(QuiekServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Produets Service Manual Page 1 of I (asSIpubsys2/xmilen/manual411406/5411406-titlepage. html) |General Information This section provides requirements and recommendations for selecting crankcase olle, based on the appropriate Cummins Engineering Standard (CES) and viscosity grade, for use in ‘engines manufactured by Cummins Ine. This section also provides general information on the function, properties, and contamination of engine oil Please reference your specific engine service literature for additional information, Not following information located in a requirements section can affect the abiliy to claim warranty. Information found in the recommendation sections are intended to provide optimal engine protection. | Proper filtration and cil selection is erical to maintain engine health. Maintaining the correct | cil and fier change interval is a vital factor in preserving the integrity of an engine. Consult the applicable Owners/Operation and Maintenance Manual for detailed instructions on determining} the oil change interval for your engine. Last Modified: 29-Aug-2016 shttos://asol cummins. com/gs3/nortal/service/manual/en/S4.11406/ yoparey-ve Online| (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 1 of 2 (qs3ipubsys2/xmllen/manuall5411406/541 1406-titlepage.html) |General Information [Te primary tancions of engine ol include lubrication, wear con, dering, coveslon | protection, oxidation control, cotng, sealing, and hydraulic action This procedure provides tcdonal information on these functions Lubrication + The primary function of engine oil isto lubricate moving parts. The oil forms a protective film between metal surfaces, preventing metal-to-metal contact and reducing friction and heat. When the oil fim is not sufficient, polishing, scuffing, galling, oF seizing can occur. Metal Wear Control + Modern lubricants contain extreme pressure and anti-wear additives. At high-pressures, these additives form a chemically bonded molecular film on the metal surfaces to prevent direct contact and wear when a full ol fim is not present. Cleaning + Detergents in ol act as cleaning agents in the engine. They help reduce sludge, varnish, ‘and oxidation buildup on the pistons, rings, valve stems, and seals; which could lead to severe engine damage. Oil formulated with the optimal additives will hold contaminants in suspension until they are removed by the oil fitration system or during an oll change. Corrosion Protection and Acid Control + Corrosion inhibiting additives provide a protective barrier, isolating metals to prevent corrosion, Some metals like copper, bronze, and lead are susceptible to corrosion, Corrosion can result in the removal of metal from engine parts whiich can lead to further wear. Additionally, oils are formulated with acid neutralizing additives that counteract ‘acids formed by combustion and thermal degradation, Oxidation Control + Antioxidant additives prevent the oxidation of the petroleum base oil. Oxidation can lead to the formation of acids, increased viscosiy, and increased tendency to form deposits. Cooling https://asol.cummins.comfas3/portal/service/mantal/en/$411406/ loan?QuiekServe Online| (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 2 of 2 + Lubricating oll functions as a heat transfer medium and helps cool internal engine ‘components that the primary cooling system can not. Heat is transferred to the oil through contact with vatious components and is then transferred to the primary cooling system atthe oll cooler Sealing + Oilacts as a seal filing the surfaces ofthe o Internal engine components, ler liner, piston, valve stem, and other Hydraulic Action + Oil acts as a working hydraulic media within the engine. Examples ofthis are the use of oil to operate engine brakes, Step Timing Control (STC) injector tappets, and Hydraulic Lash tn Last Modified: 26-Aug-2016 rs lopenoiyQuiekServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 1 of 2 (lqs3ipubsys2/xmilen/manuall5411408/541 1406-tiepage html) General Information Oil technology advances due to requirements from engine technology (example: hotler combustion temperatures) or regulatory requirements (example: emissions regulations). There ‘are multiple groups globally that provide standards for ol classifications, Among them are the following, + American Petroleum Institute (AP!) + Association des Constructours Européens d’Automobiles (ACEA) + Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) ‘The API oil category, or any international oil certification, is not sufficient by itself to select the appropriate engine ol for a Cummins® engine. Oils should be selected that meet the appropriate Cummins® Engineering Standard (CES). Table 1 below does provide a comparison between CES and other oil regulatory classifications for reference only. Note : The CES number should not be considered to be sequential or supersede previous CES numbers unless specifically stated. Higher CES numbers do not necessarily indicate the oil is better than lower CES numbers. The API requires a set of lab and engine tests that each commercial oil candidate must pass in order to meet the requirements for technology advances. API cil categories define the tests, and properties required for a specific oll technology. Examples are below. + Cl-4 category oils were released in 2002 and updated in 2004, coinciding with exhaust {gas recirculation technology, to improve soot control and shear stability, + Cl+4 category olls were released in 2007, coinciding with emissions regulations and ultra ow sulfur diesel fuel, to improve compatibility with aftertreatment, wear contro, piston deposits, high temperature stability, and soot handling + CK-4 oils were released in December 2016 with all the typical viscosity grades of CJ-4 oils. As higher engine temperatures and lover emissions are a continuing trend, improved oils were required. CK-4 has improved oxidation resistance, shear stability, and aeration Control. API category Ck-4 is backward compatible with API category Cv-4 cil technology. © FA olls were released in December 2016, primarily as a 10W-20 viscosity grade, | FA oils carry the same improved oxidation resistance, shear stability, and aeration control of CK-4 oils. FA-4 oils also reduce greenhouse gas emissions (increased ‘stpe:/csol curmins.com/on3/nertalfeervice/manmal/en’$411406/ 107240017(QuickServe Online (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 2 0f2 tl exon, pene on ty 1) yoo tigh mpaatahih shee (HTHS) viscosity. This lower HTHS results in directionally thinner oil films lubricating tft races, At cao ols re ot card compete are Sout ny ove wen dred bye Lutein Ol Revormoncten se Sponsors posed Scion ef coespondn omaniopoaton one pace manalto re CES 208 recs otter oa uty gue sha he ACEA and JANA may eae solo steers i Table 1: CES Comparison to Other Oil Regulatory Classifications ces Chess aPicategory | cesestinenat Wt pred oa ACEAEI [ees is None one 5 2074 Hone Wore ACEAEZ cesz00r5 ora ACEAEZ ces 078 ons (poenes, CES 20077 - oes ane cu AGEAET AGERE ces 208 os ne j CES 20085, None None J Es 2088 cea Hone CES 2087 Fa Hone Last Modified: 28-Jun-2017 hites://asol. cummins. com/as3/portal/service/manual/en/$4 11406! japan?QuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual (qs3/pubsys2/rmilen/manualS41 1406/541 1406-titlepage html) Ietne:/faanl. covamies.comice’/nortal/nervicefmenual/en/Sd 11406 General Information ils are formulated specifically for different engine technologies. Factors such as fuel type ‘and aftertreatment will influence the type of ol that should be utilized in your engine. Itis citcal to make sure the oil being utlized in your Cummins® engine meets the performance requirements set by Cummins Inc. To be sure the proper ol is being utlized for your engine, perform the following steps: 1. Identify the appropriate Cummins Engineering Standard (CES) for your engine. See the ‘Owners/Operation and Maintenance Manual, Section V - Maintenance Specifications, and locate the approved CES in procedure 018-003 - Lubricating Ol Recommendations and Specifications. Or for general recommendations, see the following procedures in this manual 1. Use the following procedure for diesel engines. Refer to Procedure 378.008 in Section 4, (/qs3/pubsys2/xmi/en/procedures/00/00-378-008. htm) b. Use the following procedure for gas engines. Refer to Procedure 378-006 in Section 4. IgsS/pubsys2hmlleniprocedures/00/00-378-006 hm) 2, Identity the appropriate viscosity grade for your engine. See the Owners/Operation and Maintenance Manual, Section V - Maintenance Specifications, and locate the approved viscosity grade in procedure 018-003 - Lubricating Oil Recommendations and Specifications, 3. Identify an oll that meets the correct CES and viscosity grade for your engine. A list of oils that meet the appropriate CES for your engine can be obtained from your local Cummins® distributor or can be found on QuickServe Online at: + httpsiquickserve.cummins.com/qs3/qsolservice/serviceproducts/oll_registation.h (https/quickserve.cummins.com/as3/qsolservice/serviceproducts/oll_registration.hi Do not use an oil that is not registered with the appropriate CES in a Cummins® engine Engine oil packaging should contain information on the viscosity grade and CES certification. The CES should be cleaity marked with other manufacturer's certifications, For American Petroleum Institute (AP!)-approved cils, for example, viscosity grade information can be found ina round service symbol called a “donut’. See Figure 1 Page 1 of 2 » ae(QuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins Products Service Manual Page 2 0f2 Figure 1: API "Donut" Found on Commercial Oil Containers “The upper half of the symbol carries the API oll category (e.g. CK-4) The °C" stands for ‘commercial, but implies use in diesel or natural gas engines. The “K" represents the category as it increases through time, The new fuel economy category (e.g. FA-4) will replace the *C* with an "F". ‘The lower half describes whether the oll has demonstrated energy-conserving or fuel economy properties compared to a reference oil 3. The center provides the oll viscosity (e.g. 18W-40), Last Modified: 16-Sep-2016 https://qsol.cummins.convqs3/portal/service/manual/en/5411406/ 10/24/2017‘QuiekServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins Products Service Manual Page {of 3 (igs3/pubsys2hxmllen/manual/$411406/5411406-ttlepage. html) (General Information Many factors affect the type of engine oll that must be utilized for an engine, such as the use of attetreatment, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and fuel quality, Mutiple oil categories can be allowed forthe same diesel engine, however shortened oil rain | intervals can be required. Diesel engines equipped with aftertreatment systems require olls with lower sulfated ash content Global fuel quality plays a significant role in selecting the appropriate ol. For locations with fuel sulfur > 15 ppm and not using aftertreatment, do not use oil meeting Cummins® Engineering Standard (CES) 20081, CES 20088, CES 20087, as the starting total hase number (TBN) is ‘ypically lower and may require reduced oil drain intervals. For fuel sulfur > 15 ppm CES. 20078 is recommended, Requirements |[Uiize Tabie 1 to dtommine what CES approved cllto use for ieee engines, || Refer to Procedure 378.003 in Section 4 (/qs3/pubsys2/xmllen/procedures/00/00-378- (003.htmi) for alist ofthe closest American Petroleum Institute (API) and International oll classification, Note : CES 20086 is recommended for use anywhere CES 20081 was previously recommended, CES 20086 oil can be used in any diesel engines that are running on ULSD fuel 7 Global GES 61 Recommendation Based on Engine/Aertreatment Configuration winouteor, | WHEGR | Wy | ces Without Without aa Atertreatment | _Aftartroatment | i| CES 20075 Not permitted Not permitted Not permitted vuips/lgsol cummins comle.’/portatiervtee/inanwatfen'se 1406? jopapoiyQuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins Products Service Manual Page 2.0f3 Global CES Oil Recommendation Based on Engine/Aftertreatment Configuration witouteGR, | With EGR, vith ces without witout | gg, Aftertreatment Aftertreatment reatment CEST ces 20075 pemtes — | RAB! | Net permite CES 20077 " ‘CES 20078 Recommended: Revormmended Soviet CES 708% Pesto Painted Pes GES70066 |” Reormended? | ~Recormended? | ~Reoormende ces2one7 | NotPemies | WetPemites | Permit me Ges ooue” ) Poi Torsone | Pama orsone | Parte sone eines! engines! eines 1. Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) is required. 2. Reference Procedure 018-003 (Lubricating Oil Recommendations and Specifications) Jn the Owners/Operation and Maintenance Manual for further information on engines. approved to this CES standard. 3. CES 20078 and CES 20088 are not permitted on engines using diesel particulate fiter (DPF) aftertreatment ‘list of oils that meet the appropriate CES for your engine can be obtained from your local ‘Cummins® distributor or can be found on QuickServe™ Online a https:quickserve. cummins. com/qs3/qsol/service/serviceproducts/oil_registration.html Re-Refined Oils New commercially available re-efined or recycled engine ols can be used only if the oll brand| name and viscosity grade are found on the QuickServe™ cil registration list. Used reclaimed oils OR new re-refined/recycled engine olls not found on the oll registration lists should never be used Friction Modifiers Engine oll that contains friction modifiers should not be used unless the oll brand name and viscosity grade are found on the QuickServe™ oi registration list. Friction modifiers can compete withthe anti-wear addltves in your engine oll to compromise wear performance, Breakin Oils ‘Special breakin lls are not recommended for use in any Cummins ® engine. These oils are not designed to mest our wear standards and may negatively affect durabilty. bttos:asol.cummins.com/as3/portal/service/taanualfen’$411406/ lopanon?QuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Produts Service Mana Page 3 0f3 Top-Trest or Aftermarket Oi Additives } ‘Cummins® neither approves or disapproves of any additives not manufactured or sold by Cummins inc. or its subsidiaries, Engine malfunction or performance problems, which result {rom the use of such additives, are not warrantable by Cummins Inc. — Last Modified: 26-Jun-2017 https://qsol.cummins.com/qs3/portal/service/manual/en/S411406/ 10/24/2017QuickServe Online| (5411406). Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 1 of 3 (Jas 3/pubsys2/xmlfen/manual/5411408/541 1406-ttlepage. html) General Information | Viscosity is a measure ofthe resistance to flow oll The viscosity characteristics ofall fds are| affected by temperature, Multigrade oll (e.g. 15W-40) viscosities tend to be less sensitive to temperature changes than monograde oil (e.g. SAE 40) because of the addition of viscosity improvers in their formulation, A correctly formulated muitigrade oil not only protects the engine at startup, but also throughout the life of the engine. The selection of ol of the correct viscosity is extremely important for optimum performance and for maximum engine life if the ol is too viscous, engine drag is increased with the following effects: + Engine is difficult to star + Engine power output is reduced. + Engine cooling is reduced. + Internal wear is increased, + Engine parts run hotter. + Fuel consumption is increased. Ifthe oil viscosity is too low, the engine experiences: + Increased wear from metal-to-metal contact, + Increased cil consumption and leakage. + Increased engine noise. A specific viscosity advertised (e.g. SAE 15W-40) on a product is a viscosity designation only. This designation alone does not imply that the product meets the Cummins Inc. requirements above. ‘Some oll suppliers might claim significant fuel economy improvements with lower viscosity oils. Make sure that the ols viscosity grade is permitted in your Owners manual and the ol is registered to a Cummins Engineering Standard recommended for your engine. Otherwise, obtain the cil supplier's commitment that they will assume warranty lablty, or do not use the oil httos:/losol cummins. com/as3/portal/service/mamual/en's4.11406/ Jonani7QuiekServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 2 0f3 \Viscosity Recommendations General recommendations for ol viscosity grade versus ambient temperature can be found in Figure 4 Not all viscosity grades are approved for use in all Cummins® engines. Reference the engine ‘specific Owners/Operatione and Maintenance Manual for approved viecosity grades and ‘specific recommendations for operating in cold ambient temperatures. Note : For ISX15 and QSX15 dual overhead camshaft engines, 15w-40 viscosity | grade is required. Temperature °F 40-20 0 20 40 60 90 100 120_140 TT—T—T 1sw40 = sowso = | ov | | _7- SAEs0 D> SAEAO >» 141 4 4030201001020 a0 40 B00 Temperature °C Figure 4: Recommended SAE Oil Viscosity Grad! eee ee epee pierre yee 104017QuiekServe Onlin | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 3 0f3 10/24/2017QuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manval Page | of 2 (lqs3Ipubsys2/xmlen/manuall54 11406/541 1406-tilepage. html) General Information ‘Commercial cil is composed of two main components, a base oll and an additive package. Engine oil is mostly composed of a base oll (often taken from petroleum, synthetic, or reclaimed sources) that varies in quality and ability to perform the intended functions. Oi! additives including viscosity modifies, antioxidants, detergents/dispersants, corrosion inhibitors, and ant-wear agents are added to the base cil to provide increased engine protection Base Oils Base oll (~70 to 95 percent weight) is the main component of commercial il, which can be created in the following ways. + Refined from petroleum (conventional, known as Group I and Group I), + More heavily refined from petroleum and further chemically-treated (marketed as synthetic, Group Il) + Man-made in a factory from chemical feedstocks (fully synthetic, Group IV and Group V). For instance, Cummins Engineering Standard (CES) 20081 registered oils usually have the following base ols. + 15W-40 (Group tI) + 10W-.30 (Group Il or Groups Il and Il) + SW-30 or SW-40 (Groups Ill and IV or Group 'V) “The base cil provides intial lubrication beside the additive package. Base oil also has an ability to resist thermal breakdown based on its quailty, with synthetic oils usually being most thermally stable. il Additives Lubricating oll is formulated with additives (~6 to 30 percent weight) designed to perform specific functions throughout is useful if, The adcltives used are more important to overall engine performance than the base oil itself, Without additives, even the highest quality base oil wil not be able to satisty engine requirements. Additives include: Se penne ee eeQuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Mana Page 2 0f2 + Detergents or dispersants, which keep insoluble matter in suspension until the oll is changed. These suspended materials are not removed by the ol filtration system, Excessively long oll drain intervals can result in deposit formation in the engine. + Inhibitors that maintain the stability of the oll, prevent acids from attacking metal surfaces and prevent rust formation when the engine is not in operation * Other lubricating oil additives assist the oil lubricating highly loaded areas of the engine (such as valves and the injactor train), prevent scuffing and seizing, control foaming, and prevent air retention in the ol Last Modified: 08-Sep-2016 htips://esol cummins. coms'as3/portal/service/menuual/en/'s411406/ inpamoiTQuickServe Online| (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 1 of 2 (igs3/pubsys2/xml/en/manuallS41 1406/54 1 1406-tlepage. htm) — EE General Information il degradation occurs in all engines at varying rates, regardless of design. Oil has limitations fon the amount of degradation it can withstand and still funetion as designed. Curnmins Ine. bases its oil drain specifications on duty cycle and rate of ol degradation, Factors that influence the rate of degradation include: + Duty Cycle + Fuel Type + Fuel Sulfur - Higher fuel sulfur increases the likelihood of premature oll degradation ‘and shortened oil drains can be required. For example, using fuel with sulur levels ‘greater than 500 ppm can require a shortened oil drain Interval, © Biodiesel - Higher biodiesel fuel can increase the likelihood of ol corrosion for engines using certain aftertreatment systems. + Environmental Conditions || Acceptable methods for determining lubricating oll change intervals can be found in the Owners/Operation and Maintenance Manual Acceptable methods can include: + Fixed Method (Mileage/Hours) + Duty Cycle Method (Operating Conditions) - As fuel consumption rate increases, the rate ‘of oil degradation increases, Note : Use of synthetic vils does not affect the published oll drain Interval unless specifically stated as such in the engine's owners manual or operation and maintenance manual. Note : Engine oil fiters must be changed when the engine oil is changed, Last Modifies 24-Aug-2017 ittos://asol.cummins.com/os3/nortal/service/fnanual/en/$4.11406/ lapaoni7y,QuickServe Online| (5411406) Fluids for Commins® Products Service Manual Page 20f2 https://osol cummins.com/as3/portal/service/manunl/en/$411406/ 1on4apnol7QuiekServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins Produets Service Manual Page 1 of 2 ((as3ipubsys2/xmlfen/manua/S41 1406/5411406-ttlepage. html) (Contaminants ‘Throughout engine operation, a wide variety of contaminants are introduced into the lubricating ol Combustion By-Products + Exhaust gases, also known as blowby gases, leak past the piston rings, valve guides, an| turbocharger seals into the crankcase. These gases contain particulate matter, water, ‘acids, partially burned fuels, and precursors to deposits, which cause oil contamination. | Higher sufur fuels can lead to eater oll degradation Acids, Varnish, and Sludge + As the lubricating oil comes in contact with hot engine components in the presence of air, ‘oxidation and decomposition occur, creating contaminants such as acids, varnish, and sludge. Abrasives or Environmental/Foreign Material + Contaminants can enter the engine through the intake system, fuel, worn engine parts, ‘and inadequate service or maintenance practices. An example would be dust entry from an air intake leak or collapsed air filter. Fuel in Oil + Fuel in oll can reduce oil viscosity and increase corrosion in oil especially if biodiesel is present. Fuel dilution of oil an be caused by excessive engine idling, stop-and-go ‘operation, and excessive short trips where engine oil does not reach operating temperature. Coolant in Oil + Coolant in oilis generally associated with engine malfunction, Soot + Soot is caused by retarded injection timing or poor injection performance, causing burning | fue! to mix with oil on the cylinder liner(s). Excessive soot in oil can cause abnormal valve, Injector train, and power cylinder wear. IMttne://asol.cummins.com/as3/portal/service/manual/en’$411406/ Jofea017-QuickServe Online | (5811406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 2 0f2 Co Last Modified: 08-Sep-2016 https://qsol.cummins.com/qs3/portal/service manual/en!S411406/ 10/24/2017QuiekServe Online | (5411405) Fluids for Cummins Products Service Manual Page 1 of 3 (iqsSipubsys2/xml/en/manual/S411406/5411406-tilepage. htm) ‘Select Service Tools Recommended Cummins® Service Tools + Fleetguard® Quickdraw Valve - 4 NPTF (1/4-in x 18), Part Number C2724 + Mini-Gauge Plug - used with Fluid Analysis Kits (1/8-in NPT), Part Number 33181688 and is a Cummins® Filtration part + Fleetguard® Fluid Vacuum Pump, Part Number CC2802 + Oil Sample Hose, Part Number 5299913 + Probalyzer Cap - used with Fluid Analysis Kits, Part Number 33181685 and is a ‘Cummins® Filtration part Additional Service Items + Clean, dty container |General Information ‘As oll circulates in an engine during normal operation, wear metals and contaminants should accumulate at a steady rate. The amount of contaminants in the oil atthe time of sampling generally depends on the length of time since the last oll change, To detect changes in the ‘wear pattern of an engine, the hours the ol has run must be recorded when collecting the cil | sample, Information to provide with each sample is listed below. + Engine modeVserial number + Miles/hours of oll use + Milesthours on engine since new or rebuild + Oil used (brand name, performance category, and viscosity grade) + Date sample was collected + Engine application Sbiine:/icact cummins. conmios'Veortalfearviceimenmalien!s411406/ loganQuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluid for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 20f3 + Amount of new oll added since previous oil change. Information to track for assistance in investigating potential issues is listed below. + Recent engine maintenance + Analysis of new (unused) oll || O11 analysis on new (unused) oll must be performed to establish a baseline, New (unused) oil analysis samples must be taken each time the oll ype or oil supplier is changed, or at @ ‘minimum, twice a year. Samples must be taken from the bulk supply tanks to determine the ‘makeup ofthe oll and also from the engine to confirm that no contaminants are being Introduced by the storage or transfer system, Make sure the sample is representative of the il in the engine: + Always collect oll in a clean, dry container + Collect a minimum of 118 mi (4 02} of oil + Take the oll sample before adding any new ol to the engine. + Bring the engine to operating temperature prior to sampling, if possible. This will insure contaminant levels in the oil sample are representative. + Successive samples must be taken in the same manner and from the same location. ICollecting a Sample “Two methods can be used to collect oi ple 1. Obtain a sample during engine operation by using a pressurized oil sampling port or line (preferred method) 2. Obtain a sample after engine is shut down by using a vacuum to draw oll out ofthe sump. ‘The sample must be obtained as soon as possible after stopping the engine so the oilis still warm and setting has not occurred “AAWARNING A. ‘Some stato and federal agoncies have determined that used engine oil can be || carcinogenic and cause reproductive toxicity. Avoid inhalation of vapors, ingestion, and protonged contact with used engine oil. f not roused, dispose of in accordance with local environmental regulations. ‘AMWARNING A. Oo peer inpapaly,QuiekServe Online | ($411406) Fluids for Cummins Produets Service Manual Page 3 0f 3 To reduce the possibility of personal injury, avoid direct contact of hot oil with your skin, To obtain an oil sample during engine operation, conduct the following. | 1. With the engine off, install an oil sampling port or line that allows cil to be collected before | the oll is fitered, if possible, a sampling line is installed, use the shortest line possible. 2. Clean the outside of the valve by wiping with a clean, dry rag Idle the engine and bring to operating temperature. 4, Purge the sample port or line by allowing a small amount of oil to flow through the valve then discard the purged oil. Purge the entire volume of the sample line and discard or return the oil to the sump through the oil fill ube. 6. Collect the sample into a clean, dry, botle from the oil stream being pumped by the idling || engine to be sure the sample represents the actual homogeneous olf mixture that is flowing through the engine. To obtain an oil sample from an engine that is shut down, conduct the following, 41. Use the cil evel on the dipstick fo determine the length of tube needed fo obtain an oll sample | a, Hold anew, clean piece of tubing against the dipstick and mark, onthe tube, the Focation where the dipstick seats », Cut the tubing soit reaches 25 to 60 mm (1 to2 inches) below the oilevelin the | pan 2. Insert the sample tube int the dipstick tube so that the mark previously made on the tube | is atigned with the top ofthe opening for the dipstick tube. 3. Use a hand operated vacuum pump (Cummins Filtration, Part Number 62602) to collect ol ino a clean, dy, bot || Note : Do not allow the tube to draw oll from the bottom of the oil pan because excess debris can be collected providing incorrect sampling results. Last Modified: 21-Aug-2017 Pe arr aeQuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 1 of 3 (lqsSipubsys2hml/en/manual/S41 1406/5411406-tilepage. html) (General Information ‘Cummins ine. recommends conducting oll analysis to assist with maintaining the health and function of the engine. il analysis is conducted for the following reasons. + To monitor engine oil contaminant levels + To identify system malfunctions such as faulty air fitration, coolant leaks, fuel dilution, or Increase in component wear. Although oil analysis is beneficial in identifying early signs of wear and tear, there are some limitations to what oll analysis can detect + Inability to detect large particles. + Inability to identity rapidly developing malfunctions. To identity a potential problem, a ‘malfunction would have had to be in progress at the time the last oll sample was taken. ‘Some malfunctions progress so quickly that they will nt be identified in oil analysis ‘An international standard, ISO 17026, for testing and calibration laboratories, exists to identity labs that produce valid results consistently, per accreditation body standards. Utiize an analysis lab that meets ISO 17025 certification forthe particular oil analysis tests being conducted. [Test Parameters Proper analysis of oll samples is important for maintaining successful engine life and operation. Wear metals, oll contarninants, and oll properties that provide the most reliable Indicators to detect a potential problem can be found in Table 1 ttos://asol.cummming.com/cs3/nortal/servicetmanualfen/s41 1406! LoeanoisQuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Table 1: Oil Analysis Paramoters Page 20f3, Recommended Test Parameter, Unit vee 7 om “American Sociely of Testing Total Gese Number (BN, | es Maeals (ASTM) iw 4739 Total Acid Number (TAN), rekon ASTI D664 Oil Health ASTM EAT Oxidation, absfom or ASTM DTAt4* Nitrallon, abslem ASTM EZATZ scot @ 10° BFL astm Daas Fuel Diifon, mass percent astm prbea fuel in ol Percent Soot, mass percent ~ 7 eee ASTM EN31 ee Sodium = Na, ppm 05185 Potassium -K, ppm 5185 Silicon Si, ppm 05185 ‘Aluminum - Al ppm 5185 tron Fe, ppm 05185 Lead -Pb, pom 5185 =u, 05185 Wear Metals ae “Auuminum- Al ppm 5185 Tin Sn, ppm 5185 Chromium = Gr. ppm 5185 should report whether trending or subtraction methods were used. * Labs may report a value from E2412 (FTIR) calibrated to E1134 * Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data can use either ASTM method but Last Modified: 09-Sep-2016 https://qsol.cummins.com/qs3/portal’/service/manual/en/$411406/ 1024/2017QuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manval Page 30f3 “Sntane:/icacd cunamina ecanioaincralfeerviesimarmalten/S41 1406) togapor?QuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins Products Service Manual Page 1 of 7 (qs3/pubsys2/xmilen/manuallS4 11406/541 1406-ttlepage.htm) $$$ —__— General Information ‘Understanding the oll sytem is crucial to identifying when an oll sample is indicating a problem. Large oil system capacity, use of Centine!" oil replenishment systems, and uso of Eliminator™ or centrituge-type fitration systems will result in overall lower contamination levels, compared to an engine that has a standard sump capacity, no replenishment system, and standard oll fiers ‘System capacity can be determined by knowing the volume of the ol required to touch the high-level mark on the dipstick and the volume of any remote oil tanks on the machine in Which oll is continuously circulated. Ol! sump capacties are listed in the Owners/Operation and} Maintenance Manual for all Cummins® engines. If the machine is equipped with an oll reserve system with a reservoir remote from the engine oll sump, the reservoir volume must be added to the engine sump volume to determine the total system capacity. This is only true for remote| tanks in which the oi is continuously circulated. The Centinel™ make-up tank volume does not add to system capacity, since the engine oil is not continuously circulated through this tank The addition of new cl will also decrease the amount of contamination in a particular volume fol In all cases, oll consumption must be documented by the amount of oil added between ‘each service interval. Trending cil consumption is important, as any rising trend or step ‘change in cil consumption can indicate possible power cylinder wear, system leaks, or other system malfunction Flag Limits The purpose of flag limits is to identify adverse trends in oll analysis that require further || investigation. The guidelines provided in this procedure are not to be used to extend oil drain intervals, Ifa flag limit is reached, contact your local Cummins® service provider. https://qsol.cummins.com/qs3/portal/service/manualen/$411406" 10/24/2017(QuickServe Online| (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Mana Page 20f7 (One way to compensate for the differences in oll systems between units is to look al the normal wear rates for each engine individually. This method establishes a baseline specific to that particular engine, Provided the oll usage remains faily constant and other systems are functioning consistently, the trends in wear metals should remain consistent, For example, setting up statistical fag limits based on a large group will normalize the data. If an engine historically had very low rates of wear, but suddenly jumps to a higher wear rate tha Is consistent with the average wear rate for the group of engines being analyzed, no flag would be triggered. In comparison, looking at historical readings on a particular unit can cause action 10 be taken ata lower contaminant level Cummins Inc. recommends working with an oil analysis lab to establish warning and critical flag limits using ASTM method 7720-11. If samples are taken periodically throughout the oil drain interval, the cil parameter value can be converted into a rate of increase over new cil For example, parts per millon (ppm) per mile (or hour). ‘As a guideline, engines should be grouped in the following ways for statistical limit ‘comparison. | + Service Model Name + Application + Similar Duty Cycles + With Centine!™ and without Centinel™ + With Eliminator" or centrifuge-type fitration and with standard fiter configurations * Common oil system capacities. Ital engines are grouped together regardless of ol systems, the engines with Centinel™, Eliminator ™/centrfuge-type filtration, and higher oil system capacities will experience a higher degree of engine wear before the flag limit is reached, [ Table 1: Lubricating Oil Analysis Limits Oil Analysis Parameter Limit Viscosity change at 100°C [212°F] / (oon Soe Taig otis] FOAM 128, MAX: 108 (astm) D445) al q Fuel Dilution “Bpercent MAX | | Table 2: Oil Contamination Guidelines for Soot Cummins@ Engineering | Midrange Band Soot | All Other Engines Soot ‘Standard (CES) Limit Limt CES 20076, 20077, 20078, | 20081, 20086, 20087, and 3.0 percent MAX. 6.0 percent MAX. 20088 (CES 20075 1.5 percent MAX 1.5 percent MAX ‘https://asol.cummins.cony/qs3/portal/service/manual/en/5411406/ ayes)QuiekServe Online| (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 3 0f7 [Table 3: Oi Contamination Limits for Total Base Number (TBN) Engines < 19L, Engines 2 19L isplacement Displacement [Total base number (ASTM) arse 25MIN 2.5 MIN or equal to TAN Note : Table 4 should only be used as a reference if flag limits cannot be established through statistical analysis, Table 4: Lubricating Oil Analysis Guidelines Oil Analysis Parameter Lit er 300 pars per milion (pm) 0.3 percent |[Sttcon (s - 415 ppm increase over new oll ‘Sodium (Na) 20 ppm increase over new oll Boron (8) 25 ppm increase over new oll [ Potassium (K) 20 ppm increase over new oll | For recommendations specific o diesel engines 19 liters and above, please see the Oil ‘Analysis Techniques for High Horsepower Diesel Engines, Bulletin 4022060 (iqs3ipubsys2/xml/en/bulletin’4022060. htm), Interpreting Results The tables below are intended to serve as a guide for investigating oll analysis results, Table 6 provides information related to instances of high wear metals or oil contaminants from analysis| results and potential sources of those contaminants. Table 6 provides information related to combinations of wear metals andlor contaminants and associated engine problems that can cause those results, Table §: Sources of Wear Metals or Contaminants } Pistons (some applications), crankshaft and camshaft thrust bearings, camshaft | bushings, dirt, heat exchanger cooler brazing flux |) Aluminum (AL) ttos://osol cummins. com/os3/nortal/service/memunlfen/S4.1 1406? somamoiy(QuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Products Service Manual Page 4 of 7 Table 5: Sources of Wear Metals or Contaminants Copper (Cu) Connecting rod and main bearings, turbocharger bearings, connecting rod bushings, camshaft bushings, idler gear and accessory dive bushings and thrust washers, cam follower pins, rocker lever bushings, lube pump bushings and thrust Washers, copper brazed oil coolers Fuel Iron (Fe) Lead (Pb) Potassium (K) Silicon (Si) Cylinder nr, pistons (Some applications), Element contained in some coolant additive [inhibitor | ‘Unburned fuel in lubricating ol, injectors, oF ‘uel pump can be source of contamination, Engine operation, such as frequent starts, ‘excessive idling, and cold weather operation can also lead to fuel dilution. gears, crankshaft, camshaft, camshaft follower rollers and shafts ‘Some applications: Rod and main bearings, turbocharger bearings, camshaft bushings, idler gear and acoessory drive bushings and thrust washers, lube pump bushings and thrust washers packages, which indicates coolant contamination of cil, heat exchanger cooler brazing flux ‘Sand, dif, slicon sealants and gasket | materials, oil additives, cooling system Sodium (Na) Element contained in some coolant additive packages which indicates coolant contamination of oi, salt from detergent or toad, ol additive Viscosity The property of a fluid measured at a certain temperature that resists the force to cause the fluid to flow. Viscosity can increase after thermal degradation and can decrease with, mechanical shear https://qsol.cummins.com/qs3/portal/service/manual/en/$411406/ 1on4n017QuiekServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins Table jources of Wear Metals or Contaminants Produets Service Manual Page 5 of 7 Total Acid Number (TAN) ‘Armeasure of oils acidity. New ollhas a certain level, or starting TAN, due to the type and amount of additives. Total Base Number (TEN) ‘A measure of the ols ability to neutralize acid, New oil has a certain level inthe oil {formula that is depleted over time due to ‘contact with acid generated by blowby gases. Soot ‘Combustion by-products in oll. Excessive soot can suggest issues withthe fuel system cr combustion, Oxidation ‘A generic measure ofthe breakdown of a lubricant due to age and exposure to high ‘temperature. High oxidation numbers indicate ol is beyond its useful fe. Nitration ‘A generic indicator of excessive "blowby" ‘and also indicates the presence of nitric acid formed by nitric oxide, which is a combustion by-product when the engine operates too lean, Nitric acid can attack metal surfaces in the engine and result in corrosive wear, Nitric acid can accelerate oil oxidation. Table 6: Engine Problems That Result in Oi Fuel Dilution https://qsol.cummins.com/qs3/portal/service/manuaVen’ il Analysis Flags “The best indicators of fuel dilution are an increased percentage of fuel in the oil and a decrease in viscosity. In cases of high fuel dilution, the oll can smell lke fue! and the engine ol level may increase. yS411406/ 10/24/2017QuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins Products Service Manual Page 6 of 7 Table 6: Engine Problems That Result in Analysis Flags Coolant Contamination “The best method to detect coolant contamination of oll isto look for traces of elements, such as sodium and potassium, Which are contained in the coolant additive package. These elements can be detected at very low levels, so they can serve as an early warning. Sodium is occasionally found In lubricant additive packages; therefore, its important to compare the level of sodium with that measured in the baseline (unused) cil sample and to be aware of the coolant ‘additive package formulation. A water content testis not a reliable indicator of a ‘coolant leak because oll temperatures are generally higher than the boiling point of water, which allows the water to boil out during normal engine operation, leaving behind only the elements that make up the coolant additive package. Giycol tests can also be inaccurate. Small amounts of glycol may not be measurable, and high oil temperatures can break down glycol to a state where it will nt be detected, In addition to identifying the source of coolant ‘contamination, itis important to determine if progressive damage has occurred, Coolant contamination ofthe lubricating oll can damage bearings and bushings, Dust Out Dirt is composed primariy of silica and | alumina, s0 elevated levels of silicon and aluminum in a 2-10-1 10 10-t0-1 silcon-t0- aluminum ratio indicate dit intrusion. In addition to identifying the source of dirt entry, itis important to determine If progressive damage has occurred. A dust out can cause piston ringlcylinder liner wear, which can lead to lubricating oll contamination or a breakdown of the lubricating oil properties, and bearing/bushing failures. ttps://qsol.cummmins,com/qs3/portal/service/manuaVen: 11406 1024/2017QuickServe Online | (5411406) Fluids for Cummins® Produets Service Manual Page 7 of [Mabie : Engine Problems That Result in Oil Analysis Flags Piston Ring/Cylinder Liner Wear Increased levels of iron indicate cylinder liner Wear. Additionally, wear ofthe rings and/or liner can allow blowoy gases to pass by the rings and contaminate the oil. Elevated levels of soot, oxidation, and nitration, along with an increase in viscosity, can be ‘observed. Contamination ofthe oll wil also Inerease total acid number and deoroace total base number. In addition to identifying the source of coolant contamination, itis important to determine if progressive damage has occurred. Contaminated lubricating oil can damage bearings and bushings. Bearing/Bushing Malfunction Leaded bearings are made up primarily of lead and copper. An increased level of both these metals at the same time can indicate a ‘malfunction of a bearing andior bushing, An increase of lead with no increase in copper ‘ypically corresponds to a degradation of oll Condition that results in attack of the top layer of the bearing. Some other indications of degraded oll can include increases in ‘oxidation, nitration, TAN, andor a decrease in TBN. Lead free bearings will show increases in ‘elements such as copper, bismuth, aluminum, and tn Last Modified: 26-Jul-2017 ‘tps://qsol.cummins,com/qs3/portal/service/manual/en/S411406/ 102472017