2iE Set Intermediate Thermodynamics Tutorials — Bachelor 2 - N'TSOUKPOE K. Edem - 2022 Intermediate Thermodynamics: tutorials Level : Bachelor 2 Lecturer : N'TSOUKPOE K. Edem 1. Marie-Laure pose sur une plaque de cuisiniére électrique, une casserole en aluminium de 350 g contenant 3 | d'eau 25 °C. Cette eau doit étre portée a 60 [°C] en 5 min pour que Gohou puisse prendre sa douche a temps et sortir avant que Clémentine ne rentre a la maison. La puissance électrique de la plaque est de 2,5 kW. Gohou pourrait-il rejoindre Bohiri a temps sans croiser Clémentine ? a. Répondre a cette question en admettant : = qu'il n'y a pas de pertes thermiques. + admettant que 20% de lénergie dissipée par la plaque est perdue. b. Quelle est la dépense correspondante au chauffage électrique de l'eau ? (Cas oi il n'y a pas de pertes) c. SiMarie-Laure utilise un foyer amélioré, quelle quantité de bois lui faudra-til, sachant que la combustion de 1 kg de bois libére en moyenne 18 MJ et que Tefficacité du foyer amélioré est de 20% ? Quelle est la dépense énergétique correspondante ? Coeav: 1 cal-g"-K; cya : 907 J-kg-K"; Coat de I'électricité : 75 F-kWh", Coat du bois 500 F-kg" 2. How many joules are needed to raise the temperature of copper block of 100 g from 10°C to 100°C? The same amount of heat is used to heat 100g of aluminium (initially at 10 °C). Which material will get hotter? Find the molar heat capacity of Cu and Al. Specific heat capacities: “Cu: 389 J-kg"K"; "Al = 907 J-kg"-K*. R/ATou = 90 °C, BT a= 38.6 °C, copper; Cpovey = 24.9 MOH-K!, Cymins= 24.5 Lmot-K!, This is in accordance with the Dulong-Petit law, which states that the heat capacity of a mole of many solid elements is about 3R = 24.9 J:mot 3. Souate manipulates 100 g of ice, initially at -5 °C. He wants to heat up this ice up to 100 °C and then vaporise entirely the obtained water, at atmospheric pressure. You are asked to evaluate the required heat that is necessary for the operation. Calculate the share (percentage) of the heat of fusion, the heat of vaporisation and the sensible heat in the total heat required. Conclude. Data Constant-mass heat capacity of liquid-water: Cpwatesia = 4.18 KJ-kg*-K" Constant-mass heat capacity of solid-water: (ice): Cpice = 2.09 kJ-kg’":K" Latent heat of fusion of ice: = 333 kJ-kg" Latent heat of vaporisation of water at 100 °C under 1 atm: ly = 2256 kJ-kg" R/1 045 J + 33.300 J + 41 800 J + 225 600 J = 301 745 J; 11%, 75% and 14%. 4, Deux récipients reliés par un tuyau de a volume négligeable contiennent des masses d'air initialement séparées par un robinet, dans les états tels que présentés sur la figure. On ouvre le robinet et l’équilibre thermique s'étabiit 4 20 °C lorsque les deux masses se sont mélangées. Quelle est la pression finale dans le systéme ? 5. A copper block of 150 g is taken from an oven and placed in 250 g of water contained in a vessel of 500 g. The water and the vessel were initially at 25 °C. The final temperature of the obtained system “copper block + water + vessel” is 55 °C. Assuming that there is no heat loss to the surroundings, what is the initial temperature of the copper block? Calculate the change in entropy of the copper block, the water and the vessel. Calculate the total entropy2iE Intermediate Thermodynamics Tutorials — Bachelor 2 - N'TSOUKPOE K. Edem - 2022 change. Is the process reversible? Specific heat capacities: Copper: c1 = 0.093 calg"-°C"; Water: c2 = 1 cal-g'°C"t; Vessel material: os = 0.155 cal-g"-°C* R/759 °C; AS; = 83 = 31,1 NK; AS = 64,4 LK 6. Votre camarade Nguematio a une tasse contenant 200g de café 90 °C, trop chaude & boire. Quelle température obtientiil s'il ajoute a son café 100 g d'eau (liquide) prise a 25°C? Et sil utilisait 200 g de glace prise a -10 °C au lieu de l'eau liquide ? On donne la chaleur latente de fusion de la glace: l= 333 ki'kg". Capacité thermique massique du café assimilée a l'eau liquide: 4,18 kJ-kg"-K"; Capacité thermique massique de l'eau solide (glace): 2,09 kJkg}K". 7. Consider 2 different states: 1 (P1, V1) and 2 (Pz, Vz) of a constant mass of gas. ‘The gas undergoes a process from state 1 to state 2 in two different ways: * 1 4as an isobaric process and then 4 > 2 as an isochoric process + 13 3.s an isochoric process and then 3 > 2 as an isobaric process Calculate, in both cases, the quantity of work performed. Conclude. For calculations: P; = 8 atm, Pz = 1 atm, Vi = 11, V2=81 RY Weea = - 5674.2; Wine = - 709.35 8, Amass of airis intially in the following conditions: P; = 1 atm; Vi = 10 T= 0°C. It is taken around a cycle consisting of the following processes: A (Ps, Vi) + B (Pa, V1) + € (Pa, V2) + D (Pi, V2) with P2 = 2P, and V2 = 2V1. ‘AB: isochoric; B + C: isobaric; C — D: isochoric; D —+ A: isobaric. Calculate: "the net work done on the air during one complete cycle (ABCDA). = the temperature of the air at points B, C and D. + the heat added or removed from the air during each process. For calculations: y = 1.42 9. Ten litres of diatomic gas at atmospheric pressure (point A) is compressed isothermally to a volume of 1 litre (point B) and then allowed to expand adiabatically to 10 litres (point C). For the diatomic gas: Cvm = 2.5°R and Com = 3.5°R Determine the pressure at the end of the compression (Ps) and at the end of the expansion (Pc). Sketch the process on a PV diagram and determine the total work performed by the gas, the total heat transfer and the total change in internal energy. R/ Ps = 10 atm = 1 013 250 Pa; Po = 0.398 atm = 40 338 alm; Was = 2 333 J, Wec = ~1 525 J, Wx = 808 J; Qxe = ~2 333 J, Qac = 0, Qi = ~2 333 J; AUas = 0, Upc = ~1 525 J, AUix = ~1 525 J. 10. One mole of an ideal gas, in its initial state (Pc, Vo), is taken through the following processes: "isobaric expansion to state (V1, Ts), where V1 is assumed to be known, "isothermal compression to state (Vo, P:) * isochoric process which brings the gas to its original state. Calculate T; and P; and draw a P-V diagram that depicts this cycle Calculate the heat transfer during each process Calculate the total work involved |. Compare results of b. and c. For calculations: Po= 1 atm; Vo = 22.4 litres; ViNVo= 2; v= 1.4 aor 11. A gaseous mixture with a mass of 1 kg is at a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 9.8-10° Nm? Itis taken around the following cycle * adiabatic compression from P = 9.810 Nm? to P = 19.6-10* Nem? * heating at constant pressure during which 20 kcal is transferred to the mass of gas in a reversible way2iE Intermediate Thermodynamics Tutorials — Bachelor 2 — N'TSOUKPOE K. Edem — 2022 = adiabatic expansion back to initial volume * cooling at constant volume back to initial pressure Plot the cycle on a P-V diagram after calculating the coordinates of the intersection points of the lines of the cycle. What is the obtained amount of work? For calculations: cy» = 0.25 cal-g"-K"; y= 1.4 UVa = Vo = 0.893 m3, Ve = 0.544 m?, Vo = 0.666 m?, Po = 130 033 Pa; Was = 47 924 J, Wee = ~23 886 J, Woo = ~36 114 J; Won = 0, Wer = ~12 076 J 12. Calculate the efficiency of a reversible cycle, consisting of four thermodynamic processes: AB: isobaric (P = 4 atm), BC: isochoric (V = 411), CD: isobaric (P = 2 atm), DA: isochoric (V = 11). The considered thermodynamic fluid is a monoatomic ideal gas. Pressure (bar) 1 Fig. 4 13. A mole of an ideal gas expands along the straight line joining 1 to 2 (Fig. 1). Itis then compressed isothermally from 2 back to 1 Calculate the mechanical work performed along this cycle. Calculate the heat added or removed from the gas during each process. Deduce the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Volume titers) 10 2 14, Ideal gas process . Isobaric process: diese! engine In a heavy-duty diesel engine — a compression-ignition engines -, combustion is slow compared to the piston speed. Experience shows that the pressure remains practically constant during the combustion-expansion phase. Heat supplied by the fuel during combustion stroke is 2000 ki:kg" of air. Air-fuel mixture is assumed as an ideal gas with a constant specific heat capacity of cy = 1 k'kg"-K" and a ratio of specific heats of y = 1.4. Consider combustion as an external heat input. The temperature at the beginning of compression stroke is 700 °C. Determine the temperature increase, the volumetric ratio of this expansion a = Vina/Vinia and the expansion work. . Isochoric process: petro/gasoline engine Unlike the previous case, the combustion is very rapid and it can be assumed that the piston has not moved during this phase. Same assumptions on air-fuel mixture and same values as in a. a part from the fact that the temperature before combustion T; = 400 °C (the compression ratio of petrol/gasoline engines is significantly smaller than that of diesel engines). Calculate the work output per kg air during the combustion, the temperature and the pressure ratio (p = Pina/Paisa) at the end of the combustion. ¢. Adiabatic and reversible process: compression and expansion of spark- ignition engines The compression ratio is p = Vs/V2. The gas has the same characteristics as defined above. By using the second law. show that an adiabatic and reversible process is and isentropic process. Decuce from this that PV’ = constant. Determine the temperature and the pressure at the end of the compression process if P;= 1 bar and T;= 20°C, p =8 (petrol engine) and p = 20 (diesel engine). Determine the compression work done per kg air. . Isothermal process: Stirling engine The compression ratio for a Stirling engine is 10. Calculate the work and the heat transfer during compression (the initial temperature is 20 °C and the gas is air). Compare the required work for the same isentropic compression as in ¢.E The actual measured value of thermal efficiency for each of these types of engines is approximately half of the value obtained from the above calculation. The above calculations do not take into account the effects of heat losses, frictional losses and gas dynamics. 2 Intermediate Thermodynamics Tutorials - Bachelor 2 — N'TSOUKPOE K. Edem - 2022 15. How much warmer is the water at the bottom of Niagara Falls than at the top, knowing that the height is 50 m? Assume that the water does not exchange heat with the surrounding when falling, 16. A gas expands through a turbine. The initial enthalpy of the gas is 250 kcal-kg" and its velocity at the inlet of the turbine is 100 m-s". The enthalpy of the gas at exit from the turbine is 79.4 kcal'kg"' and its velocity is considered null. The flow rate of the gas is 10 kgs ‘Calculate the mechanical power turbine developed by the turbine, assuming that the process is adiabatic. R/W=-7.18 MW ) 92 25ks%g! 17. You would like to compress air from ambient conditions (1 atm; 30°C) to 6 atm and 165°C with a compressor (Figure 2). The mass flow rate of air is 0.125 kg's". A heat loss of 25 kJ:kg" of air is assumed during the compression. Assuming the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible, determine the power of the compressor. Air is considered as an ideal gas. Specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure: 1kJ-kg*K" Pe atm Tee tesec Ar fe 1251g9" R/W = 20 kW 18. Un gaz, considéré comme parfait, entre dans un compresseur adiabatique a 30 °C avec une vitesse de 20 m-s*. Ilen sort 4 200 °C a une vitesse de 150 ms”. La section d’entrée du compresseur fait 92 cm?. Quel est le débit volumique du gaz a l'entrée du compresseur ? En déduire le debit massique du gaz de gaz comprimé. Déterminer la puissance mécanique du compresseur. Masse volumique du gaz a entrée du compresseur : 1,2 g-L". Capacité thermique massique du gaz a pression constante : 1 kJ-kg"K". RIT = 0,184 ms; 2208 kgs"; W = 39.976 W 19. Un débit d'air constant de 5 kgs" entre dans un compresseur sous une pression de 1 bar et a une vitesse de 7,5 m’s" avec un volume spécifique de 0,80 m?-kg”. L’air sort du compresseur sous une pression de 7,5 bar, a une vitesse de 5m's" et avec un volume spécifique de 0,15 m°-kg"!. L’énergie interne de lair sortant du compresseur est supérieure de 92kJ-kg" a celle de lair entrant. Un échangeur de chaleur entourant le cylindre du compresseur permet d'extraire 1 ch de lair. Calculer la puissance nécessaire pour entrainer le compresseur ainsi que l'aire des sections transversales & son entrée et sortie, R/W = 623 158 20. Dans un bureau oi trois enseignants ont pris place, le systéme de ventilation fait circuler un débit d'air de 100 kg:h’. L’air entre dans le local bureau avec une enthalpie de 100 kJ-kg” et le quitte avec une enthalpie de 75 kJ-kg". Chaque enseignant rejette une chaleur de 630 kJ’. Trois plafonniers, d'une puissance de 0,2 KW chacun, brassentI'air dans le local qui est éclairé par six lampes ayant chacune une puissance de 36 W. En négligeant tout autre apport non indiqué ici, quelle doit étre la puissance du climatiseur pour maintenir le local en régime permanent? R/ Qcin = 2035 W2iE Intermediate Thermodynamics Tutorials — Bachelor 2 — N'TSOUKPOE K. Edem — 2022 21. Two identical blocks of copper, one at 300 K and the other at 400 K, are put in thermal contact with no outside heat exchange. The system is isolated. Calculate the final temperature of the blocks, the amount of heat transferred, the entropy change of each block and the total entropy change. Is this process reversible? FC: Mass of each copper block: 1 kg: specific heat capacity of copper: 390 J-kg™K" 22. At ambient pressure, 5g of ice initially at T; = -23 °C is heated to liquid water at T2=27 °C. Calculate the entropy and the enthalpy changes of this mass water. Specific heat capacity of liquid water: 4.18 kJ-kg"-K"; Specific heat capacity of ice: 2.1 kJ:kg"-K"; Latent heat of fusion of ice: 335 k-kg" 23. An inventor claims to have developed a heat engine that receives 89 000 kcal of heat from a source at 400 K and produces 108 682 kJ of net work while rejecting 63 000 kcal as waste heat to a sink at 300 K. Would you invest money in the commercialisation of this engine? 24. We propose to cool a house with a cooling machine. The house is to be maintained at 25 °C at all times. When the ambient temperature outside raises to 42°C, the rate at which heat is gained from the house is estimated to be 8.75 KW. What is the minimum electrical power required to drive the cooling machine? 25. Degbe wants to cools down to Tz a mass of water with a constant heat capacity me and initially at temperature Ts. For this purpose, he uses a refrigeration machine operating between the mass of water and the atmosphere, whose temperature T; is constant. The machine operates in a cyclic and reversible way. When the desired temperature is achieved, the machine has exchanged a total amount of heat Q; with atmosphere and Q; with the mass of water; it has received a net work W. Express Q2 as a function of T; and Tz. Deduce Q: as a function of W, Ts and Ta, What is the entropy change: AS of the machine? AS. of atmosphere? AS; of water? Write as an inequality, the entropy change of the set “water + machine + atmosphere”. Deduce ‘from this that W is always higher than a certain positive quantity Wn. 26. The isothermal expansion of 14.5 g of air contained in a cylinder is implemented in different ways from its initial pressure P3= 4 alm to Po = 1 alm. Two intermediate positions may be selected P; = 2.5 alm, P: = 1.5 atm. * Path A: The external pressure is suddenly dropped from P5 to Po. The pressure is then maintained at P, until the gas expands and reaches thermodynamic equilibrium. Note that the expansion then occurs at Po. * Path B: Here, sudden stepwise drops are considered. The external pressure is suddenly dropped from Ps to Pz. The gas is allowed to expand and reach the thermodynamic equilibrium at P2. Then, the pressure is suddenly dropped to Po. The gas is allowed to expand and reach the thermodynamic equilibrium at Po. * Path C: The same scheme is used, but along this path: Ps to Pa, Pz to Ps and P; to Po. * Path D: a reversible path is used. For each of these 4 paths, plot the process on a pressure volume diagram and calculate the total quantity of work performed. Evaluate the mechanical work loss percentage due to irreversibility for each of the three first paths. Conclude. The temperature of the mass of air during the process is 25 °C and its molar mass is 29 g-mol *. Air is considered as an ideal gas. You could make this calculation in Excel sheet 27. In an ammonia-based refrigerator, a mass flow rn of NHs describes the following cycle + Areversible adiabatic compression of gas from state (P1, V1) to state (P2, T'2)* Cooling down of the gas, at constant pressure P2, from T'z down to Ta, followed by a complete condensation at T2: the saturation pressure at T2 is P2 * Adiabatic expansion of the liquid leading to its partial vaporisation to state (P1, 71). P1 is the saturation pressure at Ts NHs behaves like an ideal gas with a molar mass of 17 g and y= 1.3. Compressor. What is the temperature T'2 at the exit of the compressor? Calculate the work provided by the compressor per kg of NH. Condenser. Calculate the heat transfer to the surrounding at the condenser per kg of Nits Expander The specific volume is assumed constant along the saturation curve. The expander has no moving part; it consists of a tiny capillary tube that is perfectly thermally isolated. Make the energy balance of the expander in steady state. Deduce that this adiabatic expansion is isenthalpic. Express the enthalpy change between the inlet and the outlet of the expander. Deduce from this the mass fraction of the vaporised NH3 in the expander. What is the entropy change of the fluid during this expansion? Evaporator. Calculate the amount of heat received by the fluid at the evaporator per kg of NHs. Determine the mass flow rate of the NHs in order to obtain 100 kW of cooling capacity. Deduce the efficiency of the machine after evaluating the mechanical power provided by the compressor. Numerical data Ty =-10 °C; Te = 25 °C; Ps = 2.9 bar; P2 = 10.5 bar. Latent heat of vaporisation at Ty: 310 cal-g* Latent heat of vaporisation at Tz: 274 cal-g* Specific heat capacity of liquid NHs: cyiq = 1.1 cal-g" Specific heat capacity of the gas at constant pressure: Cpaxs = 0.5 cal-g” Specific volume of the liquid of NHs: vig = 1.59 om?-g" 28. Les réactions chimiques s'accompagnent souvent d'une variation de la température du milieu réactionnel. Lorsque la variation de température est trés rapide, les transferts thermiques n’ont pas le temps de se faire avec le milieu extérieur et on peut considérer que la transformation qui a lieu dans le réacteur est adiabatique. On définit ainsi la température de flamme (respectivement d'explosion) qui est la température atteinte par une réaction adiabatique @ pression (respectivement volume) constante. Virtuellement, tout se passe comme si la réaction se passe a une température considérée T puis la chaleur de réaction a conduit au changement de la température du milieu aprés la réaction, a pression ou a volume constant. Ainsi, dans une inflammation, la réaction de combustion met en jeu un phénoméne rapide qu'on peut admettre que les changes énergétiques avec |'extérieur n’ont pas le temps de se faire : le phénomene peut étre considéré comme adiabatique et la chaleur dégagée sert a élever la température T des produits de la réaction et des réactants éventuels en exces. Le méthane réagit dans lair avec la proportion théorique d'oxygéne selon 'équation bilan CHs (g) + */2 O2 (g) + 2H20 (4 + CO (g) En admettant que 10% de la chaleur dégagée par la réaction soient perdus, determiner fa température atteinte lorsqu’on fait réagir, sous P?, du méthaneSes Intermediate Thermodynamics Tutorials ~ Bachelor 2 - N’TSOUKPOE K. Edem - 2022 ‘a. avec la quantité staechiométrique de dioxygéne (utiliser ‘approche simplifiée) ; b. avec la quantité d'air nécessaire a sa disparition complete. Les gaz sont pris initialement a 0 °C. Lair est formé de 20% de dioxygene et de 80% de diazote. Pour déterminer l'enthalpie de la réaction, on peut utiliser la loi de Hess 4,H°(273) = A-H°(298) = 2A¢H°(H20,1) + ApH®(CO,g) — Of H(CHy,g) AHH°(CO, g) = -110,5 kJ-mol ‘AWH°(H,O, ) = -285,8 kJ-mot" ‘AtH°(CHs, 9) = -74,8 kJ-mol BregH(H20, ¢) = +40,7 kJ-mot" Pour des raisons pédagogiques, il vous est proposé de traiter cet exercice de deux maniéres différentes. Approche simplifiée : on suppose que la capacité thermique massique est indépendante de la température. Capacités thermiques massiques 2 pression constante cf[J-mol"K" CHa(g) : 116,12 CO) : 36,34 Oxg) 38,04 H,0(g) : $1,23 Nog): 36,13 H.0() : 75,47 Approche avancée : Capacités thermiques massiques a pression constante c2[J:mol”-K'*] en fonction de \a température T (K]. CHug) : 23,65 + 47,88-7/1000 CO(g) : 28,42 + 4,10-T/1000 O.(g) + 29,97 + 4,18-T/1000 H,0(g) : 30,01 + 10,71-T/1000 Nag): 27,88 + 4,27-T/1000 H.0() : 75,47