Module 4: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Water conservation, Rain water Harvesting, Drinking water Standards and simple treatments
used, Environment and Sanitation, Bio fertilizers, Medical and aromatic plants, Employment
generating technologies – Apiculture, Pisciculture, Aquaculture.

Course Material:

Topic 1: Water conservation and Rain water Harvesting

Water harvesting techniques gather water from an area termed the 'catchment area' and channel it
to the cropping area or wherever it is required. Conservation techniques conserve water within
the biomass and the soil by reducing run-off and keeping the water where it falls, as much as
possible.

Rain water harvesting (RWH) is the method of gathering and capacity of downpour water at
surface or in sub-surface aquifers, before it is lost as surface run-off. The enlarged asset can be
gathered in the critical moment. Counterfeit revive to ground water is a procedure by which the
ground water repository is expanded at rate surpassing that under characteristic states of
recharging.

Drinking Water in rural areas:

 Around 38 million Indians are affected with water borne diseases.
 Around 1.5 million children die due to diarrhoea.
 As a result, 73 million working days lost and 420 crores in a year.
 Around 66 million Indians are affected with Fluorosis.
 20 million houses have not water supply for drinking.
 In 1995 – 5300 m3 per person per year
1996 – 2200 m3 per person per year
2020 – 1600 m3 per person per year
 If it is less 1700 m3/year then it is called water stress.

Rural Water Supply:

 Provide drinking water supply.
 Improve the health condition of the rural people.
 Provide government supplied water where there is no ground water supply.
 Frequent testing of water for quality.

Topic 2: Drinking water Standards and simple treatments used

Standards in water
Fluoride - 1.5 mg/l
Arsenic – 0.05 mg/l
 Iron – 1 mg/l
Nitrates – 100 mg/l
Chlorides – 200 mg/l

Role of Government:
1. Supporting awareness drives
2. Testing & remedial action
3. Capacity building of communities
4. Inter-agency coordination
5. Making the service provider accountable
6. Water quality standards and provision of water under the food law bill.
7. School water supply scheme
8. Role of environment and sanitation

Role of Civil Society:

1. Awareness
2. Accountability
3. Community based water quality monitoring
4. Maintenance
5. Water harvesting
6. Water supply and waste water treatment

Simple treatment methods in rural areas:

Turbidity – Cloth filtration
Colour – Carbon filtering
Odour – boiling
Bacterial impurities – boiling
Fluorides – Alumina Technology
Ammonia – boiling
Iron – Oxidation & Settling
Hardness – boiling & filtration
Chlorides – boiling & settling
National Rural drinking water programme – Ministry of rural development.

Norms for providing drinkable/portable water in rural areas

40 lpcd for humans
Drinking – 3
Cooking – 5
Bathing – 15
Washing utensils -7
Ablution – 10
Drinking Water Standards
Ph – 6.5 to 8.5
Calcium – 75 to 200 mg/l
Sulphate – 200 to 400 mg/l
Alkalinity – 200 to 600 mg/l
Turbidity – 5 to 10 NTU
In India 86% of rural population ha the drinking water supply.

Best practices in rural areas

1. Roof water harvesting
2. Revival of traditional water bodies
3. Community managed ground water system
4. Water quality monitoring and surveillance
5. Capacity building
6. PPP
7. Metering of water supply

Topic 3: Environment and sanitation in rural areas

Environment and Sanitation
In 1986 Central rural sanitation programme is launched.
 Provide privacy to women
 Improve hygenic conditions of living people
 Improve environment & living condition of people
 Capacity building
2003 - Introduction of Nirmal Gram Puraskar – 100% sanitation
2012 – Nirmal Bharat Abhiyam – Total solid & waste management

Observation of Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan

1. Bring out general quality of life in rural areas
2. Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas
3. Motivate panchayat raj institution for sustainable sanitation facilitation through
awareness and health education.
4. To cover all schools with proper sanitation facilities.
5. Encourage cost effective technologies.
6. Develop community managed sanitation systems.

Steps taken by government to improve sanitation in rural areas

1. Higher investment for rural sanitation
2. Aggressive social marketing
3. Change in communication
 4. Village planning
5. Strong alternative delivery system
6. Mass awareness at panchayat level
7. NGO partnership

Challenges
1. Prevention of contamination of water distribution system.
2. Growing water scarcity and the potential for water reuse and conservation
3. Implementing low cost sanitation systems
4. Providing sustainable water supplies
5. Reducing disparities
6. Health education

Problems in sanitation in rural areas

1. Affordability
2. Space in the home
3. Geographical conditions
4. Cultural habits
5. Availability of water
6. Acceptance

Some success stories in rural sanitation

1. Sulabh International – Bihar
2. Maryada – Kerela
Government is providing 60% of the cost for the construction of toilets.

Sulabh Sauchalay
Technology has played a decisive role in the Sulabh Sanitation Movement. Dr Bindeswar
Pathak, Founder of Sulabh International Social service organizations is the man behind the
success story. A major breakthrough in the field of sanitation took place when he developed the
technology pf two-pit, pour-flush toilets in the 1970 for onsite disposal of household human
excreta. The technology was low-cost, could be set up with available local facilities and proved
very successful for the government of the India’s programme of ‘eradication of scavenging’.
Sulabh then developed a novel concept of operation and maintainence of public toilets on pay-
and-use basis. Further the organization had developed technologies for production of biogas
from human waste, a method of treatment of the biogas to make it pathogen free, duckweed-
based waste water treatment, Sulabh Thermophilic Aerobic Composting etc. Sulabh ha built over
7500 community toilets with bath, laundry and urinal facilities. Sulabh is now operating in 27
states and 5 union territories with over 50,000 trained and experienced workers. For sustainable
rehabilitation of liberated scavengers, the programme ‘Nai Disha” was started by Sulabh.
 Micro-credit for macro change
MYRADA, an NGO has facilitated the setting up of all-women federations of micro
credit groups in Erode districts of Kerala. These federations use a feed fund provided by an
international development organization, not as a grant but as a revolving fund for sanitation
improvements and other activities that contribute to an improved quality of life for members.
Individual members borrow money for toilet construction and the repayments are again given as
loans to other members. No interest is charged. In the entire cycle this project gets complete, the
original fund remains intact to be used in other initiatives.
The unique feature of the project is that the members do entire disbursal of funds, and
MYRADA is only involved at the time of audit of the federations. The motto behind this project
is not only to encourage safe sanitation, but also to empower women by entrusting the
implantation and management of sanitation to institutions run by them. The success of the
sanitation initiative has motivated members to extend their support beyond toilet construction to
support bathing enclosures, rain water harvesting structures and biogas plants run on human and
animal waste.

Topic 4: Biofertilizers
Preparation of fertilizer using living cells, micro-organisms to help the plant to uptake nutrients
either from soil or plant root.

Organic farming
N2 fixing biofertilizers – free living – Azoto bacteria, Nostic
- Sybiotic – Rhizobium, fraankia
- Associative and symbiotic – Azospirillum
Solubilizing bacteria – bacteria – Bacillus megatanum
- Fungi – pencillium sp
Mobilizing fertilizer – Boletus sp, Rhizotonia solani
Schcate and fine solubihzers – Bacillus sp
Plant growth promolers – Pseudomonas.

Most common biofertilizers

Rhizobium :
Soil habitat bacteria can be colonize the legume roots and fixes atmospheric nitrogen
symbiotically. This is the most efficient biofertilizer as per the quantity of nitrogen fixed.

Azotobacteria :
Capable of fixing N2 in Arable soils. Helps in soil aggregation, improves
microorganisms.
Azospirillum :
It is N2 fixing organism from the root to above parts of the plant. This is also disease
resistant and drought tolerance.

Cyanobacteria :
Used for sea cultivation. Benefits the flora of the rice and produce good quality of rice.

Azolla :
Free floating fern in water and fixes atmosphere nitrogen. Also fixes in nitrogen in water
and used for rice.

Liquid biofertilizers :
Rhizobium and Azospirillum, phosphobacteria these two provide phosphorous nutrients
to crop plants through nitrogen. Not only help the growth of the plant but also makes the soil
rich.

Benefits :
 No concentration, longer shelf life (12-24 hrs)
 No loss of properties up to 450 C, better survival on seeds, easy to use, high commercial
revenue, high expert potential.

Application methodology of biofertilizers

1. Seed treatment – 5kg of seeds to be taken in bag and close it air tight and shake it for 2
minutes. Later seeds should be dried for 30 minutes and directly apply the biofertilizer in
a bucket of water.
2. Roof dipping - roots of the plants will be dipped in a bucket of water for half an hour.
3. Soil application – 200 ml of biofertilizers to be mixed with 400 to 450 kg of cow dung
along with ½ kg rock phosphate. Maintain 50% moisture and apply to the soil with
proper levelling to the soil.

Bio compost – biological decomposition of humus.

Organic manure – derived from animal matter, human excreta or vegetable matter.
Vermi compost – production of various species of warms, usually red wigglers, white warms
and other earth warms to create heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable waste. It is
very rich in potassium and biologically benefits the soil product.

Topic 5: Medical and aromatic plants

Medicinal plants in rural areas
Upto 70% rural population depends on plant resources for health care. The knowledge of
herbal health care is obtained from elders.
Abrus precauforium Gurivinder - fresh leaves for bronchitis
Achyran Thespara L Ultareni - 1.5 grams dry powder – cold and Cough
Allium Cepa L Ulligadda - 10 -15 ml of bulb extrait with honey cold and cough
Allium Cepa L Vellulli - 21 days Asthama
Calatropis Procera L Jelledu - 4grams root bank powder with honey twice a day
for 3 days cough.
Coriandrum Sativum Kothamuq - 50 ml plant extract taken twice to cure asthama.

Aromatic Plants
Andhra Pradesh Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Board 2002
Aswagandha, pippalu, Alovera, Branhmi, Tulasi, Red sunders, sandal wood, Satarani, Neem.
They have e-library.

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

It is estimated that Rs. 4000 crores world market for medicinal and aromatic plants.

Aromatic Plants
1. The soil should have PH of 6 to 7.5
2. No water logging area and frequent watering is necessary (Drip Irrigation/Sprinkler
irrigation is suggested)
3. Crop rotation is advised (potato, maize, paddy)

Example
Lemon Grass - Laterite soils with rich manuring
- Frequent irrigation
- 200 – 250 kg/oil from 4 cuttings
- 50000 ha

Manufacturing of Juice/Gel/Powder from Aloevera

Aloevera consists of 99.3% water, remaining 0.7% are solids consisting of
polysaccharide of the glucose and mannose type. The gel stimulates the cell of the body and
moistures the skin. They planted 1.5 feet apart and with 2 feet distance. This plant grow with
NPK fertilizer. The growth should be 15000 to 35000 kg/acre/year. Aloevera juice can be
extracted 400 – 600 ml/kg of Aloevera.
Aloevera juice can be made with the gel and can be stored by adding methyl paraben
zone.
For starting Gel and powder equipment required are
a) Toothed roller press
b) Extracting
c) Filter
 d) Vacuum evaporator
e) S S Grinder

Topic 6: Employment Generating Technologies

Preparation of Detergent powder and cake
Powder
Acid sherry, water and colour
Add soda ash slowly and mix
Add sodium Sulphate
Finally add whitener and perfume
Park in polythene bags
While mixing use PVC pipes or stacks

Cake
Mix acid sherry, water and colour
Add soda ash, talc as kneader
Mix with china clay, starch, sodium silicate
Finally add melted wax, perfume and whitener and mix well
Total kneading requires 40 minutes
Cut the mix in required size of the cakes.

Ingredients
Acid Sherry – 10 kg
Soda Ash - 56 kg
Sodium Sulphate – 20 kg
Colour – 300 gm
Whitens – 200 gm
Perfume – 150 gm
Water – 13 litres

Process of liquid detergent

Acid Sherry 15 kg
Caustic life 5 kg
Urea 5 kg
Colour 200 gm
Perfume 200 gm
Water 75 litres
Mix acid sherry and water
Neutralise with caustic lime to pH 6.5 – 7
Add colour, urea and water to make 100 litres.
Pack in plastic bottles.

Cattle feed/Poultry feed

Ground nut/Soya bean cake – 30%
Wheat brass or pulse husk - 10%
Rice brass or cotton seed brass – 25%
Maize – 10%
Damaged wheat – 10%
Cotton seed – 2%
Molasses – 10%
Salt – 1%
Calcium carbonate – 0.5%
Mineral mix – 1.5%
Vitamin mix – 0.1%

Equipment – Pulveriser, blender, weighing platform

Neem Phenyl
Neem oil - 5%
Water - 90%
Citronella oil – 1%
Colour – 0.2%
All the above materials mixed thoroughly and transferred emulsifier and emulsification to be
done for 4 to 6 hrs. The material should be packed in bottles.

Poultry farming
1. Preparation of site
2. Check guard construction and lighting
3. Rice Bhusi with lime for flooring
4. Feeding apparatus and water pots
5. Medicine
Hatchery
– Supply of old chicks
– Keep in basket and generate heat through bulbs
– Medicines
– After 12 to 14 weeks broiler for 1 kg.

Village Bakery
Materials
Wheat flour, Marda, Suji, Vanaspati oil, Sugar and Milk.
Mix it thoroughly in a grinder.
Use moulding apparatus for different shapes.
Oven to be used for drying and cool it for ½ hour and pack it in polythene bags.

Agarbath Manufacturing
Rostun, Talispatre, Kacharam, Kasturi-gaddi Nagarmoths, Khus roots, Davana are mixed and
make powder. Add gels Maida Lakdi, Guggula, aromatic compound and powdered charcoal.
Make it a paste by adding required amount of water. Roll over the stick.

Fragrance and Flavour development centre, Uttar Pradesh.

Rural Aquaculture
Aquaculture - Poverty alleviation
- reduces un equality
- rural development
- healthy atmosphere in the rural areas
- National medicine
Aquaculture – farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic
plants.
- Also, to enhance the producing more aqua product.
Aquaculture growth can be taken place 2 ways
- increasing the area devoted for aquaculture.
- intensify the production in the existing area.
Aquaculture is known to be both social and cottage industry.
May be used Swamps, saline soils, mangroves which are unstable for irrigation/agriculture are
used for aquaculture.

Major problem in aquaculture in rural areas

 Non-availability of skilled labour.
 Non-availability of quality seeds.
 Multiple use if water bodies.
 Non-availability of marketing sources.
 Groundwater pollution act.

Central Institute of Fresh Water Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar.

Aims and Objectives

1. Provide quality seeds
2. Training
3. Women empowerment
 4. Marketing awareness
5. Transportation
6.
Innovations in Aquaculture
1. To minimise nutrient loss development of Bagda fish.
2. To increase pH of the water banana logs to be floated in water.
3. Bamboo logs will be kept for fish and controlling free of the fish.
4. Garlic paste to be added in water and mixed with 50 litters of water and sprayed over the
pond and it control the EUS deserve of fish.

Apiculture has great self-help potential for the rural people. It is making significant contribution
to the economic development of the country and economic upliftment of small and marginal
farmers.

Advantages
 Provides food and cash income.
 Dose not require ownership of land.
 Opportunity for small, medium and large-scale farming.
 Crates gainful employment close to home.
 Promotes cooperation within the family
 Can be done at any time.
 Requires very little investment.
 Technology in very simple.
 Creates extra wages.
 Cashes foreign exchange.
 Address health and malnutrition problem.
As on today around million hectares are covered for Apiculture and giving income to around
300,000 people in rural areas.
For Apiculture, the following plantation useful (honeybee pollination)
a) Fruits and nuts
b) Vegetables and pulses
c) Cereals
d) Oil crops
e) Natural vegetation
f) Fibre plants and rubber.
The Natural products from honeybees are
a) Honey
b) Royal jelly
c) Pollen
d) Propolis
e) Beeswax
 f) Bee venom

Medicinal Properties
Honey – anti microbial properties
- curing burns and wounds
- heart diseases
- respiratory infections
- rapid source of energy
- sedative property
Royal Jelly – Anti tumour activity
- anti microbial properties
- high blood pressure
- Arthritic
- Joint pains
Propolis - Skin burns/Join pains
Bee Venom – Paralysis
- Rhematism
- Arthritis
- Cancer
- High blood pressure
Innovations in Apiculture
1. Creating apiry
2. Swarms.
Beekeeping equipment
1. Bee Lives
2. Bee Lives stand
3. Honey extractor
4. Comb foundation sheets
5. Comb foundation mill
6. Travelling Bee box
7. Wasp trap
8. Honey house
9. Solax wax extractor

Porciculture
Fisheries contribute a significant sector in Indian economy. It contributes 2% GDP and 3.3%
total agricultural income. The fish consumption in India around 7.2 kg (2016)
Major problems in Porciculture
1. Environmental and situational
a) Drought
b) Flood
 2. Technological
a) Quality seeds
b) Disease to fishes
3. Socio-economic and Infrastructural
a) Availability food
b) Credit
c) Transportation
d) Cost of production
e) Trading
f) Storage
Feed for the fish
Protein, dietary energy, fats, carbohydrates, fibre, minerals, cereal grains, wheat pellets, maize
pellets, beans.