Neraca Energi Shell dan Distribusi Suhu

pada Solid dan Aliran Laminar

 Newtonian vs Non-Newtonian fluids
Newtonian Fluid
du z
 rz   
dr
Non-Newtonian Fluid
du z
 rz  
dr
Newtonian fluids: linear proportionality between the shearing tensor
and the shearing rate.
Non-Newtonian fluids: any different relation between the shearing
stress and the shearing rate.
2
 Time Independent Fluids
0 – Newtonian fluid: air,
τ simple gas, water
1
1 – Bingham plastics:
2
sludge, paint, blood, ketchup

2 – pseudoplastic fluids:
latex, paper pulp, clay solns.
0 slope η
3 – dilatant fluids: quicksand
3

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑟

3
 Shell Energy Balance

Untuk menyelesaikannya diperlukan:

• Menentukan elemen volume
• Membuat neraca panas
 Contoh kasus 1
Suatu kabel listrik dengan jari-jari R memiliki konduktifitas
elektrik sebesar ke ohm-1cm-1. Melalui kabel ini dialirkan listrik
dengan kerapatan arus I amp/cm2. Transmisi dari arus listrik
adalah proses irreversible dan sebagian dari energi listrik diubah
menjadi panas. Kecepatan terbentuknya panas mengikuti
persamaan berikut:
𝐼2
𝑆𝑒 =
𝑘𝑒
Suhu permukaan kabel dijaga tetap sebesar To. Susun
persamaan untuk distribusi suhu arah radial pada kabel.
Jawab:
Neraca panas:
Konveksi Paksaan
Viscous heat source
Energy balance over a shell of thickness Ax,
width W, and length L.
 Heat Conduction with A Chemical Heat Source

A chemical reaction is being carried out in a tubular, fixed-bed flow

reactor with inner radius R. The reactor extends from z=-∞ to z = + ∞
and is divided into three zones:
• Zone I: Entrance zone packed with noncatalytic spheres
• Zone II: Reaction zone packed with catalyst spheres, extending from
z = 0 to z = L
• Zone III: Exit zone packed with noncatalytic spheres
It is assumed that the fluid proceeds through the reactor tube in "plug
flow"—that is, with axial velocity uniform at a superficial value
 Lanjutan:

The density, mass flow rate, and superficial velocity are all
treated as independent of r and z. In addition, the reactor wall is
assumed to be well insulated, so that the temperature can be
considered essentially independent of r. It is desired to find the
steady-state axial temperature distribution T(z) when the fluid
enters at z = -∞ with a uniform temperature Tv.
Heat Conduction with A Chemical Heat Source
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A NUCLEAR HEAT SOURCE
HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH COMPOSITE WALLS

• In industrial heat transfer problems one is

often concerned with conduction through
walls made up of layers of various materials,
each with its own characteristic thermal
conductivity. In this section we show how the
various resistances to heat transfer are
combined into a total resistance.
• In Fig. 10.6-1 we show a composite wall made up of
three materials of different thicknesses, x1 - x0, x2 – x1
and x3 - x2, and different thermal conductivities k01,
k12, and k23. At x = x0, substance 01 is in contact with
a fluid with ambient temperature Ta, and at x = x3,
substance 23 is in contact with a fluid at temperature
Tb. The heat transfer at the boundaries x = x0 and x =
x3 is given by Newton's "law of cooling" with heat
transfer coefficients h0 and h3, respectively. The
anticipated temperature profile is sketched in Fig.
10.6-1.
 Energy Balances
• The energy balance for a slab of volume WH∆x
• Hasil penjumlahan persamaan-persamaan di atas:

• Atau

• dengan U total:
• Susunlah persamaan neraca energi untuk
gambar berikut
Neraca energi untuk tiap region:

Hasil integrasi:
• Kombinasi kedua persamaan: