Lye r Notebook ATTA 4-1 Sensor Circuits i a Build projects that detect: ¢ Moving air Smile Secret LC} PMP) ic-e tC) 4) at) 9 ¢ Vibration ¢ Movement Oe cr lia) Cu uTelitg ¢ Magnetic fields Use sensors to: * Trigger relays CMa arelee (Mer Laccle (=) CUM eli g * Control a tone © Monitor your PC CPN M emis} yee mae eed RadioShack:CIRCUIT SYMBOLS ® KAN _ WU 1¢ tig \ 1m FIXED VARIARLE FIXED POLARIZED RESISTOR RESISTOR CAPAC\TOR CAPACITOR Ht MS RECTIFIER/ ZENER PNP NPN DiodDE DIODE TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR oT eR -t y 5 SS * . 44 SeeAR PHOTO = PHOTO- LED Cele RESISTOR TRANSISTOR i | tv —+ —_—— l t 1 CONNECTED UNCONNECTED PociTIVE WIRES WIRES cUPPLY GROUND © a 7 —so- = —2le— ° NORMALLY NORMALLY SPST SPOT OPEN CLOSED SwitexH SwitcH PUSH EUTTON PusHeuTton —4 SI) - + = af S\2 () ae Sle PIEZO- RELAY TRANSFORMER SPEAKER SPEAKER OS) A Ahlen B METER LAMP BATTERY oP-AMmpPENGINEERS MID NOTEBOOK COLLECTION — SCIENCE AND- ENS AND CIRCUITS AND. PROTECTS» FORREST M. MIMSTI — ae FIRST PRINTING-2000. "_COPYRIGHT@ 1987-90,1945, 2000. BYEORREST M. MIMS IZ i coo ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. [ PRINTED. IN. THE UAITED STATES OF AMERICAABOUT THE ENGINEER’S © MINI-NOTEBOOK COLLECTION EACH E00K IN THIS COLLECTION INCLUDES THREE OR FOUR ENGINEERS MINI- NOTE LOOKS. EACH BOK INCLUDES BOTH STANDARD CIRCUITS And CIRCUITS DESIGNED BY FORREST M.MIMSID. EACH CiRcuIT WAS BUILT AND TESTED AT LEACT TWICE. THE CIRCUITS WERE ALSO CUILT FROM THE FINAL B00K TO FINO ERRORS. VARIATIONS IN COMPONENTS AND CON STRUCTION METHODS MAY CAUSE YOUR RESULTS TO DIFFER FRomM THOSE DESCRIBED HERE. THEREFORE THE AUTHOR AND RADIOSHACK ARE NoT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SUITABILITY OF THE CIRCUITS FOR ANY APPLICATION. FOR EXAMPLE, THE CIRCUITS IN THIS Book SHOULD. NOT BE USED FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS, SAFETY DEVICES, TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS. OR ANY OTHER USE” THAT MIGHT SOMEHOW RESULT IN. DAMAGE TO PROPERTY OR INJURY TO YOU OR OTHERS, IT IS YouR RESPONSIBILITY TO DETERMINE IE COMMERCIAL USE, SALE OR MANUFACTURE OF ANY DEVICE BASED ON INFORMATION IN THIS BOOK INFRINGES ANY PATEMST, COPYRIGHT OR OTHER RIGHT. FOR MORE INFORMATION DUE TO THE MANY INQUIRIES RECEIVED BY THE AUTHOR AND RADIOSHACK, IT IS NoT POSSIBLE TO PROVIDE CUSTOM CIRCUIT DESIGNS AND TECHNICAL ADVICE. YOU CAN LEARN MORE ABOUT ELECTRONICS FROM. OTHER GookS AVAILABLE FROM RADIOSHACK AND FROM RADIOSHACK LAB KITS. ELECTRONICS MAGAZINES ARE ALSO A GOOD SOURCE OF INFORMATION. VARIOUS ELECTRONICS SITES ON. THE INTERNET. AND WORLD WIDE WEB ARE Also. VERY HELPFUL. 2I. SCIENCE PROTECTS OVERVIEW SPECIAL NOTE ELECTROSCOPE ELECTRONIC ELECTROSCOPE GALVANOMETER HOMEMADE BATTERIES GRAPHITE RESISTOR LIQUID RESISTOR SUPER CAPACITOR THERMOCOUPLE THERMOCOUPLE AMPLIFIER SMALL D.C. MOTOR CIRCUITS MOTOR. .REVERSERS MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLERS INVERSE SQUARE CLAW LIGHT LISTENER USTENING TO NATURAL LIGHT LISTENING TO ARTIFICIAC LIGHT MONITORING SUNLIGHT THE SOLAR SPECTRUM THE SOLAR. DAY SIMPLE SOLAR POWER METER OP.AMP. SOLAR POWER METER ELECTROMAGNETIC PROBE USING TRE PROBE WIND SPEED INDICATOR MAST INSTALLATION q 10-11 11 12-13 19-15 32-33 33 3RAIN SENSORS + RAIN- ACTIVATED ALARM _ RAIN ~ACTIVATED LOGIC ELECTRONIC THERMOMETER THERMISTOR ciRcuITS THERMISTOR. AMPLIFLER THERMIS TOR. CALIBRATION. TEMPERATURE SWATCH MOTION DETECTOR POSITION DETECTOR | PRESSURE SENSOR_ PRESSURE-SENSITIVE SWITCH PRESSURE-SENSITIVE TONE. -SEISMOMETER EARTH MOVEMENT SENSOR ~ RF TELEMETRY TRANSMITTER SAMPLE. CALIBRATION GRAPH LED TELEMETRY TRANSIATTTER - SAMPLE. CALIBRATION GRAPH ELECTRONIC CRICKET 1 SAMPLE. CALIBRATION. GRAPH ~ANALOG DATA LOGGER V/F CONVERTER _F/V CONVERTER DATA LOGGER OPERATION...© ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE aa UNITS... OF MEASUREMENT. b. OVERVIEW 83 SAFETY 53 GRAPHING. YOUR DATA s4-'$s_) SOUND imal So SouwD INTENSITY. 56 SOUND. FREQUENCY | s7 RANGE. OF KUMAN HEARING $2 THE SPEED OF SOUND... i §2 _ MEASURING SOUND INTENSITY 58 TYPICAL. SOUND LEVELS 54 ARTIFICIAL SOUND. SOURCES . Lo BO SOUND INTENSITY STUDIES { o1 THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT. 62 | WATER NAPOR La od 63 RELATIVE. HUMIDITY i 63-65 THE. KEAT ISLAND. EFFECT e762 REMOTE TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER 68 _.. _ABOVE-BELOW TEMPERATDRE RECORDER 64 THE HYDROSPHERE OTL. MEASURING. RAW DROPS IZ RAW DROP DETECTOR ne D2. MEASURING RAW FALL 731 NUMBER OF RAIN. DROPS 23. DEw AND DEW PoisT . 74 PRECIPITARLE WATER i WS. Clove HElGuT. 28. MEASURING CLouDINESs | 2e....., STUDYING LIGHTNING | oD WATER TURBIDITY i 78 ELEC TROMIC TURBIDIMETER 19. TESTING WATER | \ | BO. HE ph SCACE Qo WATER AND CARBON. DIOXIDE... 81 ACTIVATED CAREoN AND WATER 8tTHE ATMOSPHERE BL- 3 THE SOLAR RADIATION BUDGET 84 HAZE AND SOLAR RADIATION, 8S ATMOSPHERIC. OPTICAL THICKNESS Be AIR MASS 8b LED SUN PHOTOMETER 87 SOLAR CELL RADIOMETER &8 SOLAR CELL SUN. PHOTOMETER 83 How To MEASURE THE SUN'S ANGLE. 89 How To MEASURE THE ET ConsTANT 89 TOTAL SKY SOLAR RADIOMETER 90 SHADOW BAND RADIOMETER 94 MEASURING TOTAL AWD DIFFUSE LIGHT 92 MEASURING THE SOLAR. AUREOLE 93 SOMSHINE DURATION RECORDER oY PAPER SUN SHINE RECORDER 94, POP BOTTLE. SUNSHINE RECORDER 9S ELECTRONIC. SUNSHWE RECORDER Go UNITS OF MEASUREMENT THE METRIC SYSTEM IS USED ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY IN SCIENCE. PRINCIPLE UNITS. IN. THIS BOOK: INCHES TO MICLLMETERS MILUMETERS TO INCHES INCHES TO CENTIMETERS CENTIMETERS To INCHES FEET TO METERS METERS 1D FEET YARDS. To METERS. METERS TO YARDS MILES TO KILOMETERS RILOMETERS To MILES INCHES % 25.4 MILLIMETERS % 0.03937 INCHES * 2,.S4 CENTIMETERS * 0.3937 FEET x 0.3048 METERS X 3.281 YARDS *%. 0.91494 MererRs ¥ 1.094 Mices *% 1.609 KILOMETERS * 0.6214 Vode nw wo TEMPERATURE THE CELSIUS. SCALE IS USUALLY USED.IN SCLENCE, WATER FREEZES AT O° AnD Bos AT too’c (SEA LEVEL). ROOM TEMPERATURE 1S AROUND 23°C, FAWRENHEIT TD CELSIUS = Sey) xs/q gStstus To FAHRENHEIT: oc x A/S) +32TE. COMMUNICATION: PROTECTS ae OVERVIEW a3 | CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY TIPS. mea CONNECTED. LINKS Hat ~ WIRELESS LINKS. . coca ~~ ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 1c INTERNATIONAL MORSE CODE C ton. “OLEARNING THE CODE = tot ODE PRACTICE OSCILLATORS 103 — ELECTROMAGNETIC TELEGRAPH" tox - tos SOLID-STATE, TELEGRAPHS | 106~107 “TELEPHONE RECEIVER = to —PUSH-=TO-TALK INTERCOM. Cocca co LIGHTWAVE COMMUNICATIONS 11 MODULATION _ LIGHT SOURCES _ LIGHT DETECTORS __-LIGHTWAVE. SYSTEMS... _ FREE SPACE LINKS _. OPTICAL FIBER LINKS . Lt ELECTRONIC PHOTOPHONE, 1 _ LIGHTWAVE CODE. SRS RIERS | 1e _.._ LIGHTWAVE CODE RECEIVERS FLASHLIGHT VOICE TRANSMITTERS __ GENERAL PURPOSE RECEIWERS 00 AM. LIGHTWAVE TRANSMITTER (0 _—_ MM__LIGHT WAVE. RECEIVER Lot PEM. LIGHTWAVE. TRANSMITTER an LIGHT nse REGEIMERRADI O COMMUNICATIONS 424 MODULATION. 124 AMATEUR RADIO. es CITIZENS BAND RADIO. 128 FCC 12s DIODE RECEIVER BASICS 12b SIMPLE RFE TUNING COM 2 _ SIMPLE DIODE RECEIVER 127 RECEIVER WITHOAMPLIFIER 00000 129 SHORTWAVE LISTENING 128 SHORTWAVE RECEIVER 129... ANTENNAS 130... ANTENNA SAFETY - 434000 BASIC RADIO TRANSMITTERS. 432-133 TRANSISTOR RF TRANSMITTER 434-135 CODE TRANSMITTER tid 136 _... MOICE TRANSMITTER 137 -NUTOMATIC TONE TRANSMITTER....138-139, ECC. REGULATIONS i 140 -GOING..FURTHER 0 YO HISTORICAL MILESTONES 1836. — SAMUE4 F. &.MORSE INVENTS TELEGRAPH. 187.6. — ALEXANDER GRAKAM BELL INVENTS TELEPHONE.) | BBO ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL INVENT S PHOTOPHONE. 188.0- PHOTOPHONE SENDS VOICE 213 METERS. { 188. © HEMWRICH HERTZ INVENTS SPARK. TRANSMITTER. LAIS-GUGLIELMO MARCONI INVENTS WIRELESS TELEGRAPH, ABQ 7—NIKOLA. TESLA SENDS RADIO SIGNAL. 20 MILES. 1899- MARCONI) SENDS"... ACROSS ATLANTIC OCEAN. 1899.-A. FREDERICK COLLINS SENDS VOICE OVER RADIO. 190)-LEE DE FOREST INVENTS TRIODE VACUUM TUBE. 19027-H.T.ROUND DISCOVERS LIGHT EMITTING DIODE, (1923-0... LOSSEV INVENTS CRYSTAL AMPLIFIERS. 4 ~A92S-T.E.LILIENFELD INVENTS FIELD-EFFECT. AMPLIFIER. 1947- BELL LABS INVENTS TRANSISTOR. La -19G0-T.H. MAIMAN BullDs FIRST RUBY LASER. 19G2-G.8., MIT AND IBM INVENT SEMICONDUCTOR LASER. -1966—-K.C. KAQ PROPOSES OPTICAL FIBERS. FOR LONG. DISTANCE LIGHTWAVE LINKS.“I. SCIENCE PROJECTS OVERVIEW “Ht: SCIENCE 1S. KNOWLEDGE GALNED BY ORGANIZED OBSERVATION, EXPERIMENTATION... AND STUDY, THE PROJECTS THAT. FOLLOW. DEMONSTRATE BASIC SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES. SOME (WILL. LET You. MEASURE TEMPERATURE, WIND SPEED, LIGHT AND POSITION. OTHERS With LET YOU DETECT. RALN, MOTION AND EARTH MOVEMENTS. You CAN LEARN MucHK. BY TRYING. AwY OF THE PROTECTS. Nouv. CAN LEARN. EVEN MORE. BY COMBINING. PROJECTS AND. MODIFYING THEM... FOR OTHER PURPOSES. HERE ARE SOME SUGGESTIONS: 1. PLAN YOUR. PROTECTS... DECIDE. WHAT. YOU WANT TO. BuILD, MEASURE OR DETECT. SET GOALS AND ACCOMPLISH. THEM. 4 4 4 2. KEEP A NOTEBOOK. RECORD YouR CiRcuiTs, MEASUREMENTS... AnD. OBSERVATIONS...BE ACCURATE. SIGN AND. DATE BVERY. PAGE. CTHIs SERIES | OF BOOKS EVOLVED FROM. THE AUTHOR'S. LAS NOTEBOOKS.) 1 3. EXPERIMENT. FOR INSTANCE, SUBSTITUTE A LIGHT. SENSOR FOR A THERMISTOR.. TO. MEASURE... LIGHT AN STEAD OF TEMPERATURE. ap 4. WANT. TO KNOW. MORE ABouT A TOPIC? READ. OTHER. Books In THIS SERIES. VISIT A LIBRARY. READ ELECTRONICS MAGAZINES. SPECIAL NOTE TO STUDENTS, PARENTS AND TEACHERS |. MANY.OF THE PROTECTS... THAT FOLLOW. CAN BE USED IN. SCIENCE FAIR. PROJECTS. _FOR. EXAMPLE, MEASURE BoTH TEMPERATURE. AND. SUNLIGHT. ON CLEAR, PARTLY CLOUDY. AND OVERCAST DAYS. GRAPH THE RESULTS... TEST THE INVERSE SQUARE CAW. CPP.22-23) with VARIOUS _LIGAT..SOURCES. GRAPH THE RESULTS. qELECTRO SCOPE THE ELECTRO SCOPE |S A SIMPLE. DEVICE THAT.WILL. DETECT. AN. ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE AND. THE. PRESENCE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION, You. CAN. ASSEMBLE. AN ELECTRO SCOPE FROM COMMON HOUSEHOLD MATERIALS. FOR EXAMPLE : COPPER EOS BS CORK. ——> DRY AIR PLASTIC PILL BoTTLe ALUMINUM Fo\u You. CAN USE MANY. DIFFERENT BOTTLES. THE BOTTLE. Must. BE. GCASS OR PLASTIC. THE STOPPER MusT BE CORK. OR. PLASTIC BUT. NoT METAL. THE Foil SHOULD. BE THIN. GAUGE. ALUMI- NUM. FOIL. THE AIR IN THE 80TTLE SPOULD BE AS DRY AS POSSIBLE... 1oPLASTIC. OR RUBEER coms NO. CHARGE RUB. COMB THROUGH DRY HAIR TO. GiIvE.IT. A. NEGATIVE CHARGE. HIGH... CHARGE FOR..SEST..RESULTS. THE. Fol LEAVES...OF.. THE... ELECTROSCOPE.. SHOULD... BE FLAT... CUT THE ‘Foil witH SHARP scissors TD Avoid FRAYED EDGES. \F THE LEAVES Do NoT FLY APART. WHEN..A CHARGED. ogJEcT JS TOUCKED TO. THE. ELECTRODE, CHECK TD SEE IF THE LEAVES. ARE STUCK TOGETHER. WORKS BEST WHEN AIR IS DRY. RADIATION Wide... JONIZE. THE AIR AND CAUSE. LEAVES. TO.COLLAPSE. ELECTRONIC ELECTROSCOPE +a } ELECTRODE NORMALLY. LED. Glows. RUB PLASTIC. COMB. OR PEN THROUGH. DRY. HAIR AnD PLACE CHARGED COMB...OR... PEN... NEAR ELECTRODE... LED WILL BE EXTIN GUISHED. Qi- UsE 2N3819 OR SIMILAR N-FET. FET Fr.GALVANOMETER ® THE. GALVANOMETER MEASURES. THE FLOW OF AN. ELECTRICAL. CURRENT... THE. SIM>. PLEST GALVANOMETER 1S. MADE. BY WRAPPING A WIRE Coll AROUND A. COMPASS: COMPASS Coin (30 TO. 50 TURNS OF MAGNET. WIRE OR WRAPPING wire) USE TAPE OR. HOT. MELT. GLUE TO HOLD COIL IN. PLACE... PLACE GALVANOMETER. ON FLAT... SURFACE... ALIGN..S0 THAT. Coll. AND COMPASS NEEDLE BOTH POINT NORTH. THEN ToucK THE LEADS FROM THE Coll To THE Enps..OF A.1.5 VOLT. CBRL. THE COMPASS. NEEDLE. WILL IMMEDIATELY. SWING To AN. EAST-WEST ORIENTATION. REVERSE POLARITY. OF BATTERY TO REVERSE DIREC TION THE NEEDLE SWINGS. MoMENTARY...USE WILL. PREVENT EXcEss CURRENT DRAIN. 12You. CAN. USE.A. COMPASS AND AN. EXTERNAL Col. TO. MAKE. A. GALVANOMETER. COMPASS... Z NORTH < i STEEL NAIL. OR COL: Ror 2. YOU. CAN... i ALSO. USE 100-200. yx SOLENOID, TYRNS.OF.. STANDARD. MAGNET. { RELAY. OR. OR WRAPPING MAGNENC | WIRE EARPHONE. THE CiReuiT. BELOW WILL APPLY PULsEs TD THE GALVANOMETER. ColL. THAT. CAUSE THE COMPASS. NEEDLE. TO...BOUNCE BACK... AND FORTH. LIKE A HORIZONTAL PENDULUM. +4 TO 12 Vv NORTH i RB 4 RL CSEE BELOW) t Look aid COIL. R2 100k COMPASS. c1 7 RA AND ct CONTROL HIF. PULSE. Rate. RESISTANCE dov OF Coll Plus R3 SHOULD = BE AT LEAST 120 OHMS. 13HOMEMADE BATTERIES HOMEMADE POWER CELLS. ANO. BATTERIES CAN..BE USED. TO. OPERATE..MANY. KINDS OF LOW POWER CIRCUITS. A BASIC. CELL INCLUDES THESE COMPONENTS: CONTAINER. a K ELECTROLYTE CELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE Liauip oR PASTE) PLATES. OF DIssIMILAR METALS TRERE ARE MANY WAYS TD. MAKE PRACTICAL POWER CELLS. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE : COPPER. .FOIL GALVANIZED. NAIL + ELECTROLYTE-SOAKED PAPER TOWEL ELECTROLYTE SAN BE TABLE SALT DISSOLVED IN. WATER. OR POWDERED CITRIC DRINK. CMusT CONTAIN CITRIC ACID) DISSOLVED IN WATER. DIP. TOWEL. IN). SOLUTION. ANDO ALLOW TO DRY. ACTIVATE CELG WITH WATER. CLEAN AND REUSE ELECTRODES WHEN CELL STOPS WORKING. 14NOLTAGES MEASURED. WITH. VARIOUS — ELECTRODE. METALS...AND.. ELECTROLYTES + ELECTRODES ~ ELE CTROLYTE | SALT Acip* 1. copper (+) Zinc ¢-) 0.759. 1.000 2. COPPER C-).. SILVER CH)..0.200.. 0.431 3. COPPER (+). MAGNESIUM GC) 1.400 1.484 4. COPPER (+) ALUMINUM.G)....0.570 0.220 S.ZINC C7) SURVER G) 0.120 0.820 6. ZNN C04) MAGNESIUM (-) 0.622 0.546 2 2Z4NC Cr) ALUMNUM () 0.248 0.350 8. ALUMINUM (+) MAGNESIUMC) 0.278 0.820 9. AQUMINUM (-) SILVER @) 0.345. 0.450 10. SILVER (+) MAGNESIUMC) 1.242. 1.231 * PowDERED CITRIC. DRINK IN WATER, WHERE TO FIND. ELECTRODE MATERIALS: COPPER — COPPER FOIL. FROM A HOSBY. SHOP OR. COPPER LAMINATED. CIRCUIT BOARD. ZINC — GALANIZED. METAL. AND. NAILS FROM A. A RROWARE STORE. (ALUMINUM — KovsERolD ALUMINUM FOIL, oR THIN. SHEET ALUMINUM. FROM A HORBY SHOP. SILVER — SILVER COIN. OR THIN. SILVER. SHEET FRom JEWELRY SUPPLY. STORE. MAGNESIUM= THIN MAGNESIUM RIBBON FROM CHEMICAL SUPPLY COMPANY. OR HOBBY SHOP. THE VOLTAGES GIVEN. IN THE. TABLE. ABOVE. WERE MEASURED WITH A. DIGITAL. VOLT METER..IN..MOST... CASES... THE..YOLTAGE BEGAN. TO. DECLINE. ALMOST. IMMEDIATELY. IN SOME CASES THE VOLTAGE INCREASED TO... TWick ITS INITIAL NVALUE AFTER 20 SECONDS. OR. SD, PEAK VALUES ARE. GIVEN IN EACH CASE. i 45GRAPHITE RESISTOR RESISTORS RESIST THE Flow. OF. ELECTRICAC CURRENT. You CAN MAKE A RESISTOR BY. STROKING. A. GRAPHITE PENCIL: ON PAPER, CARD MULTIMETER | } OR CIRCUIT GRAPAITE| Sa : - THAT. REQUIRES PENCIL VARIABLE RUBBING \ RESISTOR. PAPER —— — CLAP SLiDg TO. CHANGE RESISTANCE LIQUID RESISTOR HERE'S How TO MAKE A RESISTOR FROM A CONDUCTIVE LIQUID CELECcTROLYTE): MULTIMETER OR CIRCUIT CHANGE THAT REQUIRES SPACE VARIABLE BETWEEN. || RESISTOR, WIRES ~~ TO CHANGE WATER RESISTANCE, (ELECTROLYTE) 16© .pER- CAPACITOR SUPER CAPACITORS STORE CoNns|DERABLY MORE ENERGY THAN ORDINARY CAPACITORS. HERE'S HOW TO MAKE ONE? COPPER- CLAD bt" he Lemon rice PC BOARD 1 + OR= CFOIL SIDE Down) | ae 5 s 8 ACTIVATED CS 2 PAPER CARBON asf = Se TOWEL FILTER * E Z OR + co PPER- cao” Pa BOARD * solo_iN SHEETS AT. PET Croll sive we) Aud AQUARIUM STORES. USE RUBBER BAND TO HOLD CAPACITOR TOGETHER... THEN SOAK CARBON. FILTER..AND. PAPER TOWEL LAYERS IN LEMON Tulcé CECECTROLYTE). INCREASE AREA FoR MORE CAPACITY. ADD LAYERS To. INCREASE VOLTAGE (1.2 VOLTS PER LAYER). DO NoT APPLY. MORE THAN 1.2 VOLTS PER..LAYER OR THE ELECTROLYTE WILL DECOMPOSE. CHARGE Cc) THROUGH 1K VOLTS PLACE C4 IN DISH. Arde. DISCHARGE Cd) nett eaten eee THROVGH LED AND 480 JL oO Ss 1.0 Ls 2.0. 2S TIME CMINUTES) ~ , i 17. TAERMOCOUPLE A THERMOCOUPLES. MADE BY CONNECTING A WIRE OF ONE METAL. BETWEEN TWO WIRES OF A SECOND. METAL. IF ONE OF THE TWO CONNECTIONS. OR JUNCTIONS IS MADE. WARMER THAN THE OTHER, THEN THE THERMOCOUPLE WILL GENERATE A SMALL VOLTAGE. SOME METALS AND ALLOYS WoRK MUCH BETTER THAN oTHERS IN THERMOCOUPLES...You. CAN MAKE A 4 SAMPLE THERMOCOUPLE. FROM A PAPER CLIP AND. SOME COPPER wire : COLD. CREFERENCE) Hor Tunction } f sunetion a= \ 4 COPPER SOLDER HERE SOLDER HERE PAPER <= Cle WIRE CONNECT THIS. SIMPLE. THERMOCOUPLE TO A DIGITAL MULTIMETER...IT WILL. GENERATE. UP TO..A MILLIVOLT OR SO. C0.004 VacT) WHEN THE ROT. TUN CTION. |S HEATED BY A MATCH. AA THERMOPILE IS. A. SERIES OF MANY THERMOCOUPLES THAT GENERATES MORE VOLTAGE...THAN A SINGLE. THERMOCOUPLE: AT HOT. TUN CTIONS. COLD TUN CTIONS = Oe PAPER..CLIP. te THE. JUNCTIONS..CAN.. BE ARRANGED IN. A. STAR SHAPE tee or . WITA_ KOT. JUNCTIONS IN. CENTER.© scene COUPLE AMPLIFIER ~ [AW OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER WILL AMPLIFY THE TINY VOLTAGE GENERATED. BY A THERMO. COUPLE 4 tay i i 4 | | Re RB Ri WARD TO. ADTusT.? Rt REVERSE LOOK. CONNECTIONS. TO. + AND~ 4 @_ VOLTS, ~4V \ “Tunetion 1 + ae eo THERMO COUPLE. } VOLT METER. co eT JUNCTION. 27 aan eneeieooe qv qv RA. CONTROLS *9v <2 ti} 4h i[ Re ak OFF SET VOLTAGE. ; ah feet THE. ouTPuT.. VOLTAGE... FALLS. WHEN JUNCTION ‘1 1S WARMER.THAN.. .TUNCTLON..2.... THE OUT PUT. NOLTAGE RISES. WHEN...TUNCTION..2 IS WARMER THAN TUN CTION 1... FoR. GEST. RESULTS, Use. ANALOG VOLTMETER. FIRST. SET R41. FOR OuTPuT OF A. FEW TENTHS - OF A volt. THIS Witt LET You WATCH (OUTPUT VOLTAGE. SWING BACK AND. FORTH, DEPENDING..ON. WHICH TUNCTION. 1S WARM. APTER You LEARN TO ADTusT R41. CRE PATIENT) YOuCAN.USE..A. DIGITAL. VOLT. METER. NOTE. THAT... THE RISING OR..FALLIN) G VOLTAGE CAUSED. BY... HEATING. ONE. OF THE JUNCTIONS, WILL SUDDENLY. STOP. AND. BEGIN, MOVING In THE ORPOSITE DIRECTION. THIS HAPPENS. WHEN. TRE. BEAT 1S. CONDUCTED..TD. THE. Cool. TUNCTLON, i 19“SMALL De. MOTOR CIRCUITS © oe Use THESE. SIMPLE CIRCUITS. TO. CONTROL Lf DIRECTION. oF ROTATION AND SPEED OF. SMALL, LOW-POWER D.C. MoTORS. MOTOR REVERSERS Sit peor +3 TO GV THESE cIRCUITS | . SWITCH CONTROL DIRECTION. OF. ROTATION OF AL. MOTOR MANUALLY. R. OR WITH A Logic SIGNAL. (IMPORTANT MaTOR Must NOT. Lamb peo EXCEED POWER f= FORWARD oy f RATING OOF. . R= REVERSE. oi POWER. MOSFETS.. Low = FORWARD Q4-Q4: ZRF-Si1 on HIGH = REVERSE SIMILAR. POWER MOSFET. = VARIABLE SPEED ConTROL: | i. i Cut AT 8x" | AND. Add —— 20TO MOTOR. RL “+6vV RZ 470 ONTROLS SPEED OF MOTOR. QL (OTOR™ S PEE b “CONT ROLLERS IRF- $1 1. OR SIMILAR Power MOSFET... _SS5 AND. Qi DELIVER STREAM of PULSES INCREASING... THE. PULSE. RATE. INCREASES THE SPEED OF ROTATION..61_.. PROTECTS SSS FROM MOTOR -GENERATED NOLTAGE SPIKES. + + oh ee ee | [low [Motor OFF _-}RIGK. = MOTOR. ON TWIS CIRCUIT USES UNUSED 4011 GATES 4 FROM CIRCUIT ON FACING PAGE TO GlvE Qi- IRF-s14 OR SIMILAR POWER MosfeT | 1004 ~.1yaF LNARIABLE SPEED AND. DIRECTIONAL CONTROL. _TO..MOTOR..R2 CONTROLS. MoTOR's. SPEED, IF MOTOR FAILS TO TURN, READJUST R2. 21@ INVERSE SQUARE LAW . SOUND. WAVES SPREAD. OUTWARD..AS. THEY TRAVEL AWAY FROM "THEIR SOURCE. SO Do ELECTROMAGNETIC. WAVES SUCH AS LIGHT Avb RADIO WAVES. THE INTENSITY OR STRENGTH OF SUCH WAVES. IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO. THE SQUARE OF THE D\STANCE OF THE WAVE FROM ITS. SouRcE. IN OTHER. WORDS, (F THE DISTANCE IS 3, THEN THE INTENSITY {S..1/4. THE INTENSITY. WHEN THE DISTANCE IS. 1. LIGAT THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW \ DOES NOT APPLY \ TO NARRow BEAM \ CLGHT. Sources \ Like LASERS, \ CWHY 2) “i ° a ans THEORY EXPERIMENT 2 w L.oco 1,000 EF 1/4. (.259) «30S 2 1/9. C441) 180 1/16 C.0W3) +125 1/25 C.040) ,O81S oO 1 ne 1 2 DISTANCE 22YOU. CAN TEST. THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW. WATH THE. HELP OF. A SILICON SOLAR CELL. AND. A STANDARD MULTIMETER.. SET... TO MEASURE. CURRENT. WITH SUBDUED. BACK- GROWND.. LIGHT... PUT. LIGHT. .souRcEe. AND PAPER. WRY DOES THE EXPERIMENTAL CURVE DIFFER SOMEWHAT. FROM. THE. THEORETICAL CURVE 2? THE INVERSE SQUARE. LAW. ASSUMES THAT. THE LIGHT SOURCE EMITS. UNIFORMLY. IN ALL DIRECTIONS... REAL. LIGHT... SOURCES....Do..., NOT. NECESSARILY. OBEY THIS. ASSUMPTION... FOR BEST RESULTS, THE DISTANCE. To. THE FIRST. DO THIS EXPERIMENT. SOLAR CELL ON BLACK MEASUREMENT POINT SHOULD BE AT LEAST 10. TO... 20 TIMES. THE SIZE. OF THE SOWRCE. Sea ee 23LIGHT LISTENER THE HUMAN EYE HAS A PERSISTANCE OF VISION OF ABOUT 0.02 SECOND. THEREFORE A LIGHT THAT FLASHES ON AND OFF MORE THAN ABOUT SO U2 APPEARS CONTINUOUSCY ON. THE HUMAN. EAR. |S MucH FASTER Ano. CAN RESPOND TO. SOUND. .WITH..A FREQUENCY. UP TO ABOUT 20,000 Hz. THE LIGHT LISTENER TRANSFORMS THE PULSATING AND FLICKERING OF LIGHT THAT THE EYE CANNOT DISCERN INTO SOUNDS THE EAR CAN EASILY HEAR. cL OSCILLATION. R44 C2 PREVENTS 100K 3 tye BATTERY LEADS MusT.BE SHORT. R@ 100K +a IN STALL CiRcutt IN PLASTIC RS CABINET, 40K cH LoowF R2- CONTROLS GAIN R3- VOLUME CONTROL CAUTION: =. THIS CIRCUIT CAN PRODUCE Loud SOUNDS. Do NOT PLACE SPEAKER Close TO YouR EARS! 24LTEST.WTHE. CiGHT LISTENER BY. POINTING... QL TOWARD AN. ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SoURCE, A LINE= POWERED INCANDESCENT. LAMP. WILL. PRobuce. A. HUMMING sound. A -FLUORESCENT LAMP. WiLL PRODUCE A Loud. Buzz. AN INFRARED TV. REMOTE CONTROL OniT. WILL PRObUCE. A. PULSIN G TONE. A CAMERA FLASH. UNIT. WILL. PRODUCE A POP.. FoR. BEST RESULTS. Qi's LEAPS Musr 66. CORRECTLY. INSTALLED, INCANDESCENT. LAMP cetueee Te Be FLUORESCENT Lame. S422 < i SOUNDS..PRODYCED. BY 4 . fea | OTHER LIGHT SOURCES \ ~ ARE DESCRIBED ON ELECTRONIC... FLASH NExT Two PAGES. PHOTOTRANSISTOR QL CAN BE REPLACED BY A i SOLAR CELL. CONNECT CELL'S PLUS C+) LEAD TO. C41. AND. MINUS .(-). LEAD. TO. GROUND CF), OMIT RL. "INSTANT" LIGHT LISTENER — CONNECT. SOLAR CELL. TO. MICROPHONE INPUT. OF. BATTERY. i POWERED. AUDIO. AMPLIFIER. C—O USE. MAGNIFYING LENS iy, To INCREASE LIGUT py CUSTENER'S DETECTION RANGE, t —— eeLISTENING TO NATURAL LIGHT c (ie LIGHTNING... FLASHES PRODUCE SHARP. CLICKS AND. POPS. WoRKS BEST AT..NIGHT. SYSTEM WILG. DETECT. SOME LIGHTNING Missed BY EYE. CAUTION: DETECT. LIGHTNIN G WHILE INDOORS oR IN CAR! DISTANCE IN. FEET TO LIGHTNING 1S 1080 TIMES SECONDS BETWEEN FLASH AND THUNDER. FLAMES PROOYCE VARIOUS SOUNDS. WHEN. THE. AIR. IS STILL, A. SOFT..RUSHING SOUND...1S. HEARD. WHEW THE..FLAME.. IS. DISTURBED BY. MOVING AIR, CRACKLES AND PoPs ARE HEARD. POINT THE LIGHT LISTENER'S DETECTOR AT INSECTS FLYING... IN SUNLIGHT... WHEN THEIR WINGS. REFLECT. LIGHT TO THE DETECTOR, A BUZZ OR RUM WILL... BE. HEARD... AT. DUSK A NEARBY FIREFLY WILL. PRoDUCE..A. SoFT CLICK. FOR. EACH FLASH. WALK..QUT DOORS ON ANY SUNNY. DAY. SUNLIGHT FILTERING. THROUGH LEAVES PROOUCES. VARIOUS. SOUNDS. SO Do. REFLECTIONS FROM WINDOWS... SUNLIGHT THROUGH A. PICKET FENCE. PRODUCES BD "POP un POP Ls POP.”SWEEP THE BEAM FROM. A. FLASHLIGHT AcRoss.THE.... LIGHT LISTENER'S. DETECTOR, SLOW SWEEPS. PRODUCE A SOFT. SUASHING SOUND. FAST SWEEPS GIVE PoPs.. TAPTHE FLASHLIGHT WITH AL PENCIL. AND A RINGING. SOUND witt ge HEARD AS THE. FILAMENT. VIBRATES. THE HEADLIGHTS oF . CARS, TRUCKS. AND. MoToR- CYCLES WILL. PRODUCE A DUSTIN CTIVE RINGING SQULD WHEN THE VEMCLE 9 Pe SSE AS... MOVING ON. A ROUGH OR BUMPY ROAD. ELECTRONIC. DISPLAYS ARE. USUALLY POWERED BY RAPID PULSES OF CURRENT. THE FLASHES ARE. MERGED into CONTINUOUS LIGHT BY THE SLOW. RESPONSE OF THE EYE. BuT THEY. CAN. BE. HEARD. AS A. 8U22..0R KUM. WTR AL LIGHT LISTENER. THE DISPLAYS OF TELEVISION SETS. AND... COMPUTER 4 MONITORS. ARE. FORMED BY SWEEPING AN "ELECTRON. BEAM. Acaoss A PHOSPHOR. COATED SCREEN, THE LIGHT LISTENER TRANSFORMS THE PULSATING PHOSPHOR TO A BUZZ... "SINGING HEADLIGHT Bumey. 4 FLASHLIGHT. DISPLAY.MONITORING. SUNLIGHT MUCH CAN BE CEARNED. ABouT...THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE. BY. MONITORING SUNCIGHT. THE SOLAR SPECTRUM CERTAIN. GASES ABSORS SPECIFIC WAVELENGTHS OF SUNLIGAT. | Oz + OXYGEN > ds i - s 4 go OB. O31 020NE. u aH. 0. CO2z! CARBON. DIOXIDE oF H.0 4 WATER. VAPOR eo. < Gs $. AIR FORCE, this) SQ wy oS Au 3 5 ee OMB nO RM 2B. WAVELENGTH... (Mic ROMETERS) THE SOLAR DAY THE SOLAR POWER AT THE EARTH'S. SURFACE 1S. __INFLUENCED 8Y. THE ATMOSPHERE (CLOUDS, pusT, SmMoG, ETC.) AND THE. SUN'S ANGLE CTIME OF DAY. AND SEASON). HERE'S THE SOLAR PoweR FoR. A. CLEAR... SUMMER. DAY IN. CENTRAL TEXAS: ood DETECTOR POINTED i SL UP CLOUDS. THAT. BLock.. SUN bt CAUSE DIPS 7 v ~—> DIRECT. SUN AND. SKYLIGHT INTENSITY ©. 8 10 12. 14. to. 18. 20. HOUR. CSUN. TIME, TUNE 20,1989)... &MULTIAME TER sEr 6 URRENT.. THE REPRESENT THE SUNLIGH TS INTENSITY OVER THE SOLAR. -CELUS SPECTRAL RESPONSE. SE OIGITAL. MULTIMETER FOR. ACCURATE. READINGS. ‘SET, dalse lack 10. vos. OUT WHEN | SOLAR. CEU PARK. SOLAR MONITORING EXPERI IMENTS “LL Recor. socar. power EVERY HACE WouR FOR ‘ADAY. MAKE A GRAPH OF YouR. MeAsude lens. 2. Stuny erect OF VARIOUS Loubs on SuNdicuT, |B, STUDY EFFECT OF SMOG ON suNLIC A, RECORD SUNLIGHT AT. NOobN EACH Dd. YEAR. GRAPA YouR MEASUREMENTS,ELECTROMAGNETIC PROBE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS THAT OSCILCATE OR SWITCH. CURRENT. CREATE ELECTROMAGWETIC... FIELDS. THIS. CIRCUIT CHANGES A PULSING OR OSCILLATING ELECTROMAGNENC FIELD INTO..SOUND. + Laake piebaanet | Pickup cold. PRowe (COUOIOUSD KEEP BATTERY LEADS. SHORT TO. AVOID OSCILLATION. 17.47 mF Rt AM CAL. ATA es R2 100 wF LOK R& coNnTROLS _NOLUME CAUTION: THIS CIRCUIT CAN. PRODUCE VERY _[ouB_ SOUNDS. DO NOT USE. EARPHONE. OR, PLAGE. SPEAKER CLOSE TO.YouR EARS! 30“THE PROBE ~ TEST THE PROBE BY PLACING | (PICKUP. COIL NEAR RECEIVER Of TELEPHONE. HANDSET. You _ SHOULD. HEAR. A DIAL Tone. WHEN. HANDSET. 1S "OFF THE BOOK. i bearefenfnenfeefne Use PROBE TD. FIND. WIRES | - ey CARRYING ALTERNATING. CURRENT. You CAN FIND WIRES. INSIDE WALLS WHEN CURRENT. AS) FLOWING. TURN. SWATCH ON AND HEAR A" Pop," - bie SWATCH MAGNET... RUB MAGNET AGAINST BICKUP~ J Cob. YOU WILL HEAR RUSHING _ fe SOUNDS4.[F AMPLIFIER SQUEALS,. if ; REDUCE VOLUME CR2). You. t ES CAN. ALSO. REDUCE. GAIN OF 741 BY REDUCING RESISTANCE OF R4. NEARGY. LIGHTNING FLASHES. WILL. PRODUCE CRACKLES | AND... Poes... SPARKS AT BRUSHES, OF DIRECT. CURRENT MOTORS WILL. PRODUCE A Buzz oR MOBILE ooo bene tef b efef MANY. ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES GENERATE ELECTROMAGNETIC fnead 10 Part ey") LOGoTo to}. pubsub sl MEAS SETS, _ FLUORESCENT LIGHTS, RADIO, CONTROL SSR ALLE ERS, “ANDWIND SPEED INDICATOR A SMALL D.C. MOTOR. WILL GENERATE..A VOLTAGE WHEN. ITS ARMATURE 1S SPUN.. THIS PRINCIPLE CAN BE USED TO MAKE A SIMPLE. WIND SPEED INDICATOR... THE MOST DIFFICULT ASPECT OF MAKING SUCH AN INSTRUMENT. IS MOUNTING. AIR COLLECTION curs. TO THE MoTOR's...SHAFT... THE GEST METHOD (S TO WELD THE CUP. HOLDER TO TAE SHAFT. HERE IS ONE WAY TO ATTACH AIR CUPS TO A MOTOR FOR TEMPORARY USE: ALUMINUM G-32 (@” To 12") HAROWARE cD GROMMET | \ S ~<—____RVEBER | 1/2. PLASTIC EGS INSTALL. GROMMET. IN HOLE DRILLED IN. CUP HOLDER. we MINIATURE D.C. MOTOR VOLT METER THE 6€ST MOTORS ARE THOSE..SPIN EASILY SUCH AS THOSE DESIGNED TOBE POWERED By SOLAR. CELLS. MOTORS. HARD TO SPIN... REQUIRE More SPACE BETWEEN CuPs. 32cE t f ” 003 AWLAW YO java DANINQW a TamMog aoom WwW wossg LINN SHL ° ~ONILVEIIIVD NAHM adv1 BW LWsIo Bsn “s {aNIT yamod “WY SVAN LINO SAL “VVISNT LOW Og "Z TONINNIGS Bay $d0D BHI WSoHM 73A37 BAB av LN PHL GIO BWIAAN “TF TNOUILNYS NOL VTIVISNI LSVW (Haw) aaads SS OS Sk Oh SE OF “St OUST OF s o-z | i 6 Wavy “NOLVUsIIWD tT 8 vee "SBRINY BNO DTS a wo Bayi H1ITMH oe STVNIWYaL YOLOW a (O380dX3 BLYVIAS AT hs§- t 5 so x “PSIHL NIT HdwWID WollvyaVWS Y sIWW ONY Sdaads SNOLWA Ly BDWwit0oN s.zoLow “Bul Ayoosy “ModNIM “Bdls-wOWZSsSYg Wo LAO (mMo73as 335) LIN qdaLNnow-isyvw Bn at08" NOK BNHM AVOU “ABLNNOD WoNmogd NoA BAWd “ONSIES YW BAW YO WFLAWOWZNY Wi sysWWos VHLIM BOLVDGNT AaIaIGS "INIM ~BHL Bivasny5he ‘insnoss” ——" FOWId Al BWIIIOS davog Lida any s3d0¥lo379 dgH>Lg = sad ONIAWNVALIY NasmL3a NOWHS or, SBM LYISNI ° jONIYBdTIsS §=FyOSsI LHOWE ANIHS 33 Lsnw Y3dd0> + SLON eee TSISBU GNIWSY "HOLD NSHL guvog r "wystivg BIeylI37a SAVY ALinaat> OL LSISBM ANT BO Bav1 Bsn gagHoLa NOs Ysdd09 TSVYOSNSS NIVE Baw AL sAUM TWUIASS suv Based “SHIOYLIZ7T BHL Jo WsUv BH ONIsvsyost AQ QasvayonT Bsw GOwd Aivy BIINIs v QML BlgY SO BONVHD BHL "SBdowLD303 OB2VdS A7FSOTD OML Woes BIww 3a vvo YOLIBLBa Niva ABTawis vy AVvHL SNVAW SIHL “ALIDIQLIAIT L9ONINOD sdONa NIV e — Saosnas. Nivea@ asin: ACTIVATED ALARM He } | \ +4 8 | 3} PIEZO... RuZzER. Wek EMIT TONE WHEN RAIN. DROP. FALLS ON SENSOR. TONE i WILL SOUND UNTIL. Qh _ SENSOR 1S TOTALLY (2N2222 DRY, Ri CONTROLS A’) SENSITIVITY Vay SENSOR. Ri. AM _ *ortional @ vor. i Seo.) -RAIN- ACTIVATED. LOGIC. Cee Alan : tev | aa oe rn YW RAIN. SENSOR DRY wer TO TEST, CONNECT CED. TOUCH MoIST if FINGER TO SENSOR, RAIN CAUSES ADTUST RZ wwTie. OuTPeYT. TO t. Leo Tust Glows, LED witt GO. LOW, 4 GLOW UNTIL SENSOR CRIES... 35 1MELECTRONIC THERMOMETER e A TAERMI\STOR IS A TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT RESISTOR. THERMISTORS CAN BE USED TO MAKE VARIOUS. KINDS. OF ELECTRONIC THERMOMETERS. Thscsnusennn CIRCUITS tV_ ohh TO METER T NOLT T. TO + + METER CURRENT 1 METER 1 cc” THERMISTOR. AMPLIFIER +49 R3 USE. WITH DIGITAL volt METER TO MAKE AccuRATE THERMOMETER. SEE FACING PAGE TO. CALIBRATE. Vout =~ RES RZ VALUES. FOR. THERMISTOR -9Vv ~Wv WITH R= LOK AT 25°C, INCREASE R3's RESISTANCE TO INCREASE SENSITIVITY OVER SMALL TEMPERATURE. RANGE. REDUCE R3's RESISTANCE TO REDUCE SENSITIVITY. OVER. LARGE TEMPERATURE RANGE. R41 IS ZERO ADSTuUST. 36THERMISTO# R “CALIBRATI ON” _WATER PROOF THERMISTOR. LEADS WITH SILICONE SEALANT AND ALLOW. TO. CURE... DIP. THERMISTOR IN HOT WATER AND RECORD RESISTANCE, VOLTAGE OR CURRENT AS TEMPERATURE OF WATER FALLS. ADD ICE.TO..SPRED COoLINS, THERMOMETER > fr THERMISTOR WOT WATER INSYLATE LEADS. | WAT SILICONE SEALANT 4oo. 300. RADIO. SHACK PRECISION... 200 THERMIS TOR 1 CALIBRATION. 100 x CURVE. ° 2$O..-28...O.. 428.450. 19S. +400 RESISTANCE CKoHMs) TEMPERATURE (°C), TEMPERATURE SWITCH -ADJUST..R2 UNTIL LED TURNS OFF. v WARM. THE. THER MISTOR Ri TO TURN 10K ON. LED. i | REVERSE CONNECTIONS. OK TO.REPLACE R3 7 TO PINS 2 AND 3 TO AND. LED WITH RELAY. REVERSE OPERATION... 37MOTION DETECTOR WHEN. PROPERLY -ADIUSTED, TAILS SIM@LE. CIRCUIT Wier DETECT THE MOVEMENT..OF. AN OBTECT. WITHIN ITS. FIELD. OF. VIEW. THE DETECTION -RANGE.CAN. BE TENS OF FEET. PLAce Cds ceus FLAT PLASTIC BEHIND. FOCAL POINT. FRESNEL LENS Nahitrbaed REGION (higiecmear ENCLOSURE CPAINT INSIDE FLAT BLACK) USE FLAT MAGNIFYING FRESNEL LENS AT LEAST G INCHES SQUARE. POINT LENS..AT AREA TO. BE MONITORED. ADTUST R44 UNTIL LED TUST SWITCHES. OFF. MOVING ORTECT. WILL LIGHT. LED. +9V RZ Ok To REPLACE R2 AND LED WITH PIEZO BUZZER OR RELAY. MOVING. OBJECT. i CHANGES. LIGHT CEVEC AT ONE. OR GOTH. ~ FLW CAS.PHOTORESISTORS. 38POSITION DETECTOR USE. THIS. CIRCUIT. TO.INDICATE.. POSITION..OF A BEAM.OF LIGHT. FALLING ON. TWO. AD TACENT. SOLAR cELLS. RL Ra. ALSO. Use. 1K 10K |. TO BALANCE TWO.LIGHT. SOURCES. La = Mee = TO ™~ ANALOG MOLT... METER... ADJUST. RY. 1k UNTIL. METER NEEDLE CENTERED WHEN 80TH ce4cs 94 EQUALLY ILCUMINATED. Ry 1oK TEST wWiTH SUPER @RIGHT LED IN CLEAR PACKAGE. BEAM STRUCTURE MAY. AFFECT READOUT. IF ONE CELL. GENERATES MORE VOLTAGE WHEN LIGHT LEVEL IS BALANCED, REDUCE OTHER CELLS INPUT. RESISTANCE CR1 oR RP). CLOSELY SPACED go LED SK R. h ex ZN LN SPoT. CENTERED.PRESSURE SENSOR THE. .CONDUCTIVE. FOAM. PLASTIC IN. WHICH STATIC > SENSITIVE COMPONENT LEADS ARE INSERTED... CAN. 86. USED. TO MAKE PRESSURED SENSITIVE RESISTORS... YoU..CAN..USE.OA PAIR OF SucK RESISTORS TO MAKE A PRESSURE- SENSITIVE... COMPUTER... TOYSTICK. A PRESSURE-SENSITIVE RESISTOR. CAN REUSED... TO MAKE AN. ELECTRONIC SCALE. A SIMPLE ACCELEROMETER CAN BE. MADE. BY ATTACHING. A LEAD. FISHING WEIGAT TO THE MOVABLE ConTACT. OF A PRESSURE- SENSITIVE RESISTOR. HERE. 1S ONE..OF MANY... WAYS..TO. MAKE A PRESSURE- SENSITIVE RESISTOR: teas A oD EAD ASK CMoVABLE CONTACT) CON DUCTIVE 4} <— PLASTIC FOAM ~<__ COPPER Disk Press DOWN HERE To CHANGE RESISTANCE = PLASTIC TOBE. COPPER DISKS..CAN BE. PENNYS, COPPER FOIL OR COPPER~CLAD CIRCUIT BOARD. POLISH COPPER BEFORE SOLDERING CEADS.. 40e PRESSURE-SENSITIVE. SWITCH > Ri: PRESSURE A9VApTusr. 23. uNTIe SENSOR LED SwiTCHES oFfF. PRESS DOWN..ON..PRESSURE- SENSITIVE RESISTOR R41 To SWITcR ON Qi AND LED. PRESSURE- SENSITIVE TONE Ri: PREsSuRE FIV NOTE: You CAN SENSOR MAKE TEMPORARY SENSOR. SIMPLY BY INSERTING WIRE LEADS IN FOAM. PRESS DOWN. ON. PRESSURE SENSITIVE RESISTOR Ri TO INCREASE THE FREQUENCY OF THE TONE. Ld 41SEISMOMETER AL SEISMOMETER IS. AN INSTRUMENT... THAT. DETECTS. THE EARTH MOVEMENTS... CAUSED 8Y EARTHQUAKES. A SIMPLE SEISMOMETER CAN DETECT EARTHQUAKES THAT OCCUR THOUSANDS OF MILES AWAY. EARTHQUAKES... CAUSE SEVERAL KINDS. OF SEISMIC WAVES INSIDE THE EARTH. y ARTH 7 EARTHQUAKE EARTH SURFACE WAVE Ny 4 SEISMOMETER MANTLE A SEISMOGRAM iS A GRAPH OF THE EARTH'S MOVEMENTS PRODUCED BY A. SEISMOMETER : Gund ten P Wave WAVE P WAVE ARRIVES FIRST. 42MANY. DIFFERENT KINDS OF SEISMOMETERS ARE AVAILABLE. TWO. EXAM®LES: WEIGHT AND. STYLUS HORIZONTAL PENDULUM MOTOR RECORDING. DRUM SPRING RECORDING. DRUM SEISMOMETER FOR SENSING HORIZONTAL (BACK. AND FORTH) GROUND MOTION, SEISMOMETER FOR SENSING “So VERTICAL CUP AND DOWN) GROUND. MOTION. SEISMOMETERS SHOULD. BE MOUNTED ON A FIRM. FOUNDATIONS OVER, IF. POSSIBLE, WEIGAT AND. STYLUS MoToR BED ROCK. FOR MORE. INFORMATION. ABOUT SEISMOMETERS, VISIT. A. LIBRARY." EARTHQUARES " Cw. H. FREEMAN AND cory 4988) BY. BRUCE. RocT. IS A Good Book, + . 43EARTH MOVEMENT. SENSOR e THIS. SIMPLE SEISMIC SENSOR HAS. DETECTED TRAINS. MORE THAN.ONE.. MILE... AWAY. ~<—— STURDY. BEAM USE. TAIS. TEMPORARY PENDULUM FOR INITIAL TESTS. INSTALL PICKUP Coll ON 2.70.4 HEAVY... SURFACE. THAT CAN BE FEET MOVED DIRECTLY UNDER MAGNET. WIRE oR NYLON ADJUSTMENT... PROCEDURE: LIne PLACE. A MAGNET. DIRECTLY ON TOP oF. PickUP coll. AdTUST RZ UNTIL LED JusT SWITCHES OFF AND. DOES NOT. FLICKER. Ss Avo. REMOVE MAGNET. LED SHOULD MOVING FLASH. AND FLICKER. WHEN. THE AIR! MAGNET 1S MOVED NEAR THE PickuP coil. NEXT, PLACE PICKUP. ColL. DIRECTLY UNDER MAGNET PENDULUM MAGNET. REDUCE RI To. LMOAF CincuIT Too SENSITIVE. d REDUCE THIS. SPACE To Ri Hot. Fpiaei nee Ask SENSITIVITY... LOM MECT. ANA. GLUE Use SHIELDED CABLE IF MORE a THAN 2-3" LONG, Pickue KEEP BATTERY cow LEADS SHORT. 3. av CuUse TELE PHONE i 4 PICKUP Coll +9y ~<+| 4 i} ee dV OR..I- VOLT || ‘| [r= RELAY). av = Ay | 44