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Ümit Işlak
Definition
A linear homogeneous recurrence relation of degree k with
constant coefficients is a recurrence relation of the form
Note. Here,
linear means linearity in terms of ai ’s;
homogeneous means that there is no constant term;
constant coefficients means that ci ’s are constants and that
they do not depend on n;
degree k means that an is defined in terms of previous k
members.
Definition
A linear homogeneous recurrence relation of degree k with
constant coefficients is a recurrence relation of the form
Note. Here,
linear means linearity in terms of ai ’s;
homogeneous means that there is no constant term;
constant coefficients means that ci ’s are constants and that
they do not depend on n;
degree k means that an is defined in terms of previous k
members.
Example
(i) an = 2an−1 is a linear homogeneous recurrence relation of
degree 1 with constant coefficient.
Ln+2 = Ln+1 + Ln , n ≥ 2.
Example
(i) an = 2an−1 is a linear homogeneous recurrence relation of
degree 1 with constant coefficient.
Ln+2 = Ln+1 + Ln , n ≥ 2.
Example
(i) an = 2an−1 is a linear homogeneous recurrence relation of
degree 1 with constant coefficient.
Ln+2 = Ln+1 + Ln , n ≥ 2.
Example
The recursion
an = 2na2n−1 + 3
if and only if
if and only if
rk − c1 rk−1 − c2 rk−2 − · · · − ck = 0.
if and only if
if and only if
rk − c1 rk−1 − c2 rk−2 − · · · − ck = 0.
Our goal in this section is to see that the characteristic roots can
be used to give an explicit formula for all the solutions of the
recurrence relation. We discuss the k = 2 case.
Theorem
Let c1 , c2 ∈ R. Suppose
r2 − c1 r − c2 = 0
an = c1 an−1 + c2 an−2
if and only if
an = α1 r1n + α2 r2n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Example
Find the sequence an that satisfies the recursion
r2 − r − 2 = 0.
a0 = 2 = α1 + α2
and
a1 = 7 = 2α1 − α2 .
Solving these two equations, we obtain α1 = 3, α2 = −1. Hence,
the unique solution to our recurrence relation is given by
an = 3 · 2n − (−1)n .
Ümit Işlak Math 162: Recurrences - more
Recurrence basics
r2 − r − 2 = 0.
a0 = 2 = α1 + α2
and
a1 = 7 = 2α1 − α2 .
Solving these two equations, we obtain α1 = 3, α2 = −1. Hence,
the unique solution to our recurrence relation is given by
an = 3 · 2n − (−1)n .
Ümit Işlak Math 162: Recurrences - more
Recurrence basics
Exercise
Consider the Fibonacci sequence defined by setting F0 = 1,
F1 = 1, and the following recursion
Fn+2 = Fn+1 + Fn , n ≥ 0.
Theorem
Let c1 , c2 ∈ R. Suppose
r2 − c1 r − c2 = 0
an = c1 an−1 + c2 an−2
if and only if
an = α1 r1n + α2 r2n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Proof. (⇐) We let an = α1 r1n + α2 r2n and show that an solves the
recursion. Since r1 , r2 are solutions to the characteristic equation,
we have
r12 = c1 r1 + c2 , and r22 = c1 r2 + c2 .
Using these
So we are done.
an = c1 an−1 + c2 an−2
is of the form
an = α1 r1n + α2 r2n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
a 0 = C0 = α 1 + α 2 , and a1 = C1 = α1 r1 + α2 r2 .
an = c1 an−1 + c2 an−2
is of the form
an = α1 r1n + α2 r2n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
a 0 = C0 = α 1 + α 2 , and a1 = C1 = α1 r1 + α2 r2 .
Now we know that an and α1 r1n + α2 r2n are both solutions of the
recurrence relation an = c1 an−1 + c2 an−2 and both satisfy the
initial conditions for n = 0 and n = 1. Since there is a unique
solution of a linear homogeneous recurrence relation of degree two
with two initial conditions, we conclude that the solutions are the
same:
an = α1 r1n + α2 r2n .
Arrivederci
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