BROKENSHIRE COLLEGE

College of Nursing

Madapo, Davao City

GROUP ACTIVITY IN

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
OF NURSING
LECTURE

SUBMITTED BY:

ALANGUILAN, Elrond Aleksi R.

ALAO, Aisha Fe C.
ALICIDA, Quianna Marie Vei A.
CENTINALES, Juvy
CULANGO, Eliza Marie B.
BSN – 1A

SUBMITTED TO:

CALINAWAN, MARFE LYN P.

INSTRUCTOR
 Nola Pender: Health Promotion Model

Nola Pender (August 16, 1941 was born in Lansing, Michigan - present) established the Health
Promotion Model in 1982 as a nursing theorist. She is a nursing professor emeritus at the University
of Michigan as well as an author. She began researching behaviors that promote health in the middle
of the 1970s, and the Health Promotion Model was originally published by her in 1982. The American
Academy of Nursing has recognized Pender as a Living Legend. Her Health Promotion Model
highlights proactive health measures and highlights nurses' crucial role in assisting patients in
preventing sickness through proactive measures and self-care.

Nola Pender enrolled in the nursing program at West Suburban Hospital in Oak Park, Illinois,
and graduated in 1962. She graduated with a master's in human growth and development from the
same university in 1965. In order to pursue a Ph.D. in psychology and education, she relocated to
Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, in 1969. She eventually completed her master's degree
in community health nursing at Rush University.

Nola Pender started working in a Michigan hospital in 1962 on a medical-surgical unit and then
moved on to a pediatric ward. From 1985 to 1987, she served as the Midwest Nursing Research
Society's president. She served as the president of the American Academy of Nursing from 1991 to
1993, as well as serving on the board of directors of Research America and the U.S. From 1998 to
2002, the Preventative Services Task Force. Pender also served from 1990 to 2001 as the University
of Michigan School of Nursing's Associate Dean for Research. She co-founded the Midwest Nursing
Research Society, and since 2009, she has been a trustee of the organization's foundation.

Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model

A new direction in healthcare has been made possible by Nola Pender, a nursing thinker. Nola
J. Pender contends that the primary focus of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention should be on
healthcare. Care for those who are unwell becomes the top priority when health promotion and
prevention fall short in foreseeing difficulties and issues.

What is Health Promotion Model?

Health-promoting behavior is the intended behavioral outcome and is the endpoint in the Health
Promotion Model. It is noted that each person has certain personal qualities and experiences that impact
subsequent behaviors. At all phases of development, health-promoting practices should lead to greater
health, increased functional capacity, and higher quality of life. The immediate competing demand and
preferences have an impact on the ultimate behavioral demand as well, which might sabotage planned
health-promoting behaviors.

The Health Promotion Model idea by Nola Pender was first presented in 1982 and further
enhanced in 1996 and 2002. It has been used to nursing practice, instruction, and research. The Health
Promotion Model evolves to encompass activities for promoting health and applies across the life
cycle. It was created to be a "complementary counterpart to models of health protection."

According to Pender's health promotion model, promotion of health aims to raise a client's level
of well-being and defines health as "a positive dynamic condition, not only the absence of sickness."
It outlines how people engage with their surroundings on a variety of levels in order to attain health.
The approach focuses on three areas: individual traits and experiences, cognitions and emotions related
to particular behaviors, and behavioral outcomes.

Major Concepts of the Health Promotion Model

1 Health promotion is described as behavior driven by the goal to improve wellbeing and realize
human health potential. It is a strategy towards wellbeing.
As opposed to this, health protection or sickness prevention is defined as the behavior-driven
desire to actively fend off illness, recognize it early, or continue functioning while it is present.
2 Personal qualities and experiences - prior related behavior and personal factors.
3 Behavior-specific thoughts and affect - perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to
action, perceived self-efficacy, activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, and situational
influences.
4 Behavioral outcomes - commitment to a plan of action, immediate competing demands and
preferences, and health-promoting behavior.

Subconcepts of the Health Promotion Model

1. Personal Factors are categorized as biological, psychological, and socio-cultural. These

factors are predictive of a given behavior and shaped by the target behavior’s nature being
considered.

● Personal biological factors. Include variables such as age, gender, body mass index,
pubertal status, aerobic capacity, strength, agility, or balance.
 ● Personal psychological factors. Include variables such as self-esteem, self-
motivation, personal competence, perceived health status, and definition of health.

● Personal socio-cultural factors. Include variables such as race, ethnicity,

acculturation, education, and socioeconomic status.

2. Perceived Benefits of Action are anticipated positive outcomes that will occur from health
behavior.
3. Perceived Barriers to Action are anticipated, imagined, or real blocks and personal costs of
understanding a given behavior.
4. Perceived Self-Efficacy

Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in his capability or judgement to execute "behaviours"

necessary to produce specific performance attainments and obtain desired outcomes. In Pender's
model, these refer to a person's capability to organise and execute health-promoting behaviour.
Furthermore, higher self-efficacy reduces the number of perceived barriers to specific health
behaviour.

5. Activity-Related Affect

Describe as the subjective positive or negative feeling that occurs depending on the stimulus
of the behaviour itself. It's a direct correlation with self-efficacy: the fonder the subjective feeling is,
the keener the feeling of efficacy will be.

6. Interpersonal Influences

A strong support group enables individuals to be more likely to continue developing and
engaging in health-promoting behaviours. These may consist of family and friends, norms, neighbours,
peers, and health care providers

7. Situational Influences

These are the individual's perceptions and cognition that can facilitate his or her own behaviour
or prevent it. This includes perceptions of options available, as well as demand characteristics and
aesthetic features of the environment in which a given health-promoting is proposed to take place.

Commitment to Plan of Action

The concept of intention and identification of a planned strategy leads to the implementation
of health behavior.
Immediate Competing Demands and Preferences

Competing demands are those alternative behaviors over which individuals have low
control because of environmental contingencies such as work or family care responsibilities.

Competing preferences are alternative behaviors over which individuals exert relatively
high control, such as choice of ice cream or apple for a snack.

Health-Promoting Behavior

A Health-Promoting Behavior is an endpoint or action-outcome directed toward attaining

positive health outcomes such as optimal wellbeing, personal fulfilment, and productive living.

Major Assumptions in Health Promotion Model

● Individuals seek to regulate their own behavior actively.

● Individuals in all their biopsychosocial complexity interact with the environment,

progressively transforming the environment and being transformed over time.

● Health professionals constitute a part of the interpersonal environment, which influences

persons throughout their life span.

● Self-initiated reconfiguration of person-environment interactive patterns is essential to

behavior change.

Propositions

 Prior behavior and inherited and acquired characteristics influence beliefs, affect, and
enactment of health-promoting behavior.
 Persons commit to engaging in behaviors from which they anticipate deriving personally
valued benefits.
 Perceived barriers can constrain commitment to action, a mediator of behavior as well as actual
behavior.
 Perceived competence or self-efficacy to execute a given behavior increases the likelihood of
commitment to action and the behavior’s actual performance.
 Greater perceived self-efficacy results in fewer perceived barriers to specific health behavior.
 Positive affect toward a behavior result in greater perceived self-efficacy, which can, in turn,
result in increased positive affect.
 When positive emotions or affect are associated with a behavior, the probability of commitment
and action is increased.
  Persons are more likely to commit to and engage in health-promoting behaviors when
significant others model the behavior, expect the behavior to occur, and provide assistance and
support to enable the behavior.
 Families, peers, and health care providers are important sources of interpersonal influence that
can increase or decrease commitment to and engagement in health-promoting behavior.
 Situational influences in the external environment can increase or decrease commitment to or
participation in health-promoting behavior.
 The greater the commitments to a specific plan of action, the more likely health-promoting
behaviors will be maintained over time.
 Commitment to a plan of action is less likely to result in the desired behavior when competing
demands over which persons have little control require immediate attention.
 Commitment to a plan of action is less likely to result in the desired behavior when other actions
are more attractive and preferred over the target behavior.
 Persons can modify cognitions, affect, and the interpersonal and physical environment to create
incentives for healthy actions.

Strengths

 The Health Promotion Model is simple to understand, yet diving deeper shows its complexity
in its structure.
 Nola Pender’s nursing theory focused on health promotion and disease prevention, making it
stand out from other nursing theories.
 It is highly applicable in the community health setting.
 It promotes the nursing profession’s independent practice, being the primary source of health-
promoting interventions and education.

Weaknesses

 The Health Promotion Model of Pender could not define the nursing metaparadigm or the
concepts that a nursing theory should have, man, nursing, environment, and health.
 The conceptual framework contains multiple concepts, which may invite confusion to the
reader.
 Its applicability to an individual currently experiencing a disease state was not given emphasis.
Conclusion

 Due to its focus on health promotion and disease prevention per se, its relevance to nursing
actions given to ill individuals is obscure. But then again, this characteristic of her model also
gives the concepts its uniqueness.
 Pender’s principles paved a new way of viewing nursing care, but then one should also be
reminded that nursing’s curative aspect cannot be detached from our practice.
 Community health care setting is the best avenue in promoting health and preventing illnesses.
Using Pender’s Health Promotion Model, community programs may be focused on activities
that can improve people’s well-being. Health promotion and disease prevention can more easily
be carried out in the community than programs that aim to cure disease conditions.

References:

Gonzalo, A. 2021. Nurseslabs. Nola Pender: Health Promotion Model. https://nurseslabs.com/nola-

pender-health-promotion-model/