Heanosa 10. C., 3aceyxoea E, H. MOHATHE «HPOHMA» HEE THIIbI Yysaucxuti zocydapemsennotii nedazocwueckuit ynusepcumem uu. HAL Akossesa, 2. Yeboxcapr, Poccuiickan Bedepayua Annoranus. B jannoii crarse paccmarpupaeres cymmocts crameTH4e- ckoro IpHeMa HpOHHH; jLaHHBIit beHOMeH PackpbIBaeTCs KAK MHOTOILIAHOBOE 1B- nlenue ¢ 6oraroii ucTopueii; aramusupytotea pasiMAHBIe TOUKH 3periHa o IpoHc- XO HHH HPOHHH 1 €e OMpeTeIeHHH; OTMeYAeTCA BAKHAA POIb OTEHECTREHHEIX ¥ 3apyOCKHBIX THHTBHCTOB B CTAHOBACHHH aHHOTO oHATHA, a TAKE MpHBO- HATCH KACCH>MKANHH aHHOTO ABIEHHA; BBILeTAOTCA OCHOBHBIe TPH3HAKH 1 ue ynoTpeGieHHa UpoHHH, a TaK:KE MOKASbIBAeTCA COOTHOUIeHHE HpOHHH 1 capKasma. Karovessie copa: nponns, s31koBax Mpouus, pereBas Mpouns, MHITBH- CTHYeCKas HPOHHA, ICTeTHYeCKas HPOHHA, CHTYATHBHAA HPOHHM, ACCOUMATHBHAL vponia, capkasM. C ray6oxoii apestiocrn 1 70 cospeMeHHocTH HpoHHa Haxomumace B UeH- Tpe BHHMaHTIa “emOReKa, Offa REI3hIRAMTA MHTTepeC H HMeTa MHOXKCCTRO TOTKORA- nui, Upouua upunauiexur a Hayke, 1 Kyabrype, a TaOKe MpencraBaser COOOL Hleos1orMio, cr1oco6 BOCHPHATHA slevicTRMTeMHOCTH. Ha ceroanammuii enn upouna apaserca mpeaMeTom uccuenoRanua ore- MeCTBeHHBIX H 3apyOEKHBIX YAHBIX, HE TOABKO JIMHTBHCTOR, Ho TaK%e Ht (pHATO- coos, couomoron, kysbryponoros. Ho yucusie 10 cHx Hop He MoryT upuifrH omHOsHaTHOMY BEIBOTY 0 TOM, HTO 2Ke TAKOe MPOHMA, Res TOHUMAnHe MpOHMH ¢ TeuenHeM Bpemenn Menst0cb. Vssectno, 470 JaHHoe HoHATHe Seper Hayat0 B TySoKoli ApeBHocTH, a umeuno 8 JIpestieii Tpeuun. Ppeseckoe cxoso eironeia GykpanbHo osHauaer «amputBoperBo», B ror nepvox Bpemenn ustocopst akrHBHo mpuGeram K upoHun. Tak, nanpumep, Coxpat ucroms30Ba1 UpomHio B CBOHX cropax ¢ copuctamH. Ort cTPeMmiea pasBesITb HX HaMeHHOCTS H pazoGauUTS HX aMOMKMH Ha BeesHAHHe. pons Coxpara noxyawia 1a3panne «HpascrscHHoiiy 43-22 cBoeii yByCMBIC~ neanoctu. Beceslya co CBOUM OLOHEHTOM, OH, KaK GyATO, BOCXBaNET €F0, O6- pamlactos K Hemy ,Jo6pLiMu ciloBaMM, H orryckacT ceGa Ha cro one. Ho paras 92crparerna Bexenua Geceabi 3aKmouaeTca B OGpaTHOM: CoKpar, BOCXBAILAK IO nei H BbICTABJIAa CeOa B HEBBITOZHOM CBETE, Ha CAMOM jles1e MpeBOSHIOCHT ceGa. Cpean apesnerpeseckux bustocodor uMentio Coxpara lo mpagy MoxkHo cHHTTaTh HaHOollee spKHM HocHTesIeM HpOHHH. Apuctotens B cpocit «Huxomaxonoii oTHKey Toemact B cnenyromem Pay HOHATHA «XBacTORCTRO — HcTHHa — upoHHis». Ilo ero MHeHHIO, XBacTOB- CTBOM aBiIAeTCA peyBemMeHHOE IpUTBOPCTRO, a cro HOcHTems — xBactytt. [Ipe- YMeHBULeHHOe IPHTBOPCTBO — HPOHHA, 3HAYHT, ee HOCHTeL — «pork». JIpy- THMH Ci1OBAMM, HeT0BCKa, ToROpAMCTO Oo ce6e HeMpaRAY, HaMcpeHHo BBICTABIA- Joulero CeGa B HEBBITOHOM HOOKEHHH, HO 3HAIOULeTO 06 TOM, MOXKHO HA3BATD HponnkoM, a MpHyKpamimpatomero dbaxTbt 0 ceGe — xBacTytIOM. Botloxy BospoxkeHd HPOHHa AKTHBHO HCHONb30BAIACb B PAMKAX TPA unit naposuioii cMexoBoii KyABTypBI. Uctopux 41. Bypxxapa nunca 06 upoxum 8 caoux tpynax. B cBoeii pabore «Kyastypa Hiram p otioxy Bospoxtenis» on HcTlom30Ramt porto Kak puTO- piieckuit npvem 4 oGopor pest, HOABEprarouuali KOTO-HGO OcMeAHMHO Hocpest- cTBOM ToHKorO Hamexa [4] B 9110xy peHeccatica MpOHU ABILUIACb HHCTPyMeHTOM KysbryporBopYe- cTBa amMHOCTH H MepeouenkH HeHHOcTeli. Tonmysmpas Has co6oli, 1en0BeK H3- GapnAICA OT HeraTHBHDIX YcTAMOROK H MIPHBBTEK, a BBICMEHBAA OKPYxAIOMNAX, on BoSBBILIAT ceGa Ha HX HeqOCTaTKAMH 1 OUIMOKAMH. B kone XIX crouerns nepenextHabl HaysHO-TexHHecKoro Lporpecca HSMeHIUIM IpHBBTTHEIiL yiCIaX -KUSHM HM MHMpOBOS3peHMe MpocToro Hapoja, tT TIpHRexo k ROSHMKHORCHMO sleKayeHTCTRA — THTepaTypHoro HanpaRseHHA, KOTO- PoMy cBoiicrBermi ynaxounMuecTRO, OTUYDKLEHHe YeTOBeKa H yrpara BCeX ero WleatoR ¢ YHeTOM CTPeMHTeNbHOTO pAsBHTHA LABHTMALAM, a TAKE BEIMYp- HOCTb 1 TOMHOCTS MpOHHH. Paccmorpes HanGou1ee apKue 9TaIIbI pasBUTHA HPOHMH, MoxHO NpHiirHt K BBIBOAY, ITO K HPOHHM UpUGeraH B pasHbIe HCTOPHYECKHE Hepuoy{EI Ht HCIIONS- SOBAJIH Ce KAK HHCTPYMeHT BOS/LCHICTBHS Ha OKPY?KAFOULAX. Ha ceroqnauininii neb cymecrayer MHO2eCTRO TOueK spetiHa O cyMIOCTH. H onpestenenmm porn O. C. AxMatiopa B «CuoBape JIMHTBOCTHIIMCTHYECKHX TepMHHOB» ommpeste- ICT MPOHMIO KaK «IPHEM, KOTOPBI 3aKMOMACTeH B yTOTpCOCHHH croBa co CMBICIOM, KOTOpBIli SBIAeTCA OGPATHEIM GYKBAIGHOMY C 1eiTbIO TOHKOH HTK ckpbIToii HacmenmkH; 9TO HacMenrka, HapodHTo OGMeHeHHaA B PopMy MoAO2KH- ‘TenbHoli xapakrepucruKit 1460 BocxBaneHua» [1]. . IL. Epmakopa orMcuacr, 410 «HpoHHs — OfNH 13 BHJLOB A3bIKOBOT Ma HIIYJAUMH, KOTOpAd 3aKHONATCH B YIOTPEOMEHHH CHOBA, BbIPAKEHHA HIM Le TOTO BBICKASBIRANINs (R TOM UHeTe Ht TeKcTa GomBMTOTO OGBeMa) B CMBICATC, Mpo- TuBopevaiiem GykBanbHOMy (salle BCeTO B MPOTHBOTIOMIO:KHOM) ¢ UeNbIO naememmr» [5]. Macmillan Dictionary aer rakoe oupexenerue upounu: «lrony is a form of humour in which you use words to express the opposite of what the words 93really mean» [11]. Boabuioii Suakioneawueckii Cnopapb coneprkuT HecKOubKO onpenene- unit Tepminia «uponnsy. Vipons (or rpex. eironeia — npursopcrso) — sto: 1) orpHtiaHie Wir ocMe- amie, MpuTRopHo obmeKaeMBre B DOPMY Cormactia HH OAOGperts; 2) cTHATCTH ueckaa (Hrypa: BBIpaKeHHe HACMeLIKH WIM JYKABCTBa ¢ TIOMOMIbIO HHOCKA3a- HM, KOF;a COBO HIM BBICKASEIBAHHe OOpeTaer B KOHITeKCTe PeHHt CMBICH, 1IPO~ THBOMLOIOXKHbII GyKBANBHOMY 3HaNeHHIO HH OTpUNaroUMUii ero; 3) BHA KOMHE- CKOTO, Kora CMCIIHOc 3aByasIMpoBaHO TOA HeHTO cepHesHoc TaHT B ce6e HyB- cro npewocxoseTBa HsIK ckerITHUHaMa [3]. TL, Mioxke raxxxe mpescrasia coe onpenerenime Tepautia «aponus». 970 cHOCOG roBOpeHHS, IIHCbMA, JeHCTBHA, HOBEEHHA HT.J., B PesystbTave KOTOpOrO ToIMNHOe HIM TompasyMeBaeMoe 3HaveHHe HaMepentiio Mpes{cTapaseTcA Hepes HECOBMECTHMOe C HIM, 10Ka3HOE H UpuTBOpHOE sHaueHne [12] Bako OTMCTHTS, UTO MpaRHAbHOe TOHMMAHHe HPOHHN MoxeT COMMITS coGecenHHKoB, cozath sibekr «UpHacTHOCTH», OGectIeNHT KOMPpopTHOE 1 no6poxenatenbHoe o6uenne. Henpasuabtio HerombsoRaHtas, HemOHsATAR HK HeyMeCTHad HPOHHA, HAOGOpOr, IPHBOAHT K PaspyleHHiO HOHMMAKHA, YxY/ULe- HM MexmMTHOCTHBIX OTHOMeHHi. Have roBops, TonMManHe MporMH «Benet sInGo K XAOTHBAIIHH, HGO Kk rapMoHHsanHH oSmEHHs» [9]. Tipoananusuposas xanisre onpenetenHs, MoxkHO TIpuiiTH K BBIBOy, ITO MPOHHA — 910 CTHIMCTHYECKHit IPHeM, CocTOsUUAH B yrloTpeGueHHH cs10Ba HIK BHIPAKHMA B IPOTHMBOTONOAKHOM HX 3HATCHHM C HeMsIO HACMCLIKM. CresoratembHo, nembio ynorpeGseHHa HpOHHH aRsAeTCA HeARHOE ROsNeH- crpue Ha peuMMMeHTa: BLISBATb YALIOKY, CMEX, M Hapa © 9THM CaTUpH4ecKH pas00Na4HTb, BEIPAIHTS KPHTHKY, CKpBITOe ocy>kAeHHE Kak 61110 ckasario Bn, Hpona Coxpata Hocusa aBycMbicmenHBtit xa paxtep. 31H Ba cMBICuIa MpoTHBOrocraBAMOTeA APYE Apyry To puny «He- THHHOCTH/10%KHOCTH, KOTOpBIii UrpaeT KOUeBYIO Pout B O6pAs0BAHH HPOHH- WeCKHX BBICKa3bIBAHHit. Ue GoubIIe KOHTpACT, TeM CHIbHee HpOHHA. Taicxe MpOnHa ABILAeTCA KOHTEKCTYAbIBIM aBIeHHeM. TO O3HAaeT, 4TO ona peasyeTca HMCHHO B KOHTCKCTe, KOTOPHIii HOsRONICT yRUJICT M pactio~ 3HaTB ee. C noMompio HponHn sHTaTeAb HMCCT BOSMOKHOCTH YBHICT BITIAsTHI AB Topa Ha OKpykaioMlit Mp. JT 3Ha4HT, TO MPOHHs BEIPAKaeT OeHOUHOE 3HA- uenne u nepenaér ocoGoe, KaK NpaBHsIO, KPHTHECKOe OTHOUIeHHe ABTOpA K 10- JIM H COOBITHAM. CoorpererscHHo, upoHHa KaK A3KIKOBOIi IPHeM Xapakrepu3yetea jIBy- CMBICHEHHOCTHIO, KOHTEKCTYAbHOCTHIO H OLleHOUHOCTSIO. UYro KacacTes THTIOR HPOTHM, B CORPeMCHMOM TMATBNCTHKe TOKa He cyMe- cTBYeT eHHCTREHHOH OGuLenpHHATOH KNACCHDUKALHH B CBIBH C TEM, ITO HpO- Tha — apesBsrHaiitio pastooGpasibtit a MrorocTopommnit dbettomert. PaccMoTpHM HECKOUBKO CyUlecTByIOUMHX KaccHpAKALMiL C rouKu sperma sapucuMoctu or KonTexcra E. A. Tesenuxuna Boijenset 94A3bIKOBYIO H peseByio HPOHHH. JLna peamusaunn assIKOBOIL MPOHHE HeOGXOAHM JIMULb MHMMaNbHbIi KOHTEKCT, B TO BPeMa KaK BTOpoii THN MoH peanusyerea TOMBKO B OMperteAeHHOM KoNTeKcTe. HecaefoBaTeAb nloApasslemteT pexeBy!o HPOHHIO Ha HHJMBHLYAibHO-ABTOPCKYIO HSIN TBOPUECKYIO, KOTOAM BBITIONHSE XyMOxecTREMHYTo @yNKKMIO H HTpacT BAXKHYTO Poms B Hyelit10-o6pastiolt CTPYK- Type mpouspesenna [7]. Tpyryio xiaccnduxayimo npeyraraer E. B. Maprestiona. Ona pasjenser MpOHHO Ha THHTBHCTHHecKyIO u 9cTeTHuecKyi. B paMKax JMHTBUCTHNECKOiL MMPOHMH AeKCHMecKas CMHHIa HcTOMB3yCTes B 3tATCHHM TpsMO TpOTHBOTIOTOX- HOM eo OCHOBHOMY 3HaNeHHiO. B ciy4ae c 9cTeTHYeCKOH HpOHHell RepGAIbHBIM eaMIMNAM MpHTMcHIBAIOTCA He MpAMO MpoTHBOMONOKMHIe sHaNeHHA, a BEC CHEKIP HPOHH4eCKH-OKKA3HOHATHBIX CMBICIOB [6]. C. HL Hoxonna knaccabarmposama pono B 3apicHMocTa oT yeroBHii 1 cnocoGos ee peamu3auun. B paMKax 3Toro MpHHUUNA Oa BEULeNAeT CHTyaTHB- Hyto H acconmaTHBHyto Hporito. «CHIYATHBHAA HPOHUA — ABHBIIi, MOUMOHAHO-OKpallleHHbI THI MpO- HHH; 9TO Mos, KoTOpaa ocosHaeTCa HeMemTeHHO, Koutpact Mexkity cuTyaTHB- HBIM KOHTEKCTOM H IIPAMBIM 3HA4HHEM CiOBA, CHOBOCOHeTAHHA (IIPesLIOKEHHA) cpasy 2Ke MopoxlaeT sHaveHHe, mpoTHBoTOnOKHOe MpaMomy». CuryaTuBnas MpOHHA cHOcOGeTRYET cosAHMIO APKHX MPOHMHecKHX cHTYAIMi B XyAO%Ke- cTBeHHoM npousBenennu [8]. AccouMaTHBHAaA UpOHHA UpexcTaBAAer coGOli Gouee cuorKHbIli THI Mpo- Him, «Oro ckpsrTsiii, ToHKHii THN MpoHMMH; peamHsaunA TepeHOCHBIX 3HACHHTE B 9TOM cily'1ae MIPOHEXOMHT MOCTEMeHHO, HORBIe 3HAYEHHA BOSHHKAIOT rpalyastbHO, uro Tpe6yer 6ombUHX KorTeKcToB. Takoii BH HPOHHM sBAAeTCA >¢exTHBHHIM cpesieTBOM cosqaHHa OGpasoR MPOUSRe/LeHHA, BbIPAKEHHA ABTOPCKOTO MHPOBO3- spenus, B ccTeme xy1oxkecTBeHHOTo NpousBeseHHA pom acconMaTHBHO! HpO- Hinu Gonee Beka, HexkeT poms cHTyaTHBHO! HpoHHA» [8]. Aa peannsaui 2aHHsIx BHOB MpOHHH HeO6XOAMM pasiblii KOHTeKCT. Ynrarens Ges Tpyaa MoxeT pactlosHaTb CHTYaTHBHY!O MpOHMIO, KOTOPAs, KaK MpaBi10, peanusyerea 8 paMKax oyHoro a6saua. J[1a nonMManHa accoumarHs- noii Hponun rpe6yeTca MerakonTeKer, T.c. Bee MporaBeyteHHe PaccMoTpHM oj{4H 13 IPHMepos yHloTpeGseHHs HPOHHH B poate JbkysIM- ana Baprica «crops mupa 8 10 Y% r1apaxn: “Fine thanks he got for his valour; the Noahs had him casseroled one Embarkation Sunday” [10]. — «CimapHo xe ero orOnaronapi 3 HaxoAUNBOCTH — ONH@KABI, B FONOBUUAY OTMLABITHA, OH SKIT nogau K eroay» [2]. Tannesii upumep wuu0ctpupyer, kak Hoi nope ces 110 OTHOMICHHIO K e”MHOpOTy, caciuleMy :KU3HB xkeHe ero china. pois 3akinouaercs B KOHTpAcTe MOXY LOCTOHMEIM OTHOMCHHMEM K CAMHOPOTY, KOTOPOTO OM sacay-KHRACT, ykacHoii He6saroapHOcTbro co CTOpoHEI ceMbHt Hos. B rlepesoze HPOHMMECKHii adébexr coxpanaeres, Mepenosrsak mpuGeraet k MiBepcHH, KOTOpas TIpHsaeT BEI~ CKAa3bIBAHINO BEIPAIUTEAbHOCTS H APKOCT. MpOHItA B LaHHOM LIPUMepe pealH30- 95BaHa Ha JIeKCHeCKOM ypOBHe NocpercTBOM cymlecTBHTebHOTO “fine”. Jaa ne~ pewaun MpouHH mpuMenserca upuGamxennbii nepesou: cyulecrBuTesbH0e “fine” He HMeeT B PYCCKOM A3bIKe TOMHOTO COOTRETCTBHA, H «cAABHOy ABAACTCA GaWKAHHIIHM 110 3HA4CHHIO 9KBHBAICHTOM JTeKCHYeCKOH eXMHHUS! OpurHHatta Hepenko mpormio mytaror ¢ capkasMom, KoTopblif, B oTAMIHe OT HpoHAH, H3HAYANBHO HMeeT HeMbIO 3a/leTS HeOBEKA 3a %KUBOE H MOHHBHTb ero caMo- onenky. Tepmii nponsomren or rpeveckoro «capKaselitm, 4To o3auaeT appar IIOTS, Kak CoGaKay. ITOT HpHeM HacTO yHOTpEOALIA AHTHHBIe OpaTopbI B 10- SMTHCCKHX cHlopax, 4TOOsI yUpeKHYTs cobcceAHMKa. CapKasM OTIMMIACTCH OCO ObIM eXHICTBOM H ABBHTENBHOCTHIO. Ero SHaYeHHe MOXKET BApbUPOBATKCA BMe~ cTe co cMenoii miTonanHH 1 B stia4HTenbHOli cTereHH 3aBMCHT OT KOMTeKCTA. Mipouns xe Hecer coGoii Gosiee Markuii, G1aronpHaTHBIit OTreHOK. Vicxons 13 Bbinten3n02ken0ro, MoxkHO CleaTS BBIBOA, ITO MpoHis — pas- HOCTOPOHHEE ABNIEHHE, UMeIOUlee MHOXECTBO MATepupeTauMii u KIaccHAuKa- unit, Ee MoxkHo paccMaTpuBaTs He TOKO KaK AIBIKOROC ARAICHHE H KATCTOpHIO KOMH4ECKOTO, @ TAKE H BHE HAYKH — KaK CHOCOG BHIPwKEHHA HelicTBHTeIBHO- TH, Kak MupoBocmpuatue, BUA HeKycCTBA. JIMTEPATYPA 1, Axmanoea O. C. Cnonaps sunrencrisiecknx Tepmanos. M. : Conerekas oHumKIOMe- ana, 1966. 608 c. 2. Bapne Hoe. Wcropua wupa 8 10 %4 raagax. CHG. : AsGyKa, 2018. 379 3, Bounwoti Snyuxnoneduveckuit Crosape [Duexrpounii pecype]. Pexum ocryna hhttps:/gufo.me/dict/bes. 4, Bypxxapom A. Kyusrypa Bospoxuenua & iran [Suexrpouuiit pecype). Pexn octyna : hitp://yanko.lib.rwbooks/hist/burkhardt%3Dsrednev_mir_voobraj%3Dann.him 5. Epmaxosa O. IZ. Vpouns u c& pons s -xusum sstna. Kaayra : Visa-no Kany. nea, roc. ya-ra, 2005. 202 c. 6. Mapmesnosa E. B, BepSansnas penpesenrauna uponuu Kak KaTeropun KoMate- ekoro: Ha Marepuauie HeMeuKoro ssbiKa, M. : H31i-80 Mock. rie. roe. yit-ra, 2007. 320 c. 7. Hevenuxuna E. A. K upo6aeme upousieckoro cmsicavoGpaz0nanus // OGpequHeH- sil nayantsti aypuast. 2010, Ne 5. 163 c. 8. Moxodua C. H. Slsbixonsie Bub H cpeycTea peanusayun upon. Kues : Haykoga atysxa, 1989. 126 e. 9. Xpamuenxo JI. C. Viponma xax cpenctso axTuusanau cunepruiier nporeccor mparMa-cemauTHeckoil caMoopranusallun auraMiickoro ZemoBoro sucKypca. Camapa : Becr~ nux CamapcKoro rocynapersenmoro yusepenrera, 2009. Ne 67, C. 175-180. 10. Barnes, J. A History of the World in 10 1/2 Chapters. Picador, 2005. 373 p. 11, Macmillan Dictionary. [Dnexrponmsit pecype]. Pexwm —octyna https:!/www-.macmillandictionary.comy. 12, Muecke, D.C. The compass of irony. London: Methuen & LTD, 1969. 276 p. 96