sarote on The Shoes of Tans- Appendix Appendix D-1 Experiments by Flight © Gemini 3 © Gemini IV © Gemini V © Gemini VI-A Gemini VII . mini VIII © Gemini IX + GeminiX © Gemini XL-A Gemini XII Gemini 3 Experiment ‘Objective Equipment Result To see if fluid injected Ir, inte ionized plasma |_| Water expulsion system on the inside surface of urease’ ed te bla sh othe SPacecraft right landing gear door; self contained | yp Reentry sit w a ETO The except for activating switch in cabin; weighing about lelemetr (Communications |POiMt Where 139 kg (85 Ib) ienaly communications were lsignals lpossible . . [Not > \Metal cylinder containing 8 separate samples of sea ote s2, [Ho explore gravitational chin eggs, sperm, and a fixative solution; cylinder |°o™Pleted; field effect on cells handle on Urol i (8.2 x 17.1 cm (3.25 x 6.75 in), 721 gm (25.4 02); \Sea Urchin Egg |exposed to low gravity jbroke near Growth eee oitons handle on one end activated either fertilization or "OC lixative Imission s do Sxamine biological Radiation source, Phosphorus 32, housed in 4, Imcasuring changes e lhermetically sealed aluminum box, 9.3x3.3x9.6 |, Zero Gand —_|human blood samples 7x 1.3.x 3.8 in), weighing 0.45 kg (1 1b) and parent Radiation on exposed to known located inside cabin on right hatch; identical package [*PP2" IBlood soe adaectay of operated in laboratory at Cape Kennedy during flight iat lagreed with flight findings Gemini IV periment Objective Equipment Result M3, [To evaluate the general day-to-day ‘A pair of rubber bungee cords [Little lphysical condition of crew attached to a nylon foot strap at difference Inflight Exerciser one end and a nylon handle at the fom other [preflight hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paatHistoryiSP-4203/app.htm wirsnanorg (On The Shoulders of Tkans ~ Append D-1 |reactions to lexercise M4, ‘Heart sounds picked up by a INo To measure heart muscle deterioration microphone attached to each significant Inflight lagainst a simultaneous electrocardiogram astronaut’s chest and recorded on [changes from IPhonocardiogram, biomedical recorder lground tests [Distinct losses in M-6, To investigate effects of prolonged [X-rays taken before and after flight [bone mass hveightlessness and immobilization ~ specially the heel bone and the [compared to [Bone lassociated with confinement for a period end bone of the fifth finger of the |[bed-rested Demineralization Jof days right hand of each crew member [patients for Ithe same ltime period [Readings lwere higher than lexpected, but hitpsAwwha nasa.govioice/paaisteryiSP-4203/appa.htm . A Ithis was Msc-1, Ho detect and measure any accumulated | Electric eld senso mounted in Teaused by -lectros electrostatic charge on the surface of the SPacecralt retrograde section, | | onsitivity of [Electrostatic feleetvostat controlled from cabin by a switch [S°0S0NY °° (Charge spac and weighing 0.81 kg (1.8 Ib) lother influences; lsensor was Imodified for later fights Proton-eleciron measuring device [Operated To measure radiation environment ° MSC-2, mounted in equipment adapter__||completely immediately outside spacecraft, correlate 0m n ae iaapteaarainein section, with sensor face toward successfully; Proton-Blectron ae vaft and predic radiation levels on “228 °F spacecraft, operated by the [all data [Measurement [aPacecrafl, and pilot with a switch and weighing _ telemetered . 5.6 kg (12.5 Ib) to ground Tri-axis flux-gate magnetometer, consisting of an electronies unit and sensors, located in equipment adapter section, with sensors facing val: MSC-3, To monitor direction and amplitude of aff; sensors mounted on boom that [Syceess*¥ . [Earth’s magnetic field with respect to could be extended beyond end of [iri Axis lspacecraft adapter; operated by the pilot with |felemetered Magnetometer two switches (one to extend boom |t° sound and other to activate both MSC-2 and 3) located in the cabin and weighing 1.5 kg (3.5 Ib) SC. 70mm Hasselblad camera with IMSC-10, Iblack and white film and a special Lrwo-c: {To determine if the Earth limb can be filter mosaic to allow each picture pro Color Earth |. sed in future guidance and navigation to be taken partly through a red and po good sightings partly through a blue filter; the {[P1*™"°S Photography A experimental film magazine weighed about 0.45 kg (1 1b) Is [To get high-quality pictures of large land |70 mm modified Hasselblad 100 usable aTsnanorg (On The Shoulders of Tkans ~ Append D-1 hitps iva nasa.govioice/paatHistoryiSP-4203/appai. htm | \Synoptic Terrain |Jareas that have been previously well camera, model SO0C, with 55_|terrain study [Photography _ mapped by aerial photography for frames per roll of film [photographs lcomparison and to serve as a standard for interpretation of pictures of unknown lareas of Earth, the Moon, and other iplanets; to obtain high-quality [photographs of relatively poorly mapped lareas of Earth, to answer such questions jas continental drift, structure of Earth's Imantle, and overall structure of the continents [To augment information from [About 200 is-6, Imeteorological satellites: satellites pictures, half. lusually take photos from altitude of Camera used in MSC-10 and $-5, of which [Synoptic Weather 643.7 km (400 nm.) or more; Gemini with color film Iwere useful Photography photos can be taken from altitudes of for weather labout 161 km (100 nm.) studies 77 sensors inside spacecraft, 5 on Ds, wall of pressure vessel, 2 inside Ip. sation Ho measure radiation level and pockets janice’ to simulate doses within Radiation in _|distribution inside spacecraft amount or ractition crew received acceptable spacecraft bbeneath skin; shield removed leweke during pass through South Atlantic ‘Anomaly [information [P-8. To gather information on phenomena that /T@ndheld sextant containing lgood but natural density, blue haze, and 5 could be used for autonomous space a statistical ‘Simple green emission filters; weighing hak Navigation Inavigation 3.6 kg (8 Ib) idata lacking Bs lwo evaluate Experiment Objective Equipment Result Lio determine [Cuffs (scheduled to work for etfoctivences of ull 8 days) stopped operating eS ei lwhen oxygen in storage tank IM-1, [pneumatic culls i [Pneumatic cycling system and a pair [dropped below operational Ipreventing heart and |?” ‘ Pree ihation fof venous cuffs wom on pilot's legs, levels; limited results showed (Cardiovascular ut laiternatively deflating and inflating to [pilot's overall condition, “ lsystem deterioration (Conditioning stem '80 mm of mercury postflight, better than volonaed lcommander's, with Licighticesness significantly less blood e ooling in legs M3, ISee Gemini IV ISee Gemini IV ISee Gemini IV Inflight Exerciser IM-4, in fight [See Gemini 1V [See Gemini 1V ISee Gemini IV Phonocardiogram, M6, [See Gemini IV [See Gemini IF [Command pilot showed snrsnanorg \Bone [Demineralization (On The Shoulders of Tkans ~ Append D-1 lgreater changes than bedrested [patients for same period; pilot lshowed equivalent changes to same patients M-9, Human Otolith To evaluate capability of lastronaut to orient himself during flight; ito measure changes in otolith (gravity lgradient sensors in liner ear) functions I goggles, one eye pi jing light source in the form of Imovable white line; crewman [positioned line with a calibrated screw to what he judged to be right pitch axis of spacecraft lin general, coordinate space sense existed even in |weightlessness if contact cues lwere adequate (Cardiovascular lEffects of Space Flight [To evaluate effects lof prolonged lweightlessness on Ithe cardiovascular lsystem (no number las it became loperational [procedure rather than lexperiment on future nights) \Comparison of preflight and [postflight blood pressures, blood lvolumes, pulse rates, and lelectrocardiograms lon all flights, data revealed little change from preflight to lpostflight [Electrostatic (Charge \See Gemini JV ISee Gemini 1V. Insufficient time after Gemini LV flight to modify instrument; Ishield placed on sensor had little effect and readings were lhigh; measurement became loperational procedure in Irendezvous flights ‘S-1, ‘Zodiacal Light [Photography [To photograph the [zodiacal light (in the hvest after twilight land in the east before sunrise), to try to ldetermine its origin, Iminimum angle from. |Sun at which it could. be studied without lnvilight interference, land whether the lgegenschein could be detected and Imeasured above the lairglow layer {35mm Widelux camera with high Ispeed color film 14 usable frames \synoptic Terrain [Photography ISee Gemini IV \See Gemini IV 170 usable pictures, a large [proportion of excellent quality Is \synoptic Weather IPhotography \Sec Gemini IV \See Gemini IV 1250 excellent pictures hitps iva nasa.govioice/paatHistoryiSP-4203/appai. htm | 4nrsnanorg (On The Shoulders of Tkans ~ Append D-1 \Visual Acuity land Astronaut iperformance during flight and ability to ldetect and recognize lobjects on Earth's \s-7, [To measure altitude [35 mm camera fitted with defraction [Results good enough to lof clouds \Gic) grating and containing infrared warrant design of second (Cloud-Top film lgeneration weather satellite \Spectrometer instrument [inflight vision tester - small, self [Crew showed no degradation icontained, binocular optical de lof visibility during 8-day Iwith transilluminated array of 36 high |flight; land observations were icontrast and low contrast rectangles, [partially obscured by weather To test crew visual [half oriented vertically and half lconditions and fuel cell 's8/D13, hhorizontally; rectangle size, contrast, troubles; when weather was land orientation were random; presentation was sequential; and Isequences were nonrepetitive; visual |good, thruster problems Iprevented crew from orienting spacecraft properly, although [Basic Object lability to acquire, ltrack, and [photograph objects \Visibility Ku face lacuity equipment consisted of inflight |smoke markers were sighted in i [photometer to monitor spacecraft each pass; during revolution Iwindow, test patterns at 2 ground _|92, Texas site was glimpsed lobservation sites, and instrumentation land photographed, and crew for measuring atmosphere, lighting, reported seeing this test area in land patterns revolution 107 D4, To determine man’s 35mm Zeiss contarex camera, ‘mounted on pilot's window Presented no problems INearby Object \Photography orbiting object, Iwhile maneuvering, lstationkeeping, and lobserving in a Imanual control mode Photography Pee To obtain high ID-2, [resolution pictures of| |When rendezvous evaluation \Same as D-1 Ipod (REP) was abandoned, lexperiment could not be carried out (D-4/D-7, (Celestial (Radiometry and 'Space-object To provide information on spectral analysis of regions of interest, supplied by star lields, principal iplanets, Earth and Radiometric measuring devices using |common mirror optics that can Imeasure radiant intensity from the lultraviolet through infrared as a function of wavelengths - radiometer, linterferometer, and crygenic B hrs and 10 min of data lgathered - 21 measurements of 30 objects; demonstrated ladvantages of using man to lobtain basic data, thus itting identification and selection of target, choice of lequipment mode, ability to Radiometry | Moon, and other rack effectively, and linterferometers. . objects, such as augmenting, validating, and satellites and REP coordinating of data through lon-the-spot voice comments ; [Equipment performed lD-6, [To study problems successfully, but weather lassociated with lhampered much of the . lacquiring, tracking, |Same as D-1 surface lexperiment, with some of the : land photographing " Photography planned areas covered by terrestrial objects e clouds Gemini VLA tps iwwna nasa goviofie/patHistoryiSP-4203/appa7.ntm sit?snanore (On The Shoulders of Tans ~ Append D-1 [Experiment] Objective Equipment Result S5, See [Synoptic Gemini See Gemini 1v b8 fair to excellent pictures \Terrain ve Photography " Isee (Synoptic |Gemini See Gemini IV 100 high quality pictures Weather |v [Photography See Gemini IV, with (On one run, the survey was performed by pilot, but D-8, addition of removable . See |command pilot was stationkeeping and failed to remove brass shield on the tissue Gemini Shield from sensor; on second run, both erewmen were [Radiation in lequivalent ionization lw i bbusy stationkeeping; although additional data were ISpacecratt |chamber of command n lattained, primary objectives were not achieved lot's hatch Gemini VII Experiment ‘Objective Equipment Result Met (Operated for 311 hr, tuned Hl, off 3 hr before reentry; \See Gemini V significantly less blood pooling in pilot's postflight tests than in command pilot's (Cardiovascular (Conditioning IM-3, ‘See Gemini IV linflight Exerciser IM-4, see Gemini see Gemi (Confirmed findings of Inflight \See Gemini 1V [See Gemini 1V (Gemini IV and V [Phonocardiogram IM-5, To study astronaut fist#ke and output of body fluids assays [ro sdy astronaut measured and analyzed preflight, _| No gross changes noted Ba Flaite actions (0 stress Finnight, and postflight hee Significantly smaller loss in tbone masses than in Gemini IV and V, probably because crew ate and exercised more and slept better and longer (Bone 'Demineralization Inflight urine collection was unsatisfactory because of M7, To evaluate effects of |Intake and output of both fluid and leakage, 1 bag broken, and 4 14-day flight on solid matter (including perspiration) not labeled; however, ‘Calcium Balance bones and muscles of here measured and analyzed ‘command pilot showed \Study lcrew [preflight inflight, and postflight _ marked increase in calcium ‘excretion starting on 8th day of flight hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paatHistoryiSP-4203/app.ntm wirsinanore IMs, Inflight Sleep \Analysis [To assess crew state lconsciousness, and ldepth of sleep during light lof alertness, levels of (On The Shoulders of Tans - Appendix O-4 [Electroencephalograph recorded on [biomedical recorder by 2 pair of scalp lelectrodes (command pilot only) Results showed poor sleep on first night (expected since first night in strange surroundings usually disrupts sound sleep); until 54 hr, 20 min after liftoff, when sensors were dislodged, ‘commander's sleep appeared [Proton-Electron (Measurement normal after first night IHuman Ototith See Gemini ¥ \See Gemini V \See Gemini ¥ [Function MSC-2, Erratic response in equipment lSee Gemini 1V indicated failure in proton mode - data inconclusive IMSC-3, \See Gemini IV \See Gemini IV ‘Z-axis detector failed before launch; X- and Y-axi performed as expected during flight MSC-4, (Optical (Communications To evaluate optical lcommunication system (laser), to check crew ability as Ito probe atmosphere, lusing an optical lcoherent radiator Irom outside latmosphere [pointing element, and Flight transmitter and ground-based Ireceiver-transmitter system Unfavorable cloud conditions and operating difficulties with the ground-based ‘equipment yielded little data, but laser beacon visible from orbital altitudes: MSC. 12, {Landmark (Contrast, Measurement \To measure visual |contrast of land-sea |boundaries and other Itypes of terrain for lonboard Apollo lguidance and Inavigation [Star occultation photometer - single- lunit, dual-mode, handheld, externally powered instrument, 127 x 127 x 76.2 lom (5 x 5x 3 in), weighing 1.1 kg |(2% Ib), for measuring contrast of [Sun-illuminated ground target and to |determine extent to which sight line to selected star penetrates planetary latmosphere 'No information because instrument malfunctioned ‘Synoptic Terrain [Photography \See Gemini 1V \See Gemini 1V 250 useful pictures; cloud ‘cover over many areas and dirty spacecraft windows accounted for poor quality of some 240 exposures, some of which were not usable \synoptic Weather| 9° “Gemini LY [See Gemini LV because of coating on [Photography windows 'S8/D13, [See Gemini V [See Gemini V Patterns seen on revolutions hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paatHistoryiSP-4203/app.ntm 17 and 31; no apparent mrsnanorg \Visual Acuity land Astronaut bility (On The Shoulders of Tkans ~ Append D-1 performance (change in crew visual (Celestial [Radiometry and \Space-Object \See Gemini V 37 separate measurements [See Gemini V (with minor variations) |taken; 3 hr, 6 min, 19 sec of data gathered, all satisfactory [Radiometry [To investigate feasibility and loperational value of D-s, star occulting Imeasurements in No useful information Star-occutation development ofa _/Se* MSC-12 ecause of instrament INavigation lsimple, accurate, and malfunction lselfeontained Inavigational Icapability '37 star-to- horizon, 5 planct- Ip-9, to-Moon (or star-to-Moon) 9, limb, 6 star-to-star, and & simple ISee Gemini IV ISee Gemini IV ‘zero measurements to stars INavigation ‘were made; crew performance and equipment excellent Gemini VII Experiment || Objective Equipment Result Preflight and postflight ‘samples MS, obtained; one See Gemini VII See Gemini VII sample from Bioassays of ‘command Be Fluids os f jody Fluids pilot before early end of flight S-1 No results - Zodiacal Light [See Gemini V [See Gemini V ‘terminated [Photography early 'S-3, |To study |Two units, one mounted on each hatch sill structure, each First and leffects of \having four two-celled chambers, one for frog eggs and one second Frog Egg lsubgravity on _|for fixative; weight of each is 1.8 kg (4 Ib); at 40 min after _||chambers Growth \development in |liftoff, pilot would turn handle, letting fixative (formalin) into |activated la biological [righthand chambers | and 2, killing eggs and preserving them | correctly system that is _|for microscopic study; fixative would be released into (though leravity highthand chambers 3 and 4 at 2 hr, 10 min; two of the ‘second was 15 loriented ichambers on the lefthand side would be fixed just before _| min late); lreentry and the last two would be left alive for comparison hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paaHistoryiSP-4203/app.htm ‘mission ended arrsnanorg (On The Shoulders of Tkans ~ Append D-1 before time to activate the lothers ISee Gemini V \See Gemini ¥ (Mission ended lorbiting object \Cloud-Top early \Spectrometer (s-9, [To study (Nuclear emulsion package 21.5 x 15.2x 7.6 cm(8.5x6x3 |Not recovered lcosmic jin), weighing 5.9 kg (13 Ib) stowed in spacecraft retrograde | because of INuclear Iradiation at adapter; a spring loaded fairing would jettison at insertion, early end of [Emission lorbital altitudes exposing package; EVA astronaut would retrieve mission |To collect lplates that had \s-10, [been exposed Package, 13.9 x 15.8 x 2.5 cm (5.5 x 6.25 x | in), weighing |to 1.8 kg (4 Ib), mounted on TDA of Agena; hinged to fold open ‘Mission ended. lAgena lmicrometeorite jand expose 8 plates of highly polished surfaces, such as metal,| hyn eva [Micrometeorite limpact and plastic, glass, etc., to be opened by pilot during EVA and left |°"'9> RF (Collection debris and {for retrieval on later mission return them to [Earth for study \To determine technique and ID-3, laccuracy of [No special equipment needed; after docking with the orbiting | Mission ended ldirect contact jobject, Gemini would push the docked combination with a early; no Mass method of known thrust; from the change in velocity of the orbiting docked [Determination |measuring the object, its mass could be computed ‘maneuvers lmass of an [To obtain lintensification surveillance of [Earth features D-14, information on lcommunication |UHF/VHF transmitter with 2.4 m (8-f) extendable antenna | Mission ended 'UHF/VHF __ systems Imounted on top centerline of retrograde adapter section, early Polarization through the ionosphere bts [To develop __|[Image-orthicon camera, portable viewing monitor, recording HIS, lsystem for —_|monitor, 16mm camera, TV camera control unit, and IMission ended INight Image ight [equipment control unit; one erewman would look direetly at | Iscene, the other through the TV monitor; crew comments \would later be compared with the scene as recorded on film D-16, [Power-Tool Evaluation To determine lman's ability to [perform specified work jtasks under Lzero gravity land in, (Minimum reaction, battery-powered tool, 27.1 cm (10.7 in) long, weighing 3.4 kg (7.6 Ib), hand wrench, work plate with 17 nondetachable bolts (4 on face and 3 on reverse side), and Iknee tether; mounted in retro adapter to be operated by pilot iduring EVA [pressurized suit Mission ended early; no EVA Gemini IX-A Experiment Objective Equipment Result hitpshwwuna nasa govioe/paartistoryiSP-4203/appa.ntm orsnanorg (On The Shoulders of Tkans ~ Append D-1 IPhotography of upper IM-s, [See Gemini VII [See Gemini VII [See Gemin Wi Bioassay of \Body Fluids IEVA ended learly because \S-1 lof faceplate - 5% i fogging, , \See Gemini V; this time, however, experiment was sings \Zodiacal Light [See “exini V [planned for EVA insend 17 [Photography pictures were itaken from ‘inside spacecraft EVA. lpostponed to 1 ard day; not |Agena See Gemini VIZ [See Gemini VII performed in Micrometeorite Vicinity of (Collection |ATDA; lexperiment not retrieved [To photograph S-11, Earth's airglow in the latomic oxygen and 70mm Maurer camera, extended exposure timer, 44 pictures, 3 \Airglow lsodium light spectra illuminated camera sight, and 2-point variable pitch lo tes slow. ’ 'Horizon to study character and |bracket for mounting camera in pilot's window ye \To determine lmicrometeorite activity in near-Earth ‘Successfully recovered lenvironment; to lifter exposure EXPOSE 4 lof over 16 Imicrobiological [Aluminum collection box, 27.9 x 13.9x 3..em(IIx [0 's-12, specimens to space to [5.5 x 1.25 in), weighing 2.9 kg (6 lb 8 0z), with two ldetermine collection compartments and an internal electric motor ts es, [Spacecraft survivability in land thermally insulated batteries; one compartment to eee SOME [Micrometeorite vacuum, extreme _ be sterilized for analysis to see if any non-terrestrial [UOT Oy (Collection temperatures, and _ organisms are present; the other will contain bacteria, 08 i ° ° lorganisms kadiation; and to —_ molds, and spores, to see if they survive space flight [TRCN lsearch for any r ; " levidence of lorganisms capable of Ihon-terrestrial living on lorganisms |micrometeorites in space [D-12, [fo provide EVA [Rectangular aluminum backpack weighing 75.2 kg (166 |When pilot Imobility and control Ib) fully loaded; 81.2 X 55.8 X 48,2 cm (32x 22x19 |got [Astronaut in attitude and in), with form-fitting cradle where pilot sits during _joverheated Maneuvering translation and to flight; 4 forward and 4 aft-firing thrusters, and 2 up- and Jand his Unit Iprovide oxygen \down-firing; stores 10.8 kg (24 Tb) of hydrogen faceplate supply and Iperoxide; thrusters controlled by two sidearm supports; |fogged over lcommunications _lefthand assembly gives translation control in 4 repeated! hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paastoryiSP-4203/appa. htm son7snanorg (On The Shoulders of Tkans ~ Append D-1 |directions, a switch for selecting manual or automatic stabilization, and volume control of communications righthand arm contains controls for positioning pilot in pitch, roll, and yaw; also stores 3.4 kg (7.5 Ib) oxygen land a battery-powered UHF transceiver to provide lcommunications with spacecraft [EVA was called off ibefore AMU lexercise could, Ibe carried out ID-14, 'UHF/VHF Polarization \See Gemini VIII \See Gemini VIII Performed 6 ltimes; 3 more scheduled but lantenna Ibroken off by pilot during IEVA; since limited Inumber of Imeasurements| lacquired, only ipartially lsuccessful Experiment || Objective Equipment Result IMsC-3, LrricAxis See Gemini IV | See Gemini IV [Data not conclusive [Magnetometer [To determine line UV Msc-s, spectral Lunar uv pecans? °F 70mm Maurer camera with |Cancoted before fight when launch date Spectral surface UV lens tipped Reflectance between 2,000 land 3.200 langstrom ‘Similar in function to proton- kro predict as electron spectrometer used for liccurately as MSC-4, but different in Ipossible, for estan: consists of 2 |Unexpectedly high fuel usage during first 2 |Apollo, detector and analyze e stem, |{¢2YS of mission eliminated controlled attitude Msc. radiation doses detector and analyzer system, acces: on 3rd day, spacecraft was flown in lerews will be the other, data processing system; total weight, 7.2 kg {tumbling mode through South Atlantic (Beta lsubjected to so (16 Ib) and located in |Anomaly, resulting in one good transversal of \Spectrometer_ degree of Iettoprade section of magnetic field; location of data points within Resse an | PACS AL, a ea atonal ction preventive during launch by half-hinged | Imeasures taken 400r that is automatically jettisoned during separation from booster (MSC-7, [To measure the [X-ray detection system [Measurement of radiation is possible with this| hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paarHistoryiSP-4203/appa.htm wir42019 [Bremsstrahlung| (On The Shoulders of Tkans ~ Append D-1 [oremsstrahlung|mounted on the inner wall of spectrometer ‘Spectrometer _ (braking pressurized cabin behind radiation) flux-| command pilot's seat about lenergy spectra | shoulder height and weighing inside less than 3.4 kg (7.5 Ib) spacecraft hwhile passing through South [Atlantic [Anomaly To determine ere ane 5 |lBecause of trouble with spacecraft ECS, EVA as whether A pportina d colo targets Gea, [inated ater only 4 ofthe planned 9 . lexisting color be ‘yellow, and gra + ‘ng. [Pictures had been taken; color patch and rod color Patch tlm can take Piue»ysliow and gray) ina were discarded; but enough data obtained to Photopaphy fitue-color ane Fish * a 0.91-m determine, by comparison of film and backup graphy 3eft) extension rod to hold the! n Pictures ine Gor anim tonto 70 [¢0!0 patch, that commercial color films were space Pa een Fon suitable for photography in space IMSC-12, : eG _ INot performed, because of fucl-usage and [Landmark See Gemini Uf See Gemini VU ioc linttion [Measurement [20 pictures, difficult to use quantitively - film et lonly half as sensitive as that used on Gemini s |iX-A; observations of same star field in LZodiacal Light [See Gemini See Gemini v Various exposures shows that dirty windows Photography [cause variance in light transmission by a {factor of at least 6; Earth horizon not seen in lany of the pictures is |Approximately 75 pictures, most of good ‘synoptic lSee Gemini IV |See Gemini IV [auslity, though some were affected by dirty nee Gemini IY !See Gemini IV spacecraft windows and others by cloud cover Photography lover areas photographed ‘synoptic 'See Gemini IV |Over 200 high quality pictures \Weather [Photography [Pilot recovered package from Agena 8; only lfour outer panels exposed, as package had 5-10 [been in closed position; micrometeorite-flux , jvaiues agreed generally with known values . ee from other experiments; microorganisms on jrgene Ivar ‘See Gemini VII lexposed areas were dead, but those inside had icrometeorite icromet |good survival rates; pilot planned to leave similar package on Agena 8 for future retrieval but did not want to risk getting his lumbilical tangled on the target vehicle I-12, See Gemini IX: See Gemini =A [Pilot retrieved package during egress for hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paaristoryiSP-4203/app.ntm IVA; it apparently floated up out of san742019 [Spacecraft |Micrometeorite (Collection (On The Shoulders of Tkans ~ Append D-1 spacecraft later and was lost [To obtain data lon UV radiation of hot stars and to |develop and levaluate basic 70mm Maurer camera, with UV lens; since spacecraft did [22 frames exposed on southern Milky Way; 4 [problems: 12 frames marred by vertical streak, probably caused by static electricity irom camera operation in vacuum; poor limage quality in center of field and good |quality away from center, possibly resulted lfrom film being too close to lens (bowing Ultraviolet not have UV windows, val _|fechniques for toward lens in vacuum); cable release broken Astronomical pictures would be taken : Cay lphotography of [during assembly of camera; and bracket (Camera : through opened hatch . celestial screw backed out, preventing proper insertion lobjects from linto mount; considered successful, however, Imanned las it provided useful scientific data and spacecraft showed need for better equipment on future nights Inboard and outboard ion ‘detectors, electron detector, and data programmer on GATV adapter; inboard collected data when vehicle 's-26, [To investigate was parallel to flight path; Limited results because of fuel usage; ion and loutboard, when GATV was electron and ion temperatures higher than llon-wake lelectron wake |yawed at right angles to path; expected; registered shock effects during Measurement {structure programmer sent realtime [docking and undocking telemetry to ground during undocking - crucial since GATV delayed-time tape recorder inadvertently cut off during undocking D-5, \star-occultation Navigation \See Gemini VII See Gemini VII [Difficulty with attitude control while docked; lonly 5 stars tracked to total occultation (6 Inceded); undocked configuration, 7 stars Itracked but problems encountered with lentering visual occultation data into lcomputer; technique is accurate and flexible, luseful for automatic, semiautomatic, or aided |manual-navigation applications [D-10, Tlon-sensing ‘Attitude (Control [To investigate feasibility of lattitude control system using Two sensors, mounted on lenvironmental | booms 0.91-m (3-ft) long, lpositive ions each 27.9 X 16.5 X 15.2 cm land an (11 x 6.5 x 6 in) and weighing lelectrostatic 3.1 kg (7 Ib), with 7 computed |detection data points and operating at an system to angle of +15° Imeasure spacecraft itch and yaw |Comparison of system with inertial guidance lsystem showed agreement in measurement of [both pitch and yaw angles; response of system to variations in position was rapid, on Ithe order of milliseconds hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paatHistoryiSP-4203/app.htm 1387sanorg (On The Shoulders of Tkans ~ Append D-1 See Gemini IX-A Experiment ‘Objective Equipment Result S-4, See Gemini li, with __|Neither orbital space flight nor any stresses connected Zero Gand laddition of with it produced significant, unpredicted genetic Radiation mint IT lbread mold _|damage, insofar as chromosomal aberration production IEffects on |S Gemini IZ [Neurospora _|is valid measure of this type of effect; no synergistic Human Blood land leffect exists between radiation and factors associated land thermoelectric jwith space flight Neurospora cooler See Gemini LIV: this time Ihe crew SS, lwould use the ; see G. 170 mm 145 pictures of excellent quality; all planned areas, [Synoptic See Gemini 1V lzenteral lphotographed plus some additional Terrain aay Photography purpose lcamera as, hwell See Gemini [S- ITZ; both [Synoptic See Gemini IV ‘Weather (cameras used lin this lexperiment as 180 good quality pictures [Photography oroerephy in S-5 Ss [Retrieved by EVA pilot; measurements and See Gemini extrapolated results obtained higher in the atmosphere 'Nuclear lv lon very high altitude balloon flights are consistent with [Emulsion ldata from S-9 Ss, lairglow See Gemini 2A 2 wef picts ls show variations in alte and Ioeron Gemini DEA intensity of airglow [Photography See Gemini X, 5-13, lexcept that arbon luttraviclet See Gemini X ldioxide 39 frames exposed - 5 excellent, 6 good, 8 fair, 13 IA Gemini x cartridge _|poor, 2 bad, and 5 useless stronomical c ladded to ‘amera [eliminate streaking 5-26, ‘See Gemini X See Gemini X |Radar, onboard voice tape recorder (for recording start land stop times), and auxiliary receptacle (to provide llon-wake time markers) not operating; thruster firings in adapter- [Measurement south configuration decrease ion flux to outboard hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paatHistoryiSP-4203/appa.htm \sensor and increase it to inboard ion sensor and lenhance electron concentration to outboard electron sarsnazors (On The Shoulders of Tans - Appendix O-4 |sensor; strip-chart data shows that definitive wake~ lcone angles can be determined; in many cases, electron \distribution follows ion depletion effects, indicating Iwake is plasma rather than ion ‘To investigate L* and \S-29. LS libration points of Earth- Moon system to [Because of 3-day mission delay, could not be IEarth-Moon determine possible 70mm Maurer anned: gastead ere ctures bacon’ etermine possible | [Zon Joutas planned; instead crew took pietres of [Region particulate matter pesenseienm ane eomes Photography orbiting Earth in these regions ‘To obtain pictures of faint and diffuse astronomical 's-30, phenomena, such as |D-15 low ainglow layer in profile,|light TV. |400 frames recorded; about 30 percent of film for D-15 [Dim Light brightest Milky Way, system plus _ land 8-30 not exposed; camera recording cathode ray (Photography | zodiacal light at 60° |/spacecraft__|shorted out and failed during final sequence \Orthicon ‘elongation, loptical sight gegenschein, and libration points of Earth-Moon system D-3, See Gemini |SU&CesSfully completed and method feasible, but See Gemini VII eee nut ladditional statistical samples needed before system is (Mass. Gemin TIT UL lDetermination ladopted for use in future missions (0F 42 sequences recorded, 13 were of medium to lheavy cloud formations and 14 over open ocean areas; lconclusions: cities easily identifiable by lights; cloud formations prominent, even at night, as were lightning iflashes, horizon and stars, and airglow; coastlines gave \good to poor contrast; peninsulas were most significant igeographic features seen; pilot stated that scenes ‘viewed on the monitor were superior to film sequences lof same features ID-15, See Gemini Night Image |S¢® Gemini Vit ant lintensification| ID-16, sein’ V See Gemini IPower Too! See Gemini VIII a Evaluation INot attempted because EVA ended carly Gemini XII Experiment Objective [Equipment] Result IMs [Successfully accomplished; magnitude of geomagnetic sce Gemini v [Se Gemini||fields, measured during 10th revolution, compared well with (Tri-Axis iw theoretically calculated magnitude, using Mellwain (Magnetometer |computer codes IMsc-6, [See Gemini X [See Gemini Omnidirectional flux apparently consistent with earlier Lx measurements: representative clectron spectra established lapparent decay of artificially injected electrons from Starfish hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paatHistoryiSP-4203/app.htm 187snanorg (On The Shoulders of Tans ~ Append D-1 [Bremsstrahlung \Spectrometer See Gemini X [Beta high altitude nuclear test of July 1962) to such low levels \Spectrometer {that natural trapped electrons were becoming detectable MSC-7. [Crew turned equipment on and off 4 times for total of 32 hr; ISee Gemini |data indicated that electrons did penetrate spacecraft wall; lbremsstrahlung-count-rate energy distribution was within reasonable estimation of such distributions See Gemini HI, except Ihat there Ne only 1 lait phases of experiment performed, with good results; Frog Egg See Gemini VII him US apparently gravitational field not necessary for eggs to Bee ume, |divide normally, nor for later stages of development \Growth mounted on [pilot's Ihatch, instead of 2 Iss, \synoptic See Gemini IV fe Gemini! 39 usable pictures, most with Hasselblad ‘Terrain pe [Photography ISee Gemini (Ultraviolet \Astronomical See Gemini X ‘Synoptic See Geminity |v 1200 pictures show cloud pattems and are of excellent quality ‘Weather P [Photography S-10, ISce Gemini [EVA pilot removed protective fairing and exposed both \Agena See Gemini VIII See Gemini jinterior and exterior collection surfaces; package left on (Micrometeorite ee IGATV 12 for possible retrieval during later orbital flight (Collection S-11, |Airglow See Gemini L.A [SC C2 fos good pictures of sunlight and night airglow Horizon jo [Photography is-12, [Recovered after 6 hr, 20 min exposure; fewer penetration see Geminj MOles than on IX-A; no living organisms from space on (Spacecraft See Gemini 1 ee Genii!) erile collection surfaces; confirmed sounding rocket Micrometeorite [findings that solar ultraviolet radiation and soft X-rays (Collection responsible for death of microorganisms exposed to space Is-13. 0 frames exposed - 3 excellent, 7 good, 9 fair, 8 poor, 1 ISee Gemini lbad, and 2 lightstruck; troubles with focus, static marks, and light streaks persisted, but center images improved, indicating that increased tension of film-retaining spring (Camera [eliminated warping (or bowing) of film \S-29, See Gemini XI See Gemini \of 11 pictures of L4, only 3 were properly exposed; xr |mechanical failure of shutter mechanism in red-lens fat Moon jassembly caused overexposure; unknown amount of double Libration hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paatHistoryiSP-4203/app.htm jexposures caused by failure of film-advance at end of first oll; no conclusive results possible 167snanorg (On The Shoulders of Tans ~ Append D-1 Tlon-sensing See Gemini X ISee Gemini Regi [Photography _ [7 measure ldaytime \velocity of Earth's - Ihigh atmosphere as S51, la function of omm, \Crew did not see firings, but took 26 pictures of area during ‘sodium Cloud |ftitude between [Maurer firings; all were overexposed because camera shutter locked PPhotouaphy. [S5:5and 148.1 km feamera in open postion |(30 and 80 n.m.) lby use of rocket- Imade vertical sodium clouds [Offered proof that itis possible to measure pitch and yaw to lwithin fraction of a degree; could reduce time required for Ib- 10, lsuch maneuvers as docking, photography, and reentry (crew reduced time to align inertial platform from 40 min to 5 min Iby using pitch and yaw sensors as reference); could, with luddition of horizon sensor, give complete description of Attitude r 7 IComtrot. |spacecraft position and attitude; and could, with addition of Jservosystem, be used as complete automatic attitude control |system applicable at altitudes of the lowest satellites up to at [least 10 Earth radii, |Line-of- sight Ls optical ased on learning-curve data during initial period of T-2, [To evaluate etn {, familiarization and training, baseline data for comparison Jastronaut ability t0 [SS with flight results, and data obtained during flight; standard Manual Jmake navigational 72 ¥ (8 |deviation of inflight measurements was +9 are sec, IMidcourse measurements 1° 474, indicating that handheld sextant may be useful for \Spac through handheld 77), navigational measurements during mideourse phase of lunar Navigation [sextant ching {0" interplanetary flight; pilot performance was the same in Pske |space as on the ground [6.25 Ib) cE & hitps Awa nasa.govioice/paatHistoryiSP-4203/app.htm amar