SCIENCE AP* Chemistry Finishing Strong! LAYING FOUNDATION’ Teacher PacketSTUDENT PREP SESSIONS Nothing takes the place of the qualified and creative teacher in the classroom every day. However, formally scheduled prep sessions provide students opportunities to spend additional time on the all- important task of preparing for upcoming examinations, measuring their current skills and knowledge against those of other students and against the high standards set by the instructor and the materials. Students are treated as mature individuals, capable of handling a rigorous, fast-paced review in six hours of content instruction. Often, they realize how well-prepared they actually are and gain confidence in their abilities. Sometimes their eyes are opened to the work that must still be done to successfully manage the challenges of upcoming exams. Prep sessions can provide the instruction, materials, and encouragement students need to reach their goals. Specifically, students who attend will have the opportunity to ‘© Review topics taught in the classroom ‘* Gain tips and strategies for problem-solving ‘* Lear information from teachers other than their own, ‘* Interact with other students who share an all-important goal ‘© Understand relationships and connections among many concepts Teachers are encouraged to attend prep sessions with their students. They will have an opportunity to ‘+ Share with other successful instructors and gain new strategies for test review ‘+ Receive valuable materials created by master teachers © Observe students other than their own for purposes of gauging classroom progress Acids, Bases, and Salts Page 3 Buffers and Titrations Page 21 The Lab Based Question Page 42 Net Ionic Equations Page 62 Published by: Laying the Foundation, Inc. 8350 North Central Expressway, Suite 300 Dallas, TX 75206 © 2009 Laying the Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. 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Visit: ww laingteloundatimoreLAYING FOUNDATION’ AP” CHEMISTRY Acids, Bases, and Salts Kz, Ks, and Ky Teacher PacketACIDS, BASES AND SALTS HLA K,, Ky, and Koy FOUNDATION Objective To review the student on the concepts, processes and problem solving strategies necessary to successfully answer questions over acids, bases and salts Standards ‘The topic of acids, bases and salts is addressed in the topic outline of the College Board AP Chemistry Course Description Guide as described below. III Reactions ‘A. Reaction types 1. Acid-base reactions; concepts of Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis; coordination complexes; amphoterism 2. Precipitation reactions C. Equilibrium 2. Quantitative Treatment b. Equilibrium constants for reactions in solution (1) Constants for acids and bases; pK; pH (2) Solubility product constants and their application to precipitation and the dissolution of slightly soluble compounds AP Chemistry Exam Connections The topic of acids, bases, and salts is tested every year on the multiple choice and is often the. focus of question one on the free response portion of the exam. The list below identifies free response questions that have been recently asked. These questions are available from the College Board and can be downloaded free of charge from AP Central http://apcentral.collegeboard.com. Eee 2007 __ Question 1 part a-b 2005 B Question | parts a-c 2005 Question I parts a,b, d,ande | 2002 B Question I parts ab 2003 Question I part ab 2002 Question 1 parts a,b, and e 2001 Question 1 parts ad Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS K,, Ky, and Key FOUNDATION ‘What I Absolutely Have to Know to Survive the AP Exam The following might indicate the question deals with acids and bases and salts: pH, pOH, [H,0'}, [OH], strong and weak, salt hydrolysis, solubility product, K., Ke, Kyp, acid or base dissociation constant, percent ionized, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis, Arrhenius, hydronium ion, et ‘Arrhenius * Acids: Hydrogen ion, H’, donors * Bases: Hydroxide ion, OH” donors HCl > H+ Cr NaOH + Na‘ + OFF Bronsted-Lowry * Acids: proton donors (lose H’) * Bases: proton acceptors (gain H') NH’ +H,0 = H30'+ NH HNO) +H;0 © H;0' + NO; Lewis * Acids: electron pair acceptors * Bases: electron pair donors + Explains all traditional acids/bases + a host of coordination compounds. BF; is famous! : | | : Rey Hydronium ~ H' riding piggy-back on a water molecule; water is polar and the + charge of the naked proton is greatly attracted to “Mickey's chin” (ie. the oxygen atom) © HO “Anthony” + HO “Tony” + Often used interchangeably in problems; if HO" is used be sure water is in the equation! eer Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraAcids, Bases, and Salts Bronsted-Lowry and Conjugate Acids and Bases: What a Pair! ‘Acid and conjugate base pairs differ by the presence of one HT ion. HC.H,02 + H.0 -> HO! + CaHsOx ‘+ HC:H.O; is the acid; thus C:H,0; is its conjugate base (what remains after the H has been donated to the HO molecule) ‘+ HO behaves as a base in this reaction. The hydronium ion is its conjugate acid (what is formed after the H;O accepts the H” ion) NH; +H;0 — NH,’ + OH” NH is the base; thus NH,’ is it’s conjugate acid (what is formed after the NH; accepts the H” ion) HO behaves as an acid in this reaction. The hydroxide ion is its conjugate base (What remains after the H’ has been donated to NH) Understanding conjugate acid/base pairs is very important in understanding acid-base chemistry; this concepts allows for the understanding of many complex situations (buffers, titrations, etc...) Important Notes. Amphiprotic/amphoteric~-molecules or ions that can behave as EITHER acids or bases; water, some anions of weak acids, etc... fit this bill Monoprotic ~ acids donating one H Diprotic ~ acids donating two H Polyprotic ~ acids donating 3+ H Regardless, always remember: ACIDS ONLY DONATE ONE PROTON AT A TIME!!! Ionization: That’s What it’s All About! Relative Strengths A strong acid or base ionizes completely in aqueous solution (100% ionized [or very dam close to it!}) ‘* The equilibrium position lies far, far to the right (products)... + Since a strong acid/base dissociates into the ions, the concentration of the H'/OHT ion is equal to the original concentration of the acid/base respectively. ‘+ They are strong electrolytes. ‘+ Do Not confuse concentration (M or mol/L) with strength! + Strong Acids ‘+ Hycrohalic acids: HCI, HBr, HI; Nitric: HNOs; Sulfurie: H,S0,; Perchlorie: HC1O, ‘+ Oxyacids! More oxygen atoms present, the stronger the acid WITHIN that group. The H' that is “donated” is bonded to an oxygen atom. The oxygen atoms are highly electronegative and are pulling the bonded pair of electrons AWAY fiom the site where the H’ is bonded, “polarizing it”, which makes it easier [ie. requires less energy] to remove thus the stronger the acid! —Br weaker than ‘© Strong Bases ‘© Group IA and IA (1 and 2) metal hydroxides; be cautious as the pour solubility of Be(OH); and Mg(OH), limits the effectiveness of these 2 strong bases. «IT’S A2 for | SALE! (with the Group 2 (IIA) ions), i.e. 0.10M Ca(OH): is 0.20M OH. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraAcids, Bases, and Salts Te Re ee ey Where the fun begins... ‘A weak acid or base does not completely ionize (usually < 10%) ‘* They are weak electrolytes ‘* The equilibrium position lies far to the left (reactants). ‘© The [His less shan the acid concentration — thus to calculate this amount and the resulting pH you must return to the world of EQUILIBRIUM Chemistry! ‘©The vast majority of acid/bases are weak, Remember, ionization not concentration!!!! ‘© Acids and Bases ionize one proton (or H’) ata time! © Forweak acid reactions: | HA+H,0 > HO! +A x, =HLOUAT. (HA] © For weak base reactions: B + H,0 > HB" + OH HB’ J[OH] _ [B] © K,xK » = 1x10" Very important when dealing with SALT pH «| MONUMENTAL CONCEPT... ‘© If[HA], is 1000xX, or greater, you can use the initial concentration of the acid/base as the equilibrium concentration -WITHOUT subtracting the amount of weak acid ionized (it is just mathematically insignificant). Hallelujah!!! This just eliminated the Quadratic Equation (which is never needed on the AP exam). ‘+ MUCHO time saver!!! Since acids ionize 1 HT at a time the [HyO"] = [A"] thus all you need to know is. ke, = PES where x=(H,0°] or x, = IE] where x = [OH] [M,] [M,} * Percent Ionization © Often will be asked to determine how ionized the weak acid or base is... + % =P) 100. where x= [H,0" Jor[OH-] [M,] Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraAcids, Bases, and Salts ‘Assalt is the PRODUCT of an acid base reaction; how the salt affects the pH of the solution depends on whether or not the salt ions will hydrolyze water to any significant extent. ‘* Cation: M’ hydrolyzes HO to produce MOH and H,0" ions | M'+H,0 + 1,0" + MOH ‘© Ifthe MOH is a strong base this reaction WILL NOT occur (strong bases ionize 100%) Therefore NO additional hydronium ion is formed in the solution and this salt ion has NO effect on the pH of the solution! ‘* If the MOH is a weak base this reaction WILL occur; and the additional hydronium ion will lower the pH of the solution! Anion: A” hydrolyzes HO to produce HA and OH” ions «A +H,0—HA+0H «Ifthe HA produced is a strong acid this reaction WILL NOT occur (strong acids ionize 100%). Therefore NO additional hydroxide ion is formed in the solution and this salt ion has NO effect on the pH of the solution! © If the HA is a weak acid this reaction WILL oceur; and the additional hydroxide ion will increase the pH of the solution! an easy way to tell, you ask...? ‘* Ask yourself, which acid and which base reacted....were they strong or weak?? Strong wins! L.A salt such as NaNOs gives a neutral solution—SA (HNO;) & SB (NaOH) — Neither salt can hydrolyze water because it would result in the formation of a strong acid and base 2. K,S should be basic—SB (KOH) & WA (HS) ~ Only the weak can effectively hydrolyze water so the S* ion reacts with water to produce HS and OH’ ions; therefore the salt solution is basic... 3. FeCh, should be weakly acidic—since WB (Fe(OH);) & SA (HC) — Only the weak can effectively hydrolyze water so the Fe” ion reacts with water to produce Fe(OH), and H0" ions; therefore the salt solution is slightly acidic. Calculating the pH of a salt solution ‘* A salt in solution is either behaving as a weak acid or a weak base. ‘+ Remember, this means they do not ionize much. So treat them just like any other weak acid or base. ‘+ The MAJOR DIFFERENCE; no X, or Ky value will be provided. Its conjugate acid or base K will be given instead. © Example, the salt NaC:H.0;; the K, for HCHO: will be provided. The Ki has to be calculated before any pH calculations can be attempted. © K,xK,=1x10" Very important! ‘* Then solve below to find the pH. (xIx] [M,] where x = [OH] Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraAcids, Bases, and Salts ROnanoa ae ea ‘When solids are first added to water no salt ions are present. As dissolution occurs, the ions dissolve in the water until equilibrium is established and a saturated solution is formed. The extent to which a substance dissolves in the solvent is the solubility. The equilibrium constant, K.p, is the product of all ions in solution. PbI,(s) = Pb" (ag}+21 (aq) Ky = [Pb] P ‘* Note: solids don’t appear in the K expression ‘© Be aware of the coefficients ‘© the 1:2 ratio is important when determining concentrations of the ions present © the 2 results in an expression of (I> A precipitate is an insoluble compound formed when two soluble solutions are mixed. To determine whether a precipitate will form the reaction quotient will need to be calculated, © QK a supersaturated solution is formed the concentration of ions are greater than allowed; a ppt will form OROn eer eee ed Equilibrium Expression x, -HLOUAT_ oy x, HBO) _ (HA) (B] K, = PIE] where x =[H,0°] DAE here x= [OH'] [M,] [M,] 9% =) 5.100 where x =[H,0" Jor[OH"] K,xK, =1x10 pH =~log(H"] pH+ pOH=14 pOH = —log(OH] Ky = [H,0°J[OH ] = 1.0x10™ @ 25°C ‘Acidic pH<7___[H,0°]> [OH] Neutral pH=7 __[Hs0°]= [OH] Basic pH>7 _[H:0°]< [OH] Conjugate acids and bases Ky=(MVIAP MAG) = xM (aq)t yA (aq) Connections Equilibrium Buffers and Titrations Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis Bonding and Lewis Structures — justify oxyacid strengths Potential Pitfalls Coefficients in K., problems K, or Ki with salt pH ‘Weaik acids and bases — be sure you know K, or Ky, solving a K, problem gives [OH] thus you are finding the | Weak is about IONIZATION not CONCENTRATION pOH! Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraAcids, Bases, and Salts Free Response ‘NH3(aq) + H,0(4) = NH,"(ag)+OH(aq) y= 1.80 x 10° 1, Ammonia reacts with water as indicated in the reaction above. (@) Write the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction represented above. [NH:][0H 1 1 point is earned for the correct expression [NH] (b) Calculate the pH of a 0.150 M solution of NH = - T point is earned for the correct set up and for Ky =F Where x= [OH] calculating the concentration of hydroxide ions 180x105 == 1 point is earned for the correct pH 0.150 164x107 =x —logx = pOH = 2.784 pH =11.216 (©) Determine the percent ionization of the weak base NE. ix] 1 point is earned for the correct percent mit ionization = SAAN" 100=1.09% (0.150) (@ Calculate the hydronium ion, H;0°, concentration in the above solution. Be sure to include units with your answer 1,0" [01 ] = 1.0010" 1 point is earned for the concentration of (Ho PLDI 1O0HIO 6g soy hhydronium ions with units of mol L** or M ° [OH] 1.64x10 oR [H,0°]=10** [H,0°]= 107" = 6.0810 Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraAmmonium ions react with water to form a solution with Acids, Bases, and Salts a pH of 4.827. (©) Complete the reaction above by drawing the complete Lewis structures for both products of the reaction. + Ho Sa #7) H 1 point is earned for each correct Lewis structure. (® Determine the number of moles ammonium ions in 250 mL of the above solution. 1 point is earned for calculating the concentration of ions in the solution. 1 point is earned for calculating the K, for ammonium, 1 point is earned for calculating the molar concentration and the number of moles of ammonium ions [HO"J=10 =10™ =1.49x10" K, = Ke 2100210" <5. 56.10" K, 1.80 5.56% 19729 = [4910 J1.49%10"] (M] M =0.400 0.400 = =m) 02501 0.0100 mol Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraAcids, Bases, and Salts Free Response 2. Hydrocyanic acid, HCN, is a weak acid. The acid dissociation constant for HCN is 6.2 x 10""°. The equilibrium expression for the reaction is shown below. (@) Write the equation for the dissociation of HICN in water. HCN +H,0 = H,0" + CN” 1 point for the correct equation (b) Calculate the hydronium ion, H50° concentration of a 0.250 M solution of HCN. 1 point for [H;0"]=[CN Jor x" K, where x = [},0°] M-x 62x10 = 0.25 1 point for the correct hydronium ion concentration 12x10" =x When lithium cyanide, LiCN, is dissolved in water according to the equation below the resulting solution is basic, LiCN(s) > Li'(aq) + CN (ag) (©) Write a net ionic equation that illustrates why the resulting solution is basic. 1 point for the correct reactants CN + H,0 = HCN+0H 1 point for the correct products (@) Calculate the equilibrium constant for reaction in part e. a 1 point for the correct K; value Ke 10" 6x10 K, 62x1 Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraAcids, Bases, and Salts FOUNDATION ‘The overall dissociation reaction for carbonic acid, H:CO,, is shown below. H,CO; = CO, +2H' K., =2.4x107 (©) Write a balanced chemical equation showing both the first and second dissociation reactions for carbonic acid, HCO. HCO: = HCO; +H" 1 point for the first dissociation reaction HCOs # CO? +H" 1 point for the second dissociation reaction (f) The dissociation constant for the second dissociation, K,, = 5.6x10""". Calculate the equilibrium constant for the first dissociation, K., . 24x10" =K, K,=43x107 6.610") 1 point for the comect K,, value Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraFree Acids, Bases, and Salts Response 3. Solid potassium lactate, KC;H.Os, is dissolved in enough water to make a 0.25 M solution. The solution has a pH of 12.25 at 25°C. (@) Explain why the solution produced by dissolving KC;H,0; is basic. Use an equation as a part of your justification. C)HOs + HO = HCHO; +08 ‘The lactate ion hydrolyzes the water molecules, producing hydroxide ions; which make the solution basic. The potassium ion doesn’t hydrolyze the water thus has no effect on the pH 1 point for the correct hydrolysis reaction and explanation (b) Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration of the solution described above. pH= 12.25 pOH = 14,00 12.25 = 1.75 [OH] = 10 '=1.8%107 1 point for the correct hydroxide concentration (©) Calculate the value of the equilibrium cons stant for the reaction in part (a) [HC,H,0, J[OH™] (CH.0,] (18x10?) 0.25—(1.8x107) = 14x10" T point for the correct K; expression 1 point for the correct value for Ki (@) Calculate the acid dissociation constant, K,, for lactic acid, HCsH.Os. K, K, 1x10 1.410 1x10? 1 point for the correct value for K, (©) The structural formula for lactic acid is shown below. Circle the hydrogen lost when HC;H,Os behaves as an acid. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraAcids, Bases, and Salts oO I Na Sofi) bi ‘The circled hydrogen is a part of the carboxylic acid group (COOK). 1 point for identifying the correct hydrogen (f) A student needs to dilute a 0.25 M solution of KCsH.0s to make 50.0 mL of 0.10 M potassium lactate solution. Describe the steps needed to prepare the new solution. Be sure to include appropriate lab equipment. ', = (50 mL)(0.10 M) V,=20.0 mL KCsHO; Pipet 20.0 mL of 0.25 M KCH.0s into a 50 mL. volumetric flask. Add water and mix thoroughly. Then fill the volumetric flask with water to the 50 mL. mark and mix. 1 point for correct volume of KC3HO; needed 1 point for using a volumetric flask 1 point for filling the flask to the 50.0 mL mark (adding 50.0 mL of water DOES NOT eam credit) Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraFOUNDAT Acids, Bases, and Salts Free Response 4, Answer the following questions about compounds of strontium, Ina saturated solution of strontium phosphate, Sr,(PO,):, the concentration of Sr” is 7.5x10" M at 25°C. (@) Write the balanced equation for the dissolution of solid Srs(PO,): in water. Sr,(PO,): = 38x" + 2P0," 1 point for the correct equation sr} (PO, Sx 107 [PO.-]= 7.510" MS x2M0POL” _ 5 95 3mol Sr** K., =[7.5x107 P[5.0%107F =1.1x10! (©) Calculate the value of the solubility product constant. 1 point for correct [PO,7] 10”, 1 point for correct Kyy (© Will a precipitate form when 20.0 mL of 0.0015 M strontium acetate and 30.0 mL of 0.0050 M lithium phosphate are mixed? Justify your answer with appropriate calculations Q,, = [Sr }[PO." T° 0x10* mol$r** 0.0501, [sr .0201 «0.0015 M = (PO, ]=0.0301.x0.0080M =" Q,, = [6.010 F[3.0%10°P =1.9x10"* Q,,>K,, +. aprecipitate will form 1,5x10~ molSr” 1 point for the correct [Sr"] and [PO,*] 6.0x10°M =3.0x10°M | 1 point for the correct value of Q,, and an explanation using Q., and Ky ‘The K,, for strontium fluoride, SrF,, is 7.9x107” at 25°C. (@ Calculate the molar solubility of a saturated solution of strontium fluoride. K, =(SP FF =79*10" Dux} =7.9x10"" 4x =7.9x10" 8x10“ = molar solubility of StF, x= T point for the setting up and getting 4x" in the K., expression 1 point for the correct molar solubility Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dallas, TX. Al'ights reserved. Visit: www layingthefoundation.orary Acids, Bases, and Salts aa (©) A small sample of the saturated solution of SrF, was allowed to evaporate. Would the concentration of ‘Sr’ ions in the solution increase, decrease or remain the same? Justify your answer. Remain the same. The [Sr] is independent of the volume | 1 point for stating the concentration Si* will of the solution; as the volume is reduced so will be the remain the same with proper justification number of moles of strontium fluoride dissolved but the [Sr*'] will not change. (®) At35°C, the amount of strontium fluoride present at the bottom of the flask increases. Is this dissolution process endothermic or exothermic? Justify your answer. ‘When the temperature increases, more strontium fluoride is | 1 point for indicating the reaction is, present, thus the reaction shifted to favor the reactants. exothermic with justification Since the addition of heat (increasing temperature) drives, the reaction to the left the reaction must be exothermic. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraAcids, Bases, and Salis FOUNDATION Multiple Choice Questions 1-4 refer to the following answer choices. All solutions are 1.0 M. (ayHCI ®Lcl (HCO. (D) NaC3H1,0; (©) BF 1, Can be used as a Lewis acid E [BF acts as an electron pair acceptor. 2. Would form a basic solution when dissolved in water GO, hydrolyzes HO which increases the amount of hydroxide ions in the solution D according to the following equation. CoH,O; +0 = HCHO, + OF 3. Forms the solution with the lowest pH c HICIO; is the only strong acid in the list. 4, Can produce a buffer with a pH <7 when combined with HC:H,O; ‘NaC3H.0; is the salt of HC;H,O2. A weak acid together with it's conjugate salt form @ P buffer solution. 5. Which of the following can act as an amphoteric species? 1.s0e IL HC,0, dL NH* (A) Lonly (B) only (© Land Tt only (D) Il and II only (@)1, 0, and MT B HC,O, can both donate a hydrogen ion to form C;O.; and accept a hydrogen ion to form H.C,0.. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraAcids, Bases, and Salts FOUNDAT 6, Estimate the pH of a 1.0x10* M solution of the weak base aniline, CcHsNHp. Kp = 4.0.x 10""" au (B) Between 8 and 11 ©s (D) Between 3 and 8 ®3 D Ifthe K, value is approximately 10"” then the pOH is approximately 10 and the pH around 4, 7. All the following statements are true about the reaction below EXCEPT: 650 kI + HCOs (ag) + HC,0¥ (aq) = COs* (ag) + H.C:0,(ag) K<1 (A) HC,0, is a weaker base than CO;”. (B) HCOs and H3C;0, are both acting as acids in the reaction. (C)HCO, is an amphoteric species. (D) The reaction lies far to the right (favors products). (B) Lowering the temperature of the solution will decrease the value of K. ‘The HC,0, is NOT a weaker base than CO;” or else the CO; ion would more readily A accept the proton. 8, A solution of a monoprotic weak acid, HA, has a pH of 5.00, Calculate the acid dissociation constant for the weak acid if the solution has a molar concentration of 0.50 M. (A) 2.0x 10? (B) 1.0.x 10° (©20x10° (D)2.0x 10° (£E)2.0x10" we [H*}=10™ =10°" =1.0x10° E (0x10)? _1.0x10"" =X =2x10 0.50 0.50 Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraFOUN os Acids, Bases, and Salts 9, The solubility product constant of Ag;SO, is 1.2x10°* at 25°C, Which expression can be used to calculate the solubility forAg,SO,? “ pean i @ [1 ax10°} © [1.2x10°} 12x10" o [240] (12x10) ]? @| a Ag:SO, = 2Ag’ + SO, 1.2x107), (12x10 xe or 4 4 10, Ata certain temperature, a saturated solution of silver phosphate has a [Ag"] of 3.0 x10 °M. What is the solubility product constant, K.p, for silver phosphate, AgsPO.? (A)2.7x10" (B)2.7x107 (C)2.7x10" (81x10 ©) 90x10" AgiPOs + 3Ag' + PO. K,, =[Ag'T[PO."] c K, = Bx} Ex] 3.0% 10°] [1.0%10°] (27x10"*)(1.0%10°) =27 «10 = Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraLAYING FOUNDATION’ AP” CHEMISTRY Buffers and Titrations As Easy As It Ever Gets Teacher PacketBUFFERS AND TITRATIONS en As Easy As It Ever Gets FOUNDATION Objective To review the student on the concepts, processes and problem solving strategies necessary to successfully answer questions over acids, bases, particularly in the area of buffers and titrations Standards ‘The topic of acids, bases, buffers and titrations is addressed in the topic outline of the College Board AP Chemistry Course Description Guide as described below. Ill Reactions C. Equilibrium 2. Quantitative Treatment b. Equilibrium constants for reactions in solution (1) Constants for acids and bases: pK; pH. (2) Solubility product constants and their application to precipitation and the dissolution of slightly soluble compounds (3) Common ion effect; buffers; hydrolysis AP Chemistry Exam Connections ‘The topic of acids, bases, buffers and titrations is tested every year on the multiple choice and is often the focus of question one on the free response portion of the exam. ‘The list below identifies free response questions that have been recently asked. These questions are available from the College Board and can be downloaded free of charge from AP Central hitpJ//apeentral.collegeboard.com. 2007___ Question 1 parts c-e 2006 B Question I parts a and b 2005 Question I part 2005 B Question I parts ¢ and d 2003 Question 1 part ce 2002B Question I parts ¢ and d 2002 Question I parts ¢ and d 1999 Question I part € Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBUFFERS AND TITRATIONS Dune As Easy As It Ever Gets FOUNDATION Sie a eee eee ‘The following might indicate the question deals with buffers and/or titrations: buffer solution, common ion, conjugate base/acid, equivalence point, % equivalence point, end-point, weak acid/base “reacted with a strong..”, titrant, buret, analyte, etc. rece ecu IS: A buffer is a solution of a weak acid or base and its salt [which is its conjugate]. DOES: A buffer resists a change in pH. HOW IT WORKS: Since a buffer consists of both an acid or base and its conjugate, which differ by an H, both a weak acid and a weak base are present in all buffer solutions. Th order to understand buffers and buffer problems we must be proficient with the following... ‘+ MUST know the conjugate A/B concept to be successful at buffer problems. This means understanding that HA has A~as it’s conjugate and that Na is not only a salt, but that any soluble salt releases the common ion, A pH =—log [1] K.xKy=Ky Any titration involving a weak A/B, from the first drop to the last, before equivalence, is a buffer problem. If HA is titrated with NaOH, as soon as the first drop splashes into the container, I’ve added A” ions to the solution and the presence of both HA and A” constitutes a buffer solution, Buffers: Calculating pH Solving Buffer Problems: the one and only, handy dandy, all I’m ever going to need equation, (asi) [oR id dissociation constant ~ is the concentration of the substance behaving as the weak acid in the buffered solution, ‘Either the weak acid or the salt of the weak base [Base] — is the concentration of the substance behaving as the weak base in the buffered solution "Either the weak base or the salt of the weak acid To Solve = MUST recognize who's who in the buffered and then plug into the equation = Ifthe buffer is a weak acid, HA, and its conjugate salt, A” then HA is the acid and A” is the base. "Ifthe buffer is a weak base, WB, and its conjugate salt, B', then WB is the base and B' is the acid, = You still use the K,; thus you must calculate it first using the Ks provided for the weak base * Tfconcentrations are given plug and chug + If concentrations of separate solutions are given with volumes and then the two are added together you must recalculate the “new concentrations” due to dilution, Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Tirations een Calculate the pH of a solution containing 0.75 M lactic acid, HICsH.Os (K. = 1.4x10~), and 0.25 M sodium lactate, NaCjHs03, = Lactic acid is the weak ACID and lactate ion is its conjugate BASE. [0 ]- Keg pile-ottet0" )=338 Uaci] [0-75] fo2s) =42x107 = (14x10 Example: A buffered solution contains 0.250 MNEs (Ki = 1.80x10") and 0.400 MNH,CL. Calculate the pH of this solution. + NH; is the weak BASE and NH,’ is its conjugate ACID "Calculate K.! K,«K, =1.00x10" [2400] _ 5 $9.10" 0.250] Example: Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by mixing 20.0 mL of 0.300 M acetic acid, HCsH:02, with 20.0 mL of 0.350 M NaC:H:0s, K, for acetic acid is 1.80x10° "Acetic acid is the weak ACID and acetate ion is its conjugate BASE. * Recalculate molarities OR better yet just calculate the number of moles (volumes cancel) 20.0mLx0.300M = 6.00mM acid 20.0mL.x0.350M = 7.00mM conjugate base _y [Acid] [6.00] [Ho ]=«. [Acid] a goxio Vr001 =1.54x10* pH Jog eo 4.812 Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Tirations Buffer Attack: Who Defends: The purpose of a buffer solution is to resist large swings in pH. Ifa small amount of strong acid is added to the buffer, there is a base component ready and waiting to neutralize the “invader”. Same goes for the addition of a small amount of strong base, there is an acid component ready and waiting to neutralize it. If strong acid is added to the buffer, simply add the amount of acid added to the numerator (acid) AND subtract the same quantity from the denominator (base). Why? If strong acid is added to a buffer solution the weak base component is self sacrificing and neutralizes the acid ~ thus the amount present is reduced by the amount of strong acid present in the invasion. The reaction between the weak base component of the buffer and the strong acid eliminates the strong acid and. produces more weak acid. Strong Acid Attack: HCI+ A’ HA+CI Example: Calculate the pH of a solution containing 0.75 M lactic acid, HCsH.O; (K, = 1.4x10~), and 0.25 M sodium lactate, NaC:H.O; after the addition of 0.10 M HCI. [x07 pH =~log(7.9x10*) (0.75+0.10] _ 4x10°)| [0.25-0.10] 7.910% 10 If strong base is added, simply add the base to the denominator and subtract from the numerator. Just the exact opposite ‘occurs; the acid component reacts with the base and converts the strong base to more weak base. Strong Base Attack: NaOH + HA > 0 + Na’ + A Example: ‘What is the pH of the final solution after the addition of 125 mL. of 0.500 M NaOH to 250 mL of a solution that is 0.550 M acetic acid, HC;H.0; and 0.450 M sodium acetate, NaC;H;0;? * Acetic acid is the weak ACID and acetate ion is its conjugate BASE; NaOH is the INVADER + Recaleulate molarties OR better yet just caleulate the number of moles (volumes cancel).... 125mLx0'500M =62.5mM NaOH "the invader" 250 mL 0,5S0M =137.SmM HA "the weak acid” 250 mL.x0.450M =112.5mM A” "the conjugate base" [Acid] * [Base] [137.5-62.5] (112.5+62.5] pH = —log(7.71x10") =5.113 80x10") T1x10* CAUTION: If the amount of invader exceeds the amount present in the buffer then the invader has overrun the buffer! "In this case calculate how much strong “invader” remains afterall of the buffer is used "Recalculate the molar concentration of the remaining “invader”; this is a strong acid or base. Calculate the pH as with any strong acid or base. pH = ~ log[F"] Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Tirations Preparing a Buffer: It’s all about K, and the Ratio! 5 [Acid] If asked to deseribe how to prepare a buffer ofa certain pH... think [HO" ]=K, [ae J 17 * Base! + Use 0.10 Mto 1.0 M solutions of reagents & choose an acid whose K, is near the [H,0"] concentration we want. [Acid] Or its pX, should be as close to the pH desired as possible. Adjust the ratio of to fine tune the pH. [Base] * Its the relative # of moles (not M) of acid/CB or base/CA that is important since they are in the same solution and share the same solution volume. ‘This allows companies to make concentrated versions of buffer and let the customer dilute~this will not affect the # of moles present-just the dilution of those moles. So on the EXAM, never fall for the trick of “what happens to the pH of the buffer solution after the addition of 250 mL. of water. Yes the [Acid] and [Base] are [Acid dituted but the [AC xg isthe same and that s what mater in a bier! [Base] IMPORTANT NOTE: + When equal concentrations of Acid and Base are present [which occurs at the % equivale the ratio of acid to base equals ONE and therefore, the pH = pK... ce point ofa titration] Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Tirations .cid-Base Titrations: Jt Depends on Where You Are! ‘There are 3 types of titrations you will be dealing with. 1. Strong Acid and Strong Base = Netionic reaction: H* + OH — 1.0 = Only when the acid AND base are both strong is the pH at the equivalence point 7. [Any other conditions and you get to do a nasty equilibrium problem] It’s really a stoichiometry problem with a limiting reactant. The “excess” is responsible for the pH = Just deal with what is left over. Be sure you are in moles if additive volumes are given and recalculate the M after doing the stoichiometry work * Use pH = log [H’] to determine the pH of the solution. 2. Weak Acid and Strong Base "The equivalence point > pH 7 = 4ZONES OF INTEREST ALONG A TITRATION CURVE for a Weak Acid and Strong Base Titration ZONE 1: The pH before the titration begins. = This is simply a weak acid problem. K, 7 where x =[H,O°] ZONE 2: The pH during the titration but before the equivalence point. = Once the titration begins the weak acid has reacted with the strong base to produce salt and water. The salt is the conjugate base of the weak acid. This is a BUFFER problem!!! HA +OH + H;0 +A” = Remember that the amount of strong base added ~ amount of weak acid reacted = amount of salt made . , 7 [Asia] = Plug in the amount of weak acid left and the amount of salt made into [H,0° ]= *, sel ase CAUTION! TIME SAVER: At the % equivalence point [Weak Acid] = [Conjuagte Base formed] thus [H07]= Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Tirations .cid-Base Titrations: It Depends on Where You Are! Con’t ‘ZONE 3: The pH at the Equivalence Point = At the equivalence point of the titration ALL of the WEAK ACID has been reacted with the STRONG BASE ~ the only species left are HO and the Conjugate Base of the Weak Acid (the SALT). = The pHi is based only on the salts hydrolysis properties The M of the salt at equivalence point must be calculated, = Remember that the amount of strong base added = amount of weak acid reacted = amount, of salt made = Thus the molarity of the salt in solution is: _ moles of salt formed total L of solution at the equivalence pt. = Must use the K, of the weak acid to calculate the Xi, of the salt and then use K, =a where x =[OH"]; find the pOH then convert to pH ZONE 4: Beyond the Equivalence Point = It’s all about the excess! * Calculate the amount of excess strong base added beyond the equivalence point and then recalculate its M. This is a strong base so pOH = — log [OH] 3. Weak Base and Strong Acid = Just like the Weak Acid/Strong Base above, just flip flop the process. = The equivalence point Pb™ +2Cl- K,=[Pe" ry @,, = (0.030)(0.030)" = 2.710 Q, >K,, -. ppt will form 1 point is eared for the calculation of Q., 1 point is eared for comparing Q,. to Ky and determining that a ppt. will form Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Titrations Free Response (CH3NH2 + HO + CHsNH3” +OH Ky=4.40x 10" 2. Methylamine, CHsNHz, a weak base, is added to a flask to form 1.50 L of solution. The reaction shown above occurs at 25°C. (@) Write the expression for the base dissociate constant, Ks, [CH,NH; [OF] ‘CH,NH, (b) The pH of the solution was determined to be methylamine in this solution, 1 point for the correct expression. Charges must be correct to receive credit. 11.822. Calculate the molar concentration of pH=11.822 pOH = 2.178 [OH-]=107"* = 6.63x107 K, =~ where x= [OH] M + _ (6.63%10")* 4.40x10 eexoy 1 point is eamed for the correct molar concentration of methylamine ‘M =0.100M 1 point for the correct set up and for calculating the concentration of hydroxide ions Ina different experiment, 150.0 mL of a 0.150 M solution of methylamine was prepared. To this solution, 0.120 mole of methylammonium chloride was added. (©) Calculate the pH after the addition of the methylammonium chloride, CHsNHsCl. 0.150Lx0.150M = 0.225mole methylamine 0.120molemethylammonium chloride K,xK, =1.00%10"" ,, = L001 22.2710" 440x107 yg [Aci -11)[0-120] 7 fo Je «, 28-2710 l2) 1 a1.10 [Base] [0.225] pH = ~log(1.21x10""')=10.917 J point for the correct number of moles of ‘methylamine or the correct molarity of ‘methylammonium ion 1 point for the correct K, for methylammonium 1 point for the correct (H:0' ions Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Titrations (@) To the 150 mL solution describe in part (c) 100 mL of 0.950 M HCI was added. Calculate the resulting pH of the solution. Buffer Attack 1 point for the correct number of moles of HCI 0.150Lx0.150M = 0.225mole methylamine added 0.120molemethylammonium chloride 0.1001. 0,950 = 0.095 mole HCI K,=227%10"" [uso Jo x, Al ezpeig-n 0412040095] [Base] (0:225-0.095] pH =—log(3.75%10"") =10.425 75x10" 1 point for the correct pH (©) Draw the Lewis structure for i, the weak base methylamine, CHsNH2. 1 point for the correct Lewis structure; lone pair must be present on N ii, methylammonium ion, CH;NH;*. + | 1 point for the correct Lewis structure; positive charge must be included for credit. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Tirations Free Response A student performed a titration by dissolving a sample of a weak, monoprotic acid, HA, in 15.00 mL of water. The solution was then titrated with 0.100 M NaOH(aq). The equivalence point was reached after 20.00 mL of the NaOH solution had been added. The student’s data from the titration are shown in the table below. ro eet 0.00 mL. 2.22 5.00 mL. 10.00 ml. 34a 15.00 mL. 3.92 20.00 mL 8.13 (a) Calculate the number of moles of unknown acid originally present in the solution. (0.100 4 NaOH)(20.00 mL) = 2.00 mmoles OH 1 point for the comect number of moles of NaOH used to reach equivalence Therefore there are 2,00 mmol of HA = 2.00 x 10° moles HA | point 1 point for the number of moles of NaOH =HA (b) Using the information provided above, calculate the value of the acid dissociation constant, K, , for HA. 5 [Acid] 1 point for correct set up Either using LOK, 5 THO'I= Kasse] 07 =K, AS gy x =O 1 7 ey ° * [Base] [Mx] at 5 equivalence (10.00 mL) [Acid]-[Base] -. [H,0"]~K, and calculating the initial M of HA pH=3.44 -. (H,O"]= 10°“ =3.63x10" 1 point for the correct calculation of K, Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraFOUNDAT (c) Determine the pH of the solution after 5.00 mL. of 0.100 M NaOH student's data table. Buffers and Titrations had been added, and record the value in the ‘At the 5.00 mL. point the solution formed has not yet reached the equivalence point, thus is a buffer! 7 = xe (Acid) tH0]=K, 229 [Base] moles of OH” added = moles of A” made = moles of FTA used up (5.00 mL)(0.10044) = 0.500 mmoles OH” added thus; 0.500 mmoles A~ made and 0.500 mmoles HA used up 2.00 mmol HA originally ~ 0.500 mmol used up = 1.5 mmol HA left -) = 363x197 50 x10? H,0"] = 363x107 G5) =1.09x10 pH=2.96 T point for the correct calculation number of moles of NaOH added and relating that to number of moles of HA used up and A formed 1 point for the correct pH calculation (d) From the table below, select the most appropriate indicator for the titration. Justify your choice Indicator pa Methyl Red 55 Bromothymol Blue 7A Phenolphthalein 87 Phenolphthalein because it changes color at the pH closest to the equivalence point pH 1 point for the indicator and justification Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Titrations pits, FouNban ing the axes provided below, sketch the titration curve that would result ifthe student had used 0.200 M NaOH instead of the 0.100 M used above, to perform the titration, The equivalence point must be clearly marked. 10 8 Bz o6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 Volume NaOH added (mI.) ‘Curve must have the following features: T point for any 2 features Initial pH around 2,22 2 points for all 4 features Vertical slope at 10.00 mL, Equivalence pH > 8.13 (not equal) Shape of curve must resemble titration curve Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Titrations Free Response HA (ag) + H,0(0) HO'(ag) + A(ag)—K,=4.5x10 4, An-unknown monoprotic acid HA, is a weak acid that ionizes according to the reaction above. A 50 mL sample of the 0.020 M unknown weak acid solution described above was titrated with 0.050 M NaOH (a) Write a balanced net ionic equation showing the reaction between the weak acid, HA and NaOH. - = 1 point for the correct equation. Must be in net ionic HA+ OH’ > 10 +8 form or no credit is awarded. (b) For the titration, calculate the (equivalence point of the titration (60 mL}(0.020 M)= 1.0 mmol HA =1.0 mmol NaOH | I point for correct equivalence point 1.0 mmol NaOH 20 mL to reach equivalence 0.050 (ii) _ pH of the solution in the titration flask after 5.0 mL of 0.050 M NaOH were added Buffer Zone! (S.0mL)(0.050M) I point for number of moles 25mmolOH™ added (mmoles) of OT added 0.25mmolO#H™ added = 0.2SmmolA” formed = 0.25mmol A reacted tH,0"}=«, Aes) [Base] 1 point for correct pH [1.0 mmol HA initial 0.25 mmol reacted] [H,0"]=4.5x10" z [0 mmol A” initial + 0.25 mmol formed } pH = —log(1.4x10*) =3.85 Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Titrations ii) pH of the solution in the titration flask after 20.0 mL. of 0.050 M NaOH were added ‘Equivalence Point 1.0 mmol HA = 1.0 mmol NaOH = 1.0 mmol of A’ 1.0 mmol A~ 70 mL K, Loxto" =2.2«10"" =0.14M A 1 point for [A] 1 point for correct Ki, conversion x=5.6x10% OH = ~log(5.6x10°) =: p oa(S-6%10°)=5.25 1 point for correct pH pH = 14~-5.25=8.75 (iv) pH of the solution in the titration flask after 30.0 mL. of 0.050 M NaOH were added ‘Beyond Equivalence Point! 1 point for [OH] or NaOH in excess (30.0 mL}(0.050 M) = 1.5 mmol NaOH added To get to equivalence 1.0 mmol NaOH reacted 0.50 mmol NaOH in excess = 0.50 mmol OH” 0.50 mmol OW _ 9 419.4 OHH 70 mi. pOH Jog (7.1x10") = 2.15 4—2.15=11.85 1 point for correct pH 1 point for M of NaOH or OH in Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Titrations Multiple Choice 1f 50.0 mL of 0.25 M Nis is titrated with 0.50 M HCI ina flask. Which of the following are present in the flask at the equivalence point? L ammonia IL, hydrochloric acid II]. ammonium ions (A) only (B) Monly (©) Land II only (D) Hand III only (© LH, and ‘At the equivalence point of a titration, only the salt of the weak species and water remain. Fora reaction between NF and HCI the following occurs: NH + HCI— NH: + CI +H:0 From the list, only ammonium ions are present. ._A student titrates 25 mL of 0.50 M NH; with 0.25 M HCl. Which of the following would be true about the equivalence point of the titration? (A) 25 mL of HC1 is needed to reach the equivalence point. (B) At the equivalence point, only the hydrochloric acid remains in the solution, (C) Atthe equivalence point, the [OH] is equal to the base ionization constant, (D) There is no change in the pH of the solution after the equivalence point is passed. (©) The pH at the equivalence point is less than 7. ‘At the equivalence point of titration between a weak base and a strong acid, the salt that E remains will hydrolyze water and increase the concentration of hydronium ions (ie. it will be an acidic salt) therefore the pH of the solution is less than 7 . Which pair of 1.0 M solutions below would form a buffer solution with a pH less than 6? (assume 1:1 ratios of each component) (A) CHsNEB and CHsNH3C1 (B) HCI and NaOH (C) HCHO; and NaC2H302 (D) HF and HC:H302 (B) NES and CHsNH> c For a buffer solution with a pfi Tess than 7 the components must be a weak acid and its salt. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Titrations FOUNDATION 4, What is the pH of a buffer that is 0.30 M NH and 0.20 M NH.CI? Ky for NH3 = 1.8 x 10° (a)4.92 (B) 9.08 (©) 10.98 (D)11.37 (B) 13.24 _ 10x10" 2 Tp 2 OS*IO’ oF 5x10 B [xo-]=sx10* 23010 (0.30) pH = ~log(3.0x10"") =~ 9. 5, When used in a titration which ion below tums purple when the endpoint is reached? Ar (B) cr (cn07° (D) Cro," (E) Mn0,” E Permanganate ions produce purple solutions. 6. 200.0 mL of 0.25 M HC:H;0> is titrated with 0.95 M Ba(OH)>, What volume of barium hydroxide is needed to reach the equivalence point? K, acetic acid = 1.8 x10* (A) 26 mL (8) 40 mL. (C) 53 mL. (D) 1.0x 10? mL (E) 2.0x 10? mL (200)(0.25) = 50 mmol acid = $0 mmol base A Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraBuffers and Titrations FOUNDATION Questions 7 and 8 refer to the following titration data, In order to reach the equivalence point (pH = 5.36), it takes 50.0 mL of 0.10 M HCI to titrate 100.0 mL of a weak base. During the same titration, the halfway point (pH = 9.25) is reached with the addition of only 25.0 mL of 0.10 M HCI. 7. What is the Ki, of the weak base? (A)6x 10° (B)2x 10% (C)4x 10% (D)2x 10% (E)5x 107 at} equivalence [H,0°] =K, pH=9.25 +. [H,0"]=10°* [1,07] 10°” 8. Which indicator would be best to use in this titration? (A) Phenolphthlein, K, = 5.0 x 10° (B) Phenol red, K, = 1.3 x 10° (C) Litmus, K, = 1.0x 107 (D) Bromophenol Blue, K,=7.9 x 10 (E) Thymol Blue, K, =1.0 x 107 D The equivalence point is at pH = 5.36; thus the K, of the indicator needs to be close to 10 Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraLAYING FOUNDATION’ AP” CHEMISTRY The Lab Based Question Techniques, Types, and Tricks Teacher PacketTHE LAB BASED QUESTION ain Techniques, Types, and Tricks FOUNDATION Objective To review the student on the concepts, processes and problem solving strategies necessary to successfully answer questions over lab based problems, techniques, and situations, Standards ‘The topic of laboratory chemistry is addressed in the topic outline of the College Board AP Chemistry Course Description Guide as described below V. Laboratory ‘The differences between college chemistry and the usual secondary school chemistry course are especially evident in the laboratory work. The AP Chemistry Exam includes some questions based on experiences and skills students acquire in the laboratory: * making observations of chemical reactions and substances + recording data + calculating and interpreting results based on the quantitative data obtained + communicating effectively the results of experimental work AP Chemistry Exam Connections ‘The topic of laboratory chemistry is tested every year on the multiple choice and is the focus of ‘one on the free response portion of the exam. The list below identifies free response ms that have been recently asked. These questions are available from the College Board and can be downloaded free of charge from AP Central hitp://apcentral.collegeboard.com. 2008 Question 2 2007 Question 5 2006 Question 5 2005 Question 5 2004 Question 5 Question 5 Questions Question 5 Questions Question 5 2003. Question 5 2002 Question 5 2001 "2000 1999 Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraTHE LAB BASED QUESTION Techniques, Types, and Tricks FOUNDATION Sie a eee eee If asked to do the following, it might indicate the question deals with laboratory questions: Design an experiment; list measurements needed; show setup of calculations needed, use sample data to do calculations; interpret or draw graphs; explain the affect of error on the calculated value; use qualitative observations... Peeler ‘You may not have done that exact experiment but you can use the knowledge gained doing other experiments to help account for certain observations. ‘You may be asked to describe how to do an experiment or to design an experiment. ‘* Materials: If they give you a list of equipment, don’t think you have to use all of it. ‘+ Procedure: Be sure to include important techniques like rinsing the buret with the solution before a titration or heating to constant mass ‘+ Data needed: The data needed are values that can be measured like initial and final temperatures. Writing all the mathematical equations needed to do the calculations will help you determine what data is needed. ‘* Calculations: A calculation is using what was measured like temperature change. Show the set up of the mathematical equations required for the calculations. Use sample data when appropriate. ‘+ Graphs: Be sure you label the axes and other important points on your graph. ‘© Error Analysis: State whether the quantity will be too high, too low, or no change, Use equations to help you determine what change will occur and to support your answer. eee done rad Calorimetry is used to determine the heat released or absorbed in a chemical reaction, A calorimeter can determine the heat of a solution reaction at constant pressure. Techniques: Use a double Styrofoam cup with a plastic top and hole for the thermometer ‘© Determine the change in temperature accurately ‘+ Measure solution volumes precisely Start with a dry calorimeter Information to know about calorimetry: ‘* Heat capacity (C)= the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius or Kelvin, 1/°C or JK. ‘+ The heat capacity of 1 mol of a substance is called its molar heat capacity (Joules per mole per degree) J/mol®C. or Jmol K. ‘© Specific heat, c, also known as specific heat capacity, is defined as the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1.00 g of a substance by one degree. Units are (joules per gram per degree), J/g-°C or Sie-K. You often use the specific heat capacity in analyzing gathered data then convert to molar heat capacity. Assumptions often made during calorimetry: (Be able to answer error analysis questions about each assumption below) ‘+ The density of dilute solutions is the same for water. D= 1.0 g/mL. The specific heat of the solutions is the same as that for water. ¢= 4.184 HgeC The solutions react in their stochiometric amounts. There is no loss of heat to the surroundings. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question Equations: © q=medr (¢= 4.184 eC) * = AH = mcAT, at constant pressure ‘+ Use the density of the solution to convert from volume to mass for q=mcAT ‘A titration is @ laboratory procedure for quantitative analysis. In a titration two reagents are mixed, one with a known concentration & known volume [or a solid with a known mass] and one with an unknown concentration. There is some way to indicate when the two reagents have reacted completely (typically an indicator), and at the end of the titration the ‘unknown solution's concentration can be calculated since you have accurately determined the volume of that solution required to complete the reaction. Terms to know: ‘* Titrant — A solution of known concentration; it is often standardized ‘+ Standardized solution — A solution in which the exact concentration is known. ‘© Indicator - A weak acid or base used in a titration to indicate the endpoint has been reached. ‘Equivalence point - moles of acid = moles of base; point at which enough titrant has been added to completely react with the solution being analyzed. ‘End point —the point at which the indicator changes color; important to pick an indicator with a pKa very close to the pH at the equivalence point. ‘Techniques: Preparing the Buret 1, Rinse a clean buret with distilled water and then the titrant (the solution that will be added to the flask). 2. Allow the titrant to drain through the buret so that the tip gets rinsed with titrant as well. 3. Discard the rinse solution. Fill it with the titrant, Remove air bubbles from the tip of the buret by draining several milliliters of titrant. Preparing the Sample: 4, Pipet the desired volume of the solution to be analyzed into an Erlenmeyer flask. Record the exact volume. If the sample is a solid, weigh the desired mass, add the solid to an Erlenmeyer flask, and dissolve it in distilled water (the amount of water does matter since it doesn’t change the moles of the solid). Be sure to record the exact mass of sample used. ‘Ada the titrant to the flask until the equivalence point is reached, Calculate the volume of titrant added. 6. Change in color of a chemical indicator is usually used to signal the endpoint of the titration. The endpoint for this titration is reached when you reach a pale color that persists for several seconds Measured Data Required: moles titrant = moles of substance analyzed @ equivalence point * mass of DRY substance analyzed OR accurately measured volume of solution analyzed [measure with a pipet OR buret ] * initial volume of titrant (substance of known molarity) and final volume of titrant (required to reach end point) + Molarity of titrant Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question * Substance analyzed is solution/liquid: © MiVi=M:V2_ @ equivalence point © Volume of titrant used to reach end point [difference between final and initial volumes} © Mosrancorsieant diet = mnoles of titrant = moles of unknown moles of unknown Liters of unknown Molarity of unknown = Molarity of unknown + Substance analyzed is solid: ‘© Same as process as above © MoracVorsinn aise’ = moles of titrant = moles of unknown __ Mass of solid dissolved Molecular wight ofthe unknown en moles of unknown Graphs: pH ‘One method for determining the amount of a given substance in solution is to form a precipitate that includes the substance. The precipitate is then filtered and dried. This process is called gravimetric analysis. Techniques/Procedure: 1. Weigh sample 2. Form precipitate 3. Filter precipitate (A buchner funnel and aspirator can be used) 4. Dry precipitate (Be sure to dry to constant mass) 5. Weigh precipitate For example if we wanted to determine the amount of chloride ions present in a given solid, we would weigh the solid sample, dissolve the sample in water, add an excess of silver nitrate solution to form the precipitate silver chloride. This precipitant would be filtered, and dried to constant mass. From the mass of silver chloride formed, we can determine the moles of silver chloride and the moles of chloride ion in the original sample. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question ‘Common Lab Procedure: Determining Molar Mass ‘mass of samplein grams ‘moles of sample ‘© Organize answer around calculations —paying special attention to what quantities are measured versus calculated! A. Freezing point depression: © AT£=mikr (nonelectrolyte i= 1 (most common); / is the van’t Hoff factor and is equal to the # of ions released); . rolesof solute | mass solute ikgof solvent molar mass solute kg solvent ‘© Measured DATA: (© FP of pure solvent © final FP of solution © kgof solvent © grams of solute © Constants needed: © kr= given OR determined by data (for H,0 = 1.86) * Calculations required: (© AT = freezing point pure solvent — freezing point of solution © use ATF =mikr to solve for molality (© use molality equation to solve for molar mass © Graphs: Pv vent Temperature 7 Solution Time Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question B. Titration Data ‘© moles titrant = moles of substance analyzed @ equivalence point © Measured DATA required: (© mass of substance © initial volume of titrant (substance of known molarity) and final volume of titrant (required to reach end. point) © Molarity of titrant © Calculations required: © Molarity of titrant (© Substance analyzed is solid: © MocuszVeis: = moles titrant © molarmass = £24 solid anslzyed ‘moles of titrant used ¢. Vaporization of a Volatile Liquid ‘+ PV=nRT used to determine moles ‘© Measured DATA Required: = Pressure = atmospheric pressure unless collected over water "initial mass of flask = final mass of flask + Temperature of boiling water—don’t assurne 100°C "Volume of gas = fill flask with water and measure the volume of water in a graduated cylinder © Constants needed: = Ifcollected over water, the water vapor pressure at the experimental temperature. * Calculations Required: "Ifthe gas was collected over water Pos = mass of sample = final mass of flask [includes vapors] — initial mass of flask = Prosporctuaametio- Pwster vais esrincprte ‘ommon Lab Procedure: Colorimetric or spectrophotometric anal Colorimetric analysis is a quantitative analysis of a solution using color based on Beer's Law. Colorimetric analysis can be used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution, the rate constant of a reaction, the order of a reaction, ete. Beer's Law is an expression than can be used to determine how much light passes through the solution. It also shows that concentration and absorbance are directly related. An ebe A = absorbance (measured with a colorimeter) molar absorptivity (how much light will be absorbed by 1 cm ofa I M solution of the chemical) b= path length of the cuvette in em concentration in molarity Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question Pre easy Relationships Beer's Law A = obe Calorimetry q = AH = mcAT at constant pressure + c= specific heat © A=sbsorbance . hange is temperature © e= molar absorptivity © m=mass #b=path length of the cuvette in em © qoheat c= concentration in molarity Freezing point depression ATi =mikr Ideal Gas Law PV = nT «= 1 for noneleetrolytes (most common) © -V=volume in liters « AT= freezing point pure solvent - freezing point |. =moles of solution : T= temperature in Kelvin + k-=molal freezing point constant «© P=pressure masssolute * '™*Tholarmasssolute If collected using water displacement: kgsolvent Prae= Puaphcnomare~ Paster piace peste molar mags = mASSOF Sample grams v 1Vi=MaV2 Tmolrof mela @ Equivalence point MiVi=M2V secepted- experimental accepted 100 ‘Connections Blectrochemistry: draw diagram of galvanic or electrolytic cell, qualitative observations that can be made | Stoichiometry: empirical formula of a compound, percent at the cathode and anode, ete of an element in a compound, etc, Thermodynamics: heat of reaction, molar heat capacity, tte Acids and Bases: standardizing a solution, drawing a titration curve, ete. Qualitative Analysis: identifying a compound based on observations and tests Potential Pitfalls ‘Be aware there are quantities you measure [such an initial temperature and final temperature or initial pressure and final pressure, etc.] and terms you ealeulate using what you measured such as AT or AP ‘Be sure to include important steps in the procedure like “heat to constant mass,” “rinse the buret with distilled water and then the solution before titrating”, “dissolve the solid in about 100 mL of water and then add water to the 500 mL mark on the volumetric Flask,” etc. Writing the mathematical equations may help determine how an error affects the results. Use the equations to justify ‘your error analysis, If given a laboratory situation you have not specifically done, use the observations and the concepts you learned in your labs throughout the year io reason your way through the lab question. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question Free Response 1. Hydrochloric acid (about 5 mL) is placed at the bottom of the test tube and then carefully filed with distilled water so not to disturb the HCl. A piece of magnesium is placed on top of the distilled water and then the test tube is inverted into a beaker with distilled water. The magnesium is allowed to react completely. The gas is collected in the test tube at room temperature. Before the test tube with the gas is removed, the water levels inside and outside the test tube are the same. The chemicals and lab equipment used are listed below. Hydrochloric acid Graduated cylinder Strip of magnesium metal Table of water vapor pressures 600 mL beaker Test tube Distilled water Balance ‘Thermometer Barometer (a) Write the balanced reaction that occurs when hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium. 2Mg + 2HCI—> MgCh + He 1 point for the correct balanced reaction (b) What measurements are needed to calculate the molar volume of the gas at SIP? Mass of the magnesium ‘Temperature of water Barometric pressure 2 points for all comect Volume of water after the reaction measurements. 1 point for any three Total volume of test tube ‘measurements (c) Show the setup for the calculations needed to determine: (the moles of gas produced moles of Mg ___massMg 1 point for both correct calculations ‘molar mass of Mg Amol of Hs moles of Hs = moles of Mgx Imol Mg Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question (ii) the molar volume of the gas at STP Volume of H(L) = 2 points for all the correct total volume of test tube(mL)- volume of liquid after reaction(mL) | calculations. 1 point for any two 000~CSOSOCOSO | rt caleulations 1000 * Pin = Phare Pyar vie moles of H2 produced volume of Hz at STP molar volume of H2= (d) What test can be done to prove which gas is produced? ‘A glowing splint will “pop” when placed at the mouth of the | 1 point for correct test test tube since hydrogen gas is produced. (©) What is the purpose of making the water level inside the test tube equal to the water level inthe beaker? To ensure that the barometric pressure is equal to the total | 1 point for correct purpose pressure in the test tube. (®) The vapor pressure of water is not used in the calculation. How will the molar volume of the gas at STP be affected? (higher, lower or the same) Explain, If the water vapor pressure is not accounted for, the 1 point for correct justification pressure of the hydrogen gas will be higher making the volume of H: at STP higher. Therefore, the calculated _| 1 point for stating the molar volume will be molar volume of Hz gas will be smaller. smaller Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question Free Response 2. A solution of calcium hydroxide is titrated with hydrochloric acid, (a) Describe the steps needed to make 50.0 mL of a 0.050 M solution from a 2.00 M solution of hydrochloric acid uusing a dropper, 5.0 mL pipet, 50.0 mL volumetric flask, and distilled water. MaVi= MVE (60.0 mL) «(0.050M) =(2.00M) «¢3) yg (50.0) «(0.050 M) (200M) =125mL Put about 20 mL of distilled water into a $0.0 mL volumetric flask, Measure out 1,25 mL of 2.00 M HC with the pipet. While swirling, add the 2.00 M HCI to the volumetric flask. Mix the solution. Using the dropper, add enough distilled water to fill the volumetric flask to the $0.0 mL mark and mix. 1 point the correct volume of hydrochloric acid needed 1 point for the correct steps (b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the dissociation of Ca(OH).(s) in aqueous solution, and write the equilibrium-constant expression for the dissolving Ca(OH).. Ca(OH); = Ca’ +2 OF Ky = [Ca] [OHP 1 point for correct chemical equation 1 point for correct Ky expression Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question FOUNDATION A 15.0 mL saturated solution of Ca(OH) is titrated with a standardized 0.050 M solution of hydrochloric acid. It takes 10.50 mL of hydrochloric acid to reach the equivalence point where the pH is 8.50. (c) Sketch the titration curve that shows the pH change as the volume of hydrochloric acid added increases from 0 to 16.0 mL. Label the equivalence point. 4 2 pH 10 8 6 4 2 ° j 24 68 WDM 6 Volume of HCl added(al) u n 4 pH 10 1 point for starting the titration curve at a basic pH and fora gradual pH drop then a sharp drop in pH 3 Equivatence point 6 1 point for correctly labeling the equivalence point 4 2 o 1 2468 WR 6 Volume of HCI addedinl) Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question (@) Calculate the concentration of [OH] from the titration, mol H* = (0.0500 M)x (0.01050 L) = 1 point for the correct hydroxide concentration mol H* =5.24x10“ = mol” =molOH 5.2410 0.0150L [oH-] =3.49x107M (©) Caleulate the Kp for calcium hydroxide. R Ca(OH) (s) 4 Ca® + 20H" wr) 1 point for the correct K,, value consistent part d. 1 0 0 c +x +2x E +x 42x Ky = [Ca] x (OWT =(x)x(2x)" Ko = 4x =(4)x(1.75%107)° = 2.1310 Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question Free Response 3. A molecular compound is analyzed and found to be 76% C, 12.6 % H, and 11.2% O. (@) What is the empirical formula of the molecular compound? T point for moles of C, H, and O _76.08C molesC= 33 mol + 0.700=9.00 120gC 1 point for the correct empirical formula 12.5 mol +0.700=18.0 0,700 mol +0.700=1.00 Empirical Formula: CsHisO The freezing point of the pure solvent, laurie acid, is found to be 44.0 °C. A nonvolatile molecular compound is mixed with lauric acid. The freezing point of a mixture of 8.11 grams of lauric acid and 1.12 grams of the organic compound is found to be 42.1 °C. The freezing point molal constant for stearic acid is 4.9 °C/m, and the freezing point molal constant for laurie acid is 3.9 °C/m. (b) Calculate the molality of the mixture of laurie and and the unknown compound. I point for the correct molality ATi=mikr als m=4T ike (44.0°C-42.1°C} 3.9 Cima) m=049 m (©) Calculate the molar mass of the unknown compound. 1 point for the correct molar mass consistent with mol solute part b. kg solvent ‘mol solute = (m) (kg solvent) ‘mol solute = (0.49 m)x (0.00811 kg) mol solute Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraFOUNDATION ‘The Lab Based Question (d) Determine the molecular formula of the unknown compound. MF mass _ 283 _ EFmass 142 2(CsHyg0) = CigFeOs 1 point the correct molecular formula consistent with part a and. (@) Ifthe same experiment is conducted but with an ionic compound instead of a molecular compound as the solute, how would the molar mass of the compound be affected? (higher, lower or no change) Explain. If an ionic compound is used the van Hoffmann factor will be greater than 1. ‘Therefore, the ‘molality will be lower making the moles of solute to be lower. Thus, the molar mass will be higher. at ike mol solute = (m)> (kg solvent) ‘mass of samplein grams moles of sample ‘molar mass = 1 point for higher molar mass 1 point for justification Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question Multiple Choice 1, Which ion below would be colorless when in solution? (A) Zn (B) Fe (© cu" (D) Mn” (©) Ni* In general, ions with unpaired electrons make colored solutions. The electrons in Zn" are A all paired.’ Therefore, the solution would be colorless. The other solutions all have at least 1 unpaired electron. 2. When solid LiCl is heated in a flame, what is the color of the flame? (A) Yellow (B) Orange (©) Red (D) Purple (©) Green c ‘When LiCl is heated in a flame test, the color of the flame will be red. 3. A student heats a test tube containing a volatile liquid in a warm water bath and then condenses the gas using a cold water bath. The data obtained is used to calculate the molar mass of the volatile liquid. Which measurements below are needed to determine the molar mass of the volatile liquid? I. Temperature of the gas IL Mass of the condensate TIL Barometric pressure IV. Vapor pressure of water (A) Donly (B) Land IM only (©) Mand M only () 1,11, and Im only ©) LU UL and1V massof samplein grams |. PV. ‘molar mas ‘moles of sample RT In order to calculate the molar mass of the volatile iquid, the moles of the sample is needed. B ‘The measurements needed to calculate the moles of the sample are barometric pressure, volume of test tube, and temperature. ‘The gas is not collected over water; therefore, the ‘vapor pressure of water is not needed. The mass of the condensate is needed, but it is a calculation rather than a measurement. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.orary ‘The Lab Based Question FOUNDAT 4, 10.00 mL of acetic acid is titrated with 0.100 M sodium hydroxide. If an indicator is used to signal the endpoint of the titration, which indicator below is best to use? (A) Methyl red, K, = 2.010 (B) Litmus, K, = 3.2x107 (C) Thymolphthalein, K, = 24x10" (D) Crystal violet, K, = 7.9%1 (E) Bromothymol blue, K,= 5.6«10°* ‘When a weak acid is titrated with a strong base, the pH at the equivalence point is greater c than 7, The best indicator to use is the one that has pK. equal to the pH at the equivalence point. The indicator that will change colors in the basic region is thymolphthalein. 5. Which solution would produce a precipitate with the addition of hydrochloric acid? (A) CaQNO3)s (B) [Ag(NH:)2]NO, (©) Fe(C:02)2 (D) AIF: (©) CxCIO): ‘When an acid is added to a silver containing complex ion, silver chloride precipitate forms. [Ag(na)]° +H cr > ager Calcium chloride, iron (11) chloride, aluminum chloride, and chromium (11) chloride are all soluble products. B Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.orary ‘The Lab Based Question FOUNDATION 6. The concentration of a solution is determined using a spectrophotometer and Beer's Law. Beer's Law: A « cbe Which of the following statements are true about Beer's Law? 1. The absorbance is directly related to the concentration. IL The ein Beer's Law is the molar absorptivity constant. IIL. As the absorbance of a solution increases, the percent transmittance decreases. IV. The path length and the percent transmittance are indirectly related. (A) Lonly (B) Land 111 only (C) Land I only (D)LT, and TT only (©) 1,0, IIL, and IV Beer’s Law a = ate absorbance = molar absorptivity ath length of the cuvette in em soncentration in molarity s e As the concentration goes up, the absorbance goes up. Thus, concentration and absorbance are directly related. As the absorbance of light of a solution increase, the percent of light transmitted would decrease. Thus, absorbance and transmittance are indirectly related. As the path length of the cuvette increases, the absorbance increases and the transmittance decreases. Therefore, all the statements are true Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.orary ‘The Lab Based Question FOUNDAT 7. An unknown gas in a vial is collected in a graduated tube over water. Temperature of water 20.0°C “Atmospheric pressure 744.8 mm Hg Mass of vial before gas collected | 25.63 Mass of vial after gas collected 25.20 g ‘Volume of the gas collected 125.0 mL ‘Water vapor pressure at 20°C 17.54 mm Hg Using the data above, which expression below can be used to calculate the molar mass of the gas? (25.63-25.20) (0.0821) (293) (760) (1000) (A) “” (125)x (744.8) ¢g (2563-2520) (0.0821)x(293)x(1000) i2s)x (748,817.54 (25.63-25.20)x (125) (20) (760) (© Cozi) x (744.8 17.54) (1000) (25.63-25.20)x (0.0821) (293) (760)x (1000) (0.125)x(744.8-17.54) ©) (25.63 - 25.20) (0.0821) (293)x (1000) © © (i25)x (0754) FVEaRT pyetiixReT yy _ mass ReT D MW Peasx Vi (25.63 25.20) (0.0821) (293)x (760) (1000) M (125) «(744.8 -17.54) 8. A student separates a mixture using distillation. Distillation can be used to separate the mixture because the two substances have different (D) boiling points, (B) viscosities Distillation is a separation technique used to separate mixtures based on their boiling points. ‘The mixture is heated and the solution with the lower boiling point will vaporize first. The vapor is then condensed as it is cooled in the condenser. The vapor is then captured into a flask. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora‘The Lab Based Question FOUNDAT 9. Which of the following is true about the oxidation-reduetion reaction below? ar +Cl, 91, +2¢r (A) [is being reduced by Ch. (B) The reducing agent is the Cl. (C) The solution will be purple after the reaction, (D) The half reaction that occurs at the anode is Cl, + 2e” -» 2c’. (E) The voltage will increase if additional I; is added. ‘As the reaction occurs, the Cl, gas is used up and produces chloride ions and iodine. The iodine makes the solution purple. The I'is being oxidized since the oxidation number is, changing from -1 to 0. The Chis the oxidizing agent since itis being reduced from an oxidation number of 0 to -1. The half reaction that occurs at the anode is 21" + T, +2€ ‘The voltage will decrease if additional I is added because the reaction will shift to the left, decreasing the voltage. 10. Which mixture of substances below will not react? (A) Solutions of HI and CaCO; (B) Solutions of (NH,):SO, and KOH (C) Solutions of SnCl; and KMn0, (D) Solution of CaO and H:O (F) Solution of CaCl, and Br. gas [ E CaCl, and Br, will not react because bromine is less reactive than chlorine. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraLAYING FOUNDATION’ AP” CHEMISTRY Net Ionic Equations Notes, Hints, and Practice Teacher Packet AP's a vademark ofthe College Enrance Examination Board. The College Entrance Examination Board was not walved inthe production of his mara Ccopygnt ©2000 Laying tho Foundatan® na Calas. 1X. Al gh reseed. Vi: un avinciofoundaen onaNet Ionic Equations ILAVIN Notes, Hints, and Practice TouNdanioN Objective To review the student on the types of reactions, processes and strategies necessary to successfully answer questions over reaction chemistry and the net ionic equations free response problem on the exam, Standards ‘The topic of acids, bases and salts is addressed in the topic outline of the College Board AP Chemistry Course Description Guide as described below. LL Reactions A, Reaction types 1. Acid-base reactions 2. Precipitation reactions 3. Oxidation-reduction reactions a. Oxidation number ’b. The role of the electron in oxidation-reduction IV. Descriptive Chemistry Knowledge of specific facts of chemistry is essential for an understanding of principles and concepts. ‘These descriptive facts, including the chemistry involved in environmental and societal issues, should not be isolated from the principles being studied but should be taught throughout the course to illustrate and illuminate the principles. The following areas should be covered: 1. Chemical reactivity and products of chemical reactions 3. Introduction to organic chemistry: hydrocarbons and functional groups (structure, nomenclature, chemical properties) AP Chemistry Exam Connections ‘The topic of chemical reactions is tested every year on the multiple choice and is the focus of. ‘question four (4) on the free response portion of the exam. The list below identifies free response questions that have been recently asked. These questions are available from the College Board and can be downloaded free of charge from AP Central hitp://apcentral.collegeboard.com. See 2007 Question 4 2007 BB Question 4 2006* Question 4 2006 B* Question 4 2005* Question 4 2005 B* Question 4 2004 Question 4 2004 B® Question 4 2003* Question 4 2003 B* Question 4 2002* Question 4 2002 BY Question 4 2001* Question 4 2000 Question 4 1999% Question 4 **— these questions reflect a different format than the current AP exam Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraNet Ionic Equations Notes, Hints, and Practice FOUNDATION . Know your solubility rules inside and out. Reactions are net ionic so no spectator ions are to be included. All reactions happen so “no reactions” are not possible. Equations must be balanced. Deno include sate of mater Strong acids and bases need to be written in ion form. There are a couple exceptions to this but no worries. ‘When trying to decide reaction type, try to determine if it’s a double replacement FIRST. If you can form any of the following substances, you know you have a double replacement reaction: A precipitate (an insoluble solid) ‘Water tee A weak acid or a weak base Reminder: Double replacement reactions are NOT redox reactions. Keep your oxidation states the same. Note: Ammonium chloride, sulfurous acid, and carbonic acid are unstable, NH,OH —+ NHs +H:0 H;S0; > SO; + H:0 HCO; + CO, +H,0 To receive full credit, make sure to decompose those unstable compounds totally as indicated in the reactions above. ‘When faced with a redox reaction consider the following 1. Remember that something must go up in oxidation state/charge and something must go down. 2. Never include group 1 metal ions in the reaction unless included in a “solid”. 3. Do not include the nitrate ion unless itis in the form of nitric acid reacting with a metal 4, “Go To Metals First!” Meaning.....try and make redox happen between metals and metal ions first. If you can, then that is where the redox happens. There are a few exceptions to this but none you need to worry about, 5. Polyatomic ions will decompose to gases. If you can’t make redox occur between metals and a polyatomic is, present, a gas that comes from that ion will be part of the redox coupling, A couple must know rules: ‘MnO,’ in an acidic solution produces Mn” Cr,0;* in an acidie solution produces Cr” Poe Single Replacement reactions are just redox. The same rules apply. These are actually easy to identify due to the presence of a Single element trying to displace another from a compound. Note: Be very careful when there is a metal being added to water. The most common student mistake is to produce a ‘metal oxide and hydrogen gas. This is WRONG!!! When adding a reactive metal to water you produce a metal HYDROXIDE (base) and hydrogen gas. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Ionic Equations FOUNDATION Eee ‘You know you have a combustion reaction when something is burned in air or bumed in oxygen. Combustion reactions are also REDOX equations so be sure to look for oxidation number changes. No memorization is required for these equations. Oxygen will just smack into all the elements in present with oxygen always going down in oxidation state from a zero to a minus 2. Addition Reactions Some addition reactions are easy to identify. Those easy ones include two elements that are coming together to form one product. These are also another type of REDOX reaction where oxidation state changes occur. However one of the most common addition re tions is the strangest one which includes an acidic or basic anhydride. OXIDES ARE WEIRD! ‘Non metal oxides are “fake acids” — acids without water. When you add water to one of these you make an acid. ‘Metal oxides are “fake bases” — bases without water. When you add water to one of these you make a base. Say to yourself “NO acid MO base” (NO is nonmetal oxide nd MO is metal oxide) Ree ‘Simply put a neutralization reaction is a specialized double replacement reaction where an acid and a base make a salt and water. These are NOT redox reactions so keep your oxidation numbers the same. Be careful about addition a fake acid to a fake base (nonmetal oxide to a metal oxide). Since water is not present you will produce just the salt! This makes it an addition reaction as well. Also if you're adding a fake acid (nonmetal oxide) to a real base or a fake base (metal oxide) to a real acid you will still produce water as a product. One of the ions from the salt will be a component derived from the metal or non metal oxide involved. Here are a few odd ones that might be helpful to memorize remember; OXIDES ARE WEIRD! Metallic oxides plus CO; make metallic carbonates Metallic oxides plus SO; make metalic sulfites Ped Decomposition reactions are EASY to recognize. One reactant is decomposing to multiple products. Simple compounds containing just two types of elements easily split into two separate elements, (Be carefully not to produce ions in the decomposition unless water is present) Some of you more difficult decomposition reactions contain polyatomics and can get a bit harder. Rather than trying to ‘memorize a billion rules, just remember: Polyatomies can decompose to gases. Knowing that will get you through ‘many of these problems. Remember those unstable compounds from double replacement? They are decomposition reactions as well! NH,OH — NH; +H:0 H,S0; + SO; + H,0 HCO; — CO:+H,0 One last one you should know: ‘Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to make water and oxygen Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Ionic Equations Anhydride Reactions ‘Anhydride means “without water” so you are adding water as a reactant in these problems. Pretty easy to identify! Just as we saw in addition reactions: ‘Non metal oxides are “fake acids” — acids without water. When you add water to one of these you make an acid. ‘Metal oxides are “fake bases” — bases without water. When you add water to one of these you make a base. Say to yourself “NO acid MO base” (NO is ronmetl oxide end MO is metal oxide) OXIDES ARE WEIRD! A couple additional ones you'll want to learn: Metallic hydrides plus water produce metallic hydroxides plus hydrogen gas (same as a metal plus water right?) Phosphorus halides plus water produce a hydrohalic acid plus a temary acid of phosphorus How do you know if you're doing a complex ion problem? You need to have a metal in the presence of a very ‘concentration of a ligand. igh Metal: “Fish Metals” Ag, Cu, Cd, Zn and Al (These metals form a diving fish on the periodic table...check it out! ‘You'll need to use your imagination because itis a stretch!) Theoretically any transition metal can complex but these are ‘your most common. Ligand: High concentration of OFT (hydroxy) or NHs(amine) or SCN’ (thiocyano). Again, there are other possible ligands but these are the most common. ‘The number of the ligands that attach to the metal in the complex is usually double that of the most common oxidation state of that metal OR using the fish mentioned above, the nose of the fish (Ag’) can attach two ligands and the rest of the fish can attach 4 ligands. ‘The overall charge of the complex is based on the combination of charges from both the metal and the ligand (if the ligand is even charged). Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Ionic Equations ANG! FOUNDATION re ed Allanes Alkanes only contain single bonds (sigma bonding) and have the general formula CHa ‘The prefixes for alkenes that you need to know in combination with the suffix -ANE are listed for below: I-carbon methane 4-carbons butane 7-carbons heptanes __10-carbons decane 2-carbons ethane S-carbons pentane _8-carbons octane 3-carbons propane ——_6-carbons hexane 9-carbons nonane Cycloalkanes These hydrocarbons exist in ring structures with general formula C,H, You name them just as alkanes but add the prefix CYCLO- Alkenes ‘These are compounds containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond with the general formula C,H, ‘They use the same prefixes as alkanes but end in an -ENE suffix. Alkynes These are compounds containing at least one carbon to carbon triple bond with the general formula CyHia2. They use the same prefixes as alkenes but end in a-YNE suffix. ‘Nomenclature of Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes: 1. Use generic prefix according to the number of carbons then add the correct suffix. 2. Select the longest continuous carbon chain to dictate the number of carbons for the correct prefix “parent chain”. 3. Any branch off of the parent chain is called a substituent group and it is named according to the number of ‘carbon atoms it contains with a “-yl” ending rather than “-ane 4. Specify the position of the branch on the parent by putting a number in front with the lowest #s possible. 5. For multiple substituents that are identical, use di-, tri, tetra- etc, and repeat the numbers. 6. Numbers are separated by commas and from letters by dashes (I, |-dichloroethane) 1 8 Arrange substituents by name, alphabetically, regardless of numbers or complexity. For alkenes and alkynes put a number right before the parent chain name, specifying position of the double or triple bond. Select numbering which always gives the lowest value. Funetional Groups and Naming: Alcohols. R—OH (hydroxyl group) ‘* Alcohols are names by the alkyl prefix + “-ol” HAC: Ex) ethanol On Ethers ‘* Ethers are named by listing substituents with a “-yl” ending + “ether” Ex) diethyl ether 4eC’ oO CHs Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Tonic Equations Aldehydes H (terminal carbonyl, -CHO) ‘* Aldehydes are named by the alkyl prefix +“-al” ending ° HC L Ex) ethanal H Ketones R (carbonyl group) © Ketones are named by alkyl prefix + “-one” ending ai Ex) propanone ° 9 R. ‘Organic acids OH (COOH) © Organic Acids are named by alkyl prefix +“-oic acid” ending ° Hye: Ex) ethanoic acid OH 9 R Esters O—R' ‘+ Esters are named from the alcohol name with a “-yl” ending, then the acid name with an “-oate” ending H, Ex) methyl ethanoate O—CHs Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net lonic Equations Last Minute Attack Strategies These probably won’t get you a 15 on Question 4, BUT they will help you if you are still having trouble with that and they WILL HELP YOU BEAT THE NATIONAL AVERAGE. The national average on this question is usually between 7-8. If you can consistently score 11—12, that puts you WAY ahead of the game! First, the minimum knowledge required to survive this question, MUST KNOW: 1, Big Mamma: All nitrates are soluble. 2. Big Daddy: All A metals and ammonium salts are soluble. 3, Halides (CI, Br’, I): All are soluble except silver, mercury or lead. 4, Strong acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromie, hydroiodiec, nitric, perehloric, sulfurie—WRITE THESE DISSOCIATED except concentrated sulfuric, it really is 97% HSO, and 3% water $0 the molecules don’t dissociate completely. 5, Strong bases: hydroxides [and oxides] of IA and IIA* metals—write these bases dissociated, WRITE ALL WEAK ACIDS AND BASES AS MOLECULES—be on the look out for BF: and its cousins BCh, ete. They are classic Lewis acids and when reacting with ammonia (a classic weak Lewis base), the product is F;BNHs (just smash everything together) since nitrogen donated its unshared electron pair to boron in an act of extreme generosity and formed a coordinate covalent bond. Lewis Acids Accept an electron pair. * the litle guys in the IIA’s have solubility issues, write Be and Mg UNdissociated—calcium can go either way, the big guys are soluble. HF is not a strong acid since it’s the little guy as well in the halogen series. The litle guys make a stronger bond with H and do not dissociate in water. Also remember that the [A metals are named the alkali metals and the ILA’s are the alkaline earth metals. What does “alkaline” mean? BASIC, so put them in water as metals, they dissolve and you make OF. Put IA metals in water and KABOOM. KABOOM = formation of explosive hydrogen 2, Hh, Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net lonic Equations Attack Strategies Before trying to figure out the “answers”, sean the words on each reaction for question 4 and do the following: [don’t write any products until you've done all SIX things] 1. Cross out the word ni#rate-any time it appears on the page. 2. Cirele any word that implies solid or gas. (powdered, turnings, chunk, vapor, etc.) 3. Cross out any LAsnetelthat you see UNLESS it is associated with a circled solid or gas word, 4. Underline halides then ask yourself if silver, mercury or lead is present—if not you can cross the halide off as well such as with hydroy acid. The H’ is the reacting species, (Bring the halide back as a reacting ion IF you need to oxidize%Something halide halogen.) 5. Circle “bumed in air” or “combines with oxygen” or anything that implies combustion and celebrate! 6. Circle the word concentrated. Get very excited if you see excess concentrated. It means you have entered the land of complex coordinated ions (excess is not necessary, but often appears). Sounds scary, but VERY easy. LOSE THE FEAR! Now, WRITE THE REACTANT SETS FOR ALL OF THE ONES YOU'VE MARKED. Spend 8 minutes writing products using those solubility rules and strong acid-base guidelines listed on the other side of this page. To get the easy three points involved with step SIX above do the following: ‘Write the reactants. On the product side, open a set of brackets [ ]. Put the metal ion in the brackets first then open set of parentheses [M ion( }]. Next put a subscript on the parentheses that is twice the charge on the metal—I’m not proud of this, but it will eam credit, For a +2 metal it becomes [M”"( ).]. Finally, plop the ligand inside the parentheses and do the math to get the charge. If the ligand is ammonia or water, the ligand is neutral, so our example carries a +2 overall charge, [M"'( ).]", if the ligand is hydroxide or a halide, ‘which are both negative one, then our example becomes [M"’(OH),]° . Other ligands are possible, like SCN’, the thiocyanate ion and other polyatomic ions you should recognize. Additional knowledge that contributes to survival: ‘metal oxides + water > bases (ask yourself strong or weak? Dissociate the strong) nonmetal oxides + water -> acids (ask yourself strong or weak? Dissociate the strong) ‘metal carbonate heated > CO; + metal oxide Redox, “acidified”? H' is a reactant and water is a product. React a metal with oxygen — metal oxide React a nonmetal with oxygen [combustion] -> make oxides of the nonmetal(s), NOT always CO; & H,0! Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Tonic Equations pits, FouNban ‘Free Response Examples 1, Sodium sulfide is added to a zine nitrate solution, @ (ii) What are the spectator ions in this reaction? 82> + 2n2+— ZnS (ii) Na’ and NO; Don’t include the sodium or nitrate ions. Try double replacement first, An insoluble solid can be formed 2, Magnesium ribbon is added to an iron(II) chloride solution. @ (ii) What will be observed if a magnet is brought near the reaction vessel? Mg+2Fe3+— 3Mg2++2Fe (i) _ Tron particles will be attracted to the magnet, This cannot be a double replacement reaction so try a redox. Go to metals first to make redox happen! 3. Lithium solid is burned in air. @ (ii) What is the change in oxidation number for lithium? ii Li+0)+Li0 Gi) Lithium changes from 0 to +1. Burned in air alludes to combustion. Smack oxygen onto the lithim. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Tonic Equations 4, Solutions of tin(I) chloride and iron(II) sulfate are mixed @ (Gi) What is the reducing agent? Explain. Sn" +2 Fe" —+ Sn +2 Fe” (ii) Sn” is the reducing agent because it loses 2 e~ This cannot be a double replacement so try redox. Go to metals first. Redox happens. 5. Solid aluminum hydroxide is added to a highly concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. @ (i) What is the name of the product for this reaction? OH + Al(OH); — [AI(OH)4] (i) Tetrahydroxyaluminate ion There is a fish metal and a ligand in high concentration. The body of the fish attached 4 ligands to the metal, The overall charge is based on the +3 of the Aland the -I of the hydroxide ions 6. Solid calcium oxide is heated with sulfur trioxide gas. @ (Gi) What state of matter is the product? CaO + $03 + CaSO4 Gi Solid ‘NO acid MO base. This is a neutralization reaction/addition reaction where you're adding a fake acid to a fake base produing the salt minus the water. OXIDES are WEIRD. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Tonic Equations 7. Solutions of potassium fluoride and hydrochloric acid are mixed. @ (ii) Would the resulting solution conduct electricity? Explain. F+H* HE (ii) Yes. Even though HF is a molecular compound, spectator ions are still present, This is a double replacement since you ean form a weak acid. 8, Aluminum metal is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride. @ (ii) What color changes will be observed during this reaction? Why? 2Al+3Cu2* +2 AB++3Cu (i) The blue color of the copper (II) will fade This is not a double replacement so try redox. Go to metals first. Redox happens. 9, Water is added to solid sodium hydride. @ (Gi) Deseribe a test to positively identify the gaseous product. 10 + NaH — Na* + OH +H Gi) A glowing splint will ignite causing a “bark” ‘Water being added is indicative of an anhydride reaction. Adding to a hydride produces a base and hydrogen gas. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base so it needs to be dissociated Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraoy [Net Tonic Equations FOUNDATION 10, Ethanol is burned in oxygen completely. @ (Gi) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? CHsOH + 02 + CO2 +70 i) Exothermic because heat is released in the process. ‘Bumed in oxygen means combustion. Smack oxygen into both the carbon and the hydrogen of the aleohol to form carbon dioxide and water. 11, Hydrochloric acid is added to a potassium carbonate solution. @ (ii) Describe a test to positively identify the gaseous product. 2H +032 #0 + C02 Gi) A glowing splint will be extinguished by the carbon dioxide. This is a double replacement reaction since a weak acid, carbonic acid, is formed. That is an unstable acid and decomposes further to water and carbon dioxide. 12, Iron (III) ions react with iodide ions @ (ii) How many electrons are transferred in this reaction? 2Fe3+ +21 2 Fe2*+ +1) (Gi) 2 €~ are transferred, This does not form an insoluble substance so it can’t be a double replacement. Try redox. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Tonic Equations 13, Aluminum pellets are added to a solution of silver nitrate. @ (ii) What element is oxidized? Al+3 Agt + ABT+3 Ag (i) AL This is recognizable a single replacement due to the single element reacting with a solution, Treat like a redox and go to metals first. 14, Solid lithium hydride is mixed with water. @ (Gi) If phenolphthalein is added to the final solution, what is the color of the solution? LiH + Hy0— Lit +O +H (ii) Hot pink ‘As mentioned before, this is an anhydride reaction where a base and hydrogen gas is produced; Recognized by the addition of water. 15, Chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of potassium iodide. @ (ii) What color is the solid product formed? Chr 32cr+h (i) Purple Potassium is a group I ion so leave it out. This can’t be @ DR so attempt redox. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Tonic Equations 16, Solid sodium is added to water. @ (ii) Explain how inserting a glowing splint into the reaction test tube can positively identify the gas produced. 2Na+2H)0-+2Na*+20H +H) (i Hydrogen gas will pop upon ignition with a glowing splint. This is a single replacement reaction. Watch out! ‘You are not producing sodium oxide! 17. Solid potassium oxide is added to water. @ (ii) Would the pH of the final solution be greater than 7, less than 7, or equal to 7? K20 +90 + 2K’ +2 0H" ii) Greater than 7 Oxides are Weird! This is a MO BASE. Tt forms a strong base that dissociates into ions. 18. A piece of solid bismuth is exposed to a large volume of oxygen. @ (ii) Which substance is the oxidizing agent? 2Bi +307 2 Bi203 (Gi) O2 is the oxidizing agent COMBUSTION! Smack ‘em together. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.oraoy [Net Tonic Equations FOUNDATION 19, A concentrated solution of ammonia is added to a solution of zine iodide, o) ii) name the ion produced 4.NH3 + Zn2+ — [Zn(NH3)4]2+ Gi) Tetraamine zinc(II) ion Fish metal in a concentrated ligand!! Must be a complex ion with 4 ligands attached to the metal. 20. Magnesium turnings are burned in nitrogen gas. @ (i) Write a balanced half reaction for the substance being oxidized. 3 Mg +N2 > Mg3N2 (3 Me! 3 Mg" +66 This is an addition reaction due to the fact there are two elements reacting. Add ‘em up! 21. A solution of potassium hydroxide is added to a solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate until the same number of moles of each compound has been added. @ (Gi) Is the resulting solution acidic, basic or neutral? Explain. OH + HyPOg > HPOg?" + 120. (Gi) The resulting solution will be basic because the salt produced is Na;HPO, which is a basi. This is an acid base rxn; (Bronsted Lowry), The statement of “equal moles” indicates the transfer of one ¥ Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Tonic Equations FOUNDATION 22, Solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chromate are mixed. @ (ii) What are the spectator ions in this reaction? 2 Agt + CrO4g2- = AgoCrOq (ii) Na’ and NOs” are the spectator ions, The chromate in the reaction makes many students think itis a redox reaction. This is NOT a redox. Remember to try a double replacement first and attempt to make in insoluble solid. 23. The gases boron trifluoride and ammonia are combined @ (ii) Which reactant is the Lewis acid? BF3 + NH3 + F3BNH3 (ii) BF; is the Lewis acid. This is a Lewis acid base reaction where an electron pair is transferred creating a bond between the two compounds. Also works with PF. A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor and vice versa for a Lewis base. 24, Solid calcium oxide and solid tetraphosphorus decaoxide are mixed and heated, @ (i) Is the product soluble in water? Explain. 6 CaO + P4019 -+ 2 Caz(PO4)y (@) No, only phosphates of IA and NH,’ are soluble, the rest are insoluble, NO acid plus MO base gives a salt. This isn’t redox so make sure to maintain the same oxidation number of phosphorus Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Tonic Equations FOUNDAT ‘Multiple Choice ° He Hse—C—c"—cH, 1) The compound above is classified as a/an (A) Ester (B) Ether (©) Ketone (D) Carboxylic acid (©) Aldehyde c The carbonyl group of C=O, when within a chain and not on an end, is characteris ketone. 2) A yellow precipitate forms when a solution of KI is mixed with which of the following ions? (A) 80." (aq) (B) Zn""(aq) (©) Pb™*(ag) (D)Nal"(aq) (©) C10? (ag) c POI is a characteristically bright yellow colored solid ‘Questions 3-6 refer to the reactions represented below. (A) A piece of iron is added to a solution of iron(IID) sulfate (B) Solid zine sulfide is heated in an excess of oxygen, (C) Manganese({l) nitrate solution is mixed with a sodium hydroxide solution (D) A suspension of zine hydroxide is treated with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (B) Solid lithium hydride is added to water 3) A reaction that produces a complex ions D ‘A transition metal in the presence of @ high concentration of a common ligand creates a complex 4) A precipitation reaction c ‘The precipitate of manganese II hydroxide is formed in this double replacement reaction. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora[Net Tonic Equations FOUNDATION 5) A combustion reaction B ‘Anything heated or exposed to oxygen can be considered combustion 6) A reaction in which the same element undergoes both oxidation and reduction A Tron is both reduced and oxidized in this option from zero to +2 and +3 to 42 Questions 7-10 refer to the following solids. (A) KMn04 (B) Niso4 (©) Cus04 () Nac (E) FeSCN'? 6. Makes a purple solution dissolved in water A ‘Permanganate ions are characteristically colored purple in solution 7. Is white and very soluble in water D Table salt is colorless in solution and very soluble. The solid is also white. 8. Makes a blue solution when dissolved in water c (Copper II ions are characteristically blue in solution 9. Makes a green solution when dissolved in water B Nickel IT ions are characteristically green in solution 10. Makes an orange coordination complex Iron Ill thiocyanate is an orange colored complex due to the iron Ill ions. You may have seen this complex in an equilibrium lab. E Note: Colored ions are paramagnetic (have unpaired electrons). Diamagnetic substances (all paired electrons) are colorless in solution, When in doubt if a solution is colored or not, look at the electron pairing. Copyright © 2008 Laying the Foundation, Inc, Dales, TX. Allright reserved. Visit: yew layinathefoundation.ora