Special theorng of relativity : In 1905 , Albert Einstin’ diseovered — this Postulates of special theory of relativity (i) The laws of physics may be expressed in equations having He same form in all frames of reference moving at constant velotity with respect to one another (ii) The speed of light in free space has the same valve fon all obsenvens - Regardless’ of “theire | siete of motion. (ralelian Transforemation 4 4 7 ” 4 time in S js x! = time ins’ z = x 3 weve i But theme is no relative motion in and © dimeton. Than , Wey _ i eat a v2t iv We stt of +e equations j-iv is known as Galelian D TransbronatonDifferentiating equation i to iv, 1 wih wpe Fe tne, we have, Galileo could. Sabishy te Fingt and second pstole of spiel theory oF aati. Aro ther, Artista ion i eer Mil needed explrin Hw postulates which was done by Loninte , Lonents tromsferemations 1 r-vt _— KEK Wye) —ii y=4 —i : — And 4h vo ondinate of £ and t ane mot aval, Using equotion’ § in equahon ji, we bw xe k [kev + vt] C kvt7= 2-K (a-v4) Pee re eae Pi ar Kit Retfe aD =x CI-F) > ' 4 a evi = KOK) + PVE kee oe We a-«* a> ¢= (A+ Te ae ati = Api )x tee v Equation V1, RIV 7 V vonstitete 4 WF wondinatt —.—C—rti‘ fom frame ’ n= kl using aquotion i and Vv in eqn vi we haves K(z-vt) = el Kt a (BEDE CU-) x hs Kx kevt = kt + A we = kt + evt a : (ace yen => x[* - (9) | Cae a x= Ee eo Ce D8et (1+ Ye) ee eee tiny toy - ttU+%) 7 ¢ ¢ yt Comparing equation vi withO5-02-23 x aK Ca-vVt) cin , Gy a=% x22 —— Gi? Ge) x _ ivy S See gewe + = ——- oe ' | using equation vin equotten 7 xove 4 4a -&, a ! using eq vin eg iv we have + t —_ N Vie Ss + _G- ee) * ~ Y _v - Se Cee Na = Mer a vad-d Lewet , Lonent: transforunation z = ae , t- t In onde +0 transform from $—to—<” So 40.5 5 the Velocity’v’ will be changed from ‘vy’ to ‘-y' . Then the Lonents transformation becomes xo ave “a this is eran os ix > INVERSE LORENTZ gS . TRANS FORMATION ca 4 yw & The Lonent2 Ringerald Contraction PR mod is lying along tw x” axis of « moving frame of acferen reference S$”, Tht coomdinates of its, ende be % andx’ ond the Length of thetiod is Le =x.7- x7Suppose the came qvavtity ts determine from a fame of weheaenee S tutlotve fo which te rod is moving with the wlodity v The length in S$ frame is L=m-4 —— si Toop 4 Co — Using Lorcents ram sfonmaton , 4 -vt a fa 5 =a 2 a~ “ Ho : xf = et iv (cee x -ve wm mvt le= iv ~~ << TH TY = Hy -vt — mr ave ee ESes m4 + hf a => le = t s IG This istenown as Lonente Fitrqenold Conetrattion /+ Length contimactionTA Tre Dilation’+ Time intervals cine effected bg melative motion if in He s frome, we obsenve the length ef time + , some event mequines in a frome of reference S in moten relative to vs. Oun eock will indicate a longer Hime interval than clock —in the +. determined by ~ dlock in He moving frame » This effect 5 called: Time Dilation. Me vs imayine a clock at We point x’ in the ima frome SS when an ebserev in S$ ficame ths frame Letus imagine a clock at the point x in the moving frame S” when an observer in $/ frame git the Hime ty 5 an an observer in S frame will find it to be to ty Puonding to inverse , Lonente tnemeforimation ~ ' we hove, te te + = After a time interval of te , the obsenver in the moving system finds that te tme ts now 4,7 ee et u and in S frame, jk will bo *€ av afa NE and = iwand yi in AM Fl e a : = 44 ae Saat ’ te, Ee 40 th pia aa ; o> ee SEK be ye Si-%- a. [te = tha | 7 Hhis expression is fore Hime dilation : £B, Relativistic Mass oe rest mass. —— Mo nulativistc mass — | m= u R Parameters momentum Velocity « Ferme fonee , enengy » fui yen is tan cial: a aRQ Mass Energy R2 Relation, When a boda is moving from a rest position to the diétance 5 then, the Kinetic enengy of tht body is 5 Ts f Fas —— Gp where F — the component of the applied force in the direction of the displacement ‘ds’ mow using muvton 2nd lew ef motion “~~ dP. i 5 ‘ a rs 4 : : Fe grimy) A > 5 > 2 oe +[moe 2-= now, . N as Wer ° WS , raf ze oy) ds Foamei- moc ° . Lt ' : af 3S aGmy) Te Esme when the sbody is ak ‘nest ° Ce oqmeh when te body is at in motion Vv 3 . : my od THE. E=me = : ae 5 Fore feet ee THis is known as Mass Energy Relation y 4 wf ey £ vdv “mm —— _The photoelectric ‘efet iy Eleetnons ane emitted from’ a’ metal Surfed “when light of sufie sofficiently high frequence (ie high energy) fall on it. The phenomenon is known, as photoeleetuc eect, Thi phtromenon—is—Known_as einitted dleetnons ane called photeelectnbn cS . Night Consider an, evaewlated' tube contains two electrodes tonnecled to an extonnal eitrcvit with tu metal plate whose sunface is +o bt inmodiated as te anode, Some of te plotelechons that emenge from fee inpadiated surface have sufficient energy Ao reach the cathode despite its negative polartity and they consHhvte He curment” that is measoned by the ammeter in Ht eirewik -. 5 Maneéone fh recordin potential will be produced. s He retarding potenhal is increase less. cleehtons at fo the Cothode and He Connent drops. When V equals on’ exceeds a aptain. value. Vo, no fordhere Shrike the cathode omd He sutret wnnent Ceases. +Quantum theowd of lights Max plank assumed that the radiation is emitted és contineve) by luminuo luminous body as) a burst of energy Mee buns 4 & energy ts called Qvent~ and that energy is E-hy Einstein proposed that light only emitttd as a quantm at op time vt ad propagates as individual quanta. Tana ches, $ hv = Tay thu, The twompton effect Scattered photon E=hv’ P= aw ~~!Consider X ray proton striking an elethen, end being, catered Jawey from ih original dineefion of motion while sleehon receives Jan. impule and begins ty move i'In' thi collision, Hoe photon Was Loft an amount af enengy which will be, gained by, He electron te. a in photon energy = isin: in electron energy rh hv = T —U) : We vrow, = ne et +per 6) i) Since the photon has wo rest mass. F+s total energy is E=PC ea —liii) olm nee we erewd ire amy wllt wllision Inctial nomen = fine! momentum Tf we meso the mmomenvin, we hewee 2 gig Zw’ : Ke vomponenk 3 #0 = (2S) vor Mo pac B'—tivy Yee ote that From eq’ (iv) and (we Wave hw = hv’ ws) + Pe ws PC eos = hd ~ hv os P — bv)and O=hvsin@ — PC sin O => PCsinO hy’ ony (uw) squaning e4" (a) amd (ary. and thin adding them Pre’ wos" + PY’ sink = (no- bv eve @) ~(hv’) ein = Per x(hvd 4 2(hyy (Wo!) cos @ + (hd” Yeo +lhv sin p Pree = (WY H hv) (hd) we +(hu’)” (wm) p tf Pgcin we Mave, E= Tame ! and B= dmc ape . 7 Teme = Imi Pe Terie T+ mich sme apr er POL Py omc T i i ' Pe = (nv-ho’ J 4 ame (hush) Fev = (ho —alw)(hv) (ho + Imac” (hv —ho’) —— wel vsing eq” (ix) in eg’ Ot) hv S-2thv) (ho) + WO" + Lmoe (hv-hv’) =(huy”= aChs) Cho’) oe Py the’)”=> Dime (hv-ho) = 2(ho)Chv')— 2[ho) bho, > Moe’ (ho-hv’) =(hv)(hv’) (2-06 9)» HY we have! Dividing both ‘sides “4 aes re! mech Eh W- vip frente) a) Wer ; 5 Oo Fee a (0 425.4), This is known as” Compton effects. ,