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RESEARCH_CALANAO-JM-RIDGE-
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27
AWARENESS AND PERCEIVED APPROACHES TOWARDS HIV/AIDS OF GRADE 6

PUPILS OF MATULAS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
An Undergraduate Thesis
1
presented to The Faculty of College of Teacher Education
Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges – Marbel, Inc.

Koronadal City
54 2
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Elementary Education
JM RIDGE I. CALANAO
DECEMBER, 2023
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
It has been decades since the Philippines detected its first human
immunodeficiency virus HIV. It acquired an immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS
case. Unfortunately, despite years of fighting these diseases, the number of
cases continues to rise. One of the most distressing trends is that Filipino
youth have had the second-highest patient increase over the years. The
Philippines has implemented a series of preventive measures against HIV and
AIDS. Still, over the past several years, an exponential rise in cases among
youth has become a significant concern in the country.

The National Population and Health Survey provides valuable data for
observing the country's population and health situation. The Philippine
Statistics Authority conducts the NDHS every five years to provide speedy
information on fertility, family welfare, and child and maternal health. The
survey also contributes to policy development and monitoring activities, as well
54 3
as health research and programs (Costello, 2017).
According to a UNAIDS document on the global HIV epidemic, the new infection
rate inside the Philippines has almost doubled in the last six years. From 4,300
people in 2010 to 10,500 people in 2016. The Philippines has the world's
fastest-growing Spread of HIV / aids in the Pacific region. The majority of new
infections occur in people aged 15 to 24. (Sanchez, 2022).
There are ways to lower the likelihood of contracting HIV/AIDS, and other
reasonable precautions have to keep people from becoming infected. Higher
emergency contraception reported prevalence, physician availability, and
education, according to Mondal, have all played crucial roles in Hiv services
worldwide. Health education is essential for encouraging healthy behavior and
disease prevention. Health education, in particular, is a powerful tool for
3
reducing the HIV burden of diseases (Hossain, 2018).
In Region 12, the Regional Implementation Team (RIT) for Responsible
Parenthood and Reproductive Health (RPRH) mentioned that one of the major
concerns of the region is the high incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV) infection. Which, if left untreated, will develop into a full-blown Acquired
3
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Mateo, 2017).
4
Therefore, the researcher would like to determine the level of awareness of the
pupils about HIV/AIDS and the implications of their knowledge and
understanding of the increasing number of people infected. Using the initial

4
ideas, the researcher determines the awareness and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS
among Grade 6 students at Matulas Elementary School.
Research Objectives
2 4
This research sought to ascertain the degree of awareness and perceived
approach toward HIV/AIDS among grade 6 students at Matulas Elementary
54
School during the academic year 2021-2022. Specifically, it sought to answer
the following:
4
To determine the level of awareness of grade 6 elementary pupils of Matulas
Elementary School on HIV/AIDs.
To ascertain these students' attitudes toward HIV/AIDS.
To develop implications for the results of the study.
Review of Related Literature and Studies

Foreign Literature
5
Disease, CMV virus, TB, cancer, and fulminant leukemia are recurring
3
respiratory illnesses (Waymack, 2021). (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention White blood cells (WBC) make up the immune system that protects
your body, according to the Department of Health Philippines.WBCs fight
disease and germs in the body. Over the years, HIV has killed most WBCs,
leaving the body unprotected and enabling many other secondary diseases to
attack the body. Since then, more than 7 million people have worldwide,
resulting in over 35 million deaths. (Wilson, 2022).
Most HIV infections occur through unprotected penetrative sexual intercourse
through anal or vaginal sex, sharing infected needles, syringes, or other drug
injection equipment, or from an infected mother to her newborn. Contrary to
widespread assumption, HIV cannot reproduce outside a human host and does
not survive for a very long time outside the body (such as on surfaces). It cannot

be spread through handshakes, hugs, shaking hands, sharing of restrooms,

sharing of dishes, or by a mosquito, ticks, or even other insects, saliva, tears, or
perspiration. HIV transmission through the air via closed-mouth or
"sociocultural" kissing, with some HIV transmission through other sexual
practices that do not require the exchange of bodily secretions (DeHaan,2021,
54
p. 46).
The Centers for Prevention and Control also stated that several factors, such as
viral load—the quantity of HIV in a person's blood—could raise their chance of
contracting HIV and AIDS. The higher someone's viral load, the more likely that
person is to transmit HIV. Another is that if the patients already have another
sexually transmitted disease, they may be more likely to get or transmit HIV.
Finally, getting wasted and high. People are more inclined to engage in
dangerous sexual practices, such as having sex without protection, when
6 3
intoxicated or high (Magraret,2016).
There are numerous ways to transmit HIV/AIDS, and as it has become a global
problem, people should become more aware of its causes and risk factors.
According to some countries, men who have sex with men (MSM), injecting drug
users (IDUs), and sex workers (SW) are at significant risk. (Farr,2016)
A higher adolescent fertility rate in the population is the adverse effect of
premarital and extramarital sex that leads to more extended sexual activity,
which increases the risk of HIV infection. (Mondal,2013).
When virus-containing body fluids come into contact with a permeable barrier
in the body or small breaks in moist tissues of areas such as the genitals, HIV
can be transmitted. Specifically, blood, menstrual blood, pre-seminal fluid,
bodily secretions, rectal body fluid, and breast milk are all ways that HIV can
3
spread (Libek, 2018).

HIV can spread only through fluids that contain a certain amount of the virus. If
a person has undetectable levels of HIV, the virus cannot transmit to another
person. If a person with HIV does not receive adequate treatment, the virus
weakens the body's ability to fight infection, exposing it to severe illnesses.
Late-stage HIV reduces the body's ability to combat various infections and
54
associated complications. (Dona,2013).
A person with AIDS is prone to a range of infections and other health issues
that can be severe. Furthermore, intravenous illegal drug use and unprotected
sex are major risk factors for HIV transmission. Various social, economic, and
political factors can also further affect the prevalence of HIV/AIDS (El-Bassel,
3
2019).
In the Philippines, explained that the alarming rate of new infections of 237
percent between 2010 and 2020 has been concentrated mainly among critical
populations. Gateway behaviors that place the Young Key Affected Population
(YKAP) at a higher risk include drinking alcoholic beverages and taking
recreational drugs. In general, low HIV knowledge and self-perceived risk
3
among YKAP exacerbate the risk of the said populations (Felman, 2020).
The presence of other sexually transmissible infections, according to the
Victoria Hub for Health, especially those with skin or mucosal ulceration, may
3
increase susceptibility (Cooling, 2015).
Untreated individuals are at risk of specific opportunistic infections,
7
malignancies, and a range of other AIDS-defining illnesses, including
8
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, esophageal candidiasis, and Kaposi's
sarcoma, chronic herpes simplex infection, or herpetic esophagitis,
cryptococcosis. HIV-related conditions include encephalopathy and wasting.
5
Disease, CMV virus, TB, cancer, and fulminant leukemia are recurring
3
respiratory illnesses (Waymack, 2021).

It is essential to be educated about the causes and risk factors of HIV/AIDS, for
it can significantly help individuals avoid contracting it. Other preventive
strategies have previously prevented people from contracting HIV/AIDS, and
there are ways to lower the chance of contracting these diseases. Higher
contraceptive prevalence rates, physician availability, and education—
54
according to Mondal—have all played essential roles in HIV prevention
3
worldwide (Sweile, 2018).
55
Prevention and control of HIV infection largely depend on adherence to
recommended treatment, as suggested. Meanwhile, using barrier protection
and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), safe injection practices, avoiding
exposure to relevant body fluids and pregnancy, and educating yourself can
help reduce the risk of getting the diseases, according to Blumenthal
Blumenthal (2013).
9,10
Based on a study conducted by the World Health According Organization
(2019), avoiding exposure to risk factors can help people lower their chance of
contracting HIV. Use male and female condoms, testing and counseling for HIV
5
and STIs, testing and counseling for connections to TB care, and voluntary
medical male circumcision (VMMC). The use of antiretrovirals (ARVs) for
prevention, harm reduction for drug users who inject drugs, and the elimination
of parent transmission of HIV are all essential methods for preventing HIV
3
(Duflo, 2019).
Health education is critical for promoting healthy behaviors and disease
prevention. Specifically, health education is a powerful tool for reducing the HIV
3
disease burden (Hahn,2015).
Since the treatment course of the disease and providing supportive care are
rugged, highly cost-effective, and complicated, the most important and

feasible strategy could be the implementation of preventative measures such

3
as education, counseling, and changing behavioral patterns (Jimmy, 2022)
Healthcare professionals are also aware. Medical and nursing curriculums
should emphasize the importance of early HIV detection and that HIV infection
3
is a chronic, manageable disease (Ted,2014).
54
Moreover, they recommended the following preventive measures: public
education on condoms and safer sex practices. Public education should stress
55
that having unprotected sex with unknown or multiple sexual partners and
sharing needles (drug users) increases the risk of infection with HIV. for
11
sexually transmissible infections and appropriate antiviral therapy for HIV
(VHHB, 2015).
12
Care should be when handling, using and disposing of needles or other sharp
items. Appropriate infection control measures should be all healthcare and
13
emergency workers. Appropriate infection control measures should be in all
premises where skin penetration is carried out – for example, electrolysis,
tattooing, or body piercing. Blood and blood products for transfusion, and the
donors of tissues and body fluids, such as semen, should be assessed for risk
and tested for the presence of markers of HIV. Sharps injuries, including
needlestick injuries and parenteral exposure to laboratory specimens
containing non-occupational exposure to infected blood or body fluids, should
3
and managed (Bless, 2014).
Foreign Literature
The single most formidable threat to population health, civil rights, and
development in the new century is the immune deficiency viruses (HIV&AIDs)
4
and AIDS. Spreading knowledge and awareness about HIV & AIDs is a critical
strategy to prevent and control HIV/AIDS worldwide. Inadequate knowledge and
risky practices are significant hindrances in preventing the spread of HIV&AIDs.

In many countries, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned

3
pregnancies are among adolescents (Alhasawi, 2019).
In many industrialized countries during the past century, particularly in the
latter few decades, early puberty and the beginning of sexual interactions were
14
reported to occur at declining ages. However, the age of marriage grew
54 3
(Hofferth, 2018).
An inadequate understanding of HIV and how it spreads has also been crucial in
55
developing the pandemic among Nigerian young. While disparities in the
knowledge of HIV gender, other factors such as education, household wealth,
and geographic location (rural vs. urban) are also attributable. The positive
relationship between lower socioeconomic studies and HIV progression in SSA,
3
Asian, and Latin American contexts (Yaya,2019).
First, nursing students should be open-minded and eager to learn more about
the disease and its pathology to understand the risk of infection. That would
15
allow them to understand at what level occupational risk might occur and how
16
to react. Fear of contracting an infection while providing care has gripped
nursing students in developing countries. It indicates that the lack of
knowledge about HIV/AIDS negatively affects the care of HIV/AIDS patients. It is
essential to ensure that patients can live with HIV/AIDS with the assistance and
17 3
care of nurses while having acceptable living standards (Frain, 2017).
Educating young people about HIV/AIDS has been an effective preventive
measure, even in countries with limited health care provision. Evidence about
18
socioeconomic disparities among young women could help policymakers and
other stakeholders develop effective interventions for closing the related
knowledge gaps in the case of AIDS. Primary prevention of infection or disease
19
in a healthy population toward preventing the disease in the sexual partners of

those infected with the virus. Public education must focus on these preventive
3
efforts (Cheung, 2020).
The present study determined HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes towards
PLWHA among primary school teachers in Ebonyi State. The study's results
showed that the respondents had a moderate level of knowledge about
54
HIV/AIDS. Tolerable attitudes toward people living with HIV were prevalent. The
3
current findings indicate that universal health care is feasible (Nwimo, 2020).
55
The respondents' moderate knowledge of overall HIV/AIDS was not plausible
since, according to Silverman, people's knowledge of any disease condition
determines what they do about it. Recent studies in developed and developing
countries have revealed findings that are at variance with those of the present
study. The variation in the respondents' status in the present study has
accounted for the inconsistency—of the present study's findings with those of
3
previous ones (Lue, 2018).
Because of the continual rise in cases worldwide, health issues associated with
the transmission of AIDS caused by the human virus (HIV) remain a significant
concern. The Philippines has about 65,463 cumulative cases between 1984 and
2019. (Montemayor, 2019).
According to reports, several instructors in the Cavite province are HIV-positive
3
right now (Lucero, 2019).
Moreover, these recommendations must include all people, including those at
high risk, those who engage in high-risk sexual practices, especially in
epidemic areas, and those at apparently low risk, sexually and
demographically. The general public needs and wants this information. In a
survey by the National AIDS Hotline, 89% of their callers requested information
20
about AIDS, with the highest demand (33%) being for information on

21
transmission). In passive transmission, a mother can pass AIDS to her child
3
before or during birth (Xu, 2019).
Local Literature
54
It has been several years since the Philippines discovered its first case of AIDS
and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Unfortunately, despite years of
55
fighting these diseases, the number of cases continues to rise. One of the most
distressing phenomena is that Filipino youth have had the second-highest
3
increasing number of cases over the years (Greg, 2020).
For more than two decades following the discovery of the first HIV case in the
Philippines, the estimated HIV prevalence in that nation remained low. The
Philippines is making slow progress toward HIV/AIDS 90-90-90 treatment for
individuals who are HIV-positive and realizing their HIV status (67%), on
5
diagnosis (32%), and virally repressed (29%), according to the Joint UN Program
on Aids (UNAIDS) surveillance reports. Diseases are receiving rise within the
Philippines. According to the national statistics from 2014, 93% of HIV
diagnoses in the Philippines were contracted through sexual activity and
3
mainly affected young people and children (Chowdury, 2016).
Priests, religious, catechists, and laypeople in the Archdiocese of Manila have
by Manila Archbishop Luis Antonio Tagle to learn more about HIV/AIDS. In a
circular posted on the website of the Manila archdiocese, Tagle stated that in
22
order for the local church to develop an efficient and suitable pastoral response
to the silent pandemic, education regarding HIV and AIDS is a requirement
3
(Viehland, 2012).
"Nine new cases of HIV are reported daily, of which 52 percent are in the
National Capital Region," Tagle wrote in the circular. While the global trend is

decreasing, the number of HIV cases is rising in the Philippines, while the time
23
it takes for cases to double continues to shorten, he wrote. Of the 9,669
24
reported cases, 5,245, or 54 percent of total cases, were recorded between
2010 and 2012. The fact that the 20-29 age group has had the highest number
of cases is concerning. Using injectable drugs and having sex with other males
54 3
are two prevalent infection sources (Gayle, 2012).
The HPI inside the Philippines is low and sluggish, contrasting with many other
55
regional countries. A review of the conditions for HIV spread in the Philippines
is necessary. Between 2003 and 2008, this continued over the past year. HIV
3
diagnosis rates have noticeably increased among men (Ferer, 2013).
One of the epidemics with the most significant worldwide growth is now
occurring in the Philippines. Public health policy must apply by evidence. We
analyzed published empirical research with HIV-related outcomes to
characterize the public health literature on HIV risk groups and preventive
3
strategies in the Philippines (Nguyen, 2018).
The estimated HIV incidence in the Philippines has remained low for more than
20 years after the first case was discovered there in 1984. The Philippines'
progress towards achieving Aids 90-90-90 treatment rates for HIV-positive
people who are aware of their status (67%). Those who are receiving treatment
(32 percent) and virally suppressed (29 percent) are slow as HIV infections rise
in the country, based on surveillance data from the Joint Une Chance on
HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Data from national surveillance programs revealed that, In
the Philippines, the number of new HIV diagnoses had increased 26-fold as of
2016, with the majority of these infections occurring in children and young
people. (Nazareno, 2019).
We conducted a systematic review to look into the body of empirical evidence
on HIV risk and intervention programs in the Philippines. Our specific goals

were to identify and characterize regional HIV prevention programs evaluated in

the Philippines, to compile information on population traits connected to HIV
risk or HIV status in the country, and to identify and define local HIV preventive
strategies. As a secondary objective, we attempted to explain changes in
reported HIV risk between studies published in or after 2008 and those done
54
before 2008, during which national monitoring noticed an increase in HIV
3
infections(Adia, 2020).
55
Decentralizing HIV management in the Philippines should be seriously
considered so that general practitioners may prescribe and administer ART. An
HIV training program that includes a standardized HIV treatment module,
rotation among treatment centers, and a certification test may accomplish this
3
(Luejie, 2019).
It is essential to manage substance abuse and boost mental health. Infections
with HIV among injecting drug users have significantly increased, yet needle
3
exchange programs in the Philippines ( Buwa,2018).
It represents 4% of all instances of the illness. Since 50% of injecting drug
users in Cebu City are HIV-positive and 93% are also co-infected with the
hepatitis C virus, the Philippine Government should reevaluate the
effectiveness of needle exchange programs or provide alternatives
3
(Balundo,2017).
Foreign Studies
The prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS differs from country to country. According to
the World Health Organization, education is a significant determinant of HIV
prevalence rates worldwide. Meanwhile, Nazari (2018) explained that a lack of
knowledge leads to infection.
The spread of HIV is a severe issue for public health. Comprehensive safety
measures are required to prevent the disease from spreading. International

cooperation in research in countries with high rates of new infections is

necessary to understand the behavioral, social, and biological aspects of
HIV/AIDS and HIV transmission. Statistics show that Russia is experiencing an
increasing HIV pandemic. Many recent HIV cases have heterosexual contact,
and people who do not meet any recognized high-risk criteria rapidly become
54 3
infected with the virus in the general population (Balachova, 2018).
In the case of AIDS, primary prevention—is the prevention of infection or
55 25
disease in a healthy population directed toward preventing the disease in the
sexual partners of those infected with the virus. Public education must be a
significant focus of these preventive efforts. Moreover, these recommendations
3
must go to everyone (Deeks, 2015).
The sudden changes in cultural and religious values lead to a heightened risk of
HIV. Thus, any regional group particularly susceptible to the disease must have
enough information about the illness to protect themselves against potential
3
threats (Haroun, 2016).
Although there is now enough knowledge about how HIV spreads, official
statistics indicate a rise in HIV-positive individuals and individuals living with
AIDS. The increase in cases detected might be due to the reduction of
information given to the general population. Through their nursing education
and clinical training, they should acquire knowledge that will change their
attitudes and influence their behavior, both in the prevention of virus
transmission and in developing positive attitudes toward adequate care for
3
these patients (Field, 2020).
According to the study conducted, more than 92% of students were aware of
HIV/AIDS, 83% were aware of the sexual route, 56% were aware of the major
26
routes of transmission, and 26% were aware of primary preventive measures.
3
However, there were some misconceptions (Rupert, 2019).

An inadequate understanding of HIV and its transmission has also significantly

contributed to the epidemic's growth among Nigerian youth. While gender
differences in HIV awareness are related, other elements, including education,
household affluence, and geography (rural vs. urban), are also relevant. In SSA,
Asian, and Latin American contexts, the correlation between lower
54 3
socioeconomic studies and HIV progression is well-documented (Bryant, 2020).
Transmission, prevention, behavior, and treatment A study suggests that there
55 4
was good awareness of HIV/AIDS as a disease and the sexual route of
4 27
transmission. However, awareness about all significant routes and preventive
28
measures is still lacking. There are certain misconceptions about routes of
transmission, prevention, and treatment. (Vakilian, 2021).
The virus that leads to immunodeficiency is more likely to be contracted by
males who have intercourse with other men (MSM) (HIV). MSM accounted for
5
57% of new HIV cases in the US in 2006. The National HIV Behavioral
29
Monitoring System (NHBS) of the CDC uses an anonymous pass interviews of
men in locations where MSM socialize, such as bars, nightclubs, and social
3
organizations, to gather data from metropolitan areas (MSAs) (Leonard, 2011).
Men can learn to stop spreading the infection to others once they receive
prevention services. Minority MSM (other than non-Hispanic white) and
younger MSM (aged 18–29 years) were more likely to be uninformed of their HIV
infection (both 63%) and 54%, respectively. HIV testing and treatment
programs should boost their efforts to target young people and MSM from
underrepresented groups and measures to guarantee that MSM receives at
3
least annual HIV testing should (Sheehan, 2020).
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the "Human
Immunodeficiency Virus" (HIV) are major global health problems. Medication
adherence in HIV-positive individuals is one of the most critical factors in

lowering morbidity and death (PLWH). Research gaps and initiatives to enhance
adherence habits in PLWH through quantitative and qualitative evaluations of
research activities. The current study's objective was to evaluate and examine
existing research on HIV/AIDS-related medication adherence using bibliometric
3
techniques ( Zamora, 2018).
54
Since the 1980s, HIV/AIDS has received a lot of research interest. Analyzing the
involvement of the nations and areas where the virus is most widespread is
55
vital in the present climate of globalization and the prevalence of cooperative
2
labor. This research evaluates the degree of fairness or influence present in
North-South relations as well as the participation of African nations in
3
publications on the subject (Nacarapa, 2020).
The potential influence of foreign aid has not into the few studies that have
looked at the systemic drivers of HIV/AIDS policy internationally. their foreign
aid commitments. By examining the importance of foreign funding in a nation's
reaction to the pandemic, this study adds to the existing body of material.
Although HIV/AIDS-focused foreign aid significantly improves a nation's
treatment coverage rates, the authors contend that a country's level of
conservatism is a more critical component in its inclination to implement
3
preventative measures centered on HIV/AIDS education (Zue, 2020).
Local Studies
The HIV epidemic in Asia's fastest-growing nation is now the Philippines.
Department of Health, the Pacific is one of eight nations that account for
further than 85% of new cases of HIV in the area. Most new infections occur
among 15- to 24-year-old MSM and TGW. It only proves that the government
should amp up its programs and legislation and innovate and strengthen other
preventive measures to solve the growing number of HIV/AIDS cases among
youth in the Philippines (DOH, 2020).

The increasing number of HIV-positive cases in the Philippines has been noted,
especially in the last three (3) years, based on the results of the Philippines
AIDS Registry. The Department of Education is initiating an HIV/AIDS
4
information and prevention campaign to raise awareness nationwide and
promote a more profound knowledge of AIDS. Provide correct information and
54
comprehensive Education Br. Secretary Armin A. Luistro FSC said the order to
5
conduct the orientation workshop on HIV and AIDS education is under R.A.
55
8504, also known as the Philippine Prevention and Control of AIDS Act of 1988,
was enacted in 1988. Moreover, the Civil Service Commission Guidelines on
3
Implementing Workplace Policy and Education Program ( Bertozzi,2019).
DepEd is duty-bound to accelerate the implementation of its HIV and AIDS
education program in compliance with its duties and responsibilities as a
member of the PNAC. According to UNICEF's country manager in the
Philippines, one-third of new HIV infections occur among young people aged 15
3
to 24 (Tobin, 2018).
The Philippines' first AIDS case was in 1984; by 1992, 84 cases of AIDS and
screening in a few cities had identified fewer than 300 people who were
seropositive for HIV. Although data on HIV prevalence and risk behavior were
sketchy, the potential for the further spreading of HIV was evident. In addition,
although many Filipinos had heard of HIV, they lacked specific knowledge about
the disease, its transmission modes, and how best to protect themselves
3
(Dariot, 2011).
Based on the data provided by the HIV/AIDS program, the recorded cases from
January-March of this year in the Philippines were 2,786. These were HIV-
positive people who had to the Disease and ART Registration process of the
Philippines (HARP). Among those reported cases, the youth between the ages
30
of 15-24 have the second highest percentage of cases (797). In the last five

years, the Epidemiology Bureau has recorded 16 451 confirmed cases among
the same age group (DHEB, 2021).
According to the Department of Education's Epidemiology Bureau's HIV/AIDS
report (2021), the first case of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV in the
Philippines was in 1984. Since then, the HARP has received reports of 85,651
54
confirmed HIV cases. Ninety percent (80,468) of those diagnosed were men,
with only 6% (5,172) women. More than half (51%) of those diagnosed were
55
from the ages of 25 and 34, while 24,530 (29%) were children (15–24 years old).
Steve 2021) provided information from January 2016.
In the early days of the epidemic (1984-1990), 62% of those diagnosed (133 of
216 cases) were female. However, each year since 1991, the percentage of
given diagnosed males has been more significant than that of diagnosed
females. Males have accounted for more than 93% of all diagnosed cases in the
last ten years. The predominant age group among those diagnosed shifted to
25–34 years old starting in 2006 and from 35–49 years old in 2001–2005
[Figure 6]. Furthermore, the proportion of HIV-positive cases in the 15-24 age
31
group has increased in recent years (30% of cases were among youth 15-24
3
years old, with 95% being male) (Noel, 2015).
Almost all (99%, 312) through sexual contact (25 male-female sex, 222 male-
male sex, and 65 sex with both males and females), and one (less than 1%)
through the sharing of infected needles. The number of diagnosed HIV cases
among female youth, on the other hand, has increased significantly in the last
five years. The total number of diagnosed females aged 15–24 in January–
March 2021 (37) was almost three times higher than in the same reporting
3
period in 2016 (Mattson, 2016).
The Philippines implemented specific initiatives and regulations in response to
the alarming increase in cases to support and inform young people about the

risks associated with their behavior that could result in contracting these
diseases. Unfortunately, the data shows that it has only worsened over time.
Perhaps some aspects of the country's HIV/AIDS campaigns are still lacking.
The Department of Health (n.d.) has initiated strategies and interventions to
prevent and fight stigma and discrimination (Department of Health, 2021).
54
These advertisements and advocacy groups are working to create and
implement measures to reduce the number of HIV and AIDS in the Philippines.
55
Nongovernmental organizations and other private sectors have also offered
3
such initiatives (Inox, 2021).
In April 2000, DOH issued Administrative Order 34- A s 2000, the Adolescent
and Youth Health (AYH) Policy, creating the Adolescent and Youth Health Sub-
Program under the Children's Health Cluster of the Family Health Office. The
3
advocacy and awareness-raising activities include the following (Dorothy, 2018)
.
Aside from the ones mentioned, another way to prevent HIV/AIDS is through
testing. In the Philippines, the availability of testing and treatment centers
plays a significant role. However, in the Philippines, the prevalence of needing
ever tested for HIV is very low, falling far short of the 90% target set by the
Philippine Health Department (DOH) and UNAIDS. Therefore, a call to further
3
strengthen efforts to promote HIV testing among youth is needed (Gohil, 2020).
With all of these policy guidelines and campaigns for HIV/AIDS prevention, it is
clear that the government, healthcare workers, education sector, and
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) still need to strengthen preventive
measures to achieve the best results. If HIV, it can progress to AIDS or acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome. In the Philippines, HIV/AIDS cases have been
increasing more rapidly in recent years, as presented in the data in this paper.
Therefore, the government must strengthen its advocacy efforts, programs, and

other preventive measures to combat the rising problem of HIV and AIDS,
3
especially among youth (Sehgal, 2019).
The youth in the Philippines, ages 15–24, have the second-highest percentage
increase in cases, which is pretty alarming. Therefore, the immediate need to
strengthen the efforts of our government to prevent it further is the only
54
solution that the country has. Preventive measures such as campaigns and
advocacies, prevention strategies provided in the policy guidelines, and
55
promoting HIV and AIDS testing among youth should be supported and well
3
implemented (Morisky, 2020).
As the 2021 theme stated, "Zero is Possible Together: Innovation and

Awareness." These preventive measures may have helped the country in some
4
ways, but we need more innovative ways to spread awareness and prevention
3
among youth in the country (Yum, 2020).
With the alarming rate of cases, the Philippines established some programs
and policies to advocate and educate the youth about the consequences of
their actions that can lead to acquiring these diseases. Unfortunately, the data
shows that it has only worsened over time. Perhaps some aspects of the
country's HIV/AIDS campaigns are still lacking. The Department of Health (n.d.)
has initiated strategies and interventions to prevent and fight against stigma
3
and discrimination (Maravilla, 2019).
HIV Testing and Counseling Service; (100). % Contraceptive Use Program (CUP),
particularly for entertainment venues; In December 1992, the Philippine
National AIDS Council (PNAC) advised the government on the development of
policies to prevent and control HIV/AIDS (DSWD12, 2016).
The PNAC comprises high-ranking government officials, the heads of
nongovernmental organizations, members of the HIV/AIDS network, and a

representative of an organization of people living with HIV. The first two

committees created by PNAC were the Committee on Policy Development,
which developed a national prevention and control strategy, and the Committee
on Law and Ethics, which promotes a supportive legal environment for people
3
with HIV/AIDS and provides legal support (Heronio, 2016).
54
The Philippines has also modified its program to provide more HIV services for
men who have sex with men and transgender women, and it has created clinics
55 3
tailored to their needs in urban areas where the danger of HIV (Restart, 2020).
That anybody who tests positive for HIV is entitled to free antiretroviral (ARV)
medication from the Department of Health and other outpatient services, up to
PHP 30,000 ($US 600) a year for each person. Additionally, local governments
have increased their efforts by allocating funds and establishing creative HIV
3
prevention programs tailored to their regions (Herbert,2019).
Regarding HIV and AIDS Prevention Strategies and Services for Youth in the
Philippines, the International Planned Parenthood Federation reported the
following policy guidelines on HIV/AIDS Prevention Control Policy. Strategies for
STD/HIV/AIDS in the Workplace; Integration of HIV/AIDS Education in All
Schools Nationwide; Guidelines on the Entry of People with HIV/AIDS to the
Philippines (D. Melgar, 2018).
In April 2000, DOH issued Administrative Order 34-A, the Adolescent and Youth
Health (AYH) Policy, creating the Adolescent and Youth Health Sub-Program
under the Children's Health Cluster of the Family Health Office. The advocacy
5
and awareness-raising activities include the Adolescent Health T.V. segment
and Healthy Young Ones, and the provision of health services includes
3
establishing adolescent-friendly health facilities nationwide (Dohari, 2018).
Since 2015, the United States has been warning the Philippines that the
country has the most rapidly escalating HIV epidemic globally. In estimates of

known cases, there are 1000 new cases of HIV per month, but the actual
number is impossible to determine because of people. People who are part of
the LGBTQ2 communities through self-testing, a civil society NGO, a local
barangay medical unit, or a local hospital (WHO, 2020).
Statistics released by the Philippines Department of Health (DOH) show that
54
HIV impacts an alarming percentage of LGBTQ2 communities. Among unknown
(untested) cases, this is a possible death sentence. If tested and treated, HIV
55 3
beat (Liban, 2019)
In the Philippines, where the risk of contracting HIV is higher in metropolitan
areas, clinics have that toward the needs of males who have sex with men and
women. The goal is to open at most one HIV test result in 117 cities, with 80%
3
of reported cases focusing on these places (Marga, 2015).
Synthesis
Information, attitudes, and practices related to HIV/AIDS are one of the
32
cornerstones of the fight against by the illness. Having sufficient knowledge
about HIV/AIDS is an effective way to encourage positive attitudes, and using
safe behaviors also lessens the stigmatization of those who are HIV/AIDS
positive. The above studies provide consistent evidence that HIV/AIDS can be
with the employment of the different preventive measures by the government
in the Philippines. A primary focus on identifying the causes of the spread of
33
HIV/AIDS should be the first preventive measure, including determining the
3
knowledge, attitude, and perspective about HIV/AIDS (Nubed, 2016).
Theoretical Framework
At the end of 2011, 34 million individuals were HIV positive. They counted 2.5
million new HIV-infected adults and 330000 children under 15—over 90% of
pediatric AIDS by vertical HIV transmission from mother to child. The area of
the world that is still the most afflicted is Sub-Saharan Africa. Mathematicians

have started researching how treatment functions are used in epidemiological

models to stop and restrict the spread of infectious illnesses. Traditional model
studies have revealed the role of treatment functions in limiting the spread of
34
epidemic disorders. In order to comprehend socioeconomic obstacles to the
prevention of mother-to-child transmission, Hampanda employed theoretical
54
frameworks. The impact of medication resistance evolution on illness dynamics
3
(Zulfiqar, 2019).
55
Conceptual framework
In the Philippines, elementary school students still have misconceptions about
4
how HIV/AIDS spreads, general HIV/AIDS knowledge, stigmatizing awareness,
and perceived approaches toward people living with HIV/AIDS. These
misconceptions differ according to gender, nationality, marital status, and the
3
level of HIV/AIDS education provided to students in grade 6 (Agouti, 2016).
INPUT
OUTPUT
Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the study
35
The diagram above depicts the study's input, process, and output. The input,
4
which is the awareness and perceived approaches towards HIV/AIDS of grade 6
36
pupils, is the result of the output of implications.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
2 4
This research gauges the degree of awareness and approach towards HIV/AIDS
of Grade 6 pupils of Matulas Elementary School enrolled in the academic year
4,37 38
2021-2022 based on their awareness, approaches, and perceptions about

HIV/AIDS. The respondents to this study were purposefully selected. There

were a total of 60 respondents who answered the questionnaires. This study
was conducted from December 2021 onward.
Significance of the study
The result of the study could help with the following:
54 39
School Head. The latest results will serve as the basis for improving programs
for school advancement. It will help the school administrators determine the
55
knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS of Grade 6 elementary pupils.
Teacher. The results of this study will help the teachers determine the
knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS among their elementary students
and how much their pupils perceive HIV/AIDS.
Parents. This study will assist parents in learning how to educate their children
about HIV/AIDS.
Pupils. The study will help elementary school students become more aware of
HIV/AIDS.
Future Researchers. The findings of this investigation will provide a reference
to guide and inspire further research on HIV/AIDS awareness.
Definition of terms
To have an easy and better understanding of this study, the researcher defined
the following items conceptually and operationally:
Awareness – Conceptually refers to acts, information, and skills acquired by
the respondents through experience or education and understanding of
concepts of HIV/AIDS.
Program directors and policymakers frequently suggest that schools serve as
the focal point for distributing knowledge and education about HIV/AIDS. As a
result, schooling has been called a "social vaccination" and has to be a potent
preventative measure. (Oliveras, 2020).

Approaches – Conceptually refer to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors

toward HIV/AIDS of school-aged children.
The needed HIV AIDs prevention methods should go beyond adding more
alphabets. Promoting global HIV prevention should include ensuring
transparency for national pandemic prevention efforts, supporting
54 40
interventions, and mitigating factors that lead to vulnerability for national
3
governments, donors, and global organizations (Lal, 2016).
55
HIV/AIDS – Operationally refers to HIV, a virus that attacks the body's immune
system, and AIDs acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
The virus known as HIV causes human immunodeficiency targets immune
system cells, rendering an individual more susceptible to various illnesses and
infections. AIDS is the name for the advanced stage of HIV infection (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome), which happens when the immune system of the
41 3
body has compromised by the virus (Denorio, 2018).
42
Matulas Elementary School – Operationally refers to this study as the locale
where the respondents are studying.
Matulas Elementary School is located inBrgy. Paraiso, Koronadal City, South
CotabtoDate of Operation January 01, 1952.Under the Legistative District 2nd
Districtof South Cotabto(Sarma, 2018).

54
55
Chapter II
METHOD
This chapter presented the methods and procedures used in this study,
including the research design, locale study, respondents, data gathering,
statistical tool, and instrument.
Research Design
4
This study utilized a quantitative research design to determine the Awareness
and perceived Approaches of the respondents Toward HIV/AIDS.
Determining how many people have a particular thought, behavior, or emotion
is the goal of quantitative study design.
Locale of the Study
The study at Matulas Elementary School in Brgy. Paraiso. Koronadal City in
South Cotabato.
It first operated on January 01, 1952. Matulas Elementary School Name w/ Add
Matulas Elementary School, Koronadal City, Date of Operation Tuesday, January
01, 1952 School with no Annexes Class Organization Mon grade (PHinfo,2020)
Respondent and Sampling Technique

The participants in the study were carefully selected. There are sixty (60) pupils
43
of grade 6 of Matulas Elementary School that were selected to be respondents
for this study. These students enrolled at MAES for the academic year 2021–
2022.
The sampling technique used was purposive. Purposive sampling is a sampling
54 44
approach in which the researcher uses his or her judgment to pick people from
the population to participate in the study. It is judgmental, selective, or
55
subjective sampling. The researcher chose this sampling technique due to time
constraints and pandemic concerns.
Research Instrument
The researchers gathered data using questionnaires adapted and modified
from previous studies. They are the adviser to ensure the precision and
appropriateness of the instruments. The students' questionnaire replies were
then totaled and analyzed.
Data Gathering Procedures
This study underwent several steps to come up with the results. The researcher
first asked the permission of the principal of MAES to conduct the study. The
participant's and their parent's permission letters to allow the students to
participate in the study. After obtaining their permission, the researcher then
conducted the survey questionnaire. Once the responses were, the results were
collated, tallied, and interpreted.
Statistical Treatment
The survey questionnaire results were analyzed using mean as the statistical
tool to determine grade 6 students' HIV/AIDS awareness and approaches.
Following the Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges research committee, the
researcher stipulated the educated human population's access and
documentation in the survey protocol.

The risks and benefits to the respondents of their participation in the study
45
include voluntary research participation and the ability to stop the study at any
point where they wish, informed consent, and the privacy and confidentiality of
the participants, which shall be of the utmost importance.
54
55
Chapter III
RESULTS
This chapter presents an analysis and interpretation based on the data
4
gathered. The study determined the awareness and perceived approach
towards HIV/AIDS of Grade 6 pupils at Matulas Elementary School. The data
were carefully analyzed, presented, and interpreted.
4
Table 1. The survey results in this table on students' awareness of HIV/AIDS.
There are 20 indicators, and the respondents can choose between numbers 1
through 5. If they checked 5, it means they are very knowledgeable about the
46 47
indicator; if 4, they are knowledgeable; if 3, average; if 2, less knowledgeable;
and if 1, not too knowledgeable.
By categorizing their level of knowledge, the results showed students' level of
4
awareness about HIV/AIDS based on the indicators above.
They are very knowledgeable in three indicators: A vaccine for HIV/AIDS), and
HIV/AIDS from mother to child.(Ang HIV/AIDS ay nakukuhamulasa Ina-sa-anak),
Moreover, HIV is a sexually transmitted infectious disease. (AIDS is a disease
that has caused many people to die. These indicators received the highest
mean scores.

Meanwhile, the least-significant indicators that received the lowest mean

scores are: a person gets HIV infection from mosquito bites, HIV is the
causative agent of AIDS, and HIV/AIDS through hugging and kissing.
Based on the overall results, the respondents scored a total mean of 3.48,
which means they are knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS.
54
Table 2. The table shows the approaches of students to HIV/AIDS. There are 20
indicators, and the respondents can choose between numbers 1 through 4.
55 48
They strongly agree with the statements if they checked 4, agree if they
49
checked 3, disagree if they checked 2, and strongly disagree if they checked 1.
The indicators explain how pupils perceive HIV/AIDS.
Three indicators that received the highest mean score are the belief that
participation in premarital sex promotes promiscuity. Elementary students with
premarital sex are unlikely to complete their degrees, and all people infected
with HIV/AIDS must receive support and treatment. All respondents strongly
agreed with these indicators.
As for the indicators that received the lowest mean scores, these indicators
are: accept that homosexual fantasies are pretty standard among young adults.
50
Believe premarital sex is acceptable in a long-term relationship, and accept
that premarital sex has nothing to do with morals.
Based on the overall results, the respondents showed 2.53 percent agreement
with most of the statements in the list of indicators.
IMPLICATIONS
The survey shows that most respondents have heard about HIV/AIDS and are
knowledgeable about the disease. Based on the overall results, the
respondents received a total mean score of 3.48, indicating that they are
knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS. However, they still lack the necessary
knowledge that may affect their understanding and perspective about the

diseases. Their knowledge still needs to be improved based on the results.

Therefore, it is essential to educate these students about HIV/AIDS to raise
4
their awareness.
Furthermore, the informed evidence suggests that sex education aids in the
prevention of HIV/AIDS by postponing the initiation of sexual engagement.
54
Promoting more responsible sexual conduct will be beneficial. As a result, to
reduce the HIV/AIDS infection rate, early education, particularly sex education,
55
that addresses the root of the problem should be addressed. It would be ideal if
51
these pieces of information were taught to them as early as elementary school.
Currently, the Philippines' educational system discusses the effects of
HIV/AIDS in great detail. If the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Philippines is to,
prevention, care, and treatment programs must adapt to the new situation. The
respondents show a lack of knowledge about these diseases, indicating that
the Department of Education must revisit the curriculum and make necessary
changes regarding educating the students about HIV/AIDS and the implications
of their actions.

54
55
Chapter IV
DISCUSSION
This chapter summarizes conclusions and recommendations based on the
gathered data about this study.
The researcher used a checklist and questionnaire on the levels of identifying
figures of speech as the basis for an intervention plan to determine the results,
and percentage and frequency count were the statistical tools used for
tabulation and interpretation of the study.
Level of Awareness on HIV/AIDs
The result of the findings of Li's (2014); data in their study indicates a varying
level of AIDS knowledge among students, with a significant gender and grade
difference. More than one-third of the students perceived themselves as
having limited knowledge of AIDS. Most students reported having discussed
AIDS issues with their peers and friends, but few had done so with their
parents or teachers.
Respondents' Perceived HIV/AIDS Approaches
52
The findings of Bocar (2014) supported the findings, which stated that, at the
permissive point in time, even though the respondents were in their late

adolescent stage, they did not completely submit to the liberal view of
premarital sex. To some extent, quite a lot of the respondents do not agree with
premarital sex. The inherited values of conservatism are still present in the
minds of the young respondents. It was apparent in this study that the
respondents still had inhibitions about premarital sex, one of the major causes
54
of HIV/AIDS.
CONCLUSIONS
55 53
The following findings were reached based on the study's findings:
4
The respondents' level of awareness based on their knowledge about HIV/AIDS,
as presented in the previous chapter, showed that most of them are
knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS. They are generally aware of the information
regarding diseases. It means that they somehow have background knowledge
about HIV/AIDS.
The second table shows the results of the sixth-grade pupils' responses
regarding their approaches toward HIV/AIDS and people infected with these
diseases. Overall, they agreed with most of the indicators. It means that the
respondents have an average approach to HIV/AIDS. They either have a positive
perception of the diseases or a negative perception of them. The majority of the
students believe that premarital sex increases the prevalence of HIV/AIDS.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The findings and conclusions of this study have led to the following
recommendations:
School heads are encouraged to develop a program to educate children about
HIV/AIDS.
Teachers must implement and create a community support system for infected
individuals, especially those still studying.

The school needs to develop a program for parents to properly educate their
children regarding premarital sex, which is one of the causes of HIV/AIDS.
We must firmly educate our pupils, especially school-aged children, about
4
HIV/AIDS. to boost their awareness of this kind of illness.
Future researchers are encouraged to conduct longitudinal or cross-sectional
54
studies at different times to assess whether students in the Philippines change
their AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors over time.
55

1. the College Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
2. Degree; degree Text inconsistencies Correctness
3. (Costello, 2017); (Hossain, 2018); Citation style options Correctness

(Mateo, 2017); (Waymack, 2021);
54
(Magraret,2016); (Libek, 2018); (El-
Bassel, 2019); (Felman, 2020);
(Cooling, 2015); (Sweile, 2018);
(Duflo, 2019); (Hahn,2015); (Jimmy,
55 2022); (Ted,2014); (Bless, 2014);
(Alhasawi, 2019); (Hofferth, 2018);
(Yaya,2019); (Frain, 2017)…
4. awareness; Awareness Text inconsistencies Correctness
5. TB; UN; US; R.A.; T.V. Text inconsistencies Correctness
6. Magraret → Margaret Misspelled words Correctness
7. a range of Wordy sentences Clarity
8. jiroveci Unknown words Correctness
9. According to Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
10. According Wordy sentences Clarity
11. infections → diseases Word choice Engagement
12. , and Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
13. Appropriate → Proper, Relevant Word choice Engagement
14. early puberty and the beginning of Passive voice misuse Clarity
sexual interactions were reported
15. risk → hazard Word choice Engagement
16. an infection → an illness, a disease Word choice Engagement

17. care → supervision Word choice Engagement
18. , and Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences
19. disease → condition Word choice Engagement
20. information → details Word choice Engagement

54
21. transmission → Word choice Engagement

message, news, communication
55
22. in order for → for Wordy sentences Clarity
23. cases → patients Word choice Engagement
24. cases → points Word choice Engagement
25. disease → condition Word choice Engagement
26. routes → ways Word choice Engagement
27. routes → courses, ways Word choice Engagement
28. routes → ways Word choice Engagement
29. anonymous pass interviews, Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

an anonymous pass interview etc.)
30. cases → patients, points Word choice Engagement
31. cases → patients Word choice Engagement
32. by Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
33. preventive → preventative Word choice Engagement
34. In order to → To Wordy sentences Clarity
35. input → information Word choice Engagement
36. output → production Word choice Engagement

37. awareness → Word choice Engagement

understanding, attention
38. approaches → Word choice Engagement

practices, processes, policies,
techniques
5439. results → developments Word choice Engagement
40. national → federal Word choice Engagement

55
41. Denorio → Tenorio Misspelled words Correctness
42. Matulas → Matias Misspelled words Correctness
43. were selected Passive voice misuse Clarity
44. his or her → their Potentially sensitive language Delivery
45. study → survey Word choice Engagement
46. knowledgeable → familiar Word choice Engagement
47. knowledgeable → familiar Word choice Engagement
48. they Word choice Engagement
49. they Word choice Engagement
50. accept → get, assume, take Word choice Engagement
51. these pieces of information were Passive voice misuse Clarity

taught
52. findings → results Word choice Engagement
53. The following findings were reached Passive voice misuse Clarity
54. In partial fulfillment of the A Flipped Classroom Model for Originality

requirements for the Degree of Adaptive Systems in E-Learning
55. Prevention and control of HIV Global research output on Originality

infection largely depend on HIV/AIDS–related medication

adherence to recommended adherence from ...
treatment, https://bmchealthservres.biomed
central.com/articles/10.1186/s12
913-018-3568-x
54
55

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Unique Words 21%

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Rare Words 43%

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AWARENESS AND PERCEIVED APPROACHES TOWARDS HIV/AIDS OF GRADE 6

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Review of Related Literature and Studies

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be spread through handshakes, hugs, shaking hands, sharing of restrooms,

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feasible strategy could be the implementation of preventative measures such

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In many countries, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned

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were to identify and characterize regional HIV prevention programs evaluated in

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cooperation in research in countries with high rates of new infections is

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An inadequate understanding of HIV and its transmission has also significantly

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As the 2021 theme stated, "Zero is Possible Together: Innovation and

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representative of an organization of people living with HIV. The first two

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have started researching how treatment functions are used in epidemiological

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the study

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HIV/AIDS. The respondents to this study were purposefully selected. There

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Approaches – Conceptually refer to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors

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Meanwhile, the least-significant indicators that received the lowest mean

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diseases. Their knowledge still needs to be improved based on the results.

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