1.

Franz Kafka (July 3, 1883 – June 3, 1924) was a Bohemian German-speaking novelist and short
story writer, widely regarded by critics as one of the most influential authors. most of the
twentieth century. Kafka was a modernist and was strongly influenced by other genres,
including existentialism. His works such as The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung), The Case
(Der Prozess) and The Castle (Das Schloss) use themes and archetypes of estrangement, physical
and mental brutality, conflict, and conflict. father-son conflict, characters in terrifying quests and
mysterious transformations.
2. “Kafkaesque” is a feeling of despair and depression caused by uncontrollable forces that make
us lost and stuck. Imagine one day suddenly there is a strange, illogical, no-nonsense force. any
explanation appears. It causes all of our perceptions, all of our life plans, the whole way we
shape our behavior, our lives, to pieces. However, you don't give up. You don't lie there waiting
to die. We use everything that's left of us to find a way to combat it. Sadly, after all, you're still
the loser. Yet even if the will is defeated, the game is not over. We can't find the answer, don't
know the reason why those misfortunes come to us, even less understand what the invisible
power is? That is Kafkaesque.
3. Causes of Greece's public debt crisis
In January 2010, in its Growth and Stability Program report 2010, the Greek Ministry of Finance
listed five main causes for the outbreak of the Government debt crisis at that time and the
significant increase in public debt/GDP in 2009 (compared with the forecast one year earlier),
specifically:
First, economic growth slows and domestic savings are low. After 2008, GDP growth began to
fall below the level predicted by the Greek Statistical Office. In its official report, the Greek
Finance Ministry suggested the need to carry out economic reforms to improve the country's
competitiveness, while several other agencies suggested reducing wages and social benefits. ,
shifting current Government spending needs from the non-growth sector (e.g. military) to the
growth stimulus sector. In addition, the low level of domestic savings causes the Government to
borrow foreign debt, domestic investment strongly depends on foreign capital flows.
Second, the budget deficit is heavy. Huge fiscal imbalance occurred during the years from 2004
to 2009, in which nominal output increased by 40%, public spending increased by 87%, and the
increase in tax revenue was only 31%. The Greek Ministry of Finance has set a target of restoring
fiscal balance by intensifying cuts in recurrent spending (spending is only allowed to increase by
3.8% in the period 2009-2013, lower than the inflation rate). is expected to be 6.9%) and total
budget revenue is planned to increase by 31.5% from 2009 to 2013 by increasing tax revenue
and by far-reaching reform of the inefficient tax collection system. Greece's budget deficit
regularly exceeds 3% of GDP allowed by the European Union. Moreover, tax evasion and
underground economic activity in Greece are also factors that reduce revenue.
Third, lax fiscal discipline. Budget compliance is seen as having to improve dramatically in the
future. In particular, in 2009, the process of controlling the economy was carried out worse and
looser than usual, especially during political elections. To strengthen fiscal discipline, the
Government implemented a new round of reforms that strengthen its ability to monitor and
better track increases in budget revenues and expenditures at both central and local
governments.
Fourth, the level of public debt is increasing. This level worsened in 2009, due to a larger-than-
expected budget deficit. The ratio of public debt to GDP did not decrease during the period of
stable economic growth (2000 - 2007), so the Greek Government did not have many
opportunities to continue maintaining the budget deficit with little negative impact on the
economy. economy as in previous years (Figure 1). Due to easy access to foreign capital since
becoming a member of the Eurozone with a stable and strong national image, the Greek
government has overspended (mostly on infrastructure). forget about future repayment plans.
Fifth, the reliability of economic statistics is not guaranteed. Given the unreliable data that has
existed since Greece became a member of the Eurozone in 1999. For the period 2004 - 2009,
Eurostat records Greece's fiscal statistics and is reported as subs. This number has been
adjusted. In 2010, the Greek Ministry of Finance reported the need to restore the confidence of
financial investors and perfect the problems in the previous statistical methodology by
establishing the National Statistical Service. independent legal status and gradually eliminate
government interference and inspection to improve the accuracy of financial statistics reports.