Sanskrit Grammar - Basic Reference Sheet QpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit For a better understanding, use this eBook with basic grammar video courses at OpenPathshala.com "SPEN PATHSHALATS PEN PATHSHALA tees fopenP ata onan Sek Introduction - Sanskrit Varnamala > Sentences - words - letters (sounds) > In Sanskrit these sounds are called ‘avis’ > They are arranged in particular scientific order «© Basic avis - arg 3 ar UE att 3H (9) © BE (short vowels) -37 ¥ 3 3 T and Ete (long vowels)- 3m $ S a Te ait ait © Hao3t, 3448, 5445, H ++ F these vowels are Watts of each other. ‘wae literally means ‘similar’ ‘* Consonants are broadly divided into five categories (25) ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Pera cvs Gumnrbe http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sansket ZLLLLYLS & 8) So, there are 25+8=33 consonants in total The 3qFaR (3) and the feet (o:) are included in the avfaTet and are called as €avfias because they are always dependent upon the vowels Places of pronouncing the Fats and cassis are also determined Lg TRL) OS Cees 1. HVS (glottis) #, a &, @ 7, & &, & and feet 2, AMG (soft palate) FF ZELALIL 3. Fut (hard palate) 7%, ZSZEULT 4. Ga (dents) q LLELALA 5. 3 (labia) 35 LELLA 6. VS ST aT NEN (velo-palate) 7. 0 Safer site at, at (glottis and labia) 8. deat anit ste q (dents and labia) 9. aTRAET (nose) SR (FATA) OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!ee cnt oon http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskeit * 3, 3 UL a, # are also called as 3iqenftrs or nasals because while pronouncing these consonants, the nose is used as well. This means that these letters are pronounced with the help of nose and their respective places of articulation OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!i Spee Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes @PEN PATHSHALA htp//OpenPathshala.com/Learn Sanskrit Introduction - Nominal Root * Consonant + vowel = complete letter * Consonant without a vowel is incomplete, cannot be pronounced without a vowel Le 2% 3. = + Consonant + consonant = conjunct consonant (qm Sassi) LUtU+ Hae 28+0+ Hse BR E+ tee w 4 E+ a+H=0 Sat t+ Ha 6 a+a+H=um A+ + H- Hote. * By adding consonants, vowels, 3tran, feet, argent we can make words Division of words 1 Wee = T+ TH + At T+ Gs H 2 w= C++ HT Divisi f 1. ae: Foret wea 2. afer weet anferat nominal roots (srfaafesr) 3, Tar wet vw OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Piero A cnn hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit 1. are: Tah s 2. anferenr crater aa verbal roots (aT) 3. umn wre ware Nominal roots 1. Ending 2. Case f peculiar to Sanskrit language 3. Gender = Masculine, Feminine, Neuter 4, Number - Singular, Dual, Plural (Dual category is peculiarity of Sanskrit) OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TS PEN PATHSHALA ip Openowthealssos/lur cance 2 5 _— waaea (Ss) afarwrD) ~ PaO. a ast aa afacrar a — a ar aaa: ‘eaTeT wet = ae = , tar eat & oa: watery aE - Singular fgaaer - Dual agra ~ Plural All nouns ending in 3 and in masculine gender like 71st (elephant), Fea (hand), FgH (ball), tH (father) etc. decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes ATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskit wa_- forest aay aa aanter wT aaa ae water afadren aaa wa aa: qr aaa aera wae: aget wart aera at: wet aaet aaa: aaa wt Ci aaa: zy wart ta tat & safer water All nouns ending in 3 and in neuter gender like Wet (knowledge), "Fa (fruit), ‘qt (leaf), sta (water), f77 (friend), etc. decline according to the above table. OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskit ‘Tera: ‘Fret: ATTA Arar ret: Fray eae & are & ret: L All nouns ending in 3 and in neuter gender like ear (Girl), enfar (sari), eer (school), Ys (worship), #tsr (play), etc. decline according to the above table. OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Piererccan A sniRinc es hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit Kaaraka - Introduction Nominal Verbal roots roots * Nouns - ater (boy), 24 (God), arfersr (girl), aot (forest) ete. * Verbs - Ta (to walk), 7S (to readito study), FA (to laugh), ee (to run) ete. The important components denoting a noun - « Ending in - 31, 3, %, §, etc. © Gender (fags) - Masculine (qfeaga), Feminine (eifaga), Neuter (ayerrieg) + Number (az) - Singular (wae), Dual (feta), Plural (agaaet) © Case (fasnftm) - Nominative (sara), Accusative (fedten), Instrumental(qettam), Dative (aaelf), Ablative (seas), Genitive (we), Locative (waft), Vocative (water) + In any sentence, the ‘VERB’ is the most important thing ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TS PENPATHSHALA an fahren = Because of the verb, we understand the meaning of any sentence + For example, in English - 1. | mango. There is a sense of incompleteness 2. | eat mango. The sentence is complete; we get to know the meaning of this sentence, + Similarly, in Sanskrit too, 1. aH: a (Ram fruit) - sentence is incomplete 2. Wa: wet wefa (Ram eats fruit) - The sentence is complete and the complete meaning is understood * Verb is the most important aspect to understand the meaning of the sentence. It gives completeness to the sentence + fa - Verb —+ 4@ (word), ‘faa (action) —> a word that tells an action Um: wel wee aw 4+ ~“ Subject Object. Verb (Doing the action (Action is done (Action of eating) of eating) on this) + These types of relations are called as “#I%' in Sanskrit © 3IGH - That which follows an action = Relation between noun and verb OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Piererccan A sniRinc es hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit Kaaraka - Cases Explained © =F is defined as ‘that which follows an action’. This is the literal meaning of the term. However, in simple language we can say ‘the relation between the noun and the verb’ Six types of relations which can be found in a sentence ace Nominative (92a) ‘aalt (who?) Doer, Subject, the | wr: sit arafal (one who does | Ram eats mango. the action) wa: wat eral Ram kills Raavan. um: - wat Accusative (feferar) aa (what?) Object (on which |W: amit uefa) action is done) | Ram eats mango. wr wat eral Ram kills Raavan. Baa - Ha Instrumental ‘UT (with the wre-Instrument |W: wet gr (qn) help of what?) (with the help | fafa] Ram drinks offby which an | milk with the help action is done) | of glass. UH: att waUh fra] Ram kills Raavan with the help of an arrow. aaa arta - BT Dative (ageff) ‘Weve (literal Reception (the | ar: freyera eet meaning-donation) ‘one who aeefel| Ram gives (who accepts?) | accepts/receives) | money to the beggar. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Seen PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes, hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit UF: Heaney Way Fira Ram kills Raavan for the sake of welfare of | the people. fas, sear = Serer Ablative (asash) areal (from which?) Separation (from which one separates - place/person/thing) uot gama safal The leaf falls from the tree ea: sa Tafel) The man falls from the horse Br wa rarer Locative (aaah) aiftrezet (where?) ‘Support (on/in which action takes place) wa: we saga Ram sits on the mat. We BS Tat AH Ram kills Raavan in the battle 2, qa - after © Genitive (wt) case is not included in this list * Because it is used only in the case of WFaeH (relation) E.g. - emer Ga: Wa: Tavi gH] Son of Dasharath kills Raavan * Son of Dasharath is Ram — Father-Son relation © But we have seen that Karaka is the relation between the noun and the verb; not noun and noun ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!ze 25 eu Sanskrit Gramma Basic Notes PEN PATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Here the verb being @frat does not have any direct relation with Dasharath but it has direct relation (Father-Son relation) with Ram Thus, @R@ez has no direct relation with @fra, so we have not included the Genitive case (sar fasifts) in the list Similarly, Vocative case (attr) is also not included Vocative case is used to address some person, there is no direct relation OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!SENPATHSHALA Sans Grammar Basic Notes PEN PATHSHALA p//OpenPathenaa com/Lear Sankt Nouns - Meaning of ~ (Ending i i in wma (s) afararD) agaeaP) —aaFRTC) cog eat or: (one god) (two gods) (auany gods) aq eat eat (to one god) (totwo gods) (to many gods) (by one god) (by two gods) (by many gods) wT ‘afactrar qr ean aaa, eat: aget (for one god) (fortwo gods) _ (for many gods) oat: walt (Gom one god) (from two gods) (from many gods) aer : ear wor (of one god) (oftwo gods) (of many gods) a g wart (oniin one god) (onlin two gods) _(on/in many gods) ae zat 3 ear: ahaa Whauez - Singular feqeert - Dual agra - Plural fasnfes - Case All nouns ending in 3¥ and in masculine gender like 775" (elephant), FE (hand), FR (ball), ST (father) etc. decline according to the above table, OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskit @&PENP, Ha_- forest ‘aq’ = Hened (Ending in #) aqwefergat (Neuter) ary (Noun) aay aa aanter wT aaq zt enter acter aaa aa aa: gern want aa aaa: uget wart sara aaeT: wet are aaa: ware wet a aaah: ay wort am aa sani | date All nouns ending in 31 and in neuter gender like ¥IeT (knowledge), ‘et (fruit), wt (leaf), sTet (water), 7 (friend), etc. decline according to the above table. OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!ATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes canes http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskit ‘Arar: FATS Aree: ‘Are: ‘Arena: ATTA Far are: Fray eae & are & Tet: L All nouns ending in 31 and in feminine gender like =r (Girl), enfeat (sari), ‘rat (school), FST (worship), #ST (play), etc. decline according to the above table. OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!= wr earn Sans Grammar Basic Notes PEN PATHSHALA p//OpenPathenaa com/Lear Sankt ff - poot WeraeeL areas, agra fasnfea: ‘ofa: adh ae: waar wie ad are afacien afaar far anfafit: air wat afar afar agit wa: apfaoary awfaoa: wat wa: wet: ada wet dt wert: airy, reat tae t adr & waa: watery All nouns ending in ¥ and in masculine gender like fer (gem), zf& (the Sun), ‘urfet (hand), ff (mountain), 37 (enemy), etc. decline according to the above table. OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!= wr earn Sans Grammar Basic Notes PEN PATHSHALA p//OpenPathenaa com/Lear Sankt Ata: adr Aaa: wera Hae adr Hat: afar Fea afararey fata: qa Aca: - Ad: afar afar: wat Fem: - Ae: Fen: ater weet Feat - Hat aeth fay aon twa & adr & waa: watery All nouns ending in % and in feminine gender like sift (land), ef (strength/power), sife (love/affection), aereafe (plant), Bf (taste), ete. decline according to the above table, OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!= wr earn Sans Grammar Basic Notes PEN PATHSHALA p//OpenPathenaa com/Lear Sankt Vaart afecaart agra frenfea: ae aor araifer waa ae after arr afar ation anftear anf qatar after anf afte: gut ariter: ariearey anftex: walt anfter: arieon: ardor, weet arfefer arent: aiey wea & av - aft & aor & arbor weer All nouns ending in $ and in neuter gender like ef@ (auspicious), (fragrant), ##f¢ (plenty), etc. decline according to the above table. 3 OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!= wr earn Sans Grammar Basic Notes PEN PATHSHALA p//OpenPathenaa com/Lear Sankt war aceit aa: ‘waaT aan aeatt aah: afactar aca aaa arate: qr aga aA arate: aqet area: aera mata: asaat ae: ae aera weet gL aeat ary ae ae B acet mem: wae All nouns ending in § and in feminine gender like Stat (mother), ar (woman), art (city), Ue (clock), BAe (Goddess Saraswati), etc. decline according to the above table. Some examples - 1, aire - Ablative Singular - from the tree 2. zr - Dative Singular - for the country 3, alfa - Genitive Plural - of girls OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes, = eeiimaka i @PEN PATHSHALA nt://OpenPathstala coma Sanskrit Advanced level declensions for reference sy Ey piss ee aL wr ATL fecter pa SpeIEL ae asta at: SRS ser oat aat: area: aT, wt art area: ay weet & aat & a & area: watery All nouns ending in 3 and in masculine gender like 9 (animal), & (purpose), % (moon), 7% (season), aS (preceptor), ete decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TSpen PATHSHALA ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit ‘ i 8 iii oar Faq & Gaz: All nouns ending in 3 and in feminine gender like aq (body), Iq (beak), TF (rope), ey (female elephant), etc. decline according to the above table. Some extra forms are seen from aqeit to weit wHaeet. Those are called as optional forms. Both types of forms may be used. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TSpen PATHSHALA ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit wt_- honey a aah ae wear ay, apt aur afectren aot aT ae: ayer eae, ay & att & ayer artery All nouns ending in 3 and in neuter gender like @q (objectvthing), sq (knee), 31g (water), @Y (wealth), etc. decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes, @PEN PATHSHALA nt://OpenPathstala coma Sanskrit Free, ‘frat: fat: & Ra: & Pret & Prat: 42742212 i 4744 ai fasagiai All nouns ending in 3 and in masculine gender like sq (brother), STAT, (son-in-law), @ (human being), ete. decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes, Pcescruus PEN PATHSHALA hhttp://OpenPathshala.com/Lear-Sanskrit : waaeay fear agra faaniee: araT art ATT: wat aL arent aq: facta aT area, arg: ghar art arpa ATT: agit ag: art: ARPT, wet ara ant: ary aaah tae -arg = & arnt & are: aratereny All nouns ending in 3 and in feminine gender like fq (daughter), aq (sister-in-law), FAY (sister), etc. decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Seen PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes, hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit Fea_= wind ‘8e_-_‘e'aed (Ending in a) ¥feaset (Masculine) am (Noun) RTT, feeaarm AR eat Ae aeat cas weg, wee RTL este ayaa Wea: edt: aie eat: ta & aect agaaeey ea: aed: were: Aeea: Sica Fear ey & ART: 4asdag7a3 All nouns ending in and in masculine gender like 3 (king/mountain), ‘eee (the Sun), etc. decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TSpen PATHSHALA ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit atq_=river ‘afte_-_ ‘cated (Ending in a) eifergst (Feminine) ara (Noun) ane afta: attey Baha batet tater: All nouns ending in @ and in feminine gender like afSq{ (lightning), feat (electricity), =f¥q (young woman), etc. decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!PEN PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes, hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit ‘SaTe_=_world ‘siIe_=_‘a'HRed (Ending in @) atwafesat (Neuter) ara (Noun wea faery wT oar wT oraret ‘re STITT araret sear, are: sae ware: ‘ararett: srarfer ‘ware: agra faeries: wear fectar qr wae asa at wet igiaiai ta & ort arate All nouns ending in @ and in neuter gender like feat (sky), etc. decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes, = eeiimaka i @PEN PATHSHALA nt://OpenPathstala coma Sanskrit UegAe_- the moon ‘aeqAe_-_‘Warted (Ending in #) afewsa (Masculine) ara (Noun) tugnt & uaa: All nouns ending in %{ and in masculine gender like gafeR{ (name), aaiteet (hermit), afer (name), 2 (Lord Brahma) etc. decline according to the above table ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes, = eeiimaka i @PEN PATHSHALA nt://OpenPathstala coma Sanskrit HTOR_- celestial nymph JSQR_- ‘wae (Ending in %) West (Feminine) aA (Noun) & HA & arearet All nouns ending in % and in feminine gender like 3¥e (dawn), etc. decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!"Sen PATHSHALA ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit RL-_water, milk ‘waa_- ‘'HRed (Ending in 4) aTwefesa (Neuter) art (Noun) a: oat waite wat Wa: wet wae ‘feet waa rate aaiiit: aaa we TasaTL var: weet Ee waar: Tar wet wae aaa: ey wet a & ot & waif aratereny All nouns ending in % and in neuter gender like Hae (mind), 7RT (Glory), aR (sky), aE (darkness), aX (age), aRRE (garment) etc decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes, @PEN PATHSHALA nt://OpenPathstala coma Sanskrit siad - the Lord/prosperous ‘swag - ‘aa erated (Ending in aa) Yfeetgat (Masculine) fastsorey (Adjective) whee fqarery agree fasnitn: Tara waraedt sarded: Waar sree, srrarat area: fecter sree STEAL, srarate: aera eared: rasa seas: asa ware: sree: rare wat arate stare: way wet & ara & sracat ® stad: arate, Words which decline like sad are - 3iPySAq (long lived), eer, ery (intelligent), ereraret (rich) etc. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!pesoarsigun Sansirit Grammar Basic Notes (PEN PATHSHALA tf/OpenP ats con/ Lea Sars erféeq_-_the Lord/prosperous ‘erfet_- seeieci (Ending in 34) ¥fewgat (Masculine) fastsory (Adjective) waar eee agra Fesrrfes: areft arferat aria: waa fare afar arent: qrer erfeter: afesary erfarsa: wait erfarer: erferet: erftrerrer, wat afarier arfarett: afery weet & afte & aftat & erie: arate All nouns ending in g-{ and in masculine gender like TarfFat (master), waftet (animal), faanfiley (student), deafeey (ascetic), afer (horse), AB (businessman), @ffaet (elephant) etc. decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!"Sen PATHSHALA ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit aIcAe_=_self [SeHe_- steated (Ending in 3) ¥feagat (Masculine) ar (Noun) waar qerererey agar Feanf: aT areata waar SAL aerret facta STeraT TSA ae ae TL agef era: STASI asaat Biche: Sera: wit areater aera: wet 8 er 8 nearet ® sere: arate All nouns ending in af and in masculine gender like steaz{ (road), aa (one who performs sacrifice - a1), are (stone), wee (Lord Brahma), etc decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!"Sen PATHSHALA ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit Waret_—king waaay fearon, agaTAA faenfer: wea ert ‘Were: wera ToT, ‘Tere wa fectar wat Tae, ‘wren: ater wT Tse wae: uae wa: Ta Tat: wat UH wet: Tar wet eT & Tore & Wort: arate, All nouns ending in ate and in masculine gender like aga, (greatness), 87 (love), ae (head), ara (stone), etc decline according to the above table. i ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!"Sen PATHSHALA ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit weer Feary aga Faeries: a ert wear wera a seat meaner fectar aera eT rea: ater seat Trea aeAeT: uae aor: Ta aeAeT: asaatt ert: erat: aera wet seater wera: TE wat to 8 oer & oer western, All nouns ending in 3fe{ and in neuter gender like #4fe{ (action), ac] (road), Fe (vital spot), aq (skin) etc decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TSpen PATHSHALA ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit at areait - arareit arene waaT at areal - arate arrartfet fect asa ara, carafe: qatar art ara aaa: wat area: ara aaea: oat aa: area: aA wet anita - area: ary weet arate gam - aR ahh - & arene weary aarareft All nouns ending in 3% and in neuter gender like @{ (gold), cate (sky), eT (home, place), Azz (hair) etc decline according to the above table. ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!PATHSHA Sans Grammar Sasic Notes PEN PATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Leam-Sanskrit All nouns ending in = like cae (feminine - skin), at (masculine - cloud), I= {feminine - sorrow) etc, decline as the above table ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Seen PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes, hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit ‘feet_—srmkeci (Ending in *) wifergst (Feminine) =m (Noun) Fer - fet Rett fear feet fee fereary fet every fear: ferear feer: feet: fafer cg te - eye feat 77373) Feary feeg & few: asladiai i All nouns ending in ef like €ef (feminine - sight) etc. deciine as the above table ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes, Pcescruus PEN PATHSHALA hhttp://OpenPathshala.com/Lear-Sanskrit afore art airs waar afro, aftrsit afera: fed after afisamt afer: ater aferst afiwea = afeivet: uget afta: afer aftsa: aaa afoa: afta: after, wet afar aftrst: afPray weft & afore & aftrsit 8 afera: arate, All nouns ending in 3 like fs (masculine - doctor), feast (masculine - Brahman), #3{ (feminine - garland), etc. decline as the above table ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Piererccan A sniRinc es hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit Pronouns © Dam: weaned stata ° dae ei aif © Gas: Tema 7a] m: (He) * das: vofell ° So: RA arte j Pronouns have - different genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) - different numbers (singular, dual, plural) - different cases (nominative to locative) ‘+ These pronouns are used to replace nouns in a sentence OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes |. Forms of aq 1. H@- Third person pronoun - masculine (He) wera fama ago ‘fearfta: a at a viet am at arr ‘fader oF eae a: qarer at aL a: watt ae aa asa: wat wa at: ay weet arr cog ay wert 2. @@- Third person pronoun - feminine (She) weqa = afaaer aga fasta: w a or wert aa a a afedtar wa nT af: qa et ara area: get aeTr area area wast aeT aeat: area wet ae aa: ay aca 3. + These are the standard forms. Other pronouns are similar to these forms only ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages! http://OpenPathshala.com/Leatn SanskritA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes LA (SPen PATHSH, Il. Forms of tag Wag - Third person pronoun - masculine (He) wna afta aga ‘Rariea: UT vat wa i waa -walet Rene, ed: qatar wae van wae: agit WaT TET wae: wea Wet Ween: wat TTT wet wart wat wach. ert: | way 2. a wo OT VaR, - WAL WT er vat: afar Cea - GR Waa, aa: qarr weet vara Wane: ugat eRe: wat TART: wet va, wat ; Warr {aga : Wa- we Carlet i Wa- wa wa - varie - vent afedtar ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages! http://OpenPathshala.com/Leatn Sanskrit@PENPATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskit ec aes rao aN Singular Dual Plural a: at a faraway wy: vet va near | — _ These Toothbrushes (Near object) —_ oa” Those Toothbrushes (Faraway objec) wae —— These Toothbrushes a erage: | —_—— ‘Those Toothbrushes (Wear objet) (Farauay ject) OpenPathshala.com - Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Singular Dual a a a Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskit Plural > faraway UT wa Val: near 8 oe tie L]_-« “* var: ofeera: a Sem: po © ru OpenPathshala.com - Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!ATHSHALA Sans Grammar Basic Notes @PENPATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit_ ingular Dual Plural aad ao ae faraway Vat Uae near wel gat amt i) These Doors ‘Those Doors (Near object) [Faraway objec) waft cari ata gar ig 6 These Doors Those Doors (Near object) (Far away object) OpenPathshala.com - Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TS PEN PATHSHALA Sansirit Grammar Basic Notes hutp://OpenPathshala.com/Leam Sanskrit IIl.Forms_ of 4q (who, whatever) Yeager a at aiasr a a arprafegrt aq - Ae et IV.Forms of fq (Interrogative pronoun) Ferry Waar feaer, aga yeas m at fers rT e e aud a aqefter ha & aie 41413 a a afer 4143 © 3g and YAR (First person and second person respectively) do not have different forms in three genders © They only have forms in different numbers and in different cases Usage of f_pronoun ™: EGA? (Who are you?) (M/Sing) ‘=T cqH? (Who are you?) (F/Sing) % wa? (Who are these?) (M/Plu) fa aa area? (What is your name?) ‘ed tat Hg fearafa? (With what are you writing?) od wider arent aafe? (In which city do you live?) PaAkONns OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!i PATHSHALA Sanskeit Grammar Basic Notes @PENPATHSHALA htta://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sansket Other interrogative words #7 Nika? How are you? ‘ail aa _31UT:? How is your study going? f aa anata? What is your name? ‘fez afFa? What is it? ‘Frew: fave: afFa? What type of movie is it? ‘Fieai aleHH HFA? What type of play is it? Fal FRA HTB? When will you come home? wer tfaTeE:? When is Sunday? 9, fale, aTGvi areefA? Why/for what are you going to the market? 10. $4 aft aa KH? Where is your home? 11. Fa afta feat? Where is the temple? aaaaeeal f_interrogative pron + Identify the gender of the noun (M/F/N) + Identify its number (Sing/DualPlu) «Identify its case (Nom to Loc) * Accordingly, the same case, number and gender of the f1 pronoun is to be used * Some examples . SISEL: Yofra| & Tofeer? (Who study? Answer-Boys study? 2. Tower: Asso Ha] SEM: Asis HSA? (What has a playground? Answer-The school has a playground) 3. Seaefa afra] aif afea? (What are there? Answer-Books are there) * Suffixes like fq, da and 3% are added to this pronoun fF to form words having common meaning OpenPathshala.com - Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TS PENPATHSHALA + Eg. aq aft wet} someone(M) 4TH. _someone(F) aisht af aitaa, ara, fait - something(N) Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskit wag second person pronoun you) aH aa A any - car qa - a Te - =a at yam Pe-s qaw- a A - a: ma ars art wa-a get - ay aRTER- 3 mit at ay - $a WAR? Where are you going? + aa a7A fA? What is your name? - H€ eau ae Varia] | am playing with you. - agi faayé eay You all see the movie. + Sam: avai eet zea Father gives money for you both, OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!ALA Sanskcit Grammar Basic Notes htta://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sansket qaaea3 ‘He HT TET] | eat a mango. ai a AIaar| We all are human beings. Sina: HEATH Bee] India is our country. (we all) wr arazi: yA She is our daughter. (we both) - Ws: aa Hdem:| This is my duty. OpenPathshala.com - Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!‘ RS PEP SkaoE sioner Me = Intre n DST cos} Nene) piGRicd Cy Verbs are called as firaraa-s Eg. - Wr Het wate] (we) - arerat orac| (8a) + 3G vor] (FS) - aa warn (Ta) In Sanskrit language, more than 2000 verbal roots exist These are grouped by Sanskrit grammarian named unrfarfer They are divided into 10 groups called as 7-5 OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!re. —ree vif oc ant Rot cent Cel) group 1, 4, 6, 10 3, Bis ec ‘+ How to differentiate between these groups? + Each group has a differentiating sign * It is called as the FaaRorncret tea eo oa 10" - aa How to form verbs? 1. Verbal roots e.g. We, TH, 3S etc, 2, PaROTRRT 3, Endings of person Verbal root + fratomera = HET of root We+H= TS HT of root + ending of person = Verb OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TS PEN PATHSHALA Sanslsit Grammar Basic Notes hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit =i ee ie (etre Para} Like any other language, there are three tenses in Sanskrit also - = Present tense + Past tense Future tense Singular Dual Person co a Ast fe a: a 2nd fe a sea 3rd Verbal root + famteraeaa = 3137 of root STEM of root + ending of person = Verb Verbal root + faquraeda + ending of person = Verb agt ae ewe ug trea = 93r ug + 4+ fa = TSI (single 31) ag ++ re weft we ++ a = Wot wet+aeas vor ue ++ Pr = cot (3f changes to 3 when followed by endings beginning with @ =) penPathshala.com —Your Best Source to Leatn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!GPEN PATHSHALA Gece soa ara err ug + 4 +e: = To: ug +n+ m= Tom: 43g _- to read/learn (1* ar) PP Present tense Singular Dual Plural Person ware Ward: Torr: 1st weft ae wT 2nd BOGE or Tole 3rd OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TSpENPATHSHALA a http://OpenPathshala.com/Leamn-Sanskrit Verbs - Present Tense PP Endings * Changes occurring in certain verbal roots Eg. 1 —> 3eE —> AEDT (to go) By + see —+ Fai (to wish) H—> HE (to be), a —» AEE (to give), HY —> FAK (to remember), at —+ aa (to take away), Te —> TRA (to see), BH —> eT (to beautify’ to adom), 4% —» wg (to be happy/glad/delighted) ete. aq_(1 PP) - to speak Singular Dual Plural Person wa 0 ast aah weer: weet ‘2nd arate wom: safer ‘Ord Similarly, “A (to walk), ATE (to run), FH (to smile/iaugh) etc. will be declined Singular Person qe Ist qe 2nd eae 3rd. Similarly, ft (to originate/arise), #et (to perish), etc. will be declined ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Seen PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit fag_(6 PP) - to write Singular Dual Plural Person foarer ferara: ferent: Ast fora feraer: free 2nd feat fad: Frater 3rd Similarly, fet (to enter), et (to show), etc. will be declined #Y_(10 PP) - to tell Singular Dual Plural Person ey wae: eT: Ist eae arereey: were 2nd aerate au aerate 3rd Similarly, Ft (to worship), Fee (to think), TZ (to arrange) etc. will be declined In English - Pronouns Person |, We ist You 2nd He, She, It, They 3rd ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Seen PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Persons in Sanskrit Singular Dual Plural Person HER are cod 1st ” (Both of us) (All of us) rH a bus 2nd (You) (Both of you) (All of you) (He) ‘ait (Both) (All) ard ‘ram: (one boy) aTarait (two boys) Tera: (many (Masculine) yar: (one tree) gait (Iwo trees) trees) qm: (many trees) ‘ar (She) @ (Both) at: (All) a anfaret (one girl) arf (two girls) anféremt: (many (Feminine) ‘rat (one girl ‘BTF (two girl girls) student) students) ‘Br: (many girl students) wa (That) & (Both) afr (All) ae aaa (one forest) a (two forests) anit (many (Neuter) WAR (one leaf) FX (two leaves) forests) afer (many leaves) OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TSpen PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Application of verbs in sentences Singular D Plural we aan oiat aera: wa aa: 1st (I speak) (We both (We all speak) speak) aah at ae: ae aa 2nd (You speak) (You both — (You alll speak) speak) ce at a 3rd woop aes A faa: oat facie a a eater. (He/ She/ It (They both (They all speaks) speak) speak) In the same way, other verbal forms of other verbal roots may also be applied ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Seen PATHSHALA Singular D aig aon ral aaa: a aoe ‘ai weer: e at wm op weft A fp ao a a Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Plural Person aa wen: ist agi rer 2nd a 3rd a: > astra cater. In this way sentences can be made in Sanskrit - few examples Roa I run - 3i@ erarfa| (31 - 1° person singular. So f& used) She walks - a1 aetfel| (at - 3" person singular. So fa used) Boys play - aren: #reiFaj (ara: - 3" people plural. So fF used) Both of us study - siraf vera:| (sat - 1° person dual. So @: used) ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TS PEN PATHSHALA Sanslsit Grammar Basic Notes hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Verbs - Present Tense AP Endings mel Poni) a 8 i = oo To (PP) a and AP) 3igwaadt endings of Present Tense Singular Dual Plural Person = ae ae 1st z cs a 2nd a Eas Eas 3rd Verbal root + faxeieda + ending of person = Verb This formula can be applied to PP roots as well as AP roots The difference between the two is just in the endings used Also, the fasxerieaa-s for PP roots and AP roots belonging to the same 7 will also be same 74 _(1 AP) - to speak arg + r+ ga = eres STE + af + sted = SNA (single 3F) ant + + a = ee amy + or + gt = set ag +o + ed = sree amy + ot +g = Tt ay + t+ ae = see SE + t+ AE = TAT (3 changes to 3T when followed by endings beginning with % = ) ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TSpENPATHSHALA a hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit #T{_(1 AP) - to speak Singular Dual Plural Person art arse aoe Ist am srr set 2nd ae ama at 3rd a _(1 AP) - to serve Singular Dual Plural Person a Barat Sarre Ist at wat eat 2nd Rad eat tad 3rd Similarly, TF (lo enjoy), TS (to govern/glow), FH (to obtain) etc. will be deciined Singular Dual Plural Person et aeaae eae st went aett ena 2nd eat etd Feit 3rd Similarly, Fe (to feel tired), x (to fight), ete. will be declined fEaL_(6 AP) - to order Singular Dual Plural Person fet aerate ‘eee Ast feet feast fered 2nd feet feta fet 3rd Similarly, Fa (to meet), $F (to plough), ete. will be declined ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TSpen PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Heq_(10 AP) - to council/discuss Singular Dual Plural Person next nemr 0 neva ist Fe Fat Feet 2nd aaa aad aetaed 3rd Similarly, 37% (to wish/request), #1T (to counttake notice of), etc. will be declined Some roots of the 10" group are sel because PP endings as well as AP endings can be attached to the root like Y= (to worship), #2 (to tell), TI (to arrange), fare (to think) PP forms AP forms Singular Dual Plural Person Singular Dual Plural Person ern Gers. GE st et Geet Gee tet ypafe ogame qe and pee eet greed and spate yee: qsaiet ard wee pea ead Examples 1. | speak - 39¢ a7] 2. Soldiers fight - #ften: yeaa] 3. We serve - a Bare) 4. Boy worships - arern: srr] ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!"Sen PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Verbs - Past Tense cure) tst - Ae 3rd - Pos Ss Singular Dual Plural Person a a Ast a 2nd a a HT + Verbal root + framers + ending of person = Verb * 37 is added before the verbal root * Unless 3¥ is added to any verbal root, it will not be considered as a past form © So, this 3f is very important * Because this 31 indicates that it is the past form of any verbal root 3_(1 PP) - to speak +e + rs T= TIT + Note - the grt a (half a) is indication of PP ending + In the similar way we can make other past forms of the verbal root 4 ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!"SEN PATHSHALA on Singular Dual Plural Person IS, West HITT Ast 3B: SISA eT 2nd Se SSAA SISA ard Similarly, 7 (to enjoy), eq (to run), FI (laugh/smile) etc. will be declined Singular Dual Plural Person aa sere Se ist ae: SRT ra 2nd SARA SAAT SA 3rd Similarly, FBI (to originate/be successful), 4X (to dance), etc. will be declined f@_(6 PP) - to write Singular Dual Plural Person afer afer afer Ist afer: rae after 2nd aire, aire aire 3rd Similarly, Tes - FEE (to ask), FT - FEE (to wish/desire), etc. will be declined (10 PP) - to tell Singular Dual Plural Person HRT aera RT Ist HT, aaa HTS 2nd RTL HATA SRL 3rd Similarly, Gt (to worship), fae (to think), Tz (to arrange) etc. will be declined ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TSpen PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit BigHaad} endings of Present Tense Singular Dual Plural Person z ate ae 1st ore (ar) re aq 2nd a ara, ara 3rd Endings Hr. —> 8A and Hat —* gala in the case of 1%, 4", 6", and 10" groups only In other remaining groups ie. 2, 3°, 5", 7°, 8" and 9" this change will not take place (1 AP) - to speak M+ a + r+ a = RATES Note - this a is not gaea (half a). It is, therefore an AP ending Please do not get confused between the two endings as each of them belong to two different types of roots sTy_(1 AP) - to speak Singular Dual Plural Person art srrsraie saree Ist asa: spree STSea 2nd TTT satay, HTT 3rd Similarly, # (to serve), a8 (to obtain) etc. will be declined ‘Hal_(4 AP) - to accept Singular Dual Plural Person At srearae Tae Ast sea: sa | TERT 2nd waa sata waeTeT 3rd Similarly, ae (to fight), fq (to be/exist), etc. will be declined ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Piererccan A i ie hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit feat (6 AP) - to order Singular Dual Plural Person afer aigerafe srfeemaie: Ist sifererarr: srfesherey sige, 2nd safeperet ‘eta, afeereet 3rd Similarly, Fat (to meet), FF (to plough), ete. will be declined Hea (10 AP) - to council/discuss Singular Dual Plural Person aaa sarsae 06 -Aeramie Ist HaeaTM: ey | TATE 2nd Se eRaa RIT 3rd Similarly, Jt (to worship), 31%f (to wish/request), 71T (to count/take notice of), etc. will be declined Few examples - have studied - sree s198%1] 2. Boys have played - aTerer: arfre=] 3. Pandava-s have fought - sua: sree] 4, We have spoken - aaa sisrstafe] (AP) or aay saeT] (PP) ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TS PEN PATHSHALA ap fOper ahs confoam Sask Adjectives 1. Fe: @te:| AER eT] way afery] 2 gene aay ee) ee 3. faere: Ser] Preven oreeren| fers aac * Adjective tells something more about the noun + Adjective - faatwor and noun - fete © its:, GH, Be: are masculine nouns © $21, Ara, qTSeTar are feminine nouns © AUG, USA. FRA are neuter nouns * Adjectives change according to the gender of the respective nouns ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!PEN PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hetoi/OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Tables for reference Masuline Aa: SP: Atat avait Aa: 3AM: Nominative Aaa BAT, atat aint ‘Accusative Aaa WT AAI, SAT Ata: st: Instrumental ATARL SAT ASI, ATL AYasa: rhe: Dative sara HAT TAA, SATIT ae: arth: Ablative ATTEN SATET Area sere: ATTA SATE Genitive Xe 3Pr Area: sre: aay srry Locative Feminine ‘age ater agt ae Nominative age sree agt are ag: are: Accusative agar aren aque ararearey agurftt: arenft: Instrumental aqua arartaquemt arama aM: ara: Dative SQV: ST: AQUI ATS AGH: are: Ablative ‘aqua: area: aaah: atest: FRO ATTA Genitive aquat array aquat: aterah: AqUy ava Locative Neuter ate are ate wart aArenfer arene Nominative are aay ae are ‘Arenas aarerer ‘Accusative aia anda = diasi eaeanar adh: ar: Instrumental Aart Aart ara eran: AT: Dative ater ere Aaa aroma Ader: arta: Ablative aren arora ate: aarerch:— Aterat mae, Genitive art arent: wach: Arg Locative ‘OpenPathshala.com — Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Ze PATHSHALA sans Grammar Basie Notes @PEN PATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Few examples - . BRT sae] (Loc Sing) , AST FAFA] (Gen Sing) geo: aftan| (Nom/Acc Plu) aitcet aeaerA] (Nom/Acc Sing) urzarr yeaa] (Dat Sing) geen o OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!SATHSHALA sant amma Boe Notes SUPENPATHSHALA ihetp://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit hi varn: indhi + A new letter comes in place of two letters + At times it comes between two letters + Either one letter changes or it gets added « Eg. a+ aff = afd] + €aX means vowel + In Favafeer two vowels are conjunct OpenPathshala.com - Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hize Repo exnaen PEN PATHSHALA ore emp wider H+ = HT 5+5= a+ aT = 3 gts H+ = +8 a1 + = 3 $+$=6 4-3 > aT g-$ 38 wat want s+ R+ R= 34505 RtR= rer ee += 3-575 X-ROR at aot |. T+ aft = eft] (at + at = amt) a + sme: = Saree] (3 + HT = HT) . Fea + arf = aren] (at + ar = 3m) Gar + Haag: = Garay] (HT + BT = 3) aft + gear = whem @ + =H) af + $e: = acter] & + $= 8) meat + gem = aesfien| (§ + F =H . Oe + Sar = ahan| (§ + § = $) OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!S PATHSHALA sans Grammar Basie Notes @PEN PATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit 9. amy + eu: = HARA (+ 5 = 5) 10.ay + Saif: = wet] (5 + F = 5) W1ay + Semg: = TYEE (F + 5 = 3) 12.2 + Salt = aS] (F +H = 5) 13.4 + SEO, = aTETOTA 14.5ay + aft: = caReRe| ufeufaae = Dissolution of afer 1. aR + aR: = AUR 2. af + gear = Fda] & Y'+ Fe 4, Pq + aM = PepTAl OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!e PERE Sees sioner * Wr = H, wand at + The term aP1, here, does not refer to quality ‘+ With reference to Sanskrit grammar, the term apr is always restricted to 3, © and Hf OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TS pen ca sx camara Note SIAL tp /OpenPathshalecom/Learn Sanskrit a3 + T | 1 | u at Ess Ea H+F=U H+ 353 | H+ R= 3 | H+ |= Ha we+e=u | a+ a-an | +e = 3K M+ E=U | +3 = at | + R= HT a+ g=u | + a=at [art w= 3R Examples - 1, FA + a= AL + + E+ aT = FAI 2. WA + OR = WA + + § + AE = AAR 3, AGT + Fem AE + oT + B+ HR FR] 4. Tar + 8h = TH + + + OT = Ter] 5. 6. wa + HA: = Te + H+ T+ TH = Te: 7. AGI + SHG: = AR + + + AA: = AICTE 8. WPT + ah = aE, + n+ e+ BE = aPHAY 9, Her + aq = TH Te e+ | = HeGl baat 2 1. Gdem: = ta + Fe] 2. FRM = Fer + SM] 3, ada = al + sa] 4, Ferm: = HET + Fea] OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!ze ATHSHALA Sans Grammar Bai Notes @PENPATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit 5. WeRRitema: = WaT + Sema:| 6, sereheday = start + Heda] 7. ah = A + aE COpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indi‘Sanskrit Grammar Basie Notes hetp://OpenPathshala.com/Leaen Sanskrit Sandhi_- Vridhhi_Sandhi Hat + we asi z att +e =t | w+ a= at w+t =t | + atts at ar+ st | art ait = at w+ tet | art atts att OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!ze PATHSHALA Sasi Grammar Base Notes @PEN PATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Examples - 1 ot + Waa = at eet T= at tt a= eT] 2. gry + taaer = get rs t+ Gam: = qt t+ Uae = Sh | 3. aan + Ua a + + UH T= a + Ut aT arta | 4, unT + Gaal = OR + on +O + a= Oe + D+ aa = OTe] 5. Grd + aiwey = ard + + ath + We = Ged + ot + Ue = oii | 6. er + seit: = ag + ar + ath + WAR: = aE + ath + SA: = Aetefe: | 7. aa + stanty = aq + t+ sit + ay = ag + ot + ant = ater | 8, far + stegrart = fea + or + sit + cysaey = faa + sit + ogra = fauteqaea | 3TH (prefix) ending in 31/3 + fare (verb) starting with mary a ™ a aL Exempl 1. 39+ MEO = SU + + et CORT = aE + one + CORA = SoHE | 2.04 RUS = T+ a+ e+ NM = + ony + Neiafe = onistafe | 3. + UO = Et a+ e+ COR = OT + My + COR = RSA | OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Ze = PATHSHALA sans Grammar Basie Notes @PEN PATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Dissolution - 2. area = aret + Ver | 3. agbanday = ger + take | 4, Falter = aa + iter | 5. adtweny = oer + steer | 6. fadtegaaey = far + stag | COpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian LanguagTSpen PATHSHALA Sanskrit Grammer Basi Notes hetp://OpenPathshala.com/Leaen Sanskrit Sandhi - Yann Sandhi (ee [—_—_—_ a) fee ee ee RALesm BS, 3S, WH, T+ any seat Fae TT ta © B/S + any FAX except $$ —-> Fin place of B/S © BF +any FA except 3/5 —+> Tin place of HF © UH + any FAT except RH —> Tin place of WA © W+ any FAT except Y| —> Gin place of F Example: 1 s+ a= sat e+ H+ Ra = sq + a+ H+ Ra = gaa | 2 A+ TS A+ GS + H+ TS A+ T+ H+ T= FT| 3. Yt ML tS + Te TA = |e T+ + TAA = EIT | 4. a+ Mee = aL + H+ H+ AM: = aL + q+ HT + Ve: = aeATeR: | 5. 6 . ep + ameer: = a+ et ant ae = Mat T+ at q+ apf: = | +e + aT + Bae OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TSPEN PATHSHALA van etareteene Dissolution - 1. FEqIRT = aft + so | 2 degara= oct + sere | a. Getaway = Og + teat | 4, aftaeor = atl + gear | : : STA: = ary + Ser: | . Unitary = org + stars | COpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languagi PATHSHALA sans Grammar Basie Notes @PENPATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Prefix re The 34¥#-s (prefixes) are frequently used in Sanskrit language They bring about changes in the meaning of the basic roots srecfor eneaut weracaa ata | ER - TER - HER - ee - GREAT Il WER, HIER, Ten, feR, TREK - derived from root ¥ = to snatch away + & = to strike a + % = to eat WH + F = to kill fa + © = to walk with pleasure/ to wander aft + & = to ward off Prefixes - 22 in number = w= more, forward = _3iT = to form, backwards = WRT = down, backward = f& = in, more = 317 = away, opposite = 3fff = above = Wa = together, very much = fF = also, to cover =_3%] = behind = Y= good = 3a = down = af = towards = faa = out, far away = ufa = towards, against = faz = out = oft = around = _@L= bad = 34 = near, to = C= difficult = 3q= up = f@ = contrary, particular = 3ifa = beyond OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!"Spenpar ISHALA Examples - ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basie Notes hetp://OpenPathshala.com/Leaen Sanskrit IHL —+ areBie (to go) —> 37 + aH = aireTeBhA (to come) Functions of the s7H4- 3A] + T= HaPTEBAA (to follow) fay + am = Rules (to go out) 3q + TH = S7EaTA (to go upward) RX + 7 = Grew (to lead difficult path) treat ard aftr aPrrrqadc | ada taeara: soetafareren || 1, areet area fq - some change the meaning of the root 2. @ftimaqade - some follow the original meaning 3. cata fafttereaea: - some reinforce/highlighvenhance meaning of the root 1. When certain s4ui-s are added to certain roots, we get exactly the opposite meaning * 7H (Tafa) = to go © 3 + 7A (aiTEBTa) = to come back *_] (GAA) = to remember fa + a (ERA) = to forget © ft (ate) = to win © wa + & (Waa) = to lose 2. The meaning of the roots is enhanced due to the 33@-s © ea (erate) = to run w+ eq (staf) = to run fast © aR (a@fa) = to flow w+ ag (saefe) = to flow fast © TW (WM) = to shine f& + Tat (RT) = to shine better © a (aratfet) = to know f+ at _(Ronenfa) = to _know better OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TSPEN PATHSHALA A 3. Some roots change their 42-s because of the 34a (if the root is originally PP, due to addition of certain 34@af it becomes AP and vice versa) ear - fae (PP) | aH, Ha, 9, fa + ee - Wiawe, Hafese, witse, fated (AP) wel - Tesfe (PP) | wa + TA - Beatewe (AP) fa - arate (PP) | fR, sar + FS - Porera, seraea (AP) WH - Ta (AP) fa, am, oft - favafa, arate, facaie (PP) Past tense forms with s7af-s 1, Ha + A (MEG) = 3 + HEGRE = HeaerewA | (Ay Blea) 2, wfet + aq = wit + Hae = veTaae | (Ao BieN) 3, 3 + 7 (eG) = FT + GTEOT = aTeaRT | (wavtérateey, OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Spen P, SHAI A ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basie Notes \THSHALA hetp://OpenPathshala.com/Leaen Sanskrit in Av P: nd 2 In Sanskrit, Indeclinable-s are called as HeTa-s SYST - that which does not change weet Py fasty watg a Raarfirg | qaarg wy ady aed cdia ageraa || Same form in all the three genders Same form in all cases Same form in all three numbers Indeclinables do not change their form in any sentences There are some Indeclinables which govern particular cases They expect certain nouns to be in a particular case to which they are related. They are - . fra - hatred - Vocs fle Agi | (Voc. Sing) - I hate, you fool! fq geet: | (Voc. Plu) - I hate, you wicked! fre srerana | (Acc. Sing) - | hate corruption. Accusative wre afta: FrstgsoTa HAA | (Acc. Sing) - There is a playground around the school ‘ag afte: sarewq af&a | (Acc. Sing) - There is a garden around the house ‘Suri Waa: gan: Aiea | (Acc. Sing) - There are trees all around the garden . Rat = without = . - ‘oat feat sftaet caefq | (Acc. Sing) - There is no life without water fauar fear f% sftaewT? (Ins, Sing) - What is life without knowledge? OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!Ze PATHSHALA Sasi Grammar Base Notes @PEN PATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit ‘Seared frat AeeM: a sfafea | (Abl Sing) - Fishes die without water waur ug ar ae 318TH | (Ins. Sing) - Seeta went to the forest along with Rem ag Pre, wt oreerat Tear | (Ins. Sing) - | go to the school with my friend ‘Arar Tar att FIsfect | (Ins. Sing) - Mala plays with Rama ‘5. 31841 - enough - Instrumental ata fer | (Ins. Sing) - Do not worry Het ara | (Ins. Sing) - Do not be afraid HSH_- to be enoughito be capable of - Dative Be: Harq Fe | (Dat. Sing) - Krishna is capable of killing Kemsa ager: wate 3rer | (Dat, Sing) - Mongoose is capable of killing the snake 6, ar = atrrorert aa: | (Dat. Sing) - | bow to Shree Ganesh firara aa: | (Dat. Sing) - | bow to Shiv smart aH: | (Dat. Sing) - | bow to Sharada 7. xafta= wi ing = Bi afta wraeT: | (Dat. Plu) - May all students be well ‘afta aeteu: | (Dat. Plu) - May all people be well 8. aff: - out - Ablative ‘ware afg: Herat: a sfafea | (Abl. Sing) - Fishes cannot live outside water 38 Jere afe: HET | (AbL Sing) - | play outside the house OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hi i and Other Indian Languages!TS pen PATHSHALA ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hetp://OpenPathshala.com/Leaen Sanskrit P: ir Re nd 2 Certain roots govern certain cases When these particular roots are used in a sentence, they require usage of particular case along with them . #1 (to play) = Instrumental - the thing with which one plays is in Instrumental case ‘aia: Seqiet #Is"a | The boy plays with the ball arferar: fitsrta #tsfect | The girl plays with the cat . ZL(to give) = Dative - the recipient (one who receives) is in Dative case Ae: seiem: ate Zefa | The cloud rains for the people war faysra eet Zari | The King gives money to the beggar . E8_Lto like) - Dative - the person who likes is in Dative case ‘arerart AEX react | The boy likes sweet alvroterr #taa react | Shree Ganesh likes Modak |. EYE (to like) = Dative - the thing which is liked is in Dative case ‘ora: Fert FGgAfe | The student likes to play arate: sitar: FyAFe | Shree Ganesh likes Modak = artes Alea: ged | @tarc is according to Hter:)(Use WIE) 4 tit sarah: atarea: ETEAA | (FPFAAA is according to Aare) 1 4 1 OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!TS pen PATHSHALA ‘Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes hetp://OpenPathshala.com/Leaen Sanskrit — ore: Asrt eygate | (Fyata is according to GTA)(Use A) ee - Grave fst Wea | (Wad is according to #Ts1) 4 tls 5. Ha (3EB\(to go) = Accusative - the place where the person goes is on Accusative case ‘ort: oTewrai areefe | Students go to school ‘Sah: erate aeefa | Father goes to the office 6. §Y/FF (to anger) = Dative - the person/thing which angers is in Dative case Gare aera seater | Boy angers mother ars: oraeT: Frufa | Students anger teacher 7. GR (to be jealous) = Dative - the person of whom people are jealous is in Dative case gen: wsortes: gufrA | Wicked people are jealous of noble people 8. f& + 3 (to stop) = Ablative - the thing/person from whom to stop is in Ablative case ‘area: sraeare fatafea | Boys stop from making noise 3 Heo TATA | | stop speaking = This root %{ should be along with prefix f&. It will not govern Ablative case if used alone, 9, §EAE (to love) = Locative - the one who is loved is in Locative case ‘reir ya Feafet | The mother loves the son 10.4, {to fall) = Locative - the place where thing falls is in Locative case ueiea: da Safe | Rain falls on mountain OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!ze PATHSHALA Sans Grammar Bai Notes @PEN PATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit 11.f% + 7 (to distribute) = Locative - the recipient is in Locative case srearas: orig ferotet facet | The teacher distributes the result amongst the students = This root q should be along with prefix f@. It will not govern Locative case if used alone. COpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Language:i PATHSHALA sans Grammar Basie Notes @PENPATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit Rules of Sanskrit Writing 1. afeu-s must be observed while writing verses in Sanskrit. This rule is optional while writing prose or while reading 2. A changing to + Vowels! + Consonants from wastaacti WAR 4a — WAH T+ T+ ATH A+ H| v fv | wer — fur (same as above) — ysteT (came ac above) — ur (same as above) SWOT At H+ T+ H+ Te T+ at H| yt" Not included no change + 3nqvfet (same as above) uvlet (same as above) > If # comes in the end of a word, then @ will not change to COpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian LanguagZe PATHSHALA sans Grammar Basie Notes @PEN PATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit 3. % changing to ] Word ending in vowel Other than 37 and 37 + a — (Le. 3, 35, WH, ut a, 3th) aay, afay, afty otc = qT TARY = & will not change to % 4. Writing area (3) ‘+ Writing of 3%aR within a word - the actual method of writing 31GEAR in Sanskrit — Sih = SH = + HAAR + | ¥ z bs aay, wT etc. — Hem = aves =H + HPI + 1 | aT cat FEE, HVS etc, - ererme gs pers a aat ae, FgH: etc. OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hi i and Other Indian Languages!i PATHSHALA sans Grammar Basie Notes @PENPATHSHALA http://OpenPathshala.com/Learn-Sanskrit — RTS = H+ EN + 14 q wet ara, SFE: etc. + 31]FIR + consonants not belonging to 5 groups (6) remains as it is + If ina sentence, 3RAFAR + consonants belonging to 5 groups | Optional change ‘ef aeofF = cag TeGAR | (pronunciation - with the respective nasal) 3G Teri = HEL TTA | nat adr = orery ete | 5. Writing of = SAAEAR + any vowel and 3%e{EaE + any consonant a 6 (remains as it is) Fer amreaih | ae weanh | 6. 31 FAN - end of word/end of sentence then - should be written as 7 aA eat eat dromgeTaeneiy | (end of sentence) TAR | (single word) OpenPathshala.com ~ Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!