Chapter 16

Additional Examples and Exercises:
Chapter 16: Fuel Cells and Renewables
Further Challenges for Assessment of Environmental LCA
1. Simulate a biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BGCC) in Figure 1 and show a
comparison of energetic analyses between the BGFC site and the BGCC site.
2. Simulate the BGFC flowsheet in Figure 1 for the feedstocks, wood and RDF, with the
ultimate analyses shown in online resource material in the Companion Website: Case Study
1. Report the flowsheet mass and energy analyses of streams, energy efficiency and
equipment specifications for design.
3. Carry out the impact assessments of process operations and material of construction and
report the values of the impact characterisations under various categories, most important of
which are the global warming potential, ozone depletion potential, acidification potential,
photochemical oxidant creation potential, eutrophication potential, human toxicity, aquatic
toxicity and fossil energy and abiotic resource depletion.
Show the workings.
State the assumptions.
Refer to chapter 4 in the textbook for LCA.
The flowchart to understand the inter-relation between material inputs and outputs for the
SOFC stack manufacturing is shown in Figure 2. The inventory data of materials for the
manufacturing of the SOFC unit producing 1 We are shown in Table 1. Tables 2-5 show the
resource inventory and output emission data for the manufacturing of 1 unit mass of
individual manufacturing materials of the SOFC unit. These data extracted from the
Ecoinvent 2.0 database include the most important materials used for stack manufacturing.
The impact characterisation factors can be obtained from:

Biorefineries and Chemical Processes: Design, Integration and Sustainability Analysis, First Edition.
Jhuma Sadhukhan, Kok Siew Ng and Elias Martinez Hernandez.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
22
http://www.cml.leiden.edu/research/industrialecology/researchprojects/finished/new-dutch-
lca-guide.html
4. Show a comparison of performances in relevant categories between feedstocks.
5. Suggest sensible environmental indicators to understand the relative merits between
systems. Write a comprehensive report with comparison between feedstock performances in
important impact categories and make recommendations.
TARIN A IRIN
B9
GTCOMP GTEXPA ND
W
POWER
H2S
3
14 4
GASIN STGASIFY B27
M
GTHRSG
GASPDT CLEA NSYN 6 B1
BST2 GAS
CYCLONE SUPERHTR
STEA MIN2 STOUT2 EFFLUSEP COMBUST
A SH WA TER
FDGASGT L
CHA RPDT
A IRCHA R
CHA RCOMP
EFFLUENT
CHA R-RCT
CHA RIN
Unit names Modelling framework, unit name Process specification
Gasification Estimate pyrolysis or Temperature = 900-950 oC.
devolatilisation product yield using Desired product decides the system and
EXCEL spreadsheet based model the gasification operating pressure.

shown in Table 2b in the Pressure = near atmospheric when
companion Text Book. integrating to fuel cell or 25-30 bar for
Use RGibbs reactor in Aspen Plus combined cycle integration and fuel and
for the gasification of pyrolysis chemical production.
product into product gas.
Air Compressor Isentropic model in Desired product decides the system and
compressor Aspen Plus. CHARCOMP in the compressors’ operating pressure.
flowsheet. GTCOMP in the Isentropic efficiency = 75%.
flowsheet.
Gas cooler and Cooler in Aspen Plus. SUPERHTR Temperature is just above the dew point of
heat recovery in the flowsheet. GTHRSG in the the gas / flue gas at the system /
steam flowsheet. gasification pressure, such that single
generator phase gas still leaves the cooler / HRSG
(HRSG) without requiring special design of the gas
cooler / HRSG.
Gas or exhaust Flash2, two phase flash separator in Keep at or lower than the dew point of the
condenser Aspen Plus. EFFLUSEP in the gas, so as to dry the gas from the water
flowsheet. present in the gas. After purification in the
effluent treatment plant (ETP) and 10%
purge, the rest of the water is recovered as
boiler feed water (BFW).
Gas Clean-up Sep2: 2 outlet component separator Specify pure component flow to be
and carbon based on component purity, flow separated with the mole fraction of 1.
capture and etc. for the site flowsheet
storage; air simulation in Aspen Plus.
separation unit Individual processes (such as
Selexol) can be simulated in detail.
B1 in the flowsheet.
Gas turbine REquil in Aspen Plus. COMBUST 1300oC temperature at the system
(GT) in the flowsheet. pressure. This temperature restricts the
combustor NOx emission. The combustion reactions
of syngas include the following.
CO + 0.5O2 = CO2
H2 + 0.5O2 = H2O
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
GT Expander Turbine Isentropic model in Aspen Exit pressure = Near atmospheric but
Plus. GTEXPAND in the allowing pressure drop across HRSG.
flowsheet. Isentropic efficiency = 75-90%
o
Steam gasifier RGibbs reactor in Aspen Plus. Gas Temperature = 900-950 C. Desired
in allothermal and tar yields from the spreadsheet product decides the system and the
gasification based pyrolysis or devolatilisation gasification operating pressure. Pressure =
product yield modelling are to be near atmospheric (when integrating to fuel
entered as feedstock to the steam cell) or 25-30 bar (IGCC, fuel and
gasifier model in Aspen Plus. chemical production).
STGASIFY in the flowsheet.
Char RGibbs reactor in Aspen Plus. Char About 50oC higher temperature than steam
combustor in yield from the spreadsheet based gasifier to keep temperature gradient and
allothermal pyrolysis or devolatilisation supply exothermic heat of combustion
gasification product yield model entered as reaction to the steam gasifier.
feedstock to the char combustor
model in Aspen Plus. CHAR-RCT
in the flowsheet.
Figure 1. Specification for BGCC process flowsheet simulation.
Yttrium, zirconium,
sodium hydroxide, water, Nickel oxide powder (NiO)
heat and electricity
Yttria-stabilized zirconia
Ethylene, water, powder (YSZ)
benzene, sodium Anode
hydroxide, hydrochloric
Graphite powder
acid, phosphoric acid,
heat and electricity Electrolyte SOFC stack
manufacturing
Ethanol
Rare earth concentrate, Cathode
sulphuric acid, sodium
hydroxide, hydrochloric La1-xSrxMnO3 (LSM)
acid, manganese,
strontium carbonate,
water, heat and In minor quantities:
electricity Polyvinyl propyl (PVP)
Triethyl phosphate (TEP)
Vinyl propyl, heat and

electricity
Figure 2. Material inventory flowchart for the manufacturing of a SOFC unit.
Table 1. Material inventory data for the manufacturing of a SOFC unit.
gm per We NiO YSZ LSM Graphite Ethanol PVP/TEP
Anode 20 20 3 130 6
Electrolyte 42 130 6
Cathode 20 20 4 130 6
YSZ: Yttria-stabilized Zirconia; LSM: Lanthanum strontium manganate; PVP: Polyvinylbutyl;
TEP: Triethylphosphate;
Table 2. Inventory data for the manufacturing of 1 kg of YSZ.
Input Heating systems MJ 3.2541
Water kg 1.6208
50% zirconium and 50% yttrium kg 3.14
Sodium hydroxide, 50% in water kg 1.44
Auxiliary material kg 0.3
Electricity MJ 0.148679
Inert waste disposal to landfill, 5% water kg 0.0181
Residue disposal to sanitary landfill, 30% water kg 0.0025
Organic chemicals kg 0.00146
Incineration residue disposal to landfill kg 4.16×10-5
Output Waste heat MJ 1.02
Suspended solid particulates to water kg 4.68×10-3
Chloride emissions to fresh water kg 9.78×10-5
Chemical Oxygen demand of fresh water kg 1.31×10-5
Nitrate emissions to fresh water kg 2.91×10-7
Heavy metals emissions to fresh water kg 8.32×10-8
Phosphate emissions to fresh water kg 2.08×10-8
Table 3. Inventory data for the manufacturing of 1 kg of ethanol.
Input Water kg 13.58933
Heat MJ 2.8964
Ethylene kg 0.62193
Benzene kg 0.003392
Sodium hydroxide kg 0.001785
Hydrochloric acid, 30% in water kg 0.00119
Phosphoric acid, industrial grade, 85% in water kg 0.000694
Output Waste heat MJ 0.060706
Carbon dioxide emissions to air kg 0.011522
Chloride emissions to fresh water kg 0.001885
Sodium ion emissions to fresh water kg 0.001686
Ethylene emissions to air kg 0.001244
Phosphate emissions to fresh water kg 0.001091
Table 4. Inventory data for the manufacturing of 1 kg of LSM.
Input Rare earth concentrate kg 0.795
Solvent, 16.5% water kg 0.7819
Organic chemicals kg 0.40399
Heating system MJ 1.09814
Sulphuric acid kg 0.33883
Sodium hydroxide, 50% in water kg 0.182445
Manganese concentrate kg 1.5088
Strontium carbonate kg 0.10759
Water kg 0.2
Output Radioactive emissions to fresh water (thorium) kg 26.567
Radioactive emissions to fresh water (radium) kg 5.2505
Radioactive emissions to fresh water (uranium) kg 0.070355
Chloride emissions to fresh water kg 0.001602
Suspended solid particulates to water kg 0.00105
Magnesium emissions to fresh water kg 0.000475
Sulphate emissions to fresh water kg 0.00087
Manganese, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 2.3×10-5
Organic carbon emission measures to water kg 1.21×10-5
Aluminium emissions to fresh water kg 7.95×10-6
Fluoride emissions to fresh water kg 3.35×10-6
Iron, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 2.26×10-6
Zinc, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 1.79×10-6
Antimony, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 1.23×10-6
Cobalt, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 6.57×10-7
Lead, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 5.56×10-7
Thallium, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 5.54×10-7
Nickel, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 2.77×10-7
Copper, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 2.44×10-7
Barium, emissions to fresh water kg 1.19×10-7
Silver, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 1.15×10-7
Selenium, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 1.12×10-7
Arsenic, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 1.12×10-7
Vanadium, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 1.11×10-7
Molybdenum, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 1.11×10-7
Chromium, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 6.42×10-8
Sulphide, emissions to fresh water kg 3.77×10-8
Beryllium emissions to fresh water kg 1.22×10-8
Cadmium, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 1.2×10-8
Cyanide emissions to fresh water kg 9.97×10-9
Mercury, Heavy metals to fresh water kg 5.54×10-11
Carbon dioxide emissions to air kg 0.28058
Hydrogen fluoride emissions to air kg 0.001409
Sulphur dioxide emissions to air kg 0.000235
Carbon monoxide emissions to air kg 0.001934
Nitrogen oxides emissions to air kg 0.000264
Dust (PM2.5) Particles to air kg 0.000103
Cycloalkanes to air kg 6.85×10-5
Hydrogen chloride emissions to air kg 1.88×10-5
Lead, Heavy metals to air kg 1.62×10-6
Zinc, Heavy metals to air kg 4.13×10-7
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to air kg 2.36×10-7
Manganese, Heavy metals to air kg 9.65×10-8
Copper, Heavy metals to air kg 3.83×10-8
Mercury, Heavy metals to air kg 3.79×10-8
Chromium, Heavy metals to air kg 1.26×10-8
Cadmium, Heavy metals to air kg 9.65×10-9
Nickel, Heavy metals to air kg 9.65×10-9
Thallium, Heavy metals to air kg 8×10-9
Vanadium, Heavy metals to air kg 5.75×10-9
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Halogenated organic emissions
to air kg 3.21×10-9
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, Halogenated organic emissions
to air kg 3.5×10-12
Waste heat MJ 0.346405
Table 5. Inventory data for the manufacturing of 1 kg of PVP/TEP.
Input Heating system MJ 51.447

Organics kg 1.0526
Integrated Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) System
A novel concept coupling a pressurized SOFC within a GSHP is shown in Figures 3-4. In this
conceptual flowsheet, the high pressure and high temperature exhaust gas from a SOFC is used as a
refrigerant in a GSHP cycle. The heat from the SOFC exhaust gas is extracted at high pressure,
leading to condensation of the gas, in ‘SOFC exhaust gas condenser’ in Figure 3 or in exchanger B6
and SOFC-CON in Aspen simulation in Figure 4. The heat recovery from the SOFC exhaust gas
generates hot water (SPACHEAT) for space heating in B6. The two phase exhaust stream (2) is
then expanded through the expansion valve in Figure 3 or EXPANDER in Figure 4 to a slightly
above atmospheric pressure, sent to the underground to extract heat (in the evaporator in Figure 3 or
in heater GSHP in Aspen simulation in Figure 4, assuming 10oC temperature difference from the
ground heat) and compressed back to the high pressure and high temperature, 5 bar and 60oC,
through the compressor in Figure 3 or COMPRESS in Aspen simulation in Figure 4, ready to
provide residential heat. Instead of closing the loop, the two phase system, water phase and gas
phase with nitrogen and carbon dioxide as the main constituent, can be released to atmosphere, after
residential heat recovery (in CONDENSR in Figure 4) to continuously operate SOFC. SOFC’s role
is to provide the compressor duty and refrigerant for extracting heat from the ground. The power to
heat ratio can be reduced to 65% in this way. Based on this ratio, 1 in 5 dwellings, all of which can
be fully supplied by SOFC power can be heated up (UK context). The efficiency of the overall
integrated system is slightly more than 90%. This is higher than the BGFC system due to the
utilization of ground source heat via the exhaust gas from the SOFC.
Mixing of more suitable refrigerant into the SOFC exhaust gas should be explored for a
thermodynamically optimal heat recovery from the SOFC and GSHP micro-CHP system, subject to
further research.
Similar to GSHP, heat available in the air can also be utilized in the heat pump (Air Source Heat
Pump, ASHP) and to increase the residential heating rate (e.g. relevant for UK). Thus, an air intake
to the compressor COMPRESS can be considered to increase the heat recovery rate through
CONDENSR. However, this route neither utilizes the high pressure, high temperature advantages of
the SOFC process nor contributes to the exhaust gas refrigerant medium. The only connection
between ASHP and SOFC systems is to fulfil the power requirements of the ASHP system by the
SOFC system. Thus, integration in this line lowers the overall efficiency. For example, based on an
air flowrate of 1.2 kmol h-1 (compared to 0.09 kmol h-1 of syngas flowrate to SOFC) a desirable
heat to power ratio of 68% for the UK new residential systems can be obtained with an overall
efficiency of 83%. Although guided by thermodynamic integration synergies, it must be noted that
any conversion between electrical energy and thermal energy comes with the overall reduced
efficiency of the power-led or heat-led micro-CHP technology.
It can be noted that the analysis is based upon peak heat demands. Therefore, it is expected that
during summer months when there is low or no heat demand, SOFC and combination of SOFC-
GSHP based micro-CHP systems, can be designed to meet the lowest heat requirement. During
peak heat demands these systems have to rely upon other form of renewable technologies for
dwelling (e.g. solar heat) or community based generations, such as a BGCC plant, in the context of
UK. If surplus electricity is generated, the basic options are to, sell it directly to customers or to the
grid. The easiest way to do so is by net metering, where the electricity exported is subtracted from
the fuel or CHP imported, with only the balance being paid for.
HIGH PRESSURE EXHAUST

SOFC EXHAUST GAS GAS FROM SOFC
CONDENSER
RESIDENTIAL HEAT
STACK
GAS
Condenser
POWER FROM
SOFC
Expansion valve Compressor
ORIGINAL GSHP LOOP
Evaporator
Original GSHP loop

GROUND HEAT
Figure 3. In original GSHP cycle, condenser is connected to expansion valve; SOFC exhaust gas
condenser is connected to expansion valve in the proposed integrated scheme; the modifications are
shown in shaded area and by dotted arrows.
SOFC streams’ analyses:
Stream name AIR2CATH 19 NITROGEN O2RICH SYN2SOFC SOFCFLUE 32

Substream: MIXED
Mole Fraction
H2O 0 0 0 0 6.35E-03 0.4563032 0.1989173
N2 0.79 0.79 1 0 0.1707517 0.1674736 0.6370748
O2 0.21 0.21 0 1 0.000022 0.000800 0.000349
NO 0 0 0 0 0.000001 0.000002 0.000001
SO2 0 0 0 0 0 0.000009 0.000004
H2 0 0 0 0 0.440118 0 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0.222107 0 0
CO2 0 0 0 0 0.151259 0.375412 0.163654
CH4 0 0 0 0 0.009384 0 0
COS 0 0 0 0 0.000009 0 0
Total Flow kmol/hr 0.145 0.145 0.11455 0.03045 0.0868291 0.0885284 0.2030785
Total Flow kg/hr 4.183308 4.183308 3.208944 0.9743635 1.633687 2.608051 5.816995
3
Total Flow m /hr 3.423267 1.322744 1.044968 0.2777763 0.0801698 1.579795 2.784255
Temperature o C 25 275.4435 275.4435 275.4435 60 800 551.3447
Pressure bar 1.05 5 5 5 30 5 5
Vapor Fraction 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Enthalpy J/kmol 0 7406260 7354420 7601300 -85240000 -226780000 -94711000
Enthalpy J/kg 0 256713 262531 237550 -4530400 -7697700 -3306500
Enthalpy Watt 0 298.3078 234.0134 64.29435 -2055.919 -5576.699 -5342.685
Entropy J/kmol-K 3976.989 9002.668 4613.754 5164.746 5744.366 26352.99 19881.92
Entropy J/kg-K 137.8487 312.0466 164.6976 161.4044 305.3083 894.534 694.1023
Density kmol/m3 0.0423572 0.1096206 0.1096206 0.1096206 1.083065 0.0560379 0.0729381
Density kg/m3 1.222022 3.162597 3.070854 3.507727 20.37784 1.65088 2.089246
Average MW 28.8504 28.8504 28.01348 31.9988 18.81497 29.46002 28.64407
o 3
Liquid Volume 60 F m /hr 0.007766 0.007766 0.006135 0.001631 0.004631 0.003307 0.009442
SOFC-GSHP streams’ analyses:
Stream name 12 SPACHEAT EXHAUSTG 2 6 18 AIR2COMP 16 7 20 STACKGAS HWATER
Substream: MIXED
Mole Frac
H2O 1 1 0.1989173 0.1989173 0.1989173 0.1989173 0 0.0287908 0.0287908 0.0287908 0.0233586 0.9985277
N2 0 0 0.6370748 0.6370748 0.6370748 0.6370748 0.79 0.7678659 0.7678659 0.7678659 0.7721628 0.0008163
O2 0 0 0.0003485 0.0003485 0.0003485 0.0003485 0.21 0.1796555 0.1796555 0.1796555 0.1806605 0.0002410
NO 0 0 0.0000009 0.0000009 0.0000009 0.0000009 0 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0
SO2 0 0 0.0000039 0.0000039 0.0000039 0.0000039 0 0.0000006 0.0000006 0.0000006 0.0000006 0.0000002
CO2 0 0 0.1636543 0.1636543 0.1636543 0.1636543 0 0.0236869 0.0236869 0.0236869 0.0238173 0.0004147
Total Flow kmol/hr 1.7 1.7 0.2030785 0.2030785 0.2030785 0.2030785 1.2 1.403078 1.403078 1.403078 1.395263 0.0078158
Total Flow kg/hr 30.62598 30.62598 5.816995 5.816995 5.816995 5.816995 34.62048 40.43747 40.43747 40.43747 40.29649 0.140979
Total Flow m3/hr 0.0306774 0.0319238 0.9368811 0.8573748 2.428738 3.533641 27.85538 30.29393 9.411818 34.00752 34.00738 0.0001413
Temperature o C 20 59.75422 60 40 -3.947351 0 20 5.242991 130.2485 20 20 20
Pressure bar 1.05 1.05 5 5 1.5 1.05 1.05 1.05 5 1 1 1
Vapor Fraction 0 0 0.8321917 0.8100878 0.8012588 0.8043264 1 0.9794223 1 0.9944295 1 0
Liquid Fraction 1 1 0.1678083 0.1899122 0.1987412 0.1956736 0 0.0205777 0 0.005570 0 1
Enthalpy J/kmol -286030000 -283190000 -118460000 -120140000 -122240000 -121990000 -145840 -17781000 -13162000 -16676000 -15168000 -285770000
Enthalpy J/kg -15877000 -15720000 -4135700 -4194100 -4267600 -4258600 -5055 -616940 -456700 -578600 -525200 -15843000
Enthalpy Watt -135070 -133730 -6683 -6777 -6896 -6881 -49 -6930 -5130 -6499 -5879 -620
Entropy J/kmol-K -163840 -154840 -30319.22 -35475.15 -34601.86 -31279.33 3483.675 -848.7806 318.593 3408.493 4343.923 -163580
Entropy J/kg-K -9094.757 -8594.918 -1058.481 -1238.481 -1207.994 -1092 120.7497 -29.45055 11.05437 118.2661 150.4079 -9068.939
3
Density kmol/m 55.4153 53.25172 0.2167601 0.2368608 0.0836148 0.05747 0.0430796 0.0463155 0.1490762 0.0412578 0.0410282 55.33276
3
Density kg/m 998.3221 959.3446 6.208893 6.784658 2.395069 1.646176 1.242865 1.334838 4.296457 1.189075 1.184934 998.0705
Average MW 18.01528 18.01528 28.64407 28.64407 28.64407 28.64407 28.8504 28.82053 28.82053 28.82053 28.88094 18.03761
o 3
Liquid Volume 60 F m /hr 0.030685 0.030685 0.009442 0.009442 0.009442 0.009442 0.064269 0.073711 0.073711 0.073711 0.073570 0.000141
Simulation of GSHP process units shown in Figure 3:
Unit operation in Figure 3 Unit name in simulation Purpose
“SOFC EXHAUST GAS B6 Recovering space heating from
CONDENSER” the SOFC exhaust gas
“CONDENSER” CONDENSR Recovering hot water and water
“EXPANSION VALVE” EXPANDER Lowering the pressure of the
SOFC exhaust gas
“EVAPORATOR” GSHP Vaporise the gas at lower
pressure to extract the heat of
vaporization from the ground
“COMPRESSOR” COMPRESS Compress the gas to recover heat
in the condenser
Total heat generated from B6 1.34 + 1.37 = 2.71 kW
and CONDENSR
Net power consumed = power 1.8 – 0.12 = 1.68 kW
consumed by COMPRESS –
power generated from
EXPANDER
Coefficient of performance = 2.71 / 1.68 = 1.6
heating provided / power Maximum 2 if vacuum is
consumed maintained at the expander outlet
Basis: SOFC net power = power 3.59 – 0.3 = 3.29 kW
generated from ANODE –
power consumed by B5
Figure 4. Aspen simulation of integrated SOFC-GSHP micro-CHP system.

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Chapter 16

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Additional Examples and Exercises:

Chapter 16: Fuel Cells and Renewables

Further Challenges for Assessment of Environmental LCA

equipment specifications for design.

photochemical oxidant creation potential, eutrophication potential, human toxicity, aquatic

toxicity and fossil energy and abiotic resource depletion.

Show the workings.

State the assumptions.

Refer to chapter 4 in the textbook for LCA.

The impact characterisation factors can be obtained from:

4. Show a comparison of performances in relevant categories between feedstocks.

5. Suggest sensible environmental indicators to understand the relative merits between

systems. Write a comprehensive report with comparison between feedstock performances in

important impact categories and make recommendations.

Unit names Modelling framework, unit name Process specification

Gasification Estimate pyrolysis or Temperature = 900-950 oC.

EXCEL spreadsheet based model the gasification operating pressure.

for the gasification of pyrolysis chemical production.

product into product gas.

flowsheet. GTCOMP in the Isentropic efficiency = 75%.

steam flowsheet. gasification pressure, such that single

generator phase gas still leaves the cooler / HRSG

(HRSG) without requiring special design of the gas

flowsheet. present in the gas. After purification in the

effluent treatment plant (ETP) and 10%

purge, the rest of the water is recovered as

boiler feed water (BFW).

capture and etc. for the site flowsheet

storage; air simulation in Aspen Plus.

separation unit Individual processes (such as

Selexol) can be simulated in detail.

(GT) in the flowsheet. pressure. This temperature restricts the

of syngas include the following.

CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O

Plus. GTEXPAND in the allowing pressure drop across HRSG.

flowsheet. Isentropic efficiency = 75-90%

gasification based pyrolysis or devolatilisation gasification operating pressure. Pressure =

product yield modelling are to be near atmospheric (when integrating to fuel

gasifier model in Aspen Plus. chemical production).

STGASIFY in the flowsheet.

allothermal pyrolysis or devolatilisation supply exothermic heat of combustion

gasification product yield model entered as reaction to the steam gasifier.

feedstock to the char combustor

model in Aspen Plus. CHAR-RCT

Figure 1. Specification for BGCC process flowsheet simulation.

Vinyl propyl, heat and

Figure 2. Material inventory flowchart for the manufacturing of a SOFC unit.

Table 1. Material inventory data for the manufacturing of a SOFC unit.

gm per We NiO YSZ LSM Graphite Ethanol PVP/TEP

YSZ: Yttria-stabilized Zirconia; LSM: Lanthanum strontium manganate; PVP: Polyvinylbutyl;

Input Heating systems MJ 3.2541

50% zirconium and 50% yttrium kg 3.14

Sodium hydroxide, 50% in water kg 1.44

Auxiliary material kg 0.3

Inert waste disposal to landfill, 5% water kg 0.0181

Residue disposal to sanitary landfill, 30% water kg 0.0025

Organic chemicals kg 0.00146

Incineration residue disposal to landfill kg 4.16×10-5

Output Waste heat MJ 1.02

Suspended solid particulates to water kg 4.68×10-3

Chloride emissions to fresh water kg 9.78×10-5

Chemical Oxygen demand of fresh water kg 1.31×10-5

Nitrate emissions to fresh water kg 2.91×10-7