CERTIFICATE This is to certify that PRADEEP_SINGH RATHOUR is a student of class_XI_¢ has successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project under the guidance of Mrs. Kalpana Tiwari (subject teacher) during year 2016-17 in partial fulfillment of chemistry practical examination ofcentral board of secondary education (CBSE) PRINCIPAL SUBJECT TEACHER MR.RAJESH AWASTHI Mrs. Kalpana TiwariDECLARATION I hereby declare that the project work entitled “BERNAULLI'S PRINCIPLE" submitted to the “CHOITHRAM SCHOOL ", is a record of original work done by me except of the experiments, which are duly acknowledged , under the quidance of my subject teacher “Mrs. KALPANA TIWARI" and “Mr. Gaurav Tiwari”.ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my special thanks to our school 'CHOITHRAM SCHOOL’, principal sir Mr. ‘RAJESH AWASTHT,, to the management team of our school who.gave me the golden opportunity to. do ‘this wonderful project onthe, topic BERNAULLI'S PRINCIPLE, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things. Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.5. 6. PRESSURE Pressure is defined as force per unit area, Standard unit is Pascal, which is N/m? For liquid pressure, the medium is considered as a continuous distribution of matter. For gas pressure, itis calculated as the average pressure of molecular collisions on the container. Pressure acts perpendicular on the surface. Pressure is a scalar quantity - pressure has no particular direction (i.e. acts in every direction).Pascal's Law Pe=Po+ p gh 1. “When there is an increase in pressure at any point ina confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every point in the container.” 2. Ina fluid, all points at the same depth must be at the same pressure. 3. Consider a fluid in equilibrium. POA —_ Ten | = | | i prmneeuenecweneatt (teal Cia4 Tl Wet pourel = Wo* 10 pounds Co a Hydraulics You have to push down wu pecswse waves cra down to achieve some change in the height of the piston on the right. 1, Pressure is equal at the bottom of both containers (because it's the same depth!) 2. P=F8/42 = 7a) and since A1< Az, F2> Fi 3. There is a magnification of force, just like a lever, but work stays the same! (conservation of energy). W = Fi* Di = Fe* De Di> DeContinuity Equation A2 narrower hose > A2 wider hose, AL v2. faster speed slower speed V1 Mi SY A=area v = velocity 1. Aivi = Aave 2.. “What comes in comes out." 3. Av= V/s (volume flow rate) = constantBernoulli's Equation P+1/2pv*v+pgh=constant Where p is the pressure, p is the density, v is the velocity, h is elevation, and g is gravitational acceleration * u2Af = 5Derivation of Bernoulli's Equation > Restrictions @ = Incompressible @ Non-viscous fluid (i.e. no friction) @ = Following a streamline motion (no turbulence) @ Constant density *There exists an extended form of equation that takes friction and compressibility into account, but that is too complicated for our level of study.Erotal = +/2mv? + mgh = F/,*A*d = PV + mAt =a * Consider the change in total energy of the fluid as it moves from the inlet to the outlet. A Etotal = Weone'on fluid - Woabone by fluid A Etotal = (1/zmv2" + mghi) - ('/2mvi? + mghz) Weabne on fluid - Wone by fluid = (1/amve* + mghi) - (‘/amvi? + mghz) P2V2 - Pir = ('/2mv2" + mghi) - C/amvi? + mghz) Po- Pi = ('/2p vi? + p ghi) - (‘/zp vi? + p ghi) Page 12 of 21Venturi Tube . Az< Ar; V2>Vi . According to Bernoulli's Law, pressure at Az is lower. 3. Choked flow: Because pressure cannot be negative, total flow rate will be limited. This is useful in controlling fluid velocity. Nm — P2 + Yop vi? = Pi + +/2p vi? AP = °f/2*(v2? - v1?) iAtomizer * This is an atomizer, which uses the Venturi effect to spray liquid. * When the air stream from the hose flows over the straw, the resulting low pressure on the top lifts up the fluid. Page 14 of 21Torricelli and his Orifice « In 1843, Evangelista Torricelli proved that the flow of liquid through an opening is proportional to the square root of the height of the opening. * Q= A*/(2g(hi-hz)) . where Q is flow rate, A is area, h is height Depending on the contour and shape of the opening, different discharge coefficients can be applied to the equation (of course we assume simpler situation here t— V = V(2g{hi-h2])Derivation of Torricelli’s Eguation 1, Weuse the Bernoulli Equation: 2. Inthe original diagram Ai [top] is much larger than Az [the opening]. Since A1V1= A2V2 and A1>> Az, Vi%0 3. Since both the top and the opening are open to. atmospheric pressure, P= P2=0 (in gauge pressure). The equation simplifies down to: pgh; = '/2 pve" + pghz '/s pve" = pa(hi-hz) V2? = 2g(hi-ha) a V2= #(2g(hi-hz)) Q=Av2=A ¥ (2g(hi-hz)) V = V(2g[hi-h2])Streamlines 1 A-streamline is a path traced out by a massless particle as it moves with the flow. 2. Velocity is zero at the surface. As you move away from the surface, the velocity uniformly approaches the free stream value (fluid molecules nearby the surface are dragged due to viscosity). . The layer at which the velocity reaches the free stream value is called boundary layer. It does not necessarily match the shape of the object - boundary layer can be detached, creating turbulence (wing stall in aerodynamic terms).Aerodynamic Lift AIFFLOW IS FASTER OVER THE TOP OF THE WG: THUS THE LOWER AR PRESSURE LIFT 1. Lift is the fort that keeps L an aircraft in the air. 2.In Bernoulli-an view, lift is produced by the different of pressure (faster velocity ——— on the top, slower velocity in eee the. bottom) 3.In Newtonian view, lift is the reaction force that lH] results from the downward AIRFLOW IS SLOWER UNDERNEATH THE Wing; THEREFORE, deflection of the air. THE AA PRESSURE IS GREATER MGHER 3. Both views are correct, but the current argument arises from the misapplication of either view. 4, The most accurate explanation would take into account the simultaneous conservation of mass, momentum, and energy of a fluid, but that involves multivariable calculus.Misconceptions of Lift 1. In many popular literature, encyclopedia, and even textbooks, Bernoulli's Law is used incorrectly to explain the aerodynamic lift. #1: Equal transit time - The air on the upper side of the wing travels faster because it has to travel a longer path and must “catch up” with the airon the lower side, The error lies in the specification of velocity. Air is not forced to “catch up" with the downside air. Also, this theory predicts slower velocity than in reality.Conclusion Bernoulli's law states that if a non-viscous fluid is flowing along a pipe of varying cross section, then the pressure is lower at constrictions where the velocity is higher, and the pressure is higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnate. Many people find this situation paradoxical when they first encounter it (higher velocity, lower pressure). Venturimeter, atomiser and filter pump Bernoulli's principle is used in venturimeter to find the rate of flow of a liquid. It is used in a carburettor to mix air and petrol vapour in an internal combustion engine. Bernoulli's principle is used in an atomiser and filter pump. Wings of Aeroplane Wings of an aeroplane aré made tapering. The upper surface is made convex and the lower surface is made concave. Due to this shape of the wing, the air currents at the top have a large velocity than at the bottom. Consequently the pressure above the surface of the wing is less as compared to the lower surface of the wing. This difference of pressure is helpful in giving a vertical lift to the plane.BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Help from Internet *www.sceincefare.com ° www.mycbsegide.com 2. Help from books eRefrenced from H.C.Verma eRefrenced from physics NCERT 3. Help from teachers