ENC Programming Handbook 3 Elion 27 PATTERN OF HOLES In point-to-point machining operations, those consisting, of dalling, reaming, tapping, boring, etc., we are often r= {quired to machine either a single hole or a series of holes with the same tool, usually followed by other tools. In pra tice, several holes are much more common than a single hole, Machining several holes with the same tool means machining a patiern of holes ora hole paitern. An English dictionary defines the word 'pattem' as a ‘characteristic or consistent arrangement or design’. Translated to hole ma- chining terms, any two or move holes machined with the same tool establish a pattern, The desired hole pattern is laid out in the part drawing either randomly (characterisuic ‘arrangement or design) or ina certain order (consistent ar- ‘rangement or design). Dimensioning ofa hole pattern fol- lows standard dimensioning practice. ‘This chapter describes some typical hole pattems laid out fon a flat part and the various methods of their program- ming. To make matters simple, all programming examples related to hole pattems will assume a center drilling opera- tion, using a #2 conter drill, with chamfer diameter 0.150, 1 the depth of 0.163 (programmed as Z-0.163 - see page 202), Program zero (program reference point 20) isthe top face of part and the tool is assumed to be already in the spindle. For the purposes of clarity, no hole diameters or material size and thickness are specified in the examples, From the dictionary definition above, we have to est- lish what makes a hole pattem characteristic or consistent. Simply, any series of holes that are machined with the same tool, one hole after another, usualy inthe ender of conven: snce. That means all holes within a single pattem have the same nominal diameter. It also means that all machining rust stat atthe same R-level and end at the same Z-| poser H$esooooee 4+ + a6 al tsa Figure 27-2 ‘Stalght row bale pato - program example 02702 Programming approach takes advantage of a fixed cycle repetition feature, using the K or Laddress. It would by iient to program each hole individually. As always, the tool will be positioned atthe frst hole in G90 mode, then the ey= cle will machine this hole in block NS. For the remaining holes, G90 mode must be changed to xeremental mode GOL, which instructs the control to ma chine the remaining nine holes incrementally, along the X-axis only. The same logie would also apply fora vertical paticm along the Y-axis, In that case, the pitch increment ‘would be programmed along the Y-axis only. Note that the repetition count is always equal to the number of spaces, not the number of holes. The reason? ‘The first hole has al ready been machined in the eyele eal block. G43 21.0 HOI Mos G99 Gai RO.1 2-0.163 3.0 0.95 19 09 20 mos x0 YO ‘Two features of program 02702 should be emphasized Inblock N6, the dimensioning mode was changed from ab- solute G90 fo incremental G91 mode, to take advantage of the equal pitch distance. When all ten holes have been ma- ‘chined, the program hs to include return to machine 2er0 position motion, inthe example, along all three axes. How= fever, without a calculation, we do not know the absolute position atthe tenth hole forthe X-axis (the Y-axis remains unchanged atthe position of 0.60 inches ~ Y0.6). To solve this ‘problem, cancel the cycle with G80, leave G91 mode in effect and move to machine 2er0 position in the Z-axis, first (for safety reasons). Then - stil in the incremental mode G91 ~ return both X and Y axes to machine zero si: multancously. Normally, this first tool of the example would be fol- lowed by other tools wo complete the hole machining. To protect the program and machining from possible prob- Jems, make sure that the G90 absolute command is rein- stated for every tool that follows, ANGULAR ROW HOLE PATTERN Patter of holes in a row at an angle is variation of a straight line pattem. ‘The difference between them is that the incremental pitch applies to both X and Y axes. A hole patter of this type will be established on the part drawing as one of two possible dimensioning methods: ‘= X and ¥ coordinates are given forthe ist and last hole {In this method, the pattem angular position is not speci- fied and no pitch between holes is given, ‘=X and ¥ coordinates are given forthe first hole only In this method, pattem angular position is specified and the piteh between holes is given. In cither ease, all necessary X and ¥ dimensions are available to write the program. However, the programming approach will be different for cach method of drawing dimensioning. + Pattern Defined by Coordinates, This method of programming is similar to the row patie Since the pitch between holes is not given, the increment between holes along each of the two axes must be calculated, This axial distance is commonly known as the delia distance (delta X is measured along the X-axis, delta ¥ is measured along the Y-axis) Such calculation can bbe done in two equally accurate ways. ‘The first calculation method can use a trigonometric ‘method, but itis much easier to use the ratio of sides in- stead. In Figure 27-3, the pattern length along X-axis is 10.82 and along Y-axis it is2.0: (2.625 -0.625 = 20)ENC Programming Handbook 3 Elion PATTERN OF HOLES 227 N6 G91 X2.164 ¥O.4 KS (L5) 1.0. 10.82: Figure 27-3 ‘Angi ole pate with 0 sets of coonates- rogram 02703 Patter of this kind has all holes spaced by oqual dis- tances along X and Y axes. As all holes are equally spaced, the ratio of sides for individual hols i identical tothe ratio of whole pattern, When expressed mathematically, the in- cerement between holes along the X-axis is equal to the overall distance of 10.82 divided by the number of X-axis spaces; the increment along the Y-axis is equal to the over- all distance of 2.0 divided by the number of Y-axis spaces. Number of spaces for a six hole pattem is five, so the X-axis inerement (delta X) is: 10.82 / 5 = 2.1640 and the Y-axis increment (delta Y) is: 2.0/5=0.48 Te other calculation method uses trigonomettic func- tions, which may also be used as a confirmation of the frst method, and vice versa. Both results must be identical, oF there is a mistake somewhere in the calculation. First, = tablish some temporary values: A= tan™(2.0 / 10.82) = 10.47251349° c 0 / sina = 11.00329063 a c/s 20065813 Now, the actual increment along the two axes ean be cal culated, using C1 dimension as the distance between holes: X increment = Cl x cosh Y sneremant = Cl = sink 2.1610 ‘4000 Both calculated increments match, calculation is correct, ‘and can now be used to write the program (02703) - block N6 contains the values 3 G90 G54 GOO x1.0 ¥0.625 $900 03 Na GA 21.0 #01 MOR N5 G99 G8i RO.1 2-0.163 3.0 7 G80 HOB 9 G28 20 m5 9 G28 x0 x0 io 180 ‘ Note thatthe program structure is identical to the exam- ple ofthe straight row pattem, except the incremental move with KS (LS) address is along two axes instead of one. ‘© Pattern Defined by Angle An angular line patter ean also be defined in the draw- ing by the X and ¥ coordinates ofthe first hole, number of ‘equally spaced holes, distance between holes and the angle of pattern rotation - Figure 27-4 aor? = Se am { mil ‘ 20 7+ 20 gure 27-4 ‘Angular hole patiom wi coontes, ard angle 2704 In order to calculate the X and Y coordinate values, use trigonometric functions in this case: x ¥ 4.0. cosis 4.0 x eins 3.063703305, 1-03527618 Program can be written after you round of the calculated values - program 02704: 17 Go cao G90 G54 GOO x2.0 ¥2.0 900 M03 43 21.0 01 MOS G99 G8i_RO.1 2-0.163 F3.0 G91 94.8637 ¥1.0353 Ke (L6) cao OS 28 20 05 28 x0 YO 10 SESRGEGRA mo 2 Since the calculated increments ae rounded valuos, a cata ‘accumulative errs inevitable In most cases, any eor will be well conainad within the requited drawing tolerances. However, for projects requiing the highest precision, ths error ‘may be important and must be takon into considENC Programming Handbook 3 Elion 228 Chapter 27 To make sure all ealeulations are correct, simple check- ing method can be used to compare all calculated values: © Stop 1 Fin the absolute coordinates XY ofthe fast hole: 2.0 + 4.0 x 6 x cosis = 25.18221963 = x25. 1622 © Step 2 Compare these new XY coordinates with the previously calculated increments as they relate to the last hole of the pattem (using rounded values): x x 3.8637 x 6 1lo3sa x 6 25.1822 @.2u18 Note that both X and ¥ valuesare accurate, When round ing, particularly when a large number of holes is involved, ‘the accumulative crror may cause the hole pattem out of | tolerance. In that ease, the only correet way to handle pro- gramming isto calculate the coordinates ofeach hole as ab- solute dimensions (that means from a common point rather than a previous point), Programming process will take a lit- tle longer, but it will be much more accurate. CORNER PATTERN Patter of holes can be arranged as a comer - which is nothing more than a pattem combining the straight andlor angular hole patterns - Figure 27-5 corner hole will be machined hwice. Visualize the complete process - the /ast hole of one row pattem is also the first hole of the next pattern, duplicated, Creating a special cus- tom macro is worth the time for many comer pattems, The ‘normal solution isto move the tool 0 its frst position, call the required cycle and remain within that cycle: 3 G90 GS4 GOO x2.2 v1.9 $900 03 Na GA 21.0 #01 MOR 5 G99 Gai RO.1 2-0.163 3.0 N6 GOL M15 ¥i.8 K2 (12) 7 21.8 6 (16) NB ¥-i.8 K2 (12) No Gao’ mog Lo G22 20 Mos NLL G28 x0 YO BZ 180 ‘ ‘This program offers no special challenges. In block N6, the angular row of holes is machined, starting from the lower let hol, in N7 itis the horizontal row of holes, and in NS the vertical vow of holes is machined, for continuous order. Just like in the earlier examples, keep in mind that the repetition count K ot L is for the number of moves (spaces), not the number of holes. GRID PATTERN Basic straight grid pattem can also be defined as a set of equally spaced vertical and horizontal holes, each row hav- ing equally spaced holes. fspacing ofall vertical holes isthe same as spacing of all horizontal rows, the final grid pattern will be a square. If spacing of all vertical holes is not the ‘same as spacing ofall horizontal rows, the resulting grid pat- {em isa rectangle, A grid pattem is sometimes called a rect- angular hole pattern - Figure 27-6, te ey 0000 a or ‘ T 000 19 e000) 24 7@ o000 wel 2 LL 00000 00000 Figure 27-5 00000 ‘Corner pattem of holes - program example 02705 HPooog All rules mentioned for the straight and angular hole pat- 24 tems apply fora comer patem al, Tees npr la diferene the comer whichis conmmon to tworows corner patier can be programmed by calling a fixed ey- cle for each row. Soon, it will become apparent that each Figue 276 Rectangular gid hale ptt program example 02706ENC Programming Handbook 3 Elion PATTERN OF HOLES 229 A grid patter is very similar to a series of comer pattems, using similar programming methods. One major consid- cration for a grid pattern programming is in its efficiency. Each row can be programmed as a single row pattem, start- ing, for example, from the left side of each row. Techni- cally that is correct, althouzh not very efficient duc to loss ‘of time, when the tool has to travel fromthe last hole of one row, t0 the first hole ofthe next row, More efficient method will look like a zigeae motion. To program a zigzag motion, program the first row or column, starting at any comer hole, Complete that row (column), then jump to the nearest hole of the next row (column) and repeat the process until ll rows and columns are done. The ‘wasted time of the rapid motion is kept to the minimum. ma ma ’ ‘Two features of the program are worth noting - one isthe jump from one row ofthe pattern to another ~ it has no rep- ‘tition address K or L, which is the same as KI (L1), be- ‘cause only one hole is being machined at that location. The second feature may not be so obvious tight away. To make the program a bit shorter, start along the axis that contains the larger number of holes (Y-axis in the program example (02706). This example isa variation on the previous exam- piles and also adheres to all the rules established so far, A special subprogram made for a grid pattem is also a com- ‘mon programming approach and can be used as well ‘® Angular Grid Pattern Straight grid pattem is the most common pattern for square and rectangular hole arrangement. A grid pattern may also be in the shape of a parallelogram (hexagon, for example), called an angular grid pattern ~ Figure 27-7. Again, programming approach remains the same as for previous rectangular grid patter, the only extra wotk re (quired is the calculation of angular inerements, similar to methods shown: 00000 oo0000e+4 o00000 ooo gue 2-7 ‘Angular gri ol pate - rogram example 2707 Unknown increment in the drawing isthe distance mea- sured along the X-axis, froma hole in one horizontal row to the next hole in the following horizontal row: X = 4.6 x tanlé = 1.319028774 (0.319) Program can be written ina similar way a forthe straight row grid, except the extra jump’ between rows will take place along both axes; 02707 GaGotAR GRID) mao 2 G17 G40 G0 13 G90 G54 G00 x4.0 ¥3.5 $900 M03 G43 21.0 HO MOS G99 Gai RO.1 2-0.163 3.0 BRRSSSRRE Many experienced programmers will consider even more efficient way of approaching the programs for grid patterns by using subprograms or even User Macros. Subprogram are expecially useful for grid pattems consisting ofa large rhumber of rows oF a lage numberof eotums, as well as several tools. The subject of subprograms, including a practical example of a really large grid pattem, starts on jpage 383. The subject of user macros is not covered inthis hhandbook, but Hanue CNC Custom Macros book is avail able from industrial Pres, Ine (www industriapress.com).ENC Programming Handbook 3 Elion 230 Chapter 27 ARC HOLE PATTERN Another quite common hole pattem is a set of equally spaced holes arranged along an are (not circle). Such an equally spaced set of holes along any portion of acirete cit cumference ereates an are hole pattern. Basic approach to programming an are hole pattern should be the same as if programming any other pattern Select the first hole that is most convenient. Is it the first hole or the last hole on the are that is easier to find the coor- dinates for? Perhaps starting at 0° (3 o'clock or East post tion) would be a better choice? Mustration in Figure 27-8 shows a typical layout of an are hole pattern a R25 . 8 a0 Tye 10 ! | 4 EQSP HOLES 15 Figure 2-8 ‘Arc hole pate - rogram 02708 In the pattern, are center locations are known, sos the are radius, angular spacing between holes and the number of equally spaced (EQSP) holes along the circumference. A number of ealeulations is needed to find the X and Y coordinates for each hole center location within the bolt hole patter. Procedure is similar to that of an angular line ina grid pattem, but with several more calculations. These calculations use trigonometric functions applied to cach hole separately - all necessary data and other information are listed in the drawing. For any number of holes, exactly the double number of | calculations will be required to get the coordinates for both axes. Inthe example, there are four holes, therefore eight calculations will be necessary. Initially, it may seem asa lot of work. In terms of calculations, itis a lot of work, but keop in mind that only two trigonometric Formulas are in- volved for any number of holes, so all caleulations will bo come a lot more manageable. Incidentally, this observation can be applied to just about any other similar programming application, The best way to illustrate arc pattern programming, isto use the drawing example above. Firs, the programming task will be split into four individual steps: © STEP Start with calculation of hole that is nearest to 0° loea- tion @ o'clock position or East direction), then continue for ‘other holes inthe counterclockwise direction of the ar, © STEP2 Use trigonometric functions to calculate X and Y coordi- inates of the first hole: Hole #1 - at 20 degrees x x ‘© STEP3 Use the same trigonometric formulas asin Step 2 and cal- cculate XY coordinates for the 3 remaining holes. For each hhole in the pattern, increase the included angle by 20°, so the second hole angle wll be 40", the third 60°, and soon: Hole #2 at 40 degrees X= 1.5 + 2.5 x costo = 3.415111108 (03.4151) Y= 110 + 2.5 x indo = 2.606969024 (¥2.607) Hole #3 - at 60 degrees X= 1.5 + 2.5 x coe6o = 2.750000000 (X2.75) x Hole #4 - at 60 degrees. 110 + 2.5 x #in6o = 3.165063509 (x3.1651) X= 1.5 + 2.5 x coeB0 = 1.934120804 (1.9341) Y= 1.0 + 2.5» sino = 3.462019383 (x3.462) © stera Ifthe XY coordinates are calculated in the same order as they will appear in the CNC program, the listing of all hole locations can be used in that order (CCW shown): x3.8492 xa.4151 32.7500 x1 9341 v1.g551 26070 ¥311651 ¥314620 Now, program for the hole are pattem ean be written, us- wg the XY coordinates for each hole location from the es- tablished calculations. program 02708: (6 X3.4151 ¥2.607 7 32.75 ¥3.1651, 3 x119341 ¥3.462ENC Programming Handbook 3 Elion PATTERN OF HOLES 231 x9 G30 mos io G22 20.1 0s NLL G28 x1.9341 ¥3.462 m2 160 . ‘There are two other methods (pethaps more efficient) to program an arc hole patter. The fist method will take an advantage ofthe local coordinate system ((i32), described ‘on page 399. The second method will use polar coordinate system (optional on most controls), described later in this chapter - in program 02710 (page 233), BOLT HOLE CIRCLE PATTERN A patton of equally spaced holes along the cireumfer- cence of a circle is called a holt circle pattern ora bolt hole ‘pattern. Since the circle diameter is actually pitch diameter Of the pattem, another name for a bolt circle pattern of holes is a pitch circle pariem. Programming approach is very similar to any other patter, particulaely to the are hole ppaticm and mainly depends on the way the bolt circle pat- tem is oriented and how the drawing is dimensioned. A typical bolt circle in a drawing is defined by XY coor- dinates ofthe circle center, its radius or diameter, the num- ber of equally spaced holes along the circumference, and angular orientation of holes, usually in relation to the X-axis (that is to the zero degrees). A bolt circle can be made up of any number of equally spaced holes, although some numbers are much more com- ‘mon than other, for example: 4,5, 6,8, 10,12, 16, 18,20, 24 In later examples, the 6-hole and the 8-hole patterns (and their multiples) have two standard angular relationship to the X-axis at 2ero degrees Figure 27-9 is atypical bolt circle drawing, Programming approach fora bol cirleis similar to that of arc pattem. 210.0 Figue 27-9 Bal cle ole pate - program 02708 First, select the machining location to stat from, usually atprogram zero. Then find the absolute XY coordinates for the center of given circle. In the illustration, bolt pattern center coordinates ate X7-5Y6,0, There will be no machin- {ng at this location, but the cirele center will be the starting point for calculations of all holes on the bolt circle. When the circle center coordinates are known, vite them down. Each hole coordinate located on the circumference must be adjusted by one of these values. When al calculations for the first hole are done (based on cirele center), continue to calculate the X and Y coordinates forall other holes on the cirele circumference, in an orderly manner. {In example 02709 are 6 equally spaced holes on the bolt cirele diameter of 10.0 inches. That means there a 60" in- crement between holes (360/660). The most common starting position for machining is atthe boundary between ‘quadrants, That means the most likely start will beat a po- sition that corresponds to the 3, 12, 9 or 6 o’clock on the face of an analog watch. In his example, start will beat the 3 o'clock position. There is no hole atthe selected location, thenearest one will bat 30” in the counterclockwise direc tion. A good idea isto identify this hole as a hole number | Other holes may be identified in a similar way, preferably in the order of machining, relative to the first hoe. Note that cach calculation uses the same format. Other ‘mathematical approach can be used as well, but watch the consistency of all calculations - only the anele changes: Hole #1 -at 30 degrees X= 7.5 + 5.0» cos30 = 11,830127 («12.8301) ¥=6.0+ 5.0» sin30 = 9.500000 (v9.5) Hole #2 -at 90 degrees X= 7.5 + 5.0 « e090 = 7.500000 (X7.5) ¥ = 6.0 + 5.0» sin90 = 110000000 (x11.0) Hole #3 -at 150 dogroes 16987298. (x3.1699) ‘50000000 (v8.5) 5 +5. 10+ 5. 4 at 210 degrees 7.5 + 5.0 x eoa210 6.0 + 5.0 x sinzi0 116987298 (x3.1699) ‘50000000 (3.5) Hole #5 - at 270 degrees 7.5 + 5.0 « coa270 6.0 + 5.0 x ainz70 50000000 (7.5) ‘00000000 (1-0) Hole #6 - at 330 degrees 12.830127 (911.8301) 3.500000 (¥3.5)ENC Programming Handbook 3 Elion 232 Chapter 27 Once all coordinates ae calculated, program is written in the same way as for other pattems, shown alread It would be more logical to select the bolt circle center as, program zero, rather than the part lower left comet. This ‘method would climinate moifications of bolt circle center position for cach coordinate value and perhaps reduce a possibility of an error. At the same time, it would make it more difficult to set work offset (G54) on the machine. The best solution is to use G2 local coordinate offset method This method is especially useful for those jobs that require translation ofthe bolt cirele patter (or any other pattern) 10 other locations of the same part setup. For details on local coordinate offset and the G52 command, see page 399. * Bolt Circle Formula In the previous calculations, there are many repetitious data, Basie methods are the same, only the angle changes. This type of calculation offers an excellent opportunity for creating a common formula that can be used, for example, as the basis of a computer program, calculator data input, tte. Figure 27-10shows the basic data for such a formula. Using following explanations and formulas, coordinates for any hole in any bolt circle patter can be calculated casily. The formula is similar for both axes - study itwell: = cos ((n-1) xB+A) xR +X, Y= sin((n-1) x B+ A)xR+Y, s Hole X coordinate Hote ¥ coordinate Hole number counter - CCW from O° Number of equally spaced holes Angle between holes = 360/4 First hole angi - from 0° Bot circle radius or bol circle giameter/2 Bol circle conte rom the X orign Bolt ctce cantar ram the ¥ rgin © Pattern Orientation Bolt cirele pattem orientation is specified by the angle of the first hole from 0° of the bolt circle. In daily applications, bolt cele pattems will have not only different number of holes, but different orientations as ‘well, Bolt circles most commonly affected are those whose ‘number of equally spaced holes is based on the multiples of six (6,12, 18,24, ..) and multiples of eight (4,8, 16,24, 32, ). This relationship is important of the first hole wll influence the postion of all other holes in the bolt ciecle pattern, Figure 27-11 shows relationship of te frst hole position to the 0” location of abolt circle 0° location is equivalent to the3 o'clock position or the East direction. Figure 27-10 Basi data fora frmul ocala bt le pate cordate Figure 27-411 Typealenentztens of i and eight hale at clasENC Programming Handbook 3 Elion PATTERN OF HOLES 233 POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM So fi, all mathematical calculations relating to the ae or bolt cirele patter of holes have been using lengthy tigo- nometrc formulas to calculate each coordinate. This seems to bea slow practice fora modern CNC system with a very advanced computer, Indeed, there is a special program- ‘ming method available (usually as a control option) that takes away all tedious calculations from an arc or bolt cir- cle patter - it is called the polar coordinate system. There fare 1Wo polar coordinate functions available, always ree ‘ommended to be written asa separate block: Adie cent <4 J! G15 | Polarcoondinate system cancel OFF G16 | Polar coordinate system ‘on Program input values for bolt hole or are patterns may be programmed with the polar coordinate system commands ‘Cheek first options of the control before using this method, Programming format is similar to that of programming, fixed cycles. In fact, the forma is identical -for example: We G9. 8. KL LR BF. ‘Two fictors distinguish a standard fixed cyele from the ‘same cycle used in polar coordinate mode, ‘The first factor isthe initial command G that procedes the cycle - no special G-code is required for a standard cycle. For any cyele programmed in polar coordinate system mode, the preparatory command G16 must be issued toa tivate polar mode (ON mode). When polar coordinate mode is completed and no longer required in the program, ‘command GIS must be used to terminate it (OFF mode). Both commands must be in a scparate block: ce (POLAR COORDINATES oN) 092.68... KK Re Be Bee (DCHINING HOLES) as (POLAR COORDINATES OFF) BARZEs "The sevond factor is meaning ofthe X and Y words. In a standard fixed eyele, XY words detine the hole position in rectangular coordinates, typically as an absolute location. In polar mode and G7 in effect (XY plane), both words take on a totally different meaning -specifying aradius and an angle: 1 Xsword becomes rads ofthe bolt circle "= Y.word becomes angle ofthe hole, measured trom 0° Figure 27-12 illustrates all three basic input requirements for a polar coordinate system, Figure 27-12 Tree basi characteristics of polar corns Inadltion to the X and Y data, polar coordinates also re- guire the center of rotation (pivot point). This is the last point programmed hejore G16 command. Karlier, data in program O2708 and Figure 27-8 were calculated using ‘wigonometre functions. With the polar coordinates control ‘option, final program can be much simplified - 02710: (6 G99 GAL X2.5 ¥20.0 RO.1 Z-0.163 F3.0 7 32.5 v40.0 8 2215 ¥60.0 9 92.5 80.0 wo Gis (POLAR COOROINATES OFF) Ii G80 moo In the next program 02711, holes are equally spaced on bolt citcle circumference. Dimensions in Figure 27-13 are applied to the polar coordinate programming method. fe e Figure 27-19 Polar coordina Syston applied fo bl hla eke program 02711ENC Programming Handbook 3 Elion Chapter 27 234 02711 (G15-G16 FOLAR EXAMPLE) mm G20 2 G17 G40 G80 3 G90 G54 G00 xO xO $900 03. (PIVOT For) 14 G43 21.0 HOL MOB 4S G16 (POLAR COORDINATES o8) 6 G99 GBl Xx6.8 YO RO.1 2-0.163 F3.0 7 X6.8 ¥60.0 a X6.8 ¥120.0 19 X6.8 ¥180.0 m0 X6.8 ¥240.0 mi x6.8 ¥300.0 m2 ais, (POLAR CooRDINATES OFF) m3 G80 09 Note thatthe center of polar coordinates (also called pivot point) is defined in block N3- itis the fast and ¥ location programmed before the polar command G16 is called. In the program example 02711, the center is at XOY0 loca- tion (block N3) - compare it with program 02710. Both, the radius and angle values, may be programmed in, citer absolute mode G9 or incremental mode G91. {fa particular job requires many arc or bolt hole pattems, polar coordinate system option will be worthy of purchase, even atthe cost of adding it later. Ifthe Fanuc User Macro ‘option is installed, macro programs ean be ereated without having polar coordinates on the control and offer even ‘more programming flexibility, # Plane Selection Subject of planes is briefly deseribed on page 247, and in detail as.a separate chapter, staring on page 279. There are three mathematical planes, used for variety of | ations, such as polar coordinates. G17 | XV plane selection G18 | ZX plane selection G19 | YZ plane selection Selection of a correct plane is exiremely critical to the proper use of polar coordinates. Always make ita habit to program the necessary plane, ven the default G17 plane. G17 plane is known as the XY plane. If working in another plane, make double sure to adhere to the following rules: The ist axis of selected pane is programmed wit the are radias value The socond axis af selected plane is programmed asthe angular position of the hole In a table format, all three plane possibilities are shown, Note, that ino plane is selocted in the program, the control system defaults to G17 - the XY plane. Geode | Selected plane | Firstaxis | Second axis a7 x X= radius | Y= angle aa a Z=radus | X= ange a9 % Y=radus | = onole Most polar coordinate applications take place in the de- fault XY plane, programmed with G17 command. © Order of Mac! ing ‘The onder in which holes are machined can be controlled by changing the sign of the angular value, while the polar ‘coordinate command is in effect. If the angular value is programmed as a positive number, the order of machining. will be counterclockwise, based on 0° position. By chang ing the value toa negative number, the order of machining, ‘will be clockwise (reversed), This feature is quite significant for efficient program- ming approach, particularly foe a large number of various bolt hole pater. For example, a center drilling or spot rill operation can be programmed very efficiently with postive angular values (counterclockwise order). Start wil be at the first hole and, after the tol change, drilling can continue in reverse order, starting with the lst hole. Allan- ‘gular values will now be negative, forthe clockwise order cof a subscquent tool. This approach requires a fot mor ‘work in standard programming, when polar coordinates are not used, The polar coordinate application using G16 com ‘mand eliminates all unnecessary rapid motions, therefore shortening the overall cycle time.