SRI General Report (Jan 09)

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eday Bernadette P. Resurreccion Edsel E. Sajor viTasanbeckviTaGasIu
eha suPa mNlsikSaGMBIRbCaCn saklviTalyPUminPMeBj
Ex F qaM 2008
Khmer 1E-FINAL SRI report (Jan 09).indd 1
2/9/2010 2:55:32 PM
taragmatika
xwmsarsegb>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>5
k> savtarBak;BnnkarsikSa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12
x> karBinitemIlksarEdlmanRsab;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15
K> viFIsaRs>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>27
X> rbkKMehIjnkarsikSa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>29
1> RbvtisegbnkmviFIGnuvt b>v>s> rbs;esdakenAkm<Ca>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>29
2> skmPaBCak;lak;neynDr nigbnkkargarkgkareFVIksikmtamEbb b>v>s>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>53
3> GtRbeyaCn_ eRKaHfak; niglTplmin)aneRKagTukBIkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>66
4> dMeNIrkarnkarGnuvtbeckeTsksikmGMBI b>v>s>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>80
snidan>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>93
Gnusasn_>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>99
ksareyag>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>103
tarag
taragTI 1 sarsMxan;eFobnRbPBcMNUlrbs;RKYsar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>26

taragelx 2 PaKrynkaskargarkgvisypvkar nigvisyeRkARbBn Kittamvisy sMxan;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>36
taragelx 3 tYelxsrubbUkbnKankardwkCBanedayyanyn 1990-2005>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>37
taragelx 4 kareRbobeFobsUcnakrsgm-esdkicmYycMnYn extkNal nigkMBg;qaMg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>39
taragelx 5 kmsiTidIFIenAextkNal nigkMBg;qaMg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>40
taragelx 6 kareRbIR)as;kmaMgBlkmtamvisy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>41
taragTI7 cMNakRsukrbs;BlrdenAextkNal kMBg;qaMg nigPMeBj tamePT 2004>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>43
taragTI 8 sUcnakrsgmkic-esdkicenARsukGgsl nigrlaebr>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>43
taragelx 9 ktaeRbobeFobmYycMnYnnsavtarnkarciBawmCIvitnRKYsarGnuvt

b>v>s> rvagPUminanaenAextkNal nigextkMBg;qaMg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>51
taragTI 10 smaCikRKYsarEdlcUlrYmCacm,genAkgkargarksikm nigminEmnksikm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>55
taragelx 11 karvaytmrbs;ksikrGMBITinplRsUvmFmtamEbb

b>v>s> eFobCamYy TinplRsUvtamEbbRbBNI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>61
taragelx 12 cMNucxaMgnanankarGnuvt b>v>s> tamkar[dwgBIksikr

BIrRkumEdlman bTBiesaFn_ryeBl 3 qaM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>70
taragelx 13 cMNucexSaynkarGnuvt b>v>s> eyagtamcemIyrbs;ksikr

BIrRkumEdlman bTBisaFn_ryeBlbIqaMkgkarGnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>72
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rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm<Ca

2/9/2010 2:55:32 PM
rUb
rUbTI 1 cemIycRmuHnRKYsarGnuvt b>v>s>enAPUminanaenAextkNalnigkMBg;qaMg

GMBIRbPBn cMNUlsac;R)ak;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>53
rUbTI 2 PaKrynRsI nigbursenAkgkargarminEmnksikm (kgcMeNam 479 nak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>54
rUbelx 3 PaKrynBlkreBjvyEdlRbkbrbrminEmnksikmenAeRkAPUmi tamePT

kgcMeNamGkpl;cemIycMnYn 479 nak;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>56
rUbTI 4 PaKrynkarcUlrYmrbs;RsI nigbursenAkg 12 CMhannkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>57
rUbelx 5 PaKrynGkGnuvt b>v>s>EdlGnuvt b>v>s> tameKalkarN_ 12 CMhan>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>58
rUbelx 6 kareRbobeFobPaKryncMnYnBlkmkg 12 CMhann b>v>s> eFobCamYykareFVIERs tamEbbRbBNI>>>>>>>>60
rUbelx 7 PaKrynGkGnuvt b>v>s> nigRbPBcMNUlsac;R)ak;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>64
rUbelx 8k PaKrynksikr Rkum 1EdlGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s> RbcaMqaM cab;taMgBIqaM 2005 mk

KittamPaKrynkMeNInTinplRsUv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>66
rUbelx 8x PaKrynksikr Rkum 2>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>66
rUbTI 8K PaKrynksikr Rkum 3Edl)anGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s> cab;taMgBIqaM 2007 mk

KittamPaKrykMeNInTinplRsUv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>68
rUbelx 9 cMNucxaMgnviFIsaRs b>v>s> tamkar[dwgrbs;Gk GnuvtTaMgLay KittamePT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>71
rUbelx 10 cMnYnksikr Edl)anbnGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s> BIqaM 2005 dl; 2007

Rkum 1 nigBIqaM 2006 dl; 2007 Rkum 2>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>74
rUbelx 11 cMNaysMxan;nRKYsarksikrGnuvt b>v>s (cMnYn 643)>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>76
rUbelx 12 karEbgEckeBlevlaBlkmEdlsnSM)anBIkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> eTAeFVIskmPaBdT

KitCaPaKrynRsI nigburs(cMnYn 636)>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>78
rUbelx 13 smaCikRKYsarEdl)anTTYlkarbNHbNalGMBIbeckeTs b>v>s> (cMnYn 643)>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>83
rUbelx 14 mUlehtukgkarcUlrYmkarbNHbNal nigkarGnuvtrbs;RsI nig burs (cMnYn 643)>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>83
rbkKMehIj nvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm<Ca

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2/9/2010 2:55:32 PM
xwmsarsegb

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2/9/2010 2:55:33 PM
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| Oxfam America
2/9/2010 2:55:33 PM
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of agriculture :.

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X>edaHRsaybBaaeynDrBak;BnnigCYsCulvismFmenAkRmitRKYsarnigshKmn_ehIyCaBiessedaHRsaytRmUvkarkg
karciBawmCIvit nigtRmUvkareFVIksikmnRsI cMeBaHRsIemRKYsar
2> cMeBaHkarelIkkm<s;BiBiFkmelIkarciBawmCIvit kareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> eKminKb,ICRmuj[ GnuvtdUcKanUvKMrUenHeTAtam
TICnbTeLIy. karksagEpnTI edIm,IkMNt; nigpl;GaTiPaBcMeBaH PUmi bRsukEdlkareFVIERstambeckeTs b>v>s> GacBit
CabegIntmbEnm mansarsMxan; CaxaMgtamry 1elIkkm<s;snisuxes,g 2elIkkm<s;smPaBeynDr 3nirnrPaB
brisan nig 4karrkR)ak;cMNUl.TaMgenHKb,ICakEngEdlburs nigRsIeFVIkarepatCasMxan;elIkareFVI ERs ehIyminsUvcak
ecalRsukmkrkkareFVIenAtamTIRkug. karelIkkm<s;kareFVIERstambeck eTs b>v>s>enAtamkEngEdlmankargarmin
Emnksikm nigkargarenATIRkugeRcIn fVIt,itEtGac edaHRsaytRmUvkarEpksnisuxes,gkIb:uEnminrMBwgfakareFVIERs nwg
begInskmPaB bminrMBwg fakareFVIERsrebobenHnwgRtUv)anBRgIkeLIykgsanPaBsBVf EdlrdminsUvpl;karKaMRT cMeBaH
visyksikmenaH.
3> ksagelImUldanncMeNHdwg nigCMnajbcb,n kareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> nigeFVIsmahrNkm kargarenHCamYykarRKb;
5
Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:33 PM
RKgTwknigkarksagsmtPaBTb;Tl;CamYykarekIneLIgnUvPaBraMgst nigTwkCMnn;EdlbNalmkBIkarERbRbYlEpkbrisa n
nigkarERbRbYlGakasFatu. RtUveFVI y:agNa[burs nigRsIcUlrYmesIKakgskmPaBTaMgenH.
4> karksagsmtPaB b>v>s> enAtamPUmisannana minKb,IeFVICakmviFIeTaleLIy. pyeTAvij KeRmagnanaEpkksikm nig
minEmnksikmGacpl;meFa)ay nigkarbNHbNalFnFandl; burs nigRsIenACnbTGMBIkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s kdUc
CasiTi nigcMENkkgkarmankargareFVI CMnajshRKin nigkarbNHbNalBak;BndTeTot EdleKGacerobcMtRmUveTAtam
bribTnkar ciBawmCIvitenAmUldan.bNajGgkarGnrTIPak;garnanaGacpl;kmviFIelIkkMBs;karciBawmCIvit cRmuH Edl
GgkarnImYyGacrYmviPaKTaneTAtamsmtkicCak;lak;rbs;xn. EpkepSgn kmviFIenHKb,ImanmUldanEpkelIkar
viPaKGMBtI RmUvkarBlkmEdlmanRbsiTPi aBplitplnigkarKitKUrGMBbI nk kargarcMeNHdwgnigeBlevlaenAkg karvaytm
enAkgEpkTUlMTUlaymYy nesdkickgRsuk nigkarpas;brEbbEpnnkarciBawmCIvit.
5> begnI smtPaBrbs;esdakcMeBaHkarviPaKeynDrnigkarksagkmvFi eI qyI tbnwgeynDrtamrykarelIkkm<sk; aryl;dgw GMBI
eynDr nigkarelIkkm<s;CMnajbRBaabeynDr.Gnusasn_dTeTotsRmab;Ggkar EdlcUlrYmenAkgkarGPivDCnbTenA
km<Ca rYmman
k> karcUlrYmkan;EteRcInCamYytYGgeKalneya)ayenAfak;CatiedIm,IBRgwgkarGPivDehda-rcnasm<n n gi beckeTskg
Epkksikm edIm,I[mankarGPivDkan;EtmansmFmenAtam PUmisaRs nigkgsgmEdlpl;GaTiPaBcMeBaHsmFmeynDr
nigsuxumalPaBRbCaBlrdEdl rs;enAtMbn;CnbT nigTIRkugenAkm<Ca.
x> kmviFIksagsmtPaB nigkarelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgGMBIsanPaBkargarenATIRkug edIm,IeFVI y:agNa[GkEdlmanka
rgareFVIenAkgEpkminEmnksikm GacTamTaryutiFmEpkeynDr cMeBaHsnisuxkargar nigTTYlR)ak;Ql)anRtwmRtUv.
K> karelIkkm<sk; aryl;dgw GMBeI ynDrnigkarbNH bNalCMnajbRBaabeynDrkg cMeNamPak;garpSBVpSayrbs;rdaPi)al.
k> savtarBak;BnnkarsikSa
GuksVamGaemrikKWCaGgkarkCnminEmnrdaPi)albrpac;cMeBaHkarrkdMeNaHRsaysitesrcMeBaHPaBRkIRkTurPikSnigyutiFm
sgmenAelIBiPBelak. GgkarenH eFVIkarenAGasIubUBaGs;ryeBl Cag 30qaMmkehIy. sRmab;GasIubUBa ckvisyrbs;
Ggkar KWcg;[kMeNInvibulPaBenAkgtMbn; enH RtUv)anEckrMElkRbkbedaysmFm edayKankarerIseGIg ehIyGkrgeRKaH
edaysarPaB RkIRk nigPaBGyutiFm mankaseBjeljkgkarGnuvtsiTirbs;xnkgCIvitmYyEdlmanyutiFm nigman
snisux.
elImUldannbTBiesaFn_kgkareFVIkarenAkgtMbn;GagTenemKgeRkam GgkarGuksVamGaemrik kMBugerobcMkmviFIfImYy KW
kmviFIkarciBawmCIvit nigsnisuxR)ak;cMNUlkgeKaledAelIkkm<s;CIvPaB rs;enArbs;shKmn_ksikmtUcCaeRcInenAkgtMbn;
emKg. snisuxenH RtUv)anBRgwgtamrykar ksagRTBsm,tirbs;shKmn_ karbegInlTPaB[shKmn_Gac)anTTYl
FnFan nigGaccUleTA kan;TIpSar RBmTaMgelIkkm<s;ktaelIkTwkcitnana. GgkarmanCMenOfa mUlehtunPaBRkIRkcak; bJs
enAkgrcnasm<nnTMnak;TMngesdkic nigsgm rab;TaMgTMnak;TMngEpkeynDrpgEdr.
GgkarGuksVamGaemrikebCaJ eKarBtamckv si y BiPBelakmYyEdlRsInigbursGaccUlrYmedayeBjeljkg karGPivDpal;xn
mankarTTYlsal;kgkarrYmcMENkrbs;BYkeKnigTTYlplesIKa.
tamrykmviFIkarciBawmCIvit nigsnisuxR)ak;cMNUl GgkarkMBugKaMRTkarGnuvtRbBnb>v>s>eFVICa yuTsaRsmYyEbbsRmab;
begInplitPaB nigbegInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikrtUctacenAkm<Ca. tam rykarpas;brkarRKb;RKgdMNaM dI Twk sarFatuciBawm
kgkarGnuvttamviFIsaRs b>v>s>ksikrman lTPaBbegInTinplrbs;xnedaymin)ac;cMNayR)ak;TijRKab;BUCEdlpl;
| Oxfam America
2/9/2010 2:55:33 PM
Tinplx<s; nigtamry karkat;bnykareRbIR)as;CIKImI nigfaMksikm. edaysarviFIsaRsenHeFVI[mankarpas;brCaxaMg cMeBaH

viFIplitRsUvRbBNIGgkarGuksVamGaemrikEsVgyl;plb:HBal;nkarbreTArkkarGnuvt tamEbbb>v>s>BIrbkKMehIjnvisal
PaBeynDr. karvaytmGMBI b>v>s> enAkm<CarhUtmkdl; eBlenH )anepatCasMxan;elIkartamdankarsRmbsRmYltam
kBab;beckeTsb>v>s> nigkarvas; sg;TinplRsUvenAkgtMbn;eFVIkardaMduHtamEbb b>v>s>. edaysMKal;eXIjfamankarcab;
GarmN_ nigkarelIkkm<s;b>v>s>kMBugekIneLIg nigkMBugBRgIkenAkgtMbn;emKgeRkam sMxan;RtUvmankaryl; dwgkan;EtRbesIr
GMBITidPaBsgmnplitkm CaBiessrab;TaMgeynDrpgEdr. KWkgnyenHehIy eTIbmankarsikSaenH.
eKaledAnkarsikSa
karsikSaenHmaneKaledAeFV[I GgkarGuksVamGaemrikyl;dgw c,as;las;GBM pI lb:HBal;nkarbr mkGnuvtb>v>s>manTMnak;TnM g

elIEpkeynDr edIm,I[cMeNHdwgdsMxan;enHRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kgkar erobcMkmviFI nigkarerobcMyuTsaRs. CagenHeTotenaH
karsikSaenHKb,I
1> pl;karyl;dwgCamUldanelIEpk b>v>s> GMBIkmviFIkarciBawmCIvit nigsnisuxR)ak;cMNUl
2> vaytmplb:HBal;eRKagTuk nigmin)aneRKagTuknEpk b>v>s>nkmviFIkarciBawmCIvit nig
snisuxR)ak;cMNUlGMBITMnak;TMngeynDr.
sMNYrRsavRCav karRsavRCavenHRtUvepatelIkarviPaKGMBI
TMnak;TMngeynDrenATIkEngGnuvt b>v>s>
\TiBlnkardak;[eRbI b>v>s> mkelITMnak;TMngeynDrkngmk
briyakassabn nigsmtPaBsanbnEpkeynDrenAkRmitmUldan sgm nigkRmitCati
\TiBlnkardak;[eRbI nigkarGPivDn_bEnmnUv b>v>s> niglkxNsRmab;EklMGkmviFI Tak;TgnwgeynDr nig
plb:HBal;cMeBaHkarksagkmviFIkarciBawmCIvitnigsnisuxR)ak;cMNUlbEnmenAtMbn;nigbNa RbeTsrgplb:HBal;
nana CakEngEdlkMBugBRgIkkmviFIenH
karviPaKeynDr nigkarvaytmplb:HBal;Kb,IKitBicarNaGMBImuxgareynDr nigkarEbgEck kargarkdUcCalTPaB)anTTYl
nigkarRKb;RKgelIFnFan nigR)ak;cMNUlRBmTaMgkarcUlrYmenA kgkarseRmccitnigkarcUlrYmkgsabn tamEbbbrimaN
visynigKuNvisyenAkgshKmn_mUldannigenAkgsgmTaMgmUl.sMNYrRsavRCavEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkgkarsikSaenHrYmman
1> enAkm<Ca etIburs nigRsI nigekgRbus nigekgRsImanmuxgarGVIcMeBaHkarplitdMNaMRsUv tamEbbRbBNI nigtam

Ebbb>v>s>? etIkarplitdMNaMRsUvmanlkNBiessGVIxHenA tammUldanEdlmankarENnaM[eFVIERstambeckeTs

b>v>s> cUrbBaak;GMBIviFIEbgEckkar garepSgKacMeBaHsmaCik RKYsarnigbBaak;mUlehtu nigbgajviFIpas;brPar

kicTaMg enaHeTAtamrdUvkal eBl em:agRbcaMf nigviFIsaRsplitdMNaMRsUvenH.
2> etI b>v>s> man\TiBlGVIeTAelIKuNPaB eBalKWRbePTnBlkm nigbeckviTaEdl)an eRbIR)as;nFatucUlEpk
Blkmrbs;bursnigRsI? etIkarpas;brnanaenAkgRbBnnigcMNg Tak;TgTaMgLaykgkarplitmanplb:HBal;y:ag
dUcemcmkelIRsI nigburs?
3> etIFnFanksikm cMeNHdwgbeckeTs nigesvaRKaMRTNaxH \NTan esvapSBVpSay nig karbNHbNalEdlRsI nig
bursmanlTPaB)anTTYl? etIRsI nigbursmanlTPaB)an TTYlFnFan nigesvaplitkmb:unan?
4> enAkRmitRKYsar etInrNaCaGkseRmccitkgkarGnuvt b>v>s>burs?RsI?TaMgBIrnak;?? enAkRmitshKmn_ nrNa
manmuxgarsMxan;kgkareelIkkMBs; b>v>s>? etIPaBxusKaEpk eynDrmanGVIxHGMBI cMNUlcit tRmUvkar niglkN
vinicykgkarkMNt;fa etIRtUvvinieyaK bminvinieyaK elIb>v>s? ehIyetIRbkarenHmanplb:HBal;y:agdUcemc fa
7
Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:33 PM

5>

6>

etIburs nigRsI cUlrYm bmincUlrYmkg b>v>s> ehIyetIBYkeKcUlrYmy:agdUcemc? enAkgRKYsar bshKmn_ manTMnas;

EdrbeT? Rbsinman etIeKedaHRsayTMnas;TaMgenaHy:agdUcemc?
PstagbgajfaviFIsaRs b>v>s>kat;bnycMNayplitkm eFVI[ksikr)anTTYlR)ak; cMeNjx<s;. etIFnFanbEnm
EdlBYkeKman RtUv)aneRbIR)as;y:agdUcemc?etInrNaxHman lTPaBeRbIR)as; nigRKb;RKgFnFanTaMgenaH? etIcMNuc
enHmanplb:HBal;y:agdUcemc cMeBaHcMNgTak;TgEpkeynDrenAkgRKYsar nigenAkgshKmn_?
karsikSananak)anrkeXIjpgEdrnUvktaxagRkA EdlTak;TgnwgkarGPivDn_FnFanmnusS rYmmankarcat;taMgsgm
TIpSarBlkm karpl;tmdl;xng kRmitnskmPaBEdlGk cUlrYmyl;eXIjedayxng karGPivDn_GMBICMnaj
EdlGacepr)an kasGb;rM karERb RbYlFatuGakas nigbrisanCaedIm manTMnak;TMngCamYykarGnuvtviFIsaRs
b>v>s. etIkta xageRkATaMgenHmanlkNxusKay:agdUcemcrvagbursnigRsI? enAkm<CaetIktaxageRkA TaMgenH
manplb:HBal;GVI mkelITMnak;TMngeynDrenAxagkgRKYsar?
x> karBinitemIlksarEdlmanRsab;
eKalbMNgnkarBinitenH KWedIm,IbgajTidPaBTUeTAnkarCECkEvkEjk nigbBaananasIBIRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv

b>v>s> nigCaBiessedIm,IksagTMnak;TMgCamYyeynDrCakBak;sRmab;emIl kareqIytb nigplb:HBal;epSgKankarGnuvt
b>v>s> mkelICIvPaBrs;enArbs;ksikr. EpkTImYynkarBinitenHnwgBiPakSaGMBIkarCECkEvkEjkBak;Bn b:uEnmansPaB
TUeTAenAkgksarGMBIkarGnuvtb>v>s> edayykkm<CaeFVICakrNIsikSaEdl)anGnuvtb>v>s>. EpkTIBIrnkarBinitenH nwg
BiPakSaGMBIbBaaeynDrkgksikmdMNaMRsUvenAkgksarEdlmanRsab; ehIyCamYyKaenHyk eynDr nigksikmeTAdak;
bBalkgkarpas;brFMTUlayEdldMeNIrkarenAkgRbeTskMBugGPivDdUc RbeTskm<Ca. karBinitenHmanTMnak;TMngCamYy
karRsavRCavplb:HBal;neynDrEdleyIgkMBgu Gnuvtkg cMeNamGkGnuvtb>v>s>Edl)anTTYlkarbNH bNaledayesdak
cab;taMgBIqaM 2000 mk.
karCECkEvkEjkenAkgksarsIBI b>v>s> Tinpl Blkm nigkarGnuvt
RbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUvRtUv)andak;[GnuvtCaRbBnmYyepSgcMeBaHkareFVIERs EdlRbBnenH RtUv)anbegIteLIgnUvRbeTs

m:adahasa enAedImTsvtS 1980 edaybuBVCiteysU elak Fr Henri de LaulanieEdleFVIkarCamYyksikr m:adahasa
edIm,IbegInplitkmRsUv. sBVf RbBnplitkm EbbenHkMBugRtUv)anBRgIkedayGgkarminEmnrdaPi)alenAm:adahasamYy
maneQaHfa smaKm ethVIsNa Association of Tefy Saina ehIyRtUv)anelIkkm<s;tamEbbviTasaRseday
viTasan xrEnlGnrCati elIkEpkes,g ksikm nigGPivDn_ CIIFAD enA Ithaca jvy:k shrdGaemrik.
b>v>s>KWCa RbBnRKb;RKgdI nigrukCatisIBIkardaMdMNaMRsUvEdlmaneKalbMNgbeBajskanuBl FmCatindMNaMenHtamry
sMNMuEbbEpnnkardaMduHmYy. eKalkarN_nkarRKb;RKgb>v>s>man dUcxageRkam (Anthofer, 2004a):
RsUvBMuEmnCarukCatiTwkeLIy
sMNab)at;bg;skanuBllUtlas;CaxaMg RbsinebIeKdkykeTAsgenAeBlEdlsMNab enaHmanGayueRcInCag15
f eRkayeBlecjBnk
Kb,Ikat;bnykareFVI[b:HBal;dl;sMNab edaysarkardkecjBIfalsMNab rYcykeTA sgenAkgERs
karrkSacenaHKum<TUlayeFVI[begInkarcak;bJs nigecjBnk
kareFVI[dIFUrxl;GaccUl)annigsarFatusrIragbegItCasanPaBGMeNaypledIm,I[bJsRsUvlUtlas; nigeRkay
mkeFVI[edImRsUvmankmaMgnigmansuxPaBl
eKalkarN_dMbUgERbkayeTACasMNMunkarGnuvt EdlGacykmkGnuvt)ancMeBaHsanPaB nig brisankgRsuk (Ibid):
| Oxfam America
2/9/2010 2:55:33 PM
karsgsMNabxI yklGayuBI 8-12 f nigminRtUvTuksMNab[manGayuelIsBI 15 f eLIy

kareRCIsykdMNabEdlmanedImrwgmaMeTAsg
eRkayBIdksMNabPamRtUvykeTAsgedayminbEgrbgg;eLIyyklKYrykeTAsgminelIs30naTIeRkayeBldk
dIERsEdlRtUvsgKb,IesIm ehIyminRtUvlicTwkeLIy
Kb,Isgrak; yklsgkgCeRmA 1-2 sg;TIEm:Rt
kgmYyrn Kb,Isg 1-2 edIm
Kb,IsgXatBIKa 25 x 25 sg;TIEm:Rt eTA 50 x 50 sg;TIEm:Rt
sgecjCaragkaer by:agehacNas;sgCaCYr edIm,IsRmYldl;kareFVIesA
eCosvagkMu;[manTwkdk;eRcInenAkgERs eBlRsUvkMBuglUtlas;
eFVIesAedImd nig]sSah_eFVIesAedayemkanic edIm,IsMGatesA nigeFVI[dIFUrmanxl;ecj-cUl
bEnmsarFatuciBawmelIdIERs KYreRbICIsrIrag dUcCakMb:us bsarFatuRKbdIkarBarsmt
b>v>s> pl;GtRbeyaCn_eRcIny:ag pl;Tinplx<s; minsUvBwgEpkelIFatucUl bJslUtlas;)anl mankassnSMTwk sngEbk
Kum<eRcIn ehIyRKab;RsUvmanKuNPaBx<s;. karvaytmfIcMeBaHkarGnuvtkardaMduHEbb b>v>s> )anbgajfaTinpl)an
ekIneLIgBI 1>629KRk kgmYyhikta cMeBaHkareFVIERstamEbbRbBNITinpl)an 2>289 KRkkgmYyhikta cMeBaHkareFVI
ERstamEbbb>v>s>mankMeNIn 660KRkkgmYyhiktabmankMeNIn41 (tamksarrbs; Anthofer, 2004a/b). karsikSa
mYyeTot)anrkeXIjfa ksikrkm<CaEdlshkarCamYyesdak)anTTYlTin pl 6-8etan kgmYyhiktaBIkarGnuvtb>v>s>
eFobnwgTinplmFm 1/7etan kgmYyhikta (eyagksarrbs; Uphoff,2002). GkRsavRCavrbs;esdakRbkasfaCa
mFmTinplBIkarGnuvt beckeTsb>v>s> pl;TinplRsUvCamFmcMnYn 2/75etankgmYyhiktaeFob nwgTinplcMnYn 1/34
etankgmYyhiktacMeBaHkardaMtamEbbRbBNI (eyagksarrbs; Tech, 2004) .
eTaHCay:agNakeday eKenAEtmanTan;yl;c,as;GMBIkMeNInTinplEdl)anTTYlBIr)aykarN_ b>v>s>. enAkgr)aykarN_
mYy GksikSaRsavRCavGHGagfaKanTinnyEdlTak;TgnwgdMNaMrukCati kareFVIBiesaFn_kMhussiti kalbriecTdaMduHnigRbmUl
pl RbePTdI kareRbICI karkMcat;esA karRKb; RKgCmWkarkMcat;stVlit karRKb;RKgTwk nigFatuGakaseLIy eyagtamksar
rbs; Sheehy et al, 2004a. enAkg
r)aykarN_mYyeTot kareRbobeFoblTplbIkEngenARbeTscinrvagRbBneFVI ERstamEBbRbBNI nigRbBnRKb;RKgtam
Ebbb>v>s> bgajfab>v>s>Kan]tmPaBelIRbBn RbBNIeLIyehIyfar)aykarN_sIBITinplx<s;minFmtaTMngCabNal
mkBIkMhus eyagtam ksarrbs; Sheehy et al, 2004b. m:agvijeTotenAqaM 2003 Doberman yl;fa b>v>s>Gac
sRmab;eRbIceM BaHksikrEdlminsUvmanFnFanehIymandIERsminledaykarbr BIkareFVEI RslicTwkCaRbcaMeTACakareRsacRsb;
minCab;lab;. eTaHCay:agNakeday kareFVIEbbenHminTMngCa begInplitkmRsUvenAkgRbBndaMRsUvtamEbbGtiplelIdI
EdlmanKuNPaBleLIy.
Blkm KWCacMNucTMnas;mYyeTotenAkgkarCECkEvkEjkGMBIkarGnuvtb>v>s>. enAkgkarsikSa GMBIksikrm:adahasa elak
Moser nig Barett (2002; 2006) )anrkeXIjfamanGRtaGnuvttictYc b:ueNaHeTaHCamankarsnSMFatucUl ehIybegIn
TinplBIr bbIdgBImUldanTabkI CamFm 2 etan kgmYyhikta bticCagenH. karGnuvttictYckedaysarEt b>v>s>tRmUv
[eRbIBlkmeRcIn xNEdlksikrRtUveTAeFVIERs[eKedIm,IykR)ak;Ql. cMNaykasnBlkmmankRmitx<s; hYscMeBaH
ksikrEdlGnuvtviFIdaMduHtamEbbb>v>s>. ]bsKcMeBaHkarGnuvtrYmmancMNaykas edaysarcMNayBlkmy:ageRcInkg
kareFVIesA nigCMnajminc,as;las;kgkarRKb;RKgTwk nigdI.
1
taragsegb 13 RbeTsEdlGnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s> )anraykarN_GMBIkMeNInTinpl eyagksarrbs; Uphoff, 2007
Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:33 PM
CacugeRkayeKeXIjmanPst agmYycMnnY EdlfaksikrEdlmanCIvPaBFUrFarGnuvtb>v>s>)anTTYlpleRcInBIbeckeTsenH eRBaH

fakRmitnkarRbQmmuxcMeBaHkarxUcxatrbs;BYkeKmantic tYc ehIyBYkeKeRcInCamuxsBaaTTYlplBIskmPaBpSBVpSay
eFobnwgksikrRkIRk (eyagksarrbs; Anthofer, 2004a; Uphoff, 2007).
karsikSa nigkarBiPakSaEvkEjkGMBIRbsiTiPaB famPaBnkarGnuvtnigplitPaBnb>v>s> )an RbRBwteTAy:agTUlMTUlay
elImUldanRbBNInkarRsavRCavEbbbrimaNvisy nigviPaKrkcMNuc viCman. karsikSanigkarEvkEjkTaMgenH)andak;[
plitkmmYydac;edayELkedIm,IeFVICakta nkarviPaK eBalKWFatucUlEpkBlkmcMeBaHkareFVIERsb)ansikSaRKYsareday
ELk bksikr nImYyEdlcUlrYmenAkgviFIeFVIERstamEbbb>v>s> btamEbbRbBNI nigtamrykarbUksiti)an BNna beFVI
[yl;GMBIlMnaMnana. PaKeRcInnkarsikSaTaMgenHxVHnUvRbBnTUlaymYy nigxVHTsSn EpkbribT nigxVHPaBmanRbtikmtb
CamYydMeNIrkarpas;brTUlMTUlay. enAkgkarsikSaGMBI dMeNIrkarGnuvt b>v>s>TaMgenHRKYsarksikr ksikrburs nigksikr
RsI CaerOyRtUv)anpac;ecj BIbribT nigRtUv)andak;[dac;edayELkBIsanPaB nigninakarTUeTAnkarERbRbYlesdkicCn
bT. ]TahrN_ karCECkEvkEjkrvagGkviTasaRsGMBIRbsiTiPaB GMBIfamPaBnkarGnuvt nigGMBI plitPaBn b>v>s> man
karniyay bsresrtictYcb:ueNaHGMBIkar Gnuvtb>v>s> kgbribTn kRmitBiBiFkmcMeBaHkarciBawmCIvitbcb,n kdUcCarebob
kekItenAkg bribTnkarERbRbYlTUeTAenAkm<Ca. CagenHeTotenaH tamTsSnvisyndMeNIrkarBiBiFkm cMeBaHkarciBawm
CIvitesIrEtKan GVITal;EtesaH EdlRtUv)anelIkykmkniyayGMBIplb:HBal;epSgKankarGnuvt b>v>s> mkelI ksikrRsI nig
ksikrburs. edIm,IedaHRsaykgVHxatenH karBinitemIlsareLIgvijenH maneKal edAkMNt;TItaMg nigBiPakSaGMBIkarGnuvt
b>v>s>enAkgKMrUsgm-esdkicTUlMTUlaynkarERbRbYl rbs;km<CaelIvisydIFI nigkarciBawmCIvitenACnbTnigedIm,IEsVgyl;
TsSnTanGMBIviFIEdleynDr kgsPaBCaktamYyxusBIktadTGacbBaak; nigbgaj[eXIjBITMhMGtRbeyaCn_ nigkgVHxat
nigdak;kMhitGMBIkarGnuvtb>v>s>cMeBaHksikr nigplitkmdMNaMCaTUeTA.
2
karGnuvtb>v>s> kareFVIBiBiFkmcMeBaHkargarciBawmCIvit nigeynDrkgkarERbmuxmat; RbeTskm<Ca
karGnuvtb>v>s> dMeNIrkarkargar lkxNbeckeTs TMhMnplitPaB nigplb:HBal;nviFIdaMduH enHGacRtUv)aneKyl;)ankan;

EteBjelj GMBICeRmIsnanankargarciBawmCIvitrbs;RbCaBlrd. kargarciBawmCIvitrYmmanRTBFnskmPaB niglTPaBman
FnFannigskmPaBTaMgenHEdlTMnak; TMngsgm nigsabnCaktaCYy[mancMNucTaMgBIrenHEdlktaTaMgBIrkMNt;karrs;
enAEdlbuKl bRKYsarnImYy)anTTYl(Ellis, 2000: 10). yuTsaRsciBawmCIvit KWCameFa)ayTaMgLay EdlsmaCikRKYsar
ekogKrMsmarFnFanmnusS nigFnFansgm edIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkar rbs;xn kgenaHrYmmankarplitedIm,IciBawmRkBHedIm,I[
mankareFVIedayxng nigedIm,I)anTTYl R)ak;QlBlkm (Kabeer nig Tran Thi Van Anh, 2002). yuTsaRsTaMgenH
GacrYmmankareRbI beckviTaTMenIbkgkareFVIksikm. eTaHCay:agNakeday minEmnRKYsarCnbT nigksikrTaMg LaysuTEt
manlTPaBkgkarmanFnFan nigkasdUcKakgkarcUlrYmkgskmPaBdUcKa b TTYlplBIkarciBawmCIvitdUcKaeLIy.
eynDr KWCaRbePTcm,gmYyEdlmansarRbeyaCn_kg karedaHRsayTidPaB nigplb:HBal;xusKacMeBaHkarGnuvtbeck
viTafIkgkareFVIksikm dUckrNI b>v>s> eLIy.
Bakfa eynDr sMedAdl;muxgar FnFan nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;bursnigRsIeenAkgsgmeRBaHfa TaMgGs;enHmanTMnak;TMng
CamYyKa. Scott (1988) bgajfa eynDrerobcMral;CIvitkgsgmeTAtam sBaaNxHGMBIPaBxusKaxagpvePT ehIyfaenA
kgsgmnigvb,FmmanGtsBaaNRsI nigGt sBaaNburs. ehtuenH sBaaNsIBI\TiBlneynDrmkelIkareRbIR)as;FnFan
dUcCa ksikmCa edImmannyfa manKMnitCak;lak;GMBIGVIEdlbegItCakargarksikmRsI nigburs. muxgarTaMgenH min)an
TTYledaykgenaHeTb:Eu nmanenAkg sgmERbRbYltamkaleTsnigTIkEngxusKaeTAtamkarERbRbYlKuNtmkarGnuvt
eTaHCay:agNakI karsikSarbs; Moser nig Barett (2002, 2006) manlkNRsedogbMput CakarsikSaEdl)anesIub GegtkarGnuvt b>v>s> eFobCamYy
kargarminEmnksikmmanR)ak;Ql

| Oxfam America 10
2/9/2010 2:55:33 PM
nigbeckviTa. Scott (1988) kbgajpgEdrfa eynDr KWCameFa)aycm,gmYyEdlmannyfaCaTMnak;TMngnGMNac.

cMNucenHGacsMedAdl;viFIEdlkargarksikmmankarerobcMeBalKWeFVIkarEbgEckBlkmc,as;las;rvagRsInigbursEdlbegIt
zananuRkmnkarvaytmEdlCalkNkargarrbs;RsInigburskg visy ksikm.zananuRkmEbbenHRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sRmab;
BRgwgbeFVI[cuHexSaynUvmuxtMENgnananRsI nigburs ehIypl;KuN tmminrlUncMeBaHkargarRsI nigkagarburskgvisyk
sikm (Mohanty, 1988: 76; van Halsema, 1991: 128-129).
cMeBaHdMNaMEdldaMedayRsInigburs nigb eKalbMNgnkar eRbIR)as;pldMNaM GacmanPaBxus KasMxan; GMBIeynDr. burs
GaccUlrYmeRcInenAkgkar plitdMNaMedIm,Ilk; rIRsIvijeRcIndaMdMNaM es,gsRmab;TTYlTanenApH. RbsinebIenH KWCadMNaM
xusKaenaHCeRmIssRmab;karykcitTuk dak;cMeBaHkarRsavRCav nigpSBVpSaynwgmanplb:HBal;epSgKacMeBaHRsI nigburs.
karsegtTaMgenH TajkarykcitTukdak;cMeBaHbBaaepSgGMBIskmPaBksikm nigBlkmnrNa eFVIGVI?bBaasIBIkarmanFn
Fan FnFanNaxHRtUv)aneRbIR)as; nigbBaaRKb;RKg nrNamansiTi seRmccMeBaHkareRbI nigkare)aHbg;FnFan nigRTB
sm,ti(Li, 1993). Leach (1992) )anbegItviFI saRsmYyEdlbgaj[eXIjPaBxusKa nigbgaj[eXIjkarEbgEck
skmPaBkarTTYlxusRtUvnigsiTki g dMeNIrkarnkarRKb;RKgnigdMeNIrkareRbIR)as;lGM ti (Leach,1991;Leach,Joekesand
Green, 1995). viFIsaRsenHmIRkUesdkicneya)ayGMBIkareRbIR)as;edayeynDr CYykMNt;PaB xusKa minEmnRtwmEtrvag
RsI nigburseT b:uEnkkMNt;PaBxusKarvagRsInigRsI nigrvagbursnig burspgEdr. ]TahrN_ dUcCakgkareFVIksikm eyIgGac
BinitemIlPaBxusKanigkarEbgEck rvagRkumepSgKakgsgm eRkABIRsI nigbursdUcCarvagRkumGayu brvagcMNat;vN
epSgKa nRKYsarenACnbT ecAhVaynay mas;dI nigGtifiCn bGkCYl. karEbgEckrYmman kargar karTTYlxusRtUv cMeNHdwg
nigsiTikgkareRbIR)as;nigseRmccitGMBIkareRbIR)as;FnFannigplitplksikm.bnab;mkeyIgGacBinitemIlplRbeyaCn_
nigskmPaBEbgEckrYmCamYy KaGMBITMnak;TMngrvag ktamnusS nigrvagTidPaBepSgKanplitkmksikm.
plitkmdN
M aMRKbdNbe; lIskmPaBmYycMnnY FMcab;BdI eM NIrkarseRmccitR bePTdMNaMEdlRtUvdaMduHkareRCIserIsBUCrebobdaMdHu
nigkarRKb;RKgstVlitcRg karRbmUlpl kRmitTwk nigkarRKb;RKgTwkkarEkc nigkarTukdak;. eKeXIjmanTMMnak;TMngsK
sajelI bBaasIBImuxgar eynDrParkic lTPaB)anTTYl nigbBaaRKb;RKgEdlcaM)ac;RtUvviPaKmuneBl Gacyl;GMBIplb:H Bal;
EdlGacekItmanBIkarGPivDn_.TidPaBmYyEdlKYr[cab;GarmN_KW TidPaBrbs;RsIemRKYsar EdleKEtgcat;TukfaCaGkman
CIvPaBRkIRkbMput. xNmankarKUs bBaak;[ykcitTukdak;kgkar Kitdl;kareFVI[manRsIemRKYsarmansPaBdUcKaCaRkum
Blrd gayrgeRKaHc,as;las; (Chant, 2004) . karviPaK RsIemRKYsarGMBIkasciBamCIvitGacbgaj[ eXIjbBaasMxan;
GMBIsPaB nCeRmIs nigkarGnuvtbeckviTaksikmCak;lak;EdlTTYl\TiBlBIkgVHBlkm nigktasabn epSgeTot.
lTPaB)anTTYlnigkarRKb;RKgbeckviTaGaceFV[I b:HBal;dl;TnM ak;TnM geynDrRbsinebIbru sRtUv)aneRCIserIsedaysVy Rbvti
kgkarTMnak;TMng bkgkarbNHbNal. ]TahrN_ karEckBUCfI karENnaMGMBIdMNaMfI kareFVIynkmcMeBaHkardaMdMNaM bcMeBaH
karEkc kareRbIR)as;CIKb,IbglkN [mankarcUlrYmBIRsInigburs edIm,I[BYkeKmankasciBawmCIvitdUcKa. emeronmYy
GMBIbdivt btg KWminmanTsSneynDreTAelIskmPaBpSBVpSayEdl)anbNHbNalksikrenAkgynkm ksikm nigkar
eRbIR)as;BUCfI EdleFVI[RsIeFVIkarkgskmPaBmYycMnYn dUcCakin nigerayRsUvEdl BYkeKrkR)ak;cMNUlkgzanCaksikr.
lTPaB)anTTYlFnFandUcCaRbBneRsacRsBdIFInigBUCfIminRtwmEtFana[TTYl)anlTplciBawmCIvitlRbesIrb:ueNaHeT.
eRkABIcMNucTaMgenH ]TahrN_ RsICnbTRtUvkar[mantmTIpSar EdlmantmaPaB nigQjEdlGacTukcit)anedIm,Ilk;plit
plrbs;xn. GkcgkarnigQjburs EdlmancritekgRbvBaGackat;bnylTPaB)anTTYlplcMeNjBIkarCYjdUrrbs;RsI
TaMgenaH. ehtuenHTMnak;TMngsgm nigsabnelIsBIsm,tivinieyaKrbs;RKYsarman\TiBlcMeBaH snisux nignirnrPaBnkar
ciBawmCIvit.
11 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:33 PM
CagenHeTotenaH ksikreFVIesckIseRmccitsMxan;GMBIkareRbIR)as; nigkarRKb;RKgmUldanFnFan manCaGaT dI Twk RBeQI .

esckIseRmccitGMBIkarRKb;RKgkGaRsyelIFnFanCMnaj ]bkrN_ nigeBlevlarbs;ksikrbursnigksikrRsIpgEdr. kar
RsavRCavbgajfaksikrbursTMngCaeFVIesckIseRmccitsMxan;EpkksikmnigRKb;RKgelIFnFanplit(Rahman,2008).
ksikrGacman CeRmIssIBIkarciBawmCIvitxusKaEdlminBak;BnCamYykarGPirkSFnFan nigRbBlvb,kmplitkm Tal;Et
esaH (Blaikie and Brookfield, 1987; Jackson, 1993; Green, Joekes and Leach, 1998) eTaHCay:agNakIFVI[
b:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_nanaEdlecjmkBIRbPBnkarciBawmCIvitTaMg enH. karsikSafIGMBIkarseRmccitcMeBaHkarciBawmCIvit
TMngCamindUcTsSnrbs; Ellis (2000) Edl fa FmtaksikrTajplRbeyaCn_BIFnFan mnusS sgm hirBavt rUbvn
nigFmCati edIm,IRT RTg;yuTsaRsciBawmCIvitrbs;xn.pyeTAvij eKdwgfaksikrman\riyabfeRKagCamun bmin)an eRKagCa
munGMBCI eRmIsnanakg karciBamw dskmrbs;BkY eKEdltamFmtamanmUldanEpkelIbTBiesaFn_kngeTACamYyRKab;BCU beckviTa
bskmPaBdaMduHNamYyCaCagelIkarKitKUrGMBIck visyGnaKt. cMNucenHRtUv)ansMedAdl; :maKaciBawmCIvit : EdlrYmman
dMeNIrkardEdlGMBI karseRmccitcMeBaHeKaledA cMNg;cMNUlcit FnFan nigmeFa)ayEdlEtgmankarvaytm sarcuH
sareLIgEdlGkeFVIkarseRmccitRbQmedaysarPaBGacnkarerobcMEpnkarmin)anRtwmRtUv nig EpkelIsavtarCati zan
neya)ay bNajsgm nigktaepSgEpksgm nig vb,Fm (de Haan and Zoomers, 2005; de Bruijn, et al, 2005).
CamYyKaenHpgEdr maKakmansPaBmindUcKa ehIysRmab;RsI nigbursnCMnan;xusKa maKaTaMgenaHkmindUcKaEdr.
ksikrcUlrYmenAkg skmPaBciBamw CIvti eRcInEbbeRcIny:agehIyBwgEpkkan;EtticeTAelIkargarksikmkg kareFVCI ameFa)ay
ciBamCIvitEtmYymux nigbegInkarcUlrYmkgskmPaBminEmn ksikm. karbegInnigkarGnuvtyuTsaRsciBawmCIvitminEmn
RKan;EtkMNt;edayEmkFagnectna-rmN_smehtusmpl nigsmtPaBksagesckIseRmccitrbs;ksikr nigRKYsarnI
mYyb:ueNaH eT. b:uEn cMNucTaMgenaHmanTMnak;TMngedaypal;CamYykas ktaelIkTwkcit nigktabglkN EdlebIkcMhCa
RbcaM nigBRgwgedaysPaBsKsajnkmaMgTUeTAelIsBIRkbxNRKYsar nigPUmisan ]TahrN_ dUcCa FanIPavUbnIykm nigkic
GPivDn_visyesvakm BaNiCkm nigeragcRk enAkgEpn karesdkicTUeTA. GaRsyehtuenH karyl;dwgGMBIkarciBawmCIvitE
dlmanlkNcMruHrbs;ksikrnig yl;dwgGMBIsarCatiEpkeynDrrbs;BYkeKktRmUv[EsVgyl;famPaBnkmaMgTUeTAEdl
BRgwgkarciBawm CIvitTaMgenaHpgEdr.
karbegInviFIciBawmCIvitsMedAdl;kicRbwgERbgnanarbs;buKlnigRKYsarkgkarriHrkviFIedIm,IrkR)ak;cMNUl nigkarbnyeRKaHfak;
Epkbrisan EdlxusKaCaxaMgGMBIkRmitesrIPaBnCeRmIs begIn b minbegIn nigsMedAdl;PaBRtLb;eRkaynlTplpg
Edr. karbegInviFIciBawmCIvit rYmman skm PaBksikm nigminEmnksikmEdlksikrRbkan;ykedIm,IrkR)ak;cMNUlbEnmelI
R)ak;cMNUlEdl )anmkBIskmPaBksikmcm,grbs;RKYsartamryplitkmTMnijksikm nigminEmnksikm nig esvakm
lk;BlkmCafrnwgR)ak;Ql bkareFVIkargaredayxngenAkgRkumhuntUcRBm TaMgGnuvtn_yuTsaRsepSgeTot edIm,IkMu[
haniPyRbmUlpMeTAelIplitkmmYymuxdUcEdl (Carter, 1997) ehAfa :BiBiFkmskmPaB bBiBiFkmbrisan : elIvisy
ksikm. Ellis (2000) kMNt;ny BiBiFkmCIvPaBrs;enA faCa :dMeNIrkarEdlRKYsarCnbTbegItCakenSamskmPaB nig
smtPaB RTRTg;sgmkgkartsUrbs;xnedIm,IRbwgrs; nigedIm,IelIkkm<s;kRmitCIvPaBrs;enArbs;xn :. Kabeer nig Tran
Thi Van Anh (2002) bEnmelIkarBiPakSaGMBIkarbegInviFIciBawmCIviteday eyagdl;karBRgIkkarciBawmCIviteTAkgskmPaB
minEmnksikm nigkarcakecjBIkarBwgEpkelI kargarksikmEdlCameFa)ayEtmYyKt;nkarciBawmCIvitCamUldan. eTaHCa
y:agNakIkarRsavRCavfIminbgaj[eXIjPaBdUcKaCamYyTsSnGtiplitkmsuTsaFGMBIkarciBawmCIvitnigkarbegInviFIciBawm
CIvit Edlrab;bBalnUvbMNgR)afa karcrca kartsU karpas;brvb,Fm nigkarRbECgQH Edlbgaj :TRmg;eynDr : blMnaM
nigRsTab;EdlmanPaBxusKabnicbncnkarRKb;RKgFnFanEdlmanTMnak;TMngeynDrkan;EtsKsaj (Krishna, 2004).
| Oxfam America 12
2/9/2010 2:55:33 PM
edIm,Iyl;dwg[)aneBjeljGMBIfamPaBnkarciBawmCIviteynDr nigkarGnuvtb>v>s>karbgaj bribTTUeTAnkarERbRbYl

esdkicCnbTenAkm<CamansarsMxan;.
ksikmCasl nesdkci RKYsarnBlrdkm<C a.visy enHmanGRtaesnI gw 45nplTunsrubkg Rsukkg enaH25Caplitkm
dMNaM nig 20CatmbEnmnskmPaBciBawmstV ensaT nigRB eQI (World Bank, 1997). eKeXIjmankarFak;cuHpdI
eFVIERsy:ageRcInBI2/5lanhiktaenAqaM 1976 mkRtwm 1/9 lanhikta kgeBlbcb,n. eTaHCay:agNakI PaKeRcInnRKYsar
CnbTenA km<CacMnYn 90 enAbneFVIERskgTRmg;NamYyEdlpdICag 85 EdlmankardaMduHKWCa valERs kgtMbn;TMnab
(Turton, 2000).
Tinp lRsUvCamFmenAkm<C aenAEtmankRmitTabCageKenAkg tMbn;1/3etanhiktaeFobCamYyevotNam3/2etanhikta
nigRbeTsf 2/1 etanhikta(Hughes, 2003). eTaHCadI ERsmanTMhMxusKaenATUTaMgRbeTskm<CakI rvagqaM
2000-2001 RKYsarksikrCamFmeFVIERs elIpdI hikta (McKinney and Prom Tola, 2002). plitPaBRsUvTab
mYyPaKFMbNalmkBI dIERsmanTMhMtUckareFVIERsRbvas;nwgTwkePg ehIydIPaKeRcInenAkm<CaeKeFVIERsEtmYyelIk
kgmYyqaMehIydIksikmRtwmEt23b:ueNaHEdlmanTwkeRsacRsB. kareRbIR)as;FnFantictYc dUcCakmaMgGUsTaj
eKaRkbIniglTPaBeRbIR)as;CItictYcKYbpSMCamYykarRKb;RKTwkeFVI[bBaa kan;EtmanlkNFn;Fr.enAkgPUmiCaeRcIntRmUv
karkgkarlk;kmaMgBlkmedIm,IrkR)ak;cMNUl sRmab;Tijes,genArdUvvsSa eFVI[b:HBal;dl;kasrbs;BYkeKkgkarbegIn
TinplRsUv (Turton, 2000).
karGPivDksikm KWCacMNucykcitTukdak;CacMbgnkicRbwgERbgrbs;mas;CMnYyCaeRcIn dMeNaH RsaycMeBaHbBaaRkIRkenA
CnbTkm<Ca eKEtgeRcInKitfaRtUvGnuvtn_karelIkkm<s;plitPaBn dMNaMRsUv. eTaHCay:agNakI McAndrew (1998)
GHGagfabBaasnisuxsMxan;nkarciBawmCIvitBMuEmnplitPaBndMNaMRsUvenaHeTb:uEnKWPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;BYkeKmak;
eTAvijeTeRBaHfaRKYsarCnbTeRcInEtBwgEpkelIskmPaBeRcInEbbeRcIny:agedIm,IbegInsnisuxes,g.eyagtamkarsikSa
rbs;GnrTIPak;gar enAkm<CaBlkmRsIenAkgvisyksikmmancMENkeRcInCag Bak;kNal ehtuenHkicRbwgERbgnanakgkar
begInplitPaBRtUvKitdl;lTPaBb:HBal;dl;eynDr nigkareqIytbcMeBaHeynDr. enAtMbn;CnbTRsIRtwmEt 4 PaKrynig
burs RtwmEt 10b:ueNaHEdleFVIkarmanR)ak;Ql. visykgRbBnGacRsUbykRbmaNCa 5nkmaMgBlkmsrubb:ueNaH.
kgcMeNamkmaMgBlkmfIcMnYn 250>000 nak; EdlcUlrYmkgTIpSar Blkmerogral;qaM 94 RtUvEtBwgEpkelIvisyeRkARbBn
BiessKWksikmedIm,IciBawmRkBH EdlplitPaB nigR)ak;cMNUlmankRmitTab. edaysarGRtapl;kMeNItenAtMbn;CnbTman
kRmit x<s; nigedaysarcMnYnRbCaCnnwgekIneLIgy:ageRcInsnwksnab;enaH eKmankarRBYy)armGMBIGti PaB nigplitPaBdIFI
nigplb:HBal;mkelICIvPaBrs;enArbs;mnusSCMnan;eRkay (UNIFEM, WB, ADB, UNDP and DFID/UK, 2004).
enAeBlBinitemIlkarciBawmCIvitenARbeTskm<Ca sMxan;RtUvsmwgemIl[elIsBIplitkmdMNaMRsUv dUcMcAndrew (1998)
)anbBaak;munenH. kareFVIERs nigdaMdMNaMdTeFVI[BlrdenACnbTmankar eFVICamFmbYneTAR)aMEx ticCagknHqaM ehIypl;R)ak;
cMNUlRtwmEtmYyPaKbInR)ak;cMNUlsrub rbs;BYkeKEtb:ueNaH. ksikrlk;plitplrbs;xneTA[Qj bmas;eragm:asIun
kinRsUv. RbBn plitkmRKYsarEdlmanRTg;RTaytUc ehIyminRbmUlpMeFVI[BYkeKminsUvmanGMNackgkartf ehtuenH RtUv
lk;edaytmefakeRkayeBlRbmUlplPam. BYkeKbMeBjbEnmelIkgVHxatelIkar ciBawmCIvit nigrkR)ak;cMNUlbEnmBIkar
ensaT karRbmUlplitples,g nigminEmnes,g skm PaBshRKin nigkarlk;BlkmCafrnwgR)ak;QltamrdUvkal
(Acharya et al., 2003; Beresford et al.2003) ehIykarmkeFVIkarenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnCitxagenAkgraCFanIPMeBjkan;Et
mancMnYneRcIneLIg.
sitenAkgsanPaBTaMgenH visalPaBnkarGnuvtb>v>s>GaRsymYyEpkFMelIsmtPaB eBlevla nigkasrbs;RsI nigburs
13 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:33 PM
CnbTkg karFanasnsi xu es,gtamrykarbegnI skmPaBeFVkI sikmnigskmPaBciBamCIvti dUcMoser nigBarett(2002,2006)

)anBiniteXIjenA m:adahasa Edr. GacmanTidPaBmYyEdlGkpgfwgEfgGMBIkarTTYl)anTinplx<s;CamYykasrkR)ak;
cMNUlepSgeTot.enAkgpkgRKYsarEdlmanlkNmindUcKarvagRsI nigbursmkBICMnan;xusKaGaccaM)ac;RtUvEtykBlkm
nigeBlevlarbs;xneTAcMNayelIkarciBamCIvitcRmuHEbbenAmUldan ehIypSaPab; CamYykaseTIbekItmanEpkeynDr nig
kasCak;lak;eTAtamGayuelIsBIRkbxNPUmisanrbs; xn. CamYyKaenH kKb,Ikt;sMKal;pgEdrfa TMhMdIFIEdleKkan;kab;
enACnbTkm<CaminFMhYseBk kgkarrkSaBlkmRKYsar[sitenAtamPUmisannanaenaHeLIy.
enAkgkarsikSamYyGMBIsnisuxes,genAPUmicMnYnbI Murshid (1998) snidanfaGgrrYmcMENkBI 80-84 nbrimaNmb
GaharKitCakaLrI b:uEnKanGVIPJak;epIleLIyEdlsnisuxes,gBMuEmn GaRsyelIplitkmeLIy b:uEnKWGaRsyelIlTPaB
TTYl)anes,gGahareTAvijeT.Kat;kt;smal;PaBBwgGaRsynsmamaRtRbCaCnCaeRcInmkelITpI SaredIm,I)anTTYles,g
GaharCa mUldan. karrkR)ak;cMNUlEbbenH nig karFanasnisuxcMeBaHlTPaBrk)anRbPBes,gGahar mansarsMxan;Ca
xagM sRmab;RKYsarCnbTedIm,Irs;ranmanCIvti .karsikSarbs;Murshid)anRbRBwte TAenAtamPUmni anaenAkg extcnM nY bIkg tarag
xageRkambgajGMBIsarsMxan;epSgKan visyksikmcMeBaHGkPUmi
taragTI 1 sarsMxan;eFobnRbPBcMNUlrbs;RKYsar
RbPB
Rbmaj;ebH-RbmUl
minEmnksikm
ksikm
sYnbEnenApH
RBEvg
14
15
42
9
kMBg;s<W
10
45
13
3
kNal
18
50
13
6
Murshid, 1998
eyagtamkarsikSaxagelI vaR)akdNas;faGkPUmienACnbTEdlGkRsavRCav)ansikSa EsVgrkRbPBR)ak;cMNUl niges,g

GaharBIEpkminEmnksikm.
ehtuenHkarGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s> Kb,IBinitkgbribTnkarciBawmCIvitBIEpkminEmnksikmrab; TaMgkarcakecjRbcaMf nig
tamrdUvkarrbs;Gk PUmCi nbTeTAkan;tbM n;TRI kCMCu nnigTIRkugPeM BjedIm,IrkR)ak;cN
M lU sMedAelIkkMBs;snsi xu ees,gnRKYsar
CnbT.
karpas;br nig ninakarc,as;las;GMBIkarciBawmCIvitenACnbTenAkm<CaBMuEmnCaTidPaBCatiEdlman lkNEbkenaHeT. CnbT
km<C asBVfkBM gu qH bBaagM minticCagGVEI dlGksikSaRsavRCav)ankt;smal;lG; BM kI arpas;br sPaBCaGkERscMkary:ageRcInenA
GasIuenaHeT sMBaFesdkic sgm nig neya)ayRBmTaMgkasnanaEdl)anekIteLIgcMeBaHBYkeK)anCRmuj[BYkeKbegIn
kareFVkI argarelImxu rbrmYycMnnY nigbegnI mUldanEsVgrkR)ak;cN
M lU BIEpkminEmnksikmdUcCaRbwgERbgERCgeCIgTaMgenATIRkug
nigenACnbTedIm,ImkrkkargareFVIy:agkkkujenATIpSarBlkmfI (Bryceson, Kay and Mooij, 2000; Elson, 1997).
kareFVIksikmkMBugsitkgdMeNIr)at;bg;sarsMxan;rbs;xnCa lMnaMfInkarpas;brenAERscmar Edlninakarbcb,neq<aHeTArk
skmPaBcRmuHTMngCaRtUvCMnYs edayTidPaBcRmuHEbbnshRKinekSRtsaRs ksikrfI nigGkeTotEdlmandIERstUctac
(Rigg, 2005).
| Oxfam America 14
2/9/2010 2:55:34 PM
karGnuvt b>v>s> enAtambNaextmYycMnYnenAkm<Canwgrgplb:HBal;Cak;Caminxanedaysar kmaMg nigkarpas;brsPaBnE

RscMkarEdlclnaRsI nigburskan;EteRcIneLIgkgkarcUlRbkbkar ciBawmCIvitcRmuHEbbCYbCamYyksikmelIpdITMhMtUcEdl
PaKeRcInKWsRmab;EtciBawmRkBH TRmg;n ksikmEdlbnmanvtmanteTAeToteRkameKalneya)ayEdlKaMRTCaTUeTAcMeBaH]
sShUbnIykm naMecjCaCagkarGPivDksikm. karsikSaTUlMTUlayEdlkarBinitsareLIgvijenH CaEpkmYy nkarsikSa
enaHcaM)ac;RtUvesIubGegt b>v>s> eFobCamYyKMrUsgm esdkicrYmCamYyfamPaBniglT plsKsajEdlkMNt;karGnuvt nig
plb:HBal;nviFIenH.
K> viFIsaRs
karRsavRCavenH)aneRbIviFIsaRscRmuHCakarKYbpSMrvagviFIRsavRCavEbbKuNPaB nig brimaN kgkarRbmUlnigviPaKTinnyelI

EpkBIry:agnr)aykarN_enH1plb:HBal;nksikmtamb>v>s mkelITMnak;TMngeynDr nig 2dMeNIrkarGnuvtkmviFI.
karsikSavaytmenH EckecjCakarRbmUlTinnyBIrdMNak;kal nig dMeNIkarviPaKenAdMNak;kal dMbUgkarsikSa)aneRbIkrNI
sikSaEdlEckecjCaBIrkrNI EdlCakarsikSaeRbobeFobPUmiBIrenARsuk cMnYnBIr RsukmYyenAextkNalEdlmancritCaTI
RbCMuCnehIymanTItaMgsitenACab;raCFanIPMeBjRsukmYyeTotenAextkMBg;qaMgEdlminsUvmancritCaTIRkugehIysitenAqay
BIraCFanI.TIkEngRsavRCavenAkgdMNak;kalenHmYyRkumKWPUmiCRgukPUmiGUrnigPUmiebgenARsukGgslextkNalehIymYy
RkumeTot KWenAPUmiRtBaMgK PUmiGUrrUgkgextkMBg;qaMg.
dMNak;kalbnab; KWkareFVIGegtedaycab;cdn edayeRbITMhMsMNaksmamaRtRbU)ablIet elI mUldancat;CaRkumkgextnI
mYyEdlGgkaresdak)aneFVIkarbNHbNalGMBIb>v>s>nigbegItRkum ksikrGnuvt. Gkpl;cemIycMeBaHkarGegtenHRtUv
)anerobcMCafak;eTAtameynDr. karGegtenH manTMhMsMNaksrubcMnYn 648 CaGkpl;cemIy EbgEckesIKarvagGkpl;
cemIyburs nigRsImk BIextmYycMnYn KWkNal 182nak; kMBg;cam 44nak; extkMBg;qaMg 170nak; kMBg;s<W 176
nak; kMBg;FM 74 nak; nig eBaFsat; 2 nak;. kgcMeNamcemIyTaMgGs; cemIy)an karman cMnYn 643.
RkumRsavRCav)anBieRKaHCamYybuKlikesdakBIrelIkepSgKa elIkTImYyenAkgkicRbCMuCMhandMbUg Edl)anBiPakSaGMBIkmviFI
b>v>s nigGMBIvisalPaBnkarGnuvtenAkm<Ca. elIkTIBIr RkumRsavRCav )ancab;epImerobcMGegtTUTaMgkmviFIkgdMNak;kal
TIBIrnkarRsavRCav.
viFIsikSakrNIsikSaBIrenAdMNak;kalTImYy KWCakarsikSacuHBinitCak;EsgenAPUmiTaMgR)aM ehIyeFVI karsmasn_elIlkN
KuNPaB.RkumRsavRCav)aneFVIkarsmasn_RkumeKaledAcMnYn14enAPUmimYycMnYnenAextkMBg;qaMgnigextkNal.karsmasn_
RkumeKaledAnImYymanGkcUlrYmBIR)aMeTAdb;nak;.karsmasn_RkumeKaledATaMgenH)anRbRBwteTACamYyRkumcRmuHnksikr
RsI nig bursEdlCa GkGnuvtnigminGnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s kdUcCaksikrRsIGnuvtn_b>v>s>suTsaFpgEdr. BIrPaKbI nkar
smasn_sIuCeRmAcMeBaHbuKlk)anGnuvtcMeBaHGkGnuvt nigminGnuvt b>v>sTaMgRsI nigburs enAkgPUmiTaMgenHpgEdr. CagenH
eTotenaH karGegtsMNakEdlmaneKaledACak;lak;)anRbRBwt eTAcMeBaHGkGnuvt b>v>s>cMnYn 57 nak; CaGkpl;cemIy
enAPUminananextkNal nig GkGnuvt b>v>s> 64 nak; enAPUmimYycMnYnenAextkMBg;qaMg.
viFIRsavRCavtamrykrNIsikSa)aneRbIdMNak;kalTImYy edaykarBnl;CMhandMbUgelIbBaaKnwH nigxwmsarnanasIBIkarGnuvt
nigplb:HBal;Cak;lak;mkelI;eynDrnkmviFIb>v>s>. viFIenH)an kMNt;nigbBaak;GMBIlMnaMpvsMxan;nkarviPaKEdlRtUvGnuv
tbn nigGefrsMxan;EdlGegtTUTaMg kmviFIelIkeRkaycaM)ac;RtUvBicarNaCaEpkmYynKMrUGegtrbs;xn. Btmannigkar
BicarNaCMhan dMbUgRbmUl)anBIdMNak;kalTImYynkarRsavRCavKWCaKnwHcMeBaHkarerobcMGegtcdnTUTaMgkmviFI enAkg
dMNak;kalTIBIr. bEnmBIelIenH viFIsaRseRbobeFob)anbglkN[GkRsavRCavsikSa y:agm:t;ct;GMBI\TiBleFobnlMnaM
FanIPavUbnIykmxusKamkelIkareFVIksikm mkelIR)ak;cMNUlclnaBlkarI yuTsaRsciBawmCIvitrbs;RbCaCnmUldan nig
15 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:34 PM
vimaRteynDr.
enAdMNak;kalTIBIrGegtTUTaMgkmviFI)anvas;sg;brimaN nigvas;EvgTidPaBTUeTAnlMnaMniglkN mYycMnYnEdl)anrkeXIj
kgcMeNamGkGnuvtb>v>s>enAPUmiTaMgR)aMkgdMNak;kalTImYy. enA dMNak;kalTIBIrcMnYnsMNakmanlkNsmamaRtCamYy
cMnYnGkGnuvtb>v>s>rbs;esdakenAtam bNaextnanaenATUTaMgRbeTs. PaBcdnnkareRCIserIsGkpl;cemIyRtUv)an
Fanaeday karkMNt;CamunnUveQaHmuxsBaaEdlRtUvpl;cemIy nigGkCMnYsenAkgextmYyEdlGkTaMgBIrRtUv )aneRCIserIs
tamrykareRbItaragelxcdn.
enAkgkarsresrr)aykarN_enH RkumRsavRCav)anBinitemIlksarCafIeLIgvijGMBIGtbTeKal neya)aypvkar nigBinit
emIlTinnybnab;bnSM Biessepgpat; nigbBaak;GMBIkarpas;bresdkic sgmkic RbCasaRs nigehdarcnasm<nTUlMTUlay
enAkm<Ca nigCaBiessenAextkNal kMBg; qaMgnigenAtamRsuknextTaMgBIr. rkSaTuk;TinnymanRsab;TaMgenHCamUldans
Rmab;epgpat; TinnybzmEdl)anRbmUlenAkRmitRKYsar nig kRmitPUminana.
X> rbkKMehIjnkarsikSa
1>1 RbvtisegbnkmviFIGnuvt b>v>s>rbs;esdakenAkm<Ca
RbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s>KWCa viFIsaRsdaMRsUvEbbfIEdleK)ansMeyaKenARbeTs m:adahasa kalBITsvtSr_

1980. esdakEdlCaGgkarminEmnrdaPi)alkgRsuk)andak;[eRbI enAkm<Ca enAqaM 1999. kgqaMenaH mankarsakBiesaFn_
Cak;Esg)ancab;epImCamYykarcUlrYm rbs;ksikr 28 nak;. tamkar[dwgrbs;GgkarenH cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmkcMnYnGkGnu
vt)anekIn eLIgRbmaNCa 60>000 Gk. kgqaMdEdl b>v>s> RtUv)andak;bBaleTAkgEpnkarGPivDCati 2006-2010.
karGnuvtn_ nigelIkkm<s;bEnmRtUv)anGnuvtrhUtmkdl;eBlenHeday GgkarminEmnrdaPi)al nig sabnrdaPi)al.
esdak)a:n;sanfa rhUtdl;Ex mifuna qaM 2007 GgkarenH manRKYsarksikr b>v>s> 65>000 nak;enA 1>827 PUmi nig 15
extenAkm<Ca .
3
kumar-y:g; :bTBiesaFn_CamYyRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUvenAkm<CaBIqaM 2000-2007 : KankalbriecT. kfImYy eTot esdak 2008dak;tYelxx<s;CagksikreFVIERsCag 100>000 nak; mkBIPUmiRbmaNCa 3>000 enAkm<Ca kMBugGnuvt b>v>s>
sYn esg :karvaytmplb:HBal;nkmviFIGPivDn_CnbTrbs;esdak : KankalbriecT
3

| Oxfam America 16
2/9/2010 2:55:34 PM
eKalkarN_mYyEdlman12cMNucb :CMhan :nkareFVIERsedIrtYCacMNuceyagkgkarGnuvtb>v>s>EdlelIkkMBs;edayesdak.

CMhanTaMgenaHrYmman
karerobcMdI[)anesIl
kareRCIserIsBUC
karsgelIfalmansMeNIm nig esIl
kareRCIssMNabEdlmanedImefasl
karsgsMNabEdlmanGayutic
karsgsMNabmYyedIm
karsgrak;
karsgragCakaer
sngXatqayBIKa
bBalTwk nig beBajTwkqas;Ka
eFVIesA
dak;sarFatuciBawm BiessCIsrIrag
eTaHCay:agNakIkarkMNt;nyGMBIGkGnuvt b>v>s> minEmngayRsYleLIy. esdak)ankMNt;y:agm:t;ct;GMBIRBMEdnrvag
GkGnuvtnigminGnuvtb>v>s>. EpkelIksarvaytm rbs;esdakkalBIeBlfIenH esdakTTYlsal;fab>v>s>RtUv)
ankMNt;elIkdMbUg nigsMxan;bMput edayeyagtamCMhanTaMgdb;BIr Edl)anbBaak;BIxagedIm. ehtuenH ksikrPaKeRcInkMNt;
viFIsaRs b>v>s> edayEpkelIkarGnuvtnUvCMhanmYycMnYnnCMhanTaMg 12 . karsikSarbs; esdak)a:n;sanfa Cam
FmGkeFVIERstamEbbb>v>s>GnuelamtameKalkarN_)anBI 3-12 CMhan. bNaCMhanEdleKniymGnuvttam KW
1eRbIsMNabEdlmanGayutic 2sgCaragkaer nig 3 sgelIdIrabesInigmansMeNIm. karEjkecjnUvcMNucTaMgbIenHKW
CasBaasMKal;nkar Gnuvtb>v>s> eTaHCay:agNakI BMuEmnKankaryl;RBmkgcMeNamksikr nigPak;garpSBVpSayrbs;
esdakenaHeT. ecogCagCab;pugedaysar tRmUv[mankarkMNt;nyCapvkarGMBIGkGnuvt b>v>s> karsikSaenHBinitemIlk
arGnuvtrbs;ksikrkg eBlbcb,neFVICacMNuccab;epImnkar viPaK.
karsikSavaytmcMnYnbYnmunenH EdlkarsikSavaytmcMnYnbIeFVIeLIgedayesdak nigmYyeFVI edayCI FI hSiit (GTZ)
enAcenaHqaM 2003 nig 2008 EdlbBaak;dUcKaGMBIkarekIneLIgnUvTinpl nigpl BIR)ak;cMNUlEdlksikr b>v>s>)anTTYl.
karsikSavaytmTaMgenaHrYmman
kartamdanksikr 120 nak;enAqaM 2003 edayesdakbgajfaCamYyviFIsaRs b>v>s> TinplRsUvekInCamFmBI
2/75 etanhikta eFobnwgTinplnkareFVIERstamEbb RbBNI 1/34 etanhikta .
karsikSarbs;esdakenAedImqaM 2007 Edl)ansmasn_ 2/304 RKYsarksikrEdl)an shkarCamUyGgkar )an
rkeXIjfakgcMeNamGkGnuvtb>v>s> 25ncMnYnsrubEdl )anGnuvtbeckeTsTaMgenHenAelIdIERsPaKeRcIn
rbs;xn plitkmRsUvRKYsar)anekIneLIg RbEhl 110 PaKry CamFm.
karsikSarbs;esdak )anRbRBwteTAenA Ex vicika qaM 2007 rhUtdl; Ex mIna qaM 2008 elIRKYsarsMNakcMnYn 640
kgenaH 348 Gnuvt b>v>s> nig 292 minGnuvt b>v>s> )anrk eXIjfa kalBIcugrdUvGkGnuvt b>v>s> CamFm)an
TTYlpl 2>196 etan hikta b ekIneLIg 17 eFobCamYyRKYsarEdlminGnuvt b>v>s>. karsikSaenHk)an
5
5
6
7
8
kumar-y:g; :bTBiesaFn_CamYyRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUvenAkm<CaBIqaM 2000-2007 : KankalbriecT.

dUcxagelI
karsikSavaytlrbs;esdak. karGnuvt nigminGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s>enAkm<Ca kkda 2008
manerobrab;enAkg Koma, op. cit.
17 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:34 PM
snidanfa CaBiessenAextkMBt CamYyksikrpl;cemIysrubcMnYn 174 nak; eKBMueXIj mankar xusKaKYr[kt;

sMKal;rvagRKYsarGnuvt nig minGnuvteLIy ehIyenAextBIreTot kMBg;s<W nig taEkvkMeNInTinplRsUvCamFmKW
29 nig 22.
karvaytmcMeBaHkarsikSa EdleFVIeLIgedayCIFIhSit(GTZ)enAqaM2004)anrkeXIjfaCamFmTinplRsUv)an
ekIneLIg41BI1>629KRkhiktacMeBaHviFItamEbbRbBNIdl;2>289KRkhiktacMeBaHviFItamEbbb>v>s>.
rbkKMehIjpal;rbs;eyIgBIkarsmasn_CamYyksikrGnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s> ryeBlbI qaMmanlkNRbhak;
RbEhlnwgkarsikSarbs;esdak nig karsikSarbs;CIFIhSitqaM 2004 Edr. ksikrRbmaNCa 75 PaKry mankMeNIn
TinplCamFmticCag 50 elIdIERsdUcKa kgryeBlbIqaMnkarGnuvttamEbb b>v>s> sUmemIlrUbTI 8.
CagenHeTAeTotenaH dUckarsikSaEdl)anbBaak;xagelI karsmasn_rbs;eyIgkbgaj[eXIjc,as;nUvpl RbeyaCn_
rbs;ksikrtamrykarkat;bnyCI nig faMksikm nig kat;bnycMNayepSg.
8
1>2 karGnuvt nig minGnuvt b>v>s>BIsMNak;ksikr karprpgKaeTAvijeTAmkGMBITsSnvisy
enAkg karvaytmcgu eRkaybMptu 2008esdakelIkeLIgnUvPaBminR)akdRbCafaehtuGeIV bIeTaHCa)anTTYlplBIkeM NInTinp l

nigkarkat;bnycMNayelIkarGnuvtb>v>s>rbs;ksikremckytW em:H ?CagenHeTAeTotenaHenAeBlEdlkarvaytmenaHerobrab;
GMBIkarelIkkMBs;CaviCmancMeBaH RTBFnrbs;ksikrEdlGnuvtb>v>s>karvaytmenaHminGacPab;EppaTaMgenH faCalTpl
kgkarGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s>eLIy. ehtuenHenAkgxwmsarsegbrbs;xn r)aykarN_enH)anBNnafa
kngmkksikrEdlGnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s>TTYl)anlTpllRbesIrCagksikrEdl minGnuvtb>v>s>TaMgpldac;xat nig
CaPaKry. CamYyKaenHkmankarbgaj[eXIj pgEdr faksikrEdlGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s>mankRmitCIvPaBrs;enARbe
sIrCagksikr EdlminGnuvttambeckeTsb>v>s>. eTaHCay:agNakeday enHKWCasanPaBbcb,n. eyIgKanTinnyedIm,I
Bnl;faetIGkGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s> eFVIdUcemceTIbmankRmit CIvPaBlRbesIrkgkarvivtcugeRkay. eyIgminGaceqIyfa
etImuneBlKeRmagcab;epIm Gnuvt ksikrb>v>s>mankRmitCIvPaBdUcksikrminGnuvtb>v>s>by:agNaenaH bfaksikrGnuvt
b>v>s>eTIbEtmankRmitCIvPaBlRbesIr cab;taMgBI)anshkarCamYy KeRmag by:agNaenaH bfaksikrGnuvtb>v>s>eTIbEt
mankRmitCIvPaBlRbesIrcab; taMgBI)anshkarCamYyKeRmagbmYyksikrGnuvtb>v>s> bmYyfaetIKeRmagenHTak;Taj
GkEdlmanCIvPaB FUrFarenAkgshKmn_by:agNa (Ibid,6) .
xNEdlkarvaytmcugeRkayrbs;esdak )anRbmUlTinnyEdlmansarsMxan;manTMnak;TMng CamYyRKYsarGnuvt nig
minGnuvtb>v>s>karvaytmenaHrkSaTsSnvisy nigkarviPaKrbs;xnRtwm RbBnnImYynplitkmRKYsar emIlrmgfaha
k;dUcCakarBitnUvTMnak;TMngnskmPaBciBawmCIvit nigyuTsaRsnanarbs;RKYsarCamYysm<aFkmaMg nig bribTTUlMTUlay.
eTaHCay:agNakeday r)aykarN_vaytmrbs;esdak minGacbMePcTaMgRsugnUvkarbUksrubskmPaBesdkicbEnmrbs;
RKYsarCamYynwgkareqyI tbxusKaBIsN
M ak;Gk Gnuvtngi minGnuvtb>v>s>dUcCar)aykarN_enHelIkeLIgfa >: >>PaKeRcInnRKYsar
Gnuvt nigminGnuvtb>v>s>manGaCIvkmpal;xn bmankarlk;dUr tictYc bmansmaCikRKYsareFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edr.CaTUeTA
RKYsarCnbTPaKeRcInmankargarkgEpkminEmnksikmbmankargareFVIedayxng:.eRkABIenHr)aykarN_kt;smal;lkN
pyKaGMBIsavtarrbs;GkGnuvtnigminGnuvtb>v>s> ehIyTajkarcab;GarmN_cMeBaHkaseRkABI ksikmnigkasesdkicelIs
BIksikmCnbTCarYm. r)aykarN_kt;smal;fa GkminGnuvt b>v>s> manskmPaBeRkABIksikmCaskmPaBesdkiccMbg
ehIyBYkeKminsUvcab;GarmN_ elIkar eFVIksikmeLIy. m:agvijeTotGkGnuvtb>v>s>manmuxrbreFVIERsCaskmPaBesdkic
cm,g rbs;xn.
eTaHCay:agNakedayCacugeRkay kgVHTsSnvisyviPaKTUlMTUlayEdlelIkykmkBicarNanUv GnrkalesdkicbEnmrbs;
RKYsar nigGnrkalesdkickRmitmFmnigGnrkalRbCasaRsRBm TaMgkicGPivDn_dTeTot EdlkMhitr)aykarN_enHBIkar
| Oxfam America 18
2/9/2010 2:55:34 PM
bkRsayTinnynigBtmanCak;lak;TaMg enHbEnm ehIypSarPab;TinnynigBtmanTaMgenaHCamYybBaabribTrbs;ksikrnig

TMenareTAkg karGnuvt bminGnuvtb>v>s>.
eyIgGHGagfa karyl;dwgGMBIlMnaMnskmPaB nig yuTsaRsciBawmCIvitrbs;ksikrrab;TaMg\riyabf rbs;ksikrGnuvt nig
minGnuvtb>v>s>Kb,IBinitBYkeKenAkgesdkicneya)ayTUlayehIyBMuEmn sikSaRtwmEtTinplnigTMhMnplitkmksikmen
aHeT. eyIgGHGagbnfa karyl;dwgGMBIskmPaB ciBawmCIvitxusKaEpkeynDr nig karpas;brCayuTsaRsEdlGnuvteday
smaCikRKYsarrab;TaMg skmPaBTaMgLayNaEdlBak;BnCamYykarGnuvtb>v>s> rcnasm<nTUlMTUlay nigkmaMgEdl man\
TiBl nig erobcMskmPaBTaMgenaH Kb,IelIkykmkBicarNa[)anm:t;ct;.
kgnyenH \LveyIgQaneTABiPakSaGMBIbribTniglkNnananskmPaBciBawmCIvitFnFannig kasbEnmrbs;RKYsar nig
PUmizan EdlbegIt)anCaviFIciBawmCIvitenAtammUldanCaeRcInnksikr eTAtameynDr.
1>3> bribTTUeTAnGnrkal nigkarciBawmCIvitenAextkNal nigextkMBg;qaMg

k FanIPavUbnIykmenAkm<Ca nigkarERbRbYlesdkicGRtakMeNInRbCaCnRbcaMqaMenAtMbn;TIRkug enAkm<Cacab;BIqaM1998
dl; 2008manGRtaesInwg 2/55 mankRmitx<s;CaxaMgeFobnwg GRtakMeNInRbCaCnCnbT 1/30. RbCaCnTIRkug)anekIn
eLIgBI 2/03 lannak; b 17/6 ncMnYnRbCaCnsrubTUTaMgRbeTsenAqaM1998 dl; 2/61 lannak; b 19/5 ncMnYn
RbCaCnsrubenAkm<CaenAqaM 2008. eTaHCay:agNakeday tYelxsrub enAfak;Cati bgaj faFanIPavUbnIykmmin)anbgaj
[eXIjeBjeljnUvlkNmYycMnYneLIy dUcCa k 60 nRbCaCnsrubenAkgRbeTsrs;enAkgextcMnYnR)aMmYy Edlsit
enAtMbn;TMnabkNalnigenACMuvij raCFanIPMeBj xmanb:UlrIkceRmInCaxaMgenATIRkugxHEdlkMBugTak;TajlMhUrBlrdcMNak
RsukBI extCnbTdelIslub. eKeXIjmandMeNIrkarFanIPavUbnIykmBMumanlkNesIKa b:uEnCadMeNIrkar EdlmansarsMxan;
kMBugekItmanenAtamtMbn;mYycMnYnkgRbeTskm<CakalBITsvtSkngeTAfI.edIm,IqHbBaaMgdg;sIuetRbCaCnmankRmitxusKa
CaxaMgenAkgtMbn;FmCaticMnYnbYn 22 nak;kgmYy KILEm:Rtkaer:enAtMbn;x<s;rab nigtMbn;PM 56nak; enAbNaextCab;mat;
smuRT64nak;enATensabnig261nak;enAtMbn;TMnabkNalEdlPMeBjnigextkNal.extkNalCaextsitenAEk,rPMeBj
nigkMBugGPivDCatMbn;TIRbCMuCn. bcb,n extenHmanRbCaCn 1/26lannak; Caext EdlmancMnYnRbCaCneRcInCageKlMdab;
TIbIenAkm<Ca nigkCaextCnbTEdlmandg;sIuetRbCaCn x<s;bMputpgEdr. eK)ansegteXIjfaRkugPMeBj nigextkNal
19 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:35 PM
BiesstMbn;RbCMuCnnTIRkug nigext enH)annwgkMBugTak;TajyuvnarICaeRcIn[eFVIkarenAkgeragcRkkat;edr (NIS, 2008).

enAqaM1998 enATUTaMgRbeTsRkugPMeBj nigextkNal)ancuHbBaInUvcMnYnBlrdcMNakRsuk x<s;CageKbMputKW 395>246
nak;enAPMeBj nig 127>104nak;enAkNal. R)aMmYyqaMeRkaymk enAqaM 2004 PMeBj nigkNalenAEtmancMnYnBlrd
cMNakRsukx<s;CageKdEdl KW 363>429nak; sRmab;PMeBj nig 152>862nak; sRmab;extkNal (NIS, 2006).
eTaHCarhUtmkdl;sBVfenHkIkm<CaenAEtCaRbeTsksikmEdlmanRbCaCncMnYn 80/5 ncMnYn RbCaCnsrubrs;enAtMbn;Cn
bTsitienAkgGMLgeBl 13qaM 1993-2005 bgaj[eXIj karFak;cuHCaPaKryncMnYnRbCaCnEdleFVIkarenAkgvisy
ksikm. m:agvijeTot ]sSahkm nig esvakmEdlCaskmPaBEdlmanmUldanenATIRkugbCayRkug )anbgaj[eXIj
kMeNInCaPaKry ekIneLIgCabeNIr sUmemIltaragelx2xageRkam. cMeBaHkargarenAkg visypvkar ksikmkMBugFak;
cuHBIkarpl;kargar 40/1 ncMnYnRbCaCn enAqaM1993 mk Rtwm 13/7 enAqaM 2005. ksikmnigRbmaj;mancMENkFM
CageKenAkgvisyksikm GRtaPaKrykFak;cuH pgEdr BI86/7PaKry enAqaM 1993 mkRtwm 69/3 enAqaM 2005.
karFak;cuHTaMgRsug nvisyksikmRtUv)ansRmaledaykarekIneLIgnUvcMENknGnuvisyensaT CaEpkkargarmYy EdleTIb
mansnHedaysarrdaPi)allubecalnUvkardak;kMhitBI tMbn;ensaTmYycMnYnRbKl;[RbCa BlrdeFVIGaCIvkm. m:agvijeTot
EpkEdlmanfamPaBbMput kgkarpl;kargarenAkg]sSahkm KWeragcRknigsMNg;enAkgvisyesvakmKWBaNiCkm nigdwk
CBan.
taragelx 2 PaKrynkaskargarkgvisypvkar nigvisyeRkARbBnKittamvisysMxan;

visysMxan; kgRbBneRkARbBn 1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
visykgRbBn
40/1
37/3
30/3
20/5
13/7
visyeRkARbBn
86/7
86/5
85/3
76/5
69/3
visykgRbBn
13/7
16/3
22/5
36/5
38/2
2/6
3/2
4/0
6/4
7/9
visykgRbBn
46/2
46/4
47/2
43/0
48/1
visyeRkARbBn
13/2
13/1
13/7
17/2
22/8
ksikm
]sSahkm visyeRkARbBn
esvakm
yktamTinnyesovePAsitiRbcaMqaM 2006-viTasanCatisiti 2006clnaRbCaCnBICnbTeTATIRkugmansnHekIneLIgkg

ryeBlb:unanqaMcugeRkay edaysarkmviFI rbs;rdaPi)alsIBIkarksagpvfl; karsareLIgvijnigkarEfTaM. r)aykarN_ enA
cenaHqaM 1999 nig 2003fa TwkR)ak;430landularGaemrik RtUv)aneRbIR)as;eTAbNajpvCati nigpvext. pvCatisrubcMnYn
1>850 K>m> nigs<an 177 RtUv)ansareLIgvijeRkam RksYgsaFarNkar nigdwkCBan xNEdlnaykdanvisVkmnkg
eyaFBlexmrPUminsareLIg vijpvfl;RbEvg 1>371K>m> nig)ansg;s<an ebtug cMnYn 490. CMnYybreTsRtUv)anykmk
eRbI cMeBaHKeRmag pvfl; TaMgenH. enAkgyuTsaRsrbs;rdaPi)alcMeBaHsareLIgvijnigEfTaMpvfl; GaTiPaBTImYy KWpvCati
EdltPab;PMeBjeTAkan;TIrYmextnana. enAqaM2003 km<Camanpvsrub RbEvg 4>276/15 K>m> EdlCapvCati nigpvext
(NIS, 2006). kardwkCBan nigkareFVIdMeNIredaym:UtUedayRbCaBlrdmUldanmansnH)anekIneLIgkan;EteRcIn edaysar
karBRgIkRbBnpvfl;. kMeNInnkareFVIdMeNIr eday yanyn BiessKW kareFVIdMeNIreday RbCaCnCnbTeTAkan;TIrYmext nig
| Oxfam America 20
2/9/2010 2:55:36 PM
TIRkugGacsnidanBIsUcnakr dwkCBanxageRkamcab;BIqaM 1990 dl; 2005taragelx3 tYelxsrubbUkbnKanUvkardwkCBan

edayyanyn 1990-2005
taragelx3 tYelxsrubbUkbnKanUvkardwkCBanedayyanyn 1990-2005

qaM
rfyndwkGk rfyn dwk rfynbWs rfyn

m:UtU
GkmanlixitebIkbr m:UtY
dMeNIr FuntUc TMnijFuntUc
dwkTMnij
rfyndwkTMnij rfynbWs
1990 221
533
105
683
3>116
1995 1>620
5>179
653
4>809
19>080* 29>459
2000 5>888
14>560
971
9>881
114>263 40>958
1711
15>363 288>153 55>507
2005 11>366 25>473
*m:UtUeTIbcuHeQaHenAqaM 1995. enHKWCatYelxRtwmRtUvCagcab;BIqaM 1990-94 enAqaM2005 m:UtYbUkbn TMngCaElgeRbIR)as;
ekIt TinnyyktamviTasanCatisiti 2006 308-09
cMnYnrfyndwkCBanGkdMeNIrFuntUc rfyndwkTMnijFuntUc nigrfyndwkTMnijFunFMEdlCa meFa)aydwkCBansaFarNrbs;
BlrdsamBaenAtambNaextnana enAeBleFVIdMeNIrBIRsukenA CnbTmkkan;TIRkugenATIRbCMuCnmeFa)ayTaMgGs;)anekIn
eLIy:ageRcIn kgryeBldb;R)aMqaMcug eRkay. karekIneLIgy:ageRcInnUvmU:tUCakmsiTikCn EdlCameFa)ayeFVIdMeNIr
mYyeBjniym sRmab;kardwkCBanpal;xnTaMgenACnbTnigenATIRkug. kgryeBlR)aMqaMb:ueNaH 2001-2005 mU:tUfIEdl
)ancuHbBaI)anekIneLIgbIdg.
epImecjBIsUcnakrGMBIGRtakMeNInRbCaCn esdkic nigdwkCBanEdl)anBNnaxagelI)an bgaj ya:g;c,as;Nas;Edlfa
TisedAnkarvinieyaK nigGaTiPaBGPivDn_manPaBlMeGogeTArktMbn; TIRkugnig esdkicTIRkug. vinieyaKsaFarNmanl
kNRbmUlpMenAtMbn;TIRkug. eyagtamkar)a:n; sanmYy )an[dwgfakgryeBlR)aMqaMBIqaM1996-2001 tMbn;TIRkug)
anTTYlvinieyaKsaFarN cMnYn 65 cMENk 35 eTotRtUv)anykeTAvinieyaKenAtMbn;CnbTeTaHCa90 nBlrd RkIRk
rbs;km<Cars;enAERscmarkI (Hughes 2003: 38). tmbEnmenAkgvisyksikm)anrIk ceRmIn eRkamGRtakMeNInRbCaC
nenAtMbn;CnbT. PaBxusKaeRcInrvagGRtakMeNInnesdkicenA CnbT nigGRtakMeNIntictYc bGRtakMeNInenAKaMgenAtMbn;
CnbTCRmuj[mancMNakRsuk BICnbT eTAkan;TIRkugkgGRtax<s;. enAqaM 2004 kgcMeNamRbCaBlrdcMnYn 4/3lannak;
Edlcat; TukfaCaGkeFVIcMNakRsukkgRbeTs 3/6lan 84mkBItMbn;CnbT. enAqaM1998 manGk eFVIcMNakRsuk
kgRbeTscMnYn 3/4lannak; Edl 2/7lannak; b 82 mkBItMbn;CnbT (NIS 2006:54). ryeBl nigTRmg;xusKancMN
akRsuknigkarcUlrYmenAkgesdkicTIRkug nigesdkic CayRkugBIsMNak; RbCaCnCnbT)aneFVI[mankMeNInCaxaMgEdlmanlMe
GogBIkmviFIsagsg; nig karEfTaMpvfl;Edl)anbBaak;BIxagedIm.karekIneLIgnUvclnacMNakRsukRtUv)ankMNt;rYmKaeday
sar kMeNIny:agx<s; nmeFa)ayeFVIdMeNIrEdlGnuBaat[RKYsarCnbTelIkkm<s; TItaMgCaeRcIn nyuTsaRsciBawmCIvitrbs;
BYkeK BiessKWcUlrYmenAkgvisykgnigeRkARbBnnkargar eragcRk sMNg; nigRkum ]sSahkmesvakmepSg.
xsavtarkRmitmFmfak;ext extkNal nigkMBg;qaMg
extkNalsitenAtMbn;TMnabnRbeTskm<CaBTCMuvijnigenACitPMeBjbMput. extenH manRBMRbTl; Cab;extkMBg;qaMgnig
kMBg;cam enATisxageCIgCab;nwgextRBEvg enATisxagekItCab;nwgRbeTs evotNamnigexttaEkvenATisxagt,g nigCab;
extkMBg;s<W. extkNalmanTMhM3>568KILEm:Rt RkLaPaKeRcInCavalTMnab. extenH RtUv)ancat;fak;faCaextCnbT b:uEn
21 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:36 PM
manlkNCaeRcInEdl bgajfaCaextmancritCaTIRkugedaysarextenHsitenACab;raCFanIPMeBj.
kMBg;qaMg KWCaextmYyepSgeTotEdlsitenAtMbn;Tensab. kMBg;qaMg sitenAqayBIraCFanIPMeBj ehIymanRBMRbTl;CamYy
extkNalenATisxagt,g.extenHmanTMhMsrubcMnYn5>521KILEm:RtRkLa.kMBg;qaMgkRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaextCnbTpgEdr.
extkNalmancMnYnRbCaCneRcInCagextkMBg;qaMg.extkNalmanRbCaCncMnYn1/26lannak;enAqaM2008.EpkelIsg;dar
enAkm<CaextenHmandg;sIuetRbCaCnx<s;KW 355nak;kgmYyKIL Em:Rtkaer . pyeTAvij extkMBg;qaMgmanpdIFMCagBIrdg
manRbCaCncMnYn 0/472lannak; 2008 nigmandg;sIuetRbCaCnEt85nak;b:ueNaHkgmYyKILEm:Rtkaer:. enAqaM2008
ext kNal KWCaextTIbIEdlmancMnYnRbCaCnrs;enAeRcInbMputenAkm<Ca kgcMeNamextTaMgGs; cMnYn 24 RtUvCa9/5 n
cMnYnRbCaCnsrubenATUTaMgRbeTs. rI cMnYnRbCaCnenAext kMBg;qaMg vij Cab;cMNat;fak;TIdb;bIEdlRtUvCa 3/5 ncMnYn
RbCaCnsrubenATUTaMgRbeTs.
tYelxpvkarGMBIPaBRkIRkcat;extkNalfamanGRtaPaBRkIRkcMnYn 31/2 rIkMBg;qaMg vij GRtaenHmankRmitx<s;Cag KW
42/8 r)aykarN_GPivDn_FnFanmnusSenAkm<CaqaM 2007. PaBRkIRkEdlvas;sg;elImUldannR)ak;cMNUlenHkRtUvKa
CamYykarvas;sg;elImUldan eRkABIR)ak; cMNUlEdr. karBinitemIlsUcnakrGMBIkarpt;pg;Twk GnkrPaB suxPaB RbePTpH
sEm,gnigkarpt;pg;GKisnIcMeBaHRKYsar)anCak;c,as;Nas;faextkNalTaMgmUlmanKuNPaBCIvitlRbesIrCagextkMBg;qaMg
sUmemIltaragelx4xageRkam. extkNalminsUvmankarBwgEpkelI RbPBTwkKansuvtiPaBkgkarTTYlTaneLIy man
GRtaGnkrPaBTabCagTaMgburs nigRsImanlTPaB )anTTYlesvasuxPaBRbesIrCag pHbeNaHGasnmanGRtaPaKrytic
Cag ehIypHCaeRcInman lTPaB)anTTYlGKisnIBITIRkugsRmab;eRbIR)as;. taragelx 4 kareRbobeFobsUcnakrsgmkicesdkicmYycMnYnkNal nigkMBg;qaMg sUmemIltaragelx4xageRkam. extkNalminsUvmankarBwgEpkelI RbPBTwkKan
suvtiPaBkgkarTTYlTaneLIy manGRtaGnkrPaBTabCagTaMgburs nigRsImanlTPaB )anTTYlesvasuxPaBRbesIrCag pH
beNaHGasnmanGRtaPaKryticCag ehIypHCaeRcInman lTPaB)anTTYlGKisnIBITIRkugsRmab;eRbIR)as;.
taragelx 4 kareRbobeFobsUcnakrsgmkic-esdkicmYycMnYnkNal nigkMBg;qaMg

sUcnakrsgmkic-esdkic
extkNal
extkMBg;qaMg
k> nRKYsarmanRbPBTwk
satsRmab;TTYlTan
Twkm:asIun
GNgsb;
GNgCIkEdlmanKMrbkarBar
GNgCIkEdlKanKMrbkarBar
TwkecjBIeRkamdI Ten GUr .l.
Tij
eRkABIenH
x> GRtaGkrPaBcMeBaHmnusSeBjvy2004
GRtaGkrPaBburs
3/3
27/0
2/2
8/8
41/1
17/5
0/1
77/4
87/2
1/9
20/4
2/5
55/8
18/2
0/0
66/4
79/2

| Oxfam America 22
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GRtaGkrPaBRsI
69/6
56/2
K>karBieRKaHCmWeRkAGMBIkrNIfI2005 741> 384
250> 640
X> nRKYsartamRbePTpH 2004
21/9
GciRny_
56/3
19/2
Bak;kNalGciRny_
25/6
beNaHGasn
18/1
58/9
X> nRKYsarEdlmanePIgGKisnI 11/6
3/6
TIRkug 2004
RbPB Gegtsgmkic-esdkickm<Ca 2004 viTasanCatisiti 2006
PaBxusKaGMBkI RmitCIvPaBrs;enArvagRKYsarenAextkNalnigkMBg;qa gM KWCalTplnyuTs aRsciBamw CIvti rbs;RKYsarEdlEktRmUv
nigcat;EcgedayRTBsm,ti nigFnFanpal;rbs;BYkeKRBm TaMglTPaBnkaskargarenAeRkAPUmisanrbs;BYkeK. mankta
cMbgBIr EdlRtUvBinitBicy[ )anditdl;KW CaktakMNt;sMxan;EdlRtUvyl;GMBIkRmitCIvPaBrs;enAxusKarvagRbCaCnenAext
TaMgBIr enaHKW lkNnkmsiTidIFI nigksikm nigrcnasm<nnkargarksikmnigminEmnksikm.
extTaMgBIr BwgEpkelIkareFVIERsEdlKanRbBneRsacRsB. extkNal manpdIeFVIERsCamFm cMnYn 96>800hikta cab;BI
qaM2001-2005. kgGMLgeBldUcKaenH pdIeFVIERseRcInCagKW 112>200hikta. GMBIsavtarsIBIkmsiTidIFI extTaMgBIr
mansPaBxusKaCaxaMg. GRtarYmKa nRKYsarKandI nigmandIFItictYcmandIERsticCagmYyhiktaenAextkNal83
mancMnYn x<s;Cagy:ageRcIneFobnwgextkMBg;qaMg 69 nigx<s;CagmFmPaKenAfak;Cati 64. ext kNalkmanPaK
ryRKYsarticCagy:ageRcInEdlmankmsiTidI BI1 eTA 3hikta RtwmEt 16 bu:eNaHeFobnwg 28 kMBg;qaMg nig 30
mFmPaKenAfak;Cati (sUmemIltaragelx5xag eRkam.
taragelx 5 kmsiTidIFIenAextkNal nigkMBg;qaMg

sUcnakr
kNal
kMBg;qaMg
mFmPaBenAfak;Cati
KandI
17
10
15
49
mandIticCag 1 hikta
66
59
30
mandIBI 1 ticCag 3 hikta
16
28
mandIFMCag 3 hikta
2
3
6
RbPB Gegtsgmkic-esdkic viTasanCatisiti 2004
karBinitBicyelIPaBxusKaGMBIlMnaMkmsiTidIFIkgkareFVIERsrvagextTaMgBIr elIkeLIgnUvbBaa sMxan;fa ehtuGVI)anCaextkNal
eTaHCaPaBKandIFI nigPaBmandIFItictYcmankRmitx<s; ehIyman pdIGacdaMduHmanTMhMtUcCagextkMBg;qaMgkI CaTUeTARbCaCn
manmRmitCIvPaBrs;enARbesIrCagGkenAextkBM g;qa gM .eTaHCay:agNakedayRbkarenHTMngCamanlkNpy KaRbsinebIeK
viPaKkar ciBawmCIvitrbs;RbCaCnfamanmUldansuTsaFelIkareFVIksikm nigelIkmsiTidIFI. CakarBit Tinnyfak;extrvagext
kNalnigkMBg;qaMgbgajfa manPaBxusKaGMBIBiBiFkmkargartamvisy sUmemIltaragelx6xageRkam ehIyelIkeLIg
faRbPBcMNUlminEmnksikmCaktarYmcMENk mYyy:agFMcMeBaHRbPBnkarciBawmCIvit nigCaktakMNt;cMeBaHkRmitCIvPaBrs;
enArbs;RKYsar.
23 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:36 PM
taragelx 6 kareRbIR)as;kmaMgBlkmtamvisy
kareRbIR)as;kmaMgBlkmtamvisy kNal
kMBg;qaMg
mFmPaKenAfak;Cati
50
71
60
ksikm
]sSahkm
21
12
13
esvakm
25
17
25
mandIFMCag 3 hikta
2
3
6
RbPB Gegtsgmkic-esdkic 2004 viTasanCatisiti
enAkgtaragxagelIenH GRtaeRbIR)as;kmaMgBlkmenAextkNalkgvisyksikm50man kRmitTabCagextkMBg;qaMg nig
mFmPaKenAfak;CatixaMgNas;. b:uEnm:agvijeTot GRtaeRbIR)as; kmaMgBlkmnextenHkgvisy]sSahkmmankRmit
x<s;CagextkMBg;qaMg nigx<s;CagmFmPaK enAfak;Cati. extenHmanlMdab;elxBIr bnab;BIPMeBjcMeBaHGRtaeRbIR)as;kmaMg
BlkmelIEpk ]sSahkm. GRtaeRbIR)as;kmaMgBlkmenAextkNalkgvisyesvakmkmankRmitx<s;Cag extkMBg;qaMg
nigx<s;CagmFmPaKenAfak;CatipgEdr. GRtaeRbIR)as;kmaMgBlkmx<s;kgvisy minEmnksikmenAextkNal kan;Etman
sarsMxan;bEnmeTotkgbribTEdlextenH)anTTYl cMNat;fak;x<s;bMputGMBITinplRsUvkgmYyhiktaeFobCamYyextTaMgL
ayenAkm<Ca kgryeBl R)aMqaM 2001-2005kgkRmitTinpl3/33etanhikta eFobnwgmFmPaKenAfak;Catikgry
eBldUcKaRtwm 2/11etanhikta. kgryeBldUcKaenH extkMBg;qaMgmanTinplRsUvCamFm 1/84 etanhikta.
ehtuenH kRmitCIvPaBrs;enAx<s;bMputenAextkNal sUmemIltarag elx4 TMngCa)anmkBIlTplKYbpSMKarvagPaBsm,r
EbbnkarciBawmCIvitedayviFIeRcIny:ag enAmUldanBiessKWkarcUlrYmkgskmPaB]sSahkmnigesvakmenATIRbCMuCn m:ag
vijeTotdMNaM RsUv pl;plitPaBx<s;Cag. GRtaPaBKandI nigPaBmandItictYcEdlmankRmitx<s;minTMngCakta cm,gEdl
eFVI[b:HBal;dl;lTplGnuvtTUeTAelIsnsSn_sIBIkRmitCIvPaBrs;enAenaHeT.
fVIebIGkniBnminGacTTYl)annUvTinnyCMerOn Edl)aneFVIbcb,nPaBGMBITItaMgRkumhun]sSahkm nigesvakmenAkgextedIm,I
eRbobeFobmUldaneRbIR)as;kmaMgBlkmminEmnksikm nigkasnana rvagextkNalnigextkMBg;qaMgkI esckIRBagn
xwmsarsegbnCMerOnqaM 2008 )anKUsbBaak;GMBI karRbmUlpMkas]sSahkmenAkgextkNaldUcsRmg;elIkykmk
bgajxageRkam
TinnysIBIPaBmankUn mrNPaB nigcMNakRsukEdlnwgmaneRkayBIkarerobcMTinnyrYcral;RtUv)anrMBwgfanwgpl;kar)a:n;san
GMBIkMeNInFmta natural growth nigTMhMnclnaRbCaCnBI extmYyeTAextmYy nigBICnbTmkkan;TIRkug.TinnyenH
nwgbglkNcMeBaHkarviPaKsIuCeRmA GMBIkarERbRbYlcMnYnRbCaCnenAfak;ext>>>eTaHCay:agNakI enAdMNak;kalenHeKGac
eFVIkarsegt TUeTAmYycMnYnEpkelImUldannr)aykarN_nanaEdl)anTTYlBIbNaext. PMeBj nigext kNal Biess KW
tMbn;RbCMuCnnextTaMgBIrenH )annigkMBugTak;TajyuvnarIy:ageRcIn[mkeFVIkarenAtam bNaeragcRkkat;edrnana>>> viTasan
Catisiti 2008 TMBr 10-11
TinnyenAkgCMerOnelIkmunenAqaM 2004 k)anbgajc,as;nUvninakarxagelIenHEdr. PMeBj nigextkNalCab;lMdab;fak;
elx1 nigelx2 GMBIcMnYnBlrdcMNakRsukEdlrs;enAelITwkdIntMbn; TaMgBIrenH. xNEdlcMnYnRtg;cMNucBak;kNaln
BlrdcMNakRsukcMeBaHextTaMg 24 enAkm<Ca esInwg 36>800 kIenAPMeBjBlrdcMNakRsukRtg;cMNucBak;kNalemdan
mancMnYnxusBIKa qayNas; KWmancMnYn 363>400 xNEdlenAextkNalBlrdcMNakRsukRtg;cMNucBak; kNal mancMnYn
| Oxfam America 24
2/9/2010 2:55:36 PM
xusKay:ageRcInKW 152>900nak; . cMNucenH mannyfaextTaMgBIrmankMeNIn RbCaCnEdlmansnHcMNakRsukx<s;. CagenH

eTAeTot xusBIextkMBg;qaMgBlrd cMNakRsukEdl )anraykarN_ enAqaM2004 TaMgenAPMeBj nigenAextkNaPaKeRcInCa
RsI sUmGantaragelx7 xageRkamcMNuc enHpl;karKaMRTdl;karBicarNamunenHEdlfabrimaNmYycMENkFMncrncMNak
RsukBIbNaext dTRtUv)anTak;TajedaykaseFVIkargarkgeragcRkkat;edrenAtMbn;TI Rkug nigCayRkugnextTaMgBIr.
taragTI7 BlrdcMNakRsukenAextkNal kMBg;qaMg nigPMeBjtamePT2004

kNal
kMBg;qaMg
PMeBj
363>429
TaMgBIrePT
152>862
26>393
14>300
165>559
Burs
73>752
12>093
197>870
RsI
79>110
RbPBTinny viTasanCatisiti 2006
sitisgmenARsukBIrnextkNalnigkMBg;qaMgCasitisMxan;EdlRtUvBinit.RsukTaMgBIrenHKWCaRsuknPUmiTaMgR)aMEdlesdak
)anGnuvtkmviFIGnraKmn_y:ageRcInGMBInirnrPaBn b>v>s> cab;taMgBIqaM2002mk.
sUcnakrsgmEdl)anRbmUlBIRsukTaMgBIrenH RsukGgslenAextkNal nigRsukrlaebrenA extkMBg;qaMgbgaj[eXIj
lkNc,as;las; nigfamPaBEdl)anBinitemIlmunenHnkarbUk srubnigviPaKenAfak;ext.
taragTI 8 sUcnakrsgmkic-esdkicenARsukGgsl nigrlaebr

RsukGgslextkNal
kcMnYnRbCaCnsrub
108>248
x cMnYnRKYsar
20>335
K ksikmRKYsar
16>559
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3>362
g cMnYnRKYsarKandI
1>722
c cMnYnRKYsarmandIticCag 1 hikta
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q cMnYnGkeFVIkarCakmkreragcRk
6>024
C eFVIkarCaRsIkmkreragcRk
4>576
Q cMnYnBlrdcMNakRsuk
6>247
j cMnYnRsIcMNakRsuk
4>745
t cMnYnGkmanGayuBI 18-60qaM EdlKankargareFVICaRbcaM nigEdl 2>669
KankargareFVI
f cMnYnRsIEdlmanGayuBI 18 - 60 qaM KankareFVICaRbcaM nigKankargareFVI 1>205
RsukrlaebrextkMBg;qaMg
92>544
19>722
17>758
3>777
897
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3>399
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sUcnakrTaMgenH qHbBaaMgtic beRcInnUvkRmitsrubrYmenAfak;extniglMnaMEdlmanBImunrvagext kNal nig kMBg;qaMg
sUmemIltaragTI 8.
enAGgsl manRKYsarEt81/4b:eu NaHEdlCIvPaBrs;enArbs;BkY eKBwgEpkTaMgRsugelIvsi y ksikmeFobnwg90/0
25 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:36 PM
enARsukrlaebrcMNuc xnig K
RKYsarKandIenAGgslmancMnYnCitesIBIrdgncMnYnRKYsarEdlKandIenARsukrlaebr X enAGgslGRtaRKYsar
mandItictYc ticCagmYyhiktakmancMnYneRcInCagEdr eRcInCag 28 c
GkeFVIkarCakmkreragcRk q nigRsIkmkreragcRkmanenAGgslcMnYneRcInCagqay Nas;eFobCamYyRsukrlaebrC
enAGgslmanBlrdcMNakRsukeRcInCagenArlaebr Q RsIcMNakRsukkmancMnYn eRcInCagEdr j
enArlaebrGRtaKankareFVI nigmankareFVImineBjeljmankRmitx<s;CagenAGgsl t
enArlaebrGRtaKankareFVI nigmankareFVImineBjeljrbs;RsImankRmitx<s;CagenA Ggsl f
cMNucxagelIbgajfaenAGgslCaRsukmYyenAextkNal mankarcUlrYmx<s;kgkargarminEmn ksikmenAtMbn;TIRkugBiess
kargareragcRkEdlPaKeRcInBlkmRsICaGkra:b;rg nig)aneFVI[esdkicmUldanmansPaBrs;revIk ehIymanGRtaKankareFVI
nigmankareFVImineBjeljtictYc.Tinnybgajfa esdkicmUldanenAGgslmansnHrIkceRmInqab;rhs eTaHbICamanGRta
x<s; cMeBaHPaBKandI nigmandItictYckI.
1>4>GkGnuvt b>v>s>enAPUminanaenAextkNalnigkMBg;qaMg
GkniBn)aneFVIkarsmasn_Cabnbnab;CamYyRkummuxsBaaGkeFVIERstamEbbb>v>s>enAbIPUminRsukGgslextkNalKWPUmi
CRguk PUmiGU nigebg enAXMumak; nigPUmiBIreTot enARsukrlaebr ext kMBg;qaMeBal KWPUmiRtBaMgeKa nigPUmiGUrug enAXMuqarI.
xageRkamenH KWCasavtaxInPUmiTaMgenH.
PUmibIenAextkNal kgPUmisaRsXMumak;
k PUmiCRguk KWCaPUmiksikmEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAcMnYn 52RKYsar kgenaH 20RKYsar manRsICa emRKYsar. 47RKYsar manmux
| Oxfam America 26
2/9/2010 2:55:38 PM
rbrcm,gkgvisyksikm. enAkgPUmi 37RKYsar mandIticCag mYyhikta kmviFIsila 2006. EpkelIkicsmasn_CaRkum

BiPakSaedayGkniBnkgPUmienH man 5 RKYsarKandI. CamYyKaenHpgEdr kman 5RKYsareTotmanmuxrbrsMxan;elIskmPaB
minEmnksikmenAeRkAPUmEi dlPaKeRcInCamuxgarBak;Bn n gw visy sMNg;.PUmei nHeFVEI RsBwgEpkelITkw ePgeKBMeu XIjmanRbBn
eRsacRsBenAPUmienHeT. ehtuenH kgmYyqaMBYkeKeFVIERsEtmgb:ueNaH. eyagtamkicsmasn_karRbmUlplRsUvCamFm
kgmYyqaM)anRbEhl 2etanhikta. eRkABIkar eFVIERs GkPUmiCRgukkeFVIskmPaBksikmepSgeTotpgEdr dUcCa ciBawm
RCUkeKanigman;daMbEnngi eFVsI r etat.EpkelIkar)a:ns; a nRtYsEdl)aneFVkI g kicsmasn_CamYyRkumeKaledAEdlCaGkGnuvt
b>v>s> 27RKYsar enAkgPUmienH kgcMeNam 47RKYsar EdlRbkbrbreFVIERsCa RKYsarEdlmanRsUvRKb;RKan;sRmab;TTYl
TaneBjmYyqaM RKYsarmYycMnYntUcmanenAsl;RsUvtic tYc. R)aMRKYsarBwgEpkelIkarTijRsUvryeBlticCag3ExkgmYyqaM
ehIy 10RKYsareTot xVHRsUv nigBwgEpkelIkarTijGgrhUbBI 3-6Ex kgmYyqaM.
edIm,IedaHRsaykgVHxatRsUvkgrdUvxVHxat RKYsarCaeRcIneFVIkarenAeRkAPUmiRsukenAtMbn;TIRkugeFVICa GkerIssRmam
kmkrkat;edr nigCagsMNg;. RKYsarmYycMnYntUcbEnmR)ak;edIm,ITijRsUv EpkelI RbPBcMNUlEdl)anmkBIGaCIvkmman;Tabnicbnc.
enAkgkicsmasn_CamYyRkumeKaledA GkcUlrYm)aneFVIcMNat;fak;skmPaBesdkicnanaeTAtam lMdab;sarsMxan;CaRbPB
ncMNUlsac;R)ak; 1RsIsmaCikRKYsareFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edr 2 erIssRmamenATIRkug 3ciBawmman;enAkgPUmirbs;xn.
b>v>s>RtUv)anesdakENnaM[GnuvtenAqaM 2003. fIenH man 14RKYsar Edl)anGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s> kgkardaMRsUvrbs;xn.
x PUmiGUr CaPUmimYyEdlman 47RKYsar kgenaH 20RKYsar manRsICaemRKYsar. 42RKYsar Rbkbmuxrbrcm,gCaGkeFVIERs.
R)aMRKYsarepSgeToteFVIkarminEmnksikmenAeRkAPUmi. 26 RKYsar )anraykarN_faBYkeKmandIticCagmYyhiktakmviFIsIla
qaM 2006. EpkelImUldann kicsmasn_rvagGkniBnCamYyRkumeKaledAEdlCaGkGnuvtb>v>s> enAkgPUmiman 5RKYsar
Edl KandI. 5RKYsar manmuxrbrcm,gelIvisyminEmnksikmenAeRkAPUmi. BYkeKPaKeRcIneFVIkar kgvisysMNg;.
PUmienH BwgEpkelITwkePg eFVIERsmYyqaMmgenAkgPUmienHKanRbBneRsacRsBeLIy. CamFm karRbmUlplRbcaMqaM eyag
tamkar[dwgrbs;Gkpl;kicsmasn_RsUvpl;pl 2etanhikta. eRkABImuxrbreFVIERsBYkeKmanskmPaBciBawmCIvitEpk
ksikmdTeTotenAkgPUmi dUcCa ciBawmRCUk man; daMbEn nigeFVIsretat.
eyagtamkicsmasn_RkumeKaledA kar)a:n;sanGMBIPaBRKb;RKan;cMeBaHRKYsarRbkbrbrksikmKW 27RKYsar manRsUvRKb;RKan;
enAeBjmYyqaM RKYsarmYycMnYntUcGacmanenAsl;RsUvelIsBIesckI RtUvkarkgkarTTYlTan ksikr 5RKYsar CaTUeTAxVHRsUvtic
Cag 3Ex ehIy 10RKYsar xVHRsUvBI bIeTAR)aMmYyExkgmYyqaM.
edIm,IbMeBjkgVHRsUvenArdUvxVHxat RKYsarcaM)ac;RtUvTijRsUvedayeRbIR)ak;cMNUlrbs;smaCikRKYsar EdlGacCakmkreFVIkar
enAeragcRkkat;edr GkerIsMrammenATIRkug beFVIkarenAkgKeRmagsag sg;enAeRkAPUmi.
enAkgkicsmasn_CamYyRkumeKaledA GkcUlrYm)ancat;fak;lMdab;sarsMxan;nRbPBR)ak;cMNUl enAkgPUmitamlMdab;dUcteTA
1R)ak;QlEdlRsIsmaCikRKYsar)anTTYlBIeragcRkkat;edr2R)ak;cMNUlBIKeRmagsagsg; nig 3karerIssMramenATIRkug.
esdak)anENnaM[PUmienH Gnuvtb>v>s>enAqaM2004 ehIybcb,nenHman 14RKYsar EdlGnuvt tambeckeTs b>v>s>.
K PUmiebg KWCaPUmimYyEdlman 64RKYsar kgenaH 30RKYsar manRsICaemRKYsar. 59RKYsar manmuxrbrcm,gCaGkeFVIERs
edIm,IciBawmCIvit. enAkgPUmi 46RKYsar mandIticCagmYyhikta kmviFIsila qaM2006. EpkelIkicsmasn_rbs;GkniBn
CamYyRkumeKaledA kgPUmienHman 5RKYsar KandIFI. CamYyKaenHpgEdr kman5RKYsarEdlRbkbrbrminEmnksikmenAeRkA
PUmi edIm,IciBawm CIvitpgEdr.
PUmei nHBwgEpkelITkw ePgnigeFVEI Rsmgkg mYyqa.M eKBMeu XIjmanRbBne RsacRsBesaHeLIy.karRbmUlplRsUvCamFmkg
27 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:38 PM
mYyqaM KW3etanhikta. skmPaBksikmdTeTotnRKYsar KWkar ciBawmstVBahn nigkardaMbEn.

EpkelIkar)a:n;sanEdl)aneFVItamrykicsmasn_RkumeKaledARbmaNCamYyPaKbInRKYsarksikrmanRsUvRKb;RKan;sRmab;
briPaKenAeBjqaM manRKYsarmYycMnYntUcenAsl;RsUvelIBIkarTTYl Tan. RKYsarRbmaNCamYyPaKR)aMxVHxatRsUvticCag3Ex
kgmYyqaM. Bak;kNalncMnYnRKYsar ksikrenAkgPUmixVHRsUvBIbIExeTAR)aMmYyExkgmYyqaM.
edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkarxVHRsUvenH RKYsarykR)ak;Edlrk)anBIxageRkAeTATijRsUv. RKYsarCaeRcInman smaCikRKYsarCaRsIeBj
vyeTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edr ehIysmaCikRKYsarCaburseFVIkarenAkg visysMNg;. RKYsarmYycMnYnkrksIutictYc dUcCa
lk;eRKOgeTs nigeFVInMlk; niglk;nMbBakedIm,I ykR)ak;TijGgrenArdUvxVHxat.
enAkgkicsmasn_CamYyRkumeKaledA GkcUlrYm)anpl;cMNat;fak;nUvRbPBxageRkamtamlMdab; nsarsMxan;CaRbPBsac;
R)ak;enAkgPUmi 1R)ak;Qlrbs;smaCikRKYsarenAeragcRkkat;edr nig 2R)ak;cMNUlmkBIkargarsMNg;.
esdak)anENnaMPUmienH[Gnuvtb>v>s> enAqaM2004. bcb,nenH59RKYsarkMBugeFVIERstamEbb b>v>s>.
PUmiBIrenAXMuRC)ak; extkMBg;qaMg
kPUmiRtBaMgK KWCaPUmiksikmEdlman 126RKYsar kgenaH 26RKYsar manRsICaemRKYsar. 101 RKYsarRbkbmuxrbreFVI
ERsCamuxrbrsMxan;. manEt 20RKYsarbu:eNaH Edl)anraykarN_fa mandIticCamYyhikta kmviFIsila qaM 2006. eyag
tamkicsmasn_rvagGkniBnCamYyRkum eKaledA enAkgPUmienHman 7RKYsar b:ueNaHEdlKandI. CamYyKaenHpgEdr kman
27RKYsar EdlRbkbmuxrbrCacm,gelIvisyminEmnksikmedIm,IciBawmCIvit. PUmienHBwgEpkelITwkePg ehIy eFVIERsmgkg
mYyqa.M eKmineXIjmanRbBne RsacRsBenAkg PUmei nHesaHeLIy.eyagtamkar[dwgrbs;Gk PUmpi lRsUvCamFmkg PUmei nH
KW 2etanhikta.
EpkelIkar)a:ns; a nEdl)aneFVkI g kics masn_CamYyRkumeKaledAEdlCaGkGnuvtb>v>s>RbmaNCa25RKYsarmanRsUvhUbRKb;RKan;
eBjmYyqa.M RbmaNCa10RKYsarEdlmanRsUvelIsBItRmUvkarbriePaKEdlRKYsarTaMgenaHnwglk;RsUvenaHeTA[RKYsardTenA
kgPUmi ehIyRbEhlCa 65RKYsar CYbkgVHxatRsUvticCag3ExkgmYyqaM. GkdTeTotRbmaNCa27RKYsarxVHRsUveRcIn
Cag3Ex.
cMeBaHRKYsarEdlxVHRsUvsmaCikRKYsar)ancUlrYmkgskmPaBbegInR)ak;cMNUlenAkgPUmidUcCakarciBawmman;rkGusedIm,Ilk;
enATIRkugsn qanM gi eFVkI ar[RKYsardTenArdUvRbmUlplCafr nwgR)ak;Ql .RKYsarmYycMnnY kmansmaCikRKYsareFVkI arenAkg erag
cRkkat;edr nigvisysMNg;enA eRkAPUmipgEdr.
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1karciBawmman; 2R)ak;Ql)anBIsmaCikRKYsareFVIkarenAeragcRk kat;edr nig 3kargarsnkm-qaMg.
esdak )anENnaMPUmienH[eFVIksikmEbbb>v>s>enAqaM 2005. bcb,nenHman 90RKYsar Edl GnuvtkareFVIERstamEbbb>v>s>.
x PUmi GUrrUg KWCaPUmimYyEdlman106RKYsarkgenaH 26RKYsar manemRKYsarCaRsI. 80 RKYsar RbkbrbreFVIERsCamuxrbr
cMbgsRmab;ciBawmCIvit. 60RKYsar RtUv)anraykarN_famandItic CagmYyhiktaenAkgPUmi kmviFIsila qaM2006.
eyagtamkicsmasn_rvagGkniBnCamYyRkum eKaledA enAkgPUmienH man24RKYsar KandI. CamYyKaenHpgEdr kman24
RKYsarEdlRbkbrbr minEmnksikmCamuxrbrsMxan;sRmab;ciBawmCIvitpgEdr.
PUmienHBwgEpkCaxaMgelITwkePg ehIyeFVIERsmgkgmYyqaM. kgPUmienH eKeXIjmanRbBneRsac RsBEdlpl;GtRbeyaCn_
dl;RKYsarcMnYn15. eRkABIkareFVIERsmanskmPaBksikmciBawmCIvit dTeTot EdlGkPUminiymciBawmRCUk man; Ta RtI nigstV
| Oxfam America 28
2/9/2010 2:55:39 PM
Bahn daMbEn nigeFVIsretat. karrkGusedIm,Ilk;kCarbrmYyeBjniympgEdr.

eyagtamkar)a:n;sanenAkgkicsmasn_RkumeKaledA eKeXIjmanRbmaNCa 16RKYsar Edlman RsUvhUbRKb;RKan;eBj
mYyqaM manRKYsarmYycMnYntUcmansl;RsUvEdleKlk;[RKYsardTenAkg PUmi. RbmaNCa 34RKYsar EdlEtgEtxVHxatRsUv
CaTUeTAticCagbIEx. RbmaNCa 32RKYsar xVH RsUvBI 3-6Ex kgmYyqaM.
edIm,IbMeBjkgVHxat GkPUmiRbkbrbrciBawmCIvitcRmuHEbb. RKYsarKandIlk;kmaMgBlkm[Gk dTkgeBlRbmUlplnigkg
skmPaBminEmnksikm. CamYyKaenHEdrmanRKYsarcMnYn 5 EdlmansmaCik eTAtMbn;RBMEdnfedIm,Ilk;BlkmCafrnwgR)ak;
Ql. GkdTeTotrkR)ak;BIkargarsnkm-qaMg ciBawmRtI nigman;ykeTATijGgr. GkxH eTAeFVIkarCakmkreragcRkkat;edr
RsI nigkmkrsMNg; burs.
enAkgkicsmasn_RkumeKaledA GkcUlrYm)aneFVIsMNat;fak;skmPaBciBawmCIvitxageRkameday EpkelIsarsMxan;nRbPB
sac;R)ak;enAkgPUmi 1eFVIsretat 2rkGus 3ciBawmRCUk nig 4karciBawmman;-Ta.
esdakesdak )anENnaMbeckeTs b>v>s> kgPUmienHenAqaM 2004. bcb,nenHman 33RKYsar kMBug GnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s>enAkgPUmi.
1>5 kareRbobeeFobktaBNnaEpkbrimaNcMeBaHPUminanaenAextkNal nigkMBg;qaMg

GkniBn)aneFVIkarGegtedaycab; sMNakcdnEdlmanTMhM 57RKYsar EdlGnuvtb>v>s> enAkgPUmi CRguk PUmiGUr nigPUmiebg
enAextkNalnigkarGegtedaycab;cdnmYyeTotelI64RKYsar enAPUmiRtBaMgK nig GUrrUg enAextkMBg;qaMgedIm,IeFVIetsvas;
sg;suBlPaBnigsPaBTUeTAnlkNniglMnaMmYycMnYn Edl pusecjBIkarsegtnwgEPk nigekItecjBIkicsmasn_RkumeKaledA.
kgtaragelx9ktaEdlGaceRbobeFobKa)anmYycMnYn)anelIkeLIgy:agc,as;nUvlMnaMdUcteTA1PUmiTaMgbIenAextkNal
mankgVHFBaCatiticCag j nigsmtPaBsRmab;RTRTg;RKYsarEdl mansmaCikeRcInk 2PUmienAextkNalmanPaBBwg
29 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:41 PM
taragelx 9 ktaeRbobeFobmYycMnYnnsavtankarciBawmCIvitnRKYsarGnuvt b>v>s> rvagPUminanaenA

extkNal nigextkMBg;qaMg
ktaeRbobeFobmYycMnYn
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5/0
kemdanncMnYnsmaCikRKYsar
6/00
xmFmPaKncMnYnsmaCikRKYsareB 1/73
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ksikm
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XmFmPaKncMnYnburseBjvyEd 1/38
1/38
lcUlrYm CamUldankgkargarksikm
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1/47
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QmFmPaBncMnYnsmaCikbursEdl 1/36
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jcMnYnfCamFmEdlBwgEpkelIkar 67
77
Tij RsUvGgrcMeBaHRKYsarEdlxVHRsUvGgr
= ksikrGnuvt b>v>s> 57 RKYsarenAextkNal n2= ksikrGnuvt b>v>s> 64 RKYsarenAextkMBg;qaMg kareRbobeFobrvag
extTaMgBIrxagelI PUmienAextkNalmanRKYsarGnuvt b>v>s EdlBwg EpkelIcMNUlsac;R)ak;BI]sSahkmkat;edr nigBIkargar
sagsg; eRcInCag. BYkeKkcUlrYmeRcInkgkareFVI sYnbEneRkaypHnigkarciBawmstVpgEdreFobnwgPUminanaenAextkMBg;qaMg
sUmemIlrUbTI 2 xageRkam. sMxan;RtUvkt;smal;faEpkelImUldannkicsmasn_rbs;GkniBnyuvnarI KWCaGkeFVIkarenA
kgeragcRkkat;edrehIyRsIEdlmanvycMNas;enAtamPUmiPaKeRcInCaGkTTYlxusRtUvelIkarciBawmstVenAeRkaypH.bursKW
CaGkEdlecjeTAeFVIkarkgvisysMNg;enAxageRkA.
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CaRbPBnR)ak;cMNUleRcInCag cMENkenAPUminanakgextkNalvij man RKYsarmYyPaKtUceFVIskmPaBTaMgBIr sUmemIl
n1

| Oxfam America 30
2/9/2010 2:55:41 PM
rUbTI1xageRkam. TinnyTaMgenHbgajy:ag c,as;fa sarsMxan;cm,gEdlRKYsarenAextkNalpSarPab;CamYymuxrbrkg

esdkicminEmn ksikmenATIRkugeT. sitenAEk,rmNlrIkceRmInenAtMbn;TIRkug PUmiTaMgenaHBwgEpkelIskmPaB ciBawmCIvit
enATIRkug ehIyrkSaskmPaBksikmrbs;xnenAtMbn;CnbT.
rUbTI 1 cemIycRmuHnRKYsarGnuvt b>v>s>enAPUminanaenAextkNalnigkMBg;qaMgGMBIRbPBn cMNUl

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ciBawmRtIeRkaypH
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karciBawmstVenAeRkaypH
enAkgkarBiPakSamunenH eyIg)anGHGagfakareFVIERs niglTplnkarGnuvtb>v>s>eFVICayuT saRsciBawmCIvitKb,IRtUv)an

vaytmenAkgbribTnRbPBciBawmCIviteRcInEbb edayelIkkm<s; clnarbs;RbCaCnenACnbT nigkMeNInnsarsMxan;kg
karcUlrYmkgesdkicenATIRkug. CagenH eTAeTot karekIneLIgnUvBlkmRsIkgkareFVIksikm nigkgkareFVIkargarenAeragcRk
kat;edrRtUvEt CaEpkmYynkarsikSaenHGMBIkareqIytbEpkEyneDIrcMeBaHkmviFI b>v>s> nig\TiBlnkmviFIenH mkelIPUmi
nanaenACnbT. \Lv eyIggakcUlmkkgRbFanbTenH.
2> skmPaBCak;lak;neynDr nigbnkkargarkgkareFVIksikmtamEbb b>v>s>

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minEmnksikmEdlmankan;EteRcIneLIgCabeNIrenAkm<Ca.eTaHCay:agNakIminEmnmannyfaRsIminbegInkareFVIkargarkg
visyminEmnksikmenaHeT. rbkKMehIj nkarGegtbgajfamuxrbrminEmnksikmrbs;RsI KWeFVIkarenAkgeragcRkkat;edr
nigeFVICaCagkat;edr. lTplnkarGegtkbgajpgEdrfaRsIEdleFVIkarenAkgeragcRkkat;edr tamFmtamanGayu cab;BI
18-29qaM. pyeTAvij bursPaKeRcIneFVICaCagsMNg; Cagsg;pH nigCaGkbeRmIkarenAtam kariyalyCaemPUmi
nigRKUbeRgon ehIyBYkeKmanGayumkBIRKb;vy.
rUbTI2 xageRkambgajmuxgarminEmnksikmCak;lak;tameynDrrbs;Gkpl;kicsmasn_enAkg kmviFIGegtTUeTA.
31 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:43 PM
rUbTI 2 PaKrynRsI nigbursenAkgkargarminEmnksikm kgcMeNam 479 nak;

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y:ageRcIn. RbkarenHTMngCabgajfa RsIEdlmanvycMNas; tamFmtamanvtmanCaRbcaMenAkgPUmizanrbs; xn ehtuenH
BYkeKTaMgenHCaGkKaMRTcMbgcMeBaHksikm. rUbTI3 xageRkambgajPaBxusKaenHtamGayunigtamePT.
| Oxfam America 32
2/9/2010 2:55:45 PM
rUbelx 3 PaKrynBlkreBjvyEdlRbkbrbrminEmnksikmenAeRkAPUmi tamePT kg cMeNamGkpl;

cemIycMnYn 479 nak;
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eToteRkABIkareFVIksikm. TI2 kicsmasn_)an[dwgfayuvnarIkMBugRtUv)aneRCIserIs[eFVIkarenAkg eragcRkkat;edr ehtuenH
niymnycas;EdlcgRsICamYykargarksikmElgRtwmRtUveTotehIy. RsIksikrvycas;EdlmineFVIcMNakRsukTMngCaekIte
cjBITidPaBfIenH sMxan;KWEfTaMksikmenAkg PUmizan. TidPaBEdlekIteLIgTaMgenH bgajPaBgayERbRbYlnUvdMeNIrvivtn
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eFVI[CnbTkm<CaERbRbYl ehIybegIt GtulPaBfIGMBIkas sanPaB nigFnFan.
karEbgEckBlkmtamePTkg kareFVEI RstamEbbb>v>s>bgajfaRsTI TYlxusRtUvCacMbgelIkarsg nigeFVeI sAcMENkbursvij
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burs
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33 Oxfam America |
TI 4
TI 5
TI 6
TI 7
TI 8 TI 9 TI 10 TI 11 TI 12

2/9/2010 2:55:47 PM
CMhanTI1karerobcMfa l[)aneslI ( n=243)CMhanTI2kareRCIserIsBUC(n=446)CMhanTI3karsg elIfalEdlmansMeNIm

ehIyesIl(n=287) CMhanTI 4 kareRCIsyksMNabEdlmanedImrwgmaM(n=205) CMhan TI 5 karsgenAeBlsMNabman
Gayutic(n=193) CMhanTI 6 karsgsMNabmYyedIm (n=468) CMhanTI 7kar sgrak; (n=420) CMhanTI 8 karsg
Caragkaer: (n=128) CMhanTI 9 sgregVIl (n=421) CMhanTI 10 bBal nigepSaHTwkqas;eTAmk (n=181) CMhanTI 11 kareFVI
esA(n=448) CMhanTI 12 kardak;CI-sarFatuciBawm (n=551)
RbPB GegtcMeBaHksikr b>v>s>Ex emsa qaM 2008 (N= 643)

* Gkpl;cemIykbBaak;pgEdrfaTaMgRsI nigburs)ancUlrYmenAkgCMhanTaMgLayn b>v>s>
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bursehIyCaBiessRsIeRcInCaGksgminEmnburseT.eTaHCay:agNakIrbkKMehIjTaMgenHmin)anbgajfaetIbnkkargar)an
ekIneLIgbfycuH.GVEI dleKniymelIkeLIgGMBbI eckviTab>v>s>bgajfaviFsI aRsenHCYysRmalbnk kick areFVEI RseFobnwgkar
eFVIERs tamEbbRbBNI.
etIBitCadUecHEmnb? Gkpl;cemIysrubcMnYn 643nak; RtUv)ansYrfaetIkareFVIERsb>v>s>manbnk kargarRsalCagkareFVIERs
tamEbbRbBNI by:agNa-74kPaBfa)ansRmal 13kPaB edayKanraErkfaBitCa)ansRmal ehIymanEt4 nig
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eFobnwgkickar lM)akkgkardksMNab nigkarsgEdleFVItamEbbRbBNI (Anthofer, 2004a; kumar nigsIunI qaM 2004 ).
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rUbelx 5 PaKrynGkGnuvt b>v>s>EdlGnuvt b>v>s>tameKalkarN_ 12 CMhan *

CMhanTI 12
CMhanTI 11
CMhanTI 10
CMhanTI 9
CMhanTI 8
CMhanTI 7
CMhanTI 6
CMhanTI 5
CMhanTI 4
CMhanTI 3
CMhanTI 2
CMhanTI 1
PaKrynGkGnuvt
| Oxfam America 34
2/9/2010 2:55:49 PM
CMhanTI 1 karerobcMfal[)anesIl(n=250) CMhanTI 2 kareRCIserIsBUC(n=448) CMhanTI 3karsgelI falEdlman

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(n=124) CMhanTI 9 sgregVIl (n=421) CMhanTI 10 bBal nigepSaHTwkqas;eTAmk (n=183) CMhanTI 11 kareFVIesA(n=440)
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dUc rUbelx5xagelIbgajCMhanTI2-6-11nigTI12 KWCa CMhanEdlGkGnuvtPaKeRcInGnu elamtam kareRCIserIsBUCkar
sg kareFVIesA nigkardak;CIsarFatuciBawm.kickarTaMgenH eRcInEtCabnkrbs;ksikrRsICaCagksikrburs. CMhanEdlmin
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ksikrmYyRkumEdlBYkeKGacKanCMnajdUcKanigyl;dgw GMBvI Fi bI >v>s>mindUcKa.karRKb;RKgTwkCMhanTI10kmni RtUv)aneK
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RsUvRbBNI kareRbIfaMksikmmYycMnYn. kareFVIERsminERbRbYl nigman mUldanEpkelIRsUv kmaMgGUsTajCYymnusSkg
karerobcMdI bnab;mkdksMNab nigsgsMNab edImxImanGayu30-35f dak;CIKImI nigeRbIfaMksikm bBalTwkkgERs eFVIesA
enAtamPWERsnigeCIgTMnb;karRbmUlplnigskmPaBeRkayeBlRbmUlpl.kareFVIERsPaKeRcInenAkgRsukPaKeRcInBwgEpk
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sMNabkgERsenAeBlEdlsMNab enaHRKb;GayukI. skmPaBeRkayeBlRbmUlpl CaTUeTAkbursnigRsIEtgCYyKaeTAvij
eTAmk. RsICaGkhalRsUv nigerayRsUv ehIybnab;mkTaMgbursnigRsIdwkRsUvykeTAkinenAeragm:asIun CitenaH. RsITukdak;
Ggr ehIykCaGkerobcMnigdaM)aysRmab;TTYlTanpgEdr.
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niglk;eTATIpSarkgTIRkug. kargareKhkic dUcCacMGinmb EfTaMkumar nigmnusScas; e)assMGat nige)akKk;KWCakickarEdl
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EbgEckkargarplit nigkargareKhkic eTaHbICamankarERbRbYl GMBIEbbEpn nigbrimaNnkarsgsMNab karRKb;RKgTwk kar
eFVeI sAnigkarerobcMdkI .I eTaHCay:agNakedaykics masn_)an[dwgfabursminsUvCYyRskI g karsg nigdksMNabeLIyeRBaH
fasMNabticCagmunehIykickarenHRsalCagmun. CamYyKaenH Gkpl;cemIycMeBaHkarGegt kRtUv)anesI[vaytmfaetI
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tamEbbRbBNI. sMNYrenH man ectnavas;sg;karpas;brkgkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> EdleRbobeFobBlkmcaM)ac; nigkar
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35 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:49 PM
rUbelx 6 kareRbobeFobPaKryncMnYnBlkmkg 12 CMhann b>v>s> eFobCamYykareFVIERs tamEbbRbBNI

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CMhanTI 8karsgCaragkaer:
CMhanTI 9 karsgregVIl cMnYn 417
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ticCagmun
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sg CMhanTI 2-4-5-6-7-9RtUvkarBlkmticCagmun. cMNucenH bBaak;GMNHGMNagelIkmunGMBIbrimaNBlkmcMeBaH
b>v>s> (Moser and Barett, 2002; 2006; Anthofer, 2004a; Uphoff, 2007). kareRCIserIsBUC nigkar sgsMNabCaTUeTACaParkic
sRmab;RsI ehtuenH karGnuvtParkicTaMgenHtamEbbb>v>s>)anbnr bnybnkkargarcMeBaHRsI.
cMeBaHbursvij BYkeKRtUveFVIkargarm:t;ct;CagmunkgkarerobcMdI CMhanTI 1xNEdlRsIcMNayeBlnigfamBlbEnmkgkar
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elx 11 xageRkam.
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mFmPaKnTinplRsUvdaMduHtamEbbRbBNIenAelI dIERsdUcKa
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| Oxfam America 36
2/9/2010 2:55:50 PM
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elx5.Epkbnbnab;xageRkamenHBiPakSaGMBcI N
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BIkardaMduHEbbenH.
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nig rUbelx5 eKBiniteXIjfa burscUlrYm kgkargarminEmnksikmeRcInCagRsIbnicbnc. eKk)anBinit eXIjpgEdrfa
burseFVIkargarenA Ek,r TIrYmext nigenAraCFanIPMeBjpgEdr.
karplitsretat KWCarbrciBawmCIvitbMeBjbEnmEbbRbBNI BiessenAeBlEdlR)ak;cMNUl Fak;cuH nigR)ak;cMNUlkan;Etsc
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kargarminEmnksikmnigkargareRkARbBn.
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37 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:51 PM
ehtuenHkareFVkI arenAmYykEngb:Eu nmanrbrciBamw CIvti eRcInEbbenAEtCaCeRmIslRbesIrsRmab;ksikrenAextkBM g;qa gM .kmvFi I

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ciBawmCIvitTaMgenHCYybegInR)ak;cMNUl cMeBaH RKYsarCnbT.
rUbelx 7 PaKrynGkGnuvt b>v>s> nigRbPBcMNUlsac;R)ak;

varIvb,kmeeRkaypH cMnYn 72 nak;
kareFVIsYnbEn cMnYn 303 nak;
karciBawmstVenAeRkaypH cMnYn 468 nak;
muxrbrdTeTotenATIRkug cMnYn 314 nak;
sMNg; cMnYn 146 nak;
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PaKrynGkGnuvtn_
| Oxfam America 38
2/9/2010 2:55:54 PM

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39 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:54 PM
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nkMeNInTinplRsUv
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GkGnuvtqaMTIBIr 2006 (n2=186)
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| Oxfam America 40
2/9/2010 2:55:56 PM
rUbTI 8K PaKrynksikr Rkum 3Edl)anGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s>cab;taMgBIqaM 2007 mk KittamPaKrykMeNInTinplRsUv

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PaKrynksikrGnuvt
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41 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:55:57 PM
yin saern PUmiebg extkNal

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| Oxfam America 42
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rUbelx 9 cMNucxaMgnviFIsaRs b>v>s>tamkar[dwgrbs;GkGnuvtTaMgLayKittamePT

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172
43 Oxfam America |
Rkum 2
2006-2008
22
21
20
13
0
23
srub
150 77
154 79
160 82
66 34
14 7
195 100

2/9/2010 2:55:58 PM
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cMeNamGkGnuvt b>v>s> EdlsitenAkgTItaMgsikSa.

| Oxfam America 44
2/9/2010 2:55:58 PM
cMnYnksikrGnuvt
rUbelx 10 cMnYnksikr Edl)anbnGnuvtn_viFIsaRs b>v>s> BIqaM 2005 dl; 2007 Rkum 1 nigBIqaM 2006
dl; 2007 Rkum 2
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EdlTak;TgCamYykareRsacRsBnigkarRKb;RKgTwk kdUcCakar begInkareFVIesAEdlmanerobrab;enAkg taragelx6GaceFVI
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kareRbIR)as;viFIsaRs b>v>s> kgkareFVIERs :karRKb;RKgTwkCYbkarlM)akeRcInkg kareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> :. kareRsacRsB
nig karRKb;RKgTwkmYyPaKFMKWCaskmPaBrbs;burs kgkareFVIERs. bcb,nenH burscUlrYmkan;EteRcInCamYykarekIneLIgnUv
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ERstamEbbb>v>s>.
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b:Eu neFV[I manes,gGaharRKb;RKan;edayxn g.karFak;cHu nUvsarsMxan;nkareFVIERsEdlCaRbPBmYynkarciBamw CIvti tamBit
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Ca cRmwgEdk cMENkBYkeyIgmanmanpHeQI :. ehtuenH lTPaB)anTTYlFnFanCacMNUlsac;R)ak; kan;EtkayeTACasnsSn_
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45 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:56:00 PM
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TijRsUv-GgrsRmab;rdUvxVHxat nig sRmab;ExxSt;RsUvkdUcCaedIm,IedaHRsaycMNay
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semkbMBak;.
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(N=643)
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GacbeRmImuxgarCa :sMNaj;suvtiPaBsnisux es,g : EdlGnuBaat[smaCikRKYsarbnkarciBawmCIvitepSgeToteRkABIksikm .
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sac;R)ak;minGacra:b;rg)annUvkareLIgfes,gGahar nig fGgr. kareFVIksikm)ankayeTA CakEngRCkekansRmab;Blkr
cMNakRsukenACnbTEdlmanclnabmas;TIx<s; ehtuenHehIyk manmuxRsIenAkgvisyenH. KanGVIcEmkeT fakareFVIksikm
eRcInEtsitenAkgbnkEfTaMrbs;RsI nig RsIEdlmanvycMNas;. mankarBiPakSabEnmeTotelIcMNucenHenAkgEpkbnab;.
3>4 etIeKcMNayeBlTMenrBIkargarksikmeFVIGVI?lTplmincg;)anmYycMnYnEdlekItecjBIkar Gnuvtb>v>s>

karsikSaenHk)anBinti emIlpgEdrGMBkI arcMNayeBlevlaTMenrrbs;Gk Gnuvtb>v>s>edaysarmanbnk kargarksikmRsal
| Oxfam America 46
2/9/2010 2:56:01 PM
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xusKacMeBaHRbePTnskmPaBdUcCaenAkg rUbelx12bursykeBlTMenrBIkargarksikmeTAeFVkI arminEmnksikmnigpwkRsa
CamYy mitPRk. pyeTAvij RsIlk;BlkmedayeFVIkargarksikm[eKCafrnwgR)ak;Ql nig cUlrYmenA kgkarerobcMsYnbEn
enAeRkaypH.
rUbelx 12 karEbgEckeBlevlaBlkmEdlsnSM)anBIkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> eTAeFVI skmPaBdT KitCa

PaKrynRsI nig burs (N=636)
burs
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kareRbIeBlevlaTMenrBIBlkm. enAkgkicsmasn_RkumeKaledACamYy ksikrRsI b>v>s> enAextkNalmankarkPaBKaCa
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BIr-bIfmuneBlsg. enAeBlEdlBYkeKKrTuksMNabcas;edIm BYkeKcaM)ac;RtUveKaHykPk; nig e)acesAecjBIKl;sMNab
enAeBlEdleKdksMNab. b>v>s> )anbMRBYjrebobtMkl;Tuk edaybglkN[RsIsgsMNab EdlmanedImxIedaypal;eTA
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ehtuenHCYysRmalbnkkargar rbs;RsI nig kat;bnyeBlevla. eTaHCay:agNakedaykarPr nig kareFVIesARtUvcMNayeBl
eRcInCagmun.
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sMGat. \LvenH eyIgcMNayeBlRtwmEt 1-2 em:agenAERsBIem:ag 7 dl;em:ag 9 ehIyenAeBllacBIem:ag 4 dl;em:ag 6 lac.
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eBlevla eBjmYyRBwk nigesIrEteBjmYyfresolenAkgERs :.
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nig man;-Ta : \LveyIgGaccMNayeBlbEnmeRcInCagmun edIm,I sMGatRTugman;. eTaHCay:agNakeday eyIgcMNayeBleRcIn
Nas;kgkareFVIesA nigkgkarRKb; RKgTwkenAkgERs eRBaHfaburskeFVIkarenAeRkAPUmiEdr. eRkABIkargarGs;TaMgenH \Lv
47 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:56:03 PM
eyIgk cUlrYmy:agskmenAkgkicRbCMuPUmipgEdr :enHCakarkt;smal;rbs;RbFanRkum.

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sMNabmuneBlsg. karcUlrYmtictYckgkargareKhkicnig skmPaBciBawmCIvitcRmuHEbbenAeRkaypH BiessenAtamPUmina
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eqIy tbcMeBaHkarekIneLIgnUvkasrkR)ak;cMNUleRkABIPUmiRsukrbs;xn.
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)anbEgVrmkeFVIkargareKhkic. CaTUeTA BYkeKeBjcitCamYy lTplEbbenH eRBaHBYkeKdwgfaTIpSarkargarenAeRkAPUmiRsUb
ykEtRsvI y ekgnigbursEtb:eu NaH.ksikrRskI e Bjcitp gEdrfaBYkeKmaneBlevlabEnmsRmab;clU rYmkg kicRbCMPu mU iehIy
cMNucenH eFVI[RsImanmuxmanmat;CasaFarNenAtMbn;CnbT. sRmab;GkxHeToteKyl;fa enHKWCamuxgar sIBIkardwknaM dUc
CamuxgardwknaMrbs;GkpSBVpSayksikmRsI Edl)anTTYleCaKCy nig)anbn GnuvtkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> . eBlevla
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cMNas;CamYyTidPaBminc,as;las;eTAGnaKtGMBIPaBrwgmaMnvisyksikmenAkm<Ca nigedIm,IriHrkmeFa)aykgkareFVI[man
nirnrPaBcMeBaHkarelIkkm<ss; Ti Gi N
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2005 mkem:H. munqaM 2005 Kat;)ancab;epIcUleronvKbNH bNalCMnaj nig cUlrYmkicRbCMunanaEdlerobcMedayGgkar
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bMeBjesckIRtUvkarCamUldanrbs;RKYsarGkRsI.
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| Oxfam America 48
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pSBVpSaysMxan;TaMgenHtamFmtaKWCasikakam 3 Rkum eTA 10 Rkum dMbUg Edl)anTTYleCaKCykgkarsakBiesaFn_elIdIERs

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kMeNInTinplcMeBaHksikr nana.
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enHBYkeK)anTak;TajcMNab;GarmNy_ a: geRcInBIksikmdTeTot.enAqabM nab;KwqaM2007ksikrmkBIRKYsarcMnnY 56)anGnuvtn_
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49 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:56:05 PM
RsI KWCaksikrcm,gehIybursKWCaksikrbnab;bnSM. bursRKan;EtCaGkPrdIb:ueNaH. ehtuenH RsIcg;dwg nig cg;eronsURtbEnm

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| Oxfam America 50
2/9/2010 2:56:06 PM
rUbelx 14 mUlehtucMeBaHkarcUlrYmkgkarbNHbNal nigkarGnuvtrbs;RsI nigburs(N=643)

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ciBawmstV karciBawmRtI nigkardaMbEncMeBaHGkPUminanarab;TaMgRbFanPUmipgEdr. CamYyKaenH esdakk)anbegIt RkumsnSM
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:GkPUmi )anbegItRkumsnSMedaymankarKaMRTBIesdak. RsIenAkgRkumenH manlkNskmeFobCamYyRkumdTeTotenA kg
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karGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s>)ansRmalkargarksikmmYycMnYncMeBaHRsIeFVI[BYkeKmaneBlevlabEnmkgkarcUlrYmeBjelj
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manBIkMeNIt nig sanPaBRbBNIEpkeynDrcMeBaHkargarrbs;RsIExr nig katBVkicEfTaMrbs;RsI.
RsIEdlmanvycMNas;PaKeRcInCaksikrcm,g KWCamuxsBaasmRsbsRmab;karcuHeQaHrbs; esdak nig ksikrpSBVpSayeTA
kgkarGnuvt b>v>s>. BMumanPaBc,as;las;eTfa esdakeqtkas elIkkm<s;s;karyl;dwgGMBIbBaaeynDrelIvisyksikm
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esdakqaM2006-2010.eKaledAenHmanTMnak;TnM glCamYykicsmasn_nigkarBiPakSaCamYyksikrnigtMNagrbs;esdak
enAkg karsikSaenH esdak TMngCabnviFIsaRsepatelIplitPaBcMeBaHkarGPivDCnbT nig karGPivD EdlmannirnrPaB
| Oxfam America 52
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RBm TaMgekogKrRsICnbTkgeKaledAenH. RbkarenH manyfalTplrMBwgTuk nkmviFIenH KWkarbegIn plitPaBksikmnig

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dwgGMBI bkgkarTaj cMNab;GarmN_elIbBaaeynDr nig sanPaBsgmnRsImanvycMNas; eFobnwgkarykcitTukdak;
cMeBaHburs RsIvyekg nig karpas;brTidPaBsgmkic nig esdkic. eK minsUveXIjmankarelIkeLIgGMBIvismamaRtcMeBaH
katBVkickgkarEfTaMnigcMeBaHkargareKhkic b GMBIkarbMRBYjkascMeBaHRsIvycMNas;enAeBlEdlBYkeKkan;EtCab;pugkg
katBVkicksikm nig karpt;pg;es,gGahar xNeBlEdlvisyksikmsitenAkgGaTiPaBy:agTabnkarGPivDCati. ehtu
enH eKaledAsnisuxes,g TMngCaRtUv)anbMeBjedaysmPaBeynDrkan;EteRcIncMeBaHRsI vycMNas;.
4>2 RsIemRKYsar nigkarGnuvtkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s>

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manRsICaemRKYsar ehIykgcMeNamRKYsarEdlmanRsICaem RKYsarTaMgenaHman 11 RKYsar GnuvtviFIeFVIERstamEbb b>v>s>.
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dKa ehIyEbgEckplRsUv. RsITaMgenaHmanGayuBI 30-47 qaM EdlKanbMNgeTAeFVIkarenA eRkAPUmi GUrrUg edIm,IeFVIkarkgEpk
minEmnksikm beFVIkareragcRkeToteLIy. :RbsinebIeyIgKan kUnRsIeTA eFVIkarenAeragcRk enaHeyIgBwgEpkTaMgRsugelIkar
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smI rbs; RsI eBA CaemRKYsarmak; nig CaksikrpSBVpSaymak;EdlGacTukcit)an.
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bNHbNalGMBI b>v>s> eRBaHBYkeKminsUvmanlTPaBkgkarrkBlkm bursedIm,IerobcMdIeLIy.
53 Oxfam America |

2/9/2010 2:56:10 PM
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| Oxfam America 54
2/9/2010 2:56:11 PM
eTaHCay:agNakeday erOgr:avBNnamanlkNsuKsajCagenH.
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55 Oxfam America |

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| Oxfam America 58
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