BS Medical Laboratory Technology Curriculum

CURRICULUM
FOR
4 YEARS DEGREE PROGRAMME
BS
MEDICAL LABORATORY
TECHNOLOGY
2021
Nishtar Medical University

Multan, Pakistan
FOREWORD
The establishment of Nishtar Medical University is a milestone in the efforts of the

Government to ensure quality medical education in the province. The Government of Punjab
has achieved tremendous progress in providing quality education with the establishment of
this University. In order to bring about further improvement in medical education; the
undergraduate program is being reviewed on a continuous basis so as to improve their quality
and to lay them at par with international standards.
The Government has focused on other components relating to health sciences and has
particularly been successful in bringing about a significant improvement in the field of
pharmacy. In addition, the Government of Punjab has undertaken a new initiative by
introducing a four years degree program in Allied Health Sciences. Considering the rapid
technical developments in the health systems around the world, the Allied Health Sciences
program is a step forward to fill up the gap in the prevailing health systems in the province.
I am happy to point out that all medical colleges affiliated with the Nishtar Medical
University has unanimously been able to put up a comprehensive program covering 08
disciplines in the Allied Health Sciences. This indeed is a very positive, appreciative and
commendable effort.
I wish them success in their endeavors.
Vice Chancellor
Prof. Dr. Rana Altaf Ahmed

PREFACE
A university is the zenith of knowledge that imparts quality education and awards degrees for
extensive educational attainments in various disciplines. Protection of traditional knowledge,
making exploration about it and obtaining deep understanding about modern technology and
research techniques are some of responsibilities of the University. The mission of Nishtar
Medical University Multan (NMU) is chartered to develop an intellectually conducive
environment providing excellence and innovation in medical education and research to
produce competent and community oriented doctors, dentists, nurses, bio-medical engineers,
and paramedics.
Allied health Sciences is a like medicine which has been completely neglected till now so
there is absolute dearth of trained Allied health personnel’s who are the actual service
providers to the patients. As a matter of fact they form the connecting link between the
doctors and the patients which is missing altogether in our health care system.
Realizing all this Nishtar Medical University Multan once again took the lead to organize
education and training at BS level in 08 disciplines of Allied Health Sciences. 08 disciplines
have been identified in which these programs are launched in Nishtar Medical University.
These programs include Medical Laboratory Technology, Medical Imaging Technology,
Optometry and Orthoptics, Orthotic and Prosthetic Sciences, Dental Technology, Anesthesia
Technology, Gastroenterology Technology and Renal Dialysis Technology. This is going to
be a remarkable development in the field of medicine in our country and will fill up the
existing gaps in the health delivery system of the Punjab. Prof. Dr. Rana Altaf Hussain who
has actually played a pivotal role in organizing this is fully committed to support this
educational program and has instructed all the Concerned Medical Department of Nishtar
Hospital under its administrative control to launch these programs in their respective
institution.
This document precisely briefs the details of BS Program in Medical Laboratory Technology
as prepared by the experts’ committee. I am pleased to acknowledge the efforts made by my
team. All contributed genuinely and this all would go a long way to make this happen in
Nishtar Medical University Multan.
I hope this program will meet the latest trends in Medical Laboratory Technology and it will
certainly produce competent Medical Laboratory Technologists to fill in the gap in the system
which is main objective of this program.
Prof. Dr. Khalid Usman

Chairperson,
Pathology Department
NMU, Multan
Sr. No. CONTENTS Page No.
1. Aims and Objectives of the Course 4
2. Specific learning Outcomes 5
3. Credit Hours Distribution 6
4. Nomenclature and Duration 7
5. Recognition/Equivalence of the Degree and Institution 10
6. Methods of Instruction/Course Conduction 11
7. Quality Assurance In Education 12
8. Skills To Be Learnt During The Course 14
9. Equipment’s and Gadgets 15
10. Examinations 17
11. Appendix A: Outlines of Professional Examinations 20
12. Appendix B: Course Contents : First Professional Examinations 32
13. Course Contents: Second Professional Examinations 55
14. Course Contents : Third professional Examinations 65
15. Course Contents : Final Professional Examinations 74
16. Recommended Books and Journals 78

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE
AIMS:
The aim of the 4 years degree programme in Medical Laboratory Technology is to

equip the students with relevant professional knowledge, skills, techniques and ethical
values to enable them to apply their acquired expertise at level between the doctors and
the patient for efficient health service delivery.
GENERAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Medical Laboratory Technology education and training should enable the student:
 To develop accuracy and meticulousness to attain high levels of ethics and technical
proficiency
 To assess the technical ad non technical skills in a standardized and
reproducible environment
 To strengthen the decision power and exercise appropriate judgment skills, to
be applied especially during crisis.
 To enhance both the stamina and the patience levels to bear the burden.
 To develop good leadership, problem solving, planning and management skills.
 To develop and analyze innovative strategies for effective communication with the
patients.
 To develop a sense of motivation for the patients and himself too.
 To demonstrate interdisciplinary team building strategies for effective co ordination
between various Allied Health Disciplines.
 To demonstrate understanding of the basic concepts of professional behavior
and legal implications of the work environment.
 To demonstrate the knowledge of his / her role in health care delivery system.
 In establishing and maintaining continuing education as a function of growth
and maintenance of professional competence.
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SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
Following competencies will be expected from a student completing 4 years degree

course in Medical Laboratory Technology. The student should be able to:
 Learn and apply the practical theory (new techniques and procedures) of the
laboratory directly to workplace settings
 Demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology with special emphasis on writing
and understanding the laboratory reports.
 Select and use appropriate, safe and effective tools to solve a variety of
problems pertaining to collecting, transporting, handling and conducting tests
on laboratory samples
 Demonstrate knowledge of utilizing and performing corrective and preventative
maintenance on a variety of instruments and sensitive (automated) equipments.
 Relate laboratory results to common disease process and draw and defend
reasonable conclusions with proper satisfaction of the patients and their
concerns.
 Perform and monitor quality control within predetermined limits in the laboratory.
 Help in the upgrading and expansion of the instrumentation and equipments and
other supplies used in the laboratory.
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Credit Hours Distribution for 4 years
BS Medical Laboratory Technology Program
Working Hours per day : 6 Language of instruction: English
36 weeks for lectures + Practicals 1 year = 35 credit Hours
1 theory credit hour=16 hours of lectures 1 practical credit hours=24 hours of practical
Whole curriculum of 4 years = 140 credit

1 week for assessment
hours
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NOMENCLATURE AND DURATION
NOMENCLATURE:
The name of the degree programme shall be B.S. Medical Laboratory Technology. The
duration of the course shall be 4 years with structured training in a recognized
department under an approved supervisor.
COURSE TITLE:
B.S. Medical Laboratory Technology
TRAINING CENTERS:
Departments of Pathology accredited by NMU for this training.
COURSE DURATION:
Four years structured training in a recognized department under the guidance of an
approved supervisor.
COURSE SCHEME:
The training is spread over four years with a specific component for each year of
training.
FIRST YEAR:
Theoretical Component
Course name Credit Hours
1. Basic Anatomy 5
2. Basic Physiology 5
3. Basic Bio-Chemistry 2
4. General Pathology 5
5. Basic Pharmacology 5
6. Behavioral Sciences Epidemiology & Bio-Stat 2
7. Physics 2
8. Islamiat 3
9. Pakistan studies 3
10. Computer Education 1
11. English 2
Practical component:
Hand- on training in basic techniques related to the discipline.
Exam Terms:
1st Term (after 3 months of lectures)

1. Basic Anatomy
2. Basic Physiology
3. Basic Bio-Chemistry
4. General Pathology
5. Basic Pharmacology
6. Behavioral Sciences Epidemiology & Bio-Stat
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2nd Term (after 6 months of lecture)
1. Basic Anatomy
2. Basic Physiology
3. Basic Bio-Chemistry
4. General Pathology
5. Basic Pharmacology
6. Behavioral Sciences Epidemiology & Bio-Stat
Send Up Exam (After 9 months of lectures)
Complete Course of 1st Year
SECOND YEAR:
 Theoretical component:
1. Haematology and Blood Banking Credit Hours: 18(9-9)
2. Histopathology and Cytopathology Credit Hours: 17(9-8)
 Practical component:
Hand- on training in laboratory techniques in above mentioned disciplines
THIRD YEAR:
1. Microbiology Credit Hours: 14(7-7)

2. Chemical Pathology Credit Hours: 14(7-7)
3. Immunology And Serology Credit Hours: 7(4-3)
Hand- on rotational training in laboratory techniques in above mentioned disciplines.
FOURTH YEAR:
1. Elective Subjects: Credit Hours: 20(10-10)
 Immunohematology
 Advanced Clinical Chemistry
 Clinical Microbiology
 Advanced Clinical Immunology
 Medical Genetics
 Molecular Biology
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2. Medical Statistics And Research Methodology Credit Hours: 15(10-5)
Advanced lab training related to elective subjects

Research assignments related to elective subjects
Training as Trainers
The students during final year of the programme will be involved actively in the
teaching & training of the junior classes i.e. 1st year & 2nd year so that the seniors
become mentors for the juniors. These educational activities will be carried out under
the direction and supervision of a faculty member.
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RECOGNITION / EQUIVALENCE OF THE DEGREE AND THE
INSTITUTION
After four years training and education, the candidates on successful completion of the course will
be awarded a graduate degree in Allied Health Sciences by the NMU, equivalent to any other
similar qualifications.
ACCREDITATIONS OF THE TRAINING INSTITUTION:

The relevant department of an affiliated institute will get accreditation for training programme
based on :
 Faculty: properly qualified and trained faculty for education of the programme.
 Adequate space: including class rooms with the audiovisual aids, clinical laboratory
in all the disciplines of the Pathology, Computer labs.
 Library: Departmental library should have latest editions of the recommended books,
reference books and Journals related to the laboratory technology.
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METHODS OF INSTRUCTIONS
As a policy, active participation of the students will be encouraged. Following teaching

modalities will be employed:
 Large group teachings (lectures)

 Small group teachings
 Seminar presentations
 Assignments
 Skills teachings
 Self study and use of internet.
In addition, to promote interactive and communication skills, following methods will be used;
MONTHLY STUDENTS MEETINGS:

 Journal club meeting
 Core curriculum meeting
 Skill development
ANNUAL GRAND MEETING:

Once a year all students enrolled at NMU from different institutes will be invited to annual
meeting at NMU. The students will present their annual reports. Issues and concerns related to
each discipline will be discussed. Feedback should be collected and suggestions should be
sought in order to involve students in decision making. Any research or literary work done by
the students will be displayed.
In the evening an informal dinner and gathering can be arranged. This will help in creating a
sense of belonging and ownership by the students and the faculty.
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QUALITY ASSURANCE IN EDUCATION
Quality assurance in health education is a broad spectrum of plans, policies and procedures that
provides a baseline structure to achieve quality goals. The quality planning, quality improvement
and quality assessment are main areas of quality assurance which need thorough intervention
based on professional concepts. It is sum of the processes of assessing and stimulating the quality
of health education by measuring outcome and comparing it with current criteria and demands of
health care. Quality assurance should ensure that activities of health education are systematic and
controlled. It should affect all levels of the health community and every professional working in
health care.
Guidelines For Regional And International Standards:
 Mission and Objectives

 Educational Programme
 Assessment of Students
 Student Education and Support
 Academic Staff
 Educational Resources
 Governance and Administration
 Continuous Renewal
This educational programme has been designed and will be carried out strictly based
on the above mentioned guidelines.
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QUALITY ASSURANCE IN LABORATORY MEDICINE
Quality assurance in clinical laboratory includes all actions which a laboratory takes to
ensure quality results. It is a broad spectrum of plan, policies, and procedures which are
adopted by the clinical laboratory to minimize preanalyctical, analytical and postanalytical
errors. The key to effective laboratory quality assurance is that all the procedures, protocols
and actions are performed for the purpose of reporting quality results in assisting the
physician for the maintenance of excellence in patient care. Quality control is the middle
component of quality assurance which comprises of internal and external quality control
programs.
Internal Quality Control:

Internal quality control program is run daily along with patient samples to recognize and
minimize systematic and random errors in analytical process. It is the responsibility of the
laboratory to implement and carry out internal quality control program on regular basis to
deliver accurate and precise tests results.
External Quality Control:

External quality control program is run by international and national agencies to monitor
the performance of laboratories. There are different external quality assurance programs
like CAP (College of American Pathologist), RIQAS (Randox International Quality
Assurance Scheme), EQAS (External Quality Assurance Services by Bio-rad), and
NEQAPP (National External Quality Control Program Pakistan). It is the duty and
obligation of laboratory to enroll with one of the external quality assurance schemes. The
basic operation of these programs involve the participating laboratory to analyze the same
lot of control material on monthly, bi-weekly, or daily basis along with the internal quality
control material. The results are tabulated and sent for the evaluation by the sponsoring
group. Now with advancement in communication, the real time external quality control
program is also working for analysis of results.
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SKILLS TO BE LEARNT DURING MEDICAL LABORATORY
TECHNOLOGY COURSE
 Demonstrate complete knowledge of all simple and advanced laboratory procedures
 Ability to preserve, process and manipulate all types of biological samples in the laboratory
 Using techniques appropriate for the tissue, produce sections (slides) for microscopic
examination. This includes fixation, trimming tissues, dehydration, microtomy, and
staining.
 Perform special stains on tissues and other biological samples when requested by the
Pathologist.
 Using a cryostat, produce slides from frozen tissues for examination by fluorescent
antibody and other techniques.
 Label slides with appropriate case number or other identification and match slides with
lab unit paperwork for delivery to pathologists.
 Maintenance and use of microscopes
 Demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology with special emphasis on writing and

understanding the laboratory reports.
 Maintain necropsy room supplies.
 Clean and disinfect necropsy room and equipment.
 Maintenance of work records, tissue storage, up-to-date methodology and miscellaneous

duties.
 Attend continuing education programs as funding and work load permits.
 Assist in the preparation of cost accounting for histotechnology procedures.
 Complete work in compliance with the quality assurance policies and procedures.
 Maintenance of stock solutions, controls and equipment.
 Ability to learn and master the operation of automated laboratory equipment.
 The ability to trouble-shoot problems related to laboratory equipment.
 Ability to communicate effectively both verbally and in writing.
 Basic computer skills and knowledge of the Microsoft Office Suite.
 Knowledge of record keeping.
 The ability to analyze and modify the laboratory techniques according to the circumstances
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EQUIPMENTS AND GADGETS
 Well Equipped Laboratory With Separate Sections For Microbiology, Histopathology,

Hematology And Chemical Pathology
 Proper Ventilation, Lighting and Air conditioning System In The Laboratory
 Pathologists Rooms
 Broad Report Delivery and Collection Counter
 Patient Waiting Room And Patient Sampling Room
 Sample Labeling And Storage Room
 Laboratory Furniture and Biosafety Cabinets
 Water Filtration and Air Purification Systems
 Lab Supplies, Such As Lab Disposables, Laboratory Instruments, Glassware
 Simple And Advanced Laboratory Machinery, Controls, Assays, Standards, Periodicals,
Reference Materials, Computer Software, Scientific Databases, Document Management
Systems etc.
 Autoclaves & Ovens
 Tissue Processors
 Centrifuges
 Tissue Adhesives, Embedding & Mounting Mediums
 Autopsy Set, Microtome & Surgical Blades, Knives.
 Chemicals, Powdered Stains, Reagents And Diagnostic Test Kits
 Immunoassay and Immunohistological Procedures Supplies
 Alcohol, Buffers, Clearing Agents, Decalcifiers, Fixatives
 Tissue Cassettes, Coverslips And Microscope Slides/Dishes
 Special Stains & Immuno Controls
 Filing, Labels And Transport Media, Pre-Filled Specimen Containers Etc.
 Bacterial Cultures: Culture Media And Plates
 Incubators For Microbiological Specimens
 Stains: Histology, Cytology, Hematology, Misc.
 Microscopes: Simple, Darkfield, Fluorescent, Inverted, Phase Contrast etc.
 Elemental Analyzers :Chemistry and Electrolyte Analyzers
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 Mass Spectrometer and Spectrophotometer
 Chromatography – Gas, HPLC, Co-Oximetry: Supplies and Titrators
 ELISA Supplies
 Electron Microscope / PCR / Immunoblotting/ Flow Cytometry Supplies In More
Advanced Labs
 Other Equipments As Required
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EXAMINATIONS
ASSESSMENT:
It will consist of action and the professional growth oriented student-centered integrated
assessment, with additional components of the internal assessment formative assessment
measurement based summative assessment.
STUDENT-CENTERED INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT.

It views students as decision makers in need of information about their own performance.
Integrated assessment is meant to student’s responsibility to decide what to evaluate as well as
how to evaluate, it encourages students to ―own‖ the evaluation and to use it as a basis for self
improvement. Therefore it tends to be growth oriented, student controlled, collaborative,
dynamic, contextualized, flexible and action oriented.
It will be based on,
 Self assessment by the students
 Peer assessment
 Internal assessment by the faculty
SELF ASSESSMENT BY THE STUDENTS:

Each student will be provided with a predesigned self assessment form to evaluate his/her
level of comfort and competency in dealing with different types of education related
situations. It will be the responsibility of the student to correctly identify his/her areas of
weakness and to take appropriate measures to address to these weaknesses.
PEER ASSESSMENT:
The students will be expected to evaluate their peers after the monthly small group
meetings. These should be followed by a constructive feedback according to the prescribed
guidelines and should be non-judgmental in nature. This will enable students to become
good mentors in the future.
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INTERNAL ASSESSMENT BY THE FACULTY:
The students are encouraged to confront their weaknesses and to remove them rather to
hide them from their teachers. It will be based on:
 Punctuality
 Practical work
 Participation in interactive sessions
 Regularly conducted class tests
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT:
This will be helpful to improve the existing instructional methods and course contents in
use. This will be carried out through a pre designed form filled in by the students.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT:
It will be carried out at the end of the programme to empirically evaluate the cognitive,
psychomotor and the affective domains in order to award the degree after successful
completion of the course.
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ELIGIBILITY TO APPEAR IN THE FINAL EXAMINATIONS
 Only those students who have completed four years of structured and supervised
training and have passed Ist, 2nd and 3rd professional examinations will be eligible to
take the final exams.
 75% of the attendance with the certificate of the recommendation from the supervisor/
Head of the department/ Institution.
 Application for admission to the university exam duly recommended by the Head of
the Institution.
A panel of two examiners, one internal and one external, will be appointed by NMU to conduct
the practical and the viva voce exam. Each component of the practical exam will be assessed by
both the examiners awarding marks independently. The final score will be an average of both
scores.
PASS PERCENTAGE AND OTHER REGULATIONS REGARDING EXAMS.

 50% will be a passing score in each component.
 The candidates have to pass in each component separately.
 The candidate failing in one component will reappear in the same component
again.
 The candidate has to pass the 1st , 2nd and 3rd professional examinations each, in
a maximum of 3 attempts.
 The final examination will be cleared in a maximum of 4 attempts.
 Only those candidates will be allowed to take the practical and the oral exam,
who pass in the theory exam.
 The results will be announced as per NMU rules and regulations
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Annex : A
First Professional B.S. Medical Laboratory

Technology Examination
Total Marks = 700 Pass Marks= 50%
Paper Subjects
Paper-I Basic Anatomy & Physiology Credit Hours: 10(6-4)
Theory 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Practical 90 Marks
Practical will comprise Table Viva of Anatomy.
Practical will comprise Table Viva and OSPE of Physiology.
Internal Assessment (05 + 05 in each Subject)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Total Marks=200
Paper-II Basic Biochemistry & General Pathology Credit Hours: 7(4-3)
Theory 90 Marks
Practical 90 Marks
Practical will comprises Table Viva and OSPE of respective Subjects
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Total Marks=200
Paper-III Islamic Studies/Ethics & Pakistan Studies Credit Hours: 6(6-0)
Theory 90 Marks
(06 marks in Islamic studies/Ethics
04marks in Pakistan Studies)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Total Marks=100
Paper-IV Behavioral Sciences, Epidemiology, Bio Stat & Basic Pharmacology Credit Hours: 7(5-2)
Theory 90 Marks
Practical 90 Marks
Practical will comprise Table Viva and for OSPE of respective Subjects
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Total Marks=200
Assessment only subjects:

 Physics Credit Hours: 2 (2-0)
 Computer Education Credit Hours: 1 (1-0)
 English Credit Hours: 2 (2-0)
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FIRST PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION
OUTLINE OF TESTS
The First Professional examination shall be held at the end of first academic year (nine months of
teaching) and every candidate shall be required to take examination in the following subjects.
A candidate to pass in a subject shall have to obtain a minimum of 50% of total marks of each
part of the subject separately. The minimum number of marks required to pass the examination
for Islamic Studies/Ethics & Pakistan Studies shall be thirty three percent (33%) in each paper
separately and thirty three percent (33%) in aggregate.
Paper-I Basic Anatomy & Physiology = 200 marks
The examination in the subject of Basic Anatomy & Physiology shall consist of one Theory Paper of 3
hours duration 1 hour for MCQs and 2 hours for SAQs. It will comprise of maximum 90 marks.
InternalAssessment will be of 10 marks. The syllabus to be covered is mentioned in Appendix ―B‖.
Section I: Basic Anatomy = 50 Marks Credit Hours: 5(3-2)
There will be 20 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.
There will be 05 SAQs and each question will carry 5 marks.
Internal Assessment will be of 05 marks.
Section -II: Basic Physiology = 50 marks Credit Hours: 5(3-2)
Internal Assessment will be of 05 marks
Practicals: 100 marks
Practical 90 Marks (45+45 marks for each subject)

Internal Assessment 10 Marks (05 + 05 in each Subject)
Practical will comprise Table Viva of Anatomy.
Practical will comprise Table Viva and OSPE of Physiology.
Paper-II: Basic Biochemistry & General Pathology = 200 marks
The examination in the subject of Basic Biochemistry & General Pathology shall consist of one Theory
Paper of three hours duration I hours for MCQs and 2 hours for SAQs.
Practical will comprise of maximum 90 marks. Internal
Internal Assessment will be of 10 marks. There will be two sections in this paper.
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Section-I: Basic Biochemistry = 50marks Credit Hours: 2(1-1)
Section-II: General Pathology = 50marks Credit Hours: 5(3-2)
Practicals: 100 Marks

Paper-III: Islamic Studies / Ethics & Pakistan Studies= 100 marks
The examination shall consist of one Theory Paper of 60+40=100 marks and 3 hours duration. The
syllabus to be covered is mentioned in Appendix ―B‖.
Section-I: Islamic Studies/Ethics =60 marks Credit Hours: 3(3-0)
This section shall have question on Islamic Studies in case Muslim candidates and on Ethics in case of
none—Muslim. There shall be 3 questions in this section of Theory arid there will be no choice.
Each question shall carry 18 marks.
Section-II: Pakistan Studies = 40 marks Credit Hours: 3(3-0)
This section shall have 3 questions on Pakistan Studies and there will be no choice. Each question shall
carry 12 marks.
Paper-IV: Behavioral Sciences, Epidemiology, Bio Stat & Basic Pharmacology = 200 marks
The examination in the paper of Behavioral Sciences , Epidemiology, Bio Stat & Basic
Pharmacology shall consist of one Theory Paper of 90 marks and three hours duration. 1 hours for MCQs
and 2 hours for SAQs.
Internal Assessment will be of 10 marks. The syllabus to be covered is mentioned in Appendix ―B‖.
Section-I: Behavioral Sciences, Epidemiology, Bio Stat =50 marks Credit Hours: 2(2-0)

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Epidemiology
Biostatistics
Section-II: Basic Pharmacology = 50 marks Credit Hours: 5(3-2)

Practicals: 100 Marks

Computer Education Credit Hours: 1(1-0)

Physics Credit Hours: 2(2-0)
English Credit Hours: 2(2-0)
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Second Professional B.S. Medical Laboratory
Paper I Haematology and Blood Banking Credit Hours: 18(9-9)
Theory 90 Marks
Practical & Oral 90 Marks

Total Marks=200
Paper II Histopathology and Cytopathology Credit Hours: 17(9-8)
Theory 90 Marks

Total Marks=200
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SECOND PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION
OUTLINE OF TESTS
Total marks : 400 Pass marks : 50 %
The Second Professional Examination shall be held at the end of second year and shall
consist of the following subjects: The details of the syllabus is outlined in the Appendix B.
Paper-I:
Haematology and Blood Banking Total Marks : 200

Written paper:
The examination in the subject of Haematology and Blood Banking shall consist of one
written paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment
shall be of 10 Marks
The written paper will consist of two sections as detailed below.
Section I : Haematology = 80 marks Credit Hours: 14(7-7)
There will be 8 short essay questions from the subject of Haematology and there
will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 5 marks.
Section – II: Blood Banking = 20 marks Credit Hours: 4(2-2)
There will be 2 short essay questions from the subject of Blood Banking and there
Oral/ Practical Examination in the subject of Haematology and Blood Banking will consist
of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.
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Paper-II:
Histopathology and Cytopathology Total Marks : 200
Written paper:
The examination in the subject of Histopathology and Cytopathology shall consist of one
written paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment
shall be of 10 Marks
The written paper will consist of two sections as detailed below.
Section I : Histopathology = 80 marks Credit Hours: 14(7-7)
There will be 8 short essay questions from the subject of Histopathology and there
Section – II: Cytopathology = 20 marks Credit Hours: 3(2-1)
There will be 2 short essay questions from the subject of Cytopathology and there
Oral/ Practical Examination in the subject of Histopathology and Cytopathology will

consist of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.
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Third Professional B.S. Medical Laboratory
Paper I Chemical Pathology Credit Hours: 14(7-7)
Theory 90 Marks

Total Marks=200
Paper II Microbiology Including Parasitology Credit Hours: 14(7-7)
Theory 90 Marks

Total Marks=200
Paper III Immunology And Serology Credit Hours: 7(4-3)
Theory 90 Marks

Total Marks=200
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THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION
OUTLINE OF TESTS
The Second Professional Examination shall be held at the end of third year and shall
consist of the following subjects: The details of the syllabus is outlined in the Appendix B.
Paper-I:
Chemical Pathology Total Marks : 200 Credit Hours: 14(7-7)

Written paper:
The examination in the subject of Chemical Pathology shall consist of one theory paper of
three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.
The syllabus to be covered is mentioned in Appendix "B".
There will be 09 short essay questions from the subject of Chemical Pathology and there
Practical & Oral Examination in the subject of Chemical Pathology will consist of
maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks
Paper-II:
Microbiology Including Parasitology Total Marks: 200 Credit Hours: 14(7-7)

Written paper:
The examination in the subject of Microbiology Including Parasitology shall consist of one
theory paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall
be of 10 Marks.
There will be 09 short essay questions from the subject of Microbiology Including
Parasitology and there will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.
Practical & Oral Examination in the subject of Microbiology Including Parasitology will
consist of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks
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Paper III
Immunology and Serology Total Marks: 200
The examination in the subject of Immunology and Serology shall consist of one Theory
paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of
10 Marks. There will be two sections of the paper.
Section I : Immunology = 50 marks Credit Hours: 4(2-2)
There will be 05 short essay questions from the subject of Immunology and there

Section – II: Serology = 50 marks Credit Hours: 3(2-1)
There will be 05 short essay questions from the subject of Serology and there will
be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.

Practical & Oral Examination in the subject of Immunology and Serology

will consist of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks
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Final Professional B.S. Medical Laboratory
Paper I Medical Statistics and Research Methods Credit Hours: 15(10-5)
Theory 90 Marks
Research Paper 90 Marks

Total Marks= 200
Paper II Elective Subject Credit Hours: 20(10-10)
Theory 90 Marks

Total Marks=300
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FINAL PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION
OUTLINE OF TESTS
The Final Professional Examination shall be held at the end of fourth year and shall consist
of the following subjects: The details of the syllabus is outlined in the Appendix B.
Paper I
Medical Statistics and Research Methods Total Marks= 200 Credit Hours: 15(10-5)
The examination in the subject of Medical Statistics and Research Methods shall consist of
one Theory Paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment
shall be of 10 Marks.
There will be 09 short essay questions from the subject of Medical Statistics and Research
Methods and there will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.
Oral Examination in the research report will be of maximum 90 marks.

Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks
Paper II
Elective Subject Total Marks=300 Credit Hours: 20(10-10)
The examination in the Elective Subject shall consist of one Theory Paper of three hours
duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.
There will be 09 short essay questions from the Elective Subject and there will be no
choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.
Practical & Oral Examination in the Elective Subject will consist of maximum 180 marks.
Internal Assessment shall be of 20 Marks
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APPENDIX – B
First Professional B.S. Medical Laboratory

Paper-I BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Theory Marks: 90
Internal Assessment 05 Marks in each subject
Practicals 100
Total Marks: 200

Pass Marks: 50%
Total study hours: 192
Syllabi and Course of Reading
Note: Syllabi and course of reading is divided into two parts. 100 hours will be allocated
for Sec I and 100 hours will be allocated for the Sec II. Question paper will carry 45 theory
marks for each part.
Section- I BASIC ANATOMY
(1) Introduction regarding

 Anatomical Nomenclature
 Life span of a human being
 Structural and functional organization
 Terminology and body plan
 Systematic Anatomy
 Basic organization of the body
(2) Skin
 The structure of the hypodermis, dermis. and epidermis.
 Superficial fascia and deep fascia
(3) The Musculoskeletal System:

Muscles, Bones and Joints
 Components of the Skeletal System
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 Description of Axial & Appendicular Skeleton
 The process of bone ossification. Growth, Remodeling,and repair
 Main features of the skull including all views
 Shape and regions of vertebral column
 Important features of the regional vertebrae
 Bones of the thoracic cage, including the types of ribs.
 The bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb
 The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb
 Various types of joints and types of joint movement
 connective tissue, components of the connective tissue matrix
 Description of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
 Origin, insertion. synergist, antagonist and prime mover.
 The movements of the arm, forearm and hand and the involved muscle
groups
 Muscles of the trunk and the actions they accomplish.
 Movements of the thigh, leg and foot with involved muscle groups
(4) The Nervous System

 Division of the Nervous System and the characteristics of each.
 Central Nervous System
 Peripheral Nervous System
 Autonomic Nervous System
 Special Senses
 Anatomical pathways and decription of:
 Olfactory system ---- olfactory neurons
 Hearing and Balance , structure of the outer middle and
inner ear
 Taste ----- taste bud.
 Visual---- chambers of the eye and structure of the rods and cones
 The structure of a neuron, nerve, nerve tract, nucleus, and ganglion.
 The components of a reflex arc and synapse
 The three meningeal layers surrounding the central nervous system,
 Cerebrospinal fluid and its circulation.
 List the various cranial nerves
 Various lobes of the brain and the cerebellum
(5) The Cardiovascular System
 Anatomy of the Heart ---- the size, shape and location of the heart and
Chambers, valves and their locations
 The location of the coronary arteries
 The structure of the conduction system of the heart.
 Pulmonary and systemic circulation
 The structure of arteries, capillaries and veins.
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 Major arteries and veins and the body areas, they supply
 Lymphatic system tonsils, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus.
(6) Respiratory System
 The anatomy of the respiratory passages, beginning at the nose and ending with the
alveoli.
 The lobes of the lungs and the membranes that cover the lungs
 Pleural cavity
 The muscles of contraction of respiration
(7) The Digestive System
 The structure of the organs that make up the digestive tract and their relations to
other organs in thoracic and abdominal cavity
 Blood supply of the organs of the GI tract
 Important secretory glands, the liver and pancreas (both exocrine and endocrine
components).
(8) Genito-Urinary System
 The structures and organs of the urinary system and its relations with other organs
 The structure of the nephron
 Formation of Sex Cells
 Organs of the Male Reproductive System
 Organs of the Female Reproductive System
Recommended Books:
 Essentials of anatomy and physiology by Seely, Stephens, and Tate

(4th ed)
 Anatomy & Physiology by Ross & Wilson
 General Anatomy by Laeeq Hussain
 General Anatomy by Dr Ghulam Ahmad
 Anatomy by D. R. Johnson & K. L. Moore
 Color Atlas of anatomy by Mc Minn
 Lasts Anatomy by R.M.H Mcminn
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Section- II BASIC PHYSIOLOGY
(1) Introduction To The Human Physiology
 Functional organization---relationship between structure and function

of the human body
 Homeostasis – its importance-- negative and positive feedback
mechanism
(2) Integumentary System
 Functions of the skin, hair, glands and nails

 Body temperature and its regulation
 The Musculoskeletal System:
 Functions of the bones and muscles

 Functional characteristics of Skeletal Muscle, Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle
 The events of muscle contraction and relaxation in response to an action potential
in a motor neuron.
 Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic muscle contraction.
 Muscle hypertrophy and atrophy
(3) The Nervous System
Functions of the central nervous system,

 The functional areas of the cerebral cortex and their interactions.
 functions of the parts of the brainstem diencephalons, basal nuclei. Limbic system.
And cerebellum.
 functions of various cranial nerves.
 Functions of the somatic motor nervous system
 Functions of the autonomic nervous system
 The function of neurons, neuroglial cells.and their components.
 Resting membrane potential and an action potential.
 The function of a synapse and reflex arc
(4) The functions of the specialized sense organs
 Eye ---- physiology of site, accommodation, optic nerve and optic chiasma
 Ear --- functions of the internal, middle and external ear
 Physiology of the hearing and balance
 Smell ------------ physiology of olfactory nerve
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 Taste --------- physiology of taste
Location of the taste buds
physiology of speech
(5) The Endocrine System
 Functions of the Endocrine System

 Chemical Signals, receptors and hormones
 The Endocrine Glands and their Hormones
 Other Hormones
(6) Blood
 Composition of Blood and Plasma

 Functions of Blood
 Formed Elements
 Stages of cell development
 Blood grouping
 Coagulation mechanism
(7) The Cardiovascular system

 Functions of the Heart
 Electrical Activity of the Heart origin and propagation of cardiac impulse
 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
 Heart Sounds
 Regulation of Heart Functions--- intrinsic and extrinsic
 Functions of the Peripheral Circulation
 The Physiology of Circulation
o Pulmonary Circulation
o Systemic Circulation: Arteries
 Veins
 Local Control of Blood Vessels
 Nervous Control of Blood Vessels
 Regulation of Arterial Pressure
 The function of Lymphatic System, tonsils, lymph nodes, the spleen and the
thymus.
(8) Respiratory System
 Functions of the Respiratory System beginning at the nose and ending with the
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alveoli.
 Ventilation and Lung Volumes
 Gas Exchange and gas transport in the blood
 Rhythmic Ventilation
(9) The Digestive System
 Functions of each organ of the Digestive System including major salivary glands
 Movements and Secretions in each organ of the Digestive System and their
regulation
 Physiology of Digestion, Absorption, and Transport
(10) Genito-Urinary System
 Urine Production, Urine Movement

 Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume
 Body Fluid Compartments
 Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition
 Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
 Physiology of Male Reproductive system—spermatogenesis and reproductive
glands, hormones and their regulations
 Physiology of Female Reproductive system--- ovulation, hormones and their
regulations
(11) Immunity
 Define immunity, Innate Immunity, Adaptive Immunity
 Antigens and Antibodies
 Primary and secondary responses to an antigen
 Antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity
 Role of lymphocyte in immunity regulation
Recommended Books
 Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Seelay, Stephens and Tate. 4th edition
 Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology.
 Human Physiology. Stuart Ira Fox. 7th edition
 Text Book of Medical Physiology Guyton
 Essential of Medical Physiology Vol.I & II by Mushtaq Ahmad.
 Lecture notes on human physiology by Bray JJ, Cragg, PA MacKnight
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PAPER II: BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY AND GENERAL
PATHOLOGY
Theory Marks: 90
Practicals: 100
Total Marks: 200

Pass Marks: 50%
marks for Basic biochemistry and 45 theory marks for General Pathology.
Section -I: BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY
 Physiochemical Principles
 Hydrogen ion conc. and pH notation
 Acidity & Alkalinity
 Indicators & Buffer solutions
 PH and its determination
 The colloidal state
 Absorption
 Structure and function of cell membrane and movement of materials across cell
membrane
 Osmosis & Osmotic pressure
 Surface tension
 Viscosity
 Carbohydrates
 Introduction and classification of carbohydrates
 Some important monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
 Regulation of blood glucose level
 Definition and end products of
 Glycolysis
 Citric acid cycle
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 Glycogenolysis
 Glycogenoses
 Gluconeogenesis
 Proteins and Amino Acids

 Introduction, importance, classification and properties of proteins
 Entry of amino acids into cells and peptide linkage
 Special sources of proteins
 Lipids
 Introduction, Classification and Function of lipids
 Biosynthesis of fatty acids, natural fats or triglycerides
 Fatty acid oxidation
 Vitamins and Minerals

 Classification of vitamins
 Fat soluble vitamins and Water soluble vitamins
 Deficiency effects
 Enzymes
 Introduction, Classification Chemical nature and properties of enzymes
 The mechanism of enzyme reactions
 Factors affecting the enzyme activity
 Important coenzymes and their actions
 Regulatory enzymes
 Nutrition and Dietetics

 Balanced diet
 Role of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, their dietary sources and uses in the
body
 Quantitative and qualitative daily requirements of carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins and minerals
Recommended Books
 Review of Biochemistry by Lippincott
 Essential of Medical Biochemistry Vol.I & II by Mushtaq Ahmad.
 Fundamentals of Biochemistry by D. Voet, J.G.Voet (1999)
 Text Book of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations by T.M.Devlin.
 Modern Experimental Biochemistry by R.F.Boyer.
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Section -II: GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Cell Injury and adaptation

Cell Injury
 Reversible and Irreversible Injury
 Fatty change, Pigmentation, Pathologic calcification
 Necrosis and Gangrene
Cellular adaptation
 Atrophy, Hypertrophy,
 Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Aplasia
 Inflammation
 Acute inflammation --- vascular changes, Chemotaxis, Opsonization and
Phagocytosis
 Enlist the cellular components and chemical mediators of acute
inflammation
 Differentiate between exudates and transudate
 Chronic inflammation
 Etiological factors, Granuloma
Cell repair and wound healing

 Regeneration and Repair
 Healing--- steps of wound healing by first and second intention
 Factors affecting healing
 Enlist the complications of wound healing
Haemodynamic disorders
 Define and classify the terms Edema, Haemorrhage, Thrombosis,
Embolism, Infarction & Hyperaemia with at least two examples of each.
 Define and classify Shock with causes of each.
 Describe the compensatory mechanisms involved in shock
 Describe the possible consequences of thrombosis
 Describe the difference between arterial and venous emboli
Neoplasia
o Define the terms Dysplasia and Neoplasia with examples of each
o Enlist the differences between benign and malignant neoplasms
o Enlist the common etiological factors for neoplasia
o Define and discuss the different modes of metastasis
Recommended Books
Pocket companion to Robbins. Pathologic basis of disease Cotran, Kumar,
Collins
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PAPER III ISLAMIC STUDIES/ETHICS &
PAKISTAN STUDIES
Total Theory Marks:100

Total Study Hours: 96
Note: Syllabi and course of reading is divided into two parts50 hours will be allocated for Sec I
and 50 hours will be allocated for the Sec II. Question paper will carry 54 theory marks for
Islamiyat and 36 theory marks for Pakistan studies. Non muslims can appear in the subject of
Ethics instead of Islamiyat. Candidates can attempt paper in Urdu or English.
Internal Assessment will be of 10 Marks in total.
ETHICS (FOR NON MUSLIMS)

Theory Marks: 54
Internal Assessment :06 Marks
Total Marks : 60
Pass Marks: 33%
1. Ethical Teachings of world religious with special reference to Budhish, Judaism

Christianity and Islam.
2. 100 ethical precepts from Quran and Sayings of the Prophet.
The Arabic text of Holy Quran and Ahadith would not be advisable for inclusion in
the syllabus for the Non-Muslims. Instead the teachings of Holy Quran and sunnah
relating to the following topic should be explained in English or Urdu, hence,
questions about this portion of the syllabus should be based on the subject-matter,
and not on the texts.
Virtues
Duty towards parents: respect for human life, unity of mankind, peace, justice,
tolerance, beneficence, pity, contentment, chastity, meekness, repentance, social
solidarity, individual accountability, moral excellence, patience and perseverance,
forgiveness,
Vices
Arrogance, ostentation, extravagance, misery, greed, jealousy, suspicion,
backbiting, coercion, hypocrisy, bribery, obscenity and immodesty.
1. Promotion of moral values in society.
2. Attitude of Islam Towards Minorities
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ISLAMIYAT
Theory Marks: 54
Total Marks : 60
Pass Marks: 33%
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Section II
PAKISTAN STUDIES
Theory Marks : 36
Total Marks: 40
Study Hours: 50
Pass Marks: 33%
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Paper-IV
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES EPIDEMIOLOGY, BIO STAT &
BASIC PHARMACOLOGY
Theory Marks: 90
Practicals: 100
Total Marks: 200
Pass Marks: 50%
Syllabi and course of reading
marks for Behavioural Sciences and 45 theory marks for Epidemiology.
Section -I:
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES
Total Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 50% Study hours: 100 hrs
1. Introduction to Behavioural Sciences and its importance in health.
Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Health Care and the Systems Approach

Normality vs Abnormality
Importance of Behavioural sciences in health
Desirable Attitudes in Health Professionals
2. Understanding Behaviour
Sensation and sense organs
Describe sensation, sense organs/special organs
Perception
Define perception, what factors affecting perception
Attention and concentration
Define attention and concentration. What factors affecting them
Memory
Define memory and describe its stages, types and methods to improving it
Thinking
Define thinking; describe its types and theories
What is cognition and levels of cognition?
Discuss problem solving and decision making strategies
Communication
Define communication. What are types, modes and factors affecting it. Describe
ways to recognize non-verbal cues. Characteristics of a good communicator
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3. Individual Differences
Personality
Define personality. What factors affect personality development? How personality can be
assessed? Influence of personality in determining reactions during health, disease,
hospitalization, stress
Intelligence.
Define intelligence and the various types of intelligence.

What factors affect it and how it can be assessed?
Emotions
Define emotions. What are the various types of emotions?
Emotional Quotient (EQ)- concept & utility
Motivation
Define motivation and what are the types of motivation?
4. Learning
Define learning, Principles of learning, modern methods and styles of learning,
types of learners, Strategies to improve learning skills
5. Stress and Stressors

Define and classify stress and stressors
Relationship of stress and stressors with illness
6. Life Events
Concept of life events and their relationship with stress and illness
7. Stress Management
What is coping skills
What is conflict and frustration?
What is concept of adjustment and maladjustment?
8. Interviewing / Psychosocial History Taking

Define, types of interview and listening
Skills of interviewing and listening
9. Allied Health Ethics-Hippocratic oath

Do’s and Don’ts
What is the concept of Allied Health ethics?
10. Culture and Allied Health practice

Concept of group, its dynamics
Attitude, value, belief, myths, social class, stigma, sick role and illness, health belief
models
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11. Psychological reactions
Grief and bereavement, Family and illness
Dealing with difficult patients
What are the psychosocial aspects of illness, hospitalization, rape, torture, terminal
illness, death and dying?
Psychosocial issues in Emergency Departments, Intensive Care and Coronary Care
Units, Operating Theatres, Cancer wards, Transplant Units, Anaesthesia
12. Breaking Bad News

Introduction, Models, Methods, Death of the patient, abnormal baby, intractable
illness
13. Pain, Sleep, Consciousness

Concept of pain.
Physiology of pain,
Altered states of consciousness.
14. Communication Skills

Counseling,
Crisis Intervention
Conflict Resolution
Principles of effective communication, active listening, the art of questioning
The art of listening.
Good and bad listener.
Counseling: Scope, Indications and Contraindications,
Steps, Do’s and Don’ts, How to deal with real life crisis and conflict
situations in health settings
ASSESSMENTS
Assessment only subjects would carry no marks in final examination
EPIDEMIOLOGY
1. Principles of Epidemiology and epidemiological Method
2. Aims of Epidemiology
3. Epidemiological approaches
4. Rates and ratio
5. Measurement of mortality and morbidity
6. epidemiological Method
7. Descriptive Epidemiology
8. Analytical Epidemiology
9. Experimental Epidemiology
10. Association and Causation
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11. Uses of Epidemiology
12. Disease prevention and control
13. Investigation of as Epidemic screening for disease
14. Concept of screening
15. Uses of screening
16. Criteria for screening
17. Sensitively and specificity
BIO-STAT
1. Health information and basic medical statistics
2. Data
3. Types of Data
4. Uses of health information
5. Sources of Health information
6. Presentation of Data
7. Measurement of dispersion
8. Measurement of Central Tendency
9. Sampling
10. Test of significance
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Section II:
BASIC PHARMACOLOGY
Total Marks: 1 0 0
Pass Marks: 50% Study hours: 100 hrs
BASIC PHARMACOLOGY SPECIAL PHARMACOLOGY
COURSE CONTENT: COURSE CONTENT:
 Introduction & Branches of Pharmacology CVS Pharmacology
 Sources & Active principle of drugs CNS Pharmacology
 Dosage form Respiratory Pharmacology
 Routes of Administration of drugs GIT Pharmacology
 Transport of drugs across the cell Membrane Endocrinology Pharmacology
 Pharmacokinetics ANS Pharmacology
 Factor Affecting Absorption of drugs Chemotherapy
 Pharmacodynamics Blood Pharmacology
 Agonist, Antagonist, Antagonism, Plasma Half-Life
 Drug Interactions
 Adverse Drugs Effects
 Tolerance, Tachyphylaxis
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
 Lippincott’s pharmacology
 Katzung textbook of pharmacology
ASSESSMENTS
Assessment only subjects would carry no marks in final examination
COMPUTER EDUCATION
 Definition
Introduction To Computers
 Usage and functionality of computers
 Limitations of Computers
 Classification of Computers
 Basic Components of Computers
 Hardware
 Software
 System Software
 Application Software
 Equipment’s/devices in Personal computer system
 Input devices
 Output devices
 Storage devices
 The processor
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 Microsoft Windows
 Introduction to MS-Windows
 Arranging, Moving and Resizing Windows.
 Identifying the components of desktop.
 Moving, Changing and Closing Windows.
 Crating, Opening and Deleting items and folders.
 Working with My Computer
 Deleting and Resume Print Jobs.
 Using Control Panel
 Working with Accessories.
 Microsoft Office
 Microsoft Win Word
 Microsoft Excel
 Microsoft Power Point
 Database
 Internet and Email

 Introduction To Outlook Express
 Using Internet Explorer
PHYSICS
COURSE CONTENTS:
 Introduction to Bio Medical Physics
 Physics and its branches
 Medical Physics
 Human Body Physics
 Role of Physics in diagnosing and treatment of diseases
 Mechanics
 Newton’s laws
 Applications of these laws in medical fields
 Concept of friction in fluids in rest and in dynamic states
 Fluid Dynamics
 Viscous drag and Stokes Law
 Fluid Flow
 Pascal’s Law and its applications in medical field.
 Concept of Pressure in fluid specifically in blood.
 Surface tension
 Viscosity
 Waves and Oscillations
 Waves and their types
 Sound waves
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 Resonance and its use in medical diagnostic techniques
 Sound waves and their use in Ultrasound
 Effect of pressure, density, and temperature on sound waves
 Concept of ultrasonic
 Doppler’s effect and its applications related with medical equipment
 Atomic and Nuclear Physics
 Atomic spectra and its type
 Wave-matter duality
 X-rays, its production and types, Uses related with medical fields
 Radioactivity, half-life, isotopes and their uses in medical applications
 Interaction of radiation with matter
 Radiation detectors and their uses in diagnostic tools like in Ultrasound technique.
 Radiation exposures
 Diagnostic Techniques
 Principle, Construction, working, and uses of following techniques in medical fields with
advantages and disadvantages
 Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
 LASERS
 Optical fiber
 Ultrasound
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
ENGLISH
COURSE CONTENT:
 Writing Skills
 Parts of Speech
 Noun, Pronoun
 Verb, Adverb
 Adjective
 Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection
 Subject Verb agreement
 Topic Sentence / Thesis
 Statement / Types of Paragraphs
 Persuasive o Argumentative
 Descriptive
 Types of Letters
 Letter of Complaint
 Letter of Request
 Letter of Application
 Report Writing o Title Page

 Executive Summary
 Abstract
 Letter of Transmittal
 Table of Contents
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 List of illustrations
 Main Body
 Glossary
 Appendices
 References
 Reading Skills
 Choosing what to Read?
 Cover Page
 Title Page
 Publishing Details
 Preface / Foreword
 List of illustrations
 Chapters
 Index
 Glossary
 Appendices
 References / Bibliography
 Back Cover
 Techniques of Reading Skimming

 Scanning o Comprehension
 Paragraph
 Paragraphs followed by questions
 Listening Skills
 Movie
 Watch a movie and discuss its theme, idea, characterization
 Speaking Skills
 Presentations
 Presentation Skills;
 Presentation on different topics followed by questions

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Second Professional B.S. Medical Laboratory
Paper I
HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING
Theory Marks 90
Practical Marks 90
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks: 50%
Theory hours: 144
Practical Hours: 216
Sec-I
HAEMATOLOGY
Course Outlines:-
A. Orientation and introduction to study of Haematology.

B. Origin and Development of Blood Cells, Maturation of Erythrocytes and
erythrocyte count.
C. Haemoglobin.
D. Haematocrit, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
E. Maturation of Leukocytes, Leukocyte Count.
F. Maturation of Thromobocytes, Preparation of Blood Smears and Differential Blood
Count.
G. Total Eosinophil Count and Cerebrospinal fluid count.
H. Pathology of Erythrocytic series, Including abnormal Haemoglobin syndromes and
Indices.
I. Reticulocytes, Haemostasis and Blood Coagulation.
K. Laboratory Diagnosis of Coagulation defects.
L. Special Stains in Haematology.
M. L.E Phenomenon and Continuation of Bone Marrow study.
1. Introduction to Haematology.
a) Review of vascular system and Blood Constituents.
b) Methods for Securing Blood.
c) Method for securing Bone Marrow.
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Origin and Development of Blood cells, Maturation of Erythrocytes and erythrocyte
count. Blood formation:
a) Intrauterine.
b) Extrauterine.
2. Factors which govern Haematopoiesis.

3. Principles of Normal cell Maturation.
4. Erythrocytes:-
a) Definition.
b) Maturation.
c) Factors required for erythropoeisis.
5. Enumeration of Erythrocytes:
a) General principles of count.
b) The hemocytometer.
c) The red cell diluting pipette.
d) Diluting fluids.
e) Sources of error.
f) Normal Values.
Haemoglobin:
1. Definitions of terms.
2. Chemistry of Haemoglobin.
3. Metabolism.
4. Compounds of Haemoglobin.
5. Haemoglobinometery.
Haematocrit, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate:

1. Haematocrit.
a) Definition and principle of test procedures:
1. Micro 2. Macro.
b) Sources of Error.
c) Normal Values.
d) Significance of abnormal findings.
e) Correlation of Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, and Erythrocyte Count.
2. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate:

a) Principle of Test Procedures
b) Methods
c) Sources of Error.
d) Normal Values.
e) Significance of Abnormal Values.
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Maturation of Leukocytes, Leukocyte Count.
1. Introduction:-
a) Definition.
b) Origion.
c) Functions and biological Properties.
2. Maturation of Granulocytic Series.

a) Criteria for identifying cells and description of cells.
3. Maturation of Lymphocytic Series.
4. Maturation of Monocytic Series.
5. Enumeration of Leukocytes:-
a) General Principle of haemocytometer method.
b) The Haemocytometer.
c) Diluting Fluids.
d) Sources of Error.
e) Normal Values.
Maturation of Thrombocytes, Preparation of Blood Smears and Differential Blood

Count.
1. Maturation of Thrombocytes:
a) Description of Cells.
2. Preparation of Blood Smears.
a) Preparation of various types of blood smears.
3. Fixation.
4. Staining.
a) Types of Stains.
b) Criteria for good smear stained by Wright’s method.
c) Sources of error.
5. Examination of stained smears:
a) Define differential Count.
b) Observation of Erythrocytes.
c) Number of Platelet estimated.
d) Tabulation of Leukocytes.
e) Classification of leukocytes and normal values:-
1. Arneth Count.
Total Eosionphil Count and Cerebrospinal fluid count:
1. Funtions of Eosinophils.
2. Significance of increased and decreased values.
3. Principle of the staining method for total eosinophil count.
4. Equipment used in eosinophil count.
a) Haemocytometer.
5. Normal Values for the method used.
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6. Cerebrospinal fluid:
a) Definition.
b) Sources.
c) Functions.
d) Collection :- The Lumbar puncture.
e) Laboratory studies.
1. Necessity of maintaining sterlity.

2. Necessity of imidiate examination.
3. Gross Observation.
f) Cytologic studies.
1. Principle of the cell count.
2. Normal values and significance abnormal findings.
Pathology of Erythrocytic series, Including abnormal Haemoglobin syndromes and

Indices.
1. Brief review of maturation of erythrocytes and haemoglobin metabolism.
2. The Indices.
3. Abnormal Forms:
a) Abnormalities on shape
b) Abnormal inclusions.
c) Variation in haemoglobin content and staining properties.
d) Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of
Iron deficiency anaemia, megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic
anemias, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemias, sickle cell
anaemias, aplastic anaemias.
Polycythemias
Reticulocyte Count, Fragility of Erythrocytes, Sickle cell studies:

1. Reticulocyte Counts:
a) Method of smear making for reticulocyte count
b) Normal values for adults and infants.
c) Means of demonstrating reticulocytes, Principle of the staining
reaction:
d) Sources of error.
2. Fragility of Erythrocytes:
a) General Considerations
1. Response of the erythrocytes to the Hypertonic and
Hypotonic solutions.
b) Determination of fragility of erythrocytes:
Effect of small variations in shape and size of erythrocytes on
the fragility.
3. Sickle Cell studies:
a) Principle of tests for sickle cell studies
b) Laboratory Diagnosis.
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1. Sealed whole blood method.
2. Sodium metabisulfite method
Thrombocytes, Homeostasis, and Blood Coagulation:

1. Thrombocytes:
a) Physical properties
b) Review of Maturation
c) Functions
d) Enumeration of Platelets
2. Haemostasis:
a) Haemorrhage
b) Haemostasis
Special stains in Haematology:
1. Peroxidase stain
2. Sudan Black B
3. Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Stain
4. Feulgan reaction
5. Histochemical techniques for alkaline phosphatase
6. Miscellaneous stains used in Haematology:
a) Giemsa.
b) Prussian blue reaction
L.E Phenomenon and continuation of Bone Marrow study.

1. L. E phenomenon and techniques of L.E cells preparation.
2. Bone Marrow Examination
a) Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy.
b) Bone marrow differential count.
Sec- II
BLOOD BANKING
Course Outlines:
A. History of Blood Transfusion
B. Antigen – Antibody theory
C. Classification of antibodies
D. Blood Groups A.B.O systems
E. Rh – Hr typing, Agglutinogen-Agglutinin theory
F. Cross matching prcedure
G. Other Blood group system
H. Transfusion Reactions
I. Antiglobulin tests
J. Rh antibody tests
K. Erythroblastosis foetalis (Review of clinical and Laboratory findings)
L. Donors
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Description of Outlines
History of Blood Transfusion
Antigen Antibody theory:
1. Antigen
2. Antibody
3. Immunization
Classification of Antibodies:
1. Preciptin
2. Lysin
3. Agglutinoid
4. Complete/Bivalent
5. Antiglobulin test
Blood groups ABO systems:
1. Agglutinogen – definition
2. Agglutinin – definition
3. Landsteiner’s Postulates
4. Sub groups of ―A‖ and ―B‖
5. Techniques for blood grouping-slide test
6. Techniques for reverse blood grouping-tube test.
7. Sources of error, controls in blood bank, general.
8. Low titered groups ―O‖ blood
Rh – Hr Typing: Agglutinogen Agglutinin theory:
1. Agglutinogen definition
2. Agglutinin definition
3. Cause of sensitization to the Rh – Hr factor
4. Techniques for Rh typing
5. Sources of error Controls
Cross Matching prcocedures:
1. Purpose of ccrossmatch
2. Methods of crossmatching
3. Crossmatching problems
a) Rouleaux
b) Cold Agglutinins
c) Hyperproteinemia and hyperglobulinemia
Other Blood Group Systems
Transfusion reactions
Antiglobulin tests:
1. Direct Coomb's
2. Indirect Coomb's
3. Sources of error, controls
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Rh Antibody tests:
1. Screening tests using a cell panel:
a) Slide test
b) Tube test
2. Titrations
Erythroblastosis Foetalis:
1. Causes:
a) Due to Rh incompatibility
b) Methods of testing
c) Due to ABO incompatibility
d) Methods of testing
PAPER II
HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOPATHOLOGY
Theory Marks 90
Practical Marks 90
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks: 50%
Theory hours: 144
Sec-I
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Course Outlines:
o Brief history of microscopy
o Parts of a microscope
o Types of microscope. Classification and their uses.
o Nature of light, Concepts of amplitude, Wavelength and Phase.
o Perception of color and brightness.
o Refraction, formation of images.
o Merits and Demerits of achromatic and apochromatic objectives.
o Immersion objectives.
o Specification of objective magnification, focal length, tube length,
resolution, numerical aperture etc. Calculation of the resolution and
magnification
o Care and Cleaning of the Microscope
61
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o Introduction to common Histological Techniques:
o Examination of fresh material. Supravital staining. Examination of fixed
material.
o Fixation:
o The purpose of fixation, common fixative used for the histological
techniques.
o The Paraffin method of sectioning tissue:
o Advantages and disadvantages of the paraffin method. Dehydration of
tissues. Clearing of tissues Infiltration with paraffin. Paraffin block making.
Section cutting with a rotary microtome. Fixing paraffin section to slides.
o Microtome and Microtome Knives:
o Grinding and stooping of microtome knives.
o Cleaning and lubrication of the microtome.
o The Freezing Method of Sectioning:
o Advantages and disadvantages of freezing method.
o Common techniques of freezing tissues.
o Cutting sections with a freezing microtome.
o Stains:
o Object of staining.
o Classification of stains.
o Acids and basic dyes.
o Basophilic and acidophilic tissue components.
o Routine Haematoxyline-Eosin Staining Of Paraffin Sections
o The procedure of haematoxyline-eosin staining and mounting sections.
o The relation of various steps in this procedure.
o Special Staining Techniques
o GMS, Mucicarmine and Alcian Blue.
o Stains for Connective Tissue Elements
o Mallory’s connective tissue stain.
o Aldehyde fuchsin and Verhoff’s stain for elastic fibers
o Gordon + Sweet stain for reticular fibres
o Toluidine blue staining of mast cells
o Von- Geison, Masson’s Trichome
o Stains for Nervous Tissues:
o Nissel Stain. Stains for myelin.
o Histochemical demonstration of lipids:
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o Choice of fixative.
o Choice of sectioning Technique.
o Sudan Black B Stain.
o Staining for frozen section.
o Histochemical demonstration of glycogen:
o Choice of fixative and sectioning
o Best’s Carmine staining for paraffin sections.
o Demonstartion of :
o Calcium, Iron, Melanin, Muscle Tissue PTAH, Amyloid Material, Mucinous
Material
o The PAS Technique:
o The Schiff reaction.
o Significance of the Schiff reaction.
o Procedure of the PAS staining.
 Special Gross Anatomical Techniques
 Preserving and mounting gross anatomical specimen:
 Preservative fluids: Kaiserling Solution I & II.
 Mounting specimens in fluid media.
 Mountings specimens in plastics
 Immunohistochemistry
 Introduction and significance
 Methods of Immunohistochemistry: Direct and Indirect
 PAP / Avidin Biotin method
 Steps involved in Immunohistochemistry (starting from dewaxing to the
final chromogen application)
 Significance of interpretation of the results: scoring/ staining intensity
 Antigen retrieval methods
 Types of fixatives, buffering media, enzyme labels and chromogens used in
Immunohistochemistry.
 List of commonly used tumor markers in different diseases and their clinical
utility.
 Biopsy and types of biopsies
 Merits and demerits of different types of biopsies
 Fixation methods with salient gross and microscopic morphological changes in
common diseases of:
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 Gastrointestinal Tract
 Genitourinary System (Male and Female)
 Respiratory tract
 Brain and spinal cord
 Skin and subcutaneous tissues
 Heart and blood vessels
 Lymphatic system including tonsils, lymph nodes, the spleen and thymus
Sec-II
CYTOLOGY
o Cell and its structure, classification of cells and tissues.
o Basic principles of exfoliative cytology
o Exfoliation, sites from which exfoliated cells can be obtained and methods
for obtaining them.
o Pathologic processes affecting cell morphologies:
 Inflammation, Repair and regeneration, benign and malignant tumors.
o Female genital tract.
 Methods for obtaining smears and their fixation
 Pap’s and Giemsa’s staining
 Normal cells of female genital tract
 Abnormal cells other than malignant cells
 Diagnosis of carcinoma of male genital tract.
o Respiratory tract:
 Method for obtaining smears and their fixation
o Cytologic techniques for
 Urinary tract
 G.I. tract
 Circulating blood and aspirating smears.
o Immunocytochemistry
 Introduction and significance
 Methods of Immunocytochemistry: Direct and Indirect
 PAP / Avidin Biotin method
 Steps involved in Immunocytochemistry (starting from fixation to
the final chromogen application)
 Antigen retrieval methods
 Types of buffering media, enzyme labels and chromogens used in
Immunocytochemistry
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Third Professional B.S. Medical Laboratory
PAPER I
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
Theory Marks 90
Practical Marks 90
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks: 50%
Theory hours: 112
Course Outlines:
 Chemical Changes in Gastrointestinal tract:

 Digestion and digestive enzymes, their control and mechanism of
secretion, bile Absoprtion of water, Minerals, Fats, Carbohydrate and
proteins.
Urine:
 Composition of glomerular filtrate and change which occure in the
tubules, normal urine, physical properties, and composition, pathological
constituents and their determination, kidney function tests.
Minerals:
 Metabolism of Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, and Co, Electrolyte balance and
imbalance.
Water Balance:
 Distribution of body fluids, were intake and output, dehydration and
edema.
Hormones:
 Parathyroid effects on Ca and phosphorus metabolism, Thryoid
functions and chemistry, effects of hormones at metabolism.
Quantitative Analysis of Urine:

 Amino acids, Bence-Jones proteins, Calcium, Coproporphyrins,
creatinine, glactose, phosphates, nitrogen, PH, specific gravity, Ca, p,
Oxalates and urates. Determination of
 Urea (qualitative and Quantitative) pathological Constituents:

 Sugar, Albumin, Ketone bodies, Blood, Bile pigments.
 Renal function tests :-
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1. Renal function tests used in clinical investigation.
a) Inulin and Creatinine clearance (GFR).
b) Para-aminohippurate clearance (renal plasma flow).
c) Maximum rate of tubular excretion of P-amino-hippurate (Tr-PAH)
(measures excretory function of renal tubules).
d) Maximum rate of reabsorption of glucose (Tmg) (measures reabsorption
function of renal tubules).
1. Classification of Renal Function Tests.

2. Classification of renal function tests used in clinical assessment of renal
function.
a) Blood urea nitrogen.
b) Serum Urea.
c) The phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test.
d) Serum creatinine
e) Creatinine Clearance
f) Serum Uric Acid
g) Electrolytes
Outline J :-
Bile Pigments and Urobillinogen in urine.
1. Two types of bile pigments and their characteristics.
a) constituents and derivation of bile which appear in the urine.
2. Derivation of Bile in urine.

a) Routine screen test for billirubin.
b) Methods:- 1-Foam test, 2-Harrison focuchet method, 3-
Harrison’s spot test, 4-Icto test (ames company), 5-Observant for
standing of element of urine sediment.
3. Determination of Urobilin in urine.

4. Determination of urobillinogen in the urine.
Semi quantitative methods of Watson or of Wallace and Diamond.
Outline K :-
Haemoglobin, Myoglobin and Haemosiderin in Urine :
1. Haematuria.
2. Detection of Haemoglobin in urine.
a) Spectroscopic examination.
b) Banzidins test.
c) Guaiac test.
d) Tablet test.
66
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3. Myglobinuria.
a) differentiation or separation from Haemoglobin.
i. spectroscopic examination.
ii. spectrophotometery.
iii. Precipitation by 80% saturated ammonium sulfate.
4. Haemosiderin :
a) prussian blue reaction.
Outline L :-
Other chemical tests :
1. Indicanuria :
a) Obermayer’s test.
2. Porphyrinuria :
a) Identification of Perphobilinogen.
b) Identification of uroperphyrins.
c) Identification of coproperphyrins:
Method of Schwitz, Zeir and Watson.
3 Melanin:
a) Ferric chloride test.
b) Bromine Water test.
c) Method of Blackberg and Wanger.
d) The Thormahlen test.
4. Chlorides:
a) Frantus test.
b) Method of Schales and Schales.
5. Phenylketonuria:
a) Ferric Chloride test.
b) Phenistix.
6. Metabolites of Salicylate and PAS:

a) Screening test for Salicylates and PAS.
i) Ferric Chloride ii) Phenistix.
Outline M:-
Urinary Calculi :
1. Observations to be made of gross appearance.
2. Reagents and Scheme for detection.
Outline N:-
 Lipid Profile
 Liver Function Tests
 Cardiac Profile
67
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Outline O:-
Hormones:
1. Parathyroid effects on Ca and Phosphorus
2. Thyroid Functions and Chemistry
3. Insulin effects on Glucose metabolism, secretion, structure.
Hyperglycemia, Diabetes Mellitus. Antagonistic hormones
4. Male and Female sex hormones. (Testicular/ Ovarian/ Placental
Hormones). Synthesis, secretion, actions, metabolism. A little
information about Amenorrhea, Oligomenorrheoa, Hirsutism, Virilism,
Spermatogenesis, Ovulation, Climacteric.
5. Anterior and Posterior pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones.
Positive and negative feedback.
6. Adrenal Glands. Hormones of the adrenal medulla and cortex. Hypo and
Hyper secretion. Cushing’s syndrome. Addison’s disease.
Pheochromocytoma.
Practical:
Quantitative Analysis of Blood:
Use of the visual colorimeter and photoelectric colorimeters, instruction on calculation of

the concentration of the substances determined. The following blood analytical procedures
will be taught.
Creatinine, Fatty acids, Phosphates, iron, plasma protein, calcium Cholestrol, Glucose,
Urea.
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PAPER II
MICROBIOLOGY INCLUDING PARASITOLOGY
Theory Marks 90
Practical Marks 90
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks: 50%
Theory hours: 112
Course Outlines:
 Introduction to microbiology.
 Interaction between host and infectious agent
 Purpose of infectious agent in nature
 What is the virulence role of environment in infection?
69
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o Gram positive cocci. Taxonomy. General characteristics.
o Clinical significance of bacteria.
o Isolation and identification of bacteria.
o Staphlococci and related gram positive cocci.
o Strepto cocci. Entero cocci. Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichieae.
Edwardsielleae.Salmonelleae.Citrobacteriaceae. Klebsielleae. Proteacae.
Yersinieae, Erwinieae.
o The Non-fermentative gram negative bacilli.
o Curved gram-negative bacilli.
o Vibrionaceae and campylo- bactericaeae.
o Fastidious gram negative bacilli
o Hemophilus. sp. Actino bacillus sp. Pasteurella.
o Dysgonomonas species. Streptobacillus Moniliformis brucella species.
Bartonella. sp. Bordetella sp.Legionella. Neisseria species and moraxella
catarrhalis. Aeobic and gram positive bacilli. Listeria monocytogenes.
Erysipelothrix.
o Corynebacterium. sp. Gardnerella vaginalis. Lactobacillus sp.
o Aerobic actinomycetes. Nocardioform group the maduromycetes.
o Streptomycetes.
o Thermophilic actinomycetes.
 The Anaerobic bacteria, Anaerobic. non. Spore forming gram-
positive bacilli.
 Acinomycetes.sp, Lactobacillius.
 Clostridum species.
 Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas.
 Mycobacteria.
 Spirochetal infections: Treponema. Borrelia,Leptospira,Spirillum
minus(rat bite fever)
o Mycology:
o Clinical categorization of fungal infections. Laboratory approach to
diagnosis of fungal infection. Identification of dermatophytes.
o Laboratory identification of yeast.
o Parasitology:
o Clinical manifestations of parasitic disease. Life cycle. Prevention.
o Collection. Transport of specimen and its identification in laboratory.
o Intestinal (1 )Protozoa. Amoeba. Flagellates. Ciliates.(2) Nematodes.
(3)Cestodes (4) Trematodes(5)Blood and tissues parasites.
o Virology:
o Introduction. Clinical manifestation of viral infection.
o Diagnosis of viral infection.
o Infections with Chlamydia species.
o Infections with Rickettsia. Coxiella. Ehrlichia and anaplasma.
o Sterilization
70
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Laboratory Exercises:
a) Each lecture will be followed by two hour practical class where the student will
apply their theoretical knowledge in the understanding of related microbiological
investigations, which have been proved useful for the diagnosis of human diseases.
b) During the other laboratory sessions, the students will be engaged in the preparation
of media, the sterilization of glass ware, Antigens, Antibodies, Vaccines –
haemolysin, permanent slides, laboratory reagents and also to assisting postgraduate
students in the isolation of micro – organisms from clinical materials.
PAPER III
IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY
Theory Marks 90
Practical Marks 90
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks: 50%
Theory hours: 64
Practical Hours: 72
Sec-I
IMMUNOLOGY
 General Immunology
o Innate and adaptive immunity
o Antigen and antigenecity
o Antibodies and immunoglobulins
o Cell mediated and humoral immunity
o Immune system
o Hypersensitivity
o Autoimmunity
o Immune mediated diseases
o Immunization
o Immune deficiency
 Immunological Techniques
 General considerations
 Agglutination reactions
 Precipitation reactions
 Immunodiffusion techniques:
 Double diffusion
71
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 Single radial immunodiffusion .
 Immunoelectrophoresis
 Complement Fixation test
 Immunoflourescence
o . Direct
o . Indirect
 Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
 Immunochemical Techniques:
 Quantitation of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE in serum and other body
fluids
 Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of serum immunoglobulin abnormalities
Detection/quantitation of Bence-Jones protein in the urine
 Cryoglobulin determination and analysis
 Tests for circulating immune complexes by immunochemical methods
 Immunochemical and electrophoretic analysis of CSF
 Measurement of overall complement functionTotal haemolytic
and alternative pathway titrations of complement components
(especially C3, C4, Factor Band C1 esterase inhibitor)
 Electrophoretic examination for altered complement components
 Other serum protein determinations including acute phase proteins (CRP
etc.), Carcinoembryonic antigen, a-fetoprotein and protein clearance
ratios
 Pregnancy tests on urine.
 Immunohistological Tests:
 Detection of antigens, antibodies, Immunoglobulins and complement
components deposited in pathological lesions, particularly in the kidney
and skin;
 Characterization of plasma cells and lymphocyte types in relevant tissue
biopsies, using immunofluorescent and enzyme-labelled techniques.
Sec-II
Serology
o Introduction of immune system
o Antigens, definition types examples
o Anti-bodies definition, types functions, structures
o Antigen anti-body reactions
Serological Techniques
 Tests for circulating antibodies to autoantigens in tissue sections by indirect
immunofluorescence and enzyme-labelled techniques
 Tests for antibodies to other autoantigens by agglutination, precipitation,
complement fixation and radioimmunoassay
 Tests for antibodies to non-microbial environment and fool allergens
 Tests for antibodies to selected microbiological antigens
 Tissue Typing For HLA-Antigens: Serological And DNA Based
o Principles of QUALITY CONTROL and the use of reference preparations
as laboratory standards
72
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1. Antigen-Antibody reaction techniques
2. ELISA Technique
3. Widal test:
4. Typhidot test
5. Brucella Agglutination test.
6. Antist reptolysin O titre.
7. Bacterial Haemagglutination test.
8. Paul Bunnel reaction.
9. RA Factor Test
10. CRP test.
11. RPR test
12. VDRL test.
13. Complement fixation test
14. PCR
73
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Final Professional B.S. Medical Laboratory
Paper I
MEDICAL STATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODS
Theory Marks 90
Practical Marks 90
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks 50%
Theory Hours 160
Practical Hours : 120
Total study Hours: 280
Contents Of The Course

1. Introduction of Statistics: Statistical data condensation of data, presentation of
data by graphs, health related data, rates and their relative importance,
presentation of quantitative data.
2. Sampling: The concept of sampling, types and methods of drawing ideal
sample, sampling distribution of sample mean, error of sampling, standard error,
chi square, T-test and their uses in health.
3. Central Tendency: Concepts of central tendency, mean, median and ode and
their value in health, percentiles, measure of dispersion, coefficient of variation
and skewness, normal distribution, range, standard deviation and relative
deviation.
4. Hypothesis: Concepts of hypothesis testing, null & alternative hypothesis, two
types of errors, acceptance & rejection regions, tow sided & one sided tests,
general steps in hypothesis testing, test about means, confidence interval for
mean, meaning of significance in statistical procedures and methods of
inferential statistics.
5. Regression & Correlation: Scatter diagram, straight line regression model,
method of least squares, sample correlation coefficient, inference about
regression coefficient and correlation coefficient.
6. Introduction to Research: The question of legitimate knowledge, knowledge
& decision making, the scientific method, quantitative vs qualitative research,
application of scientific method, positivistic vs naturalistic paradigm.
7. Classification of Research: Basic vs applied research, evaluation research,
research & development (R&D), action research.
74
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8. Selection & Formulation of a Problem: From generic to a specific program,
program statement, getting an access to primary and secondary resources, note
taking and information to management, Review of related literature, questions
and/or hypothesis of the study.
9. Development of a Research Plan: The ethical, legal and professional
obligations, the rational of the study, the research plan, evaluation of a research
plan.
10. Selection of sample: sample & population, basic considerations in sampling,
random sampling, stratified random sampling cluster sampling, systematic
sampling determination of sample size, elimination of sampling bias.
11. Instrumentation and Data Collection: Tests and scales, objectivity and
standardization, types of tests and scales, validity and reliability of an
instrument, assessment of validity and reliability, development of tests/scale.
12. Data Analysis & Interpretation: Preparing data analysis, types of
measurement scales, descriptive statistics inferential statistics, using computer
for data analysis.
13. Preparation of a Research Report: Format & style, citation, references &
bibliography writing theses, dissertations & journal articles.
Student will prepare a research report regarding the selected elective

subject under the guidance of the approved supervisor for the elective
subject.
The research report will be submitted in the final year examination.
75
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Paper II
ELECTIVE SUBJECT
Theory Marks 90
Practical Marks 180
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks 50%
Theory Hours 160
Total study Hours: 400
Student in final year will select one subject from the elective subjects mentioned below, in the
first month of final year.
Principal / Head of institution will approve the supervisor
 Immunohematology (Blood Banking)

 Clinical Microbiology
 Advanced Clinical Immunology
 Medical Genetics
 Molecular Biology
 Advanced Clinical Chemistry
Advanced Clinical Chemistry
Course Contents:
Endocrine tests:
1. Cortical hormone.
2. Sex hormone.
3. Protein bound iodine. 4. Thyroid hormones.
Tumour markers:
Definition, a feto protein, CEA, HCG, CA, PSA, CA125, etc.
Miscellaneous:
1. Cerebrospinal fluid (detailed examination)
2. Lipoprotein by Electrophoresis.
3. Types of haemoglobin..
4 Copper.
Special Diseases and Their Laboratory Diagnosis:
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Phenylketonuria
3. Aminoaciduria
4. Glycogen storage disease
5. Renal calculi.
6. Proteinuria
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7. Ketonuria.
8. Myocardial infarction
9. Nephrotic syndrome
10. Malabsorption syndrome
11. Hyperbilirubinaemia & Jaundice
12. Hypoalbuminaemia
13. Hyperbilirubinaemia
14. HyiJeruricaemia
15. Obesity
16. Acid base disorder
17. Cushing disease
18. Myxedema
19. Hypo & Hyperpituitarism
20. Diabetes inspidus
21. Amenorrhea
22. Hirsutism
23. Rickets
24. Osteomalacia
25. Chronic renal failure
Quality Control and Quality Assurance
OGTT
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Chemical Toxicology
PCR (Methodology, Principle and Clinical Interpretation)
Accreditation.
Practical:
 Research Assignments Related to Elective Subjects
 Advanced Lab Training Related to Elective Subjects
77
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RECOMMENDED BOOKS AND JOURNALS
 Essential Hematology By Hoffbrand A.V And Pettit

 Practical Heamtology By Dacie And Lewis
 Clinical Pathology Interpretations by A.H. Nagi
 Clinical Hematology In Medical Practice By De- Gruchy’s
 Handbook of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Techniques by JW Delancy
 Manual Of Laboratory Medicine by AFIP, Rwp.
 District Laboratory Practice In Tropical Countries: Part I & II By Monica Cheesburgh
 Medical Microbiology And Immunology By Levinson And Jawetz
 Textbook Of Clinical Chemistry By Warley
 A Manual Of Laboratory And Diagnostic Tests By Francis Talaska
 Text Book Of Clinical Chemistrty by Zilva Pannel
 Short Textbook Of Chemical pathology by Baron
 Clinical Chemistry In Practical Medicine by Stewart And Dunlopp
 Immunology By Roih, Brostoff And Male (6th Edition)
 Immunobiology (The Immune System In Health And Disease By Janeway, Travers,
Walport & Shlomohick (6th Edition)
 Immunology By Abbas
 Fundamental Immunology (5th Edition) By William E Paul
 Practical Medical Microbiology by Sherrys
 Guide To Human Parasitology by Black Lock
 Medical Bacteriology: A Practical Approach by Peter Hawky
 Basic Medical Lab Technology by CJ Kirk and RN Peel
 Theory and Practice Of Histololgical Techniques by John D Bancroft
 Educational Research: Competencies For Analysis And Applications Columbus: Merrill.
Gay. L.R. (1987) Walpole, R.E.:
 Introduction To Statistic, Publishing Co. Inc, New York.
 Spiegel, Murray R.: Theory & Problems Of Statistics, Sehawm Publishing Co., New York.
 Park’s; Text Book Of Preventive And Social Medicine
78
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BS Medical Laboratory Technology Curriculum

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BS Medical Laboratory Technology Curriculum

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CURRICULUM

4 YEARS DEGREE PROGRAMME

Nishtar Medical University

The establishment of Nishtar Medical University is a milestone in the efforts of the

I wish them success in their endeavors.

Prof. Dr. Rana Altaf Ahmed

Prof. Dr. Khalid Usman

1. Aims and Objectives of the Course 4

2. Specific learning Outcomes 5

3. Credit Hours Distribution 6

4. Nomenclature and Duration 7

5. Recognition/Equivalence of the Degree and Institution 10

6. Methods of Instruction/Course Conduction 11

7. Quality Assurance In Education 12

8. Skills To Be Learnt During The Course 14

9. Equipment’s and Gadgets 15

11. Appendix A: Outlines of Professional Examinations 20

12. Appendix B: Course Contents : First Professional Examinations 32

13. Course Contents: Second Professional Examinations 55

14. Course Contents : Third professional Examinations 65

15. Course Contents : Final Professional Examinations 74

16. Recommended Books and Journals 78

The aim of the 4 years degree programme in Medical Laboratory Technology is to

GENERAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Following competencies will be expected from a student completing 4 years degree

Working Hours per day : 6 Language of instruction: English

36 weeks for lectures + Practicals 1 year = 35 credit Hours

Whole curriculum of 4 years = 140 credit

1st Term (after 3 months of lectures)

Send Up Exam (After 9 months of lectures)

Complete Course of 1st Year

1. Microbiology Credit Hours: 14(7-7)

3. Immunology And Serology Credit Hours: 7(4-3)

Advanced lab training related to elective subjects

ACCREDITATIONS OF THE TRAINING INSTITUTION:

As a policy, active participation of the students will be encouraged. Following teaching

 Large group teachings (lectures)

MONTHLY STUDENTS MEETINGS:

ANNUAL GRAND MEETING:

Guidelines For Regional And International Standards:

 Mission and Objectives

Internal Quality Control:

External Quality Control:

 Demonstrate complete knowledge of all simple and advanced laboratory procedures

 Maintenance and use of microscopes

 Demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology with special emphasis on writing and

 Maintain necropsy room supplies.

 Clean and disinfect necropsy room and equipment.

 Maintenance of work records, tissue storage, up-to-date methodology and miscellaneous

 Attend continuing education programs as funding and work load permits.

 Assist in the preparation of cost accounting for histotechnology procedures.

 Maintenance of stock solutions, controls and equipment.

 Ability to learn and master the operation of automated laboratory equipment.

 The ability to trouble-shoot problems related to laboratory equipment.

 Ability to communicate effectively both verbally and in writing.

 Basic computer skills and knowledge of the Microsoft Office Suite.

 Knowledge of record keeping.

 Well Equipped Laboratory With Separate Sections For Microbiology, Histopathology,

STUDENT-CENTERED INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT.

SELF ASSESSMENT BY THE STUDENTS:

PASS PERCENTAGE AND OTHER REGULATIONS REGARDING EXAMS.

First Professional B.S. Medical Laboratory

Assessment only subjects: