Microprocessor and Interfacing

EE-212
Fall 2022
Lab Report Obtained Marks
Total Marks

Lab Engineer Signature &

Comments

Section & Group

Student Name
1. Mohammad Umar
2. Ali Haider
3. Mohammad Ibraheem
4.

Section: A Group: 3
Experiment No: 01 Date of Submission:
Feburary-13-2023
Experiment Title:
Introduction to Oscilloscope
Batch: Teacher:
BSEE 2020-24 Dr.Mohsin Riaz
Semester Lab Engineer:
6th Mr. Bilal Ahmed

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Introduction:

This lab is about the basic device of electricity known as oscilloscope. An oscilloscope that is used to
digitally store and analyze instead of analog techniques is a digital storage oscilloscope. It is a
complex electronic device, which is composed of various electronic hardware software and modules.
These are known to work in unity to capture, process, store and display data which represents the signal
of interest that the operator possesses.

Objective:

 The objective of this lab was to learn the students about the basic electrical devices such as
oscilloscope and power supply.
 The objective of this lab is also to teach the students about the basics of oscilloscope.
 We also measure the voltages of power supply and its graph at different frequencies and
amplitude.
Abstract:

In this lab we draw the graph of Ac voltages given by the power supply with the help of
oscilloscope at different frequencies. First of all we connect the probe from the power supply with the
oscilloscope. Then we turn on the oscilloscope and set out the amplitude of oscilloscope with the help
of amplitude regulator. The we set out the frequency of the signal with the help of frequency regulator.
After this we obtain the graph of our input signal. We repeat the same process for different amplitude
and different frequency. The graph was slightly bulk due to the probe which was not tightly connected.
We also changes the type of graph of input signal into sinosoidel, triangular and square. We also
observe the root mean square value and peak to peak value of the input signal. Learning how to use an
oscilloscope is an essential step for electrical engineers. The ability to use this equipment is necessary
for the analysis of circuits. Without this tool, it is almost impossible to find faults in complex circuits.
We also measure the voltages of power supply and its graph at different frequencies and amplitude.

Theory overview:

Oscilloscope:

An oscilloscope is a piece of equipment for testing electronic circuits and lets you look at the voltage
changes over time so that you can diagnose problems in a digital waveform. It can record changes or
variations in voltages over a while.Learning how to use an oscilloscope is an essential step for electrical
engineers. The ability to use this equipment is necessary for the analysis of circuits. Without this tool, it
is almost impossible to find faults in complex circuit.

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Digital Storage Oscilloscope and Cathode Ray Oscilloscopes:

An oscilloscope that is used to digitally store and analyze instead of analog techniques is a digital
storage oscilloscope.It is a complex electronic device, which is composed of various electronic
hardware software and modules. These are known to work in unity to capture, process, store and
display data which represents the signal of interest that the operator possesses.Also referred to as digital
Oscilloscope or digital sampling oscilloscope, it is the most commonly used Oscilloscope. It is used for
various purposes such as measurement features, storage, display, and advanced trigger, which it is
known for providing to its users.The input analog signals are samples and further converted into a
digital record. These digital records are found to be the amplitude of the signal during every sample
time.There are many subtypes of a digital storage oscilloscope which came into usage after digital
technology got introduced. Usually, all these types are called by the term digital oscilloscope itself.
The other terms are only used when they are to be specifically referred to.Generally, it is known as a
digital oscilloscope and digital phosphor oscilloscope or DPO. Digital storage oscilloscope – this term
came into existence after the digital oscilloscopes got introduced.The name indicates that it has a
memory that can be used for storage. These storages may be used waveforms that may be visible for a
long period.A digital storage oscilloscope is known for storing and digitizing the input signals that
come their way. It is handy and is used across various applications and industries for fulfilling multiple
tasks.In earlier times, oscilloscopes consisted of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). It is why they were called
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.

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Basics of O-Scopes:

O-scopes are used to graph the electric signals that vary over time, as you know that most of the scopes
produce two types of dimensional graphs.It produces one graph wait time on the x-axis and the other
one with the voltage on the y-axis. There are different types of controls that are available on the scope’s
screen.With the help of these controls, the scale of the graph can be adjusted both vertically and
horizontally. These controls allow for zooming in and zoom out the signal. With the help of the
controller, you can set the trigger on the score to help in focusing and stabilizing the discipline.

History of Oscilloscope:
Andre Blondel was a French physicist who invented the Oscilloscope in the year 1893.
He built and presented the first electronic Mechanical Oscilloscope, and this device registered values of
electric quantities in it. It registered electric quantities such as a current genetic intensity. The
information was recorded on the moving paper tape with the help of an ink pendulum that was attached
to the coil. The bandwidth of these mechanical devices was between 10 and 19 kHz. The Oscilloscope
was made a Universal measurement tool in 1957, and the production of this device was started in all
technologically advanced countries. This device can be divided into two types of categories, analog and
digital, which have their positive as well as negative sides and has their own distinct features.

Working Principle of Digital Storage Oscilloscope:

A digital storage oscilloscope is used for the purpose of storing and digitizing the input signals. This is
done with the usage of a cathode ray tube or CRT and with the help of digital memory. The digitization
is generally done by using the sample input signals at various periodic waveforms. Now, the maximum
frequency of the signal is measured with the help of a DSO depends majorly on two factors. These
factors are the sampling rate and the nature of the converter. In the sampling rate, the safe analysis of
the input signal is done by using the sampling theory. This theory states that it is crucial for the
sampling rate of the signals to be twice as fast as per the highest frequency of the input signa ls
received. The sampling rate refers to the fact that the analog to digital conversion rate is fast andhigh.
In the working of the digital storage oscilloscope, the converter works by using the expensive flash, the
resolution of which decreases as the sampling rate increases. The bandwidth and resolution of the
Oscilloscope are found to be limited due to the sampling rate. The need for analog to digital signal
converters might be easily overcome with the usage of a shift register. The shift register is used for
sampling and storing the input signals. The signals are read out slowly and stored in the digital form
from the shift register. When this method is followed, a huge reduction in the cost of the converter is
noticed. It is known for operating up to 100 mega samples per second. A DSO does not accept the data
input during digitization which is a disadvantage of a digital storage oscilloscope. To visualize the final

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wave, oscilloscopes are known for using the inter-polarization technique. This technique is a process
that leads to the creation of new data points by using the variable data points. The points are connected
together with the help of two processes which are linear interpolation and sinusoidal interpolation
.During interpolation, the lines are being used to connect the dot together. It is used for creating a
square waveform or a pulse. In the case of a sine waveform, sinusoidal interpolation is used in a
DSO.A digital oscilloscope comprises a digitizer, amplifier, analyzer circuitry, memory, waveform
reconstruction, horizontal plates, vertical plates, cathode ray tube or CRT, trigger, clock, time base
circuitry, clock, and a horizontal amplifier. A DSO digitizes the analog input signal, after which these
signals are amplified if found to be weak. Once the amplification takes place, the signals are digitized,
which are further stored in a memory. These digital signals are processed by the analyzer circuit once
the waveform is reconstructed.

Applications of Digital Storage Oscilloscope:

An Oscilloscope is a device that allows the user to measure various characteristics of a voltage or
current.It can be used to see how a signal changes over time. It is useful in troubleshooting electronic
circuits because it can show whether or not a circuit under test is producing the expected signal. They
are used in areas such as electronics, acoustics, telecommunications, signal processing, and medical
electronics. Oscilloscopes are complex instruments that produce the visual representation of the circuit.
They allow analyzing the electrical signal in real-time. An oscilloscope can be used for many different
purposes, ranging from basic troubleshooting to advanced research. The digital storage oscilloscope is
a device with advanced technologies such as wire bonding and CMOS architecture, can be widely
applied in a variety of fields, The main application of a digital storage oscilloscope is used to
display the waveforms of signals. It can be used in many fields such as signal, electrical, transducer test
and measurement, electrical equipment design, medical equipment testing field, etc.

Oscilloscopes are used to measure:

 Characteristics such as frequency, amplitude, rise time, and fall time.

 To check the stability of an AC signal.
 To observe the circuit behavior.
Types of Oscilloscopes:

The performance of a digital Oscilloscope depends on the sample rate and bandwidth. Different types
of digital Oscilloscopes are available today.In Digital Oscilloscope, the frequency of repeated signals is
limited by the bandwidth to be displayed. Also, sample rates limit the ability of the Oscilloscope to
capture transient.

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1. Digital Storage Oscilloscope:

A digital storage oscilloscope is a device that captures the transient events and then stands those events
for further analysis, printing, archival, and other similar processes. In this type of Oscilloscope, there is
permanent storage with the help of which any kind of signal can be recorded and uploaded on other
media for analysis. With this type of Oscilloscope, four more signals can be analyzed simultaneously
and can also provide single-shot events that are captured with the help of triggers. This type of trigger
can be set as per your requirement, whether manually or automatically. The major difference between
analog and digital storage Oscilloscope is that digital storage Oscilloscope, unlike analog one, cannot
display the level of intensity of any type of real-time signal.

2. Digital Phosphor Oscilloscopes:

In comparison to a standard digital storage oscilloscope, a Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope is faster in

capturing signal and analyzing it. It uses parallel processing with the help of which a real-time signal
visualization performance level can be attained, and it also helps in delivering the highest sampling
rates. It is similar in displaying the intensity of a signal to that of an analog oscilloscope. By duplicating
the effect of phosphorus, this device helps in storing the database of values of the defeated waveforms.
It increases the intensity of the display wherein the waveforms overlap. Digital Phosphor Oscilloscopes
display the intensity level of the transparent the only thing is that it can miss transient data outside the
data capture window and outside its update rate. It is a better version and a combination of the features
of digital storage and analog Oscilloscopes. When it comes to general-purpose, design digital timing,
communication, testing, troubleshooting, and other such processes, it delivers high quality.

3. Portable Digital Storage Oscilloscope or Fluke DSO:

Portable Oscilloscopes are a device that either Limited in feature as well as size. As the name suggests,
these can be transported easily. These devices have an extra durable protective casing that can be used
in any kind of field application and fault discovery. Fluke DSOs are small in size but have an important
feature that can help get the signals’ accuracy. These devices are also helpful in obtaining high
accuracy results and having resemblance with Laboratory type Oscilloscopes.

4. PC based USB digital storage oscilloscope:

These Oscilloscopes are based on Computers and are small in size. It also has external devices that are
connected with the computer with the help of a USB.

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When it comes to this type of Oscilloscopes, significant improvement in the sampling rate, as well as
the bandwidth, can be seen. Some USB Oscilloscopes even have the same capabilities and functions as
digital storage ones. So it is a rather affordable and durable Oscilloscope.

5. Two-Channel Digital Storage Oscilloscope:

A two-channel digital storage oscilloscope is a device that measures electrical signals over time,
displaying the information on a screen. Two-channel DSO has an analog channel for viewing voltage
waveforms and another channel for viewing digital signals. It uses internal memory to record
measurements for later analysis. The two-channel digital storage oscilloscope is a unique diagnostic
tool for understanding electrical problems in power supplies, motors, switches, lighting, and other
applications. These troubleshooting instruments are used to measure voltage and current parameters in
AC/AC or DC systems.

6. Four-Channel Digital Storage Oscilloscope:

A 4 channel digital storage oscilloscope has one analog input and four analog channels. It works on the
principle of sampling data with time resolution. In four-channel DSO, a user can set the parameters
through software or firmware to get desired results. It can be used to view and record changes in
voltage, and it provides clear and precise waveforms of voltage by using the display screen on the front
panel. It allows the user to view the voltage of either AC or DC at various frequencies. This function is
useful for diagnosing electronics and can be used to test power lines, motors, switches, circuit boards,
and so on.

7. Mixed Domain Oscilloscopes:

A mixed Domain Oscilloscope is a device that has the combined functions of an RF spectrum analyzer,
logic analyzer, and digital Oscilloscope. This type of Oscilloscopes is one of the most commonly used
devices when working with systems that include works such as Digital logic, radio frequency
communication, digital signals, digital logic, and so on. The signals that are received with the help of
the trigger and our time-correlated with each other are helpful in troubleshooting design testing and
debugging when it comes to using Mixed Domain Oscilloscopes.

8. Mixed-Signal Oscilloscope (MSO):

When it comes to using Oscilloscopes, engineers usually use a combination of digital oscilloscopes and
logic analyzers.

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This is when a mixed-signal oscilloscope comes quite in handy as it combines the capabilities of both
the devices and helps become a multi-channel logic analyzer.It has a digital triggering capability with
the help of which the analysis of the analog is enhanced that can further trigger the digital logic
transition. These types of Oscilloscopes have around 2 to 4 analog input channels and about 16 digital
input channels.

9. Digital Sampling Oscilloscope:

Digital Sampling Oscilloscopes are slightly different in the technique used for trading the higher
bandwidth for a lower dynamic range. These Oscilloscopes are supposed to handle the full range of the
input signal as the input is not animated or amplified in this device, so it generally limits the range to
about 1-volt peak to peak. This type of Oscilloscopes captures signals magnitude faster in comparison
to other types of Oscilloscopes. This is possible when the magnitude is faster and the bandwidth
exceeds 80 GHz. It doesn’t work on repetitive signals and is not that helpful in comparison to other
Oscilloscopes to capture transient beyond the normal sampling rate.

How to use an Oscilloscope?

 An Oscilloscope is a device that is particularly used for testing the types of equipment and
finding the fault of a variety of electronic circuits. It is useful in long circuits, from analog
circuits to Radio circuits.

 Having a basic knowledge of how to use an Oscilloscope is important so that you can make the
best use out of it. Let us focus on some of the useful steps that you should know for using the
Oscilloscope properly:

 The very first step is to use any device by turning the power on-off the device. A switch that is
labeled as power or line will be available on the device. You need to press the power-on button
that is available there.
 A power indicator or a light indicator will come once the power has been supplied to the device.
 After switching on the power button of the device, you should wait for the Oscilloscope display
to a for the process.
 Some Oscilliscope today have a semiconductor-based space; on the other hand, some are made
up of cathode-ray tubes, which take a while to warm up before appearing on display.
 Both types of display need time to warm up before appearing; therefore, you may need to wait
approximately a minute for the Oscilloscope to be used.

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 Once the display appears, you need to be ready to find the trace. It is the first stage for using an
Oscilloscope as other waveforms can be seen on the screen, but before that, you should work on
finding out the trace.
 For that, you can work on the trigger by setting it on the center and hold it off turn fully
counterclockwise.
 Now you also need to set the other control by placing them in horizontal and vertical positions
at the center. At this point, the trace should become visible; however, if the trace is not located,
then you can press the Beam finder button to locate it.
 The next step after finding the trace is to set the gain control on the horizontal position. The
gain control should be set so that the trees that are expected can fill the vertical screen.
 Let’s suppose that the expected waveform is about 8-volt peak to peak and the screen is about
10 cm height in the calibrated section; then, you need to set the gain control at 1 volt CM. The
way from now will be 8 cm which will occupy the screen.
 After setting the gain control, you need to set the time-based speed, which depends on what you
need to see on the screen.
 Let’s suppose that a waveform has a period time of 10 milliseconds; then, the screen may have a
width of 12 CM. At this point, the timing base speed will be one MS per centimeter.
 After setting the time-based speed, you need to apply the signal, and now an image can be seen.
 After applying the signal, you need to adjust the trigger level to find out whether it is positive or
negative going edge. The waveform of the time base will be controlled by the trigger level
control, and then the trace will start on the waveform.
 It is also important to determine whether the triggers should be on the positive or negative-
going edge so that they can be adjusted as per the required image.
 Lastly, now that the waveform table, you can readjust the vertical Gain and time-based control
to get the required image.
Operation Modes of Digital Storage Oscilloscope:

A digital storage oscilloscope is known for working in three operational modes: roll mode, store mode,
and hold or save mode. The roll modes are used to display fast fluctuating signals evidently on the
screen. The input signals are not triggered at all in this type of operational mode of DSO. This mode of
operation has a purpose that is similar to the general procedure of a CRO. As soon as the input is done,
the trace gets displayed on the screen. This mode is used for monitoring the waveform and the
characteristics that it possesses. It is said to be one of the most basic modes of operation when it comes
to working a digital storage oscilloscope. The store mode is used for storing the signals in the memory,
and the hold or saves mode facilitates a user to hold the data for some time until it gets stored in the
memory. There are some other modes as well in which a digital storage oscilloscope works.

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Department of Electrical Engineering

Microprocessor and Interfacing
EE-212

Department of Electrical Engineering

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Department of Electrical Engineering