 16 1 1/8 24
20 20 1 1/8 24
24 20 1 1/4 24
 600
nominal bolt diameter # of bolts nominal bolt diameter
1/2 4 1/2
5/8 4 5/8
5/8 4 5/8
5/8 4 5/8
3/4 4 3/4
5/8 8 5/8
3/4 8 3/4
3/4 8 3/4
3/4 8 7/8
3/4 8 7/8
3/4 8 1
3/4 12 1
7/8 12 1 1/8
1 16 1 1/4
1 1/8 20 1 1/4
1 1/8 20 1 3/8
1 1/4 20 1 1/2
1 1/4 20 1 5/8
1 1/4 24 1 5/8
1 1/2 24 1 7/8
Pipe Size Gasket sizes Gasket Areas
ALL 150 300 600 150 300 600
ID OD OD OD
1/2 0.84 1.88 2.12 2.12 2.22 2.98 2.98
3/4 1.06 2.25 2.62 2.62 3.09 4.51 4.51
1 1.31 2.62 2.88 2.88 4.04 5.17 5.17
1 1/4 1.66 3 3.25 3.25 4.90 6.13 6.13
1 1/2 1.91 3.38 3.75 3.75 6.11 8.18 8.18
2 2.38 4.12 4.38 4.38 8.88 10.62 10.62
2 1/2 2.88 4.88 5.12 5.12 12.19 14.07 14.07
3 3.50 5.38 5.88 5.88 13.11 17.53 17.53
3 1/2 4.00 6.38 6.5 6.38 19.40 20.62 19.40
4 4.50 6.88 7.12 7.62 21.27 23.91 29.70
5 5.56 7.75 8.5 9.5 22.89 32.47 46.60
6 6.62 8.75 9.88 10.5 25.71 42.25 52.17
8 8.62 11 12.12 12.62 36.67 57.01 66.73
10 10.75 13.375 14.25 15.75 49.74 68.72 104.07
12 12.75 16.125 16.62 18 76.54 89.27 126.79
14 14.00 17.75 19.12 19.38 93.51 133.18 141.05
16 16.00 20.25 21.25 22.25 121.00 153.59 187.76
18 18.00 21.62 23.5 24.12 112.65 179.27 202.46
20 20.00 23.88 25.75 26.88 133.72 206.61 253.32
24 24.00 28.25 30.5 31.12 174.41 278.23 308.23

From ASME 16.21

NOTE: All units on this sheet are in inches

 Gasket Contact Area Raised Face Dimension
all classes all classes

0.941535318280861 1.38
1.36070231808608 1.69
1.79377086538343 2
2.74449534217604 2.5
3.64919548659356 2.88
5.84336233567702 3.62
6.81725605828985 4.12
10.0138265833175 5
11.1919238284136 5.5
14.1890817597546 6.19
17.689130135119 7.31
22.3254140334705 8.5
30.2221213275338 10.62
36.9137136796801 12.75
49.0382978271282 15
53.4561624962388 16.25
67.7405915930299 18.5
91.8915851175015 21
101.316363078271 23
130.817881590887 27.25

are in inches
FLANGE Design Pressure by Class (psi)
Material Grade 150 300 600 @temp -29 to 38 degrees
1. A 105 284.274 741.14 1480.835305
2.A 350 LF2 284.274 741.14 1480.835305
3. A350 LF3 284.274 741.14 1480.835305
4. A350 LF6 Cl 1 284.274 741.14 1234.27115 From ASME B16.5 table 2-2
5. A350 LF6 Cl 2 287.1747 749.85 1499.690211
6. A350 LF1 Cl 1 236.4115 617.86 1234.27115
7. A182 Gr. F1 266.8694 696.18 1392.362285
8. A182 Gr. F2 287.1747 749.85 1499.690211
9. A182 Gr. F316L 230.61 600.46 1199.462093

BOLTS THICKNESS (mm) Yield Stress max permissible

bolt stress, Sbmax
1. A193 Gr B7M ------------- 550 MPa 79770.735 psi 74984.49 psi
2. A320 Gr. L7 ------------- 725 MPa 105152.3325 psi 98843.19 psi
3. A193 Gr. B8M ------------- 205 MPa 29732.7285 psi 27948.76 psi
4. Cl2 =<19 655 MPa 94999.6935 psi 89299.71 psi
5. Cl2 19<t<=25 550 MPa 79770.735 psi 74984.49 psi
6. Cl2 25<t<=32 450 MPa 65266.965 psi 61350.95 psi
7. Cl2 32<t<=38 345 MPa 50038.0065 psi 47035.73 psi
8. B8m Cl2B 38<t<=51 515 MPa 74694.4155 psi 70212.75 psi

Sgmin-S Sgmin-O Sgmax

GASKETS m y min. operating max (ksi)
Novus Supra 2.75 3000 3 7 10
Spiral Wound 3 10000 12.5 6 40 from B16.5 table 2-1.1
 145.0377*Mpa = psi
29 to 38 degrees Bolt Stress limit for SA-105 steel

ME B16.5 table 2-2

Min. Permissible
bolt stress, Sbmin
35099.1234 psi
46267.0263 psi
13082.40054 psi
41799.86514 psi From ASME II, Section D, Table 3
35099.1234 psi
28717.4646 psi Flange Rotation for SA-105 Steel
22016.72286 psi
32865.54282 psi

from B16.5 table 2-1.1

 Table O-2, ASME PCC-1
Bolt Stress limit for SA-105 steel flanges using elastic-plastic FEA
Sfmax (psi)
Class
NPS 150 300 600
2 84000 58000 84000
2.5 100000 47000 63000
3 105000 63000 89000

4 79000 89000 100000

5 79000 105000 95000
6 105000 84000 84000
8 105000 84000 89000
10 84000 79000 79000
12 105000 79000 74000
14 84000 63000 68000
16 79000 63000 68000
18 105000 69000 84000
20 89000 74000 74000
24 89000 68000 74000

Flange Rotation for SA-105 Steel Flanges, loaded to Table O-2 bolt stress using Elastic-Plastic FEA
Table O-3, ASME PCC-1
θfmax (deg)
Class ,
NPS 150 300 600
2 0.37 0.34 0.23
2.5 0.36 0.31 0.24
3 0.23 0.32 0.26

4 0.5 0.37 0.29

5 0.56 0.33 0.29
6 0.61 0.41 0.3
8 0.46 0.45 0.31
10 0.7 0.43 0.34
12 0.74 0.48 0.35
14 0.68 0.48 0.39
16 0.83 0.48 0.39 .
18 0.88 0.51 0.41
20 0.87 0.58 0.4
24 0.95 0.59 0.41
 Assembly Bolt Stress (Sbsel) Calculated Torque v
NPS 150 300 600 NPS
0.50 37462.50 37462.50 37462.50 0.5
0.75 54140.63 33699.80 33699.80 0.75
1.00 71371.88 44425.38 44425.38 1
1.25 109200.00 67971.48 67971.48 1.25
1.50 145196.88 60435.74 60435.74 1.5
2.00 144719.49 72359.74 72359.74 2
2.50 168839.40 56451.61 56451.61 2.5
3.00 248007.19 82921.44 82921.44 3
3.50 138592.25 92676.90 66668.41 3.5
4.00 175706.77 117495.45 84521.98 4
5.00 146478.28 146478.28 80180.46 5
6.00 184869.93 123246.62 67463.73 6
8.00 250260.15 120018.74 69156.22 8
10.00 146592.53 83660.38 49630.66 10
12.00 194741.94 84159.46 52745.78 12
14.00 161535.73 73393.12 46257.94 14
16.00 153525.70 72862.04 48177.79 16
18.00 157704.21 82365.78 54663.47 18
20.00 139103.20 90813.55 50224.98 20
24.00 140708.21 77532.49 47302.19 24

From ASME PCC-1 Appendix 0

Sbsel = SgT(Ag/nbAb) eqn (O-1)

248007.189290758
Calculated Torque values (using eqn [O-2]) lb.f ft
150 300 600
60 60 60
80 105 105
80 140 140
80 160 160
80 285 285
160 120 160
160 175 240
160 240 285
160 285 460
160 285 460
285 285 690
285 285 690
285 460 1025
460 690 1440
460 1025 1435
690 860 1800
690 1220 2390
1025 1335 3415
1025 1435 3370
1450 2390 5110
Step 1: Determine the target bolt stress (see Assembly Bolt Stress)
Sbsel =
Step 2: Determine if the bolt upper limit controls
Sbsel =

Step 3: Determine if the bolt lower limit controls

Sbsel =

Step 4: Determine if the flange limit controls

Sbsel =

Step 5: Check if the gasket assembly seating stress in achieved.

Sbsel =>

Step 6: Check if the gasket operating stress is maintained

Sbsel =>

Step 7: Check if the gasket maximum stress is exceeded

Sbsel <=

Step 8: Check if the flange rotation limit is exceeded.

Sbsel <=

Calculated Bolt Stress (ksi)

NPS 150
0.5 56193.75
0.75 74984.4909
1 74984.4909
1.25 74984.4909
1.5 74984.4909
2 74984.4909
2.5 74984.4909
3 74984.4909
3.5 74984.4909
4 74984.4909
5 74984.4909
6 74984.4909
8 74984.4909
10 74984.4909
12 74984.4909
14 74984.4909
16 74984.4909
18 74984.4909
20 74984.4909
24 74984.4909

Assembly
NPS
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
SgT(Ag/nbAb) eqn (O-1) (O-1)

min(Sbsel,Sbmax) (O-4)

max(Sbsel,Sbmin) (O-5)

min(Sbsel,Sfmax) (O-6)

Sgmin-S[Ag/(Abnb)] (O-7)

(Sgmin-0 Ag + pi/4PmaxGI.D2)/(phigAbnb) (O-8)

Sgmax[Ag/Abnb)] (O-9)

Sfmax(THETAgmax/THETAfmax) (O-10)

300 600
56193.75 56193.75
50549.7006407339 50549.70064073
66638.0728966073 66638.07289661
74984.4909 74984.4909
74984.4909 74984.4909
58000 74984.4909
47000 63000
63000 74984.4909
74984.4909 74984.4909
74984.4909 74984.4909
74984.4909 74984.4909
74984.4909 74984.4909
74984.4909 74984.4909
74984.4909 74445.99508002
74984.4909 74000
63000 68000
63000 68000
69000 74984.4909
74000 74000
 68000 70953.28672025

Assembly Bolt Stress (Sbsel)

150 300 600 NPS
37462.5 37462.5 37462.5 0.5
54140.625 ### ### 0.75
71371.875 ### ### 1
109200 ### ### 1.25
145196.875 ### ### 1.5
144719.489280254 ### ### 2
168839.404160296 ### ### 2.5
248007.189290758 ### ### 3
138592.252838953 ### ### 3.5
175706.771860618 ### ### 4
146478.277835588 ### 80180.46434003 5
184869.927159209 ### ### 6
250260.145681582 ### ### 8
146592.534510066 ### ### 10
194741.944116431 ### ### 12
161535.734018375 ### ### 14
153525.69762077 ### ### 16
157704.214827108 ### ### 18
139103.204873141 ### ### 20
140708.21055904 ### ### 24
SELECT MAX BOLT STRESS 0.94 0->1 of yield
SELECT MIN BOLT STRESS 0.44 0->1 of yield
SELECT GASKET TYPE Spiral Wound
SELECT BOLT MATERIAL 1. A193 Gr B7M
SELECT FLANGE MATERIAL 1. A 105
TARGET ASSEMBLY GASKET STRESS 20000 psi
K factor: 0.2
MIN. GASKET OPERATING STRESS 6 ksi
MIN. GASKET SEAT STRESS 12.5 ksi
MAX. GASKET CRUSH STRESS 40 ksi
φG 0.7

Assumptions
Operating temperature = ambient
theta g max = 1

Calculated Torque values (using eqn [O-2]) lb.f ft

NPS 150 300 600
0.5 58.845957392554 58.84595739255 58.84595739255
0.75 78.523575248204 106.3048686005 106.3048686005
1 78.523575248204 140.1383488581 140.1383488581
1.25 78.523575248204 157.6906757342 157.6906757342
1.5 78.523575248204 282.9793343007 282.9793343007
2 157.69067573418 121.9726783873 157.6906757342
2.5 157.69067573418 177.3703942309 237.7518050329
3 157.69067573418 237.7518050329 282.9793343007
3.5 157.69067573418 282.9793343007 458.9368021132
4 157.69067573418 282.9793343007 458.9368021132
5 282.97933430071 282.9793343007 689.2838697075
6 282.97933430071 282.9793343007 689.2838697075
8 282.97933430071 458.9368021132 1024.035882952
10 458.93680211318 689.2838697075 1441.941940613
12 458.93680211318 1024.035882952 1433.303477113
14 689.28386970749 860.368055469 1800.82637852
16 689.28386970749 1220.244852137 2390.292394377
18 1024.0358829518 1336.458647578 3413.910220305
20 1024.0358829518 1433.303477113 3369.088104359
 24 1452.3720477908 2390.292394377 5110.073499644

STEP 2
150 300 600
37462.50 37462.50 37462.50
54140.63 33699.80 33699.80
71371.88 44425.38 44425.38
74984.49 67971.48 67971.48
74984.49 60435.74 60435.74
74984.49 72359.74 72359.74
74984.49 56451.61 56451.61
74984.49 74984.49 74984.49
74984.49 74984.49 66668.41
74984.49 74984.49 74984.49
74984.49 74984.49 74984.49
74984.49 74984.49 67463.73
74984.49 74984.49 69156.22
74984.49 74984.49 49630.66
74984.49 74984.49 52745.78
74984.49 73393.12 46257.94
74984.49 72862.04 48177.79
74984.49 74984.49 54663.47
74984.49 74984.49 50224.98
74984.49 74984.49 47302.19

limited by max bolt stress

Sbmax=max permissible bolt stress
Sbmin=min permissible bolt stress
Sfmax=max permissible bolt stress prior to flange damage
Sgmin-O= minimum gasket operating stress

Sgmin-S= minimum gasket seating stress

φG = fraction of gasket load remaining after relaxation
THETAgmax = maximum permissible single flange rotation for gasket at the maximum operating temperature (deg)
Pmax = maximum design pressure
Ab = Bolt root area
Ag = gasket area
nb = Number of bolts
THETAfmax = single flange rotation at Sfmax ( deg)
Sbsel = Selected assembly bolt stress ( psi)
 STEP 3
NPS 150 300 600
0.5 37462.50 37462.50 37462.50
0.75 54140.63 35099.12 35099.12
1 71371.88 44425.38 44425.38
1.25 74984.49 67971.48 67971.48
1.5 74984.49 60435.74 60435.74
2 74984.49 72359.74 72359.74
2.5 74984.49 56451.61 56451.61
3 74984.49 74984.49 74984.49
3.5 74984.49 74984.49 66668.41
4 74984.49 74984.49 74984.49
5 74984.49 74984.49 74984.49
6 74984.49 74984.49 67463.73
8 74984.49 74984.49 69156.22
10 74984.49 74984.49 49630.66
12 74984.49 74984.49 52745.78
14 74984.49 73393.12 46257.94
16 74984.49 72862.04 48177.79
18 74984.49 74984.49 54663.47
20 74984.49 74984.49 50224.98
24 74984.49 74984.49 47302.19
STEP 4
NPS 150 300 600
0.5 37462.50 37462.50 37462.50
0.75 54140.63 35099.12 35099.12
1 71371.88 44425.38 44425.38
1.25 74984.49 67971.48 67971.48
1.5 74984.49 60435.74 60435.74
2 74984.49 58000.00 72359.74
2.5 74984.49 47000.00 56451.61
3 74984.49 63000.00 74984.49
3.5 74984.49 74984.49 66668.41
4 74984.49 74984.49 74984.49
5 74984.49 74984.49 74984.49
6 74984.49 74984.49 67463.73
8 74984.49 74984.49 69156.22
10 74984.49 74984.49 49630.66
12 74984.49 74984.49 52745.78
14 74984.49 63000.00 46257.94
16 74984.49 63000.00 48177.79
18 74984.49 69000.00 54663.47
20 74984.49 74000.00 50224.98
24 74984.49 68000.00 47302.19
limited by max. flange stress
 23414
33838
44607
68250
90748
90450
105525 75636
155004 111127
86620
109817 79302
91549
115544 85017
156413 117067
91620
121714 93756
100960 78675
95954 75049
98565 76455
86940
87943
 STEP 5 STEP 6
NPS 150 300 600 150 300 600 150
0.5 pass pass pass pass pass pass pass
0.75 pass pass pass pass pass pass pass
1 pass pass pass pass pass pass pass
1.25 pass pass pass pass pass pass pass
1.5 fail pass pass pass pass pass pass
2 fail pass pass pass pass pass pass
2.5 fail pass pass fail pass pass pass
3 fail pass pass fail pass pass pass
3.5 fail pass pass pass pass pass pass
4 fail pass pass fail pass pass pass
5 fail fail pass pass pass pass pass
6 fail fail pass fail pass pass pass
8 fail fail pass fail pass pass pass
10 fail pass pass pass pass pass pass
12 fail pass pass fail pass pass pass
14 fail pass pass fail pass pass pass
16 fail pass pass fail pass pass pass
18 fail pass pass fail pass pass pass
20 fail pass pass pass pass pass pass
24 fail pass pass pass pass pass pass

x. flange stress
STEP 7 STEP 8
300 600 150 300 600
pass pass
pass pass
pass pass
pass pass
pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
pass pass pass pass pass
ASSEMBLY BOLT STRESS DETERMINATION

ASSEMBLY BOLT CONSIDERATION

a. Sufficient Gasket Stress to Seal the Joint

b. Damage to the Gasket
c. Damage to the Bolt
d. Damage to the Flange

1. SIMPLE APPROACH

- Required Information
Determining Target Gasket Stress as a minimum (Sgt)

Sgt

- Determining the Appropriate Bolt Stress for a range of typical joint configurations

Sb (sel) = Sgt Ag
nb . Ab

Tb = Sb(sel).K.Ab.ᴓb metric units

1000

Tb = Sb(sel).K.Ab.ᴓb US custom units

12

2. JOINT COMPONENT APPROACH

- Required Information
a. The maximum permissible flange rotation ᴓgmax at the assembly gasket stress and the
gasket operating temperature must be obtained from industry test data or from the gasket
mannufacturer

b. The maximum permissible bolt stress (sbmax) must be selected by the user.
c. The minimum permissible bolt stress (sbmin) must be selected by the user.
d. The maximum permissible bolt stress for flange (sfmax) must be determined, base on
particular flange configuration
e. The target assembly gasket stress (Sgt) should be selected by the user in consultaion with
the gasket mannufacturer.
f. The maximum assembly gasket stress (Sgmax) must be obtained from industry test data or
from the gasket mannufacturer.
g. The minimum gasket seating stress (Sgmin-s) must be obtained from industry test data or
from the gasket mannufacturer.
 h. The minimum gasket operating stress (Sgmin-0) must be obtained from industry test data
or from the gasket mannufacturer.
i. The gasket relaxation fraction (ᵠg) must also be obtained from industry test data or from the
gasket mannufacturer for the gasket in flange assemblies of similar configuration to the ones
being assessed.

- Deternining the Appropriate Bolt Stress

Step 1 Determine the target bolt stress

Sb (sel) = Sgt Ag
nb . Ab

Step 2 Determine if the bolt upper limit controls

Sb (sel) = min. (Sb(sel), Sbmax)

Step 3 Determine if the bolt lower limit controls

Sb (sel) = max. (Sb(sel), Sbmin)

Step 4 Determine if the flange limit controls

Sb (sel) = min. (Sb(sel), Sfmax)

Step 5 Check if the gasket assembly seating stress is achieved

Sb (sel) ≥ Sgmin-s [Ag/(Ab. Nb)]

Step 6 Check if the gasket operating stress is maintained

Sb (sel) ≥ (Sgmin-o. Ag + phi / 4Pmax. Gid2 / (ᵠg. Ab. Nb)

Step 7 Check if the gasket maximum stress is exceeded

Sb (sel) ≤ Sgmax [Ag / (Ab. Nb)]

Step 8 Check if the flange rotation limit is exceeded

Sb (sel) ≤ Sfmax (ᴓgmax / ᴓfmax)

Step 9 Calculate assembly bolt torque

Tb = Sb(sel).K.Ab.ᴓb metric units

1000
 Tb = Sb(sel).K.Ab.ᴓb US custom units
12

3. DETERMINING FLANGE LIMITS

- Elastic Analysist
A series of elastic analysis limits have been determined that allow the calculation of the
approximate assembly bolt stress that will cause significant permanent deformation of the
flange.

- Finite Element Analysis

A more accurate approach to determining the appropriate limit on assembly bolt load is to
analyze the joint using elastic-plastic non-linear Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
Remark :