BENTLEY: ALCOCK: MURRAIN:MCGLYNN:SMITH . 1985"Jan Rently, Alan Alcock, Paul Murrain, Sue MoGlyna, Graham Smith Responsive environments ‘A manual for designers ae AMSTERDAM + BOSTON + HEIDELBERG + LONDON + NEWYORK + OXPORD PARIS + SANDIEGO + SAN FRANCISCO + SINGAPORE + SYDNEY + TOKYO ict Te ELSEVIER Archit Pest i an imprint of EvieArchitect Press ‘Anite of Eeevier acre Hows, Jordan Hil, Oxford OX2 SDP 30 Coote Dive, Burngon, MA O1803, it published 1985 Reprint 1987, 1952, 993,194, 1997, 1958, 1999, 201, 2003, 2008, ‘Copyright © 1985, lever Ld. All rights reserve No pa ot pbtaton aay possi any mati fern (cladig PISOing ‘Sr tring 29 su yeleonc meas sd wha ot tay Snel ne he eo i pasate) whet he ween pemison of he op alee ‘eatin acarvin he Copy Des od Pts At 1985 of ae he rms of ese dy te Copia ieing Agron) Ld SO Tones (Coe Rd: Londo, WIT ALP Engen Applian othe upright hl’ wien pein repo a Part oti Flteston shal eae whe pubes Pens ny eeu hy on “Eker Skee and Tetlony Ris Depart in One UK: pone (6) (1865 {C80 fi (os) (0 1945 83883: ema persons Beleier sn Yeu aS ort eu questo he nts Bvt bere hp wsoeeom) ‘sess ‘Comer Sopa ten Obtsng Fema Bri Library Cataloguing in Publication Data catalogue record fr hs book saa fm he Bre Library Aiweary of Congress Cataloguing in Publcatin Data ‘Acanlogue record fr ts book avaiable rm he Libary of Congress ISBN 0 75060566 | Fav taformation onal Arcos Pres pobcaone st our website at Www aEiecturapes com ‘Working together to grow libraries in developing countries wemctotccn | wimbolaideg | mimo ELSEVIER red an bout Gest Bain “MEO Books Lid, Bodmin, ComalThe authors lan Bentley hs practised oth asa architect and a an ‘bun desgner, in Brian, Hollndand he Middle ast He has ko spent wo sens on the Board af'a property company engaged in both residential and commercial Akselopment. He i a present « senior lecurer a the Joint Centre for Urban Desig at Onfors Poylechnie, tnd ir a partner in the urban design fm of Beni ‘Murrsin Smet, With Paul Murain, Grabam Stith and others, be won awards in the RBA Inger cy ‘competion of 1979 and 1980 THis particular interests inlode designing devlop- ment statis forthe regeeation of rt-down baer ‘Sp arent, and resarching the ellos of tbe property “dtlopmne proces on urban form, busing imagery hd archtectoral theory. He has wien on these nd felted tie, in bows books and tle, and for (eevsion ‘Alan Alcok isan architect He bas worked in several London flrs, including that of Powell and Moya, before forming a practice which developed 2 special expertise in bulldiags for health care. He i now a senior lecture’ in the Department of Arcitestre at Onford Polytecie, where he played feniral role in introducing the ‘choos uniguely Drain, Diploma course His current interests iclae Fesearching the bisorical development of urban blocks, in ther stil and economic contest Paul Murrais is a landscape azeitex and urban ‘dsigue, His experience inludes both private practice ‘nd work she ton Keynes Urban Design Group. fof which be Wasa founder ember He i now aseaiat IEeturer i the Joint Centre for Urban eign a Oxford Polytech, and a parser in Bexley Murra Sarl ‘is particular interest ince the detailed pyscl t neat 20) aan Sicilia cc wadiovirtmien snk * Stygumdteninm eine pigs rich ony CLE aero 2 Choate i er == BSS Il Lr Eo YALE 2 a N-tf— ok 2 ye ae fe | 1 é L el |, — { ww | ue ant 1 / | : é } I AY i Lx oA LL Te aa gH 4 y 8 : | ‘‘Perimeter blocks with family houses — ES eeerRae ee Ram So Sse th ysis _sccommocied inthe Biek? : a Sekar Seana Sn EE mete come eample 8 (cep. 2528 Sree int ene te "hit ylang te ere price sass (0) Ee Thncopechfon tineess econ hue ye pede Swot ero 2) toed te ina prasiabe SSL ria Example 9 9.2520) Genes in seta pn at pt ad ‘Siting th eat Ws sn) {watson teat we ade Sinead ep Seton otaesepetnttahsae At Aver ek iene: mete aiei . “an wth sto a 3 7 2 OO ee £ i t \ : i LC i fy + 4s TE. 7 ade Jos ‘lc sn family Houses with 50 sg gardens.Chapter 2: Variety ‘The lst chapter dsconed how to achieve grate eesti. But acest pass ae only valle if The ster expen coi sary therfore the Second ty quay tobe considered Dierent tes of variety Variety of expeence spit paces wih varie forms, yt nin. Vry af uns he levee of vant acres aa lig ps of = Matin wed opi avai ins, for aid eure the diferent atv, forme and poop provide 1 rch petepal nity diferent user Frere the pia Im dilerent ap it takes om Vasey ose sthrefore te key tovarity aa whole. It ros beconaderdery nds, Usés VS FoRMs Ky wf MEANINGS Variety and choice ‘The purpose of promoting variety isto inet coe, But shoe ale depends om mobi ‘igi pobie can tke advantage of vere) of Stites even thee are spread ver a wide ae, ror people ike these probably ‘opelereacheice depens ona close ran of vase. the majority, ken Why fe this» problem? ‘Trough their ator dies, both developer and IN Be ap =F —_— 2miles Variety within dare is reduced, they become ‘pesalsed zones of singe we* Sn ee Sifbeaing Le 152 en 17 oon, Variety within Blocks is reduced, at sles are {maipamated no large mit fer no ep (tem) oo ToOOO a go gogo ‘arity within ug reduce, in the interes of ‘ey managinen and corporate image How much varity? ‘wat al these peessres po variety, i pois to pone over exaty ow mach i need desis ‘hold simpy pete moat they can, Becase of al he ‘Sonsramy there no ange of ening up wih (00 How to maximise it ‘The varity of use projet can suport depends on thre ain ctor the range of cvs which ws ‘riche sal all mond Th posit of sopping affordable pac inthe {Brewer to whic te dein ccourages pve Interactions btwn tb Demand to lost here, Bon 0009 0 th meng a Lee Smreoths esas? |Notody wil ind projet nls it am be sown that there demand forthe sje twill provide. Most velopment agente puble aswell as priate, oneentateon arate sal rng of wes which ‘Stun demand eusi "To draw developers beyond obvious us, towards lj ‘f demand. This Giga sll Tundarental ometig varity, sdicsted in Design Shet 21 Affordable space No mater how mach an activity wants locate 4 projet itennnt do ouresspacesavalabeat price Kee utord ! i i i i £ i ae a shove if space Im ascheme evalabl heap, many ‘Sperot wee can ard ocate inthe pies. opus ‘Serairs only aw te wl be ford "Fe balance the hook schemes which te cosy to develop will bave fo charge telaely igh teas oF Prcaie ces. They wil Be foo expensive for Most “Convers to encourage variety we must hep ets sod purine pcs lon: One enperat a of doing its by heepng down the astra heseteme. A wealth cf nfomation en cost conto exists chew, 0 We ‘Shall ot Seat witht hese ‘Asicond way of providing cheap spaces by ting source of iy Tomos designers, ssa les fn ‘opiSebsiies Suis may come ite rom oie the ches, or om sng some poise cement within to ube ter ies cant soda oonomi rent This Second spproa:=caled ner era sbsiaion = i TBtsuated by des bres for New Yorks theatre ‘zc Here developer are encooaped to bed ets ‘fees, proved that & proportion ofthe exta pros (hes to bul thea sfaor as showa below "cern and. internal pubis arp dacssed Denon Sheets 21 end 26 spectively ‘The role of old baling ‘Ard way of eting cheap spacey Keeping stable aban When thee, were Buc cobs were "lol low and ite mone) no ed them ‘isos ''fenaied denn fom Prospero {ese ol bangs, ene the cern es an ofr no oa to naa resi All thse Taos keep rent fw ‘Dosa of urea consrction cots and interest rates, however, ven modest new DUTIES ave Co Surge" telavely igh rene to break che Redstone ies chat rex wi ose. & redeveleped: . high seats, g | aGrdatte foe Trew uses g | siigrdante ayes 3 i 4 i t i a ad ents eto bd on re 06 “These inceaed ets redo variety, as showa above, ‘This because he spelled wes Wheh canoes Iiuch to vate ae ain eae) npr, No ater ow wel psd srs ie thee caotaford iivens Eten ge ree space ina redevelopment it would peobbly py the emerpie fo al swale emit, move Somers cheaper and pocket the ‘irene «Thur todvlopment wih fs high teats ‘ole nity Ironmongers ad rengroes pe wa to ewalrs and ofc a sbown below loorspace available ab each Tere Design implications otal redeelopment shad Sr arty becuse al rents are ped up. Be otal ck of development abo fat ‘on iden, esas pe that the ae wl rt ‘ter apmartet tien nor those whee net the fenton ear thon we ned broad spread of ret a Hosted tion Hleorspace available at each reat ‘hos old buildings should ot automaticly be hep. ‘They mut be carey ected, to Ines ae) by foutop cfr whi demand actualy exis, Thi hat ‘ho impeaton thar faye shoul be appropriate 10 whe wes ‘A tlane of building age and condition - har to ‘idieve in prasee- wiltgenente vat ofl, Sapporing varity of uss Ths wil sutanable over time a the oa bugs ae gradually rebull, oes sg tnd sels mcontion bt he pres of 00k Proportion of mesium-to ‘high ren sock dou Boutvederoomea -0 Interaton between atts Vary sot chee ere) by dumping amined bag facts ona se To Wook Wel tbe wes shoul pe ‘ic her acu soppore Mutual support Some sien ~ pinay es «st he mags stmcing people waste Concentrations of dwelngs Sr workplaces te pth) woes ney eeryone hs to ‘ohome.andtaworkat fegaent merle: Large sores, ‘EPhriciohave asa eet nny people go thee Sul often In contratsecondary aes ae ents ich emees lack ibe pln power to aact oop batch veo the oop drawn the place ys ray us Primary. thes. tetfore, support. scondary wes, legtig them withthe pede Now they eed Tot brio A ample exact way shoppe ‘Noe The primary sores attract lege sumberr of rope te the comple, whist the shale secondary Gruss = ecenary Tor variety = fed of Ue pevesiran Bow between thee man get ‘Th eis inporanc of plein exo wy Stopes for camp yay me for at th RD pestinan tons ntbedagtm lr, eet ‘ator thar me seams fps Por design imps eng Set) pees, FEA [Fae SES “The time element ‘The tne clement ako important to this stem of inva suppor Sore sonia us oie Ge mont ‘Soni ote sus pbs and rataant need ong working hours pangs fro morning tl ht ening to make’ ving Ta) are obviously bp it ‘arrasocate pemary st ea people tothe fea overlong pefod. This usual regaes mre ‘of pray sues Bees of the 4ay i which sno peop tine ep beenen work sod home amit of Mork space and Gveingsfuntone wel in nse em ‘Thenmbdare toned ety fale aly Feasiey ‘projets ptr of wes aus pata ong Etat" toons thre wath power over ie rvronmart, beset s bot the bar of roomie prc syn fi oT Foner ovrthesheme:delpsr sade sahoee osepar trom sal ors Ts wil oly happen ie hn eet # coming Semone fe rej fel at hee mals ee Petal ea = fot easy Eom etyFunctions feasbity Same uses ae incompatbie bans of itore ike nie fr tlle peers Thee cant be located close ‘oosther. Other ue, however are scope O08 ‘enuse people we them a diferent in uator Ts poblem car often be overcame by cael dead esi “Te potent adanages of mixing wes cogeter ‘when satus conics ca be overcoe, ae ilerted ‘owe Han wallomthe i 11 eportaat wo pee-empt kay eis, rom both unsere and developers, beloe they have a chars to ‘tren This meas tt wend deed desig sie ‘Bowing the sce! loeaton of any cotentous ut Poposs,asa key parte eu ong dcseons iaiher party. as dicased tn Design Sheet 2 Paatica feasibiity Whenere the patern of W868 proposed departs eter Foe accept nan of Troy lea pang Pali, zcement rom the local suorty wil depend least Fast on evens of pubic support fr fhe ane pet Foewan Utena mand sue (Dein Stee 2) Tastee prope doa, te pall af ue shoud =a Iesin par ref sach local dean ae may ext fnpotne ta detonate as only a pose, the ‘oppor of he toca ire which makeup ht ‘ema Economic feasibity ‘Tobeeconomialy wale, projet must ui one bask Condon: ecnamle ale when complied mast be ‘rater tha or equa to thecon a roduc, pany rol equited bythe developer eonceon “To sand ay chance of baking through the lw ‘vy nt te ads oe i eri Teh dhe ounderetana the lato mk are feccsaty for esabiahng foun vai. These invone vrting ot cons tod aon and amending the igh mento ane te oe agin he ther ‘ThesetopessrecoeredinDeign shes? 2 Sand 6 etn Bev cublahing comic asi sot mercy 2 ‘ater of fasing gre wl hey beans on pape iS ctcay umprtan tenth aul secon freer wil and ale fo inpowont the hee, ‘Feces 5 inked range of evlgeent agence a ‘este, each i a prefered (her of pct and Sethodyfepenton Ths moat teak tout intheosene ascinsinadia Designee at algae Tproponlmisepeatosome Seep apne, well a aking conc Design implications: How to encorage arty 1, Take the block stractore rom Chapter fa the staring pot for developing variety 2 Considering the widest appropriate range of twee asset both demand and agencien which ‘oul provide accommodation to meet (Design Sheet'21) 3. Locate magnes so that pedestrian flow wll foster those uses wich eed (DestgnSheet2.2) 4. Locate remaining uses t0 minimise negate Interactions betmeen thea (Design Sheet 2.3) sd check tentative blok size decatons made in Chapter 1. Caealate ll costs scheme (Design Sheet 24) Cateolate projet vate (Design Sheet 2.5) ‘Check economic feaibity and commitment of development agencies involved, (Design Sheet 20)2.1: Establishing uses for the site irecorane cops ie San ie he pe tet Se, Teale Pec Cts ar ft Ao ea Sensis ener ‘Types of demand Ded aly be Set io to eg de hie pa Slee Epo ve ‘Start with eclal demand Inoue be bey ensing loa. Te Pemsnopeminin tat ineeenterrrmpere til ‘heuer oop esse nea i ee [al auton ae god fs sures finan at il —_ sire groups The on abs be mc tous oe ‘Snr psarusi bing: Gm moun oe sth poten tn oat he te pcan FS TA Wet at ea ee Imesnig sn nant ae ee ere Sten toeanetemeeeceemenie pew one seri utr ec Serene ae wath Geek spr om Cape muse ‘tie ea atonal emanate nett sv orn a tere hese tS soho esac she fech means: wivTi a mans “i re ato stoned eee Reo Nena ‘at ancy apport oa ech we gu pct) SEEN mens icb ke Invented ine pet For camo one he See ceneit Y= 1 git 0, sey hw eb pce etd ye feet ae mete eogeny wee Eis bt dieu leg mw mp ‘money tee omar igh expect ot far You nl ea his Bimzatetierneatgt taf Satny our pont Planning controls Ear RSPAS te dan soe rope a Foo ‘ales, ‘wt proorma Ritchna carat Ehime a ceetruate co ae ee Tegan | em See ees2.2: Concentrating pedestrian flows spree ances nee Se ee Soa teers Bieri cpa Serereeces Sees re eerie eh los ae Pen cent ay denne mean ‘Desgn Sit Sync ean ten owes ae ows peo SOG) ne eta Sey Seat wer “pln tat he poe fez plat foes cise meen Se Sots eS elms eed a : See Shree a2.3: Relating incompatible uses aie Fi EXISTING HOUSES CERONT) EXISTING, OFFICES PROUT) REFURBISHED OFFICES (bak) REFURBISHED NoKKSHCAS (2428) SES moe ‘ses proposen [EXSTAG AOlowING New 02.4: Calculating project valuesz 2 5 en 3 = 5 Oo aiCost of pofsiona es Savers |2.6: Checking economic "2 ZSTMS IM cmeus Pastelachaahomteracteets leet! a. ae ‘epee ty etn tee EG ee SES ey tent SSPE sg See Stee cheled keene eer She om edb ar, We SEeParece in bea Sea fe wed wate any retry cag ea ‘oman we need o chock he pet fone iy ame ATMS en r Swng set 25 wr mr sig mt shorts nding ig) (di S25). ‘Set ae + ea = 24100 Sas as a fa Bae = oe taco nd Soe + wnt ets «pr therein ‘ot ane ra en i a nS SEC tps tad or dena ste? wat] ies] ams | sos | a2 ave am ma) hom Bg hn 26) wo | ae | nm | as | sue (eam mt) rey eet gear woul berth ai) seo a ‘nly peta tents ft scheme by seo] ama | sea | ee | sa | Speaks ema by no ltPeng meron he st cet pe of fl = 89 Bispace = fing Teepe gee ar ream oe “iow iy Snggtelormlehme oh a of ld iwi fa ‘ve a nig mine vn rt aaa oy alg © ter ao Same ren a liga pot = SHE am ae 994 sem 8 “Saale + mE ge rm 144g pt Sahremnretas ee ah acne ei rote: ‘Sige ga 83 es eal ao pe Satpon ton stp Gib a ef eh Sie Asoo to male Beene bi ‘aleurone egg emt perv fe + Sheccgeoe stt sat omy oats he peo tie he Peace sei ev oy maa ie ep ape ‘once sl re specs mde top a |a aa ssl og ‘Desert eon, nance oh aca ato ‘neh po arated oped el nce. ‘Sn mera Seen Teg seen Ther anise ded te Secs mey wy eto Coon whe expel parton or oer boca Keowee tt erage woes ist sere nee oT) Seep pe epee toe cre ian hie it iether unc ny, ae ead sl as roe ad Tac mea hn yh SiS ace tae hrm wo Rae enn nor xo ape he pean of at ray ae a ‘ter ie ree tthe TC represses ceo ‘Siri te cmp sample leat hegany ie cane ae DSer arped Seeker (gprs an for pont ao ‘oo Chacon cna he retain eta ec ‘nether wa sar tie "Fn oct ing TC) lal oun 4309 = a9 Baio 2 ek “ol ented omen td end pt Esco. B3 Rei afr nat and and ep _ bore ticenty connie pet Seeizpo Haven, ‘hr tary te ud hoa set lp ‘Sg ee yn pcp net po operon ey ecie socice va Rong fh pate Se oy wna wal commer Seopa 2 pation she he tps chi he ed Seahorses Senne pe ei i oe he Sistas: SS earaame ner ae ceca Seapaacd an eariearamers * epuenmermegs meteor) Geet Re oyauaonce ee eames Maina aguten cont i Spee cane teal cow of ae pe a ‘Spel Ds Se hs ob ng aig Spin it i a ae ‘Seipggco eS) ene aohing ye oe sncten pl = pnd ei ory STi» saamioo 229 DETREI FF nom compo inet ied i eo oy ‘eh et Dien he) RA cea by = oF = ot + oo) Baie» = 3 + Ira © ate + ei Biogas Aiea bisa Se nate mnt 2a in i en rt a mie eins tet ‘Ther sags af ep covered i te following chaps, wit ‘gitnleoalgropotiera oman at {Senge nchtes eestor sen Sle Frown ap add aChapter 3: Legibility Introdacton Soe hate dca os aie ate ‘EEcemage ofthe choice wich hom gues eer if ‘hay eum erp the pice Inout and wat goes on thet Veni = tbe auaiy whic makes © place people the nt op explo. “nan ST C Fy The 2 ( Dieeat eels of ety ety is mporiant a 0 lvls ly form nd Fe Loy be sada citer level separately. For ‘ample ie pone to Gevop dea sce of he ‘hyn orm of place, pehape eoying ony aan ‘eet eve Baul pte of we may be pasted ‘tihcat much coment ore But Cowen pacea ote to the fearon of pl form and atts of we mua complement oe note This acc porate ocr no ends To ‘Bus te pose ust. Why i eiitty a problem? ‘Thee ofboth form and use ieduced in modern oveonmenta ‘This fey sea by comparing the ‘tnconal ty wi te moder eouberpar Legibinty and the traditional ety Before th went ceuy, cies worked wellin ems of legiiy, Paes that looked empoea were Important and places of pubercevance ouleay te ‘Mid Ps nase outdoor spaces abd bangs aie vs ‘The higsest open spacer were lated fo the most ‘portant pub facie: SEN “The buldings which ood pt rom terest were thse ‘Tseatet pa lene ‘Where privacy and ses permited, nay bullies ‘Mlowed th party tse heated “The modern city “The modern ith i ple aly in the seme eat lings casnot be" lrg ole Hoek, ovte by ‘son ands adutsurate companies eco hey ‘ie poston: expresing the power fbi franca ‘nstufons But these Dresser encase {o how most people ane the c= Waal eran | Publclyreevant place and flies, onfsing porto acy fates | i Ha This confaon mace wore basse portant pubic ‘ling and pullyBe Separating pedestrians fom vblles ily, he Sst eparate eden an vehicula ‘eats "tard mp Chapter 1 aber bol cent ‘Sulsarean sens ar lslepl orpeope on foot In ‘by sures, polestnane are alloocten aan ot he pate acs of he ses, ‘teen mute fencer and plated pias. sre ‘Gtaring ite to remember, sah places ae hard 10 aa, [ibe tow cove, pedestan ae especie ofl il ile athe, somatimer tndsrpound, soi. and seca te roy pa owe Ds econ vec Fads = c beng ation cde oie sm ingran bee, fev th i th skal lvouts and pater ane Re Ete sry tonerng yout We shal ea ‘ctv iater te hap Key physiea elements era of pp fear playa eine Tyne agile pysentayouts ‘Th plat of a hie layout that people are able o Overapp ‘Anlj f data ie these eal coniderable overlap Soe dlc popes ne of en mac met, enabling shed mage ‘a, ‘ramble the Bouoneneryone noma’ BlowPoshs Nodes Landeaehs Patsarcamongsthe mos signiicant ofthese laments. Nodes ae focal piso, sud at janclons of paths In-cntast to nes, which an be entered, anda ‘They a Is of movemeat = aly, see examples extend for ouabout To marke! auarer_ ep eferenes which most peopl caper ‘molar, ainay end the ike apd many Tempe fel thes the mast enpvtant eta inthe Image ofthe iy.Distriets Pubs, nodes, landmarks and edges conse the Seon ofthe urban image, which psd out wth rar of les songl diferecttea ran fai. The ‘Encon hetweee sketon and fey comer ober ‘Stony be eptenth century engraving of Pars ‘hort Oelow. The es ie organi nts drt smelumiotnge secon ofthe ei, tengrisble se five someparicuar ideniying “character A ferapsie elas’ snap of dtc pa of Boson [Ar wll as playing srl in the ety ofthe cara ‘tho each det needs tobe moras ele: At ‘asst thes elma mor pall, Soden, edges and lamar So thee conople Ae ‘lr even to small ste hich make no obvious Contribs to the image of he oy a8 whole Using the elements iy, though the clement sr themselves aburctns father than sovece forma, 4 denigcr sare of tht Fporance for gb i flped to focs on the ind papa foans worth aking astode orepble new Toyouts ‘Sonal, thinking i terme of tha cee pe doigner stale they inageforming eater bot Stal abd_ poten in tei promt ain Sorroundings esearch sogests tha fala wit thee conepe cabs reataly aoouat predition theatres ofa pace wich ze elf orn art ‘sfteusers ges Design Sheet eplres Bow hit ‘an be done in paste "Ths Kindo tai al the more wel when the tiger ca gf der pe ivaied int Ways of doin ts ae dace ta Design Sst 32. Combining new and existing elements “Te et step ein to develop the eoet to make ‘pov lep th rao whch formes fart by relating ‘Rete dsgs oct ements on he sie and SUroundigs Bese thre cannot be moved, ‘ey ‘nba be taken at fe for develops te design. THe Impteations of easing. pubs, nodes, eps and landmarks are dicused lr Design Sect 3, whi {hose of xiang cscs are covered Sheets 3.4 and hie sennble to sar by Shudsing pate a weve sey thy re ofen he toe porta features 8 poopie’ maar of las Tad inane oor sary port fr denn ‘Sevelopmentisbepemeabl puta worked ate Chapter 4sa Rednforeing paths ‘There are to obetves to be achive in eaforcing pa egy. Tose cach path a strong characte, easly basa by wert « folwagout the lative importance ofeach path tied in Design Shet 2 “The ign mptcatonf Tne objectives ae dicated a Design Stee 36 Retaforcing nodes By histge the postion fl he noes ze fae. Te oxatepistderdchow athe egy ofeach should enforced, This depends on two ma factors: he fentonal robe of he Inking ers (ae eased in Dean Shwe 13) {he level of publ relevance f the aces ia the acne buts ‘Te dasign implication ofboth factor are dicusedia Design Stet 3.7. ‘By now the pus have steady een eet rom (ene anoter by ferns of wih and enclosure, and {he nodes hive beer renfres as markers witha he ‘ais jtem. But sometimes addtional nemadate Marke oe gue, to temind wer of thts postion slong the pthoncened, and to gv sense of pting omevbere Tose ts Design implications How to achieve legbity Take the stretblok layout and sched of | ccommod ation from Chapters 1 and 2 asthe tarting point for developing leit. | Assess the existing lgilty potential ofthe site nd its surroundings (Design Shet 3.1) Check this assessment agaist the vlews of a der pic as fr as reources permit (Design Sweet 3.2) Adjust the project's streetbock layout o make ‘he best ee o the legity poten of existing ‘ements on and around the site (Design Sheet 33) | Asses wich dlsrc the site Belongs ond he ‘consequent design implications (Design Sheet x Where the projets dstrict has strong path themes, develop an appropriate yocabuary of Inuling eights end street widths forthe new design (Design Shet 35) Check that path enclosure Is adequate for legibility (Design Sheet 3.6) Reinforce legibility of noes within the scheme, ‘scoring to thet relative importance (Design Sheet 3.7), Introduce intermediate markers into the path | system If ncesary (Design Shet 3.) |a 3.1: Legibility analysis3.2: Legibility and the3.3: Combining new and existing elements3.4: District location3.5: Districts with strong path themes STREET SECTIONS. Prarenneo section sectiovs To Ace STREET PUMI tems Fly cat pa Bee3.6: Path enclosure Y eloeise | 7) gnore enclosure BW3.7: Nodes Rev emt es 7 =.onChapter 4: Robustness Introduction Paces which can be wed for many diferent pupores tte tr wes more choice han ples whore Seen is them tow nl fed ise. Evironment wich ‘fer this choice have ually We el robes ‘Why 5 robustness a probe? ‘Whether nlite ormoy, the lite power of ing Tow plae should bdeiged lint hands tthoeter ays fori the garon Patronage [most eves sont by the det ter of he pac, who there have il a) inh cng, Patrons eno! sul interest in promoting wet coe, becuse they ate cae oncerned oly ith some [artcloraopctofaue thwart re payer or ‘fice merken of eat der an so on. Bocuse he parila actvies ee y the patron get most of te {ESignrsacenion prec etal designed rly ‘tomy them by tdrng the patter of sper oa the dessed pater of acter can take place at ficiety ax pole, without iereing with sch other ‘Problems inside buldings Inside budge tendency for designers o vide pected spaces fr the eon aces. ‘Trisspeddation,tosone the paton’ net oon ‘ake more cific for other actives to take pace: thireinfores te elt ofthe patrons ck of ret Problems in public outdoor space In publi outdoor space designers end to employ the Sime approach thinking in em of spel spaces for citer sctvits seprued of rom oor saber Buc active n pub spur ul sce hey ‘arly ea abe parte fom one anoter or rearont pracy. Indeed nbd sce, fis the acts ‘hat whic act the mon aopora spr or ter ates: people come there i expen ope SoHf poe sacs chopped ui soparste Enmparments for sparse aie most of buat emoves ‘What cam designers do about this? ‘Designers connet change he ws paronage works, but ‘hey donot tna make the problem were by the may ‘hey Gesign Given hat paronshave he power, and wil ‘Stele prams wo urbe he om nee ee ll ‘ary alvaystomeroomformanceayre ndenig ft sSbones een pone rm! Pee py Robustness and normal costs Robusnest can eprese, thn normal ost, nor by eartal deg ofthe ting whieh would ave {0 be inde anyway Sine cot no more, is Sppreach to fobs shoul alway be psd ar Prost tiene el tn ‘Where shall we begin to design’? Ratenees cpu tera oranda Scien cheated ans as see cranes Peta we te a ee i acer ne eee a Se ps cee Cane os no Soe a ae be a sag Sar sean tn oe tetas ees Ear Ta er of taing isl dg a roLarge-scale robustness [atgeseale roduses concerns the ably of the tuling a anole oF arg pave fc be changed in ‘Taking advantage of sobasioess a hie aeale way invlneesurca which arenot easy sealable to most people. But nde, gel buses canoer Seve choice fo ordinary uses ia the long sun. AB alain prow Sider and’ move downstake, i come nancial fel forthem tsccormade 3 (peat rngeof toe as we ca a Chaar 2. Large fale sobusinesseprare that hs 6 alg pbyialy ‘Ess and terete sake caer or he ares of vee ine went prone Snallscae robustness Stull robasines concerns the abit of partedar {ace ili he Dalging to bewsed a2 Wid ange of ‘Ths ste sae of robasnes most relevant 1 the talent of orinary west important Sess ts Saeed ecton te yd on Design implication at diferent levee Decne itinconcered witha changes of we, are fle robustness has impleauom or he ora estan ‘the bling ml Heed wo be constced easly om Shalscie robs involve Seen dcson of more deed itd hough they. ass of cial Fponance to users thy casa better We Sha therefore bein by desing fe aescale robusta Designing for large-scale robustness ‘Wecanpot pret the ely changes ine wih might ‘scr durng the exes ie fbn even nthe Sort rim" preicaes of thi Kind re aotociooay Uitte 18 more paca! oleae om ulin ive hae sucessfully coped with changing wer Bat the leson abe ard ate ile forty hovees than for oder baling pe, Family houses ‘The mont important ft affecting the largesle robusta of ies hovse denigrate oor are [roid So bose appar by epportunites Fanarging the bow ass te, The hey igh Impleaons, nih are explored ip Dein Shot 41 Other biting types [aperense sages that there aze thee key factors ‘sie sapprt longer sn, ‘ulin deh st Bailing depth ‘The art nny fbn ie roguie mature hd ventlagen, Bains whch ar ow dp for hit ‘anno ety change Ine Acces ‘A uiting wes ee sme inks the outsie word Sothenumber of sree pointe ey ctor governing iow ealy «being ct tat to vec of tat Buiting eight ‘he portant of ces ao aes bug hight 9 Gi biling the appr Ror have fests to ii oe So fr safer de Prefered configaration Baten them, thee tes factors dele a prefered tudingconguron for chewing lrpeseake Tous Solow in pier Imad bebe (course, not al tidings can sake this form: a Intestinal seming poo. for example, wouldnt soc with chs sansa, a on sa ropoton of the balding stick const of bi {rth uch specie requirements, And een tose Suave ss pecaiedpart which cul x ow prefred arangeent ‘Te design implications ofthe topic are covered in ‘Dangn Set 2 sInternal organisation ‘As a staring poit for depring the iateal or. fisaon we Mave to seep the ptrons view of hw {he baling wi be wad. We ust Tocte avis {opeteranage then spall enclosure ina) whish patron wil suet as cle ekng ti om Softies We sala dics how too thi Aeady prt of our caret aes talon BU tw aes Some freedom, Decne there ate sual several dsign trates for achieving en plan, Ifwe ae owe ths eedomt bald inat mock dona rusts awe ew ue ake {oa ext factors nt axoant in most Puig the various pats bate dierent peti for contig to roburness. Two sor of es aed peal teton Shao setvepanive Hard and sof areas ‘Mont buldngs ‘contin spaces which ous shared Faas such ot seas, Ls ae vert erie balding ‘These ard zones tmnt be pooned where Will nt fennct the us of the remaiing pce, Wad" ot schving tht ae cowed in Deg Steet 43 Active and passive areas ‘Toan important een, the potetl orb oudror Spaces pendent gos oni the pats a the ‘lng tenia neat fo them. This tox be ake ‘nto account when panning the balding hemes. ‘Some acter within the bung oy Dee rom tong abe exend outwards ino ninco pc ‘utdoor space When is occurs, they wll conta to ‘he ity mth poe sas le Tadoor aie may conti eel of oF acta sal Somat thom can mk tie ce more inlresting for soca a ‘Any indoor area which can coaabue to outdoor ‘ctatymesthery these ways isle an atv aes At Thsstage wernt decd which erent four sohane ‘ve ths active qual. So fa a pose, we mst ‘ure thatthe proud Boor af the ung, where Shute ple spaces oceupid BF thee ative seat ‘Tis Gacuaed in Desig Set 43 Soall-scale robustness | Designing for smaltacale robustness involves working ato il | ‘jst toom srs and shapes within he general Saul lyoot sendy deca ~ signing ench room i deta Room size Very sal rooms can accommodate very fe ie esi, whitey luge once can exter Tor 3 ae ‘ange, Bit above sarin sm ar stow i he ph ‘tow. further ineener pn ob es cals ete Sractommodating ove tts" B fe ff e “Thora | Gm) ‘This meas that tere opin rom siete be ‘by tre ofthe momber of sce wc cam be ‘Sominadaedfors gen oor sre. feng the mor otc Tors pen expo Room shape Room shipe ako als the number of zen ties we ean ake place ina gern, Compact ‘Som ate beer than fon tan one thi gad, and te therefore more coaelectve ln cas ote coves they prodDetaled rom design ‘Avwella the room az snd shape, detailed design ‘yap important impae onthe number of dierent ‘nite oe cary somes tr ike the positon ‘oon, socket oul {nd railatrs cam conus Sgniiant ress i ‘boa no x ses shapes and eal are covered in TE ONLY THE boom YI tore ruemies novel Guin aa i VE BEDSIDE TABLE af = e A Des fr aleratn fale aca change Sparano "ay pow of layout Skate ofthe bang, Ths arg arate of ‘Eeeningikephysalfabre ofthe bung fanatic ‘ey be alte = Pubic ontdor space Outdoor spaces "Now we ae decided the intemal arangement of he {ings we a tm 0 the acento pee, ‘oth abi and pa Private garden pace uidcor space whch i private, witha the pevimeter s rob ‘The degnof plc outdoor paca complex matte. Were by considering he edges ofthe space ease ‘iere that mort at taker psc formes in moat places the ee ofthe space Is the space Designing the ode ofthe space ‘We bein by capitasing onthe arte elements sendy ‘ound brings Ways of helping thse to animate tbe dace lte of ofthe cutoor space re discussed in Desi, lected oa the ‘oor ofthe sorounding ‘avigontered the act four ateton odengning the man ay fe aceDesigning within the space ‘The prince for supporting robasies sto design ‘etingy wie, ssf posibe enable a vay Snivlie to osu athe public tein oat Inhibing each eer This paella alles the way swe hand well and peesian ati ‘pace while eaiaton. WeYs of despa sth Yebicler Jo's inhibit tiny ety of the space are Pedestrian activity Most spas are colonised from ther edges Where {ces te nde and hee po veka acl Tbe art artes fom the ees may hve fe going ow ‘ge of animale the cesta pers of uch pass 6 plored in Been Shot 410 ‘The importance of microclimate Filly actives cut of door oad appropiate pee ign. Tee ae ove Bs Design implications How to achieve robustness 1, Select the most robust configuration for any family houses nthe scheme (Design Sheet 4.1) 2 Im other buldings, locate al the elements of accommodation together in plap and section, ‘morking thin the flowing Constraints Tas mach accommodation as possible into the prefered building configuration (Design Sheet 42), = make sure that ground flor areas abutting pie ovtdoor space ate ocupied by active reas, so far as possible (Design Sheet 4.3) poston hard. zones ‘where they il ot oti the we of Che Femaining space (Design Sheet 4) 3. Ads room sires and details o maximise small. scale robustness (Design Sheet 45) bowing (Design 4. Design private open space Sheet 4) (6 Desig ll patie spaces fa deal follows: busy vehicular streets (Design Sheet 48) 1 shared street spaces (Design Shet 49) pedestrian spates (Design Sheet 4.10) “1 Check the mlerocimatic design (Design Shect any4.2: Preferred building | configuration4.3: Active building SN fronts ey _4.4: Interiors: large-scale robustness |ia 22 | iy | gelgel BIge4.6: Housing: private gardens ne hip ii. pr ak tty er i, ei Se SDS a ees aS4.7: The edge of the spaceag i eet,4.8: Busy vehicular streets4.9: Shared street spaces Inn stint ia ihc denn ei. tc et ch serigint sao entOo \éae [Sneath srt ay. ~ pee sc