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    24 views9 pages

    Specification of Bolt

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    alpha inn

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BS_3204 : Part 1 1960 ‘Tus Burnstt STANDARD, having been approved by the Codes of Practice Committe for Buildings and the Couneit for Codes of Practice, and endorsed by the Chairman of the Building Divisional Council, was published under the authority of the General Couneil on 22nd December, 1960. ‘The Institution desires to call attention to the fact that this British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. In order to keep abreast of progress in the industries ‘concerned, British Standards are subject to periodical review. Suggestions for improvements will be recorded and in due ‘course brought to the notice of the committees charged with the revision ofthe standards to which they refer. ‘A complete list of British Standards, numbering over 3000, indexed and crossindexed for reference, together with an abstract of each standard, will be found in the Institution's ‘Yearbook, price 155. This standard makes reference to the following British Standards: BS. 449 The use of structural steel in building (incor- pporating B.S. Code of Practice CP 113). BS.2583Podger spanners. BS.3139 High strength fiction grip bolts for structural engineering. British Standards ae revised, when necessary, by the issue either of amendment slips or of revised editions, It is important that users of Brish Standards should ascertain that they are in possesion of the latest amendments or editions. ‘The folowing BS. references relate to the work on tis andar Commitee references B72, 20/5. Dea for somment ACB) 2911 2 BS. 3294 : Part 1: 1960 ‘Co-operating organizations Foreword SPECIFICATION Scope Definitions Bots ns and washers Leng of bolt Surtees in contact renee ‘The partum method of tightening ‘Thetorgue conta mthod of ightning Hole ia members Mian ply ickoem Design rosie Inspec BS. 3294 : Part 1 : 1960 | | ! (CO-OPERATING ORGANIZATIONS, ‘The Technical Committe of the Building Divisional ‘Council, under whose supervision this British Standard ‘was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations: Admiralty ‘ie Ministry ‘Assoctation of Municipal Corporations ‘British Constructional Steelwork Association British Iron and Steel Federation British Railways, The British Transport Commission British Welding Research Association ‘Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations DSLR. Building Research Station District Surveyors Association Institute of Builders Institute of Welding Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Municipal Engineers Institution of Structural Engineers London County Council “Ministry of Works National Federation of Building Trades Employers Royal Institute of British Architects “War Office Individual manufacturers and consultants ‘The Government departments and industrial organiza- tions marked with an asterisk inthe above ls, together with the following, were directly represented on the ‘committee entrusted with the preparation ofthis British Standard ‘Assoctation of Crane Makers Black Bolt and Nut Association of Gt. Britain BS. 3294: Part 1: BRITISH STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR THE USE OF HIGH STRENGTH FRICTION GRIP BOLTS IN STRUCTURAL STEELWORK Part 1. General Grade Bolts FOREWORD “The 1959 edition of B.S. 449, * The use of structural steel in building", con- tained a provision to the effect that, pending the publication of a British Stan- dard, the use of high strength fiction grip bolts made to comply with BS. 3139, * High strength friction grip bolts for structural engineering’, is not precluded on the basis of a replacement of one rivet by one bolt of the same rnominal diameter when the rivet is considered to be a ste driven rivet having ‘8 crostscctional area equal to the gross area of the rivetchole, provided that the bolts are tightened to not less thas 0-9 of the minimum proof load. “The present standard has been produced to satisfy the need for more precise rules for the use of such bolls in structural steelwork generally. With both methods of tightening specified in the standacd the intention is now to establish 11 minimum Bolt tension equal to the proof load (ee B.S. 3139, Clause 6. In practice the proof load is frequently exceeded: tests and experience have shown that this i in no way detrimental ‘As pointed out in the Scope, the standard is intended to cover the use, in stryetural stelvork complying with BS. 449, of a general grads of high strength friction grip bolts to B.S. 3139; and the factors recommended for design Ihave been based on the results of extensive experimental work carried out in ‘the United Kingdom by various organizations with this type of bolt and normal structural stels. Variations in these factors are however permitted, under the responsibilty of the Engineer, where other types of structure, materials, or conditions of application demand it. [NOTE. Where meirc equivalents are sated the figures in Beith uit are to be regarded andar The matric comersions ae aproaimate. Mare ature convcrsans Should fused on the table in 5,350," Conversion factors an tables, SPECIFICATION 1, Part 1 of this British Standard gives requirements forthe use in structural steelwork complying with BS. 449 of a general grade of high strength friction 5 1960 S, 3294 : Part 1: 1960 stip boltas specified in B.S. 3139, * High strength friction grip bolts for structural ‘engineering’, Part 1,‘ General grade bolts. ‘The use of higher strength bolts willbe considered when the results of current rescarch are availabe, and further parts wil be isued as required. unerri0xs. 2. For the purposes of this British Standard the following definitions appl 4. High sirength friction grip bolts. Bolts of high tensile steel, used in conjunction with high strength nuts and hardened stel washers, which are tightened to such a shank tension thatthe clamping action thus afforded transfers oad by friction between the pars and not by shear in or bearing oa the bots '. Grip. The total thickness of stel sections to be held together, excluding washers, Ply. A single thickness of stel forming part ofa structural joint. 4. Length of bot. The distance from the underside of the bolt head to the extreme end ofthe shank, including any chamfer or radius. , Bifective interface. ‘ common contact surface between two load-trans- iting plies, excluding packing pieces, through which the bolt passes F. Sip factor. The ratio ofthe load, per effective interface, required to pro- ‘duce slip in a pure shear joint to the total shank tension induced in the bolt (or bots), 4s. Load factor. The numerical value by which the load which would cause Slip in a joint is divided to give the permissible working load on the joint, 4h. The Engineer. The person responsible for the design and satisfactory come pletion of the structure, as covered by this specification. ‘BOLTS, NUTS AND WASHERS 3. a. Dimensions and properties. The bolts, nuts and washers shall comply with B.S. 3139, “High strength fiction grip bolts for structural engincer Part 1, “General grade bolts. ', Storage. Care shall be taken that bolts, nuts and washers are stored in such a way that they will not deteriorate. They are normally supplied by the ‘manufacturers with a light coating of oil which is not detrimental and should ‘ot be removed. In this condition they are ready for normal use, and any further treatment at works or site isnot recommended. LENGTH oF out 4, The length of the bolt shall be calculated by adding to the grip the allowance given in Table 1. If tis desired to take advantage of standard length bolts, the Jength may be rounded off to the next higher % in (6 mm) for a bolt up to'S in (130 mm) long and to the next higher $4 in (13 mm) for a bott longer than 5 in (130 mm). 6 BS. 3294 ‘The values given in Table 1 allow for the thickness of one nut and of two fat washers and for sufficient protrusion of the bolt end. ‘Where taper washers are used instead of flat washers an additional allowance ‘of Mo in (1-6 mm) for each washer shall be made when calculating the length of a bot. TABLE 1, BOLT LENGTH ALLOWANCES ‘Allowance tobe added 1% 1% 1 1% 1% 1% Be Ey ‘5. a. At the time of assembly, the surfaces in contact shall be frce of paint or ‘any other applied finish, oil, dirt, loose rust, loose scale, burrs and other defects ‘which would prevent solid seating of the parts or would interfere with the development of friction between them. Tight mill scale is not detrimental ', If any other surface condition, ineluding a machined surface is desired, it shall be the responsibilty of the Engineer to determine the slip factor to be used in the particular ease. 6. Each bolt and nut shall be assembled with one washer under the head of the bolt and with another washer under the nut. The washers shall be either tapered or flat, according to the type of connection. Tapered washers shall be ‘correctly fitted. The nut or bolt head shall be tightened against a surface normal to the bolt axis. The angle Between the bolt axis and the surface under the non- ‘moving component (Le. the bolt head or the nut) shall be between 87° and 93°, 'No gasket or other flexible material shall be placed between the plies. The holes in parts to be joined shall be sufficiently well aligned to permit Bots to be freely placed in position. Driving of bolts is not permitted. ‘Nuts and bolts shall always be tightened in a staggered pattera and, where there are more than four in any one joint, they shall be tightened from the 7 BS. 3294: Part 1 : 1960 centre of the joint outwards. High strength fiction grip bolts, nuts and washers may be used temporarily to facilitate assembly during erection; if so used, they shall not be finaly tightened except in their correct sequence in the complete joiat, ‘NTE afer foal tightealog, a ut oc bolts sackeoed of for any reason, the bolt, nut and washers shall be discarded and not used again. ‘The method of tightening employed for all bolts and nuts shall be one of those described in Clause 7 and 8, 7. When bolts and nuts are tightened by the part-turn method, the following procedute shall be adopted: ‘On assembly of the joint, all bolts and nuts are subjected to preliminary Lightening to bring the joint surfaces into close contact. Such a tightening is not intended as a corrective for faulty workmanship in the assembled plies. For bolis up to and ineluding 1 in in diameter, this ean usually be Achieved by tightening with spanners complying with B.S. 2583, * Podger spanners'. Power-operated wrenches may be used and will probably be requited for larger bolts ‘After completion of the preliminary tightening of all nuts in a joint, permanent marks are made on each nut and the protruding threads ofits bolt to record their relative positions, Each nut is then finally tightened, preferably with a power-operated wrench, so that it turns relative to its bolt by the amount given in Table 2, ‘TABLE 2. FINAL TIGHTENING OF NUTS (Grip of ol for rotation of the nt (lave tthe Blt stunk) take | Up t04¥4 in (18 mm) a Upto4¥4 in (116 mem) | Over 434 in to 814 in (14 to 216 mm) Up toys in (14 mm) | Over 434 into 1 in (16 4 280 mm) Up to6¥4 in 85 mm) | Over 6Y into 14 in (485 to 360 mm) Up to6¥4 in (165 mm) | Over 63 into 14 in (65 to 360 mm) Up i264 ins mm) | Orr 6 in 10 185 360mm ‘NOTE I, With the amount of mat rotation specified fa the above ble a Bolt tension at eat ‘qual othe proof loud wil be achieved. [NOTE 2. Wit) this method of abtening, 3 in (12-7 mm) diameter bolts are not resom- 134 in G41 mem) diameter bos should be used only after special investigation BS, 3294: Part 1 {THE TORQUE CONTROL METHOD OF TIGHTENING ‘a, When bolts and nuts are tightened by the torque control method, the following procedure shall be adopted ‘This method requires the use of calibrated tightening device, either a jpoweroperated or a hand-operated torque swrench*. The bolt and aut are Uightened to a minimum bolt tension equal to the proof load. The torque necessary to induce this tension is determined by the actual site conditions. ‘Where there are several bolts in a single joint, the wrench is returned (0 tighten up bolts previously tightened which may have lost teasion through tightening of subsequent bolts, until ll are finally tightened to the prescribed torque. ‘The recommendations of the wrench manufacturer should be followed. It is essential to ensure that the wrench is maintained in proper working condition and calibration, The calibration is described below. 5, Irrespective of the type or pattern of the tightening equipment, it shall be calibrated regularly a last once per sill or more frequenly if site conditions and usage so demand, Such calibration shall consist of tightening a sample bot, ‘which shall not be re-used for any purpose, against a load cell or similae appara. tus capable of showing the direct tension induced in the bolt shank. The equip- ‘ment shall be adjusted to give a tension 10 per cent higher than that shown in Column 2 of Table 3 by the means provided cithe i the wreach, or by anillary equipment supplied or recommended by the manufacturer. A ‘change in bolt diameter or length shall require re

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