PHYSICS

PHYSICS
- A BASIC SCIENCE.
WHAT DOES THE WORD “BASIC” EQUATE
TO?

✔ SIMPLE
✔ RELATIVELY EASY
 WHAT DOES IT MEAN WITH
PHYSICS, BEING “BASIC OF ALL
SCIENCES”?

✔ BASAL = FOUNDATIONAL
✔ FUNDAMENTAL = HIGHLY IMPORTANT
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 PHYSICS
- STUDY OF MATTER, ENERGY AND ITS
TRANSFORMATIONS AND THEIR
INTERACTIONS.
 PHYSICS
- THE STUDY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL
CONSTITUENTS: MOTION, ENERGY, FORCE AND
BEHAVIOUR OF MATTER THROUGH SPACE AND
TIME
Mechanics Solid-state physics
Thermodynamics Particle physics
Magnetism Condensed matter physics
Electricity Electronics
Optics Astrophysics
Acoustics Geophysics
Atomic Physics Engineering Physics
Relativistic Physic Chemical physics
Plasma physics Biophysics
Quantum physics Medical Physics
Nuclear physics Cryogenics
• MECHANICS IS THE BRANCH OF PHYSICS
DEALING WITH THE STUDY OF MOTION
WHEN SUBJECTED TO FORCES OR
DISPLACEMENTS, AND THE SUBSEQUENT
EFFECTS OF THE BODIES ON THEIR
ENVIRONMENT.
• STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF FORCES.
• THIS BRANCH OF
PHYSICS DEALS WITH
THE BEHAVIOR,
PROPAGATION, AND
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT.
• OPTICS CAN BE
SIMPLY DESCRIBED AS
THE STUDY OF THE
BEHAVIOR OF
INFRARED LIGHT,
VISIBLE LIGHT, AND
ULTRAVIOLET.
• THERMODYNAMICS DEALS WITH
THE STUDY OF HEAT AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP WITH WORK
AND ENERGY.
• THERMODYNAMICS ALSO DEALS
WITH THE TRANSMISSION OF
HEAT ENERGY BY MEANS OF
CONVECTION, CONDUCTION,
AND RADIATION.
• ELECTROMAGNETISM DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE LIKE ELECTRIC FIELDS, LIGHT,
MAGNETIC FIELDS, ETC.
• THIS BRANCH OF PHYSICS DEALS WITH THE
THEOREM THAT WAS FORMULATED BY ALBERT
EINSTEIN.
• THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY STATES THAT
SPACE AND TIME ARE RELATIVE AND ALL THE
MOTION MUST BE RELATIVE TO A FRAME OF
REFERENCE.
• ACOUSTIC DEALS WITH THE
STUDY ACOUSTICS
OF SOUND AND ITS
TRANSMISSION, PRODUCTION,
AND EFFECTS.
• ACOUSTICS MAINLY INVOLVES
THE MECHANICAL WAVES IN
GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS
WHICH INCLUDES VIBRATION,
SOUND, ULTRASOUND, AND
INFRASOUND.
 MEASUREMENT
Imperial System
Metric System
❑ Why the need for measurement?
❑ Why must there be a common Standard?
❑ What are the advantages of Metric over Imperial or
English System of Measurement?
 IMPERIAL SYSTEM

THE ENGLISH SYSTEM

A COLLECTION OF MEASURES FOR LENGTH, VOLUME, WEIGHT, AREA, ETC.
THAT HAVE THEIR ROOTS IN HUNDREDS OF YEARS OF HISTORY.
THE MEASURES ARE HUMAN-SCALE AND, ONCE LEARNED, EASY TO USE.
ONLY THREE COUNTRIES – THE U.S.A., LIBERIA AND MYANMAR – STILL
OFFICIALLY/MOSTLY STICK TO THE IMPERIAL SYSTEM.
 ADVANTAGES OF METRIC SYSTEM OVER
IMPERIAL SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

✔IT HAS ONLY ONE UNIT FOR EACH

QUANTITY
✔IT IS IN MULTIPLES OF 10
✔IT USES PREFIXES
✔APPLICABLE IN MICRO TO MACRO LEVEL
 POUND MASS AND POUND FORCE

• ONE OF THE GREATEST SOURCES OF CONFUSION IN THE IMPERIAL SYSTEM

OF MEASUREMENT IS THAT BOTH MASS AND FORCE ARE MEASURED USING
THE SAME UNIT, THE POUND.
• TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE TWO, WE CALL ONE TYPE OF POUND THE
POUND-MASS (LBM) AND THE OTHER THE POUND-FORCE (LBF).
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THEM AND KNOWING HOW TO USE THEM IN
CALCULATIONS IS VERY IMPORTANT IN USING AND UNDERSTANDING THE
IMPERIAL SYSTEM.
❑ THE POUND-MASS IS ALSO A FUNDAMENTAL UNIT WITHIN THE IMPERIAL
SYSTEM. IT IS EQUAL TO EXACTLY 0.45359237 KILOGRAM BY DEFINITION.
1 LBM = 0.4536 KG
1KG = 2.2046 LBM

❑ THE POUND-FORCE IS DEFINED A BIT DIFFERENT THAN THE NEWTON. ONE

POUND-FORCE IS DEFINED AS THE FORCE REQUIRED TO ACCELERATE AN
OBJECT WITH A MASS OF 1 POUND-MASS AT A RATE OF 32.174 FT/S2 .
F=MA
1 LBF = 32.174 LBM · FT/S2
= 1 SLUG · FT/S2
= 32. 174 POUNDALS
 POUNDAL

The poundal (pdl) is a unit of force that is part of

the foot–pound–second system of units, in Imperial
units introduced in 1877.

The poundal is defined as the force necessary to

accelerate 1 pound-mass at 1 foot per second per
second.

1 pdl = 1 lbm-ft/s2
≈ 0.14 newton
 SLUG

2
• A SLUG IS DEFINED AS THE MASS THAT IS ACCELERATED BY 1 FT/S WHEN A
NET FORCE OF ONE POUND (LBF) IS EXERTED ON IT.
• ONE SLUG IS A MASS EQUAL TO 32.174 LB.
• AT THE EARTH'S SURFACE, AN OBJECT WITH A MASS OF 1 SLUG EXERTS A
FORCE DOWNWARD OF APPROXIMATELY 32.174 LBF OR 143 N.

1 SLUG = 32.174 LBM = 14.5939 KG

1 LBF= 1 SLUG * 1 FT/S2
 CONVERTING BETWEEN
POUNDS-MASS AND POUNDS-FORCE
• IF YOU HAVE AN OBJECT AND YOU ARE TOLD ITS MASS IN LBM, YOU CAN FIND ITS WEIGHT IN
LBF, PROVIDED YOU KNOW WHAT THE ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY IS AT THAT
LOCATION.

TECHNICALLY, THIS IS NOT A UNIT CONVERSION SINCE WE ARE CHANGING WHAT IS BEING
MEASURED (FROM MASS TO WEIGHT), NOT JUST THE UNITS.

• HERE IS AN OUTLINE OF THE STEPS TO FIND THE WEIGHT IN LBF, GIVEN THE MASS IN LBM AND
THE ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY (G).

1. USE NEWTON’S 2ND LAW (A=F/M) TO FIND WEIGHT IN LBM·FT/S2 .

2. CONVERT WEIGHT FROM LBM·FT/S2 TO LBF USING THE
RELATIONSHIP 1 LBF=32.174 LBM·FT/S2 .
EXAMPLE 2:
THE ASTRONAUT PICKS UP A MOON ROCK AND WEIGHS IT USING A SPRING SCALE. THE SCALE
SAYS THE ROCK HAS A WEIGHT OF 5 LBF. A) WHAT IS THE MASS OF THE ROCK IN LBM? B) WHAT IS
THE WEIGHT OF THE ROCK ON EARTH IN LBF?

FOR PART A, THE PLAN IS TO FIND THE MASS OF THE ROCK USING THE REVERSE OF THE METHOD
USED IN EXAMPLE 1:
 CONVERSION FACTORS
● LENGTH ●

1 NAUTICAL MILE = 1.151 STATUTE MILES

1 “STATUTE” MILE = 1.609 KM = 5280 FT.
1KM = 1000 M
1M = 100 CM = 1000 MM = 3.281 FT
1CM = 10MM
1 YARD = 3FT
1FT = 12 INCHES
1INCH = 2.54 CM = 1000 MILS
•10 KNOTS = 10 NAUTICAL
MILES/HR
•KNOTS = UNIT OF SPEED OF
SHIPS/AIRPLANES
•STATUTE = ROAD NETWORK
• 
• 
• WITH SO MUCH TIME TO SPEND, YOU DECIDED TO
EMBARK ON A ROAD TRIP WITH YOUR TOYOTA
PICK-UP TRUCK (22.5 MPG). KNOWING THAT YOU
ONLY HAVE 10L OF FUEL LEFT IN THE TANK, YOU
FILLED IT UP WITH DIESEL FUEL THAT
COSTS  ₱51.73/L AND PAID  ₱3,000.

a. How far a distance, in kms, can you reach

before the gas runs dry?
b. Could you possibly drive, forth and back, the
road between Aparri, Cagayan and Matnog, Sorsogon
(640.2 nmi) and still have some spare fuel?
❑ GIVEN:
VFUEL = 10L
FUEL COST = PHP 51.73/L
MILEAGE = 22.5 MILES/GALLON
AMOUNT PAID = PHP 3000
TWO WAY DISTANCE GOAL = 2* 640.2 NMI = 1280.4 NMI
❑ UNKNOWNS

1.TOTAL DISTANCE, D REACHED BEFORE FUEL RUNS DRY

t,
2.POSSIBILITY OF DRIVING FORTH AND BACK A DISTANCE OF 640.2 NMI.

If dtotal > dgoal, yes

If dtotal ≤ dgoal, no
❑ STRATEGIES
1. COMPUTE FOR THE TOTAL VOLUME OF FUEL IN THE TANK
2. SOLVE FOR THE TOTAL DISTANCE POSSIBLE
3. COMPARE THE TOTAL DISTANCE WITH THE GOAL DISTANCE
1. Vtotal = 10L + (1L/PhP 51.73)(PhP 3000)
= 10L + 57.99342741L
= 67.99 L ≈ 68L
2. Dtotal = mileage (mile/gallon) * Vtotal (gallon)
a. convert mpg to kmpL
22.5 mi/gal = 22.5 mi/gal X 1.609km/1mile X 1 gal/3.785L
= 22.5*1.609/3.7875 km/L = 9.564729194 km/L
= 9.56 km/L
Dtotal = mileage*volume
= 9.564729194 km/L X 67.99342741L
= 650.3387202 kms
= 650. 34 kms
Convert Dgoal of 1280.4 nmi to kms
Dgoal =1280.4 nmi
=1280.4 nmi X 1.151 mi/1nmi X 1.609 kms/1mi
= 2371.248304 kms
= 2371.25 kms
Since Dtotal < Dgoal, thus NO
❖ GIVEN:
MILEAGE = 22.5 MILES/GALLON
INITIAL FUEL = 10 L
COST FUEL = PHP51.73/L
AMOUNT PAID = PHP3,000
DISTANCE TARGET, Y = 2*640.2 NAUTICAL MILES

❖ UNKNOWN/S:
A. DISTANCE IN KMS B4 THE GAS RUNS DRY
B. POSSIBILITY OF A FORTH AND BACK TRIP WITH SPARE FUEL STILL

1. SOLVE FOR THE TOTAL VOLUME OF FUEL IN LITERS

2. CONVERT THE MILEAGE IN KM/L
3. SOLVE FOR THE TOTAL DISTANCE, DT IN KMS
4. COME UP WITH A CONDITION TO SATISFY QUESTION B.

IF D
TOTAL
> DTARGET , YES
IF D
TOTAL
≤ DTARGET, NO
VFUEL = 10 L + ( PHP 3000 * 1L/PHP51.73)
= 10 L + 57.99342741 L
= 67.99342741 L
= 68.00 L
CONVERT MILEAGE IN MPG TO KMPL

MILEAGE = 22.5 MI/GAL *(1.609KM/1MILE)*(1GAL/3.785L)

= 9.564729194 KM/L
= 9.56 KM/L
DTOTAL = VOLUME*MILEAGE
= 67.99342741L *9.564729194 KM/L
= 650.3387201 KMS
= 650.34 KMS
▪ CONVERT 2*640.2 NMI TO KMS

DTARGET = 2*640.2 NMI = 1280.4 NMI

1280.4 NMI = 1280.4 NMI *( 1.151 MI/NMI)*(1.609 KMS/MI)

= 2371.2483036 KMS
= 2371.25 KMS

THEREFORE, DTARGET = 2371.25 KMS

SINCE D <D , THEREFORE HE WON’T BE ABLE TO DO THE GOAL

TOTAL TARGET
*A HALL WITH A FLOOR AREA THAT MEASURES 60M X 25FT IS TO BE LAID WITH
GRANITE TILES, 8 IN ON A SIDE THAT COSTS ₱ 45.00 APIECE. HOW MUCH
MONEY MUST BE SHELLED-OUT TO PURCHASE ALL THE TILES NEEDED?
GIVEN:
SOLVE FOR THE FLOOR AREA IN SQUARE INCHES.
AFLOOR = 60M*25FT
60M = 60M* (3.281 FT/1 M)*(12 IN/1 FT)
= 2362.32 IN
25FT = 25 FT *( 12 IN/1 FT)

= 300.00 IN
AFLOOR = 2362.32 IN * 300 IN = 708,696.00 SQ.IN
• 
• 
CAPITAL = PHP 900/HALF SACK * 20 HALF SACKS
= PHP 18,000.00
AMOUNT OF RICE BOUGHT IN KGS
= 25KG/HALFSACK * 20 HALFSACKS
= 500 KGS
PRICE OF EACH REPACK
= PHP47/KG * 2KGS/REPACK
= PHP94/REPACK
COMPUTE FOR THE # OF REPACKS
= 500 KGS/2KGS/REPACK
= 250 REPACKS
SALES = 250 REPACKS*PHP94/REPACK
= PHP23,500.00
X = SALES – CAPITAL = PHP23,500 – PHP18,000
= PHP5,500.00
Genaro Bendo Abreu
Physics Mentor, Traveler, Waterfalls Chaser, Hobbyist and Insurer