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Welding Technology
for Engineers
Limitations:
(1) Newly formed weld joint is heterogeneous to the base metal
(2) Quality of the base metal locally deteriorates by the welding heat
(3) Weld strain and deformation occur by local heating and cooling
(4) Residual stress develops and deteriorates the joint strength
(5) It is difficult to confirm quality of the weld joint
• Mechanical energy
Friction Welding, Friction Stir Welding, Ultrasonic
Welding, etc…
• Chemical energy
Gas Welding, Thermit Welding, etc…
• Photon energy
Laser Welding, etc…
(a) Effect of Work Piece Lead Connection (b) Effect of Work Piece Shape
P = Reignition Voltage
Q = Transitional Voltage
R = Usual Arc Voltage
High Current
Low Speed
Joining Energy
Electrical Energy Chemical Energy Mechanical Energy Light Energy
Joining Mechanism
Mechanical Joining
Welding Processes
Fusing Welding
Pressure Welding
Brazing/Soldering
e.g. SMAW, SAW e.g. TIG, PAW e.g. GMAW (MAG & MIG)
High Current
Voltage-Ampere
Characteristic of
Arc
Low Current
This is especially suitable for TIG welding of aluminium and its alloy
For Example:
When a power source of a rated output 350A and a rated duty cycle 60% is
used at 300A, the allowable duty cycle is given as below.
350(A) 2
Allowable Cycle (%) = x 60(%) = 82%
300 (A)
350(A) 2
100(%) = x 60(%)
Im (A)
√
Im = 350 (A) x 60% = 271 (A)
100%
Thus, Consequently, the power source does not get burnt out at continuous
welding as far as the power is used at an output current below 270A.
(a) Increasing rate control of short circuiting current (e) Retarding control of increasing timing for short
(b) Suppression of short circuiting current circuiting current
(c) Decreasing rate control of arc current (f) Breaking current control of the short circuiting
(d) Promotion of short circuiting (g) Suppression of arc reignition current
(a) A peak current and a base current repeat at a given pulse frequency.
(b) The peak current level is chosen to be higher than a transition current for
spray transfer.
(c) A droplet is transferred by strong electromagnetic pinch force at a given
time.
(d) Sputter rarely occurs in a spray transfer mode as there is no short circuiting
happened.
Welding for Engineers 61
Droplet Transfer Diagram of MIG Welding
Cross Section Shape of Bead
Buried Arc
Advantages Limitations
(1) All positional welding is possible. (1) Slow welding speed
(2) Easiness of bead formation at a (2) Low efficiency
root pass. (3) Expensive shielding gas of argon
(3) Highly clean weld metal of and helium
excellent toughness, elongation
and anti-corrosion.
(4) Availability of clean bead surface –
no oxidation
(5) No necessity of removal of slag
(6) Applicable to all metals
Advantages Limitations
(1) High work efficiency because of (1) Deterioration of mechanical properties
high welding current. of joints because of large heat input.
(2) Little angular distortion because (2) Long starting time after the
of a small number of passes. interruption of welding
(3) Large tolerance in groove (3) Applicability only to the vertical up
preparation and in groove set up. position
Advantages Limitations
(1) No necessity of preparation of (1) Large volume of fume with some wire.
shielding gas. (2) Deterioration of mechanical properties
(2) Easy handling of welding torch by and occurrence of blowholes caused by
its light weight. insufficient control of the arc length.
(3) Less disturbance from wing (3) Shallow penetration.
Advantages Limitations
(1) Deep penetration with small heat (1) Necessity of vacuum.
input. (2) Precise preparation of a groove face.
(2) Narrow heat affected zone and less (3) Expensive equipment
deterioration of base metal.
(3) Small weld strain and deformation
Advantages Limitations
(1) Possibility of welding in an atmosphere. (1) Dependence of light absorption upon
(2) No influence from magnetic field. surface conditions of a workpiece.
(3) Possibility of welding non-metallic (2) Safety protection from laser light.
materials. (3) Low energy efficiency esp at a laser
generator.
(4) Expensive instruments.
Welding for Engineers 92
Set-up of Laser Beam Welding Equipment (A)
YAG Laser
– Can generate both a pulse wave and a continuous wave.
– The light is oscillated in a YAG rod excited by Kr arc lamps, Xe arc lamps or
lights of diode laser (LD).
– The wavelength is 1.03µm or 1.06µm; the light can pass through an optical fibre.
– An optical fibre is used for transmission.
Welding for Engineers 94
Duty cycle
Electric Energy/sec =VI = RI 2
Power = Energy / sec (J/s, VA, W)
( When IActual is different from IRated , duty cycle must be changed. )
Actual power for welding < Rated power for welding
2
rActual Duty Cycle R(I Actual) < r Rated Duty Cycle R(I Rated)2
2
I Rated
rActual Duty Cycle < r Rated Duty Cycle
IActual
2
Rated Secondary Welding Current
Allowable Duty Cycle (%) = X Rated Duty Cycle (%)
Actual Welding Current
Good Luck
Eng. Mohamed Amro Torab
ASNT NDT Level III #125760
CWI, CSWIP3.2, Lead QHSE Auditor
cell and whatsapp: +201000071969
email:maatorab@yahoo.com
Torab Engineering Consultancy
web : www.torab-engineering.com MAMRO