Chapter 2 Set, Functions and Groups Exercise 2.1 2. We the folowing set in set bulder notation. 1.23 ,..01000) Be e100) (21, 22..1000) 191-2500) 100,101, 102...400) ve (100-101,-102....-500) (echawor, tohore, Karachi, Quel) vil, anvary Je. Joh) The set ofa old natural ‘number The set of allreol numbers beteen 1 and 2 ‘The st of il inteogers between -100 and 1000, Sotto, L128. 1000) xbeeM ax 1000) (rn 00) = leewaxs 100) (o21,22...21000) = fx}eeZ 1000s 1000) (0-1-2... $00) = ieeZ $0050) 100,101,102... 400} = ileN » 100545 400) (6100-109 102.800) = fx)eez 5005x5100) hawar, Lahore Korachl, Quetta) ~Ix}xistho capital of province of poison} {arway, June, Ju) (clei the name month which son wth J) ~icleeNn xivods) “eben x20) = BiK=4 pgeznar0} here pqezng eo) wmbers beteen | and 2 =hrlneRa 1243) 3H Integers between -100 and 1000 (cle -100- ~(ea9) (aupee = usu hy. AutBnc) = (ava) n (AUC) a RMSAUB > pv-a) (auayre = (auBue LHS [AUB}NC > (pve) @ 5 [AUBIUC > pvlev) a BL (Ana)ne = Angene) LHS [Anginc > (pagar RMS Anisoch LHS Autsnc AAUBoC) = (AUB) (AUC) 19 paar) RMS [AUB] [AUC] va) AY @ ove nove HS=RNS Hence ProvedExercise 2.6 G1. For A= (1.23.4 tind the following relations in A. Stole he domain and ‘ange of each relat. Asa craw the graph of each Lb ydiy=a Rk Geptyerss) aypimyesy femeps Solution Lk (ayniy=9 where. A= (123.4) Se r= (001,221. 83).664) 211234 Ang range (= (1.234) Muy) lyex= 9 where A= (1.2.44) = (14), 23). (82). 2a Dom (= 1123.4)= 1123.4) Bay) xtyS), where A= (1.234) raf(Lanna}ane, omii=(1.2.3) srongell=(1.23) Mey) Lr) (24, 3). (8.4, (421,169). 14) se Dom i= 234) songs (= 43.2} 01 23.4 (4 6H 44) 122, Repeat @-1 when A= R the set of real number. Which of he real ines re functions? Solution Laer elon Ly=>) (22), (9.3)..) VEL 2 fe [+22 et). (00). (1. B30) Ack P= fben| pay 5) 14) 059.0 (50). (6-0. Bay) xrys) Neto eyes) (G3. Which ofthe folowing diagrams represent funelions and of which type? 1 Fa (1. does not represent o function becouse element hos nt uniave 1k. Fa (2-tepretento (1-1) one—to—one function. $0, on to function Fa. (3). represent [1-1 one-to-one functon s,s ent finjunction) Fag [represents function which in onto function (24, Find ne inverse of each of he folowing elaons. Tell whether each ‘elation and ts inverse is @funciton or nol (22,62).43).64) 65) 03.2.5,87.09.60) Mey iy #2002 68) (Guy) y= 4ox x= 0) Pay Dey | 3) #421), (8.2.49). (54) (65) I=(20) (82-43). 6.4. (65) I 1.2345) = (0.3), 25).87 49.610) te 1013) (25. (871. (491 (5110 tk function (Heyy = 2443, €) sst{puy) y= 208.8] tee tunetion setey) | yee ox, x2 0) tel etter x= yeRD rete ary? =9, | ey |S 1310 res (bey) eave #9, Dey | £131 tlenot a functionExercise 2.7 21. Complete the fable, indicating by tick mark hose properties which cre Sclisled bythe specied sel of number. Clue ° went G2__Whot ore the fed axtoms? in what respect does the fll of veal numbers llr tom tht of complex numbers? Solution A nonemply set is sid fo be iid i for al xy. 2, GF the folowing ‘Afiels(F, +) inn ablain groupie. wiyeF vayer b. (ceyitzeze tetyl vever dh x= a0K=0 vee YY: ZeF. the igh sibutve low holds Le. X(yet)=a9 Ihe Feld of real numbers dite. rom te fed of complex numbers inthe since that an order relation can be defied in th fld of real numbers, hats we con say thal one realnumberi smaler than the 23. _show tho! the adioinng table i tht of moticication ofthe ‘he sot ofresicue classes module. 5. ° Solution 480-0 This show tis « prosuct table ver? iver 3 overs over? aves Ths fable shows that ol elements of fables small than § $0, he tabla ‘© mutfptcation abe of he set of residue Clsses modu 5. G4. Prepare table of edi of he elements of he seo ese classes edule 4 Solution The table of odalion ofthe element othe set of residue closes 1 alven below dement’0.12°3, 5.__Which of he folowing binary operations shown in tables (a) or (b) ‘commutative? Solution: As the muttplcation table not symmetic atk when row and column into (a) intobie (b) Both, ond fobleshave no commutative piopedy 26. Supply the mising elements ofthe thi row ofthe given fable so that the ‘peraion » may be associative Solution .y2.1be the requred clement. they are ossocltive with binary operation » [osb) #o= oe [bt0}.(1) Nothematis Bi (debyebade(beb) eebedto — L.d¥b=c.beb=ol ma Ficebey, deer) (debyec=ax (ac) deb=c.d#0=0) 127. _Wnot operation Isrepresented by he adjoining fable? Nome the identy joment of te relevant seh, Fi exis the operation asroctative? Find the Solution: on oxae3 Jenty element = 0 Becauie t doesnot change ony number when i added toi Ve 2eaj=(e2}63, lence proved they have axsociatve property ono 2a 31Exercise 2.8 21. Operation pertormed on the two-member se! = (01) shown inthe fodjolning table. Answer the questions - Name the identy element Hex? lathe set G, under the given operation a group? Abelian or nob Abelian? e]° LAdentty element =0 0@0=0 1@0= 091-1 le Wwiet@l=0 The set = 0.00 Closure property holds [0¥0) +1 = 06 ost on = oF Adative inverse exits Inverse law hela, let-o= $0,¢1G=.1]s 0 gun. Commutative law one Ho Hence, set Gis baton 122. The operation @ a performed onthe set (0.1.2.3) is shown in he adcning fable, show thatthe sets an Abelian group? Solution 1. Associative property ree) (1 betongs to gven Hobie) enty exits 0@1-100=1 0@2=2022 Commutative law hae2et So, commutative law holds lence, the setisan Abefon aroun, 23. For each ofthe folowing sts, determine whether or not he set forms @ ‘reup wih respect fo he inaieated operation, set Qeeraton he set of postive rational numbers Iv. the set of integers v-the st ointeaers Solution |The fet of ational nomber under mutiplicaton, Set of rational number =. etoed, ox0= 0x01 Therefore, the st of rtional numbers: not @ group wt the binary operation The tet of atonal numbers under alton. ». Associative property [orb + : Identity element o10= 060 4. lverse element otto)= (0) 2. Commutative propery orb=br2 = [:9b.€ 3} Therefore, he vt of sional numbers uncer. |The sel of pole rational numbers under mulipication. 1@/denotes the st of postive rationcl numbers, the"D # {Close law nye Wwxyea| product of two ational numbers is aso postive rational number 1 Associative law bod. 22x00) Way. LEO] 1. tdentty element lee xe) Hence, "tis he identity element of @ Iv. Invers element. bated Hence.’ pestv rational numbers) s group under mutipicotion ¥. Commutative tow xysyx yea] Ie hot the group (@] Abeton grup. Iv.The st of integers under adton Lotz be et integer 2= (£1, 42.28 a0) Cosme law 1 Arrociative ow ot (orc) sare) te o.be Nothematis 1. Identity element onta)=0= Ins Inverte element ov{o}=0=(0)10— (voro.e2] lence intagers under adation 2 croon, ¥. Commutative property orbs oro Was.e2) -The st of ntegers under mutipication et Tbe set of nleges then 0,21.22,38.0) Closure law aber 1 Associative lw aw.c 1 tdentty tow a= 1= 10 a.ezond 1 ez) Inverse element by this it show, the soto integers under mutipieaton 24, show thatthe adjoining lable represents he sums othe elements of he set), ‘What she identity element of his 27 Show that this sets an abelian group, e fo solton: ‘Sum ol he elements of the set (0) Even @ Even = Even Even @ odd odd (dd @ even = ocd (odd @ odd = even be. kdenity element Leloture property esoro | Associative property Es(E+0) = E48)40 Iv. Identity element e So.s01 EO} a.cbetan element (95, Show thot the set, sa), when w= 1 san Abelian group wart or ‘mulipicaton closure property leorw o ve Coser property hol | Associative property vowe Associative property holst inverse low weuts OF wow Inverse hale Iv identty element wale welze ¥- Commutenve propery eeu Commutative property holds lence. se (1.44) on Abelian group wr. mtiofeaton. 6.11 group under the operation # and a,b © G. nd the soluions ofthe ‘equations osreb, xto=b Solton Lo asxeb oe(osx=a'eb loleolexcoen Lie! fo ex) =(0! #0) 9 lence, soliton of equation x xx ob Mutipyo" by he ight sae of equation. bxo}eai=bee xx(ato!]=b40 [ues ollea! =x ieee!) kke=baa! [owo'se) Kobe lce ed lence. solsion of equotionisx=b #0 7, Show thot set consisting of elements of he form 2+ V35 (a,b being rational), ‘son abetion group ws. odetion, Solton: (2+ VIB: | 0. BEG) els. v.26 G ony tee elements of G, such that fobedetea, |-elosure propertios wysul.vea |L Associative property basypta= ety 1. Since, retlonal number, so, adele identty present in sot. v.Since, any x= 0+ VSB 6, then So, inverse of each element f “G's bois G, voxty= yx: show thet commutative property w.-addiion holds G. Hence G kan abelan group wt adalion (28, Determine whether (Ps) where # stands for nlersection isa semigroup, ‘emonold or nether Wis ]2 monoid spect ts ently. (Ps) be the power se of ony set then! ends wit belong to that Lot |. close tow Let. Be Pi) Then A # 8 wil contain elements of © because « & mutipetion which willbe some subse of ¥'belong to Ps) | Arrociative Low LIA B.CerE Aw (@EC}=(agec ASANIBNCI=IANBIAC asserts) Theny Ae PIs) SEAZAMS=A [LS AZA=ANAI > "Fetheiaentty element Hence, Ps) e monoid, Therelore, a semi group os wal beiaentty ee G9, Complete the folowing table fo obtain a semi-group under ye required element > insemi-group ‘Associotive law hold [oXc) #o=a8 040} [.08a=c) > ctoro8e pore > insominroup ‘Associove aw’ hold oto) # b= o4{oe0) cab-oWa [.e#o=cl loe=al loxo=o] 210, Prove tha alt 2x2 non-singulor matrices over he eal fel rom a non: ‘belan group under mltipicaton, Solution: ot S denotes the set of of non-singular 2 xmoices over he eal Feld Nothematis {Closure tow 1 Associative low A(BC}IAS1.C 1 dentty Bement 9). ¢ non snguior matic ¥. Commutative lw Aro Bara # Banas Apes! by this the sot of 21.2 non singer mates over the eck eld a non. ‘balan group under mutipscation