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LESSON 3
INVERSE MATRICES
1 2 ? ? 1 0 ? ? 1 2 1 0
3 4 ? ? = 0 0 ? ? 3 4 = 0 0
We will find out how to calculate the inverse for 2x2 matrix
−1 −1
A Ax = A b
And we can then know the values of X because −1
A A= I
x=A b −1
Recap Multiplication
2
4 − 3 2 = 8+ 3+ 12 23
=
− 6
− 1
0 1 -6
6
-12+0+ 6
21
6 3 2 12+ 9
=
2+ 6 = 8
1 2
5 7 3 10+ 21 31
6 1 24+10
4 2 4+8 34
5 4 = = 12
The multiplicative inverse of a matrix
• This can only be done with SQUARE matrices
• By hand we will only do this for a 2x2 matrix
• Inverses of larger square matrices can be calculated but
can be quite time expensive for large matrices, computers
are generally used
4 8 0.75 − 2
Ex A = then A-1 = as AxA-1 = I
1 3 − 0.25 1
4 8 0.75 − 2 3 − 2 − 8 + 8 1 0
= =
1 3 − 0.25 1 0.75 − 0.75 − 2 + 3 0 1
Finding the Inverse of a 2x2 matrix
1 d − b
ad − cb − c a
Example Find Inverse of A
Step 1 – Calc Determinant
4 8 Determinant (ad-cb) = 4x3-8x1 = 4
A =
1 3
3 8
step2
Step 2 – Swap Elements on leading diagonal 1 4
3 −8
step3
Step 3 – negate the other elements −1 4
1 3 −8
step4
Step 4 – multiply by 1/determinant 4 −1 4
check
−1 0.75 − 2 −1
=
4 8 0.75 − 2
A = 1 3 − 0.25 1
AA
−
0.25 1 3 − 2 − 8 + 8 1 0
= 0.75 − 0.75 = 0 1
−2+3
Find the inverses and check them
− 5 20 1 2 − 20 0.2 − 2
−1
B = B = =
−1 2 10 1 − 5 0.1 − 0.5
2 2 1 − 1 − 2 0.5 1
C = −1
C = =
0 − 1 −2 0 2 0 − 1
EXERCISE: Find the inverses and check them
2 4
A =
1 3
5 10
B =
−1 2
3 2
C =
2 1
8 2
D =
−1 0
2 − 8
E =
−1 4
−1 0
F =
0 − 1
Applications of matrices
• Because matrices are clever storage systems for numbers
there are a large and diverse number of ways we can apply
them.
Example
Peter and Jane spend RM240 altogether and Peter spends 3 times as
much as Jane.
let p: what Peter spends and j: what Jane spends
To solve this using the matrix we must get rid of it by using its inverse!
1 1 x1 240
= −1
1 − 3 x 2 0 First find the inverse 1 1 1 − 3 − 1 0.75 0.25
= =
1 − 3 − 4 − 1 1 0.25 − 0.25
now use it on both sides of the equation
So Answer is p = 180 j = 60
Linear Equations
Example
3 x1 − x2 + x3 = 2
2 x1 + x2 = 1
x1 + 2 x2 − x3 = 3
3 − 1 1 x1 2
2 1 0 x = 1
2
1 2 − 1 x3 3
Linear Equations
When A-1 is computed the equation becomes
x1 = 2, 3 x1 − x2 + x3 = 2
x2 = −3, 2 x1 + x2 = 1
x3 = −7 x1 + 2 x2 − x3 = 3
• They took the train back at $3.50 per child and $3.60
per adult for a total of $135.20.
3x +4y = 5
A) 5x = 7-6y
x+7y = 1.24
B) 3y -x = 0.76
8x = 3y -1
C) x+y =-7
Mathematics for Computations