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04-Random Processes
04-Random Processes
The values assumed by X(t) are called states, and the set of all
possible values forms the state space E of the random process.
On the other hand, for a fixed sample point ωi ϵΩ, X(t, ωi) =
Xi(t) is a single function of time t, called a sample function or a
realization of the process.
X (t ) E X (t )
where X(t) is treated as a random variable for a fixed value of t.
Note that:
R XX (t1 , t 2 ) R XX (t 2 , t1 ) and R XX (t , t ) E X 2 (t )
The autocovariance function of X(t) is defined by:
R XX (t1 , t 2 ) X (t1 ) X (t 2 )
C XX (t1 , t 2 ) R XX (t1 , t 2 )
C XX (t1 , t 2 ) E X (t1 ) X (t1 )X (t 2 ) X (t 2 )
*
Semester-II, 2013/14 By Welelaw Y. 11
Classification of Random Processes
i. Stationary Processes
A random process {X(t), tϵT} is said to be stationary or strict-
sense stationary (SSS) if, for all n and for every set of time
instants (ti ϵT, i = 1,2, . . . , n),
FX ( x1 ,........, x n , t1 , ....., t n ) FX ( x1 , ........, x n , t1 , ......, t n )
Hence, the distribution of a stationary process will be
unaffected by a shift in the time origin, and X(t) and X(t+τ)
will have the same distributions for any τ.
Nonstationary processes are characterized by distributions
depending on the points t1, t2, . . . , tn.
1 . E X (t ) X (constant )
2. R XX (t1 , t 2 ) E X (t1 ) X (t 2 ) R XX t 2 t1
R XX ( ) E X (t ) X (t )
Properties of RXX(τ):
1. R XX ( ) R XX ( )
2. R XX ( ) R XX (0)
3. R XX (0) E X 2 (t ) 0
Semester-II, 2013/14 By Welelaw Y. 15
Power Spectral Densities of Random Processes……
R XX (k ) E X (n) X (n k )
Properties of RX(k):
1. R XX ( k ) R XX (k )
2. R XX (k ) R XX (0)
3. R XX (0) E X 2 (n) 0
Semester-II, 2013/14 By Welelaw Y. 16
Power Spectral Densities of Random Processes……
Two processes X(t) and Y(t) are called (mutually) orthogonal if:
R XY ( ) 0 , for all
R XY (k ) E X (n)Y (n k )
Properties of SXX(ω):
1. S XX ( ) is real and S XX ( ) 0
2. S XX ( ) S XX ( )
3. E X (t ) R XX (0)
2 1
2
S XX ( ) d
k
Semester-II, 2013/14 By Welelaw Y. 19
Power Spectral Densities of Random Processes……
1
R XX (k )
2
S XX ()e jk d
Properties of SXX(Ω):
1. S XX ( 2 ) S XX ()
3. S XX () S XX ()
3. E X (n) R XX (0)
2 1
2
S
XX ( ) d
Properties of SXY(ω):
Unlike SXX(ω), which is a real-valued function of ω, SXY(ω), in
general, is a complex-valued function.
1. S XY ( ) S YX ( )
2. S XY ( ) S XY ( )
*
Properties of SXY(ω):
Unlike SXX(Ω), which is a real-valued function of Ω, SXY(Ω), in
general, is a complex-valued function.
1. S XY ( 2 ) S XY ()
2. S XY () S YX ()
*
3. S XY () S XY ()
Semester-II, 2013/14 By Welelaw Y. 23
Example on Random Processes
Example:
Consider a random process X(t) defined by
X (t ) A cos( 0 t )
1
E cos
2
2 0
cos d 0
1
Similarly , E sin
2
2 0
sin d 0
X (t ) E X (t ) 0
E A cos( 0 t1 ) A cos( 0 t 2 )
A 2 E cos( 0 t1 ) cos( 0 t 2 )
A2
E cos 0 (t 2 t1 ) cos( 0 (t1 t 2 ) 2 )
2
But , E cos 0 (t 2 t1 ) cos 0 (t 2 t1 ) and
E cos( 0 (t1 t 2 ) 2 ) 0
A2
R XX (t1 , t 2 ) cos 0 (t 2 t1 )
2
Semester-II, 2013/14 By Welelaw Y. 26
Example on Random Processes Cont’d……
Solution:
c. C XX (t1 , t 2 ) R XX (t1 , t 2 ) X (t1 ) X (t 2 )
A2
cos 0 (t 2 t1 ) 0
2
A2
C XX (t1 , t 2 ) cos 0 (t 2 t1 )
2
d . Since the mean is constant and the autocorrelation function
A2
R XX ( ) cos( 0 )
2
The power spectral density of X (t ) is given by :
S XX ( )
R XX ( )e j d
FT cos( 0 t ) ( 0 ) ( 0 )
A 2 A 2
S XX ( ) ( 0 ) ( 0 )
2 2
Semester-II, 2013/14 By Welelaw Y. 28
Response of Linear Systems to Random Inputs
R XY ( ) R XX ( ) * h * ( )
And ,
RYY ( ) R XY ( ) * h( )
R XX ( ) * h * ( ) * h( )
Semester-II, 2013/14 By Welelaw Y. 29
Response of Linear Systems to Random Inputs…..
f (t ) * g (t )
FT
F ( )G ( )
Then using the above property, the cross and output power
spectral densities can be evaluated as:
S XY ( ) FT R XX ( ) * h * ( ) S XX ( ) H * ( )
And ,
S YY ( ) FT RYY ( ) FT R XY ( ) * h( )
2
S XY ( ) H ( ) S XX ( ) H ( )
2 1 2 a
S YY ( ) S XX ( ) H ( ) 2 2 2
b a
2
R YY ( ) 2
1
a b2 b
ae
b
be
a
X (t ) A cos( 0 t )
where 0 and are constants and A is a uniform
random variable over the interval (0, 2)
a. Find the mean X (t ).
b. Find the autocorrel ation function R XX (t1 , t 2 ).
c. Find the autocovari ance function C XX (t1 , t 2 ).
d . Determine whether X (t ) is WSS random process or not.
e. Find the power spectral density of X (t ).
X (t ) A sin( 0 t )
where A and are independent random variables which are
uniformly distributed over the intervals[0, 1] and ,
2 2
respectively and 0 is a constant.
a. Find the mean X (t ).
b. Find the autocorrelation function R XX (t1 , t 2 ).
c. Find the autocovariance function C XX (t1 , t 2 ).
d . Determine whether X (t ) is WSS random process or not.
e. Find the power spectral density of X (t ).
R XX (k ) 2e |k |