Pontoon: 1. a small flat boat or a metal structure of a similar shape used especially to form or support a temporary floating bridge.

*Military engineers hurriedly constructed a pontoon bridge across the river.* Atavistic: happening because of a very old natural and basic habit from the distant past (= a long time ago), not because of a conscious decision or present need or usefulness. Primate: 1. a member of the most developed and intelligent group of mammals, including humans, monkeys and apes. 2. a priest with the highest position in his country *He was made the Roman Catholic Primate of All Ireland last year.*

Emulate: to copy something achieved by someone else and try to do it as well as they have *They hope to emulate the success of other software companies. Fitzgerald is keen to emulate Martin's record of three successive world titles.* Mimic: to copy the way in which a particular person usually speaks and moves, usually in order to make people laugh. Ape: to copy something or someone badly and unsuccessfully. Burlesque: a type of writing or acting that tries to make something serious seem stupid, mockery by absurdly ridiculous imitation.

Related words: Embody (to represent a quality or an idea exactly), epitomize (to be a perfect example of a quality or type of thing)*With little equipment and unsuitable footwear, she epitomizes the inexperienced and unprepared mountain walker*, fake (to make an object look real or valuable in order to deceive people), follow suit (to do the same thing as someone else), mock (to laugh at someone, often by copying them in a funny but unkind way), parody ( 1. [n] Writing, music, art, speech, etc. which intentionally copies the style of someone famous or copies a particular situation, making the features or qualities of the original more noticeable in a way that is humorous, 2. [v] to copy the style of someone or something in a humorous way), parrot ( [v] to repeat exactly what someone else says, without understanding it or thinking about its meaning), personify (1. to be a perfect example of something, 2. to treat something as if it were in the form of a human being) , pirate (to illegally copy a computer program, music, a film, etc. and sell it), sham (to pretend ), travesty (something which fails to represent the values and qualities that it is intended to represent, in a way that is shocking or offensive) * Their production of 'Macbeth' was quite the worst I've ever seen - it was a travesty. Langdale described the court ruling as a travesty of justice.*, charade (an act or event which is clearly false.)

*Everyone knew who was going to get the job from the start - the interviews were just a charade.* Caricature: ([n](the art of making) a drawing or written or spoken description of someone, which makes part of their appearance or character more noticeable than it really is, and which usually makes them look silly. *The characters in his early novels are a lot subtler than the overblown caricatures in his more recent work. FIGURATIVE Over the years he's become a grotesque caricature of himself.* ([v] to create a caricature. *Charles Dickens caricatured lawyers (= represented them in a way which made them look silly) in several of his novels.*) Languor: Pleasant mental or physical tiredness or lack of activity. *She missed Spain and the languor of a siesta on a hot summer afternoon.* Languor: 1. tiredness: a pleasant feeling of weariness or weakness 2. listlessness in speech or behaviour: listlessness and indifference in speech or behaviour 3. Heaviness in atmosphere: an oppressive heaviness or sultriness in the air

Guerrilla: a member of an unofficial military group that is trying to change the government by making

sudden, unexpected attacks on the official army forces. *A small band of guerrillas has blown up a train in the mountains.* *Guerrilla warfare*

Land owner by river: an owner of land along a river Hinterland: the land behind the coast or the banks of a river, or an area of a country that is far away from cities Boondocks: any area in the country that is quiet, has few people living in it, and is a long way away from a town or city Levee: a wall made of land or other materials that is built next to a river to stop the river from overflowing. Eddy: If water, wind, smoke, etc. eddies, it moves fast in a circle * The water eddied around in a whirlpool.* Maelstrom: 1. a situation in which there is great confusion, violence and destruction. 2. an area of water which moves with a very strong circular movement and sucks in anything that goes past. Ford: an area in a river or stream which is not deep and can be crossed on foot or in a vehicle Wade: [v] to walk through water with difficulty because of the pressure of the water against your legs, [n] a walk through shallow water, especially at the edge of the sea. Fjord: a long strip of sea between steep hills, found especially in Norway. Fiord: fjord Estuary: the wide part of a river at the place where it joins the sea

Stevedore: dockworker/ somebody whose job is to load and unload ships Castaway: a person who has escaped from a ship that has sunk, and managed to get to an island or country where there are few or no other people Synonym: shipwrecked person Excommunicate: When the Christian Church, especially the Roman Catholic Church, excommunicates someone, it refuses to give them communion and does not allow them to be involved in the Church. Ostracize: to avoid someone intentionally or to prevent them from taking part in the activities of a group *His colleagues ostracized him after he criticized the company in public.* Ostracism: * AIDS victims often experience social ostracism and discrimination.*

Zeitgeist: the general set of ideas, beliefs, feelings, etc. which is typical of a particular period in history/ ideas and spirit of time: the ideas prevalent in a period and place, particularly as expressed in literature, philosophy, and religion. Reactionary: opposed to progress: opposed to progressive social or political change/ ultra-conservative. Poltergeist: a spirit or force that moves furniture and throws objects around in a house. Specter/Spectre: 1. Ghost, 2. Unpleasant prospect Frankenstein: something that destroys or harms the person or people who created it. *In arming the dictator, the US was creating a Frankenstein who would threaten their influence in the region.* Judas: a person who is not loyal to a friend and helps the friend's enemies; a traitor Quisling: traitor Triskaidekaphobia: number 13 Fear of

Pariah: A person, who is not accepted by a social group, especially because he or she is not liked, respected or trusted. Stowaway: a person who hides on a ship, aircraft or other vehicle. Riparian: 1.along riverbank: situated or taking place along or near the bank of a river 2.

Apostate: a person who has given up their religion or left a political party/ somebody who renounces belief. Apostasy: renunciation of faith Renegade: [n] 1. Traitor: somebody who abandons previously held beliefs or loyalties 2. rebel: somebody who chooses to live outside laws or conventions

Renege:[v]1.break promise: to go back on a promise or commitment 2. not follow suit: in cards, to fail to follow suit when able and required to do so Deserter: absconder, runaway, apostate, renegade, fugitive. Black sheep: misfit: somebody regarded by the other members of a family or group as not living up to their standards and expectations Fidelity: 1. loyalty: loyalty to an allegiance, promise, or vow 2. Sexual faithfulness: faithfulness to a sexual partner, especially a husband or wife. 3. Factual accuracy: accuracy in reporting facts or details. Synonyms: loyalty, faithfulness, reliability, trustworthiness, dependability, devotion, commitment, conformity Fealty: 1. allegiance to feudal lord: the loyalty sworn to a feudal lord by a vassal or tenant 2. Faithfulness: loyalty or allegiance shown to anyone (archaic or literary) Treachery: 1. betrayal or deceit betrayal:

form of suicide, sometimes ritually performed as a point of honor, involving disembowelment (kill someone by removing intestines from stomach) with a sword. Related Words: selfimmolation (suicide as sacrifice: suicide, usually by burning, as an act of sacrifice or protest), suicide, selfsacrifice, self-destruction. Petrous: relating resembling rock or stone. to

result of impregnation with calcium salts, or be changed in this way 2. To become rigidly set in a conventional pattern of behavior, beliefs, and attitudes, or make somebody become so Morgue, Mortuary: place for dead bodies Rigor mortis: body stiffness after death: the progressive stiffening of the body that occurs several hours after death as a result of the coagulation of protein in the muscles Mortician: Undertaker, Funeral Director Underling: a servant or subordinate, especially one regarded as of little worth or importance Undergird: support, support from below Underhand: dishonest secret and

Petrify: turn something to stone, to cause immobilize with fear Petra-Stone/Rock (Latin) Petroglyph: a prehistoric drawing done on rock Petrogenesis: Origin of rocks Petrography: rock examination to determine mineral content Putrefy: make putrid or decay with a foul smell Putrid: rotting and giving off foul smell Fetid: having a rotten or offensive smell Malodorous: foul-smelling Related words: Noisome, Rancid, Reek, Stench Mortify: to make somebody feel deeply ashamed and humiliated, impose hardship on self Ossify: 1. to change soft tissue such as cartilage into bone as a

Antediluvian: 1. outdated: extremely old-fashioned or outdated (humorous) 2. from time before Flood: in or from the time before the biblical Flood Flood: Deluge, Inundation Surplus: Overabundance, Glut, Slew, Plethora, Plentitude, Plenitude, Copious, Cornucopia, Surfeit, Superfluity Scarcity: Paucity, Exiguous, Dearth

2. Act of betrayal: an act or instance of betrayal or deceit Synonyms: disloyalty, perfidy, infidelity, treason Hara-kiri: Japanese ritualistic suicide: in Japan, a traditional

Myriad: Many, Countless Scads: Large quantity Less/Small: Mote, Speck, Whit, Bit, Jot, Iota, Modicum, Miniscule, Scintilla