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_____________________________________________________________________

Biomaterial: Recent developments and

future prospective.
_____________________________________________________________________
Ayush Rai, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur

Introduction:
Biomaterials have had a huge impact on medicine during the last few decades, changing
tissue engineering, drug delivery, immunological engineering, and medical device
manufacturing. Advances in protein and peptide engineering, molecular self-assembly,
microfabrication technologies, and polymer synthesis have resulted in the development
of next-generation "smart" biomaterials that can be designed to adapt their chemical and
mechanical properties in response to physiological and exogenous stimuli.

The capacity to respond to biological, chemical, and physical stimuli, such as pH, redox
potential, enzyme activity, temperature, humidity, light, sound, and stress, makes these
materials desirable for medical and tissue engineering applications. Furthermore, some
biomaterials have unusual mechanical features like form memory or self-healing.

Increase of interest in precision medicines tailored to the individual needs of patients, the
advent of gene and immune therapies, and advancements in the field of three-
dimensional printing technologies, which have the potential to expand the boundaries of
modern medicine, are driving demand for smart biomaterials.

Recent breakthroughs in the design and implementation of smart biomaterials in

medicine and tissue engineering are discussed in this paper. Further we will look into
upcoming trends and technologies like biodegradable biomaterials, nanotechnology,
Mechanotransduction, cell encapsulation, layer-by-layer approaches, Innate and adaptive
Immune systems, and disease modelling.
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INDEX
1. Introduction

a) Introduction of paper.

2. Current developments:

a) Tissue Engineering using Smart Biomaterials.

b) Drug Delivery and Medical Devices using Smart Biomaterials.
c) Immune Engineering using Smart Biomaterials.
3. Upcoming technologies:

a) Biodegradable Biomaterials
b) Nanotechnology
c) Mechanotransduction
d) Cell Encapsulation
e) Layer-by-layer approaches
f) The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
g) Disease modelling
4. Conclusion

a) Summary of paper.

5. References

a) Sources and Citations.

6. Plagiarism Report
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Current developments:
Tissue Engineering using Smart Biomaterials:

When a surgical intervention is required, the goal of Tissue Engineering is to grow new
functioning tissue and regenerate tissue in vitro or in vivo to cure illnesses. Medicine,
biology, chemistry, engineering, and material science all come together in tissue
engineering to create solutions that restore, promote, or enhance tissue function. It is one
of the most important areas where smart biomaterials can help. However, there are still
considerable obstacles to overcome in terms of translation to the clinic. The lack of
fundamental understanding of the interactions between the material and the cells or
tissues is a key impediment to creating biomaterials for tissue engineering.

Drug Delivery and Medical Devices using Smart Biomaterials:

In 2019, the market for drug delivery products in the United States alone is expected to
reach $251 billion. Medication delivery systems (DDS) can be used to control drug
pharmacokinetics, absorption, toxicity profiles, and therapeutic effect duration. Smart
biomaterials enable DDS behavior to be controlled in response to changes in physiological
parameters commonly related with various diseases and administration methods (e.g.,
pH, redox potential, and enzyme activity) or exogenous stimuli such as ultrasound or
temperature.

Immune Engineering using Smart Biomaterials:

In the human body, the immune system is critical for maintaining homeostasis and
resolving disease. However, it reacts negatively to the usage of biomaterials, identifying
their alien origin and triggering negative immune responses that can obstruct any type of
transplant, medical device, or drug delivery system. As a result, one of the most significant
challenges is a lack of understanding of the interactions between immune components
and biomaterials. Smart biomaterials, on the other hand, have made it possible to control
the immune system.
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Upcoming trends and technologies:

Biodegradable Biomaterials –

Biomaterials were mostly inert and "nonresponsive" throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
They were also usually made to be biodegradable. The biomaterials literature was
dominated by polyethylene, silicones, polyurethanes, fluoropolymers, inert metals, and
ceramics. Beginning in the 1980s, biomaterials scientists unleashed a flood of innovative
materials design, including designed utility into biomaterials. Degradability,
environmental responsiveness, and regulated bio interaction with cells and proteins were
among the new features included to the biomaterials design toolbox. The future research
will look at these forward-thinking biomaterial breakthroughs and how they're bringing
design possibilities into the twenty-first century.

Though polymers dominate the research on biodegradables, biodegradable and bio

resorbable metals have been studied and brought into clinical practice in recent years.
Magnesium-based metals (rapid decomposition rates), iron-based metals (slow
degradation rates), and zinc-based metals (slow degradation rates) are all used in
biodegradable applications (intermediate degradation rates). To address mechanical
qualities, degradation rates, and corrosion properties, a variety of alloys have been
investigated. Alloys may contain tin, strontium, silicon, silver calcium, and manganese in
addition to magnesium, iron, and zinc. Cardiovascular stents and orthopedic applications
are the most common uses.

Nanotechnology –

Biomaterials have been transformed through nanotechnology. Nanoparticles' usage in

medication delivery and imaging, as well as electrospinning of nano dimensioned fibres,
are of particular interest. Nanoparticles, for example, might be able to cross the blood–
brain barrier. Proteins and intracellular components are nano scaled, hence nearly all
protein-based research on and intracellular administration with biomaterials might be
considered "nano."
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Mechanotransduction –

It's only recently been recognized that mechanics and mechanotransduction are
important in biological reactions to biomaterials in vitro and in vivo. Theorizing about
mechanical forces on cells, establishing the importance of this mechanical response,
measuring the response, and understanding the basic biology that drives it have all made
significant advances.

Cell Encapsulation –

Around 1964, the idea of microcapsules for artificial cells was born. Cell encapsulation in
biomaterials was first proposed in the 1980s. Biomaterials researchers continue to be
inspired by the idea of employing biomaterials to surround cells in order to allow
metabolic transit while also isolating the implanted, encapsulated cells from the immune
system. The utilization of encapsulated pig islet cells to cure diabetes in human beings is
an example of a concept involving cell encapsulation that has already been applied to the
clinic.

Layer-by-layer approaches –

In the 1980s, Decher and colleagues developed layer-by-layer techniques to the synthesis
of biomaterials and surfaces. Other research groups have embraced this flexible, durable
synthetic technique in recent years, which includes reacting alternate layers of oppositely
charged big and tiny molecules to build superior biomaterials and surfaces.

The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems –

Over the last ten years, the function of the innate and adaptive immune systems in the in
vivo performance of implanted materials has gotten a lot of attention. This topic is today
known as "immuno engineering," despite the fact that the phrase had a different meaning
when it was first created. In 1984, the macrophage's unique role in this mechanism was
shown. It has recently been discovered that macrophages can have a variety of
polarizations; some macrophages drive a healing response (these are known as M2
macrophages), while others contribute to persistent inflammation (M1 macrophages). T
cells and neutrophils' roles in biomaterial healing have also been investigated.
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Disease Modelling –

Organs on a chip and the full body on a chip are interesting notions that could allow for
early pharmacological and physiological condition evaluation without the need of animals
or people. Biomaterials are heavily used in such microphysiological platforms. Cancer
research and tumor formation models are both benefiting from biomaterial scaffolds.
Organs on a chip and the full body on a chip are interesting notions that could allow for
early pharmacological and physiological condition evaluation without the need of animals
or people. Biomaterials are heavily used in such microphysiological platforms. Cancer
research and tumor formation models are both benefiting from biomaterial scaffolds.

Conclusion:
In this paper we reviewed current developments in the field of biomaterials like tissue
engineering using smart biomaterials, drug delivery and medical devices using smart
biomaterials, Immune engineering using smart biomaterials. We also walked through
upcoming trends and technologies like biodegradable biomaterials, nanotechnology,
Mechanotransduction, cell encapsulation, layer-by-layer approaches, Innate and adaptive
Immune systems, and disease modelling.
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References:
1. Kargozar, Saeid & Ramakrishna, Seeram & Mozafari, Masoud. (2019). Chemistry
of Biomaterials: Future Prospects. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering.
10. 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.07.003.
2. Kourime, Mariam & Ahmed, Faisal. (2018). Virtual Networks for Exchanging
Information and Biomaterials: Future Directions. Sexual Development. 12. 134-
138. 10.1159/000486872.
3. Nanda, Himansu Sekhar & Thomas, Vinoy & Nukavarapu, Syam & Boccaccini,
Aldo. (2021). Biomaterials 2021: Future of biomaterials. Current Opinion in
Biomedical Engineering. 18. 100304. 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100304.
4. Al-Lami, Hadi. (2020). Smart Polymers Future as Biomaterials.
5. Arjunan, Arun & Baroutaji, Ahmad & Robinson, John & A. S., Praveen & Pollard,
Andrew & Wang, Chang. (2021). Future Directions and Requirements for Tissue
Engineering Biomaterials. 10.1016/B978-0-12-815732-9.00068-1.
6. Im, Gun-Il. (2020). Biomaterials in orthopaedics: the past and future with
immune modulation. Biomaterials Research. 24. 10.1186/s40824-020-0185-7.
7. Williams, David. (2018). Contemporary and future biomaterials.
10.1017/cbo9781139026086.009.
8. Ratner, Buddy. (2019). Biomaterials: Been There, Done That, and Evolving into
the Future. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 21. 171-191.
10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-120940.
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Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report

Similarity Found: 7%

Date: Saturday, October 30, 2021

Statistics: 201 words Plagiarized / 1392 Total words
Remarks: Low Plagiarism Detected - Your Document needs Optional Improvement.
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