TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. PROJECT TITLE
II. NATURE OF THE PROJECT
III. NATURAL HAZARDS
A. DROUGHT
B. THERMAL EXTREME / HOT TEMPERATURE / HEATWAVES
C. FOREST / WINDLAND FIRE
D. TYPHOON / HURRICANE / CYCLONE
E. HEAVY RAIN
F. FLOODS AND FLASH FLOODS
G. LANDSLIDE AND MUDSLIDE (MUDFLOW)

I. PROJECT TITLE
Resort (Inland, Mountain or Beach)

II. NATURE OF THE PROBLEM

Infrastructures from different locations around the world are subject and prone
to facing and encountering natural hazards such as drought, heavy rain, typhoon,
hurricane, cyclone, landslide, mudslide, flood and flash flood, thermal extreme or
heatwaves, and forest or wildland fire. These natural phenomena have been
experienced ever since and its effects have already been determined by experts.
Such effects, through the years have been studied and plans to prevent it from
occurring again has been indicated.
Preventive measures and solutions to be able to withstand natural hazards are
present in today’s time. Although these natural occurrences are often hard to predict
especially the extremity of its effects on the environment, various techniques and
programs are now emerging so designs that are disaster resistant can be observed.
Architectural building and site design planning is considering different
strategies to resist natural hazards by taking into consideration its location, form and
purpose of the building, and construction type. These procedures will then allow
opportunities for certain structures to stand against natural hazards.
III. NATURAL HAZARDS

A. DROUGHT
Drought is very common especially in tropical countries like the Philippines.
Drought mitigation programs have been established and innovated through the years.
Although, it is not proven to last in the long run, such techniques are of big help in dry
seasons where individuals experience drought in an extended period.
Different approaches are essential for different location and circumstances.
Programs developed should still advance for future unpredicted droughts.
 Rainwater harvesting is a storage technique for human use. Simple
rain barrels to more complicated constructions with pumps, tanks, and
purifying systems are all examples of rainwater gathering systems.
 Greywater system- Greywater recycling systems collect the water used
in sinks, dishwashers, showers and baths, and then sanitize and plumb
it back into toilets, washing machines and outside taps.
 Indigenous species for replanting- utilization of plants suitable for
drought such as cacti and succulents are advised, plants that do not
require frequent watering and can hold water for a longer time.

B. THERMAL EXTREME / HOT TEMPERATURE / HEATWAVES

In architectural design planning, areas located where hot climate often occurs
Passive design is observed where the structure itself makes use of the heat and light in
order to adapt its design with its surroundings. Structures built in hot climates should be
able to reduce heat gain by proper airflow in and out, windows that produce little to zero
glares, and roof plan that maximizes the ceiling space for increase ventilation. Materials
used should be low on heat absorption. Furthermore, planting of large trees and shrubs
as shadings can have a huge contribution on cooling the surroundings of a structure.

C. FOREST / WINDLAND FIRE

Wildfires have grown in number and threat as a result of several factors. Drought
and climate change have reduced moisture in the air and water in the soil, resulting in
higher temperatures and drier conditions. Fires are considerably easier to ignite when
temperatures are higher and there is less precipitation.
Non-combustible or fire-resistant materials such as asphalt shingles, tile, slate,
aluminum, brick, or stone should be used for the roof and exterior structure of the
building. Fire retardant chemicals should be applied on wood siding, cedar shakes,
outdoor wood paneling, and other flammable materials. If the structure is supported by
wooden posts (open foundation), seal off the area beneath the structure with metal
sheeting.
 D. TYPHOON / HURRICANE / CYCLONE
In the Philippines both heavy rainfall and blazing sun are common. In order to
protect the facade from water and sun a 500 mm roof overhang is required. The roof
overhang should be well anchored in the wall so that it doesn’t risk being lifted up by
strong winds. "Quatro aguas" is a Spanish architectural phrase that refers to a roof
having four sides rather of the traditional two. A 4-sided roof is more typhoon-resistant
because it provides less traction for the wind to pull the roof away. A four-sided roof is
sleeker and more resistant to wind.

E. HEAVY RAIN

In typhoon-proof architecture, location is crucial. To reduce the risk of storm

surges, coastal towns should be relocated further away from the seashore (flooding due
to abnormal sea level rise). The disused beachfront can then be converted into a public
park, a site of recreation that will not be severely harmed in the event of a storm surge.
Tourist resort facilities should be as far away from the shore as practicable. The
proximity of these facilities to the shoreline pollutes nearshore waterways through
increased surface runoff, and increases the risk of storm and wave damage, as well as
the eventual loss of the beach.

F. FLOODS AND FLASH FLOODS

Prohibited zones should be avoided at all costs when it comes to flood-resistant

housing. The layout of the buildings/houses should not obstruct the free flow of water.
Raised mounds should be used for construction. Flood-prone locations require
floodproofing, sufficient bracing, and afforestation in watershed areas. If problems with
storm runoff are experienced, adding a rain garden, planted swale, water detaining
ponds, rainwater collection, and/or pervious pavement can be of help.
Another crucial factor to consider when designing a sustainable building is the
structure itself. Consider multi-story building, including non-living areas on the lower
levels if possible. Exceeding minimum floor levels can also assist prevent flooding
before it happens. In the event of a flood, make sure that water can quickly exit through
drainage voids in walls once the flooding has subsided, especially in subsurface and
subfloor regions, foundations, and cellars. Plumbing backflow preventers are also
required.
 G. LANDSLIDE AND MUDSLIDE
In order to reduce erosion and runoff, construction should be completed as quickly
as possible, and erosion control techniques such as silt curtains which is a temporary
sediment barrier installed parallel to the bank of a stream or lake. Used to contain and
remove sediment produced by construction operations on the bank of a stream or lake,
and filter cloth should be used. In addition, to reduce damaging runoff, construction is
limited to the dry season. Building sites are kept clean and screened on the leeward
side which is the side facing away from the wind, protected from prevailing winds by
hills and mountains to prevent undesirable rubbish from blowing or running off into the
sea.
Planting seagrass beds and other native wetland plants, installing bio-logs of
coconut fiber, creating oyster reefs, and other soft engineering solutions include "living
shorelines," which naturally protect the shoreline. In hard engineering solutions, solid
vertical barriers composed of concrete, masonry, or metal, seawalls, bulkheads, and
sheet piling all serve the same purpose. Because they require less material and area,
these technologies are utilized to counteract erosion. Reflective wave energy is
increased due to their vertical nature, increasing the possibility for undermining and
destruction of the beach or other landform being protected. Seawalls always result in
the loss of beach sand at the foot of the seawall due to the enhanced scouring impact of
waves at the base of the seawall. As a result, while a seawall will temporarily preserve
the land behind it, it will almost certainly hasten the erosion of the beach in front of it.
And in the end, when the seawall falls, the land behind the seawall will be at greater risk
than before, due to greater water depth due to loss of the beach.
REFERENCES:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000245633

https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2012-013.pdf

https://www.latham-australia.com/blog/design-buildings-extreme-weather

https://nmssanctuaries.blob.core.windows.net/sanctuaries-
prod/media/archive/management/pdfs/Day8_ZONING_MANUAL.pdf