!#"
$%&'() *%,+ -.#/0/21
35476839473;:<>=

@B
? ADCFEHGGI0JK;LNMPOI#CQI0G ?SRTVU#W0W0WYX8U0W0W2Z
[]\ K T_^ Ma`;LNEGGM R^b^ `*c dd T Je8M ? Mgfih T Jjkh lkJ T L>MHf7I Z h T_^ dmI0C_EendmC T_o LNM
[]p Cg`;LNEGqEJ ^ E ^ EG ^ MsrsC TFo ELNI0f7EHJ ^ Etl ^bT C T_uu I o0T CQEsI0KPlGMt`ELNGMgJI0C_EwvHEt`;ELyx0lEHG ^ Msrt`;LNEGEgJ ^ E
T JzL>E ^ E#h
[]{ E JE|K T e8}KI~ T_? EH~ELNGI€CFIL T `L>MHK;l uwT MJEwv T J‚x#lI0CQlJx#lVE|eƒMHL>f7I#vGE|JMJ„I ?N? MLNKVI ^ I
K;I0C_C_… IYl ^ MLNE;h
[]† … lGM T J ^ EjYL>I#CFE9KEC ^ EG ^ MqvyM9K T GlE9`I0L ^T v ? MHf7E5lJ]I0lG T C T M‡I#CFC_I7K T KI ^b^T_? I#v ? MHf7E5L T eƒE X
L T f7EJ ^ Mˆ`ELDC_I‡eƒMHL>f7I uwT MJEˆK;EHC*`ELNGMgJI0C_EwvM ? Mf7E‰f7I ^ EHL T I0C_Eˆ`ELaCFI‡`;LNE`VI0LNI uqT MJEˆK T
? MHL>G T v#JE ? EGG T_^ IˆK;EHCV`L>EH~EJ ^T ~M ? MHJGEJGMDK;I#CFC_… I0l ^ MHL>E#h
 ŠD‹#ŒgŽb‘ŽbŒgmŽbz’0“#S”kŒ‡”VV•9ŒP–‹0—2—2V˜™Žš7“2›7‹#’ˆ”VV˜™–‡›œŽbŒVž ŒV”kV•‰‹0’0œ ”k“#Ÿœ ’#œ>—2ŒV˜#ž “7ž “2‹#˜ ŒV“7œ ’¡ ’0¢Œ¤£
¢’0ŒV˜Qœ “7¥wž ŒgŽ_Žš˜-œ ”k“7—2˜ ŒgmSzž ¦F§’#œ ¨0ŒV˜©Žbª«›2œ¬#•‰“­¡ ®YŒV›­Œg–ŒV’0›2‡ž ¦F‹0’0œ ”Vz”VV˜©S‡›œb¯°–±—2ŒV˜#²2‹0Œkž ž “«ž “2‹w£
˜ ŒV“2®œFS‹#Vœ³”VV’wŽbŒk’0‹wŽšœFS—2“#Ÿœ “2’)–‹a•9ž Žšœ_ŽbŒk•5œ ®Žb˜n“#Ž_Žš“#Žbœ“2ž Žb˜´¨0ŒDœ ’µ›2œ ¨0Œk˜™SœbŒgS“2•9œ_–—2ŒV”kœ ¶g”kœ ·°-¦F“2”k”VŒV’qŽb
Œg–—2ž œ ”Vœ Žbˆ›2ŒVžƒŽbœ ŽbVž µSœ “5“2œ–¸¹kº»0¼2½ ¾H”k¿0Œ“2œS¸¾ ÀmÁ_¹VÂ9¾n®qž Žš˜ ŒÃ“5˜Qœ –—2ŒV”V”¿#œ “2˜-’0Œ‘ž ¦Fœ •5—2gmŽb“#Ÿœ V’0Œ‘”VV•5—ž Œg£
Sœ ¨#“2®’#Œ­”k“2˜n“#Ž_ŽšŒV˜-œ ŸŸ“ž ¦F‹qS&“2’0”k¿0Œ7’0ŒVžw”VV’wŽšŒgŽš­›Œkž ž Œ»0Ä#Å;Æw¹,ǖ¼2Ä0È ¹V¹]œ ’9›2‹0Œ«ž œ ¨0ŒVž ž œ ·*ÉYV’0­œ ’wÊF“#Ž_Žbœ
—2˜ Œg–ŒV’wŽbœNŒVž ŒV•9ŒV’wŽbœS›2œwÀm¹Vº»0¼2½ ¾ ˤÀ¾ ÀmÁ_¹VÂ9¾ ËÌÍÈ´ÅÎ2¼Î2¾ ½ ¾ Á_Ï2ËYÐk¼2ÂPÌ; ÅV»0¼VÂ5¹V»#Á_ÅVËÑ2Ä0¼2»#Á_¾ ÒbÒ¼#Ò¾ ÅV»0¹Vˤ¹V½ ¼Î2ÅÈ´¼2Ó
Ò¾ Å»#¹VË#Á_È´¼2ÔÖÕNÐVÅVË#‰Ä0½ Á-¾ Ìͽ ¼#Ò¾ Å»#¹VËÐkÅÂ9‰Ä0Á_¼#Ò¾ ÅV»0¹VË#Á-Èn¼2ÀÂ9¾ ÀÀm¾ Å»#¹z×¼2Á-¾ ËÈ ¹VÁ_¾ ËÂ5ÅV×2Ä0½ ¼#Ò¾ ÅV»0¹z¼2»0¼2½ ÅVº¾ м
¹ˆ»0Ä0Â9¹VÈQ¾ ÐV¼2ËHÁ-Èn¼2ÀÔعkÈ-¾ Â9¹V»0Á-¾S¹V»#¹VÈغ¹VÁ-¾ о ˤÐkÅV½ ½ ¹Vº¼2Â9¹;»#Á_¾NÈ´¼2×¾ Å˾ »DÐk¼Æqň¹V×zÀmÄÃÕNÎ2Èn¼‡ÅÁ-Á_¾ Ðk¼ËÈQÄ0Â9ÅVÈ ¹·

٠ʝ˜´V’wŽbŒ‰›2ŒVž ž “ˆ•9ž ŽšŒV—2ž œ ”œ Žbª9›2ŒV¢ž œÚ“2˜Ø¢V•5Œk’wŽbœ ®Hž ¦FŒgS—2gSœ Ÿœ V’0ŒÃ“2›2gŽ_Žb“9‹0’05ÀmÁ_¾ ½ ¹ÃÐkÛ0¾ ¼2ÈnÅVËwÐkÅV»0ÐV¾ ÀmÅ
V¹ ×5¹VÀ¼2Ä#È-¾ ¹k»0Á_¹®H˜Qœ ”VV˜ ˜ ŒV’Y›29“2›5‹#’0“DmŽbŒg–‹0˜n“DS‹‘›2‹0Œ‰ž œ ¨0Œkž ž œ ·#¡ žÚ—2˜Qœ •9ˆÜ‰˜Qœ ŒV’qŽb“#ŽbÃ“2›‡‹0’#“‡ž ŒgŽ-Žb‹0˜´“‡—2œ Ý
¨0ŒVž ”kŒV®#Œ7“#Ž_Žb˜Qœ Þ2‹0œ S”VŒ5ž “­¢2œ ‹wŽš“˜Qœ ž ŒH¨0“’wŸ“­“”kV’0”VŒ¤Ž_Žbœ ®#“2˜Ø¢V•9ŒV’wŽbœŒŽbŒk”V’0œ ”¿#ŒVß0œ žSŒV”k’#›7ž œ ¨0ŒVž ž 
Sœbm¨;œ ž ‹0—2—2“7œ ’¨0Œk”VŒ‡“#Ž-Žb˜n“#¨0Œk˜™–7’0gŽbŒzŒk›­“—2—Œk’0›2œ ”Vœ ®g”VgŽšœ Žb‹0Œk’0›2zž ¦F“—2—2˜ngÊF’0›2œ •9ŒV’Žbz›Œkž—2˜-œ •9V®
œ SVž “2’0›29¢ž œN“#S—2ŒgŽ_ŽšœN—2œ ݘQœ ¢˜´Y–œ ®gŒaÊ8V˜Q’0ŒV’0›25Œg–ŒV•5—2ž œ ¶g”k“YŸœ ’#œ>Œ5”k¿0œ “2˜Qœ •9ŒV’wŽšœ ·Vàs¨;‹0’#²2‹0ŒV®>SœŽbŒV’wŽš“
›2œw•‰“2’qŽbŒV’0Œk˜ ŒÃ¨;œ ¨07ž ¦Fœ ’wŽbŒk˜ Œg–Œ«›2ŒVžqž ŒgŽ-ŽbV˜ Œ7¢2˜´“#Ÿœ Œ­“]»0Ä#Â5¹kÈnÅVÀ¹«¾ ½ ½ Ä0ÀmÁ_Èn¼#Ò¾ ÅV»0¾;“9–gŽbŒV¢’#&›Œkœw”k’q£
”kŒgŽ_Žbœ ®g—2˜ ŒgSŒk’wŽb“2’0›25œ¢˜n“#¶¤”Vœ›2ŒVž ž Œ5˜ ŒVž “#Ÿœ V’0œ>“2’0“2ž œ Žbœ ”k¿0ŒV®gŒV›«Œ¨;œ ›2ŒV’wŸœ “2’0›2‡“2ž>•9ŒV¢ž œ ‡ž Œ‡“2’0“2ž ¢œ Œ
ŒV›7œ>”kVž ž ŒV¢“V•5ŒV’qŽbœšŽb˜´“7¢ž œN“2˜n¢•9ŒV’wŽšœ ·V¡Sœ ŽšŒV•5œN›œ¯°–±]mŽbŒg–œšSV’0‡“¨0Vž ŽbŒˆ—2˜ Œg–ŒV’wŽb“#ŽšœN“2ž ž “DŽb˜ ŒV¢‹#“
›2œwŒ¤SŒV•9—2œ“*—2—2ž œ ”V“#Žšœ ¨;œq›2ŒVž ž “ˆŽšŒVV˜-œ “&ŒgS—2gmŽb“2®0¢2‹#“2›2“2¢’0“2’0›2«œ ’ˆ”k’#”V˜ ŒgŽšŒgŸbŸ“&ŒŽbœ •9Vž “2’0›2«“2ž ž 
Žš‹0›2œ V·

¡ žmŽbŒgmŽb5܈˜-œ •‰“#mŽb9—2ŒV˜g—2œ ÝD›2œN‹0’‘“2’0’0‰›2œ S—2V’0œ Þ2œ ž Œ9—2Œk˜Yœ ž–›2ቒ0ž V“2›z¢˜n“#Žš‹0œ Žb9—˜ ŒgS

0Û Á_Á™ÌÍâ ããq¾ »0Ô´ÅÐkÅVÂ5ä´Ä0»0¾ È´ÅV‰¼9åä´¾ ÁÖãq¼2½ ¹kÔ©ã½ ¾ ÎVÈnÅ®ŽbgŽb“2ž œ ŸŸ“2’0›2’0ŒVž—2Œk˜-œ V›2ž Žš˜ Œ9æç¤ç牍S”k“2˜Qœ ”“2•5ŒV’qŽbœ ·DèyŒVž
ʏ˜n“#Ž_ŽšŒV•5—2‡SœgÜé—2˜nH¨¤¨#ŒV›2‹wŽbV®“2’#”V¿0ŒˆS‹­œ ’0›2œ ”k“YŸœ V’0Œ,›Œkœ¤ž ŒgŽ_ŽbV˜Qœ ®“2ž ž “]”VV˜ ˜ ŒgŸœ V’0Œé›2ŒV¢ž œgŒV˜ ˜´˜QœgŒV›
“2ž>”kV•5—2ž ŒgŽš“2•5Œ’wŽb‡›2œ>“2ž ”k‹0’0Œˆ—2“2˜©Žbœ ®ggŽ_ŽšŒV’0ŒV’#›5”kV•5Œ9˜-œ –‹0ž Žb“#Žšz‹#’0“7²2‹#“2ž œ ŽbªzŒV›2œ Žš˜Qœ “2ž Œ5—2œ ÝÔk¿0Œ
Þ2‹0V’0“2®gŒDSV—2˜´“#Ž_Žb‹wŽ8Žšz‹#’µŽbŒgmŽb–gŽb“2’wŸœ “2ž •9ŒV’wŽbŒ5ŒgS“#Ž_Žš·°–mŽbŒg–7œ ’#›œ ˜Qœ ŸŸ7œ ’qŽbŒV˜Q’0ŒgŽ”VV’wŽbœ ’#‹0ŒV˜ ª
“2›‰gS—2œ Žb“2˜ Œk®Vž Žb˜ ŒD“2›Ã‹0’0“9Æw¹kÈ-Àm¾ Å»#¹‘»0¼2ƾ º¼2Î2¾ ½ ¹›ŒkžFŽbŒgmŽbV®q“2’0”k¿0ŒPž Œ‘ŒH¨0ŒV’wŽš‹0“2ž œ‹#ž ŽbŒV˜Qœ V˜-œš”VV˜ ˜ ŒgŸœ V’0œ ®
’0V’0”k¿0ꉞ ŒëSŒgŸœ V’0œ–”V¿0ŒëSœ–“2¢¢œ ‹0’#¢2Œk˜n“2’0’#ˆ’0ŒVžmŽbŒk•5—2V·

°-¦F“2•9—2œ ÃS—2Œ¤Ž_Žb˜n«›œ“2˜Ø¢V•9ŒV’wŽbœŽb˜´“#Ž_Žb“#Žbœ ®“#mSV”Vœ “#Žš«“2›‹#’0“’#YŽš“#Ÿœ V’0ŒŽbŒk’0›2ŒV’wŸœ “ž •9ŒV’wŽbŒ7‹#’0œ £

Ê8V˜Q•5ŒV®#˜ Œk’0›2’#zœ ž³ŽšŒgŽbzœ ›2V’0ŒVz“&”kgŽbœ Žb‹#œ ˜ Œ‡‹#’5˜Qœ ʃŒk˜-œ •5ŒV’qŽb7›2œÞ2“#SŒ5œ ›Œk“2ž ŒDSœ “«—2Œk˜ž Žš‹0›2ŒV’wŽšŒV®
Sœ “‡—2ŒV˜¤ž aŽb‹#›2œ Y–‡”V¿0Œ‰›2Œg–œ ›Œk˜-œ–”VV•9—2˜ ŒV’0›Œk˜ Œ9œS—2˜-œ ’”kœ —2œ–—2Œk˜n“#Žbœ ¨;œ–›Œk¢ž œS“—2—2“2˜n“#Žšœ–›2œŽbŒVž Œk”VV•‰‹w£
’0œ ”k“#Ÿœ ’#ŒV·

ADC_EGGI0JK;LNMaOVI0C_I0G ?SRT

ìPí 3;îmï í =Nðñ= íí 3;68ï«òwó0ô#ó0õtö7=Nð÷òqó0ø#ùzúN6ð83*ûY<>=N3ü>ï í ðƒïH:=a6 ízýqí ñ=šñ í =N<>683‰þPðƒ=Nîîm<Nï í 68ü>3&3ðƒð8ÿ í 6


 g=N<Sú>6mî ‡:6 ïH473 ý ï g= í =Nð òqó0ø0øÃü>ï í úN=šñû=÷6ƒð 9ïîmîïH<>3îï‘:6 68ü>=N<>ü3z6 í‰ýqí ñ=ñ í =><N683‡:=>ð8ð8ÿ ýwí ïH<
 
    

473 Y68ï í =P=D:=Nðƒð83 sïH4iû í 68üN3 68ï í =Úõ 93;ðµòqó0ó 3;ðó0ô ì <N6ƒüN=N<ü>3îïH<>= <>=Nú>úNï56ƒð 96 *3;<Nî6847= í îïˆ:6
þDð8=>îmîm<>ï í 68ü>3:=>ð8ð8ÿ í 6 ¤=><SúN6ƒî :6
=N<gûñ683 :ï ¤=Pú ¤ïðnñ=P:68:3;îmîm6ƒüN3 =><P68ðyü>ïH<Núïˆ:6 =Nî6y:6 =Nð8=
       

     ! "  # $

üNï4iû í 6ƒüN3 Y68ï í = V3 í üNï<N3zü>ïH47=÷<>68üN=><üN3;îmï<N= îmï< í 3‡3;ð8ð8ÿ í 6 ¤=><Sú68î ‡:6 ïH473 ý *<N=>úúNïD68ð 96 *3;<
'

îm6ƒ47= í îmï ý ö
 &%

:ï g= ì :ïüN= í î=ë:=Nðü>ïH<Núï‰:6 sïH4iû í 6ƒüN3 Y6ƒï í 6kþDð8=>îmîm<>68ü = =><aðƒ3«ðƒ3û<N=>3

     (  

*),+-.+-/  0  !1 2
í6 Dýqí ñ=šñ í =N<>683ëþPðƒ=Nîmî<N6ƒüN3;õ y6 ì ïüNügû *3;îmïa:6k=>ð83 #ï<N3 68ï í = :=>ð;ú>=ñ í 3ðƒ= gïHü>3ðƒ=t= :6kîm<>3ú>4768úNú>6ï í 6
43  65 7 8
í ûY47=><N68ü = =N: 3;îmîSû3ð847= í îm=6 úgûYï6t6 í î=N<>=NúNú6 ú>ï í ï‡ï<N6ƒ= í î3î6 36 ú>68ú>îm=N476s:6 2ïH6ƒüN=‰ï g=N< ý =N:

3;ð8ð8= 3;<Nü 68îm=îî–û<N=s:63û:6ƒï ¤6ƒ:=>ïDüNï í =N<N= í Y39:6Yñ<¤û *ïPú¤û<N=>îm= 6 í îm=>< í =Nîmõ

91 8:  

;1    $(
 \ 8e e8E b^ ^ l T I0fzMÃGl o0TQ^ M‰lJIˆ~YEC_M ?NT GG T f7I5`;I#JMLNI0f T_? I5KE T f7MHC ^ E`C T_?>T I#G`;E ^^bT?SR E T J ^ EHL>~YEJjYMJM
JE T G T G ^ Ef T K T^ EC_E ? Mgf7lJ TQ? I uwT MJEqv ?SR EµMC ^ L>EµI0C0GEf7`C T_? E T JMHC ^ LNMë`EL ~ T I =Nðƒ=Nîmî<68üN3 K T lJ 47=Nú
úN3ññ6ƒï‘6 í ïH<>473î6 gï K;IˆlJ­CFlMjYMPI0K‡lJ«I0C ^ LNMqv ? M T J~MC_jMHJMDlJ«K T G ? L>E ^ MJlf7ELNMDK T I#`;`I0LNI ^T
!


K T e8eƒEHL>EgJ ^T E ? MMH`VELNI0J ^T v0JEC ? MHJ ^ EG ^ MaK T lJIMLNjI0J TFuqu I uT MHJE 6 í <N=Nî= K;E T K T G`MG TF^bT ~ T h


† I ^ L>I0Gf T GG T MHJE)`;l )L T jlI0LNK;I0LNE÷lJˆf7EHGGI0jYj T M)jEHJELNI ^ M÷I0C ^ Ef7`M÷G ^ EGGMµK;EHCFC_IDGlI ^ LNI X

<

Gf T GG T MJEwvkMH`;`lLNEÃEHG T G ^ EJ ^ EI9`;L T MHL T h p CGl`;`;MHL ^ M}G T_? M‘K;ECf7EGGI0jYj T Mqv ?NRT I#f7I ^ M ú>=ñ í 3;ð8= v
T K;EJ ^T } ? I‰KlE ? I ^ EjYML T EPf7MHC ^ MPjEHJEHL>I#C T cx0lEC_CQIˆK;E T GEjYJI0C T 3 í 3ðƒï–ñ68ü>6 EDx#lEHCFC_IÃKE T GEHjJI#C T

í ûY47=><N68ü>6 h EHC`L T f7M ? I0GMˆL T EHJ ^ LNI7I#K­EHGEHf7` T MˆCFI‡~M ? E‰lf7I0JIv2f7EJ ^ LNEˆEGEf7` T K T GEjYJI0C T
8=

Jlf7EL TF?NT GMHJM T K;M ? lf7EJ ^TV? MHJGEHL>~YI ^bT Gl7K T lJ ? MHf7`;l ^ EHLNh
>@?&> ACB@DFE0GIHJE0EKHJLFMONQPRNTS$SUVHJMOWXLFB@GYDFZ[HJLFMON

\^]_7`ba(ced9a(f(gKa6hd;icejbd;j^_Xik]lanm jcejboa
† … ML T j T JVEµK;EHC;GEHjJI#CFE÷KI ^ L>I#Gf7E ^^ ELNEër T JK T_? I ^ I 8~EHK T
Fp

O T jVh Z h Z µ? MHf7E úNï<ñ= í îm= vëK T)^bT `M,I0JI0CQMHj T_? MéM,Jlf7EL T_? Mé`;EL T K;lE ^bT ` T K T GEjYJI0C_E#h
T ?SR Eéj T I ? E ^ L>I GMHL>jYEJ ^ E]E :=Nú>îm6 í 3;îm3;<N6ƒï ~ T EJEéKEG ? L TF^b^ MéK;I|lJI EJ ^T_^ I0G ^ LNI ^b^ I
Jq
r <

K;EJMf T JI ^ I ü>3 í 3;ð8= K T? Mf7lJ T_? I uwT MJEqv¤C_E ? l Tg? I#L>I ^^ EL T G ^T_?NR E ? MJK T_uwT MJI0JM T f7EGGI0jYj T
ts

^ LNI0Gf7EGG T h
u ihd;]b_7hi]bceivangwihd;xe_Xy0i
p C ? I0JI0CQE)`l I#KDEGEf7` T M T f7`;MHL>LNE)lJIaC T f TQ^ I uqT MHJEsI0C_CFI 03 í :3P:6
b<

í ;
K H
E k
C 
G 
E Y
j 
J #
I F
C E T J ^ L>I#JG T_^ M ? I0lGEa}G T_?SR E T JEC T f T JkI o#T C T `;LNMKl ? MJM T JMC ^ LNEqvI0C
5
 <N= 2û= = {,|

CFI ^ M L T_? EH~EJ ^ EHvgC_… T JGMLNjEHL>E)K T lJˆGEHjJI0C_EsK T K T G ^ lL o MsI0K;K TF^bT ~YMqv ? Mf7lJEf7EHJ ^ E T JK T_? I ^ M
!z 

? MHJ T C ^ EHL>f T JE­K T <¤û47ïH<>= v ?NR E ? I#lGI,C_I]L T_? E uwT MHJE«K T lJ|GEHjJI#CFE7K T ~ELNGM­K;I]x0lEC_C_M
G ^ EGGM9`L>EHGEgJ ^ EˆI#CFC_… lG ?>T_^ I7K;EHC ? I0JI#CFE#h EHL ^ I0J ^ Mqv ?NT G T `;L>EHM ?N? l`I7K T*? I0LNI ^b^ EHL TFuqu IYLNE T C
8}

? I#JI0C_E T J&f7MHK;M‰KI5G ? EjC T ELNE T f7E ^ MgK T K T^ L>I0Gf T GG T MHJE‘` T éT K;MHJE T I‡LNEJK;EHLEÃf T J T f5I
CF… I0C ^ ELNI uwT MHJEµGlCkf7EGGI#jj T M ^ LNI0Gf7EGGM#h
~

€ jbKw] _7d;]Oha(`bcejoa0‚_Xxeƒ„]b_7a
† … EHJ ^bTF^ KEC_CFEPI0C ^ EHL>I uqT MJ T Gl o0T_^ EPKI0CVf7EGGI0jYj T MP~ T EHJEDG`;EG X
GM‡x0lI#J ^T } ? I ^ I T J ^ EHL>f T J T K T <>3 ï<îmï5ú>=ñ í 3;ð8=Ã<¤û47ïH<>= { „M {
…s
p =*† X ÍX =

v ?SR EaLNI0``;LNEGEHJ ^ I‰lJ T JK TF? E÷K T x0lI0C T_^ K;EHC ? MC_C_EjYI0f7EJ ^ MµG ^ EGGwMqv#E ?SR Eë`;EHLsMHL>I
6 0‡ˆw‰2Šb‹ kŒ   ‡Ž
†

K;E}J T I0f7MÃjEJEL TF? I0f7EHJ ^ E ? MHf7E T C*LNI0`;`ML ^ M ^ LNI«CF… EHJ ^T_^ K;EHCGEjYJI0C_E‰l ^T C_EˆL T_? E~Yl ^ M9E
Š Œ ‡ @q ts

x0lEHCFC_MaKECkLNlf7MLNEDI0KˆEGGMPGM~YL>I#`;`;MHG ^ Mwv T JK T_? I ^ M ? MHJ í JEC_C_IÃ}jYlLNI Z h Z h

…s

‘ _7jbhƒ„ikhhi]bc@a

† I O T jkh Z h Z I E~ T KEJ uqT I ? Mf7E T C ? I0JI#CQEqvµJEC_C_I LNEI#C ^ }G T_? I0v)r ? MHG ^³TF^ l T_X
^ MzK;IlJ 47= ï‡î<N3;úN4768úú>6 gï Gl ? l T G T `L>MH`;I0jYIélJ GEjYJI0C_E5K T JI ^ lL>I&EHCFE ^^ L T_? I#v ?SR E
q …s

k 

Z
 U ’“•”w–˜—@™eš™œ›J„ž[Ÿ. *Ÿ.¡v“•š0–˜—¢

O T jlL>I Z h Z c £&¤ ¥¦[¥§9¨©«ª¬§9­;© ®b§9¯°¤ ©t±J¥²˜¤ ¯³¨² ¯ ´t¦µ© ´V´…© ®b§9¥T¶(¥¤ ¤ ·© §9ª¸®b²¹¦e¯(­;© ®§9¥

» ¼ ½ Mezzo ½
Sorgente Canale + Destinazione Trasduttore
Trasmissivo
Trasduttore

n ¼
¯ º » CANALE
SNR

Á À Â À
Sorgente Adattatore CANALE + Adattatore Destinazione

¾¿ n

ÃÄÅÆbÅÈÇ!ÉÆbÃÅÊ&Ë'ÄV˅ÉÌÄÆœË…Í ÎÅÌÏÉÊ&ÐlÍÒÑ6ÍÓ͐Ô6Ô6ÉÕ$Ä˅ÄTÖ×&Ø6Ù&ÚeÛÖÖÜ×&ÝÞÑ6ÄËtÊ&Í ÕÐlÄÕ$Õ$ÄÉÆbÅÌÅÌÊ&ÄÇ!ÅßJÄÉà

ÆbÅJáãâÒä.ÉÆbÕÄVÑ(ÅÊ&Í ÆbÑ(ÉCÔ(ÅÊlÄVÎ,ÐlÉÐlÅÆb˅ÉÈÄ,˅Ê!͐Õ$Ñ(åbËt˅ÉÊÄTÇ&ÉÐlÅCÏÍ Ç&ÅÆb˅ÄTÔ6Í Ê&ËtÅCÑ6ÅÎÇ&Í ÆÍ ÎÅ

Õ$˅ÅÕÕ$Éæ°Ô6Ê&ÉÕÅçåbÄÍ ÐlÉ"Îè Í Æ Í ÎÄVÕÄ°Ç!ÉÆbÇ&ÅÆËtÊ&Í ÆbÑ(ÉÇ&ÄKÕåbçÎÄ°åbÎËtÅÊ!ÄÉÊ!ÄvÍ ÕÔ6Å˅˅ÄKÑ6ÅÎ0Ô(Ê!ÉÇ!Å7ÕÕ$ÉÞÑ6Ä

Ç!ÉÐlåbÆbÄÇ&Í ßJÄÉÆŐâ

éêwëì9ì;ë ì9íbîXïOð ÍòñçåÊ!ÍCó â
óJôõvÅÃÄVÑ(ÅÆbߘÄÍòÎè ÅÕÄVÕËtÅÆbߘÍòöÄÆ˅Ê&Í Õ$ÐlÄÕÕ$ÄÉÆbŘæbÄVÆ÷Ê&ÄVÇ&ÅߘÄÉÆbÅÞÉÑlÍRÅÆbà

ËtÊ&Í Ðlô ÅFÎŕÅÕËtÊ&Å7ÐlÄËtøõ°Ñ6ÄÑ6ÄÕ$Ô6ÉÕ$Ä˅ÄVÃÄ Ø6ÚØ6ÖÖØ(ÖÜ×!Ýæ^Ç9ùbÅFùbÍ ÆÆbɳÎÉFÕ$Ç&ÉÔ(ÉÞÑ(ÄbÊ&ÄVÑ(åbÊ!Ê&ÅFÉÑRÅÎVÄà

ÐlÄVÆÍ Ê&Å*ÎÅFÇ!͐åbÕÅ*Ñ(Ä4Ñ6ÅËtÅÊ$ÄÉÊ&Í ÐlÅÆËtÉFÑ(ÅΰÐlÅÕÕ$͐ççÄɕÄÆb˅Ê!ÉÑ6ÉË'ËtÅ*Ñ6͐ÎVÎÍú˅Ê!͐Õ$ÐlÄÕ$ÕÄVÉÆbÅ(ûbÕ$Ä

 Ý
Ô6åbüý͐ÑþÅÕ$ÅÐlÔ6ÄÉòÊ&ÄÇ!ÉÊ!Ê&Å7Ê!Å"Í Ñlÿ °ÛØ  Ø6ÖÜ×$Ý[Ô(ÅʕÇ&ÉÊ&Ê$ÅççÅÊ!ÅýÎÍlÊ&ÄVÕÔ6ÉÕ$Ë'ÍRÄVÆÈÏÊ&ŐåbÅÆßJÍ
Ñ6Ä.åÆÓÇ!͐Æb͐ÎVŘæ[Í ÑÌØ  
Ý !Ø(ÖÜ×!Ý-Ô(ÅÊnÇ&ÉÆb˅Ê&Í Õ$Ë…Í Ê&Å÷ÎVè ÍËt˅Å7ÆbåÍßJÄÉÆbÅOÕ$åbôÄ Ëẗ́Ñ(Í Î8ÕÅçÆbÍ ÎŘæ
ÉÃÃÅÊ&ÉòÍ!ÜÚbÝ !Ø(ÖÜ7×&Ý2ÚbÝ Ýb
 ÿ&Ø Ô6ÅÊFÊ&ÅÆÑ6ÅÊ$ÅnÎVÅýÇ&Í Ê&Í Ë…ËtÅÊ$ÄVÕ˅ÄVÇ9ùbÅnÑ(ÅÎ@ÕÅçÆÍ ÎÅýÄVÑ(ÉÆÅÅnÍ Ñ
ÅÕÕ$ÅÊÅ-˅Ê!͐Õ$ÐlÅÕ$ÕŕÕ$åbÎ Ç&Í Æb͐ΠųÍ"Ñ(ÄVÕÔ6ÉÕ$ÄßJÄÉÆŐâ

 ì  ð Í˅Ê!Í ÕÐlÄÕ$ÕÄVÉÆbÅ.ÎåbÆ çÉåbÆ*Ç!͐ÆbÍ Î Å.ÄVÆ*åbÕÉ.ÅÕ$Ç9ÎVåÕ$ÄÃÉ8Í ÎÎVÍTÇ&ÉÔ(Ô6ÄͳÕ$ÉÊ!çÅÆb˅ÅàÑ^ÅÕ$˅ÄVÆÍ ßJÄÉÆbÅ
 $Ñ6Ä(ÕÉÎÄV˅ÉTÄ(Ç!ÉÎVÎÅçÍ ÐlÅÆbË…Ä Õ$ÉÆbÉTÇ&ÉÆbÑ(ÄVÃÄÕ$Ä Ë…Ê!ÍFÔ6ÄnÇ!ÉÐlåbÆÄVÇ&Í ß˜Ä ÉÆÄVæÉçÆbåà
Ô(ÄVåËt˅ÉÕËtɵÊ!͐Ê!É

ÆbÍÌÇ&ÉÆ Ñ6ÄÏÏÅÊ!Å7ÆËtÅþÉÊ!ÄçÄÆbÅþÅ÷Ñ(ÅÕËtÄÆbÍ Ë…Í Ê&ÄÉ â'  Î8Ô6Ê!Éô ÎÅÐl̈́Ñ(ÅÎÎVÍÈÇ!ÉÆbÑ6ÄÃÄÕ$ÄÉÆbÅþÑ6ÅÎVÎÅ÷Ê&ÄVà
Õ$ÉÊ!ÕÅOËtÊ&Í ÕÐlÄVÕÕ$ÄÃÅJæwÅÑÌÄVÎ@Ç&ÉÉÊ!Ñ^ÄÆbÍÐlÅÆbËtÉRÑ6Đ  åbÅÕ˅ÅlÍ Ë…ËtÄÃÄV˅ø æKÔ6Ê&ÉÑ^åbÇ&ÅòÎVÍ÷ÆbÅÇ!ÅÕ$ÕÄËtøÑ6Ä
Í Æb͐ÎVÄ ß˜ßJ͐Ê!ÅòÄƄÐlÉÑ6ÉRÅÕÔ6ÎÄVÇ&ÄËtÉòÎVÅú×&ÿ!ÖÝ[ÚbÝ[Öÿ  ÿ&
 Ü„ Û  Ý&
 Ø
 ÝÜ!b
 ÿ$æ@Ç9ùbÅòÅÆbËtÊ&Í ÆÉRÍ÷ÏÍ Ê*Ô6͐Ê!˅Å
ÄVÆËtÅçÊ&Í Æb˅ųÑ6ÅÄ Õ$ÄÕ$˅ÅÐlÄ^Ñ6Ä ËtÊ&Í ÕÐlÄVÕÕ$ÄÉÆÅ-Ñ(ÅÎÎVè ÄÆbÏÉÊ&ÐlÍ ß˜Ä ÉÆbŐâ

" ÎÄ^͐Õ$Ô6ÅËt˅ÄÑ(ÅÎÎÅ-˅ÅÎÅÇ$ÉÐlåbÆbÄÇ&Í ßÄÉÆbÄ ô Ê&ÅÃÅÐlÅÆbË…Å•Í Ç&Ç!ÅÆbÆb͐ËtÄæ ÕÉÆɳÄÐlÐlÅÑ(ÄV͐ËtÍ ÐlÅÆb˅Å-͐Ô6à

Ô6ÎÄÇ!͐ô ÄÎ Ä[ÍCÕ$ÅçÆb͐ÎVÄeÑ6Ä2Æb͐ËtåÊ!ÍOØ #Ø#Ü%$bÝ&Øæ[ÄÆ Ç&åbÄ2ÄVÎeÕÅçÆbÍ ÎÅ  Ñ6ÅñÆbÄËtÉRÔ6ÅÊú˅åbËt˅Ä8çÎVÄeÄÕ$Ë…Í ÆËtÄ

Ñ6Ä8ËtÅÐlÔ6Éæ.ÅÑ ÍÕ$ÕåbÐlÅþÃ͐ÎVÉÊ!Ä& åb͐ÎVÕÄ Í ÕÄtâ(*

' ÅÎÇ!͐Õ$É÷ÄÆbÃÅÇ&ÅÄÆ Ç&åbÄ.ÄÎ.ÕÅçÆbÍ ÎÅ  Ñ6ÅñbÆbÄ˅ÉÕÉà

ÎÉýÔ6ÅÊÞÄÕ$Ë…Í ÆËtÄ0Ñ6Ä@˅ÅÐlÔ(ÉòÑ(ÄVÕÇ!Ê&ÅË

ÄwÅýÃ͐ÎVÉÊ!ÄKÑ6ÄÕ$Ç&Ê!ÅË'ÄVæ0ÕÄwÅÆbËtÊ&ÍþÆbÅÎVÎè Í ÐlôÄV˅ÉnÑ6ÅÎVÎÅ"Ö×&Ø6Ù lÝÙ!Ù&ÝÜ bÝ
!
eÛ) lÿ!×&Ý%*ÿâ

+,.- /013246572285793:;5<:;=>4@?A057BDC;?

E íbê #F G åbÍÎÉÊ&ÍRÕÄ4Ñ6ÅÕ$ÄÑ6ÅÊ$Ä4ËtÊ&Í ÕÐlÅ˅Ë'ÅÊ&Å"åÆþÕ$ÅçÆb͐ÎVÅ HeÛ) òÿ&×!Ý$Ü7æIåbÅÕ˅ÉÞÑ(ÅÃÅÞÄÆçÅÆbÅÊ!͐ÎVÅ
ÅÕÕ$ÅÊÅTÇ!ÉÆbÃÅÊ!˅ÄËtÉÄVÆýåÆýÕ$ÅçÆb͐ÎVÅ,͐ÆbÍÎVÉçÄÇ!ÉTÐlÅÑ6ÄÍ ÆËtÅTÎè åËtÄÎ ÄßJߘÉ,Ñ6Ä(Ñ6ÄÕÔ6ÉÕÄËtÄÃÄ Ç9ùÄVÍ ÐRÍ ËtÄ

JLKNMOMOP.QSRLQST#UWVP.XSYDQZTX\[^]_XS`
aVbcQV[^]XST]QAUWV)daX7]_bcef[QSg.a!h\VQST!X7iMOXSPjQSPkemln]aRog.VXSTbcXVTbXSP.MpPkXSbceP.[efVTnbcXSP.YDVTV
`
XSTXSPkVgkV qrQ\ss
XSPtQ&UWV7RX7U\XS[bcuAUWXS[[eP.VMpPkQ7U\ahWVQSTXve[w]XS`
Te[XxQSPkV`
VTePkVQOy
z|{}TDg|[e)]r]V~g.QX7]XSYfMpVQ&U\VpbcP.e]tUWabcbcQSP.XjljdaXS[[QU\XS[[€ eT7bcX\TTe)qrTX\[!g.e]QZUWV7bP.e)]YfV ]r]V~QSTXjP.e)UWVQpy
 L
›J „—^¡0“ H‚xƒÈ–S‚v‚°–˜™[ *–e …„DƒÈŸ.¡.–˜’†*Ÿ ‡

,ï:=N4;ˆ v ? Mf7E‘LNI0`;`L>EHGEHJ ^ I ^ MÃKI0C_CFIˆ}jlL>IˆGEjYlEJ ^ Eqv T J ? l T r‘E~ T KEJ uwT I ^ M ? MHf7E‘`;EL

lJI ^ LNI0Gf T GG T MJEˆlJ T K T L>E uwT MHJIYCFEŠ‰‰M ?>? MLL>I­GMC_M 47=>î K;EHCFC_E9e8lJ uqT MHJ T K;ECf7MKEf `EL
/

EJ ^ LNI0f o0TT C_I ^bT K;EHC ? MC_CFEHjI#f7EJ ^ MqvYf7EJ ^ LNE÷JEHC ? I0GM)K T#? MC_C_EjI#f7EJ ^ M ûð8ð;:
û *ð8=r‹ T J ? l T

 p

EJ ^ LNI0f o0T jYC T EG ^ LNEgf T `MGGMHJM÷EGGEHLE ? MHJ ^ Egf7`;MHL>I#JEI#f7EJ ^ E÷GMLNjEJ ^ E÷E÷K;EHG ^bT JI uqT MHJE


T Ckf7MKEf M`ELNIˆI0C_C_MaG ^ EHGGM ^ EHf7`;MDJEC_CFEëK;lEaK T LNE uqT MHJ T h

q

Œ Adattatore CANALE Œ Adattatore Ž(Mo)dem Mo

Sorgente Mo(dem) + Destinazione Dem
numerica numerica
n

CANALE NUMERICO
Half − Duplex Full − Duplex

-jbc@jboa‘"xeƒ„a(_7im ] † Ië}jlL>I÷`;LNE ? EgK;EHJ ^ EsGljjYEL T G ? E ? Mf7E G T I÷`MGG T_o0T CFE L>I ?>?SRT lKELNE ^ l ^b^ M
?>T ?SR E‰r ? Mf7`;LNEgGM ^ L>I T KlEÃf7MK;EHf T JélJ û í 6ƒüNï o CFM ?>? MqvK;EHJMHf T JI ^ M üN3 í 3ðƒ= í ûY47=
<

<>68ü>ï h’alEHG ^ … lC ^bT f7Mr ? MHJ ? E ^b^ lI0C T_uqu I ^ M ? MHf7E‰lJI9EJ ^T_^ I#l ^ MJMHf7I0vVE‘JEHC2`;LNMjYE ^^ MÃK T
!

lJI­G T G ^ EHf7I­K T? Mf7lJ T_? I uwT MJEˆJlf7EHL T_? I­r ? I0LNI ^b^ EHL T_uwu I ^ MzKI­lJ 3;îmîïH<>=:6 û3ðƒ68î
…s


T JK T ~ T K;lkI ^ MPK;I#CFC_I«hNhNh

ez 

“ _X]by0jy0ioid Ogwiva6_7_X]b_Xa •” ?SR EDrPKE}J TF^ I ? Mf7EDC_I‰e8L>EHx0lEJ u I ? MJ ? l T 6úN6ƒ4 #ïð86<>68üN= kûî62:6 =  &


K 9
I 0
x 
l H
E F
C C T^ Gf7EHGG T vVI ? I0lGI9K T lJ­ELNL>MgLNE‘~EHL T } ? I ^ MG T JECf7MK;EHf L TF? E~YEJ ^ Eqv
N
L 0
I
l5 !

<>68ú>üï ï í
E ? I0lGI ^ M‘IzGlI5~MHC ^ I5K;I0CLNlf7MLNEI0K;K TF^bT ~M`;LNEGEgJ ^ E T J&lG ?NT_^ I5K;I#C ? I#JI0C_E‘I0JI#CFMHj T_? Mwv
ESdmM&K;I0C_C_E7I0C ^ ELNI uwT MHJ TÍT J ^ LNMK;M ^Ú^ E­K;I0C ? I0JI#CFE#h \ ~ T KEJ ^ EHf7EJ ^ Eqv C_E <>=Nú>îm3 068ï í 6 T JK T ~ TFX
K;lI ^ EDKI0C_CFIÃ`;LNM o I o0T C TQ^ K T ELNL>MgLNEDGMHJMDG ^ LNE ^b^ I0f7EHJ ^ EPC_EjYI ^ EDIˆx0lEHCFC_E T JK T ~ T K;lI ^ EPK;I0C
 

L>I#`;`;MHL ^ MëGEHjJI0C_E X L>lf7MLNED`;EHL T C ? I0JI0C_EaI0JIYCFMHj T_? MPGM ^b^ MgG ^ I0J ^ E#h
…s

-]bgKi r–
@mjlgwi µjbcejboa 
= ‘EC_CFE ^ LNI0Gf T GG T MJ T JlfzEL TF?SR EqvÍG T `;l T J ^ LNMKlLNL>EzlJI <N6ƒ:ï í :3 í Y3
b<

JEC_C_IGEx#lEHJ u I ^ L>I#Gf7EHGGI0v T J~ T IJK;M‡` T G T f o MC T K T x0lI#J ^T JMHJ JE5`;LNMKVl ? I&CFI­GML X


jEJ ^ EqvkEDx#l T JK T K T e8I ^^ M 3*ûY47= í î3 í :kï T CVJlf7EHL>MPK T G T f o MC T KI ^ LNI0Gf7E ^b^ EgLNED`;EHL)lJ TF^
~

K T;^ EHf7`;M T G T f o MHC TT J5` T GMJMaG ? EHC ^bTVT J‡f7MK;MëK;IEGGEHL>E T J‡x0lIYC ?SR Eaf7MHK;M :6 *= í := í îm6
…s
^|

^ LNI­CFMHL>Mqv*E9x0lEG ^ IzCFMHL>M ? I0LNI ^b^ EHL T G ^bTF? I«LNEJKE9`;MHGG TFo#T C_EˆC_I7L T Kl uqT MHJEˆKEC_CFI«`L>M o I o0T C TF^
~ 

K T ELNLNMLE&K Tt? l T GMHeƒe8LNE T C ? I0JI#CFE«Jlf5EL TF? M;h p Je8I ^b^T vsjLNI uwT E­I0C_C_I]K T `;EHJK;EHJ u I ƒJM ^ I
…s
„p

^ LNI T G T f o MHC Ty^ LNI0GfzEGG T v T CyL T_? EH~ T_^ MHLE7r‡MHL>I T J jLNI0KM7K T — I ?N? MHL>jYEgL>G cT —µ?SR EzG T rz~EL T } X
q

? I ^ M­lJ|ELNL>MgLNEqv T J|x0lIYJ ^ M­C_I,K T `;EHJK;EHJ u I,`L>EH~ T G ^ IiJMJ|r«` T L T G`;E ^^ I ^ I y`EL ^ I#J ^ Mwv °|

T CL T_? E~ TF^ MLNE9`;l ˆI ^b^ lI0L>E‰K;EHCFC_E ? MJ ^ LNMf T GlL>E#h † I‡L T K;MHJK;I#J u I T J ^ LNMHK;M ^b^ I7`;l ‰EGGELE
~
< b<

? MHOG ˜2EHCFEH~I ^ I5K;I9`;EHL>fzE ^Ú^ ELNEÃC_I ? MLNL>E uqT MHJEDK T ELNL>MHL TT GMHCFI ^šT ™ vVMH`;`;lL>E T CL TF? E~ TF^ MLE`l b<

GEHf7`;C TF? Ef7EHJ ^ E‡L T_?NRT EHK;EHL>E5C_I <N6ƒîm<N3úN4768ú>úN68ï í = KEC*G T f o MHCFMˆEHL>LNI ^ M;h † E ^ LNI0Ge8MHLf7I uqT MJ T
K;ECÍGEjJI0C_E5MLNI,K;EHG ? L T_^b^ E«`L>EHJKMJM T CyJMf7EzK T üNï:6 ›
üN3,:6 ü>3 í 3;ð8= vÍEzKE~YMJMzEGGEHLE
œ L T f7MHGGE yI#CFC_… lkG ?NTF^ I‰KEC_CFMaG ^ EGGMDK;IÃlJ‡`;LNM ? EHGGM T J~EHL>GMPK T :=NüNï:6›
üN3 h

Sorgente Codifica Canale Decodifica Destinazione

Numerica di Canale Numerico di Canale Numerica

žLŸweMOeP.QS[ej ¢¡S£¤
¥>l8aT!e}g.QST!bcP.ehWVQSTX&UWXS[[XZUWaXjMOeP.QS[X¥8¡\£#¦§ ¨©ª¡7«¬¤%­ £¤
¥¡S£#¦!§ ¨w© ¡7«¬¤Oy

|® ¯}XS[[XDbcP.e]YDV]r]°VQST!VaTVUWVšP.XShWVQSTe[Vq±]QSPk`
XSTbcXDX²U\X7]_bcVTehWVšQST!XDTQST…]Vj]_g.eYf³VšeTQfVP.aQS[VyŸwe¢bcP.e)]_YDV]k]VQSTX
]bX7]t]_es
VXSTXxeTg|´XjVT#U\Vg.e%bceg.QSTDV[ObcXSPkYAVTXU\Vµ¨§ ¶|­ £#¦|·^§ ¤.¸7¹
º•»
V!MOeP.[e}VTfda!X7]bcQjgke)]QZUWVpg.Q7U\Vogke¼w½}¾±qtQSs
s
XSP.QfUWV¿¡7«kÀ¨w«°£DÁ}«.«¬¡7«^¡p«.«¬¤
Ã.©°Ä ¡7Ź
 Æ ’“•”w–˜—@™eš™œ›J„ž[Ÿ. *Ÿ.¡v“•š0–˜—¢

-]bgKir–@mjlgwi.\ ]b_7`a6ced;a } MHGGMJM‘EHGGELNE T J ^ L>MHK;M ^Ú^T K;lE‘lC ^ EL T MHL T2o CFM ?>?SRT v ?SR E‘MH`;EHL>I0JM‘lJI
ü>ïH:6›
üN3 p 8 ÷
E >
L H
E F
C I ^T KE X8? MK T } ? I :6kúNï<ñ= í îm= GlC_C_IPGEHx0lEHJ u I ^ LNI0Gf7EGGI#v ? MJ5lJM)G ? M`VM

~ D
I
r‰`;EHL ? MG˜K T L>E œ T J~YELNGM!sI‡x0lEC_CQM‰KEC_CFI ? MK T } ? I7K T2? I#JI0C_E;c T Je8I ^b^bT vC_I ? MK T } ? I‡K T GMHL X
q

jEJ ^ E <N6ƒ4iûYï g=Ãð8=Ã:6 = í := í Y= ^ LNI T G T f o MC T `;LNEGEJ ^T JEHCFC_E‡GEHx0lEHJ u E‡jYEJELNI ^ EzKI0C_CFI
GMHL>jYEJ ^ Ev#M ^b^ EgJEJK;MµK T e8I ^b^ MPlJ5L T K;l uqT MJEµK;EHCkJlf7EHL>MµK T G T f o MHC T K;I ^ LNI0Gf7E ^b^ EgLNEa`EL
 ¹ 

lJ T_^ K Ty^ Ef7`7M Ç­Éh ÈJ ^bT ` T_? M5EGEf7` T M5K Ty? MHK T } ? I­K T GMLNjEHJ ^ Ezr9LNI0``;LNEGEgJ ^ I ^ M9KI0jYC T
I0C_jML T_^ f T K T;? Mf7`L>EHGG T MgJEëEHG T G ^ EJ ^T `EL T }CFEµK T;? Mf7`l ^ EL ? Mf7E T }CFE Y6 *3;îm6 T J ^ I0C
ts
p q |

? I#GMqv T CVeƒI ^^ MLEDK T? Mf7`L>EgGG T MJEDM ^b^ EgJ TFoYT CFEDK T `EJK;E‘K;I#CFC_IˆJI ^ lL>IˆKEC}CFE ^ LNI ^^ I ^ MqvVEK
 ¹(

r ^ I0J ^ M‘f7I0jYj T MLNEDx0lI0J ^ M` T x0lEG ^ … lC ^bT f7M`L>EHGEgJ ^ I ? I0LNI ^b^ EHL T G ^bTF?SR EÃK T L T `;E ^T_^bT ~ TF^ E
x0l T JK T K T `;LNEHK T_?NTFo#T C T_^ K;EHCGlM ? MHJ ^ EJl ^ M#h p J«I#C ^ L>ED`I0LNMC_EqvkCF… lG ?>T_^ I‰K T lJ ? MK T } ? I ^ MHLE
~ …s

K T GMLNjEHJ ^ E‡r9lJI7GEx#lEHJ u I7K T G T f o MC T*^ EJK;EHJ uwT I0C_f7EHJ ^ E 6 í :6 *= í := í îm6 ^ L>I­C_MLNMqv*JEC
…s

GEHJGM ?SR EDMjJ T e8MLNf7I9K T `;LNEK TF?NTFo#T C T_^ K T lJzG T f o MHCFMaIˆ`;I#L ^bT LNEDK;I T?NT L ? MHG ^ I0J ^bT rDG ^ I ^ I


L T f7MGGI2h
ts

Sorgente Codifica Codifica Canale Decodifica Decodifica Destinazione

Numerica di Sorgente di Canale Numerico di Canale di Sorgente Numerica

-jbƒ„vi]bcejƒ„a6ced;]laËÊ"x@jbced;irÌ)ÌjÍÌi]bc@a MJ T I#f7M ?NT MLNI T C;`;LNM o C_EfzIÃK T l ^T C T_uqu I0L>EëlJ üN3 í 3
}

‡
M ;
` H
E Ã
L H
E ƒ
e 8
e E 
l 0
I N
L z
E 
l 
J I î<N3;úN4768ú>úN6ï í =‘3 í 3;ð8ïSñ6ƒüN3 h p C~I#J ^ I0jj T M‡K T^ I0C_E œ ? MJ X
(
í
ðƒ= ûY47=><N68ü ^b^
^ MHL>G T MJEyrPK;IÃL T_? EHL ? I#L>G T JECkf T jC T MHL>E ? MHf7`;ML ^ I0fzEJ ^ MPKEC_CFE ^ LNI0Gf T GG T MJ T Jlf7EL T_?NR E
L T G`E ^b^ M‰I T K T G ^ lL o#T vJMHJ ?SRIÎ I0C_CQI7C_MLNM ñ= í =N<N3;ð86î Ïëõ ELëM ^b^ EHJEHLE T CL T GlC ^ I ^ M‰KEG T KE X
}

L>I ^ Mqv#M ?N? MgLNL>EµI0``;C TF? I0LNE÷I0C_CQIGMLNjEHJ ^ EëI#JI0C_MHj TQ? IlJ9`;LNM ? EHK T f7EJ ^ M÷K T üN3;4 6ƒï í 347= í îmï


`;LNEC_E~YI0JKMJE T ~YI0C_ML T I0K T G ^ I0J ^T K T G ? LNE ^ÚT v#Eax#l T JVK T K T 2û3 í î6 3 Y68ï í = v#L>I#`;`;LNEGEgJ ^ I0J X
*

K;M ^ I0C T ~I0C_ML T f7EK T I#J ^ E7lJ T JG T EHf7Ez}J T_^ MzK T G T f o MHC T h p CÍL T GlC ^ I ^ M‡r«lJI&GEHx0lEHJ u I
z  

Jlf7EHL T_? I ?SR EP`l aEHGGELNEDK T JlM~YM ? MJ~YEL ^T_^ IˆJECkGEjJI0C_EëMHL T j T JI0L T Mqvl ^T C TFuu I0JKMalJ
b<

K T G`;MHG T_^bT ~YM‘K T? MJ~EHL>G T MHJE :6nñ68îm3;ð8= 83 í 3;ð8ï>ñ68ü>3 Ð A KI0CC_I ^ MDK;EHCL TF? E~ TF^ MLNE;h \ GEf7` T
p r

`;LNI ^T_?NT K T x#lEG ^ … lC ^bT f7Mz`;LNM ? EGwGM7GMJM o EHJ JM ^T v ? Mf7E­I#KiEHGEHf7` T M«JEHC ? I0GM7KE T Ð
! q
r

I0lK T M#h
€ xeƒ„]_7angwi jÑ
0x@jbced;i rÌ)Ì ^Ì
j i]bc@a
† I&L T K;l uwT MJE5K;E T ~YI0C_ML T? I#f7` T MJI ^T JEC_C_… I0f o0T_^ M‡K T lJ T J X
G T Ef7EP}J TQ^ MP`;LNMKl ? EDlJI ûYðƒîm=><N68ïg<>=t:68ú>îmï<Sú68ï í = v ?SR Ea`l ëEGGEgLNEa`;EHJGI ^ I‰GMf7f7I0LNG TkT J
b<

L T_? E uwT MJE7I#CGEHjJI#CFE‡ML T j T JI0L T Mwv`;LNMK;l ? EHJKM7lJIJlMH~I&eƒMHJ ^ E7K T KEjYL>I#K;M#h † … EHJ ^bTF^
K;ECLNlf7MHL>E5KM~Yl ^ M9I#CFC_I«x#lIYJ ^bTFuqu I uwT MHJE5r T J~EHL>GI0f7EHJ ^ E9CFEHjI ^ I«I#CFC_I <>68úNïðSû 68ï í =D:=Nð
…s

û3 í îm6 3îïH<>= vM~~YELNM‰I#CFC_I ? I0`;I ?>T_^ K T K T eƒe8ELNEgJ uqT ILNE ^ LNIz~YI0C_ML T K T2T JjLNEGGM‘f7MHC ^ M~ T_X


?>T J T^ L>ICFMHLNM0h p J5K;EH}J T_^bT ~YI0vYC_IK T G ^ MHL>G T MHJEµL T GlC ^ I ^ I#J ^ Mµf T JMHL>Eqv#x0lIYJ ^ Maf7I#jj T MLNEar T C
z ¹ ts

Ò lGGM T JeƒMHL>f7I ^T ~7

M Ó÷`;LNMKM ^Ú^ MPKI0C;x0lI#J ^T_uwu I ^ MLNEqv;EG`;LNEgGGM T J o#TF^ dGE ? MJK;M#h

ÔLՊÖS×#Ø_ÙÚÛDÜ8ÝpÖSÞØÙÛDÙߚÙàcá#âWÙ×ÖÚ)âá×mÙÛfãÚßߚÚä
ä
ÙÜOåSÙßækáيæ.ÜS×!àcÖS×áàcÜ8ç8ÝpÞ.ÙÛDÚÉâ\ÙØ_ÝpÜ7Ø_àcÜ8Ù×mÛDÜpâ\ÜAâWÚÜSæ.æ.áÝOÚÞ.Ö}Ùß

ÛDÙ×ÙÛDÜxè
ÜSßáÛfÖxéLæ.Ü7âWÙêæ.ÚmâWÙwØÜSÞkäÖ\×àcÖ7ëLårÖpâvÚ}ækáÙpèÙÖS×!ÖxÝpÜSÙOÚää
Ùá×àÜâ\Ö\ß7ÛfÚàcÖSÞ.ÙÚßÖvÚ×!àcÙáÞ.àcÜvéæ.Ü7â\ÙêækÚmâ\Ùpæ.Ú×Ú
ßÖ7ëLì
íLî ÖSÙ!æ.ÜSßßÖSä
ÚÛDÖS×àcÙ!×áÛfÖSÞ.Ùæ.Ùå\×!ÜS×AÜ\æ.æ.ÜSÞ.ÞkÖAØÝOÖSæ.ÙÚßٚïWïWÚÞ.ÖÙßæ.ÜSßßÖSä
ÚÛDÖ\×àcÜÚßßÜfØ_ÝpÖSækÙêækÜjÛDÖSïWïWÜàcÞkÚ)ØÛDÙØrØ°Ùè
ÜÚ
âWÙ Ø_ÝpÜ7Ø_ٚïWÙÜS×Öpå.Ú×ïWÙpðáÖ7Ø_àcñ á!ßàٚÛDÜçjàcÜSàcÚßÛDÖS×!àcÖ&òóÛDÚ)Ø_ækôÖ\Þ.ÚàcÜ7òwâWÚßpõLÜSÞ.×ÙàcÜSÞkÖfâWÖSß7æ.ÜSßßÖSä
ÚÛDÖS×àÜj×áÛDÖSÞkÙækÜ&ØàcÖ7ØrØÜOì
ö|÷ Ö7â\ÞkÖ
ÛfÜIÙ×õLÚààcÙ
×Ö\ßØÖ\äá!ÙàÜ^æ|ôÖ^á×ÚáÛDÖS×!àcÜâWÖSßßÚÞkÙ Ø_ÜSßáïWٚÜS×ÖâWÖSßÝOÞ.ÜSæ.Ö7ØrØÜâ\Ù
ðáÚ×pàcÙïWï\Úï\ÙÜS×!Ö^ækÜSÞ.Þ.ÙØÝOÜS×#âWÖ
Ú)âIá×fÚáÛfÖS×àcÜ&âWÖSß!×!áÛDÖSÞkÜ&â\ÙpãÙà×ÖSæ.ÖpØtØ_ÚÞ.ÙpÚÞ.ÚÝOÝpÞ.ÖpØÖS×àÚÞ.ÖjÜSä
×Ùpè
ÚßÜSÞ.ÖjéLÜjæ.ÚÛfÝpÙÜS×ÖpëŠâWÙwØÖSä
×ÚßÖOì
 Lø …‚°Ÿ•ž[ “•šw–^“• ,“•š™-ž[–J’v–Sùb’0Ÿ8¡•—^–wŸfú㓳šwŸ°“ú—@™[¡.–
›J  û

Codifica Decodifica
Canale
ü Sorgente Q(.) di Sorgente di Sorgente DAC Destinazione
Analogica Numerico Analogica
e di Canale e di Canale
fýc
Conversione A/D Distorsione

‘ a6]b_Xikj þba6o]bmikd\”@‚¹gKikhd9]_7hi]bc@a ÈJ ^ EHML T_? M‘K;EC_C_… T Je8MLNf7I uqT MJEqv r
Nÿ
{ v2EHJlJ X
ˆ 
J H
E 
j C 0
I 
J J … 
l 
J z
I 
G 
E L 9
E K H
E 
M 
L H
E f v ˆ
E 
G H
M 
J ˆ
M _
C I 0
I 
G ‰
E ;
K H
E _
C F
C … 0
I 
J 
I C T T T T ^ EHf T K T
G ;
K E G G
‹6Š w 8Š4‰e‰  ‰
< ?>T T T û#W T T^ T ?NR o
? MHf7lJ T_? I uwT MJE#h MJ r«MHjjYE ^b^ M«K;EHCs`;LNEHGEJ ^ E ^ EG ^ M&I0``;LNMe8MgJK T LNE ^ I0C T I#G`E ^b^T r ? M X
þ= |

f7lJx#lVE T G ^ LNl ^b^T ~M7I ?N? EHJJI#L>EzI T `;L T J ?>T `;I#C T L T GlC ^ I ^T v ?SR E«`MGGMgJM7EHGGELNE­L T I0GGlJ ^T
JE T GEjlEJ ^Tk^ LNEDEJlJ ?NT I ^bT c
[ ÈJ]x0lIC_G T I0G T? I0JI0CQEˆ`MJE9lJ,C T f TQ^ E9I#C*f7I#GG T f7M Ò lGGM T JeƒMHL>f7I ^T ~M ?SR E ^ LNI0JG T_^ I T J
EGGM#h p CC T f T_^ E‰K;EL T ~I7KI T ~ T J ? MC T*?SR E T C ? I#JI0CQE T f7`MJE‰GlC_CQI«f7I#GG T f7I o I#JK;I K;EHC
GEHjJI#CFE T J ^ LNI0JG T_^ MqvGlC_CFIPf7I#GG T f7Ia`;M ^ EJ u IDK T GEHjJI0C_E L T_? EH~l ^ I0vE÷GlC_CFIP`M ^ EJ u IDK T
\

L>lf7MLNE  `;LNEGEgJ ^ EsI#CL TF? E~ TF^ MHL>E#h p Cgf7I0GG T f7M Ò lGGMsK TT Je8MLNf7I uqT MHJE T J ^ LNI0JG T_^ Mt`;LNEJ X
K;E T CJMHf7EDK T üN3 3;ü68î ‡:6üN3 í 3ðƒ=  v;E‘`l DEHGGELEDEHG`L>EgGGM ? Mf7
  b< E  
 
o0T_^ dmGE ? h p J x0lEG ^TÍ^ EHL>f T J T vÍC_Iéf7I#GG T f7I~EHCFM ?>T_^ K TÍ^ LNI0Gf T GG T MJE T J|lJ ? I0JI#CQE«`;l <

K T `;EJK;EHL>E‘K;I‰lJIÃC T f T_^ I uqT MJEDGlCFC_I o I0JkK; I ‘v0MDGlCFC_IÃ`M ^ EgJ u I0v0MK‡EGGEHL>E ? I0lGI ^ I‰KI
…s

lJ E ?>? EgGG T ~YM«LNlf7MLNE;cGMHCFM«I0C ^ EHL>I0JK;M­lJM«K T x0lEHG ^bT e8I ^b^ ML T ƒG ? EHjC T EHJKM­lJ K T ~YELNGM
p

? I#JI0C_E v#rP`;MHGG TFo#T C_EaI#lf7EHJ ^ I#L>EëCFI~EHC_M ?NTF^ K Tk^ LNI0Gf T GG T MHJE#h
q …s

[ ÈJI9x0lIC_G T I#G T GMLNjEHJ ^ EÃ`L>MHK;l ? ElJ Ò lGGM T Je8MLNf7I ^bT ~YM T J o#TF^ dGE ? MJK;M ^ I0J ^ M‘` T EC_E X
~I ^ MPx#lIYJ ^ MPf T JMLNEPrëCFI‰K T G ^ MLNG T MJE T J ^ LNMKM ^Ú^ I‰KI0C;`;LNM ? EHGGMPK T x0lI0J ^T_uqu I uqT MJE#h
~

[ MJG T K;EHL>I#JK;M5lJI ? MH`;` T I&GMHL>jYEJ ^ !

r E ? I0JI#CFEqvK;I ^ M ?SR E T C ? I#JI0C_E9C T f T_^ I T Cf7I#GG T f7M
Ò lGGM T Je8MLNf7I ^bT ~MD`;LNMKM ^^ M‘K;I#CFC_IˆGMHLNjEJ ^ EqvVx0lEG ^ … lC ^bT f7IÃ~ELNL JE ? EGGI0L T I0f7EJ ^ E‘L TFX
`;LNMK;M ^b^ I ? MJ‡lJIDK T G ^ MLNG T MJE ^ I0J ^ M÷f7I0jYj T MLNE÷x0lI#J ^ Mµf T JMLNEër÷C_I ? I0`I ?NTF^ K T? I0JI#CFE#h
s

A f7EHJM&K T JMJ T f7` T EjI#L>E&` T ^ Ef7`Mé`EL‡CFI ^ L>I#Gf T GG T MHJE#h hh h M`;`lLNEéK T ? I#f o0T ILNE
…s

? I#JI0C_E 8I0KˆEGEf7` T MPlGI#JK;MHJEëlJM ? MHJ7lJI o I0JKIÃf7I#jj T MHL>E h

V~
-p q

>@?#" $ &%
RN FMODFSHnDFMODFSL '% )( )*+(
FH H NTB , HnNP DFSND, LFBeH

p G EHjJI0C T I0JIC_Mj T_?>T v T JK T_? I ^T0? MHJ.-0/2143 ? MHJ5CFE÷`I0L>EHJ ^ EG T;^ MHJK;E v#LNI0`;`L>EHGEHJ ^ I0JM ð8ÿ 3 í :3;47= í îï
^p

í =Nð
îm=>4 ï K T lJI7jYL>I#JKE uwu I7EHCFE ^^ L T_? I2h Mf7E9EHGEHf7` T M9`;MHGG T I0f7M ?>T_^ I#L>E T C úN=šñ í 3ðƒ= ¤ïüN3;ð8= v
q
r

T J ? l T lJ… MJK;I ^ L>I#G~YELNGI#CFE9K T `;LNEGG T MgJE X ~EC_M ?>T_^ r ? MHJ~EHL ^ÚT_^ I T J]lJI ^ EHJG T MHJE9KI«lJ,f T_X
* F

? L>MHeƒMgJM#6 h 5a``;lLNE ?>T_^ I0LNE‡lJ ú>=ñ í 3;ð8=Ã:6Í6ƒ47473Hñ6 í = v ?NR E5r o#T K T f7EHJG T MJI#CFEqvEzKE}J T_^ M5Gl K T
ts

lJ5` T I0JkMµI0J uwT_?N^R Î JEC ^ EHf7`;MqvLNI0``;L>EHGEHJ ^ I ^ MaKIlJIDjLNI0JK;E uqu I78/:9<;4=>3 ?SR EµJE T JK T ~ T KlI‘C_I
C_lf T JVI#J u I0vEaG ? I#JK T_^ Më`EL C T JEHEëjYEJEHL>I#JK;MëlJ‡GEHjJI0C_E ^ Ef7`MLI#CFE#hÈJzGEjYJI0C_Eµ`;l ëI0J ?SR E b<

I0GGlf7ELNE g3;ð8ï<N6*ü>ïH4 *ð8=Núú>6@? T J­x0lEG ^ M ? I#GM T CGEjYJI0C_EDI0GGlf7E ? MHJ ^ Ef7`MLI0JEI#f7EJ ^ EDK;lE

K T ~EHL>G T ~I0C_ML T ƒ`I0L ^ EDLNEI#CFEëEP`;I#L ^ E T f7f7I0j T JkI0L T I#v0MH`;`lLNEPf7MKlC_MPEae8I0GE h

 *
p

\ … T f7`;MHL ^ I0J ^ EK T G ^bT JjlELNE ^ L>I T GEHjJI#C T? MHG T K;KE ^Ú^bT ü>=N<>îm6 E‰x#lEC_C T 3;ð8=>3îïH<>6 }h ÈJ&EGEf7` T M
q

K T ú>=ñ í 3;ð8=9ü>=N<Nîï `l ­EHGGEHLNElJI ? MHG T JlGM T K;E­K Tt? l T G T I]JM ^ I,G T I,C_… I#f7` T E uwu I ?SR E­C_I,e8I0GEwv
b<

f7EJ ^ LNE9lJ ú>=ñ í 3;ð8=D3;ð8=N3;îmï<68ï JMHJ,r‰JM ^ M ? MJ]EHGI ^b^ E uqu I«`L T f7I ?SR E‰x0lEHG ^ Mˆ~EHJjYI7`;LNMKM ^^ M
ACB Ü\ÛDÖè
Ö7â\ÞkÖSÛAÜpå%á× ØÖSä
×ÚßÖ}ÚDè
ÚßÜSÞ.Ùæ.ÜSÛfÝpßÖ7ØrØÙçÙßÞ.ÙØá!ßàcÚ%àcÜ¢âWÙá×ÚfÝOÚÞ.àcÙæ.ÜSßÚ%Þ.ÖÞ.ÚÝOÝpÞ.ÖpØÖS×!àcÚïWٚÜS×ÖOåâWÖSàcàcÚ
DEGFHDIJLKMKON
P@N)QRKSI T#U#U#N å\á!àcÙßÖx×!ÖSßßñ Ú×pÚß٠ذٱâ\ÖSÙwØ_ÖSä
×ÚßÙOÛDÜ7âWáßÚàcÙì
 V ’“•”w–˜—@™eš™œ›J„ž[Ÿ. *Ÿ.¡v“•š0–˜—¢

8I0KzEGEf7` T M T CL>lf7MLNEÃK T lJ­LNlG ? EHCFC_MqvM‘C_E‘JM ^T_uwT E‘`;LNEGEJ ^TT J­lJ ^ EC_Ej T MHLJI0CE h † … T JG T Ef7E
p

K T^ l ^b^TT GEjYJI#C T I#CFEHI ^ ML T I0``;I0L ^ EHJEHJ ^bT I#KlJI­f7EHK;EHG T f7I ? C_I0GGE‡~ T EJE T JK T_? I ^ M5JEHCGlM
q

? Mf7`;C_EHGGM ? Mf7E *<Nïü=Nú>úNï3;ð8=>3îïg<N6ƒï v÷EK lJ GEjYJI0C_E&`;I#L ^bTF? MC_I0LNEK T x0lEG ^ M T JG T Ef7E ? Mf7E
lJIÃGlI <>=N3;ð6 3 Y68ï í = h


 

WYX[Z
X:W \ ]_^`^abYcObOd&ef]hgji)k_dbmlnicObOohd]_p4i']_d6]_pMk_ohiqri
† M G ^ lK T M)K;EHCFC_E `L>MH`;L T E ^ K;E T GEjYJI0C T G T I0L ^T_? MHCFIa`;L>EHJKEJKM T J ? MHJG T KELI uwT MHJE)`;EHL
jYC T G ^ EGG T
LNI0`;`L>EHGEgJ ^ I uqT MHJ T I0C ^ EHL>JI ^bT ~YEwvG ? EC ^ E T Jf7MHK;MÃK;I‡`;M ^ EgLµ~I#CFl ^ I#L>E` T I0jEH~MHCFf7EHJ ^ E‰C_EÃI#C ^ E X
…s

LNI uwT MHJ T Gl o0T_^ E­K;I T GEHjJI0C T JEHCt`I0GGI0jYj T M­I ^b^ LNI#~YELNGM&G T G ^ EHf T }G T_?>T h p J `;I#L ^bTF? MC_I0LNEqv GI0L
~

K;EH}J TF^ M7C_M ú g68ð³û ï«6 í úN=><N6=Ã:6

ïû<>68=N< `;EHLˆC_I&L>I#`;`;LNEGwEHJ ^ I uqT MHJE‡K;E T GEjYJI0C T `;EHL T MK T_?NT vE
s

x0l T JkK T C_I îm<>3ú ïg<N473;îm39:6

ïû<N6ƒ=N< ?SR EPKEG ? L T ~EPlJI ? C_I0GGEP` T I0f7` T IK T GEHjJI#C T h
& $6 °)


† … I0JkI0C T G T K T OMHlL T EHL ? MHJGEJ ^ E5K T K;E}J T L>E T C ? MJ ? E ^Ú^ M9K T #3 í :3&ïüNügû *3î3 K;I«lJ]GEHjJI X
) V~

C_EwvJMJ ?NR^Î K T? Mf7E9C_I7GlI7`M ^ EJ u I«E–dM9EHJEHL>j T IzG T :68ú>îm<>6 ûY6ƒúNü>=P6 í <N= 2û= í Y3 ;x0lEHG ^ … lC ^T f7M
5 
n |

I0JK;I0f7EHJ ^ Ma~ T EHJE T JK T_? I ^ M ? MHJ T C ^ ELNf T JEPK T =>îmî<NïP:6 9= í úN6ƒî 5:6 ïîm= í Y3 8MPK T þ í =><ñ683 h
5 !z 

3^     p q

WYX[Z
Xts \ ]_^`^abYcObOd&ef]hgji)k_dbmlni^`akhqubYcOcMi']_pvb<]_efk_awi
ADJ ?NR E9JEHC ? I0GM T J ? l TyT CGEHjJI#CFE9JMJir5JM ^ M‡I­`;L T ML T vE5K;lJx0lkE5r T f7`MGG T_o0T CFE ? I0C ? MHC_I0L>JE
C_I ^ L>I0Ge8MLf7I ^ IzK T OMlL T EL T J,e8MLNf7I ?SRT lGI0vG T `;l ‰ljlI0CQf7EJ ^ E9j T lJj¤ELNE5I0K«lJIzL>I#`;`;LNE X
b<

GEHJ ^ I uqT MHJE ?SR E ? I0LNI ^b^ EL T_uwuqT C_EˆLNEI#C T_uqu I uqT MJ T KECy`L>M ? EgGGM9JE T*^ EHL>f T J T K;EC_C_I«K T G ^ L T_o l uwT MJE
8G ^ I ^bT G ^T_? I 2T J‡eƒLNEx#lEJ u IÃK;EC_C_I‰`;M ^ EHJ u I‰K T GEjJI0C_E#h
p

T &ré`MGG T_o0T CFE ? MHJG T KELNI0JKMCFI û í Y6ƒï í =5:6ë3ûîmïüNï<N<>=ðƒ3 68ï í = v ?SR EEG`;L T f7E T C jLNI0K;M
q
r < 

K TkT J ^ ELNK T `;EJK;EHJ u IÃG ^ I ^bT G ^T_? I ^ L>I T ~YI0C_ML T I#GGlJ ^TkT J T G ^ I0J ^bT K T ~EHL>G T KI0C_CFEµLNEI0C T_uwu I uqT MJ T K;EHC
 

`;LNM ? EgGGMqvE ?SR E ? MHG ^bTF^ l T G ? E÷lJˆEHCFEHf7EJ ^ M÷lJ T } ? I0J ^ E)I T }J T K;EHC_CFI úNî68473Ãú =>îmîm<>3ð= K;E T GEjJI0C T h
5aGGELN~EHL>Egf7M ? MHf7E]`L>M ? EGG T f7MC ^ M ? MHL>LEHC_I ^T G T I#JM ? I#L>I ^b^ EL TFuqu I ^T K;I|lJI K;EHJG TF^ K T
k

`;M ^ EHJ u IK Ty^bT `M ü>ïHðƒïH<3;îmï vf7EJ ^ LNE5`;LNM ? EgGG T G ? I0LNGI#f7EJ ^ E ? MLNL>EgC_I ^bT GI0LNI0JJM T KEJ ^T } ? I ^bT K;I
…s

lJIÃKEJG T_^ K T `M ^ EgJ u IÃK TV^bT `;M #6ƒ3 í üNï 2xh
ts 5 {

WYX[Z
XtZ yza]_dci{efk|l`bOicOb>ohd]_p4i]_eMeMa]_}~bOacOk|cicefbO€iciqfi
{ #I L>I#JJMˆe8MHLJ T_^T*T f7E ^ M K T K T ~ I0C_l ^ I uwT MJE9K;E T =šñYñ68ï<N3;47= í îm6 T JK;M ^^bT Gl,K T lJiGEjYJI0C_E ?SR E
^ L>I0JG T_^bTVT JzlJ7f7E uqu M ^ L>I0Gf T GG T ~YMqvEPK TV? Mf7EaL T lG ?>T L>EaI <N6ƒ:û<>ð86 MK =Nð86ƒ476 í 3<>ðm6 h


€ .þ
ihw]hd;jliƒ„wxeohi bjRanm ]bc þ Ì b] oxÈJ ? MJ ? E ^b^ M K To I0GEsr C_… T J ^ EHjLNI0C_EsK T üNï í ¤ïð³û Y6ƒï í = v
i]bcea

`;EL÷f7E uwu MPKECx#lI0CQEDG T EHG`L T f7E T J«e8MHL>f7I ?SRT lGI‰C_… lG ?NTF^ I‰K T lJ ?>T L ? l T_^ MDEC_E ^b^ L T_? M T J
 $
{'{

o I0GE‘I0C_CQI ? MJMG ? EHJ u I‡KEC_CF… T Jj¤LNEGGMvVE‘K T lJI9`I0L ^T_? MHC_I0L>E ? I0LNI ^b^ EHL T G ^bTF? I9K;EHCFC_I9L>E ^ EHvVCFI
<>68ú ïgú>îm3684 sûð8úN6 ¤3 h ’alEG ^ … lC ^bT f5IPLNI0`;`L>EHGEgJ ^ IëCF… lG ?>T_^ IëK;EHCFC_IPLNE ^ E)x0lI#JK;M T J T JjLNEGGM
rP`;LNEGEgJ ^ EalJIÃ`I0L ^T_? MHC_I0L>EaeƒlJ uqT MHJEaI#JIYC TF^bTF? I0v#K;E ^^ I 684 sûYðƒúNïP473;îm=N473;îm6ƒüNï h
k * 

*

€ ihw]hd;jlic ‚ #Ñ ZÌ 5a`;EHL>I#JKM­JEC K;MHf T J T M7K;EC_C_I]eƒLNEx#lEHJ u I0v MGGEHL~EHL>EHf7M ? MHf7E&CFI

t_Xa 0x@a6c j

^ LNI0GeƒMHLf7I ^ IëK T OMlL T ELKEC_C_IaL T G`;MG ^ I T f7`lC_G T ~IµL>I#`;`L>EHGEHJ ^T C_I <N6ƒú yïúNî3D6 í <N= 2û= í Y3 T

K;EC_C_I«L>E ^ EHvM~Y~EHL>M5C_… lVG ?>T_^ I«I0C_CFE‰K T ~ELNGEˆeƒLNEx#lEJ u E9x#lIYJK;MˆCF… T JVjYL>EHGGM R I7lJMˆG`;E ^^ LM
 !z 

o0T I0J ? M#h

ƒ…„‡† àcÖSÞkÛDÙ×Ù P@NI N)ˆ@‰fŠ‹N '
Ö Œ D ‰fEGP@N ôÚ××7Ü¢ÜSÞ.Ùä
Ù×Ö â\Ú²á×!ÚØ_ÙÛDÙßٚàcá#âWÙ×!Ö¢æ.Ü\×Ëßñ ÖS×ÖSÞkä
ÙÚ3ßáÛDÙ×pÜ7ØÚ)å)ÝpÖSÞ&æ.áÙØÖnßÚ
ßáæ.Ö8ãÙÚ×7ækÚfÙ×#â\Ù~æ.Ú&ßñ Ù×#â\ÙØ°æ.Þ.ÙÛDÙ×ÚàÚ&ÝOÞ.Ö7Ø_ÖS×ïWÚHâWÙàcá!àcàcÖßÖ}ßá×!ä
ôÖSïWïWÖmâWñ Ü\×#â\Úå•æ.Ü7؅Šá×ÜDØÝOÖSàcàcÞ.Ü}ãÙÚ
×ækÜÙ×#âWÙæ.ÚßÚ
ÝOÞ.Ö7ØÖ\×ïWÚZÙ×AÖSä
áÚßÛfÙØáÞ.ÚnâWيàcáààcÖ}ßÖ8õLÞ.ÖSðáÖ\×ïW) Ö ŽSè
Ùæ.ÖSè
ÖSÞ
Ø_Ú)å•ækÜSÛDÖá!×Úßá!æ.Ö8ækÜSßÜSÞ.ÚàcÚÉâ\ÙÝOÖS×#âWÖDâWÚßÝOÞ.ÖSè
ÚßÖSÞ.Ömâ\Ù
âWÖSàcÖSÞ.ÛDÙ×ÚàcÖõLÞ.Ö\ðáÖS×ïWÖ8×ÖSßßÚÞ.Ú)â\ÙÚïWٚÜ\×ÖÖSßÖSàcàcÞkÜSÛDÚä
×Ö\àcÙækÚ)å•æ.Ü7…Ø Šá×ÜfØ_ÝpÖSààcÞ.Üæ.Ü\ßÜSÞkÚàcÜÙ×#âWٚæ.ÚZßÚÝOÞ.ÖSè
ÚßÖS×ïWÚÉâ\Ù
Úßæ.á×!ÖxõLÞ.ÖSðá!ÖS×ïWÖZØá&ÚßàcÞ.Öpì
 
›J  …‚°Ÿ•ž[ “•šw–w …„mƒÈŸ.¡8–J’0– 
‘ ]bgKxeoj ^Ì i] ceaEHC ? I0GM T J ? l T*T CGEHjJI#CFEÃK;I ^ LNI0Gf7E ^b^ EgLNEˆM ?N? l` T lJI o I#JK;I ? MHJ ? EJ ^ LI ^ I
=

I ^b^ HM L>JM‘I#K5lJ«e8LNEx0lEJ u Iˆ` T MDf7EHJMDEHCFEH~I ^ I 8K;E ^^ Iˆ`;ML ^ I0J ^ E v ? Mf7E‘JEHC ? I0GMDK;E T ú>=
úp

ñ í 3ðƒ6047ï:ûð83;îm6 v¤G T L T_? MHL>LE I0C_CFIµLNI0`;`L>EHGEgJ ^ I uqT MJEtf7EK T I#J ^ E CFE ü>ïH4 *ï í = í î63 í 3ð8ïSñ68ü =
V~ q &

:6 03ú>úN3 <N= 2û= í 3 h p C ? I#GMM``;MgG ^ Mqv ? I#L>I ^^ EL T_uwu I ^ MK;I5lJI9EG ^ EgJG T MJEe8LNEx0lEJ uwT I0C_E
* ;1


? MHJ ^bT jYlI«I0C_C_I«e8L>EHx0lEHJ u I u EHL>Mqvr5K;E ^b^ MzK T 03 í :3 03;úN= h † … lGM9KE T GEjYJI#C T f7MKlC_I ^bT r
v5 !z 

M o0o C T jI ^ ML T Mqvx0lIC_MLNI«x#lEG ^T K;E o0o I#JM‰EHGGELE ^ LNI0Gf7EGG T Gl ? I0JI0C T K T^bT `M ? MG T KK;E ^b^ M
5 þ5

*3;úNú>3 03 í :3 h
 ^5

† I ^ LNI0Gf T GG T MJEaK;E T GEHjJI0C T f7EHK T I0J ^ EPlJ7G T G ^ EHf7IˆK TV? MHf7lJ T_? I uwT MHJE ? M T J~YMC_jEPK T ~YELNG T
I0C ^ L T I#G`E ^b^T v ?NR E÷GMHJM o LNE~YEf7EJ ^ E T J ^ L>MHK;M ^³^T I#>C ’ Z h V vgJEC ? MJ ^ EHG ^ MëKEC_C_I ? I0LNI ^b^ EHL T_uwu I uqT MJE
K;E T? I0JI0C T K Tk? MHf7lJ T_? I uwT MJE#h
>@? #“ $ &%
RN FMODFSHnM .”OGYNTBeH H )(

{ HM JM T JK T_? I ^T? MJ&C_I5JM ^ I uqT MHJE•-0–[—™˜ ? MHJéC_E‘`;I0LNEJ ^ EHG T x0lIYK;L>E vV`;EHLµE~ T KEJ uqT I0L>E ?SR E T CC_MLNM
6p

K;MHf T J T M rµC_… T JkG T EHf7E÷K;E T Jlf7EHL T0T J ^ EL T h { MJMµ~I#C T KE÷CFE÷G ^ EHGGEëKE}J T_uwT MJ T e8MLNJ T_^ E÷I0CO’ Z h  h U I
q

L T jYlI0LNK;MtK;E T GEjYJI0C T I0JI0C_Mj T_?NT vHLNEC_I ^bT ~YI0f7EJ ^ EtI Tg? MJ ? E ^b^T K T `;M ^ EHJ u I0v¤EHJEHL>j T IëEs`EL T MHK T_?>T_^ v
l ^bT C T_uwu I#JK;Mëx0l T KEC_CFEaGMHf7f7I ^ ML T E T J7C_lMHjMëK;EHjC TVT J ^ EjYL>I#C T h
ts

\^aÑ0xea(cÌa ȑJ‡GEjYJI0C_E÷~ T EJE ?SRT I0f7I ^ M÷Jlf7EL T_? Mµx0lIYJK;MµI0GGlf7E÷~YI0C_ML T I0`;`I0L ^ EHJEJ ^T I#K
lJ 6 í úN68=>47=8› í 68îïa:6ú>684 0ïHðƒ6 `EL)x#lEHG ^ MPf7M ^bT ~MqvC_I‰GlI‰EHGGEJ u IÃr T JK T_? I ^ IÃI0J ?SR E ? M X
|

f E ú>= û= í Y3‡ú>684 0ïHð86ƒüN3 hAPK5EGEf7` T MqvVlJ ^ EHG ^ MDG ? L T_^^ M‘I0GGlf7Ea~I0C_MHL T JEC_C_… IYf o0T_^ MDK;E T
7
l5

? I#L>I ^b^ EL T G ^ I#f7`;I o#T C T h { EÃG T L>I#`;`;LNEGEJ ^ I‡MjYJ T2? I0LNI ^^ ELE ? MJ T C2GlMÃJlf7ELNMMLNK T JI0C_Eqv
&z  l5

G TkR I‰I#CFCQMHL>I‰lJI~EHL>IÃGEHx0lEHJ u I‰K T Jlf7EL T h

\^a(`bcejoivd9a(ƒ„w]e‚gvikhm _7a(d9i
{ T `;l DI#C ^ ELNJI ^T ~IYf7EHJ ^ EDLNI0``;LNEGEgJ ^ I0LNEPMjYJ T? I0LNI ^b^ EHL>E ? MJ­lJ
b<

K T ~ELNGMÃ~YI0C_MLNEDK T2^ EJG T MJEqvVM ^^ EJEHJKMÃlJ«GEHjJI0C_EDI0JI#CFMHj TQ? M ?SR E‘r‘lJIˆLNI0`;`L>EHGEHJ ^ I X

uwT MJE 3 6›š‘ðƒ6 g=Nð8ð6 K Tk^ EHJG T MJEPK;EHC_CFIÃGEx#lEHJ u IML T j T JI0L T Ih
³ 

œ _7a #Ñvxea6c Ì
jOgwi0hiƒ„y0]o]
p C ? MJ ? E ^Ú^ MPK T M ?>? l`;I uwT MHJEPK To I#JVKI0v0I0`;`C T_? I o0T C_EPI T GEjYJI0C T I0JI X
CFMHj T_?>T v¤r x0l T GMHG ^bTF^ l T_^ M K;Iµx0lEHC_CQMsK T ~YEC_M ?NTF^ K T Ef T GG T MHJEqv¤EHG`L>EgGGI T J úN6ƒ4 #ïð86 ú=>üNï í :ï v
EK T JK TF? I ^ I ? Mf7E <N= û= í Y3i:6 úN6ƒ4 #ïð8ï < h ÈJIGEHx0lEJ u I&`;LNMK;M ^b^ I,K;IlJIGMLNjEgJ ^ E
…s l5


Jlf7EHL T_? I]G T `L>EHG ^ I eƒI ?>T CFf7EHJ ^ E«I0K EHGGELNE ^ LNI0Ge8MHL>f7I ^ I T J lJ… IYC ^ LNI0v ? MHJ lJ K T ~YELNGM
&z  l5

I0C_eƒI o E ^ MaEHK5lJIÃK T e8e8ELNEgJ ^ Eae8L>Egx#lEHJ u I‰K T G T f o MC_M 2ž h {

œ _7a #Ñvxea6c Ì
jOyvikcej_7ij ’alIC_MLNI7K T KEG T KEL T M ^^ EgJEHL>EÃlJI îm<>3ú>4768ú>úN6ï í = 06 í 3;<N683 v2MHGG T I7L>I#` X
`;LNEGE¤J ^ I o0T C_E ? MfzEzlJI­GEHx0lEHJ u I­K T Y=><N6 EK û í 6 vCF… IYCFe8I o E ^ MzK T L>I#`;`L>EHGEHJ ^ I uwT MJE R I
µ5

? I#L>K T JI#C T_^ `I0L T ! I ŸYh p J ^ I0C ? I0GMqv0MjYJ T G T f o MHCFM   X I0L T MaK TkT JjLNEGGMP`L>MHK;lLNL jLNl`;` T K T


¡ ? ^b^ To#T L T 8M o0T_^ v ? MJ ¡ `;I#L T I#CFCQ… T J ^ ELNM÷Gl`EL T MHL>EµK T     o#TF^ dmG T f o MHCFM#)h ’alE X
0
I N
L I H
E L k
J 0
I
…s s
p

G ^ I9lC ^T f7I‰jYL>I0JK;E uwu I ¡ vk`I0L T I0CVJlf7ELNMDK To#TF^ dG T f o MC_Mqv;f7MHC ^bT `C T_? I ^ Iˆ`;EHL T CVJlf7EHL>M
tq

K T G T f o MC T I«GE ? MgJK£ M ¢G¤v*`;EHL>f7E ^b^ E9K Ty? I0C ? MHC_I0L>E T C Ò lGGM T Je8MLNf7I ^bT ~M T J o0T_^ dmGE ? MJKMqv
?NR EP`;LNEJK;E T C;JMf7EaK T <N= û= í Y3 06 í 3<>683 Rc ¢M¥h ¡§¦ ¢ ¤ h
 &z  ý5

-jbƒ„vi]bcejƒ„a6ced;] { T rPj T I ?N? EHJJI ^ MPI ? MHf7EPlJzGEHjJI#CFEaI0JIYC_Mj T_? MD`;MHGGIˆEGGEHL>E‘LNI0`;`L>E X

GEHJ ^ I ^ M­f7EHK T I0J ^ E T GlM T ~I#CFMHL TÍ? I#f7` T MJI ^T I,e8LNEgx0lEHJ u I]K T ¢j¨ üN3;4 6ƒï í )6 úN=Nü>ï í :ï E
Vs

*

ƒ…ƒL© á!Ú×#âWÜmá× ækÙÞ.ækáÙàcÜDÖSßÖSàcàcÞkÙækÜAôÚÉßÚÉõLá!×ïWٚÜS×ÖâWÙÍàcÞ.Ú)Ø_ÝpÜSÞkàcÚÞ.ÖDá!×;ØÖ\ä×!ÚßÖDàcÞ.ÚHá!×ÚÉæ.Ü\ÝpÝOÙÚ â\Ù#ÛfÜSÞ
ØÖ\àcàcÙ^Ú)â

á×ñ ÚßàcÞ.ÚåtÙß7æ.ÙÞ.ækáÙàcÜxÝpÞkÖS×#âWÖÙßp×ÜSÛfÖDâWÙ ˆ@TªŠ TS«wJTjKONˆ#Š‹T Ü<¬ J‰M«Oˆ#D KONI N ì
 ­ ’“•”w–˜—@™eš™œ›J„ž[Ÿ. *Ÿ.¡v“•š0–˜—¢

x0lI#J ^bT_uwu I ^bTV? MJ­lJzJlf7ELNM ¡ K T 068îGüN3;4 6ƒï í = v ? MJGEJ ^ EHJK;M‘C_… lVGMDK T lJ ? I0JI0CQEDJl X
f7EL TF? M#h p J ^ I0C ? I#GMqvCFI7GMHL>jEHJ ^ E5Jlf7EHL T_? I«Ex#l T ~I0CQEHJ ^ E5GI0L «? I0LNI ^b^ EHL TFuqu I ^ I­K;I«lJI
5 *

~EC_M ?>T_^ K TV^ LNI0Gf T GG T MJEaK T ¢)¥ o#TF^ dGE ? MgJKMqv`;I#L T I0C;`L>MHK;M ^b^ M¢ ¨ ¦v¡ h
s

ts

‘ ]bgKxeoj i]^Ì ceaòcexeƒ„a(_7im j ’alI0C_MHL>I9C_IˆL T G`;MG ^ I T J­eƒLNEx#lEHJ u I9KEC ? I0JI0C_E T f7`MJjIˆlJ­`L>M X

E? HGGMÃK T f7MKlC_I uqT MHJEqvkEG T G ^ MJM ^ E ? J T_?NR E ú =>üN°6 ›
ü = `;EHL T GEHjJI#C T Jlf7EHL T_?NT v ?NR E ^ L>I#j X
jMJMP~I#J ^ I0j¤j T MPKI0C_CFI‘JI ^ lL>I‰K T G ? L>E ^ IˆKECkf7EGGI#jj T MaKI ^ L>I#Gf7E ^^ EHL>E#h
k ;1

‘ _7jbhƒ„ikhhi]bc@anjOwjbmm O®

ea6d;d9] ÈJ,GEjJI0C_EˆJlf7EL TF? Mˆ`l ˆI~EHL>E9MHL T j T J T K;EHCFC_E9` T K T G`;I#L>I X
b<

^ Eqv2EJMHJ&JE ? EHGGI#L T I0f7EHJ ^ E‰EHGGELNE T C2L T GlC ^ I ^ MK T lJ&`;LNM ? EgGGMK T x#lI0J ^bTFuqu I uwT MJE0h;ADK
~

EGEf7` T Mqv`;l ^ LNI ^b^ I0LNG T K T lJ‰}C_E)KI ^ LNI0Gf7E ^b^ EgLNE ^ LNIDK;lE ? MHf7`;l ^ EHL T J ^ I#C ? I0GMqvG T `l
b< 7| b<

eƒLNI0f7f7EHJ ^ I0L>EÃC_IzGEx0lEJ u I5Jlf7EL TF? I T JéfzEGGI0jYj T ` T ` T_?>? MC T ?SRT I0f7I ^T 3;ü>ü =>îmîm6:6
p

:3;îm6 vVJlf7ELNI0LNC T? MHJGE ? l ^T ~I#f7EJ ^ EqvEK T J~ T I0LNC T G T JjYMC_I0LNf7EJ ^ EDI ^^ L>I~EHL>GM‰C_I9L>E ^ EK T
~  ;1

T J ^ EHL ? MJJEGG T MJEqvtI#J ?SR E T f7` T EHjI#JVKM«`;EHL ? MgLNG T K T eƒe8EHL>EHJ ^T `;EHLˆMHjJ T GM ^b^ M X f7EGGI#jj T Mc
q

GI0L &? MHf7` T_^ MzK;EHCCFI ^ M5L TF? E~YEJ ^ EzL T_X I#GGEf o CFI#L>E T G T JjYMC T `I ?N?NR E ^b^T JEHCFC_… MLNK T JE5MHL T j T_X
JI0L T M#h p C ? I#GM5K;EHG ? L TF^b^ M‡r9lJ ^T `;M9`I0L ^bT_? MHCFI#L>E5K T <>=Nîm=‘3ü>ïH474iûîm3 68ï í =D:6 *3;üNü =Nîîmï v
s

K Ty? l T GI0LNI0JJkM5EHG`;MHG ^bTT `L T J ?NT ` T K T eƒlJ uqT MHJIYf7EJ ^ M5E9C_E9f7E ^ MKVMHCFMHj T E9K T `;L>MHjE ^^ M9K T
  ;1

f7I0GG T f7IzKEC_CFE‰L T GMHL>GEvf T L>I ^ EÃI0C_CF… M ^^ EJ T f7EHJ ^ MˆK T *<N=>úî3 68ï í 6 K;EH}J T_^ E T J ^ EHL>f T J T K T
<>68î3<>:ïD47=>:6ƒï K TV^ LNI0Gf T GG T MJE#h
 

>@?#¯ AýNL•BeHJD PRNTS$SN±° RB@L '² '²

ýD ýHJSHj,>³
´ M C b^ T ;K E ;T ? M J ? E ^Ú^T l ^T C TFuqu I ^bT `EL ^ NL I b^ ^ I#L>E T `;L>M ? EgGG T I0C_EI ^ M L T v0`ELtK;E}J T L>EµC_Ix#lIYJ ^bTF^ K T;T J X
e8MLNf7I uqT MHJE)K T lJÃf7EGGI0jYj T MqvgC_E)`;LNEG ^ I uqT MJ T K T lJ ? I0JI0C_Ewv T CK T f7EJG T MJI0f7EJ ^ MsK T LNE ^bT K T#? M X
…s

f7lJ TF? I uwT MJEwv;GMJM‘eƒMHJKI ^T GlCFC_I ? MJMHG ? EJ u I9K;EHC_CFI îm=>ïH<>6837:=>ð8ð8= *<Nï #3 068ð86ƒî v ?SR ED~YELNL `;EHL X
^ I0J ^ M T CFC_lkG ^ L>I ^ I0vYI#CFf7EHJMtJE T GlM T0? MHJ ? E ^^bT e8MJK;I0f7EHJ ^ I0C T v T x0lIYC T GI0LNI0JJM T f7f7EHK T I ^ I0f7EJ ^ E
@ 5 65  s

I0``;C TF? I ^bT I Tk? I#G T G`E ?NT } ?>Tk?SR EPG T ~YEL T } ? I#JMaJE T G T G ^ Ef T K Tk^ EC_E ? Mf7lJ TF? I uqT MHJE#h
‘ a6]b_XikjRgwa6o°d9_Xj S‚t– p J,`I0L ^T_? MC_I0LNEwv*r9I ?>? EJJI ^ I7C_… I0`;`C T_? I uT MHJE9KEC_CFI ^ EHML T I7KEC_CFEˆ`;L>M o I X
em ]

o0T C T_^ I0Cy`L>M o C_Ef7I&K;EHCK T f7EJG T MJI#f7EJ ^ M9K T? MHCFC_EjYI0f7EHJ ^T?NR EzKE o#o I0JM ^ LNI0G`;MHL ^ I#L>E
` T f7EGGI0jYj T? MJ ^ EHf7`;MgLNI0JEI0f7EHJ ^ EqvMH`;EHL>I#JK;M‘lJI9f7lC ^T `;CQI uwT MJEDK;EHjC T G ^ EGG T Gl­K T
ts

lJ7f7EHK;EHG T f7MPf7E uqu M ^ L>I0Gf T GG T ~YM0h

~

>@?#µ $ n,
RHJE NTGYHnPRHnAýNTS$N &( L•G¶” )(
þMOH DFZ[HLFMON

p J ^ L>MHK;l ?NT I#f7M o L>EH~EHf7EJ ^ Ex0lI ^^ L>MK T ~YELNG T sû í îm6:6 ¤6ƒúNî3 T J ? l T r`;MHGG T_o0T C_E T Jx0lkI0KL>I#L>EC_E
`;LNM o CFEHf7I ^bTF?SR EˆK T? MHf7lJ TF? I uqT MHJE;cjYC T I0G`;E ^^bT ›ú>68ü>6 vK T =Nðƒ3 0ïH<>3 6ï í = vK T úN6ƒúNî=N473 vK T <N=Nî= vE
 v

K T îm<>3ú ïg<>îmï h
(5 

k

·
hwa6d;d9i j– ÈJ ? I0JI0CQE&K T ? MHf7lJ T_? I uwT MHJEqv :3;ð sû í îï­:6 ¤6ƒúNî3 ›ú>68ü>ï v G TsT K;EJ ^T } ? I ? MJ
ehikmi

CT µf7E uqu M ^ L>I#Gf T GG T ~YMqvP`EL&C_I K;EHG ? L T_uwT MHJE K;EHCax0lIYC_EiG T I0KM ^b^ Ie8L>EHx0lEHJ ^ Ef7EHJ ^ E lJ
0 

f7MK;EHC_CFM ?NT L ? l T_^ I#CFE#h \ CFEHJ ?SRT I0f7M T fzE uwuqTk? MHf7lJEHf7EJ ^ EPI#K;M ^^ I ^bT c
ƒ[¸ ՊÖSÞ8ê#ØrØÚ%Þ.ÖZßÖÙâWÖSÖpåæ.ÜS×#Ø_Ùâ\ÖSÞkÙÚ%ÛDÜZÙvØ_ÙÛDãÜSßÙNâWÙwá×!Ú²ØÖ\ðáÖS×ïWÚD×!áÛDÖSÞ.Ùæ.Ú¹»º ¼¾½pÚ)â~¿HèÚßÜ\Þ.ÙÁÀ)ðáÖ7Ø_àcÙÝOÜ7ØrØÜS×Ü
Ö7ØrØÖSÞ.ÖnÝOÞ.Ö7Ø_Ù^Ú3ä
Þ.áÝOÝpÙ}â\ÙnÂÉåÝOÞ.Ü7â\á!æ.ÖS×#âWÜ ØÙÛDãÜSßÙÍÚ²è
ÖSßÜSæ.ÙàÄÃ! è
ÜSßàcÖnÙ×õLÖSÞ.ÙÜSÞ.ÖOå)ÛDÚ3æ.ÜS×Å¿SÆ è
ÚßÜSÞ.ÙâWÙØàcÙ×àcÙ_ì
Ç Ö Ø_Ù8â\ÙØÝOÜS×Ö3â\RÙ È× ÚßõLÚ%ãÖSàcÜ âWuÙ ÈØæ.ÙàcÚ¢Ú)âÉ è
ÚßÜSÞ.ÙåÙNä
ÞLÈÝpÝOÙ8â\ÙÊ ØÙÛDãÜSßÙÊ¿»Ë ÚÞ.ÙÍÜSÞ.Ùä
Ù×ÚÞ.Ù#ÝOÜ7ØtØ_ÜS×ÜAÖ7ØrØÖSÞkÖ
Þ.ÚÝOÝpÞkÖ7ØÖS×!àcÚàcÙ#æ.ÜS×ä
#Þ ÌÝOÝpÙâWÊ Ù Í Ø_ÙÛfãÜSß Ù ÉÎË ÚÞ.ÙM Ý ÌÞ.æ|G
ô Ï'¿YÆÐÑÉÎÒm ì ÓhÔLÕ[Ö<×؛Ù
ÚLÛ)Ü{ÝßÞGÚLàvÙ#Ø`Ýßáâ¾ÝãáàvÙ#ÝtÛ~äÁÉæåèçHé
Ô:ÝßêâvۛëßÝMÚ#ۛáìå£ç›í»ëãÝßîªØ›ëßëßÝÁïLۛÚ#Ú#ۛÙLÙðۛáÛàvëßê`؛áGÛñÍòåôówâvÝßõÄö…Ô:ÝtêâvۛëßÛï4ۛõÄõÄØ{áG؛á»ÜðÛÚ#Û)Ô:÷>ç¾ø<å8ùHç0úûì6åôç{íÕ
ü)ýþ>ý£ÿ
{ÿ
  

 "!#!%$'&)(+*$-,).0/)1-(2+/%43576
8:9<;>=?@6798A5
B"C'DEB4?@;>?F=G9<6H67DI8:B4?@JK5HD6H57L@9<CMDN'DEOP9QDE=GR4?S9<6H9<T%T#C'DVU
OP?@;>=9ET#5HN'?W8AXY9<CM57NM?Z+9\[>579E=G9]57C'CM?R"57?@T%D\OP9ER"57?@=T%9]?=GT#9E=G=9KZ^N'_9`=G9]XaDEN'?@675HJKJ?=D`67?
B"DET#9V=GJK?67bG=c;>D R"57CM9<J57DE=54B"C'5H[d5H679E;d5H?dT#9e@f+?IT%C'?@8AOP578:8A5HD<=G9ghC'9E8A?IB"D<8:8A5HL5H679;>C'?@J579?@6
B"C'DEN:9<8:8ADiR"5cOPDER4bG67?@JK5HD<=G9"j
 "!#!%$'&)(+*$-,).0/)/%,lkd(
mV"3QR4?on@bG9<6H675T#C'?pN'DEOPB4bGT#9EC9`8:T#?@OPB"?=GT#9KZ+?qnbG9E676758AbrR4DEB4B"57=GD
s T#9E679EXtDE=G57?@uaZ@?\n@bG9<676H5c5H=PNM?>[>DN'DE?8:8:57?@679 s T#9E679E[d5H8A5HD<=G9KZc9<T%_G9<CM=9ETvu0ecw
DE8A8:DE=D9E8A8:9<CM9IR45
T%57B"DQ_G?@67XxDyXabG676zR"bB"679E{`?S8A9EN'DE=GR4?PN|_G9Q5
R"bG9Q9E8AT%C'9EOP5^R"9<6H67?FNMD<OPbG=G57N'?@J57DE=9Q8A57?@=GD
bG=G57R"57C'9EJ57D<=G?@6}5cDiL5HR45HC'9EJK5HD<=G?6}5%j
 "!#!%$'&)(+*$-,).0/)/%,q~ 1-(€".0.v/#k>(+38:D<=GDQCM9<?@675HJKJ?T%5zXa?@N'9E=R"D\[d5H?;V;d57?@CM9Q9E=9EC';>57?S67bGOP57=cDEU
8:?o?@T#T%C'?[d9EC'8:DFbG=?q;>bG57R"?PR" DE=GR4?oR"5+OP?T%9<CM57?@679`R"579E679ET#T%C'57NMD4ef+?qT#9EN'=G57N'?pg`57R"D<=G9E?
?@676H?ST%C'?@8AOP5H8A8:57DE=9]R"9E5x8:D<675+8:9<;>=G?6H5^=GbOP9EC'5HN'57Z
R"?T%D]N|_G9`67?P8ADEC';>9<=GT%9`67bGOP57=cDE8A?q5H=
T%C'?@8AOP5H8A8:57DE=9p[d579E=G9q?NMN'9E8A?‚9o8:B"9<=GT#?r[>9E67D<NM578:8A5HOP?OP9E=T%9q57=NMD<CMC'578:B"D<=GR49V=GJK?ƒR"9<5
L@57T s J9<CMDD<R`bG=DEuR"9<6OP9<8:8A?@;d;>57D@e
„ "2+$-!%!#Fk>/#1Vkd…)/%.0(+!#$‡†v6^N'DE676H9<;>?@OP9<=GT#D\9<Rp5xT#CM?8:R4bGT%T#DECA5x?Ro9E8A8:D\C'9E67?@T#57[>57Z
8:D<=GD]8AB"9<8:8AD
CM9<?@675HJKJ?T%5
C'5HN'DEC'CM9V=R"DQ?@RPbG=€N'57CMN'bG57T%Dy9E679ET#T%C:57N'Dy9<n@bG57[>?6}9E=GT#9KZ^57=€OPD<R"D\R4?SB4DET#9VCM=9
R"9E8ANMCA5H[d9EC'9i576cN'DEOPB4DVCMT#?@OP9<=GT#DiOP9<R"57?@=GT#98AT%C'bGOP9<=GT#5?=G?@675}T%57N'5=GD<T%5#e

ˆ ‰<Š+‹"ŒŒ|Ž^‰EŽ‰<Œ|‹"‚Ž‰EŒŽ‘@ŽP’?hb=yB"b=GT#DR"5>[>578:T#?“'”a“M•t–M—P”a“'•˜”˜™'šdZ-5H6dT#CM?@=8:57T%DR"9<5>8A9E;d=G?@675d?@T%T#C'?[d9EC'8:D

8:578:T#9EOP5^›G8A5HN'5
gy?=G?d6H57JJK?dT%Dy5H=oT%9<C:OP57=G5zR49E6
B"9<;>;>57D<CM?@OS9E=GT#D\57=GT#CMD<R"D<T%TvDKZGN'_9yB4bGœy9<8:8A9EC:9
NM?T%?@67D<;>?@T#Di=G9<676H ?OPL@57T%DhR"5cR"57[>9<CM8A9iNM?T%9<;>D<C:5H94

ž /%ŸK.v41<Ÿ/#",)/€ z5R45H8AT%57=G;dbGD<=GDFn@bG9<6H679SNMD<8:57R"R"9<T%T09`¡a”Y¢–M£4¤M”¥Z)NM?bG8A?@T%9SR"?€bG=G?pCM578AB"DE8AT%?5H=
XYC'9EnbG9E=J?‚=DE=57R"9E?6H9KZR"?6H679qR"578:T#DECA8:57DE=G5
¢Gš<¢¦¡a”a¢G–'£"¤'”Z§N'_9oNM?@b8:?=GDq57=G[>9<NM9WbG=G?
R"9EXaDVC'OP?@JK5HD<=G9 5H8AT%?=GT#?@=G9<?Q8AbG676H?XaDEC'OP?\R" DE=R"?Q5H=FT%C'?@=8:57T%D4j
¨ ",lŸ.0(+©-/%4,)(+1E/%$-.vª¬«b9E8AT%5iXa9E=DEOP9<=G58:D<=GDlNM?CM?T%T#9EC'5HJKJ?T%5R4?¦b=G?[>?CM57?@JK5}DE=9­=9E6
T%9<OPB"DpR"9<6H679oNM?CM?@T#T#9EC'5H8AT%57N|_G9pR"9<6§NM?@=?@6}9KZ9oC'5HN'DEC'C:D<=GDq8:B49E8A8:Dp=G9<6N'?@8:DoR45§NMD<OPbGU
=G57NM?@JK57DE=G5"N'DE=SOP9EJKJ5cOPDEL5H675#j
®.v.0$V,+…)(+©-/v",
$°¯=P8A9E;d=G?@679h57=PT#C'?@=G8A5HT#Di67bG=c;>DbG=FNM?@=?@679B4CM9<8:9<=GT%?y5H=SbG8:N'57T%?bG=G??@OPU
B"579EJKJ?i57=GXa9EC'57DEC'9 ?n@bG9<6H6}?R"5@57=G;dCM9<8:8AD@e>f4 ?>67T#9EC'?@JK5HD<=G9B"bœ?[d9EC+6HbDE;>D8A57?iB"9<C)NM?bG8A9
›G8:57N|_G9±5H=T%C'5H=8:9<N'_9 s 67bG=G;d_G9<JJA? R"9E6dN'DE676H9<;>?OP9E=GT#DKZ-R45H8A?@R4?@T%T#?@OP9<=GT#DR45d57OPB"9<R"9<=GJK9KZ
T%9<NM=DE67DV;>57?R49E;d6H5"?OPB"675H›cN'?@T%D<C:57uYZ>N|_G9h5H=FR"57B"9<=GR49E=GJK?QR45"XY?T%T#5N'DE=T%57=G;d9E=T%5 s B"9EC'N'DVCM8A5
OPbG67T%57B"675HZGB"57DE;d;>57?@u0j"5H=€n@bG9<8:T#D]8:9<N'DE=GR4D]NM?8:DKZx576xXa9E=DEOP9<=GD]g\T#CM?T%T#?@T#D`NMD<OP9]6H 9E8A57T%D
R"5cbG=PB4CMD<NM9V8A8:Dh?@679E?T%D<CM57D"j
² "1E.v(+.0(´³Xa›G=N'_µ±B4DE8A8:?=GD9<8:8A9EC'9§8ADER"R45H8AXa?@T%T#5d5dC'9<n@bG578:57T#5-R"5dn@bG?d675HT#¶ s ?@R9E8A9EOPB45HD±67  z·¸u
R"9E8A57R"9ECA?@T%57ZcC'5H8AbG67T%?]N|_G967?]6Hb=G;>_c9<JJK?FR49E6zN'DE67679E;>?OP9E=T%DIR"9<[>99E8A8:9<C:9I57=GXa9EC'5HD<CM9?@R
bG=\OP?@8A8:57OPDKZd57=yN'DE=G8A9E;dbG9<=GJ?R49E676H ?T%T#9E=Gb?dJ57DE=9R"9E6NMD<6H679E;d?@OP9<=GT#DZ>R49E676H?B"DET#9E=J?
T%C'?@8AOP9E8A8:?@Z@9iR"9<;>675c?@67T%C'5Xa?@T#T#5N'DE=T%57=G;>9<=GT#5%j
¹y…)(+!#/%.0ªƒ2+$-!)Ÿ$-1-m/%©-/%»º±DE=on@bG9<8:T#DIT%9<CMOP57=G98ADE=GDI57=GR45HN'?@T#9IR"57[>9EC'8:9I;dCM?=GR"9<JJK9KZDE;>=bGU
=G?r?@B"B46H57N'?@Ld5H679o5H=b=¼B"?@C'T%57N'DE67?@C'9€N'DE=T%9<8:TvDKZ9pN|_G9pCM?B"B"C'9<8:9E=T%?=GDpbG=57=GR"57N'9pR45
½ LDE=GT#¶@¾R"9E6B"C'DENA9E8A8:DWN'DEOPb=G57NM?T%57[>DeP¿CM?pn@bG9<8:T#9W;dCM?@=R"9<JJK9PB4DE8:8A57?@OPDWN'5HT#?@C'9W576
¤M£<À"ÀxšV¤'•tš“'–ÁG¢G£4¡Y–¤-Â>—Pš<¤M–hÃÄŀ9I67?Àx¤'šEÆ@£4Æ@”a¡a”˜•˜ÇFÈ”
–'¤M¤'šV¤M–IÉ@Ê#ZcC'9E67?@T#5H[d9C'5H8AB"9ET#Tv57[>?U
OP9E=GT#9§?6H679T#CM?8:OP578:8A57DE=G5V?=G?@6}D<;>57N|_G9§9§=bGOP9<CM57N|_G9"j'5H6E¤M”a•t£"¤'ÈGš§—P–'ÈG”ašdZ-CM576H9<[>?=GT#9=G9<6
NM?8:D]R"5T%C'?@8AOP5H8A8:57DE=5?WB4?@N'N'_9ET#T%Djc576
•t–M—À^š]ÈG”GËKÂ>š<¤M”
“M–'¤MÌ>”ÎÍ>”ašVZnbG?@6Ï5H›NM?@=T%9]R49E676H?
?@Xa›GR"?L@576}5HT#¶yR49E58:DET#T#DE8A5H8AT%9VOP5cR"5cN'DEOPbG=5HN'?@JK5}DE=9@e
ÐÑ @iÒ+

€üýrÓ±Ôx ^KEÕ

Ö ‹"Œ‹»’?6+B"b=GT#DFR45
[>578:T#?qR"9<6H67?P¤M–'•˜–È”™Mš<—‚Â>¢G”a™'£EÍ>”aš<¢G–KZ+67?pN'DE=8:9<;>=G?oR49E6
OP9<8:8:?;>;d5HD`57=GXaDECvU
OP?@T#5H[dD?@6767?QR49E8AT%57=G?@JK57DE=G9hR"9<[>9iT#9E=9ECNMD<=GT%DiR"5c?@8:B49ET#T%55H=R"57NM?T%5"N'DEOP94
 "**€…
.v(©V/%4,)$‡f+?hCM9<T%9gN'DE8ATv5HT#bG57T#?R"?ib=\57=G8:579<OP9§R"5-¢GšEÈ”4È”"™Mš<—P—‚Â>•t£EÍd”Yš<¢G–Y×
57=GT#9EC0U
NMD<=G=G9<8:8A5"R"?INMD<6H679E;d?@OP9<=GT#5@N|_G9 [>9E=;>D<=GD bG8A?@T%55H=]OPD<R"?@6757T%¶IN'DE=GR45H[d5H8A?R"?IOPD<6HT#9hN'DEU
OPbG=G57N'?@JA5HD<=G5GN'DE=T%9<OPB"DVC'?@=9E9KZ9IN'_9I8:DE=D£"•t•˜¤'£"Ì-–M¤|“:£"•t”+R4?@5GOP9<8:8A?@;>;d557=qT%C'?@=8:57T%DKZ
N'_9iR"9<[>D<=GDi9<8:8A9VCM9“M—P”a“M•t£"•t”x[d9EC'8:D67?B"DEC'T#?\R"5cbG8ANM57T%?QNMD<CMC:9<T%T#?
j
Ø ,)ŸK.01-(+2(+*$V,
.v»f?lR49ET#9EC'OP5H=?@JK5HD<=G9pR"9<6B49EC'NMDVC'8:DpR"9<5OP9E8A8:?;>;>5=9E676H?‚C'9ET#9EZ8ANM9<6HT#D
T%C'?]5GB"D<8:8A5HL5H675B49EC'NMD<C:8:5N|_G9INMD<676H9<;>?@=D6H?y8:D<CM;d9E=GT#9INMD<=q6H?\R49E8AT%57=G?J57DE=9KZcB"C'9E=GR49I5H6
=GDEOP9R"5@”Y¢“M•t¤M£4ÈG£4—P–M¢G•tšj
Ù)$M&
,)(+!#(+©V/#",
$°†v6cNMD<DECAR"57=G?@O`9E=GT#DiT#CM?y5c=DER45R49E676H?CM9<Tv9h?[>[d579E=G9 OP9ER45H?=GT#967Di8ANM?@OSL@5HD
T%C'?\;>675"8:T#9E8A8:5cR"5c57=GXaDEC'OP?@J57D<=G5"?@;d;>57b=T%57[>9hR"9<T%T#9hÈG”“M–ÁG¢£"¡a£EÍd”Yš<¢G–:Z"N|_G9N'DE8ATv57T%b5H8ANMD<U
=GD bG=][>9<CMDh9hB4CMD<B"C'5HDhB"C'DEN'9V8:8AD R"54N'DEOPbG=5HN'?@JK5HD<=G9B4?@C'?@676H9<6HD?In@b9E676HDB"C'9<T%Tv?OP9E=GT#9
5H=XYD<CMOP?T%57[>D4j
² 1-4.v4k>4!v!%»fDq8:N'?@OPL@57DqR49E5§OP9<8:8:?;>;d5±R"5±8:9<;>=G?6H?J5}D<=G9oT#CM?r6H9WNMD<B"B579qR"5=DER"5§R49E6767?
CM9<T%9<ZdDER?@=N|_G9§T#CM?5>=GD<R"59<RbG=yD<CM;d?@=DR"5N'DE=T%C'DV676HDNM9<=GT%C'?@679KZd?[d[>579E=9§bGT#576H57JJA?=GR"D
B"?@C'T%57N'DE67?@C'5675H=c;dbG?@;d;>57Z>R"9ET#Tv5KÀx¤'šE•tšV™'šE¡a¡Y”xR"5c8:9<;>=G?6H?JA5HD<=G94j
Ú !%(G"1E(+©V/#",
$.v$-1V*/#,)(+!#$‡«bG9<8:T#?WNM?T%9<;>D<CM57?qNMD<OPB"C'9V=GR49\T%bT%T#5+;>675x?@8:B49ET#T%56H9<;>?@T#5?6HU
6H9FT%C'?@8AXaDEC'OP?@J57D<=G5
DEB49EC'?@T#9P8AbG676H 57=GXaDEC'OP?@JK57DE=G9`?5+R"b9S9<8:T#CM9VOP5R"9E6)N'DE67679E;>?OP9E=T%De
f4 57OPB"D<CMT#?@=J?F9]6H?S8:B49EN'5H›NM57T%¶PR"5T#?@675^T%C'?@8AXYD<CMOP?J57DE=5x?8:8AbGOP9\bG=€CM57675H9<[>D\8A9EOPB4CM9
OP?@;>;d5HD<CM9SNMD<=Û67 9<[>D<6HbJ5}D<=G9 s 57=ÜT#9EC'OP5H=5R45OP57=G5}?T%bCM57JJK?@JK5}DE=9W9WB"D<T%9<=GJK?R"5N'?@67U
NMD<6HD<uR"9<5R"578AB"DE8A57T%57[>5R"59E67?@L@D<CM?J57DE=9KZ5H=Û8AB"9<NM57?@6OPDER4DqB"9<C]NM57œWN|_G9qC'57;>bG?CMR4?679
T%C'?@8AOP5H8A8:57DE=5=bGOP9EC'57N'_9e
ÝÞVß ‰<Š+à Þ Œ|àá’?@6B"bG=T%DIR"5z[d578:T#?]R"9E6•t¤'£"“ÀxšV¤'•˜šyR"9<6H67 5H=XYD<CMOS?@J57DE=9KZc8:D<=GDCM57679E[>?=GT#5;d6H5G?8:B49ET#T%5
R"5#
„ …)!%.0/ãâ!%(©V/v4,)$° 
5cT#CM?@T#T#?]R"5cCM?@;d;>C'bGB4B"?@C'9iT#CM?\67D<CMD679i8A5H=;>DE679N'DEOSbG=G57NM?J57DE=5"5H=ST%C'?@=GU
8:57T%DQB"9<CibG=oT#CM?T%T#D\57=€N'DEOPbG=9"jNMD<=576zCM578:b6HT#?@T#DyR45^OP57;>675}D<CM?@C'9\8A9E=8:57L@576HOP9<=GT#9Q67 9EXaU
›GN'5H9<=GJ?­R"9<6H67?ÛC'9ET#9eä†0=GXa?@T#T%57ZhOP9ER"57?@=T%96H?­OPbG67T%57B"67?@JA57DE=G98:5 B"bGœ;>?@C'?@=T%57CM9bG=
9E679E[d?@T%D\T%?@8A8:D]R45bT%576H57JAJKD]R"9E67679\C'5H8ADEC'8:9<Z^N'_9]=GD<=ƒ;>57?@N'NM57DE=D\OP?@5^57=GbcT%57675HJKJ?T%9\B4CMD<U
B"C'5HDp;>C'?@JK5H9q?6±C'5HUabG8ADoNMD<=GT#5H=bGDo9oOPbG67T%57B"67DqR"9<6H679o8:T#9E8A8:9pB"9<C`B"?CM9<NMNM_G579qNMD<OPbG=G57U
NM?J57DE=G5
57=€T#C'?@=G8A5HT#De±¿9EN'=G57N'_9yR45xOPb6HT#5HB46H?dJK5HD<=G9QNMD<OPbG=G9<OP9E=T%9Q?@R"D<T%T#?@T#9\8ADE=GDy6H?
—‚Â>¡a•˜”ÎÀx¡a£EÍd”ašV¢G–åæåæå

ç R"5h•˜–'—ÀxšVZQ5H=èNMb56HDl8:T#9E8A8:DÜNMD<6H679E;d?@OP9<=GT#DÜglbGT#5H675HJKJK?>T#DÜB49EC€B"57éêN'DEOPb=G57NM?J5}D<=G5
NMD<=GT#9EOPB"DVC'?@=9E9i57=FL@?@8A9?R]bG=FbG=D8:N|_9EOP?\R45?6HT#9EC'=G?@=JA?yT#9EOPB4DEC:?@6794j
ç R"5xËv¤'–MëzÂ>–'¢>Íd£Z57=ìN'bG5679€R45H[d9EC'8:9ƒN'DEOPb=G57NM?J5}D<=G5DEN'N:bGB4?@=cDR45HXaXa9EC'9V=GT#5C'9<;>57DE=G5R45
XYC'9EnbG9E=J?Z@57=Pb=GD8AT#9E8:8ADiN'DE676H9<;>?OP9E=T%DiT#CM? s ?R]9E8A9EOPB45HD<u
R4bG9?=GT#9E=G=9"j
ç R"5"™'šEÈ”Y™'–:Zc5H=SNMb5R45H[d9EC'8:9N'DEOPb=G57NM?@JK57DE=G5"?>[>[d9E=G;dDE=Di8:57OPbG67T#?@=c9E?@OS9E=GT#9=G9<6H67?OP9EU
R"9E8A57OP?QL@?=cR"?QR45"XYC'9EnbG9<=GJ?Zd?@R4DET#T%?@=R"DhbG=G?B4?@C'T%57NMD<6H?CM9hNMD<R"57›GN'?QN|_G9 =G9 B"9<CMOP9<TvU
T%9i67?y8A9EB4?@C'?@JK5HD<=G9R4?@6c6H?T%DhCM57N'9E[>9<=GT#9e
 ",).01E"!#!vê¸57;>b?@C'R"?6H?QNMD<CMC:9<T%T#?\N'DE=G8A9E;d=G?\R49E6OP9E8A8:?@;d;>57D?6R49E8AT%57=G?@T#?@C'57DZ49iN'DE57=G[>D<6HU
;>9FB"C'5H=NM57B"?6HOP9<=GT#9F67?q;>9<8:T#57DE=G9FR"9<;>675
9EC'C'DEC:5+R45
T%C'?@OP578:8A57DE=G9`R45
NMb5
8:5
gFR"578:N'bG8A8:D
?C'5H;dbG?@C'R"DSR"9E6767?N'DER45H›GN'?ƒR45N'?@=G?6}9KZ6H9WB4CMD<L@679EOP?T%57N|_G9WR45C'5H?8:8A9EOPL6H?;V;d5HDPR"9<6H679
 ü)ýtí)ý£ÿ
Ó§ ++ ÿ
{ÿ± Ð@Ð

NMD<OPbG=G57N'?@J57DE=557=GD<6HT#CM?T%9`57=‚XYD<C'OP?pR45
B"?@N'N|_G9<T%T#5
R"578:T#5H=T%57Z9F67?q;>9<8:T#57DE=G9`R49E676H?q8A9EU
;>=G?6H?dJK5HD<=G9SB"9ECyNM57œWN|_G9PCM57;>bG?CMR4?€67 ?>R4?@T#T%?OP9E=GT#DWR49E5B"C'DEN:D<6H675)R"557=G8:T#C'?@R"?OP9E=GT#D
?@676H9hNMD<=GR"57JK5HD<=G5"R"5cNM?CM57N'DiR"9<6H67?yC'9ET#9"e

î
ïð ñSòóIôWõIöA÷`òùøx÷øú@ò ûü÷

ý E9 =G;dDE=DSnbG5
L@C'9E[d5H8A8:57OP?@OP9<=GT#9SC'57?@8A8:bG=cT#9P679SR49E›=G57J57DE=5
CM57NMD<CMC'9V=GT#5
=G9<6)R"9E8ANMC'57[>9<C:9S;d6H5
9<679EU
OP9E=T%5cXaDE=GR4?@OP9<=GT#?@675c=9E5cNMb5T#9EC'OP57=G5c8:D<=GDiR49E8:N'C'5HT#Tv5c58A5H8AT%9<OP5cR"5cT%9<6H9<NMDVOPb=G5}N'?@J57D<=G9e
†v=oT#9EC'OP5H=5z;>9<=G9EC'?@6757ZcbG=S“'”Y“'•˜–A—P£ogIb=p;dCMbB"B"DIR45zDE;d;>9ET#T#5^N|_G957=GT#9EC'?@;>578ANMD<=GDI?@C'OPDE=5HD<8:?@U
OP9E=T%9KZ>9N|_G98:D<=GDN'DEOPL@57=G?T%5>5H=yOPDER"D R"?N'DE=8:9<;>bG57C'9bG=\DELL@579ET#T%57[>DR49E8A5HR49EC:?T%De>¯=]8:578:T#9EOP?
B"bœ`9E8A8:9VC'9SB4?@C'T%9 s 8ADET#T#DV8:578:T#9EOP?uR"5
bG=r8A5H8AT%9<OP?oB"57él;dCM?=GR"9KZ+9`8:5
B"bœSR49E›=G57CM9`bG=?q5H=T%9<CM?
;>9<CM?CMN|_G57?yR458A578:T#9EOP57Z4D<;>=Gb=GDhNMD<=P576B4CMD<B"C'5HDR4DEOP57=G57De
¯=l“'–¥Á¢G£"¡a–SgWb=Ü9<[>9E=T%DoN|_G9PR"9ET#9VC'OP5H=?67 57=c5HJK5HDPR"5n@bG?d67N'_9q?@JK5HD<=G9eW·9<6=GD<8:T#CMDqN'?@8ADKZ
B"D<8:8A5H?OPD57=GT%9<CM9<8:8A?@C'N:5?6H67? ¤'”Y“Àxš<“:•t£\R"5@bG=y8:578:T#9EOP??RbG=\R"?T%D8A9E;d=G?@679e:³¦[dDE67T%9KZ>bG=y8:578:T#9EOP?
giR49E8ANMC'5HT#TvDhbG=G57NM?OP9E=T%9h5H=FT%9<CMOP57=G5cR"9<6H67?y8AbG?QCM578:B4DE8AT%?\?R"9<T%9VC'OP57=G?@T#5"8:9<;>=G?6H5#e

þ
ÿ
zÿ7þ  
  

  


†0R"9E?6H57JKJ57?>OSDFD<CM?pbG=‚8A5H8AT%9<OP?oNMD<OP9Sb=G?qT#CM?@8AXaDEOP?@JK57DE=G9  ! Z
T#?@679FN|_9F?R€DE;>=5
8:9<;>=?@679]R"5
57=G;>C'9E8A8:# D "%$'&)(NMD<CMC'578:B4DV=GR"?obG=?pb8:N'57T%? *+$'&,(v- . "/$'&,(0!213*+$4&)(ve\†v=lL@?8:9F?€T#?@679FXYD<CMOP?6H578:OPDKZ
C'5HB4DEC'T%57?@OPDƒ?6HN'bG=c9ƒN'?@C'?@T#T%9<CM578:T#57N'_9ƒR"9<5 8A578:T#9EOP57Z N'_9ƒ=G9€R"9<8:N'CM57[>D<=GDƒ576NMD<OPB"D<CMTv?OP9E=T%D€5H=
T#9EC'OP5H=5B45HéS;>9E=9EC'?@675%e

5 Ž76)‹ ßGÞ ŽŒ98á¯=q8:578AT%9<OP?]gh¡Y”a¢G–'£"¤'–in@bG?d=GR4DI6H bc8:N'5HT#?]?@8A8:D<NM57?@T#?]?@RFbG=?\N'DEOPL@57=G?dJK5HD<=G9675H=9E?CM9

R"557=G;dCM9<8:8A5HZEg§67?N'DEOPL5H=?@J57DE=96757=9<?@C'9R"9<6H679§bG8ANM57T#9§B"C'9E[d5H8AT%9§B"9EC
DE;>=5>8A5H=;>D<6HD±5H=;>C'9E8A8:D4
.;:<= < " < $'&)(>!?1@:A<B=C " < $'&,(0!Ye<³6cNMD<=GT#CM?CM57DKZcbG=P679E;d?@OP95H=;>CM9<8:8ADEUabG8ANM57T#?“M–'¢>Íd£`—P–'—PE šD
¤M”aG£ FIH\R"9<6+T%57B" D *J$'&,(/1LK2$I"/$'&,()(tZx57=‚NMbGM 5 K+$7N(g`bG=G?q;d9E=G9<CM57N'?qXYb=GJ57D<=G9Q¢Gš<¢­6H57=G9<?@C'O9 FIPWeæeæe
=GDE=Sgi675H=9E?@C'9Q
R ‹ Þ  ß 6
‹S6UT ß ¯=l8:578:T#9EOP?pgiÀ^–M¤'—P£"¢G–'¢G•t– s DP8AT#?@J57D<=G?@C'5HD<u8:9S6H bc8:N'5HT#??8:8ADEN'5H?T%?p?@RbG=l5H=U
;>C'9E8A8:DIT%C'?@8A6H?T%D=9E6GT#9EOSB"DKZg6H?\T#C'?@8:67?@JK57DE=G9T%9<OPB"DEC'?@679IR"9<6H67 bG8ANM57T%?\N|_98:5?[dCM9<L@L@9B49EC
6HDp8:T#9E8A8:D5H=;>C'9E8A8:Dp=GDE=¼T#CM?8:67?@T#DKZhD<[>[d9EC'D"`8:V 9 . "/$4&,(>!W1X*+$'&)(˜Z§?@676HD<CMY ?  "%$4&GZ[(>!W1
*+$4&GZ[(ve·I9E6N'?@8ADiN'DE=GT#C'?@C'5HDKZ"576"8:578:T#9EOP?QgiR"9<T%T0DT#9EOPB"DVUa[d?@CM57?@=cT#9e

Ö ‹ ß]\ Ž7TT ß?^ Ž \ ŽŒ98`_)‰EŽ‘ ßba VR"9<T%Tv?F?@=N'_9I™'£xÂd“M£4¡Y”a•˜Ç<×B"9<CMN|_Gµ]R49ET#9EC'OP57=G?P67 5HOPB4DE8A8:57L@5}675HT#¶FR"5^DE8:U

8:9<CM[d?@CM9bG=G?bG8AN'5HT#?@ZEB"CM57OP? R"5V?[d9EC?@B4B"675HN'?@T#D±b=QnbG?@6}b=Gn@b9±57=G;dCM9<8:8ADe>¯=?hR49E›G=5HJK57DE=G9
?@67T%9<CM=?@T%57[>?P?@8:8A9EC'578:N'9SN|_G9`5[>?@67DEC'5+R45+bG8ANM57T%?A*J$'&,(?@RpbG=ƒ578:T#?@=T%9c&1d&fe0Z=GD<=‚B"D<8:8ADE=GD
R"57B"9E=R"9<CM9R4?y[>?6HD<CM5cR"5c57=G;>C'9E8A8:
D "%$'&)(GB"9<JC &hgi& e e
Œ ß?^ Ž \ ŽŒ98´g§R"9<›G=G57T#?iNMD<OP96H?B"C'DEB"C'579ETv¶hR"5XaDEC'=G57C'9 b8:N'5HT#9§6757OP5HT#?@T#9 s 5H=\?OPB"579EJKJ?du"B49EC)57=G;dCM9<8:U
j

8:5c6H57OP57T%?T%5#e

k
lnm áôۛ×M؛Ù#àvõÄÛ{Ù#Ø£Ô:Ý Ü{ÝßÚ#Ø-o7p9q9r)sAtupvtGwyx0z s{vÌàvá»ÜðÛÛ}|ªáGÝîªàvëãÛ{Ù#Ø8Ü{؛ëßë ~ Ì»Ô:ÚLÝãõÄàôÜ{Ýß×M؛á»ÜðØ8Ü{àÌGá8ÌGáGÝßÚ#Û'îªàvëßۛÙ#Ø8ÜðÝ

ÝßáE|ªÙ#Ø)Ô Ô:ÛMÕ
k;0m áG
à €ãÌGáE‚ðÝßۛáG؄ƒëßÝßáG؛àvÙ#؅{vÌGàvá»ÜðۄƒØ)ԅ×Ù#Ýßê`ÝßâvÝtëßØÝßᆀۛÙLê`àˆ‡
å`‰‹ŠŒfäØ}{vÌàŽ‚ðÝtۛáGØ ÜðÝÌGáàhÙ#؛õÄõ:àréÕ
А @iÒ+

€üýrÓ±Ôx ^KEÕ

þ
ÿ
zÿ’‘  
  

 
“M”•)

’?IbG=`B"b=GT#DhR45c[d578:T#??=G?@675}T#5HN'DKZ4bG=`8A9E;d=G?@679gb=G?XabG=GJK5HD<=G9 R"9<6"T%9<OPB"DKZ4R49E6"T%57B4DR"9<8:N'CM57T#T%Di57=

Ð e –@Z9iB49EC§576"n@b?@679h8A5B4DE8A8:DV=DD<B"9EC'?@C'9679N|6H?8:8A5H›NM?J57DE=5%

j
‹ —?6 ]ß \ #
‹ ˜+ŽŠàGŒS‹ 6UT ß ¯=p8:9<;>=G?6H9?@=?@6}DE;d57NMD\B4bGœQ?[>9<C'9ybG=?F9<8:T#9V=G8A5HD<=G9T%9<OPB"D<C:?@6796H57OP5HU
T#?@T%?ZGD<B"B4bGC'9\8:5
B4bGœy57OPOP?d;>57=G?CM9N|_G9y8A5
9E8AT%9V=R"?`R"?FOP9E=GDQ57=G›G=c57T%DQ?S57=G›G=c57T%De·9<6^8A9EN'DV=GR4D
N'?@8:D5H6"8A9E;>=?@6798A5R45HN'9iR45<À^šE•t–M¢dÍ>£P8A9i=G9h9E8A5H8AT%9 s 9<R`giR"57[d9EC'8:?yR4?yJK9EC'DEuG6H?QOP9ER"57?ynbG?dR"C'?@T#5HN'?
§ ­
™Wši›œ 1 nž Ÿn  $4&,( & š«³
¡„¢¤£¦¥ ¨ &G©«ª¬
® ­V¯ ° ¯ ±]²

¯=P8A9E;d=G?@679hR"5cB"DET#9E=J?Qgi57=GDE67T#CM9iR49ET#T%D ª¬

‹
j —?6 ß]\ ‹\Š+‹ Þ Ž¥à]˜+Ž¥‘dà R45B49EC'5HD<R"D¿>Z@=9E6cNM?8:Dh5H=SNMb58A5[d9EC'5H›N'_5N|_9
$'&,(M1 $'&]´¶µ+(

° °
B"9<C§nbG?@678:5}?8:5c[>?6HD<CM9hR"5]&tZ@OP9E=GT#C'9i8:5cR"57N'9

‹
j —?6 ß]\ ‹·˜+Ž‹6)‹ Þ G— Ž ß bG=P8A9E;d=G?6H9hR"5cR"bGC'?@T#?Q6757OP5HT#?@T#?QD5H676H57O`5HT#?@T#?@Z8:9i9<8:578:T#9i576c[>?@67DEC'9
¥
™WšY¸ œ 1 $'&)( & š³
©
¥
® ¯° ¯ ±²

w
9EC'N|_GµN'57œ?>[>[>9<=G;d?>ZD<NMN'DVCMC'9N|_G9 $'&)(T%9<=GR4?y?IJ9<CMD s B49EC)•xN|_G9hT#9E=GR49?@R ³ uB"57éF[d9E67DEN'9EOP9V=T%9

s DER`57=POPD<R"Dib;>b?>679EuG?@º R » ¹ s 9in@b5H° =R"5 $'&)( T#9E=R"?\?J9<CMDN'DEOP9¼¹¢ uve
¢
†v=SB"?@C'T#5HN'DE67?@C'9KZ"8:9bG=F8:9<;>=G?6H9h_G?iÈ)¯ ° Â>¤'£"•t¯;£]
± ¡a”a—P”Y•t£"•t£Z"D<[>[d9EC'Digi=bG676}DiB"9<C•?@6"R"5cXYbDEC'5R45b=

57=GT#9EC'[>?@6767¼
D  & ¹v½ & ! s [d9ER4u5 ¾x5H;ce?WB"?;>57=c?W8:9<;>bG9<=GT#9EuaZx?@676HD<CM?Pg]?@=GN|_G9yR"5x9E=G9<CM;d5H?ze †0=G›=9KZx[d5H9<=G9
R"9<T%T#D
±

j
‹ —?6 ß]\ ‹WŽ¥‚ŠM¿ \ <‰ ŽÁÀà b=€8A9E;>=?@679QR45
9E=G9<C';>57?@ZzN|_G9yT%9<=GR"9Q?SJK9EC'D\N'DEOP9 s DQB"57é€[d9E67DEN'9EOP9V=T%9
R"57u ¹¢ 
¥
™Wš $'&,( & š«³
©
¥
® ¯° ¯Á²

a -
 576
NM?8:DR"9<6H679yXabG=J57DE=5z8:D<OPOP?@L5}6H57ZGB49ECh679yn@b?>675 $'&)( T#9E=GR49y?FJ9<CMDQNMD<OP9 s y
D B45HépR"57u ¹ ZG9
¢ ­
R"b=Gn@bc9iR459<=G9<CM;d5H?ze ¯° ¯ ±

Ö Ž ß ‰<‰E¿)‚‹6U˜+à

ç ¯=P8A9E;>=?@679”a—ÀÂd¡Y“'”aÌVšQgR459<=G9<CM;d5H?zj

ç ¯=P8A9E;>=?@679?È)Â>¤'£"•t£]¡a”Y—S”Y•t£"•t£Pgi57OPB"b6H8A5}[>DKZ"9hR"5c9E=9EC';>57?
j
ç ¯=P8A9E;>=?@679
À^–M¤'”YšVÈ”Y™'š=DE=FgiR"5c9E=9EC';>57?@Z@OP?QR45B4DET#9V=GJ?zj
 ü)ýtí)ý£ÿ
Ó§ ++ ÿ
{ÿ± Ð –

 ‰E‹4‚Š+Žu˜Žx‰<‹S—]6 ß?\ Žu˜+Ž^‹S6

‹ Þ — Ž ß
1 1
exp(-abs(x/5)) exp(-(x**2/5))
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4 0.3
0.3 0.2
0.2 0.1
0.1 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
à Ä+ÅÆEÇ È4ÉWÊÁÈ)ŐÉ?Ë9Ì]Ë9ÍÏÎ Ð„Ç Ì%ÑÎ Ç ÐÒÓÌ]Ô É Ã Ä-ÅÆBÇ È4ÉJ՝ЄÆ9È'È,ΠЄË9É

 ‰E‹"‚ŠŽG˜+Žx‰E‹—?6 ß]\ ‹ ß ˜M¿ Þ-ß Œ ß`\ Ž‚ŽŒ ß Œ ß

1.5 1.5
impulso rettangolare f(x)*sin(10*x)
1
1
0.5

0.5 0

-0.5
0
-1

-0.5 -1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
à Ä+ÅÆEÇ È4ÉWÔ ÌÒÓÒnЄËÏÖÉ?Ç ÐÔ ÌJÒ0Ô Ð×UÌCØ-٠ڐΠËEÆÏÈ4É?Î ØÌ2Ò0Ô É?Ë9ÛCÐÒÓÐ

« bG?6HD<CM?¼576I8A9E;d=G?6H9l8:57?¼?@8A8:DEN'57?@T#DÜ?¦R"9E67679­;dCM?=GR"9<JJK9l9E679ET#TvCM57N|_G9KZQ?@676HD<CM?¼5NMD<=GN'9VT%T#5R"5

Ü š<•˜–'¢>Íd£P9ERˆÝ¢G–'¤¥Á”a£P_G?@==D5H6"N'DEC:C'9E67?@T#Di›8:57NMDh5H6767b8AT%C'?@T#DR"5c8:9<;>b5HT#De

þ
ÿ
zÿ’Þ ßàá/
  †â C /†
•)•Ž
c“”%
„ãOã?
¼
”%
“ˆ
 C

R àŒ|S‹ 6T ß Ž‰EŒ ß 6)Œ ß 6)‹ ß  
9oN'DE=G8A57R"9EC'57?@OPDobG=?ƒCM9<8:578:T#9V=GJKå ? äZ§9<R­?@B"B46H57N|_G57?@OPDq?5±8AbGDE5§N'?@U

"B 5bG=?T%9<=G8A5HD<=G9çæJ$'&,(YZ57=Û9E8A8:?ƒ8ANMD<C'C:9WbG=?N'DEC'CM9V=T%9çèS$4&,(é1ëêvî ì ¢¤í Z9P6H?]À^šE•t–M¢dÍ>£l™'–MÈ
Â>•t£Ü?@676}?
C'9E8A5H8AT%9<=GJK?\?@R]D<;>=5c578AT%?@=T%9&zghB"?@C'5?

ï $'&,(M1æ2$I&)(ðèS$I&)(

|N _G98A5OP578:bCM?y57=¼ñ£4•˜• s 9<n@bG57[d?@6}9E=T%9?·òdD<bG6799ót8:9<NMD<=GR"D<uaZc9N'_9iC'?@B"B4CM9<89E=T%?\67?yB4DET#9E=J?”a“M•t£"¢]D
•t£"¢G–'£P?@8A8:D<CML5HT#?
e>¸57NMD<CMR4?@=GR4DN|_G9èO$4&)(1 êvî ì ¢¤í Z@8A5cDET#T%579E=9?@=GN|_G9 ï $'&,(u1 ê ­ î ì ¢¤í 1è $4&,(Cäe
±

 6)‹ Þ —Ž ß  
9y57=GT#9E;dCM57?@OPD ï $4&,(8Ab€R45xb=p57=GT#9EC'[>?6H67DT%9<OPB"DECA?@679Wµ±Z8:5
DET#T#5H9V=9¡Iô –M¢–M¤ÁG”a£€N'DEOPU

B"679E8A8:57[d?y?@8A8:D<CML5HT#?yR"?ä=G9<6H67 57=GT#9EC'[>?@6767D¦µi
¢
õvö
$4&,(u1
ï
$4[( [ ÷ø 'D<bG679Eù
© ö
¢
® ²
 Аú @iÒ+

€üýrÓ±Ôx ^KEÕ

·9<6H67Do8:T#9E8A8:D€5H=T%9<CM[d?@676HDçµ±Z6H?‚C'9E8A5H8AT%9V=J?p£4“M“'šV¤'Æ@–PbG=?ƒB"D<T%9V=GJK? ïö $'&,(1 õ9ö $'&,(#1 ö ¹ õ9ö $4&,(

q?@T#)T ùYZN|_G9 NMD<8:Tv57T#bG5H8AN'9 b=G?OP9<R"57?i£yÆ@¤'–MÌ-–±•t–'¤M—P”a¢G–§R"9<6H67 9E=9EC';>57??@8A8:DEC'L@57T#?=9E676H 57=cT%9<C:[>?@676}DFýüe
÷Iû

 
9]bG=8:9<;>=G?6H 9 "%$'&)(gÀ^–M¤'”Yš<ÈG”a™:šFN'DE=‚B49EC'5HD<R"cD µ s D ö þ N'DEå = ÿp57=GT#9EC'DEuaZx5+[>?6HD<CM5^R"5 õ9ö $4&,(+1

$'&,(±N'DE57=GN'57R"DE=DSN'DE=rnbG9E67675+NM?6HN'DE67?@L5H6}5
N'DEi
= µèN'DEOPb=Gn@b9];>C'?@=GR49eQ 
# 9 ä 1 §
ZT%?6H5
[d?@67DEC'5
ïö
N'DE57=GN'5HR4DE=GD5H=DE67T%C'9iN'DE=P679iR49E›=G57J5}D<=G5cR"5cB"DET#9V=GJK?Q9<R`9E=9EC';>57?yR49E6c8:9<;>=G?6H94
=9EC';>57?
    ­ ö
ý DE67T 8:9<N‹ùcš|À"À±Â>¤'–+÷γOPB"9<CM9 8:9<N‹ù
a ¸ 1 " $'&)( &M1 õ9ö  ÷
® ­
w
DET#9E=GJK?
 
› 1
ö
¹  ­
¯ ¯±
"
²
$'&)( &M1
ö
¹ ± ö
õ9 
ö
1 ïö 
ö
÷ ý DE67T ±ùc š À"ÀÂd¤M–2÷ ³iOPB"9<CM9 ù

±

® ­ ¯ ¯± ² ± ±
± ±

R àŒ|S‹ 6T ß ˜+Ž‰E‰<ŽŠ ß Œ ß  
9`67?WC'9E8A5H8AT%9<=GJK?qg]R"57[>9EC'8A?oR4? Ð
Z^679]R"bG9\n@bG?=T#5HT#¶q=GD<=ƒN'DE57=GN'5HR4DE=GD

B"57é)eW·I9E676H9POP5H8AbGC'9W›G8A5HN|_G9P5H=­;>9<=G9EC'9q8:5D<T%Tv579E=9W67?B"D<T%9<=GJK?pÈG”a“M“'”ÎÀx£"•t£Û8:b6H67DS8:T#CMbGOP9<=GT#DqR"5
OP578:bGC'? s D5HC'CM?R"57?@T#?QR"?6H67 ?=GT#9E=G=?@Z>DiR4?@;>6754?@67T%D<B"?CM67?@=T%57u9E8AB"C:9<8:8A?y57`
= ûq?T%TAe@w
9<CC'5H8A?@675HC'9?6H6}?
B"D<T%9<=GJK? ót9E=9EC';>57?pÈG”±“M–ÁG¢£"¡a–FR"9<676H9W;dCM?=GR49EJJK9P9<679ET#TvCM57N|_G9WB4CM9<8:9<=GT#5±?@58:bDE5NM?B"5 s T%9<=G8:57DE=9qD
N'DEC'C:9E=T%9<uD<NMN'DVCMC'9PR45H[d57R"9EC'9 s DWOPD<6HT#57B"675HN'?@C'9Eu67?€B4DET#9V=GJK?p57= ûq?@T#ThB"9Eé C äe³Rƒ9<8:9<OPB"57DKZbG=?
B"D<T%9<=GJK?€?8:8ADEC'L@57T%? › R"5 ÐÑ ûW?@T#T8A b _GO XYD<CM=5H8ANM9SbG=?pB4DET#9E=J?pR"5)8:9<;>=?@679 › ä 1 ™
s ý D<6HT#u Z@DE[d[>9<CMDiR45 î 1 §  s ³iOPB"9EC'9Vu e 
± ±

ß?\ à Þ ‹ƒ‹)_)‘ ß ‘@‹ z  557=GR45HN'?o?@676HD<CM?oN'DEOP9]ÌV£"¡ašE¤'–Q–¥Ë)™'£"™:–\n@b9E6
6757[>9E6767D`R"5)8:9<;>=G?6H9`N'DE=T%57=GbD
N|_G9hB"C'DER"bCMC:9<L@L9h67D8AT%9<8:8ADi9<XYXa9ETvT#D9<=G9<CM;d9ETv57N'D@e·9E676H 9<8:9<OPB"57DB4CM9<NM9VR49E=GT#9KZ4D<T%T#9V=G57?dOPD"  Ê"!#! 1
$  ™ 1C%'& ý DE67T:)j ( *Ê !+! 1 §  §B§ 
³OPB"9<CM9e4†0=GXa?@T#T%5#

› ö $ õ Kyÿ?=-, õ (M1 ö
¹  ­  Ê*!+! &M1 ö
ö
. %'&ð(
$ C 
1 ™ ý DE67T N'_9i8:b/
R"578:8A57B"?0 î ­ 1 §v™ W?@T#T:e
û

°
® ­ ± ² ± ±

k2143 áõÄÝßÚ#Ýß×àváOÜ{ÛÌáGàháGۛõ:Ž
à ‚ðÝãÛ{áGØ<4Ú 5ØîªØ›Ù#*Ù 6̻ԅàvõÄàÊáG؛ëÚ#ۛ٪ԅÛñÜð؛ëõÄØ)Ô:õÄÛMï ÝßëM×Ø)ÜðÝßÚ#Ø ßÝ á»ÜðÝtÚ#àë ~ Ø)Ô:õÄØÔ:ÝßۛáGØYõ:؛ê`×MۛÙ#àvëßØYà
Ú#ÌGÝEƒÙ#Ý €؛Ù#ÝßõÄàñëßà|ªÙ#àváwÜ{Ø}‚,‚ðà
Ú45GØ0×MÙ#Ø)ԅ؛áGõÄàñÝßëj×ØÜ{ÝßÚ#Øï›ê`؛áGõÄÙLØëßà ԅۛ×ÙLàvëßÝãá؛àvõÄÌÙ#à  Ü{jÝ ÌGáàh|ªÙ#à¾á»Ü{Ø}‚,‚ðàñÚ45GØ~Ü{Ýß×M؛á»ÜðØ
Üðàvë)õ:؛ê`×MÛï4Ýßá»Ü{ÝßÚ#ànÌGáGàê`ØÜ{ÝßàõÄ؛ê×ۛÙ4àvëßØñÜð؛ëßëãuà |ªÙ#àvá»Üð}Ø ‚,‚ðà&Ô:õÄØÔ4ԅàrÕ
  
D<=GDWnbG5)5HOSB"DE8AT%?T%9P?@67NMbG=9PC'9E67?@JK5HD<=G5)T#CM57;>D<=GDEOS9ET#C:5HN|_G9SXaDE=GR4?@OP9<=GT%?6H57Z)B49EC]B4DE5R"9<›G=G57C'9W6H?
C'?@B"B4CM9<8:9V=T%?@JK5}D<=G9‚R"58:9<;>=?@675B49EC'5HD<R57NM5OP9ER45H?=GT#9ƒ6HD€8:[d5H67bGB4B"D€5H=ì8:9<CM579‚R"2 5 ¾GDEbCM579ECve‡ 
D<=GD
n@b5H=cR"5z57=GT#C'DER"D<T%T#96H9IB4CMD<B"C'5H9<Tv¶]R"5G8A5HOPOP9<T#CM57?]9IR"5G?@B4B"C'DE8A8:57OP?@JK5HD<=G9KZc9I8:[d576HbB"B"?T%55GNMD<=GN'9VT%T#5
R"5>DEC'T%DV;dDE=?@675}T%¶ze a 57=G›G=c99<=GbG=NM57?@T#D§576T#9ED<CM9VOP?iR45w
?@C'8:9<[>?6>9R49E›=G5HT#D§67D8:B49ET#T%C'DR"5>B"D<T%9V=GJK?
e
†06N'?@B45HT#DE67DiT#9EC'OP5H=?yN'DE=PC'57N'_5H?OP5R45?6H;d9ELCM?[>9<T%T#DEC:57?@679e

7ï'î 8:9)ò;9)ò;<>=W÷ø÷ú@÷`ú?9)÷óA@IôB@IûüòúC9

÷D§÷

ÿ þzÿ7þ
‘ E F2b
 -HGá•Ž
„
¯=ê=bGOP9<CMDlNMD<OPB"679E8A8DY" g­NMD<8:T#57T%bG57T#DÛR"?¦bG=?¼N'DEB4B5H?¼R45I[d?@67DEU
LNMPOHQHRTSL#MVUNMXWSZY[UN\ S]O S^L#_?`C`LNSba+SOHcd_?OHe^fV_Z`_gL#cdS]LNSb_gfhSSi?QHSfhfj_ Im Ix_
MVRTRT_?kMjO _?LNMh_ml n o b KPiano
|x| Jcomplesso
Wqpsr)Y
n
tvu aw`CSba+awe QHcdMhfVSBLNMVU#eL#LNSL#Sx_gy^QHO _zLN_?``CL#SawSO c{_?|'MVebOHSTyM OHSfv`n MV_?O}e ϕ Re
u
UNebRT`fVSawawe~PU\ S€RTSbcdn c{S^MVOfhQ U#Szf Sba+`LNSba+awMVebO S^_?fVc{SL#O _?c{MV‚_ƒ„yM OHSM a
cdSbLNRTMhO M…yCM…RTeyQHfVeT† †#SP‡_?a+S„ˆ‰l
n o n
† †ŠS'‹Œ
Ž QHSawcdSyQ Si?Q _O c{MVc{‘awMgec{cdSOHk-ebO e’y_gfhfVS’`C_?L#cdMgLNSb_gfhSSyXMVRTRT_?kMjO _?LNMh_g~)RTSyMV_?OHcdSfVS’L#Sfh_g|MVebO M
n o”“ o—–˜š™›{–œ
Y
† † W-•‰p]Y• S ˆ
W
RTSbO c{LNSPfVSPLNSbfV_?|'MheOHMMVOH‚SL#a+SPLNMha+QHfVc{_gO…e
o n ™bž o n žšŸ œ
W † † ˆ S Y † † ˆ
n n ¥
¡ SbLekOHMCO QHRTSbLNe¢U#eRT`fVSba+awe ~£¢yS¤HOHMVc{e¢MVfCawQ eqUNebO MhQ k_?cde U#eRTS‘igQHSbfCO QHRTSL#e;UNebRT`fVSawae
UNebOzQ kQ}_?fVSX`_?LNc{S¦L#S_?fVS'~mS¦
n ¥ `o_?LNc{S¦MVRTRTo _?kn MjO _?LNMh_[yM§a+Sbk-OHe„e``Ceba+c{e~me‚‚SL#e¦QHk-QH_-fhS¦RTebyCQHfVe~HS
‡_?a+SPU#_gRT¨?MV_cd_„yCM…a+Sbk-OHeCl WA©xr)Y † †ŠS?ª ‹«Œ¬

­¯®g°¢±*°+²w²'±4³´V³«µ¶h°+·{¸º¹šµb³¸ºµA»’¹'¼š½b¾¿¹v³vÀ¯°-´Á³vÂ4¹«µ´V³šµb¶h³P¼š¸CÂ*°#¾ºÂ4¹«¾º°±*³v¸º¾g²'±*¹'¼š¹«¶h¶V¹¶h±*°;µb½b»’³š±*¸CÂ*¹«»v²'¾¿³´"´V¸Cï³'´‰Ä Å

Æ Ä Æ ³Ç*Èɳ Ê Å Æ Ê Æ ³Ç.ˍ̸¿µv»v¹¼š¹Í´Á³«»’²w¾¿¸ºÂ*³'ÎbÊ ÅÏÄ ÐdÊ Å Æ Ä Æ*Æ Ê Æ ³NÇ{ÑÈNÒË4ÓVÔ

ÕÖ
 Ð× Ò

Ø?Ù£ÿ
Ô±v­ ÛÚhÔ0Ô

ÿ þzÿ’‘
‘ ÜXGF2•Ž
¼u v݄Fˆ•
ÞG
f4 9E8AB"D<=G9E=J57?@6}9S9ß«àPgFbG=lB"?@C'T%57N'DE67?@C'9P=GbOF9<CMDWN'DEOPB46H9<8:8ADPN'DE=­OPDER4bG67DSB4?@C'5?Rƒb=GDwáAZ
9SN|_G9
n@b5H=cR"5c8A58ANMD<OPB"DV=957=SB4?@CMT#9C'9E?@679h9ER`57OPOP?@;d5H=c?@C'57?QN'DEOP9
9-â ß à 1äãåbæ}çÏèséÛæ,Ÿ ê’ç
’?n@b9E8AT%?¼C'9E67?@JK5HD<=G9r8:D<=GDrR"9<CM57[>?L@576H5h6H9FË%šE¤'—‚Â>¡a–pÈG”ÝFÂd¡Y–'¤'šdZIN|_G9l9E8AB"C'5HOPD<=GDl679lXabG=J5}D<=G5
T#CM57;>D<=GDEOP9<T%CA5HN|_G9h5H=ST%9<CMOP57=G5cR"5c9<8:B"D<=G9<=GJK5H?@675"N'DEOPB"679E8A8:5NMD<OP9
9 ߍà-´ƒ9 ® ß«à 9 ߍà/Zo9 ® ߍà
ãåbæ…ç¼1 9 æfŸ ê’çA1
 Né
9 'N _9B4DE8A8:DE=DT#DEC:=?@C'9hbT%57675@=G9<6c8A9EOPB46H57›GN'?@C'9 5cN'?@67NMD<675HZ>T#CM?8:XaDEC'OP?@=GR4D54B4CMD<RDET#T%5"T#CM?QXYb=GJ5ÏDE=G5
T#CM57;>D<=GDEOP9<T%CA5HN|_G9h5H=S8:D<OPOP9iR"5c?@=;>D<6H5ÓH>e

ÿ þzÿ’Þ
‘ ܦMgG
¯=W8A9E;d=G?@679R49E6GT#57B"D%"/$'&,(1ëxãåbæ$.ìHíeÏ&]´:çG(^gN'DEOPB4679ET#?@OP9E=T%9C'?@B4B"C'9E8:9-=GT%?T%DR"?@6=GbGOP9<C'D
N'DEOPB"679<8:8:V D " 1îë±'9 ß«à€R49ET#TvDyË0£"“'šE¤'–<Z67?rNMb5§NMD<=GD<8:N:9<=GJK?lB49EC'OP9ET#Tv9pR"5§C'5HD<T%T#9V=G9<CM9p576§8:9<;>=G?6H9
9 "/$'&,(U1ðï^ñð" '9 ß !*ó ¢«ô ZcN'_9bG=?\[>D<6HT#?\8:[d5H67bGB4B"?T%? P C'5H8AbG67T%?
DEC'57;>57=G?@C'57DiOP9ER45H?=GT#96H?\C'9E67?@JK57DE=G%
57=GXa?@T#T%5cB"?@C'5c?  ±"ò
Im ωõ 0 rad/sec
! ó j¢ ù à í ô
x_
"/$'&,(º1 ïøñ-ë 9ß ì 1 ä ë ï ú+ãåbæ$.ìHíeÏ&]´:çG(?´zé‰æ,Ÿjê-$ìHíe}&?´:çG(«û
A
1 ë ãåbæ„$ ìHí ±"e ò &?´:çG( 
ϕ Re
8A8:9<CM[d5H?OPDN'_9h576@C'5H8AbG67T%?T%DD<T%T#9V=GbT%DB"bœ5H=T%9<CMB4CM9<Tv?@C'8:5@;dCM?›GN'?@OP9E=T%9N'DEU
x(t)
OP9W67 ?[-9<C]5HOPB4CM9<8:8ADW?@6)Xa?@8ADEC'9qbG=?pC'DET0?@J57DE=9SR45[d9E67DEN'57T%¶ƒ?=G;>D<67?>C'9 ü e 1
Im ωõ 0 ìHíeCM?R"57?@=cT%5’ót8:9<N:DE=R"Dq57=Û8:9<=G8ADp?=GT#5HD<CM?CM57DKZ9<Rl?[d9EC]B4CMD<5H9<TvT#?@T#Dq5H6CM578:b6HU
öA ÷j ϕ T#?@T#DW8:b6H67 ?d8:8A9WCM9<?@679eW†v=l?@67T%9<CM=?@T#5H[d?@Z)B4DE8A8:57?@OPDW9<8:B4CM57OP9EC'9q5768A9E;d=G?6H9SR"5
B4?@CMT#9<=GJ?Q?@=GN|_9N'DEOP9
e

!ó !ó¢ô
ñð" 9 ß ý09
Re §
"/$4&,(u1 ¢ ´ " ® ß
x(t) 
"ò
± "ò
±
−jϕ
¿G?6H9ID<B"9<C:?@JK5HD<=G9INMD<57=G[>D<6H;d9I?@=GN|_G9679Ëv¤'–MëzÂ>–'¢>Íd–h¢–¥Á£"•t”YÌ-–KZG9QN'DEC'CM578AB"DV=GR49I?
Ae
T#9E=9ECQNMD<=GT#DP?@=N'_9`R"5)bG=‚8A9EN'DV=GR"D`[d9ET#T%DVC'9FCMD<T%?@=T%9KZN|_G9F8A5
OPbGDE[d9SD<C'?€57=
õω0 8A9E=G8AD`DEC'?@C'5HDKZ+N'_9`_G?qbG=?WB"?CMT#9`5HOPOP?;>57=?CM57?qR"5+8A9E;d=GD`8A9EOPB"C'9FDEB"B4DE8ATvD
?6^B4CM57OPDKZ
9N|_G9\gQOPDE67T%57B"6757NM?@T#DB"9<Ci576zNMD<=G57bG;>?T%DR"9<6xXa?@8ADEC'9e ý 9ER4CM9<OPD\T#CM?
L@C'9E[d9\N|_G9\67 bG6}T#5HOP?S9E8AB"C'9E8A8:57DV=G9QXYD<CM=5HT#?Pg\9<8:?T%T#?@OP9<=GT#9\n@bG9<676H?FR"9<6H67?]“'–'¤M”˜–hÈG}” þ)š4Â>¤'”Y–'¤QB"9<Ci576
N'?@8:D5H=Fn@b9E8:T#57DE=G9e
ÿ
~ Ø)Ô:×MÙ#Ø)Ô Ô:ÝßۛáGØ×Ý %|ªØ›á؛Ù#àvëßØ`Ø
Ú#ۛá£å %Œ
ƒ~àváGÚ#Û{Ù#àzÈá6áGÈê`؛Ù#Û~ÚLۛê`×MëãØÔ4ԅÛïwÜ{ÝwêÛ)Ü{ÈëãÛØGÕ2áE€àvõÄõÄÝ
Øñå6Ø`å6تØåØ Œ!
"$#&%')(2Õ
à €Ó€؛Ù#êŽà ‚ðÝãÛ{áGØáGàrԇÚ#ØÜ{à¾ëãë[àÙ#؛ëßàŽ‚ðÝßۛáGØØ*HØ+
å•Ø*+MÕ 3 ÜYØ)ԅ؛ê`×MÝãÛ{vÈÝãáwÜ{Ý:ï4Ýßë×Ù#ÛÜ{ۛõÄõÄÛ,-/.0$#&%21ÎÜðÝßî¾Ýß؛áØ
l ~ Ž
å 5 3 76 Ø 8UŒÎ:Ø 9;
 < 6 Ø 8+>=~:Ø 9 
+<Hå?5 3 /@ Ø
HØ 
+=&Ø
ªØ*9;8+MŒÎØ*9;8Ø 8+>=~Ø:9 
Ø:9;
+;A
4
å 5 3  @ Ø 0B&*+C =&Ø 9;0BD + C =~Ø 0BDE9E+C ŒzØ 9;0BDE9E+C A{å 5 3 GF ç
"$#&%H2ŒI1J()=6ç
"$#&%H/=K1J(ML
å ­3 F $#&%HJŒN1J()=K$#&%OP=P1)(ML
>m á!ê`Û)ÜðÛàvëßõÄ؛Ù#áGàvõ:ÝtîªÛ!Ü{Ý<Û{õÄõÄ؛áG؛ÙLØëßÛûÔ:õÄØÔ4ԅÛÎÙ#Ý2ԅÈGëßõÄàªõĦ Û ƒ¦{vÈG؛ëßëßÛÜ{Ý<Ø)ԅ×ÙLÝãê؛Ù#Ø |ªëßÝ<Ø)ԅ×ۛáGØ{Eá ‚ðÝßàvëtÝYÚ#ۛê`×MëßØ)0Ô Q
Ô:Ý_ÝßáõÄ؛Ù#êÝãáÝSõÄÙ#Ý |ªÛ›áGۛê؛õÄÙ#ÝßÚ#Ý2ïfۛõÄõÄ؛á؛á»Üð Û ŠOSR8(zUå TWVX Š)XS*ŒK
Y$#Z%[)( F \@^ç ]J_ ó RðŒ`)(ðŒ!
Y$#&%H@aç ]\_ ó RðŒb)(MLc›ï
Ø'ԅîªÝãëßÈG×M×àÙ#Ø~ÝßëwÚLàvëãÚLۛëß Û €àvÚ#Ø{á»Ü{Û È»Ô…Û'Ü{Ø{ëãëßØÙ#؛ëßŽà ‚ðÝãÛ{áGdÝ ,-O,1 å ­d3 F ,-JˆŒe1J(yŒb,-\P=P1)(fLG! Ø $#&%gO$#Z%g1 å
3 ,-J/=K1J(J=N,-JS2Œe1J(MLßï4ê`àà¾îªÙL؛ê`ê&Û Ô:îªÛ›ëßõÄÛ×MSÝ ñ×à™Ô4ԅŽ à |v|¾Ý…Õ
­ F
Ø?Ù¯Ø?Ù£ÿ
Ô±vÜ hÛÚhÔvÔ ÐEh

7ï*7 ñSò;9)÷òjiS÷lkÏ@ =B9

÷ò¢9

º DEOS9\?@=GT#57NM57B"?T%D\?SB"?@;ce Џ ZGbG=8A9E;d=G?@679À^–M¤'”Yš<ÈG”a™:š"/$'&,(

g

bG=S8:9<;>=G?6H9hR"5B"DET#9<=GJ?Z4N|_G9?@8:8AbGOP9CM57B"9<T%bGT#?@OP9<=GT#9i;>675c8:T#9E8A8:5 T

[>?6HD<CM5?\R"578:T#?@=J?\OPb6HT#5HB46H?QR"5Gb=W57=GT%9<CM[d?@6767DT%9<OPB"DEC'?@67% 9 µR49EU m
t
=GD<OP5H=?@T#DÀx–'¤M”ašVÈGšVZD<[>[d9EC'DyT#?@679QN|_· 9 "/$'&,(†1 "%$'&]´ µJ(onO&vexf@ 57=GU
[>9<CM8ADƒR4+ 5 µ g€R"9ET#TvDyËv¤'–MëzÂ>–'¢>Íd£Ë%šE¢ÈG£"—P–'¢G•t£"¡aq – p 1 ö ¹ D\À^¤MI” D
—P£F£"¤'—PšE¢”Y™'£qR"„ 5 "/$4&,(YZc9<8:B4CM9<8:8A?F57s= ry9<CMT#JZR45HOP9<=G8A5HD<=G?@6}OP9<=GT#9IB"?@C'5G?@6767 57=G[>9<CM8ADIR"5Gb=WT%9<OPB"D
÷a8:9<N ® ¹ ù0e

w
9EC58:9<;>=G?6H5cB"9<CM57DVR"57N'59<8:578:T#9IbG=G?QXYD<CMOP?]R45GCM?B"B4CM9<8:9<=GT%?J57DE=9L@?8:?@T#?y8AbG676H?QNMD<=GD<8:N:9<=GJK?
R"5b=G?r8:9<CM57957=G›=57T#?­R"5N'DE9VXa›GN'579E=GT#5NMD<OPB"679E8A8:X 5 ú;t þ ûFR49E=GD<OP5H=?@T#5±™Mš<–¥Ë )™'”Y–A¢G•t”hÈÛ ” þ)š"Âd¤M”a–M¤:Z
N'?@67NMD<6H?L@576}5?QB"?@C'T%57C'9iR"?QbG=PB49EC'5HD<R"DR49E6c8:9<;>=G?6H9hNMD<OP9
þu
t
þ
1
§ ­ "/$I&)(+9 ® ß ¢ & s eÐ u
µ ©
® ­ "ò
± ²

9qN|_G9qB49EC'OP9ET#TvDE=DW67?p¤M”a™Mš<“M•t¤>ÂAÍ>”ašE¢–FR"5†"%$4&)(YZ±8ADEþuT#T%DoXaDEC'OP?‚R"5bG=G?pN'DEOPL@57=G?J57DE=9P675H=9E?CM9WR45
57=G›G=c57T%9XabG=GJK5HD<=G5G9<8:B4DE=9E=GJK57?@675zNMD<OPB"679E8A8:9Qb9 ß ¢ ZOP9ER45H?=GT#9Q67 9E8AB"C'9E8:8A57DE=G9=GD<T%?FN'DEOP9i“M–'¤M”t–

ÈG-” þ)š4Â>¤'”Y–'¤ ±"ò

¥ þEu
"%$4&,(u1
þEw
v t
þ
9 ß ¢ s  e u
®
¥ "ò
±

8A8:9<CM[d5H?OPDN|_G94
ç f+?oNMD<=GDE8ANM9-=GJ?qR45;ú;t û–MëzÂ>”aÌV£"¡a–]?pnbG9<6H67?qR"5
–Ì-”Y™'–MÌ>–'¤|“M£Z)9E8A578:T#9E=GR4DP576
OPDER4DSR45
þ
"/$4&,(

B"?@8A8:?CM9iR4?@676H bG=G??@676H ?d67T%C'?yC'?@B"B4CM9<89E=T%?J57DE=9"j

þEu

ç f+9iXabG=GJK57DE=G5"R49E676H?yL@?@8A9R45C'?@B"B4CM9<8:9<=GT#?@J57DE=9i9bß ¢ 8ADE=GDXYb=GJK5HD<=G5cT%C'5H;dDE=DEOP9<T%C'5HN|_G9i?

XYC'9EnbG9E=J?QOPbG67T%57B"67? s ÿDa–M“'”a—P£uzR49E6767?yXaDE=GR4?@OP9<=GT%±"ò?6H9KZ@R"9<T%T#9?@=GN|_9?@C'OPDE=5HN|_9ÿDa–M“'”Y—P–9ü

þEu

ç †iT#9EOP57=G5>t 9'ß 8:D<=GDSN|_G5H?OP?dT%5™'šE—Àxš<¢G–'¢G•t”£4¤M—Pš<¢G”a™xG–]R"5h"/$'&,(±?oXaCM9<n@bG9<=GJK?^í1

þ ¢

ÿgpyj
"ò
±

ç v† 6 NMD<9VXY›NM579E=T%9yt e 1
ö
¹ Í ­ "%$4&,( C'?@B"B4CM9<8:9V=T%?Û67?ÜN'DEOSB"DE=9E=GT#9rNMD<=GT#5H=bG? s DÌV£4¡Yš<¤
&

—P–MÈ”YšVuzR45?"/$4&,(vj ® ­ ²

ç f+?y8A9EC'5H9R"5O¾GDEbCM579ECR"¶y[d?@67DEC'59<8:?T%T#557=PT#bGT#T%5c5cB"bG=T%5c5H=SNMb5?"/$'&,(zghNMD<=GT#5H=bGDKZ4OP9<=GT#CM957=
NMD<CMC:578:B4DE=R"9E=J?]R45GR"578:N'DE=T%57=Gb5HT#¶\R"5B"C'5HOP?]8AB"9<NM579QXaD<CM=G578ANM9IbG=q[d?@67DEC'9B"?@C'5z?@676}?]OP9ER457?
R"9E5[>?6HD<CM5c?@;d6H549<8:T#C:9EOS5HZNMD<8:57N'N'_µ5H6c[>?6HD<CM9hR"9<6H67 9E=G9<C';>57?yR"5cbG=FB"9<CM57DER4DgiB"C'9E8A9ECA[>?@T#D"j

ç †±NMD<9EXa›GN'5H9<=GT#5^R45?¾GD<bGC'5H9<C/t B4DE8A8:DV=D9E8A8:9<C:9INM?@67N'DE67?@T#5G?@=N'_9IB"9ECb=q8:9<;>=G?6H9R45z9E8AT%9<=GU

þ

8:57DE=9i›G=G5ÏT%
? µieK³i=GT#5HT#CM?8:XaDEC'OP?@=R"DKZ4576c8:9<;>=G?6H9 R"57[>9<=GT#?yB"9<C'5HD<R"57NMDQ

ç  
9§B4DE=G57?@OPDÿgp 1í s N'DV=[íi[d?@C'5H?L>57679N'DE=T%57=GbG?uYZEB"D<8:8A5H?OPD§57=GT#9EC'B"C'9ET#?@CM9679±NMD<OPB"DE=9E=T%5

?@C'OPDE=G57N|_G9]N'DEOP9F5[d?@67DEC'5+NM?OPB"57DE=?@T#5R"5bG=G?SXYb=GJK5HD<=G9 s NMD<OPB"679E8A8:?uR"9E67679]XYC'9EnbG9<=GJ?z
$'ÿgp(veP³R td$í?(8:5§R4¶‚5H6=DEOP9oR"5”Y¢ÌV”a¡vÂAÀ"ÀxšpÈG–'¡a¡Yšo“Àx–'•˜•t¤Mš€ÈG”£4—Àx”a–¥ÍAÍ>£¼R"5
þ
t 1 t
"%$4&,(YZN|_9W8:5DET#Tv579E=9P9E8AT#9V=GR"9<=GR4DP67?R"9<›G=G57JK5HD<=G9SR"9E5N'DE9VXa›GN'5H9<=GT#5R4h
5 ¾DEbGC'579EC- td$í?(·1
¹ Í ­ "%$4&)(+9 ® ß
! ¢ &j
ö
® ­ "ò
± ²
 Ð Ò

Ø?Ù£ÿ
Ô±v­ ÛÚhÔ0Ô

ç †
N'DE9<XY›NM579E=T%5)t 8:D<=GD±[>?@67DEC'5VNMD<OPB"679E8A8:5#eK³i6-6HD<CMDB"DE8AT%D8:5VB"D<8:8ADE=D§bG8A?@C'9KZ-57=Q?6HT#9EC'=G?@T#57[>?

þ

z|{
þ
1 t
þ
 
B"9<T%T#C:D+R45OPD<R"b6HD
ç þ 1 }E
¯ š
~ ã
 ^
 ¯ 
} ê

…
"
€ 
 '
‚ E
ƒ „  
B"9<T%T#C:D+R45Xa?@8A9
‚ ƒ „
9E8A8:9E=R"D
t
þ
1 t
þ
9 ßà ƒ —ïú;t
1
þ
ûh´sé\†xút þ
û
¯ ¯

ÿ;‘ÿ7þ
‘ ‡
“M”•) †
…]•)

ˆŠ‰ ˆŠ‰‹"‰‹ Ž‚‚‹"Œ Þ Ž ߍŒ à?6)Ž7¿U— ß Œ ß

j

†±N'DE9EXa›GN'579E=GT#5
R"9<6H67?]8:9<CM579R"5?¾DEbGC'579EC B"D<8:8ADE=GD9<8:8A9EC'9yN'?@67NMD<6H?T%5G?=GN|_G9IB"9<C8:9<;>=?@6H5NMD<OPB"679E8A8:5#j

=G9<6™M£4“MšÀ^£"¤'•˜”a™MšV¡a£"¤'–§È” "%$4&,(c¤'–'£"¡a– 5cNMD<9EXa›GN'5H9<=GT#5R"5S¾DEbGC'579EC§C'578:bG67T#?@=cDi;>D<R"9<CM9iR49E6767?QB4CMD<BCM579ET#¶
R"5@“'”Y—P—P–'•˜¤'”a£F™Mš<¢G”0Â:ÁG£4•˜£Z49<8:B4CM9<8:8A?\NMD<OP9
t
þ
1 t
þ
ý
®
9 'N _99<8:B4CM57OP967?INM57CMN'DE8T#?@=J?N|_G9h5"NMD<9EXa›GN'5H9<=GT#5N'DE=F5H=R"57NM9-ÿ\=9E;d?@T#5H[dDhB4DE8A8:579ER4DE=GDhbG=?B4?@C'T%9
C'9E?@679`bG;dbG?d6H9`?qn@b9E6767?WR"9<5
NMD<9EXa›GN'5H9<=GT#5
NMD<= s bG;dbG?6H9<u)57=GR"57NM9\B"DE8A57T%57[>DKZ
9`B4?@C'T%9`57OPOP?@;>5}=?@C'5H?
N'?@OPL@57?dT%?QR"5"8:9<;>=GD Žeº±5Hœ NMD<OPB"DVC'T%?bG=?QB4CMD<B"C'5H9<Tv¶Q?=G?d6HD<;>?B"9<C§576cOSDER"b6HD 967?XY?8:9hR"É 5 ú;t þ û'Z
9iR4bG=Gnb9B"D<8:8:57?@OPDh8:N'C'5H[d9EC'9
z ï ú;t þ
ûJ1—ï ú;t þ û z t
þ
t
þ
"/$4&,(¸9<?@679 †x;
ú t ® þ
ûJ1 Z‘† ú;t þ “
û ’ ®
1

¯ ~^”’út ¯ û vút û
þ þ
}E ¯ 21 ¯ Z•}E~^”
® ®

¿G?6H5"C'9E67?@JK5HD<=G5"9E[d5HR49E=J57?@=GD N|_G9
+–
– "/$4&,(— \¤'–M£4¡Y–a×”™Mš<–¥Ë)™'”˜–'¢G•t”Pt þ ¤M”a“VÂd¡Y•t£"¢šq£"Ì-–M¤'–]—PšEÈ
Â>¡ašQÀx£4¤M”§–hË0£"“'–]ÈG”a“¥À^£"¤'” ×
šEÌVÌ-–M¤Aš±Àx£4¤M•t–§¤'–M£4¡Y–+À^£"¤'”z–xÀx£"¤'•t–§”a—P—P£EÁG”a¢G£4¤M”a£`È”Y“Àx£4¤M”|e
¯=PN'DEC'DV676H?dC'5HDR"5cn@bG9<8:T#DiC'5H8AbG67T%?T%DhgiN|_G9˜
+–
– ·"/$I&)(H— I¤'–M£4¡a–§Àx£"¤'”Î×”™'šE–Ë)™M”t–M¢•˜”™t þ “'šE¢Gš`¤'–M£4¡Y”šÎÀx£4¤M”›a×—P–'¢G•t¤M–I“'–"%$'&)(O—¤'–'£"¡a–
ÈG”a“¥À^£"¤'” ×"Á¡a”Ht þ “Mš<¢Gši”a—P—P£<ÁG”a¢G£"¤'”dšaÈG”a“Àx£"¤'”œ›0å
1 ÈØ)Ô:õÄàzõÄ؛Ù#êÝãáۛëãfÛ |¾ÝßàzÙ#Ýß4Ú 5GÝßàvê`àzàvëßëtàÎê`Ø{áGõÄØ~áG}Û ‚ðÝßۛáGÝÊÜðÝ»õÄ؛ۛÙLÝãàzê`ȻԅÝãÚLàvëtØïGÝßá6Ú#ÈS Ý |¾ëßÝ»àvÙLê`ۛáGÝßÚ#ÝÜðÝ»ÈGáGà+áGۛõÄà
:Ô Û{áGÛ<àv×M×ÈáGõÄÛuáGۛõÄØñÜðݎ€Ù#Ø}{¾ÈG؛áE‚ðàhêÈGëßõÄÝß×ëtà`Ü{؛ëßëßàn×MÙ#Ýßê`àrÕ2á ×MàvÙ#õÄÝßÚ#ۛëßàvÙ#Øuëßà~ԅ؛Ú#ۛá»Üðànà¾Ù#ê`ۛáGÝßÚ#ànÚ#ۛÙ#Ù#Ý2ԅ×ۛáwÜ{ØSàrÜSÈá
ÝßáGõÄ؛Ù#îªàvëßëßÛ`Ü{ݙۛõÄõÄàªîªàrïØ0ëßàŸž) Sà Ü{ÈGØ0Û{õÄõÄà¾îªØÕ>Óëãà õÄ؛Ù7‚ðàà¾Ù#ê`ۛáGÝßÚ#à¡/¢OÙL؛á»Üð؛á»Ü{ÛhàrÜnØ)Ô:Ø{ê`×ÝßÛ0Èᑣs+àP¤-¤¥'¦‚ïëßà
õÄ؛Ù7‚ðà
àvÙ#êۛáGÝßÚ#àzÔ:Ý)õÄÙ#ۛîªà
ào¤¤¥'§_ù
婨4ùHç-¥g¦U‚MÕ)ªªàv×؛áwÜ{ÛÊÚ45ØhÛ}|ªáGÝwÔ:؛êÝãõ:ۛáGÛÜ{؛ëßëßà+Ô:ÚLàvëãàhõÄ؛ê`×M؛Ù4àvõÄà0Ú#ۛÙ#ÙLÝÁԅ×Û{á»Ü{Ø
àrÜYÈá`Ù#àv×M×ۛÙ#õ:Û`ÜðBÝ €ãÙ#}Ø {vÈG؛Bá ‚ðà0×àvÙ#Ý)à+‘ ç «­« ¬ ÙLÝÁԅ×Ø{õÄõÄÛÊàvë>ԅ؛ê`ÝßõÄۛáÛn×MÙ#؛Ú#ØÜ{ØáGõÄØMï4×Ù#ۛîªÝßàvê`ÛÊà+Üð؛õÄ؛Ù#ó ê&ÝßáGàÙ#ØnÝãëáGÈGê؛Ù#Û
ÜðÝYÔ:Ø{ê`ÝßõÄۛáG[Ý ®O¯<õ:Ù#àzëßà&õÄ؛7Ù ‚ðà+àvê`ۛáGÝßÚ#à&Ø)Ü Ýß\ë £s'Óä €ãۛá»Üðàvê`؛áGõÄà¾ëtØ)éOÕ °_Ý2Ô:ÈGëtõ:àzàvëßëßۛÙ#àgç ± «œ¬ ² ³ å 3­´ ­ ó å ¶ ù µ ·² å
¸ ¹ 7 ù­ º»¨¼ -ó ½a¤¾¿µ ® ¯ » å ¨0¾0Ô:؛êÝãõÄÛ{áGÝ2ïHۛîªîªØ›Ù#Û0ÈGá~ÝßáGõÄØ{Ù#îªàvëãëßÛ`Ü{yÝ {¾ÈGÝtáGõÄàñÙ#Ý2Ô:×M؛õÄõÄÛhàvëßëtà ԅ؛Ú#ۛá»5$5 ÜðàñàvÙ#ê`ۛáÝãÚ#àñäÝß3 ë ­ à
Üð؛ëãë ~ ۛõÄõÄàªîªà&Ô:ÈGÚLÚ#Ø)Ô4ԅÝßîªàrï#4Ú 5Ø`ԅÝõÄÙ#ۛîªà0àr>Ü À;ÀÁ¦U‚MéÕ
à à Ü{Ýßê`Û)ԅõÄÙ#Ž à ‚ðÝßۛáGØ~Ü{ðÝ {vÈØ)Ô:õÄà ×ÙLۛ×Ù#Ýß؛hõ 6 Ô:ݙâvà™Ô:àÎÔ:ÈGyë €ãàvõÄõÄÛ0ŠÚ 5GØïGԅÚ#ۛê`×MۛáG؛áwÜ{Û0ë ~ Ø)Ô:×MۛáGØ{Eá ‚ðÝãàvëßØnÚ#ۛê`×MëßØ)Ô4ԅÛ04Ú 5Ø
Ú#ۛê×àvÙLØ~áG؛ëßëßJ à €Û{Ù#ê`ÈGëßàÎ×M؛ÙÝãëwÚLàvëßÚ#ۛëßÛ'Üð}Ø |ªëãdÝ Ä ƒ Ú#ۛê`K Ø Å 9;0­ÇÆ ƒÈ å ^ç ]ÊÉ:Ë'Rg=I
"$#&%^ç ]ÊÉ:Ë'R2ï)Ø)Ü`ØÔ4ԅ؛á»Ü{+ Û ŠOR8(
Ù#؛à¾ëãØMïCë ~ ÝßáGõÄ}Ø |ªÙ#àvëßØhÔ:õÄØÔ4Ô:ÛnԅݙԅȻÜMÜ{ÝtîªÝ2Ü{Ø_Ýßá+Ü{ÈGØMïCfÛ |ªáGÈGáGÛ_Ù#؛ëßàvõÄÝßîªÛ_àv몬ÚLàvëãÚLۛëßÛuÝßá»ÜðÝt×M؛á»Ü{Ø{áGõÄØÜ{؛ëßëßàY×àvÙLõÄØuÙL؛àvëßØu]Ø {vÈGØ{ëãë[à
Ýßê`ê`Žà |ªÝßáGàvÙLÝtàrEÖ Ä ƒ å 3 ŸÌ ¬ ŠOR8(;,)aç ]:É:Ë'RÇÍR*=Î 7Ì ¬ ŠSR$(;$#&%Yaç ]:É:Ë'RÇÍR2ÕHÓhÔ Ô:؛á»ÜðÛ<ÝßëMÚ#Û)ԅ؛áGÛ<ÈGáGuà €ãÈGEá ‚ðÝßۛáGØ<×MàvÙ#Ý2ï
ÝßëO×MÙ#Ýßê`ÛñÝßáGõÄ}Ø |ªÙ#àvëßØ €ۛÙL áGÝÁԅ9 Ú#Ø Ì ¬ |ªëßÝ<ԅõÄØ)Ô Ô:ÝfÙ#Ý2Ô:ÈGëtõ:àvõÄÝO×M ؛Ÿ Ù 9 É&Ì ¬ Ú#àvêâvÝßàªõÄÛ Ü{ÝSÔ:fØ |¾áEÛ ÏÝßë<ԅ؛Ú#ۛáwÜ{ÛñÝßáGõÄ}Ø |ªÙ#àvëßØ
ÝßáGîªØ›Ú#ØñÚ#àvêâvÝßà
Ô:fØ |ªáGÛÚ#ۛ! á əï4Ø)Ô4ԅ؛á»ÜðÛYÝßë>ԅ؛áGÛÈáGMà €ÈGBá ‚ðÝãۛáØñÜ{Ý2ԅ×àvÙ#݅Õ
Ð
Ñ Û{á&ÙLÝ €ã؛Ù#Ýßê`؛áGõÄÛà¾ëãëßà&ԅÚ#ۛê`×MÛ)Ô…Ý ‚ðÝßۛáGØ Üð؛ë)Ú#àvëßÚ#ۛëßÛ Ü{\ Ý Ä ƒ àvëßëtà0áGÛ{õÄà0×Ù#Ø{Ú#Ø)Ü{Ø{áGõÄØïðáGۛõÄÝßàvêÛ4Ú 5G…Ø o7pUŠHSR8(ƒäÙ#؛à¾ëãØé
sx7z…ï)à¾ëãëßۛÙ#e
à o
Ó a
V Ä 
c å H
¥ G
ï ß
Ý á  {vÈGà¾áGõÄ-
Û ŠHSR$(;$#&%Ya ç :
] :
É '
Ë Ç
R 
Í Rƒ'ÜðÝ2Ô:×MàªÙ#Ý2ï)Ø)Ü ÝßëÔ:ÈÛÝßáGõÄ} Ø |ªÙ#à¾ëãØ Ø)ԅõÄØ)Ô:Û àrÜñÈGá'ÝßáGõÄ؛Ù#îªàvëßëßÛ
Ò
Ô:Ýßêê`؛õÄÙ#ÝßÚ#ÛnÙ#Ý2Ô:×M؛õă õÄÛnàvëßë ~ ۛÙ#Ý |ªÝßá)MØ ƒháÈGëtëßÛYÕ ª¾ØhÝßáGîªØ›Ú#h Ø ŠSR$(EƒnäÙ#؛à¾ëãØé ÔSz o Ò sx7z…ïMÔ:ÝۛõÄõÄÝß؛áGŸ Ø T/VaÄ ƒ cÕ å ¥ï›×؛ÙSëßÛ`ԅõÄØ)Ô Ô:Û
ê`ۛõ:ÝãîªÛÊàv×M×ëtÝßÚ#àvõ:Ûàvë)õ:؛Ù#ê`ÝßáGØ ŠHSR8(;,)aç ]:É:Ë'RÇÍRÁÕ
Ø?Ù¯Ø?Ù£ÿ
Ô±vÜ hÛÚhÔvÔ Ð

Segnale Segnale
Pari Dispari

ˆŠ‰ ˆŠ‰‹"‰ ˆ Ö 6 )Œ‹ Þ Š Þ ‹"Œ ß dT Ž¥à]6)‹é˜+‹— \ >

Ž t þ
‘@àG‚‹  ß ‰Eà Þ Ž
ºD<=GXaCMD<=GT#?@=GR4Di67?QXaDEC'OPbG67?yR45C'5HN'DE8AT%CAbGJK5HD<=G9
¥ þEu
"%$4&,(u1
þEw
v t
þ
9ß ¢

®
¥ "ò
±

N'DE=WnbG9E676}?
!ó !ó¢ô
ñ " 9 ß ý9
§
"%$4&,(u1 ¢ ´ " ® ß

C'5HN'?[d?@T#?\?@6Â×  e Ð e –\B"9<C5H6NM?8:DR45GbG=PN'DE8A9V=GDK±"Z"ò 9IT#9E=9E=GR4DNM±"D<ò =GT#DIR"9<6H67?\B"C'DEBC'579ET#¶]R"58A5HOPOP9<T#CM57?
N'DE=G57bG;d?@T#Ø? t þ 1Ùt þ ý Z8A5=GDET#?pNMD<OP9WbG=l8:9<;>=G?6H9SCM9<?@679PB4DE8A8:?9<8:8A9ECA9PB"9<=G8A?@T#DPN'DEOPB"DV8AT#DP?
B"?CMT#5HC'9FR"?obG=r
®
57=G8:579EOS9F57=G›c=G57T#DSR45
XY?8:D<CM5t þ s B4?@C'5?6+R"D<B"B45HDSR"9<5
NMD<9VXY›NM579E=T%5>t þ uYZ+C'DET#?@=GT#9
DE;d=Gb=GDN'DE=SbG=G?[>9<6HD<NM57T#¶\?@=;>DE67?dCMA
9 ü þ 1—ìÿgp¦OPbG67T%57B"6}?QR"9<6H67?yXaCM9<n@b9E=GJK?yXaDE=R"?@OP9<=GT#?@679e

ˆŠ‰ ˆŠ‰‹"‰ Ú ‹ Þ Ž‹ ÝÞ Ž7—Gà?6

àG‚‹"Œ Þ Žt‘ ß
j

·9<6 N'?@8AD57=ìN'bG5;>675Wt þ
?@L@Ld57?@=GDp8A5HOPOP9<T%C'5H?lN'DE=G57bG;d?@T#?@Z67?lXaD<C:OPbG67?lR45CM57NMD<8:T#C:bGJK57DE=G9pB"bœ
8:N'C'5H[d9EC'8:5
¥ þEu þEu ¥
"/$4&,(u1 t e ´ v
þ w
ñ\t þ
9ß ¢ ´»t þ
9 ® ß ¢ ô 1 { e ´ v
þ w
E
{
þ
Éãåbæ$.ìÿgp+&?´:ç þ
(
®
¹ "ò
± "ò
± ¹

DE[d[>9<CMD]57=XaDEC'OP?PR458A9EC'5H9yR"5N'DE8A9E=5%j48A5=DET#5xN|_G9t e g\=G9<NM9<8:8A?@C'5H?OP9E=GT#9\C'9E?6H9KZ^57=€nbG?@=T%DQ6H?
Xa?@8A9iR"9<[>9iC'5H8AbG67T#?@CM9hbG=?QXabG=GJK57DE=G9 R"578AB"?@C'5cR"9E6767?yXaCM9<n@bG9<=GJK?
e
†v=OPDER"D]8A57OP5H679KZ^6H9yB"C'DEB"CA5H9<T%¶WC'9E67?@T#57[>9]?@676}9]B4?@CMT#5+C'9E?6H9y9ERp57OPOP?@;>57=c?@C'5H?SB"9<CMOP9VT#T%D<=GD]R45
8:N'C'5H[d9EC'9
¥ þEu þu
"/$I&)( 1 tWe´ v
þ w
E
ñ$4ä þ
éb( þ (
9 ß
´ ¢ ´ $4ä
þ
Bé)( þ (+9
Z ® ß ¢ ô
¹ "ò
± "ò
±
¥
1 ä e ´ v
þ w
ú'ä þ
ãåbæ$.ìÿgp+&,(Zø( þ
æ,Ÿ ê+$.ìÿgp+&,(šû
¹

57=SN'bG5
ä
þ
1 ¹  ­ "/$'&,( ãåbæ„$.ìÿgp-&)( &
ä e 1 { e 1
§ ­ "%$4&)( & 9 Ý ÛÜ ö
® ­ ²
µ ©
® ­ ²
( þ
1
ö
¹  ­ "/$'&,( æ,Ÿ ê-$.ìÿgp-&)( &
ÜÞ ® ­ ²
w
9EC'T%?=GT#DKZ+=9E6+N'?@8AD]5H=ƒN'bG5"%$4&,()8A5H?Wb=‚8:9<;>=G?6H9yCM9<?@679Z67?W8:9<CM579FR"5M¾GD<bGC'5H9<C8A5+CM57R"bNM9`?RobG=GD
8:[d576HbB"B"DP5H=­T%9<CMOP57=G5R"5±XabG=J5}D<=G5T%C'5H;dDE=DEOP9ET#C:57N|_G9KZ9<Rr57=ÛB"?CMT#5HN'DE67?@C'9q?@RƒbG=G?€8:9<CM579qR"58:D<6H5
N'DE8A9E=G5=G9<6§N'?@8:Dp57=NMb25 "%$'&)(h8:57?‚B"?CM57ZDEB4B"bCM9€bG=G?‚8A9EC'5H9pR"5§8ADE675§8A9E=G57Z=9E6§N'?@8ADp57=¼NMb5§8:57?
R"578AB"?@C'5%e
 @Ñ
 Ò

Ø?Ù£ÿ
Ô±v­ ÛÚhÔ0Ô

 ‰<‹"‚Š+Žà߄jc‹ Þ Ž‹˜ŽGà+à]¿ Þ Ž‹ Þ +

˜ ŽG¿6áãà?6U˜ ßPÞ ‹4Œ|Œ ß 6U—à \tßGÞ ‹

·9<6H67?›G;dbGCM?? 6H?T%D±g±OPD<8:T#CM?T%?hbG=G D<=GR"?n@b?dU

yCL#_>UNebO QHOlãäJåælçæ"ç èé êqySfgëìë)í„~UNebOxSaw`LNSba'awMVe*î
T
â
t O SP_?O _fVMVc{MVU#_¦U\HSP`Cg
A Q ï‘Sawa+SbLwSqawUNL#MVcdc«_¦UNebRTS
−2T −T τ T 2T n ðfñ0ò‰o
I ó ñü7ðfñ ò
ô
rect τ(t) © ýÂþ
©
â õEö ª óø÷Î ñü7ù*ðÇú;ñ0û ò
t
u
MVOXU#QHMf Sba+`LNSba+awMVebOHS L#_g``LNSba+SOHcd_;QHOXMh• R î
rect τ(t−2T)
â C
` H
Q V
f w
a ¦
e #
L 
S {
c d
c ?
_ O 
k b
e V
f ?
_ N
L „
S C
y
ù* ú;M§û ¨?_?a+ S „
ÿ b
S B
y ?
_ h
f d
c 
S 
| '
| Ï
_ Q H
O V
M {
c _ î
)
ðfñ ò
t u
LNMV_?~gU#SOHcdLw_?cde‘OHSfVf ebLNMVkMVO…S‘ySbM…c{SRT`M ¬
Cu _?L#k-ebRTSOHcde 2T
©©ýÂþ MhO yMVU#_QHO _Õå
 è 
2éeBaw`Ceba+c{_gRTSbO c{e ;ySbfVfVeBawcdSba+aw e
2å

eba+awMV_B‚SL#a+e>kfVM§Mha+c{_gOHcdM 
8å

 yMÉQHOH_Ïi?Q _O c{MVc{T`_?LNMÉs _ ýÂþÍ~§U#eawMVUNUN \ >fh_/aweRTRT_?cdebLNMh_BLN_?Y ` î
`LNSba+SOHcd_ _?`C`QHO c{e fV_ LNSb`fVMVU#_[ySfhfVe awcdSba+aweXMVRT`QHf awe L#Sc{cš_?OHk-ebfV_-L#SXMhO ¤…O MhcdS ‚efhcdS MhOT_g‚-_?OHcdM Sy
_?fVf u MhO yMVSbcdL#e ¬! f…U#_?fVUNebfVeAySMHU#eS‡¤HU#MVSOHc{M…y# M "HebQ L#MVSbL;`CSbLMVf a+Sbk-OH_gfhSPMVOBigQHSba+c{MVebO SAOHeOB`LNSba+SOHcd_
`_gL#cdMhUNefh_?LNM§yMV‡¤HU#efVc{?~ SyxMVfmL#MVawQ fhcd_?cde¦a+M§`LNSba+c{_/_?y/_?fVU#Q OHSXQHcdMhfVMHUNebOHa+MVySbLN_?|'MheOHM  ¬ $ `C`fVMhUN_?O}ye
fVS‘‡ebLNRTQHfVSPOHec{S‘awM}ebcdc{MVSOHS
o &
')( *
&
')C * +5H698I:=<#>
C*
% +57698;:=<#>1? +57698;:;<#>1?
õ B BD 4
þ JEKL=M#N!OP
+ ( *-,/.1032 4 0A@ + C *EDF4 0G@ @
P + C*
P
57698;:=< C* +57698;:;< C* P
J M#N!O P
D B 4 4 B T3VXW .
U 2 B YI[]\!^
Z N!O
@ M#N!O LK @QDSR M#N!O R @QDSR . 2
_ R
Y ^b\!c [ \ih [ YIlnm [Ac[p[]\!l m h=[]b \ Y R b \!brYIl
q ln[sm[]YIlnm l3lH[ [u\!l mv b
4`1`]a 4 aedfgd!afg` a ajkf` 4 4o 4 f a 4 a 4 a`1`]t 4 aw`]`
c[ l lH[]v
n Yq[]YIl \!h c Y \ \!lnm l3[ be{ YqY []b|YI[ [ YIln[1}i^ m[1^b mc \!cb
4x x4 ay4 4 a 4` 4 f aw`]4;jEoz4 4e`1t d` o a awff f d a a `14
b m c[i~ mb
x ozd!`]4 d`14 8I:=<#ˆ‰
v bm[E€ : YI[sb lnl \ b\!b‚ []\#c[G^ ^b \cb Yq{m YIYq[]b \ 8;:;<#ˆ { m N []\!l mbŠ!\
a` 4 f d a` `]a `]t 4 4 4)ƒ]„†…q‡ 4 4 4 `]`1a
} m []\z‹ YIYqb YI[]\![]YIlnm m } m l { mŽ^b bc[]l3 \h=[ub\
fd a a a aŒ awx fd a a 4 o `]axd 4
M
q‘ N!’
T3VXW . ,2
.],#2E@ M
, _
^”“ { YqY c h mbŽ{ m []\!l mb ^”“ m[1^b mm m•Yq{ YIYqb–\ l YIlnb & } m ^ \!l3mb–Yqb \!b
4 a a a 4 4 , 4 jˆ 4 4 4 4 4` 4 4`1`]a fg˜ d ›œ a—aw` 4
b Yqlnm ln[w[wv b m[c [w€ : ˜ Yq[]\!^ N!O []\™^ [Yq[ {b YqlHb ^bmIm[]Yq{b \c \!l
o a aw` 4 f` @QD . 2 j d Œ Dš@ 4 @ 4 4
c lnžU^žg^ c  [u\!c[Ž[–l m R []\![¢€ : YIb\!b£\ [-[]\¤^bmmI[]R YI{b \c \h c [–v bm[
aw` d `]4 4 `–ŸwŸ ¡ jŽ4 d 4 o d`1` 4 a 4 aw`
c[ N ­¬ } m c Yql3m [1\}!\ bYIlnm \!^b m [-^b }!^[ \!ln[–€ : \ b
@¦¥§7¨§7©§ª«ª«ª a fgd a­a 4 a 4;jŽo aUa : a 4 x 4 jFoza­`]d f
\ YI^ [1\¯® ml3h bl3l \ l ^b \YI[]c m \!c˜ bZ !
N O ˜
d a aw`]a 4 j 4 d a 4 a › ^”“ 4 @
m {{m Y \l
a 4 4 a› :`]a|x 4
m 
d!4
\h
a
c
4 `]`1t
\!°
Yq[ m b\![]^ ^”“ {bYI[]h=[]b \ cb lnl l bmI\![]Yq^ N!O
ˆ /±²YIY mvg[ b|b m
4 oza¯a o ajG4 4|`]a 4 @ a a ayx 4 @ 4 awo a
^”“ \l3m Yq{ h=[ l m lnm m R b \[1^”“ { m[ c O ˜ c[]{ \!c YI^ Yq[1v \!l
4;js soz µ¶4 ·¸¹!¸ 4|`1a a a d a a³`]4‚a o 4‚Œ a a q‘ N! @ ´ 4 4 4‚4 `]d awoz4 4
c c b m c b\!c [ph mc \!h;[1b\ ’ N!O b^^Ibmmb \b m  \!h
a` 4 `]`]aex oza t aj!f` 4 4 `]`1axd 4 . 2 azx 4 d4 4
ln[1{ c[ ˆ eº m [1be^b {m \!c m [ { [1^ h;[ub \[»c[»l [¼ R b YqY mv h=[]b\![ v l3[ b
ozd!` `14 ´ 4 oz4fg` o 4 4 4³`]4 o ` Ba aw` 4 a j aw`]d awo
^b Yq[ bc[]}!^ \b•[iv b m[€ : v m[ m c[ c[ 
oz4 o a aw` aw` a a 4 4
R

sinc(x) Xn n = __
n
nF= __ X(f)
T 3τ
Á
F
x n f
Â Ã Ä Å ½ ¾ ¿ À ½ Æ
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −18−15−12 −9 −6 −3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 0 1_ 2_ 3_
Ç
τ τ τ
È ÉÊwËwÌwÍ7ÎZÏÎÏÐ=Ñ¢Ò]Ó;Ô1ÕÖ×3Ø ÙÚÙÛH܎ÚÞÝß«Ýà ásâß=ß«ãiägåæç”áè3Ú=×péF×3ÚHê ë ÓìÔ1ÛÙÛHÜ-ÚAÓìÊ;ÕÖqíIí;Û7ÕÔ1Ûsí;ÚHÕÙÚHë Ô1Ø ÖÊîÚíIÚHÕ#ÓìÊ;ïqØ ÖqÊìÚ
ÓìÊÒ]ÚHðë ÖqÊìÚpéF×3ÓìñÚ7ÕÒ]ÛF×3ÖEò3ÚHÕÛIè3Û;ÒnÒóÓîÖpâô õ†öFÝXö=Ýà å»÷ùø
úüûpýnþHþGÿ

 



 

T costante tau costante

D.C.=66% D.C.=66%

f f

D.C.=33% D.C.=33%

f f

D.C.=16.5% D.C.=16.5%

f f

 "!$#%!$"'&()+*,$.-0/21%&345768&("'9#0'*:,"'&(<;375.;(;39)8*="*4>@?(A8B0B%CED8DGFHAIJ",6+&39K
<B0FHLMON"N2APIH57'7KQR$*S&(:,#%!$;ET0*U:9#0'*7#0/V,#0UW5*,"5X56+YZ!V'1%&3\]_[ ^ :W` !#0ab!$1%686+
c"dJe0fhge0i >+jk5!ml3C7n0op?3A+Mq*,)=M(rsD_A8n%B0Mt&(!568*7'u!$aV:*7#0'*9vwuhx)+*,"'&(y)+*,-0/V10&(:,"'&(z!#0{
a2*7;3*|!_&3!51%$x,*}#0!~2!*xa29&3!#%)8|€;37#S>-0"5 ^ *x";3*7/2!$*7#0)8|!_a29$7&3!_)8!h‚!#R:7)8|)8
,*}#0*,&(*ƒt5*,"5q)810„y;(„2;E*U… )8*7Gt5!#0!5&3+QG†10*75yaV,@&(!$:9#0*t;375#0*ƒa2*7$7;3!{
‡=;37#<;31%!_/V$!hˆƒ‰ƒaV#%#0ƒ@YZ*7&3] ^ :*,#%'&(*x*x&(:,#%!$;ET0*ƒ5!0B0FH?3A+B0A+n0CyIH5768&(K
*7)FHn2Š
opopFJr(l3C7n0C
IH57'7K‹9$` V10:*,#%'9&3*q*,)Œ9G)+!:!$#10!&3*q)8!_Ž&3!56+*,'!a29:*,#%'*9v u#0-%#0* ^ #%,!$9:ƒ;(,:*ƒ )8!{
:!#010!&(*)8*7%)+10„q;3„V;E$*"!‘95"!$"'ƒ!$#*7#0&39:~!!‘;("!%9)|10#%ƒ&(!$)+10YZ!7#0*’)+*,$` 9:68!*,Y“YZt)8*,/V!
ˆq‰ ^ *,/V'tq&(!$)+10Y“!$7#0*)8!68,*,#%YZx)+*,5*7/2#%*’IHa2*7)8!%"*,Y“!,#0*  v ”Kuv
•—–˜•–™• šw›œ+“›Ržh Ÿ¡ ‘¢£œ+Z›9œ<¤Œ¥’¤‘¦qžw¤=§'u¨€u©2¤‘©2¤
ª 7#0"!$)+*,&(!$9:’10#%` 7#0)+q†910V)8&(x;37#)81%'„V{J;(„2;E*)8*7‘«9¬­
¥

®¡g$¯ jh° ± f·¯“¸ ¹ºg¯_»<¼ ½j

²(³ ´ ¥Œµ,¶
&(686+&3*75*}#%'x:*7)8!#0*¡10#0ƒ5*7&3!*¡'&(}#0;(x)8!m¾0710&(!$*7&£!$#;31%!0‰Z5!Î %;37#05!)8*7&39#0¡57q!0;(,*7¿H-0{
;(!$*7#0!mˆq‰;37#=!$#%)8!;3* »wÀÂÁÃeRÁÃÀ v9Ä 6+68!:’;ET%*¡ˆq‰ƒ°Å]º … ÆÈÇÊÉ5Ë͉“Ì Î …3Ï * ^ 6+*,&½>|° ] Ð ^ "!%7'!$*7#0*
‘
‰ Ò …
ˆq‰ƒ°ÑÐ[ ÆÈÇÊÉ ‰ g Ò ¹ ¹ j °ÓÐ[ "!#0;£Ô ‰ Ð9Õ ^ ;ET0*º&(!$"10'q)8!a2*7&3"º)8qYZ*7&3’5,º;(Ì ,#nB0FHrODGA8?(F ^ *º)+10#0†91‘*+Q
¹
ˆƒÖw°Ø× ˆq‰t°ÜÝ ÞÛ Ë ´ [ßÏu‰ à3áVâ ;37# #=ã dßcäå d
ÙhÚ Ìæ ;37# # ä8å d µ
µ
ç"5*7#0)8’!$#%,'&(* ®¡g$¯ j0&(*,*º6+&(! ^ 59686+!$9:’;ET0*º6+10èº*75"*,&(**,"68&(*,"5;(,:*"*,&(!$*’)8!;375*7#0!Q
¥

®¡g¯ ‹
j W
° ƒ
ˆ k
Ö é ± Ù ˆq‰—êEë,ì g ÙZí e0i¯ j
‰³ [
 î9ïðhZñkkòS 
ó’

u—

ô *7$<-%/210&(R.-0#%;3&3!687&3!$9:=! &(!${
t
n_max = 1
õ5ö0÷øùøúú7ø'øû7ü0ö%ø'ú½ùý(ý3û7õ5øùü0þ+úº÷úõ"ÿ
÷ö+úü
õ5û7ý û¡ù÷÷  ü0 þ 
(
û ú,õ"øý3ùø ú 8û7ýú Vü 
(ö0ý(ÿ2ù 8û
2û,ü%û,ý(ùü%þ8 ú 9ö ü0 þ ÷õ5û Vü0ù9÷$û
n_max = 3

n_max = 5

   "!$#&%(- '*),+ 

  
n_max = 9 /.102 %43657 298:;
< úû¡ú7õ5õ"û,ý5ÿVù>=?$÷û@‘÷$ù|ýAB
3ú7õ5øý3öC@ú,ü0û D¡õ"ûFE
n_max = 13
8ý(ûG HRù>

(ö0ý(ùøù>Gøý3ù9ü0ü0ûI
6J%ûI8û,ý¡÷û|ú7õK
A$÷BE
n_max = 19 ÷$ùC9ú,üL/üM8 ý(ú,õ5õ@FøO4 N þ8û7÷$÷ùRþ $õP3
ú7ü0øQ$ü%öøON

A% J ûR+  ý3û7ü0þ8ú7ü0úS÷bü0ú(  ûþ UT$VWLXYFVAWX4Z[
\][_^^`a
n_max = 25
b ÷c3
ù9õ5úd  ú,õ"ø'ý(ùøúe.D ûF9 = ÷$û(
 ùøQ
(ú.þ+û,÷÷ù
$ü%ù>
(
ö0ý(ùøûC@ZC ùf
60J û õKg
(úF  û7ø'øû43
ú7ü0õP$þ+û,ý5ù9üE
n_max = 31 þ8úh3
ú7ü0øýB=ö%øO*iHý3û( ö%û,üC@ù÷jkýA$þ+ú,øøOkýA$õP8 û7ø'øú
ùk ö%û,÷÷B 8ý(ú8 ýAþ8û,÷÷ùkHi ú,ýA ùqþ  ú,ü0þ+ù>lK9  ù 3
ù9öE
õ5ùnJm ù9þxû7õ5û(Fú%o þ8ö0üfp*qsrutv(w
wL[s X þ8û7÷8õ5ûV ü0ùE
÷$ûa

xfy{z |I}~€$}fƒ‚…„G†G‡d‚€$ˆ}f‰ ‚Š

‹ øù>=$÷B$õP
3ûx÷ û9öÿVù÷û,üC“ù=þhþ8ö0û|ý(ù> 8ý(û,õ"û}ü0øù>C9ú,üLhþ+û,÷‹õ"ûVü0ù÷û|þ8ù9÷Œ8ö%ü0øú|þ‹ÿ?$õ"ø'ùzû7ü0û7ýVûE
øQ
(úafhùF8ú7ø'û7üC“ù>1üiHùøøQ1D"
3ù9÷
(ú,÷ù>=$÷û"$üŽú,þ8ú|õPBF$÷û"üRû7ü0øý3ùF=>1hþ+úFüGþ8û,÷_ø'û(F8ú|û
þ8û7÷$÷ù"Hi ý(û ö%û,üLZC ù ýA$õ"ö0÷ø'ù9üþ8ú
™
/  ¢ -
‘j’”“ nBO $ 
•1–˜—]™ › š œž £ Ÿ
¡ . £ ™ ¤ % ¤¦
¢¥¤ ¤ ¦˜§
Ÿ
¡
‹ ?ÿ $÷ö ù
ú]
(ù÷B
3ú7÷B
6J0û’þ8ùü%ü0ú½÷$ö%ú2 ú’ù÷8ýõ"ö0÷ø'ù9ø'úú,õ5øý(% ùøú¨

/ ¢ ¢ ¢
 ‘”’j“  Ÿ
¡ nO Œ  ¡  B $ œ ª¡ n  O«¬BO $
•1–˜—]™ › šœ  
£ ¢ ¤
œš ©
£ ¢ ¤ ³ ¤ ¦§ š £ ¢
¤ ¦L§ § ³ ¶
4
Ÿ
¡ ³ ¡ ¡ ³
¢ - -”³ ¢
 œž  û9®  ¬ û £ ® $ - -”³   ¬ û@® £ *
š ª£ ¡ 9
% 
° j
± ² 
° ´
± ² œž
š ª£ ¡ % ° ±§

¢d­ % ™ ¦,¯ ­ ¦,¯ § % ¢ ¦,¯«µ
™ ¡ % ™ ™ % ¡
 -  ·¬  -   -  - #¾½
. £ ™ % % . £ ™ ¤ % ¤ ¦ . £ ™Ž¸ % ¦ . £ ™º¹¼» %¦ %?¦ ¿
% % % %

ÀÂÁŒÃÅÄ{Æ_Ç´ÈÉËÊÌPÊÍfÊÎͼÄ{ÆÐÏ{Í@ÑgÏÓÒÎfÔPÈƘÏ{ÆÐÊÆÐÌPÕSÍ ÇBͼÉÐÌPÕSÎÃÊÎ@Ñ«ÕSÍ9Ç´ÊÄ{ÌÏÓÒ(ÎfÉ×Ö Î¼Ä{ÄÓͼÄ{ÎÔPÈÌ?ØOÄ{ÌPÊÆËÏÓÍÅØOƘÄ{ÆÐÏ{Í9ÇBÊBÄ{ÈÙOÆÐͼÃÎÚ"Û

Ü  ¢æ ÏÓÒΌçŒèKÄ{Î9ǴμÃÊÎ*È(ÊÆ×ÉÐÆËÙOÙOÌPà ØÍSÇBͼÉÐÍ4é êëì{íÂîê4ï&ÌÄ{ÕSͼÃÆÐÏuÒΌçðíÂé?îRíÂñíÂîóò/Ä{Æ_Ç´è@μÊÊÍÌ4ÔPÈμÉÐÉÐÍ
à
ͼÊÊÎÃÆÐôPÆ×ÉÐÎ1È(ÊÆ×ÉÐÆËÙOÙOÌPÃØOÍ1ÈÃðÔPÈÌPÉÐÈ@ÃÔPÈÎ1ÌPÉÐÊÄ{ÍöõAÄ{È(è@èKÍðØÆ
ïdÌPÄ{ÕRͼÃÆÐÏÓÒÎöÏuÒÎóÃͼÃÇ´ÆÐÌPÃ9ÍöÉÐÎöèKÄ{Æ×ÕRÎ@÷
¡cÝSÞ ß
Þ ßSáÂâŒá×ã_äå âŒá×ãsää ã
Âø ñ‘—
4ùyï‚’
ðVï
 ú,ïò  ”

û"ü«ý6þÿLþ
,ý 
 ÿŒþþ ôt*,!68&(*,;(*})8*7#0!‘;(;37!"! º¿J9'º1%5’)+*,
&(!$"10'9'
¸¹ Ð
× ! #* " }Ì Ë ‰ ´%$ Ï Î ¢ ã ¯ °'& æ ;3;377## e)°+ ( *
´ ¸¹ × e °+*
;ET0*.)8*,&(!a2S)8S;(!&3;(,"'#%YZS;ET0*RU¿H10#0Y“!$7#0*4!$#%'*7/2&(#%)8UIJ6+*,& e,°- ( *K.R6+*,&(!$7)8!;(;37#
68*7&3!,)+º10/V10V*’½57'7{H:10'!68)+! ^ *†10!#)8!8ta2,&—:*7)8!’#01% 68*,& e °/* !#0a2*7;3**,"5
a29$* Ö ° × ^ *|)810#%†10*ƒ!$_&3!"10$9v10’1%*,"'68&(*,#%)8*!h#07:*|)8!2w?3C·Ú D_?(FJM"o34B0F4’?3opC65%C,n%A7HFJo3
)8*7/2!¶ *75687#0*7#0Y“!$9$!2;37:68*,"5! ^ !$#|~95*9!96+&3!#09; 8$6+!)8!+9$/V*,~9&3ºaV*,'7&5!*£¿J7&3#%!$!+!#x6+68*,#%)8!;3*
 v : v  v
;
  ý6ýUügþ)
=<4þý >?ü@ÿ.üA{þ
B> u#S686+*,#%)8!;3*@IJ6+/v  «9K5!
:,"'&(R;(,:*
` !#'*7/2&(* C C
Ð ¸¹
j ° × ! ®¡g$¯ j jBD‘ã
 ´ ¸ ¹ ®tg¯ ®tg¯ ¯
,&3*q:!51%&39&3*£t6+,*}#0Y“)8*7"*,/V#0*½68*7&3!,)+!$;( ®¡g$¯ j ^ #0*½:!510&(!+t#%,&(:q†910V)8&(!$;(q)+
10#y681%#0º)8!a2!5ƒ9$/V*,~&(!;39v Ð
E0,&(#09#0)8q)=*,"*,:!#0Ð &(*x!_&(!51%$G  FIH@K
° J ‰¥ ³ ´ ¥ML ˆq‰ L *756+&3*75Zq)89_*,7&5*,:@)8O! NG9&{
5*7a29 ^ #07'!:;ET0* L ˆq‰ L ’ƒ687'*7#0Y“ƒ)8!10#%q"!$#%/27$t;37:68}#%*,#%'*&3:7#0!;3q)8! ®tg¯ j·Q
¸¹ Ð ¸¹ Ð
! Ð ‰“Î Ð ‰“Î q
ˆ ‰
F
‰ƒ° × ˆq‰k* " Ì ¢RQ ˆ ‰ D * ´ " Ì ¢RQ ã ¯ ° L L ! ã ¯ ° L ˆq‰ L
 ´ ¸ ¹ P P  ´ ¸¹
*º†910!#0)+!‘75"*,&5aV!$9:yº;ET%*
SARDGC,opM3nVN2A opC,opA7HMTFH@B%FGUVnWr3M50n0A7JMtD_M(?3FHC}B0FHl(C Ð ¡ ® Î g¯ j=V¡D_A8?(FºA7W7JAWr(C,LLAÃB0M97X7HM
D_C,opM(n2N2MwB0M97X7HMwrYU2M l3C7LtD_C7n0M3n%oßF0A8?(LC,n%FJl Z%Mºˆ ‰ M " Z
‰ ¢\[
Ì
Ä !V68&(*,"!}'*7#0Y“!$7#0*w;ET0*!$}&(!$"10'9']w10#%)+!$&(*,'’;37#05*7/21%*,#0Y“’)+*,$` 7&3,/V,#09$!‡’)8*7$½~"*
)8!%&396868&(*,"*,#%'9YZ!,#0*9vmu#=/V*,#0*7&39$* ^ x687'*b#0YZƒ)8!%1%#0x",::Ayn%C,@ n V689&3!%|57::)+*,*
687'*7#0Y“*^X_ ` 1‘/V109/2!#0Y“qT%q107/2º",ºÐ #%*,8;395º)+Ð !!$#;(10!/2Ð !8)+)8*,#%)8!5!#%7&3u,/27#09$!v
Ú
`‹z51%;3;(*,"5!,#%*abF
‰%c=°ed
fgfgfgh L ˆ ´+² L hifgfgfgh L ˆƒÖ L hfgfgfgh L ˆ ² L hfgfgfkj@&(6+68&(*,"*}#0Œ;(7:*yz687{
*,#0Y“x,*5!&3!689&3!$";(*'&(|$*’)8!a2*,&(5*º&3:7#0!;ET0*ºx¿H&(*,†1%*,#%YZm  l=° e0i ^ *º6+&3*7#0)8*!%#%,:*
)8!%n‘DGM3opoß?(CºB%F2
C7opM3n2NVA)8*7%"*,/V#0* ®tg$¯ jv Ð
! F ‰ ° L ˆ Ð ‰ L &3!51%$#%&(*,9$!*’6+,"!$!a2!v9u#07${
o 5"*,&(a2!:;ET0*’#%*,;(*,"59&3!:*7Ð #0'*’!8'*7&3:!Ð #0
&3* ^ 5* ®tg$¯ j1.&3*7* ^ &3!51%$ L ˆ‰ L ° pp ˆ ´ D ‰ pp ° L ˆ ´ ‰ L ^ *.†10!#)8!£5!,!$*7#0q * F‰ - ° F ´ ‰
68*7&3#%'1%#@"*,/V#0*£?(M3A 7J.
M ’;(&('*7&5!$Y“YZVº)8q10#056+*,&3’)8!687'*7#0YZD_A+?3FEv Ú

<ü«þrs Äm!‘)+*,*}&3:!#0!8’"68*,&(º)8!687'*7#0Y“ƒ)+!‘10#%` ,#0)+q†910)+&3mv

Ð Ð
;þt>{þ
 ç 5"*,#0)+¡ˆƒ‰t° Ð[ 5!#0; Ô ‰ Ð Õ ^ 5!,!$*7#0G * auFk%‰ c£° d L ˆq‰ L j °Ñv [ d "!#0; Ô ‰ Ð Õ j v

kw xzyW{}|9~{~€u‚ƒ~„€…W†R‡‚‰ˆR>Š‹Œ{}‚\1{ŒˆŽu…ƒŒ{~’‘…“#€Œ#‘ŒˆŽˆRŒ”†R‹u‚•u€~ Ô –— ˜ Õ Rˆ €š™9~ˆŽˆŽŒ€…W›g†k~|9{u‚\… – ~ ˜ …ƒ{ˆŽ€Œœ‘ŒˆŽˆŽ1b‚

ž>Ÿ  >Ÿ•¡6¢¤£ ¥¦ § — ¥¦ §u¨©ª£ ¥ — ¥¨Y¦£ § — §«¨A¦¬£ ¥ — §«¨¦£ § — ¥¨WŸ
 : î9ïðhZñkkòS 
ó’

u—

­=®¯ °²±¬±¬³=´¶µ¬·œ¸„·

•—–•¹–Rº »ƒ§½¼›¥—œG¤¶¾q›©5©2 ‘œ+“¤‘§"›
;
 uþ@$þLüAsLý¼þ ¿ #!#05!*7:*º)8!‘*,*,:*7#0!%a2!*7#0*º)+*,'’rsD_A,NVFJCš7JFHn0M(A8?(M’IJ£rODGA,N2FHC’À}M(oßopC7?3FßAÁ
7HM“K ^ †910#%)8t57#0t)8*7-0#0!'*q*q768*7&5Y“!$7#0!m)8! ",::y'&(@*7*,:*,#%'!G*ƒ)+! :,'!68!;39YZ!,#%*t)+*,/V$!
5*755!068*,&½)+*,!m;(,*,¿H-0;"!$*7#0! ^ *¡†910*,"'*¡768*7&5Y“!$7#0!%)+#%#0;(,:*t&3!51%$#%;37&310#z*7$*7:*,#%'
)8*7$` !$#%5!*7:*9v
C C `‹£rsD_A7N2FHC DG?3C7B0C,opopCºFHn0opM3?(n0C¡IHrODGA,N2FHCºn%C,?(LA8opCVK’†1%*,$½"68Y“!!$#%*,9&3* !$#y;31%!’)8*7-0#%!$
!"D_?(C,B%C,opoßCr3l(A 7HA8?(M g ® h Âj‘'&(t/V*,#%*,&(!$;(!+a2*7',&"! ® *,)  ^^ vV#;(" ^ "!681%è£)8^ *,-%#0!&3*½n0C,?(LA
C C
® )+!‘1%#aV*,'7&3* ® ;37:*
® Ä ° Ã g® h ® j
Œ10*a2*7',&"!‘"!‘)+!$;(,#%½C,?(op6C 50C7n0A 7JF_5* g ® h Âj‹° æ v
¿ #x/2*7#0*7&3!;3£6+10#0 ® )+*,5689YZ!w6+10è*,"68&(!:*,&(5!;(,:*£;(,:~9!$#%Y"!$7#0*!#0*,9&3*)8!aV*,'7&3!
ÆÇ !‘10#%t~95*)8!&39686+&3*}"*,#0Y“!,#0* ^ ;37#=;(,*7¿J-%;3!*,#%'! ® Ç Q
8
)
® ° ± ®Ç ÆÇ
Ç
Ä *6+*,&¡!haV*,'}&(!‹)+*,$=~9"*|&3!51%$ g Æ%Ç h Æ j’° æ 6+*,&¡10'!‹/V$! dmÉ ° ( È ,&(=$~"*G|)8*7'
C,?(opC650Cbn0A7HM ^ *,)S!;37*,¿H-0;(!$*7#0! ® Ç "! )+*,*,&(:" !$#%#0=6+*,&ƒ68&(,!*,Y“!$7#0*z)+! ^ ® $1%#‘/V=!a2*7'}&3!—)8*7$
~95*+Q
® Ç ° g ® h ÆÇ j
u#‘;(" ^ !‘6+&37)87'’5;(&(*’&3q)810*’a2*,,&5! ® *7) C ºT%C q*756+&3*}"5!,#%* ^XÊ
Ð
g® h 2
 ‹
j ° ± Â D
®Ç Ç ÆÇ
C C Ç
Ð
Ä * ÆÇ ° × ^ 9$7&3t$q~"*1)8*7'ºC,?(oßCbn0C,?(LA7HM2v
wkw yW‚“«€Œœ‘ŒˆŽˆŽŒË†R‹u‚ƒ6€~OÌO‡{]Œ“#~€uˆŽŒ€~‹Í~O>†½†kŒ‹…\ >‘‡{‹Œ“«“#…\=‘…#™9~ˆŽˆŽŒ€…#‡{ŒI†R‹b‚ƒ6€~ Ÿ yW{‘…ƒ‹u{‘Œi‹Œ{ £ ¥ — §u¨
…\‚#“#€Œœ‘ŒˆŽˆŽŒË†k‹u‚\9€~OˆR€ ¥ ~œ‘ § ŠBˆŽu‚\~OŒ“«~€uˆRŒ€~ˑ~™9~]†kŒœ‘#‘…W†RÎgu€~ρu‚\‚‰~ˆR~|9‡~{ˆŽ…#ˆŽ€~O“#€Œ“#€…ƒ~ˆRÐ ¢
Ñ £ ¥ — §u¨%©ª£ § — ¥œ¨ › “#€Œ“#€…\~ˆŽÐ„ÒzӜԄÔ=ÕÖ ×¤ÖzØgÙ×Ú
Ñ £ – ¥¦ ˜ § — Û ¨© – £ ¥ — Û ¨¦ ˜ £ § — Û ¨ › “#€Œ“#€…ƒ~ˆRÐÜØ Ý9ÖzÞØgßuÕÖzØgÙ×Ú
Ñ £ ¥ — ¥œ¨ àâá
㠋Œ{˅\‚¤†R~|9{ŒO‡|b‡u‚\~I†RŒ‚\ŒI†k~ ¥„©¬á6ägŸ
w•åæ
ç Îgu‹…\‚‰~â™9~€…\苁u€~â‹Í~m…\‚逅W†R‡‚‰ˆRuˆŽŒâŒˆŽˆŽ~{‡ˆŽŒmÌT‘…\€~ˆŽˆRuê„~{ˆR~âu“#“«‚ƒ…\‹6ëu…\‚\~Gu‚\‚ƒŒì†R“«u…ƒŒì‘~œ†k‹€…\ˆŽˆŽŒT‘u‚\‚‰
|9~Œê„~6ˆŽ€…ƒ~‡‹‚\…W‘~AŠB…ƒ{]‹‡…#|9‚ƒ…>íAîA†RŒ{ŒO‡{…\ˆŽ6€…~#‘ÏŒ€…\~{ˆRuˆŽ…#‹Œê„~|9‚\…œA†½†R…«‹u€ˆŽ~œ†k…ƒb{…RŠ½ŒˆŽˆŽ~{~{‘ŒO…ƒ{š‘~è{…ƒ™9
£ ¥ — §u¨©m¥ § ¦}¥ ¹ § ¹ ¦}¥œï§6ï
ð †B†R~€™b…\uêˌO…ƒ{Œ‚ƒˆR€~ϋŒêË~‚ ç ~œ†R“«€~œ†B†R…\Œ{~i‹Í~“«~€ê„~ˆRˆŽâ ~â …\‚#‹u‚\‹Œ‚\ŒI‘~‚\‚ƒ ‚ƒ‡{|9Í~ñ‘…œ‡{˙9~ˆŽˆŽŒ€½~
¹
ò ¥ ò ©Tó ± £ƒ¥ î ¨
î
{Œ{”†R…\é{…\~{ˆ ç u‚‰ˆR€Œ‹Í~‚\é€…\“#€Œ“«Œœ†k…ƒ…\Œ{~„‘~‚YˆŽ~Œ€~ê„ô‘…Yõ¤…\ˆŽu|9Œ€AŠ‹Í~ 㠆k‡}‘‡~„‘…\ê„~{†R…\Œ{… ä >†B†R~€…X†k‹~‚ ç ‡|9‡A›
|9‚\…ƒb{œö‘~‚ƒ‚ ç u€~ö‘~‚÷u‡Y‘€uˆŽŒI‹Œ#†RˆŽ€‡…ƒˆŽŒø†k‡‚\‚ ç …\“#ŒˆŽ~{‡†RAŠu‹Œ{š‚ƒô†RŒê„êˁ”‘~‚\‚\~éu€~~1‘~…¤÷u‡Y‘€uˆŽ…‹Œœ†kˆŽ€‡…\ˆŽ…†R‡…
x2 2 2 2
x = x1 + x 2
ù x1 ‘…ƒ™9~{ˆŽ
x
‹uˆŽ~ˆŽ… Ÿ yX{ÎgbˆŽˆŽ…
x2
x1 Ÿ
gútïð‹ðhËût’“î   «

;
 uþ¬
O ÿO  üA{þ
> ‹;37#0;(*,!8,&(ƒ*75687Z'!8",#%’!::*,)+!$9':*7#0*½686+$!;39~!!
` !$#%5!*,:*z)+*,!"*,/V#09$!—68*,&(!,)8!;(!w)8!6+*,&(!$7)84„h0!)8*7!YZY“! ;(,:*Œ*,*,:*7#0!)8! 10#05689YZ!
#07&3:9' ^ 68*7&£!0†1%!%aV!$*7#0*)8*7-0#%!$10#z768*,&(,&"*t)+!068&(,)+,¡5;(&(*'&()810*"*,/V#09$! ®tg$¯ j
*,)m g¯ jm;(,:*’$` !#‘*,/V&39$*
! ¸¹
g®¡g$¯ j h½Â g$¯ jjk°  × ¸ ¹ ®¡g$¯ Aj  D gH¯ jVã ¯
´
x;(10!0;(,&(&3!"68}#0)+*10#0n0C7?3Lm A üiU2A8B%?3A+oßFHl3A=!::*,)+!'9:*,#%'*º&(!;37#0,";5!~!*;37:*¡$DGC,opM3nVN2A
)8*7%"*,/V#0*8Q C C
Ð ! ¸¹ Ð
®tg$¯ j °  × ¸ ¹ L ®¡g¯ j L ã ¯
´
ç` )+Ð 10#0†91‘*R!$::*7)8!R;(,#0"'9&3*R;(T%*R!½",,56‘9YZ!R;375!$10!'R)8` !#%5!*,:*.)8*7!½"*,/V#0!
d * " ‰ZÎ ¢ j ^ ;37# i ° ] [ ^ ;375!$10!5;(*10#%q~95*,&('7#07&5:*½68*,&w!‘"*,/V#0!868*7&3!,)+!$;(!%)+!‘6+*,&(!$7)‘
Ì
 !#q6+&('!;37$9&3*5!V&3!;37#075;(*;ET0*w` *,"68&3*75"!,#0*I  v  K)+!26+/v œ ý &(6+68&(*,"*,#0º6+&37!$*7YZ!,#%* ^Xþ
)8*7Ú 85*7/2#09$*£10#/2½!+a2*7'7&5!+)8*7$¡~"* ^ :*7#0&3*½t¿H7&3:1%$¡)8!+&(!;375&510Y“!,#0*½I  v  K‘;(,"'!'1%!$";3*
q&(686+&3*}"*,#%'9YZ!,#%*’)8*75*7/2#09$*#0*7!‘*,&(:!$#%!‘)+*,$*’51%*’;(,:687#0*7#0!%,&(}/27#0!sv
ÿ 
ƒ
B>,þª
]>þ%$ý ]
Ð Œþt*üAü 7$!$6+$!;(#0)+x:~9x!h:*7:~&(!h)+*,$=¿H7&{
:10)8!G&3!;(,5&51%YZ!,#%*qI  v  Kh68*7&’* ´ " $ Î ¢ *7)Œ*75*7/210*7#0)8q` !#0*,/V&39$*t'&()+10*q!$"'9#0! ¯ * ¯ Ð [
68&(*,"!%q)8!5#0Y“t)8!10#@:1%$!68’!#0*,&(Ì º)8!^ 68*7&3!,)+!%IH,"5! ¯ Ð ».¯ [ ° ¼  K ^ "!‘7'!*,#0*
! ¢
¹ Ð Î ¹
! ¢
± ¥ ˆq‰k* " Ð ‰ZÎ ¢ * ´ " Ð $ Î ¢ ã °
®¡g$¯ ‹
j * ´ " $ ¢ ã
¯ ° ¯
¢
Ì ¢ ‰ ³ ´ ¥ Ì Ì
â ⥠¹ Ð ‰
± ! * " Ì}Ë ´%$ Ï Î ¢ ã ¯ ° g¯ Ð »R¯ [ j(ˆ $
¢
° ˆq‰
‰ ³ ´ ¥ ¢
â
!#x†109#'£68*7& e / ° ( * º¿H10#%YZ!7#0*£!$#%'*7/2&(#0)+’T0’a2,&k:*,)+!$#%10 ^ )+;(T%*£#0*,` !#%'*7&3aV$
g¯ [ h ¯ Ð j½IH)87a21%#0†1%*Œ;37$,;(.)+*,` 95"*z)8*7!w'*7:68!K6+&3*75*7#0ó1%# #010:*,&(R!#0*,&(Œ)8!w68*7&3!,)+!'v
N *,&('9#0 ^ ! ;(;(,=)8*7! ;(,*7¿J-%;3!*,#%'!6+10è=7'*7#0*,&5"!<68&(!$&(*=)8R10#†910V$1%#0†1*z!#0*,&(a29$
*,"*,5º511%#@#%10:*,&(º!#0*,&(º)8!68*7&3!7)8!Q
¹ Ð
ˆq‰t° Ð × ! ®tg¯ j‹* ´ " Ì ‰“Î ¢ ã ¯
¢

¯ ».¯ [ ¢
â
 t$ÿtÿ 
Ë; Lügý  ª 7#0"!$"'*#0*7‘&(!$"10'9'
Ð Ð
pp ! ¥ j A Â 2
j ã p p ! ¥ j ã ! ¥ Â j Ð ã
pp ´ ¥ ®tg$¯ g¯ ¯ pp Á ´ ¥ L ®¡g$¯ L ¯ ´ ¥ L g¯ L ¯ 

;ET0*ºqa27$*º681%èº,&(#0&(*º10!$*#0*7!‘;(;37$!;ET0*º;(,!#0aV,/27#0º"*,/V#0!8)8!*,#%*,&(/2! %v `hq)+!$:75&39{
Y“!$7#0*x"!_~9"@"10$` !)8*7#0!$-%;39&3*|` !#05!*7:*x)8!_'9$!G5*7/2#%!G;(,:*|1%#0q5689YZ!ƒ#%,&(: ^ )+,
)8!10#y,6+*}&39'7&3*’)8!68&(,)‘,5;(&(*’&3 ®¡g$¯ j0*7)¬Â g$¯ j0)+*,-%#0!';37:*
! ¥
g$®tg¯ jh½Â g¯ jj‹° ®tg¯ j D g¯ j2ã ¯ I  v ”K
´ ¥
w zyW{ÎguˆŽˆŽ…WŠB…\‚#“#€Œœ‘ŒˆRˆŽŒ„†k‹u‚\6€~„†k…#‹u‚\‹Œ‚\ ‹Œê„~ …\‚«“«€Œœ‘ŒˆŽˆŽŒË‘~…ꄌ#‘‡‚\…WŠBꄌˆŽ…\“«‚ƒ…\‹bˆŽŒÏ“#~€‚ ç u{|9Œ‚\ŒÏ‹Œê˓#€~#†RŒˆŽ€…
‘ ‡~ ¢£ ¥ — §u¨i© ¥ § !#" Ÿ$ ~ …\‚ †R~‹Œ{‘Œ ™9~ˆŽˆŽŒ€~́]‚\‡{|bÍ~I‡{…ƒˆRu€…\YŠ†k…YŒˆŽˆR…ƒ~{~‚\]“«€Œ…\~…\Œ{~ñ‘~‚A“«€…\ꄌ
{~‚\‚\ñ‘…\€~…\Œ{~]‘~‚†k~‹Œ{‘Œ Ÿ
 % î9ïðhZñkkòS 
ó’

u—

ª 7 #='9$!6875!Y“!$7#0! ^ !‘&(!510'’:,"'&()8*7&3!a2x)+x†1%*,$a29$!)868*,&w10#†9101#0†1%*’"68Y“!
a2*7',&"!$9$* ^ ;ET0*º¿Hƒ10"’)+*,ƒ)8!5*7/21%/2!2#%YZ L êEë,ì& L Á × ^ *’;ET0*º:75&3x;ET0*
Ð Ð Ð Ð
g® h 9
 j ° g L® L L L
 Â 5
 E
ê ,
ë ì  }
& j Á L® L L L
 Â
' 6+68!$;(#%)8’†910!#0)+!‘t)8*,-%#0!YZ!,#%*’)+!‘6+&37)8,u'º";($9&3*I  v ”K%!8)810*’a2*7',&5!{H5*7/2#09$* ® ° ®¡g$¯ j
*  °  g$Ð ¯ j ^ 5!’7'u!$*7#0*U!’&3!51%$U*,"68&(*}5"U)8 )8!5*,/V109/2!#0Y“ )8!ºÄm;(T (½9&3Y ^ !#P;31%!
´ ¥ L ®¡g$¯ j L ã ¯ ° ) ´ ¥ ®tg¯ j ® D g$¯ jVã ¯ ° g ® h ® j ^ *468*7&$ †910*za29$*z!"*,/V#0Œ)8!w1%/210V*Œ5*4*
) ¥ ¥

57º5* ®tg¯ jk+ ° *ì D g¯ j ^ ;(,,

# *Ñ;375u#0*’&(*,9$*9v
•—–•¹–™• -,.9›9¨0/ºžhš21‹u§¢3/4/ 4¦5.9›œ+“›
ôt*7$5;ET0*7:|;ET0*"*,/21%* ^ 57#0¡:,"'&(*¡$*’:68!*,Y“YZ*º)8*,*;37:687#0*,#%'!%&3:7#0!;ET0*tˆº‰º68*,&
;(10#0!"*,/V#09$!+6+*,&(!$7)8!;3!)8!+6+*,&(!$7)‘’ ^ )+!;(10!¿J7&3#%!$t$` *,6+&3*75"!$7#0*½#0*7*,:@68’6+*,& L ¯ L76 48 Ù v
û}
:9t
ŒüY”Bss ý6üYB¤
x(t)

é  8=<
®tg¯ jh°'& » × 48=< Á L ¯¯ ;L 6 4
4 t

× L ;L 6  8 Ù

‰Ð Õ
Re(Xn)

ˆq‰t° & 5!#0; æ Ô e °( æ

e ° æ n

> üA*þ¶
sOtŒüYýUý6*ÿþ˜üA
x(t)

é × L ¯ L;6 > 8 Ù
®tg$¯ jh°'& æ >  8 Ù Á L ¯ L;6 ?8 Ù t

Re(Xn)

ˆ ‰ °  > "!#0;A@ e C> B

n

û}
FýUüA$ÿþ˜üYmssý6üYB>
x(t)

®tg$¯ jh° × » L¯ L
<
 L ¯ L;6 48 Ù t

Ð ‰
ˆq‰q° & 5!  0
# ; Ô Ð Õ e °( æ Re(Xn)

æ e ° æ
n
 gútïð‹ðhËût’“î  %ý

 $ý6š
 ÿ}Bss ý6üYB?þ
x(t)

®tg¯ jk° Ù > ¯ L ¯ L;6 48 Ù

t

Im(Xn)
´
ˆ ‰ °K& È Ë ‰ ß[ Ï à e °( æ
æÌ e ° æ
n

ÿ ýUý D¤ý¶¶B*ÿþs{þ


x(t)

ìEGFIHGÖ ¯ æ ó Á ¯ 6 4 8Ù
®¡gH¯ jh°'& æ » 
4 8 Ù Á ¯ 6 æ
ó
t

Re(Xn) n

´ [ ‰ ¹ e 689&3!
ˆq‰q° Þ bÌ Ë » È v [ Ï e C
Ý J Û [ ° K ×
æ '(& !:*,#0!
Im(Xn) n

ÿ ýUý D¤ý}nþ
”$ý üY
x(t)

®¡g¯ j‹° L L EMFIH Ö ¯ L

t

Ð
¹
Re(Xn) n

ˆq‰ƒ°'& [ ´ ‰ Ï e 689&3!
bÌ Ë æ 9 $&(!$:*7#0!
N î9ïðhZñkkòPOQSRUT
VTó’

WT—

 ' ~~9!:=aV!$"'@;3968!'7  ;ET0*=@5a2!10686+!#

5*7&(!$*t)8!m¾0710&(!$*7&½6810èt*755*7&(*ƒ6+68!$;(¡)@10#Œ5*7/2#%{ x(t)
*|$!:!'9'|#0*7‹*,:6+ ^ *;ET0*` 1%5x)+*,Œ¿H7&3:1%$z)8!
&(!$;(,"'&51%YZ!,#%*’&(*,#%)8*68*7&3!,)‘!;(º!%5*7/2#%*’7&3!/2!#09&3!9v t
Ä *’68*,&(萿H;(;3!:'*7#0)8*7&3*9)|!#0-#0!'’!$86+*,&(!$7)8Y  X[Z]\[^ T
\[_a`b_ac#dfehgij
i]_g=c#k]cljnmoaj
cpoqm\[__Ij
cpr#stZjn_qrpk\_?u:v#woqrSmx
yScpk_aj{z]rl|r#oaoqm}g=rpx
_qr~|_]c#i]x
_ar#x€\[rpk^
|c#k]c~m|_qk]Z]\[\[_ax
g=_qw‚Z]kcSm|mx
xn_qƒ7mxnrlm|„ik]m}|_qg=\[mk]`bm…_qk]Z†k]_q\[rpg_aySmˆ‡‰moaoqcSg\r#g=gc,\r#ySŠcbwoam
Šr#xn_qcp|_qjn_q`‹`bm`b_ac#k]rŒ|rpog=r#Ž7kmoarx
_aj
cpg\Vx
i]_q\cŒ\r#k]|rYƒ;_amƒ7_qmm€g=j
cpySŠmx
_ax
r‘

’3“
” •—–3˜~™,š‹›Iš‹œA™~–

žmŒ\x
mgstc#xnySm\mf|_]c#i]x
_ar#xŸgrpx
ƒ7r mŒxnmŠŠx
rpgrpk]\[mx
r ¡irp_;g=r#Ž7kmoa_;ŠrpxŸ_7¡i]m;oq_7kcpk:g=i]gg=_qg\r4ik]m
g=\[x
i]\[\i]x
m¢Šrpx
_ac#|_qjnmwrp|f£?ikc#Šr#x=m\[cpx
r?s¤i]k`‹_qcpkm7oqr?j{zr‹w¥mŠŠoa_qj
m\[cm|fi]kg=r#Ž7kmoqr|rpZk]_a\[cIk]r#o
|c#yS_ak_ac|rpo\r#ySŠcbwk]r_ak|_qƒ7_M|im:ik¦moa\[xnck]r#o|c#yS_ak_ac3|r#oqoamƒ7mxn_qm7§_aoqr4¨n©#ª]«­¬tªŸ®7¯°stx
rp¡i]rpk`‹m
± m²|_as¤s¤rpx
rk]`bmP|rpoqoam„grpx
_ar,³]¬¤´n¨
µn¶«·¯¸|_ ]c#i]x
_ar#x­w3_q|c#k]rpmPmo4j
mgc¹_qk¸jni]_ g_amk]cºŠx
rpgrk]\[_I´n©#»·©
¯µ
¼S©pª¬t¨½¶f|rpoqoqm¾stc#k]|mySrpk\moar#¿V‘]À c#Šr#xnm`‹_qcpk]rf|_ˆ\[xnmgs¤cpx
ySm`‹_qc#k]rA£Yg=Šrpgg=c_ak|_qjnm\m¾j
cpkºoqm
g=_qyS§c#oqcpŽ7_qmuÂÁ­Ã]Ä2ÅÇÆ+ÈÉAÁqÊÄWË
w7rp|€_qog=r#Ž7kmoqr\[xnmg=s¤cpx
ySm\[c¢g__qk]|_qjnmYj
cpk°oqmAg=\[rpgg=mƒ7mx
_qm§;_aoqr3|_
¡irpoqoac3krpo\r#ySŠcbwxnr#g=m:ySm_qigjnc#oamˆ‘žmg=imA|rpZk]_q`‹_Mc#k]rŒstc#xnySmoar|mo†Ši]k\c|_ƒ7_qg\mAmkmoq_M\_qjnc
£Ì
¥
uÂÁtÃ]Ä2ÅCÍ ÉAÁqÊÄ7Ï ÎÐVÑDҋÓ{ÔtÕ Ê
¥
Î
oqm¾jni_]rpg_qg=\[rpk]`bmÖ£AŽ7mx
mk\_q\m€Šrpx3grpŽ;k]moq_]ɐÁaÊÄU_qySŠi]oqg=_qƒ¥_ ± cpƒ;ƒ7r#xncŠr#x3_]¡imoM_‚× ¥ ÉAÁqÊÄ Õ Ê4Ú
¥ÙØ Ø
Î
Û wj
_ac#£ mgg=c#oai\mySr#k]\[r4gcpySySm§_aoq_q¿V‘ܐk¾grpŽ;k]moar4_qySŠioMg=_qƒ7c £?mk]j{z]r?|_7rpk]r#xnŽ;_amwySr#k]\x
r k]c#k
£¢grpySŠxnrŒƒ7r#xnc¢_aoƒ;_aj
rpƒ;rpx
g=mˆ‘ÝUŠr#g=gcfŠrpx
Þpw†ußÁ¤Ã]Är#g=_qg=\[r¢mk]j{z]rŠrpx?g=r#Ž7kmoq_|_rpkrpx
Ž7_qmU‡=ƒ7r#|x
r^
ySc_akcpoq\x
rj
zr¢Šiތr#g=grpx
r¢|rpZk]_q\m ± Ž7x
m`‹_qrm|€cpŠr#xnm`‹_qcpk_|_Šmg=gmŽ7Ž;_qcmooa_qyS_q\r#¿†mk]j{zrŒŠrpx
g=r#Ž7kmoq_|_†Šcp\[rk]`bm:Šrpx
_ac#|_qjn_[‘
À mk†\_q\x
mgs¤cpx=ySm\[mº|_Ÿ]c#i]x
_ar#x:Æ Îà È#ËA£¦oaÀ c#Šr#xnm\[cpxrlmk]m;oa_q\[_aj
clj{zrlgƒ7c#oaŽ;rloqÀ mg=gcpj
_qm`‹_qc#k]r
_qk]ƒ7r#xngmlmlÆÙÈ#Ë{wˆr:j{z]r€j
c#k]g=r#k]\[r¾|_cp\[\[rpk]r#x=rbwˆm¦Šmxn\[_ax
r¾|mli]kºgrpŽ;k]moqr|rpZk]_q\c:k]r#o|cpyS_qk]_qc
|r#oaoqm¢s¤x
rp¡irpk`‹mwp¡i]rpo;g=r#Ž7kmoqrkrpo;|c#yS_ak_ac|r#o7\[rpySŠc oamjni_7\[xnmg=s¤cpx
ySm\[m¢£?_aoŠx
_qySc4g=r#Ž7kmoqr‘
À cpŠrpx
m`b_ac#k]r¢|_mk]\[_a\[xnmg=s¤cpx
ySm`b_ac#k]rŒ£f|r#Z]k_a\[m€j
cpySr

¥
ɐÁaÊÄ2ÅCÍ uÂÁ­Ã]Ä7Ï ÐVÑDҋÓ{Ô Õ Ã
¥
Î
áâ
ãä åæYç2è‹éŸêIëêPìQ„éí‰æYRˆî êíï¦æÖé#æñð¢èŸî ê¢ò íèVT‚í

A*rect_tau(t) A*tau*sinc(f*tau)
2 2

tau

1 1 1/tau
tau
t
f f
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

‰_aŽ;i]x
m 㠑ôóÌõöô÷·ø ùúqûýü]øÿþù÷Gù
4ø ;÷G÷ôù

ü ü ‹ùúYùUþ ·ù !#"

$
r€ƒ;moqrcpƒ7ik]¡ir¾ÉAÁaÊĞg_am¦jnc#k]\[_aki]cbwˆySr#k]\[xnr€k]rpoqoqr:|_agjnc#k]\[_aki]_q\ ¦|_Šx
_qySmlgŠrpj
_qr¾s¤cpx
k]_qg=j
r¾_ao
&%
ƒ7moac#xfySr#|_qc¾|_žÉÁqÊ[Ä‘ Vo‰xn_qg=ioa\[m\[c¾|r#oqoaml\x
mgstc#xnySm\m}uÂÁ¤Ã]ČŠÁ¤Ã]Ä ('
Ð ÿÓ £¾mkj
zr¾|r#\\Vc *),+.- 0/1 32
54 64 5787
´ ‰¶
«·«­µn©Œ³]¬¯¼ ¬t¶ ;¯°jnc#ySŠoqrpgg=mwySr#k]\x
r 6' !9
Á¤Ã]Ärp| °ÁtÃ]čgcpkcŒ|rp\[\_†gŠrp\[\x
_†|_7¼S©#³®7»¤©fr W¯´
¶‘ ;:
žm°stc#xnySioam°|_ˆxn_qjnc#g=\Wxni]`b_qcpk]rbwgr€ySr#g=gm¦m°j
cpk]s¤x
ck]\[c:j
cpk}oamÖgrpx
_qr€|_ˆcpi]x
_qrpx­wŠiÞ:r#g=grpxr
.<
Šr#k]gm\[mjnc#ySr ik]m²gcpySySm²_ak\r#Ž7x
moqr¹|_4¬¤ª Ÿª]¬¤«·¶~j
cpySŠckrpk\_u Á¤Ã]Ä Õ ÃÏ ÐVÑDÒ#Ó{Ô |_mySŠ_qrp`b`‹m
± jnc#ySŠoqrpgg=m¿2_qk]Zk_q\[rpg_aySmw†rpƒ;_a|rpk]`b_qmk]|cYjnc#ySr:c#xnm¦g=_qmk†cŠx
rpgrpk]\[_«®7«­«·¶¢oqrAstx
rp¡i]r#k]`‹rArAk]c#k
g=c#oqc¾oar:mx
yScpk_aj{z]r‘Iܐk]m¦g=r#jnc#k]|mlmk]moMcpŽ;_amljnc#k¹oqmlgrpx
_ar€|_]cpixn_qrpxŒ|r#xn_qƒ7ml|moj
cpk]g_q|rpx
mx
r

= ?>A@ .%
v
i]kÖgrpŽ;k]moqrŒÉÁqÊ[č|_|i]x
m\[mAoa_qyS_q\m\[mYew7r3jnmoaj
cpoqmx
rfuÂÁtÃ]Ä2ÅÇÆ+ÈɐÁqÊ[ÄW˂Šr#x3把:‘ VkÖ\[mo
j
mg=cbw;£ s¤mj
_qoar ƒ;rpx
_aZjnmxnr j{z]r x
_qg=i]oq\[mAu Á¤ÃSÅ B>A@ DC
YÄ2ÅÇe qu v j
cpk¦u v Šmx
_moaoqÀ †^tr#g=_qySc4j
cpr#stZjnrk\r E>
|_†]c#i]x
_ar#x4j
moqjnc#oam\cŒŠrpx3ɐÁqÊ[ÄUgiS¡i]rpoqoMcfg\r#g=gcYŠr#xn_qcp|c‘
Fžx
_aySm¦|_Šx
cpj=r#|r#xnrÖj
cpk…oar:Šx
cpŠx
_ar#\$lr¾oqr€j
mx
m\\[rpx
_qg=\[_aj{z]rÖ|_¡i]r#g=\[ml\[xnmg=s¤cpxySm\mwˆgƒ7c#oa^
Ž7_qmyScŒi]k¦g=r#ySŠoq_aj
rfr#g=r#xnj=_q`‹_qc‘

GIH*JAKLMH*NOJAP
JRQ;SUTWVXH*YZP,P
JAVW[MA\M ]
¢_qg=Šcpkrpk]|cA|rpo]g=rpŽ;k]moar:ÉAÁqÊÄÅ #Ï Ê ÁaÊÄtwgrkrAƒ7i]c#o _^R` ba c
j
moqjnc#oamxnrfoqc¢gŠr#\\[x=cf|_mySŠ_qrp`b`‹m€ußÁ¤Ã]ÄV‘ÝUƒ7c#oaŽ;rpk|cf_qojnmoaj
cpoq_†g=_†cp\[\_qrpkrÌ

ußÁtÃ]Ä Å Í
¥
^Sx
rpj
\ c ÁqÊÄ¥r ÎÐWÑDÒ#Ó{Ô Õ ÊŸÅ ?^—Íedf r ÎÐVÑDҋÓ
Ô Õ Ê2Å
Î ¥

ll df
Î
df
^ r ÎÐVÑDҋÓ{Ô ^ df Å
r ÐWÑDÒ#Ó
df g r ÎÐVÑDҋÓ
Å l Å Ã
Ug h*ikj ll Î j Ã
imh
df
Å ^onqprts Á Ãuj n ÃunÄ Å?^onvCg=_qk]j‚Á¤ÃunÄ
j
w i]r#g=\[cAxn_qgi]oq\m\[cbwŽ7xnmZ]j
m\[cY_ak,ZŽ 㠑ôó‹wxn_qj
cpx
|m°¡i]r#oqoacYŽ;_Ö $ _qk]j
cpk\x
m\[c:m֊mŽ†‘ áä ŠrpxoamÖgrpx
_ar
|_I]c#i]xn_qr#xÖ|r#oaoqÀ cpk]|m¹¡im|x
mU‘xW% okcp\[c,mk|my°rpk\czy|{E}Z~ x
mŠŠxnr#g=r#k]\[mcpx
m oam¹|_qg=\[xn_q§i`‹_qcpkr
~
¨
©pª]«­¬¤ª®7¯P_ak²stx
rp¡i]r#k]`‹m…|r#oaoqc~gŠrp\[\[xnc,|_ImySŠ_qrp`b`‹mwŸrp|„_qo‚Šx
_aySc~`brpx
c~|rpoqoam…jnixnƒ;m¹g=_‚\[xncƒ;m
Šx
rpgg=cYÃlÅ c à w7_qk¾yScp|c3|rpo\[i]\[\c3g_ayS_qoqr mo7\x
rpkcŒ|__aySŠi]oqg=_7xnr#\\[mkŽ7cpoqmx
_|_§mg=r n ‘. cp\[_amySc
rpgŠoq_qjn_q\mySrpk\rŒ_akcpoq\x
r¢j{z]rbw¯®7¼S¶
ª]«­¯ª]³†©oqm|i]x
m\[m:|rpop ` Ï3a Ê­woqc¢g=Šrp\[\xc¢g_µ
¶
´n«­µ=¬¤ª.]€ ¶=wm||rpk]^
g=mk]|cpg_krpoqoam¦x
rpŽ7_qcpkr€|rpoqoar:s¤xnr#¡i]r#k]`br€Š_‚}  §mgg=r‡ySrpk\x
r¾moˆjnc#k]\x
mx
_qc‹wU¡i]m;oqcpx
mS_qoq#` Ïba ʞg=_qm
Š_‚S  §xnr#ƒ7rbw†ußÁ¤Ã]Ä]g=_†rpg\[rpk]|rYm€x
rpŽ;_ac#k]_†|_†stx
rp¡i]rpk`‹m:Š_‚l  r#oar#ƒ7m\mU‘
ƒ…„ƒSð‡†‰ˆ6Šˆè‹é‹ñð¢èU†‰ˆ6†?퍌Iètæ
ì ã ó

’3“ 5Ž •—–3™ R‰šk‘“’¦šD”™,–o•U–Ašk—

ÝU_qyS_qoaySr#k]\[r moj
mg=c3|rp_grpŽ;k]moq_Šr#xn_qc#|_qjn_qw7ƒ7_qrpkrc#xnmAg\m§_qoa_q\mfik]mYx
rpoqm`b_ac#k]r \[xnmf» ¶
ª]¶
µ ¬t¯Ö|_ ™˜ š€
™› 87
i]klg=r#Ž7k]moarbwrfoqmA³]¬¤´
«·µ
¬ ˆ® ;¬t©#ª]¶|rpoqoam:g=\[rpgg=mÖkrpo†|c#yS_ak_acŒ|rpoqoqm¾s¤xnr#¡i]r#k]`bmU‘ WkS§mg=rŒmoqoarŒjnc#k]^ %
g=_q|rpx
m`‹_qcpk_Ž;rpc#ySrp\[x=_qj
zr¢r#g=Šcg=\[rf_qk œ 
á ‘ U‘ôóbw|rpZ]k_amySc¢j
cpySrfŠxnc#|cp\[\cYgj
moqmxnrŒ\x
m¾_†g=r#Ž7k]moa_
ž 5€
|_†rpkrpx
Ž7_qmÖÉAÁaÊÄ]r ÁqÊÄ ± |rp\[\[cYmk]j{z]r ¶nª¶nµ ]¬¤¯°¬¤ª]¨
µn©#¨=¬¤¯«­¯¿ˆ_qoƒ7moac#xnr

Ÿ ~m  ŗÁ É ¢¡ žÄ2ÅCÍ ¥

ÉAÁaÊÄ*ž.£‰ÁaÊÄ Õ Ê
¥
Î
zž
j{z]rbw†k]r#oj
mgcY_qkSjni_ˆÉAÁqÊğŠÁqÊÄtwj
cp_qk]j
_q|rYj
cpk~oqÀ rpk]r#xnŽ;_am Ÿ~ |_]ɐÁaÊÄV‘݈rYrpk]\[x
myS§_ɐÁaÊ[ÄUr ŒÁaÊÄ
ž
Šc#g=g_ar#|ckc¢\[xnmg=s¤cpx
ySm\[m¾|_†]c#i]xn_qr#x4Šc#g=g_amySc¢gjnx
_aƒ;rpx
rÌ

Ÿ ~m  Å ¤ž £ ÁaÊĦ¥ô×}ußÁ¤Ã]Ğr ÐVÑDÒ#Ó{Ô Õ Ã¨§

× Õ ÊžÅÙ×}ußÁtÃ]Ä ô× ¦¥ #ž £ ÁqÊğr ÐVÑDҋÓ
Ô Õ Ê ©§ Õ Ã
Å × u Á¤Ã]ÄIª £ Á¤Ã]Ä Õ Ã
¥
¥
Î
%Wox
_agi]oq\m\c
Í
¥
ɐÁaÊÄ*ž £ ÁqÊÄ Õ ÊŸÅCÍ
ußÁtÃ]Ä Á¤Ã]Ä Õ Ã
¥
*ª £
Î ¥ Î ¥
« m¬
j
cpg\_q\i_agjnr¢_ao«­¶n©#µn¶
¼S¯°³]¬ ¯µ
´
¶ ¯»Šr#x?grpŽ;k]moq_|_rpkrpx
Ž7_qmwrp|¾_aySŠoa_qjnmj{z]rŒoarŒ\x
mgstc#xnySm\r¢|_
F
g=r#Ž7kmoq_cpx
\cŽ;cpk]moa_Mwg=c#k]cfmk]j{z]À rpgg=rŒcpx
\cŽ;cpkmoq_ ‘ Ucpkrpk]|c¢c#xnm°ÉAÁqÊÄ2Å Á¤Ê[Ätwg=_†cp\[\V_ar#k]rÌ Bž
Ÿ~ ŗÁ É ¢¡ ɍĞŠ®­WÉU­ Ñ ÅCÍ
¥

Ø
ɐÁaÊ[Ä Ñ Õ Ê2Å0Í
Ø
¥

Ø
ußÁ¤Ã]Ä Ñ Õ Ã
Ø
¥ ¥
Î Î
¯?gmyS_qkmk]|c¢¡irpg\À i]oq\_qySmrpgŠx
rpgg=_qcpk]rbwŠcpgg=_qmySc¢_ak|_qjnmxnr
Ÿ ~ Á¤Ã]Ä2Å Ø ußÁ¤Ã]Ä Ø Ñ
j
cpySr~oqc¦´5‰ 4 ¶
«·«­µn©~³]¬³]¶nª´n¬¤« ° ³]¬¶
ª]¶nµ5]€ ¬¤¯|_?ÉAÁaÊÄV‘DV% kstm\\[_aw‚oqÀ _ak†\[rpŽ;xnmoar~× Ó f Ø uÂÁ¤Ã]Ä Ø Ñ Õ Ã x
mŠŠxnr#^
g=r#k]\[mº_aožj
cpk\x
_q§i]\[c°moqoaÀ r#k]r#xnŽ;_amº\[cp\[moqr Ÿ Ó± §mk]|m~|_Ÿs¤x
rp¡irpk`‹r
j
cpySŠx
rgr¢\[xnmlà r#|~à ‘
~ |_ɐÁqÊ[Ä­w2oq_qyS_a\[m\[mySr#k]\[rÖmoqoam~

à Ñ

’3“ ’ ²X•šk³ µ
– ´!•Ÿœ´!•Ÿš‹–oZ‘“’l–o¶8¶b—·•U—¹¸¥œ•U³º—
—·’¦š¦»lœ
¼x•š‹–o•

½ S5NON¾YZP,H*S5Jx¿ÀMAVWS5TW[AJP
J rpojnmg=c¢_ak¦jni_]ÉAÁqÊĈg_amxnr#moqrbwxn_qgi]oq\mUÁ
ußÁ¤Ã]Ä2Å+u £ Á Ã]Ä
g
r ¡i_ak|_;oamYŠmx
\r x
rpmoar3|_ußÁtÃ]Ä£¹‰ 4 ¯µn¬ÃU r3¡i]r#oaoqm¢_qySySmŽ;_Mk]mxn_qm³]¬¤´5‰4 ¯µ
¬·wc#g=g_amYySc#|ioac ußÁ¤Ã]Ä
Ø Ø
Šmxn_†rfs¤mgrÄkÅÆ?È=uÂÁtÃ]ÄË|_qg=Šmx
_‡bg=_†mŠŠoq_aj
m€_qk]Z†k]r¢_aoj
cpx
coaoqmx
_qcŒ|_ŠmŽ†‘ˆóÈU Ǒ
É TWJ\©S5P
Ê Ëžx
mgstc#xnySm\m,r#|}mk]\[_q\x
mgstc#xnySm\m~|_as¤s¤rpx
_agjnckc¾gcpoqc֊r#x_qo‰g=rpŽ;k]c‘oÌ?_qÞ¾jnc#ySŠcx
\[m
j{z]rYgrfg=c#g=\[_q\i]_qmySc¢moqoMm¾ƒ7mxn_qm§;_qoar:þ|rpoxn_qg=ioa\[m\[cAuÂÁtÃ]Ä]|_ik]m:ÆA^t\[x=mg=s¤cpx
ySm\[mwoqm€ƒ;mx
_am§7_qoqr
Ê­wg=_]c#\\[_qrpk]rAik]m¾s¤i]k]`b_qcpk]r¢|r#o]\r#ySŠc:u ÁqÊ[ĉj{z]rbw†grAk]i]c#ƒ7my¦rpk\rA\[xnmg=s¤cpx=ySm\mws¤cpx
k]_qg=j
rl‘G‘ô‘]_qo
g=r#Ž7kmoqr3cpx
_aŽ;_akmx
_acŒÉAÁqÊÄ­w7jnmoaj
cpoqm\[c3k]rpoqoqmƒ;mx
_am§;_aoqrfÃw7jnmyS§_am;\[m:|_g=r#Ž7k]cÌÉAÁ Ã]ÄV‘ Wojnc#k]j
rp\[\Vc
g À%
Í$
rpgŠc#g=\Vcbwƒ7r#xn_qZ]j
m§_qoqrŒmk]moq_M\[_aj
mySr#k]\[rfjnc#k~s¤mj
_aoq_a\ w7g_x
_qmg=gi]ySrŒjnc#ySr
΅ÏÑÐÓ҅ÔbÕÕÖ×
ØÙÛÚÜ BÝ ×&Þ ÙàßÑÜbá,â3ã fä,åÍæ|ç ß|è Ø  ×‰Þ ØÙàßÑÜ8áã fä
åæÛç ß  é
× Ù|êÚÜZëÔbÕìíîÓï Þ ð٠ߙÜkñò5ï0ÔbóÃïÈô
ãá ƒ
Š
åæYç2è‹éŸêIëêPì „éí‰æ ˆî êíï¦æÖé#æñð¢èŸî ê¢ò íè ‚í 0†
õqø öÍ÷ uÂÁtÃ]Ä ÔÛø ù Ó ußÁqÊÄ¢õqø ö÷ ÉAÁ g Ã]Ä
ÉAÁqÊÄ
â±
u Á¤Ã]Ä õ ø öÍ÷ ÉAÁqÊÄ Ó3ø ù†Ô
â±
ÉAÁtÃ]Ä õ ø öÍ÷ ußÁ ÊÄ
g
r}jnc#k]grpk]\[r}oaÀ i]gcº|_4x
_agi]oq\m\_?c#\\[rk]i\_ú _qk+ikÇg=r#k]gcpd ± m|²rpg¥‘U|m„\r#ySŠc}m„stx
rp¡i]r#k]`‹m¿3Šr#x
|r#xn_qƒ7mxnr¢g=r#k]`‹m:jnmoaj
cpoq_†_x
_agi]oq\m\_krpoqoaÀ m;oa\[x
c ± c¢ƒ7_qjnr#ƒ7r#xngm¿W‘

û KÓYZNOü;S5MWýqGIH*JKÓLÍMAHþNOJAP,JÿQ;SITWV
 
 ÝUi]ŠŠcpk_amySc€|_ƒ;cpoqrpx¢ÆA^¤\xmg=s¤cpx
ySmx
r€_qoUg=r#^
Ž7kmoqr¦ÉÁaÊ[ĐÅ y‚{E} 1 Ò=Ô¢2 Å>A‰
a ÁqÊ€ÄWÌ4oqÀ mŠŠoq_Mjnm`‹_qcpkrlj
_ar#jnmº|rpoqoaÀ _qk]\[rpŽ7x
moqr°j{z]r¦|rk]_qg=j
rloqm

ÒbÔ xn_qrpx?mŠŠmx
r¢ik]À _ay°Šx
rpg‹mmx
|i]mˆ‘G‘ô‘
\[xnmgs¤cpx
ySm\[m¾|_†]cpi

 oaoqc#xnmwx
_aj
cpx
|mk]|c:j{z]r¾ÆÙÈ3`#ÏbaÊc?ÁqÊ[ÄWˀÅ
x(t) F{ } X(f) ! " #%$ &')(+*-,!.0/1324135687:9)13/;=<<>568;=? <;@.0AB;
C
DE ,F13? .G$+H E (>I:JK/0;.0<ML8$ &N(
B

 1

O ;=/<>5?B<7QP+5R<>/5S,FT7/F685S<5R9)1VUB?XW3Y[ZS\ ?B;PV<;=68]
t f

^ 7*)_:U ?8/0;<><5S? `a7P37@1+?bT/;VcSU ;?Bd!5f\ e

1_
B
B

gihkjGl-m nVhkoMp q 13,F.0;?B9);r687P3<>7r,F;=6 ^ P31+.0;68;=? <>;r9)5SP+P35 ^ /7 ^ /F13;<>st9)13,F<>/01+uSU <13245v9);=P+P3w 1+?x<>;`a/5P3;

.MA ;@9-;yB? 13,F.0;@P+5z<>/5,!T7/0685<>5fe O ;=/<>5? <>7){
,F; |R$3H(}J~€z$3H( ‚„ƒ†…:$+H‡( 5P3P37/05 ˆr$&N(%J
~‰Š$&N(B‚‹ƒŒ$&N(
Žm ‘ nVl@’rl)“}hk”l–• mB—BnVl˜hjGhk™ahmB—l š U u13<>7Q2a;/01+yB.5Su13P;iU ?B5R247P3<>5:?B7<>5<7Q.MA ;iP35 C ]</05,FT7=/F685<>5*
.05P3.7=P+5S<5 ^ ;/›&œJžF*-,!1'/01+9-U .0;@5P3P3w 1?B<;=`4/05P3;@9)1B€”$3H‡(*-;˜cU 1?B9)1x5Px,FUB7RŸV -¡¢£¥¤8¦0§ ¨¢Be O ;=/<>5?B<7-{
© \ J«ªœ¬ €z$3H(a®H}J
‰¯$&8J
V( ;)° ^ ;/9)U 5SP1+<>5w±{²€x³´Jž€z$+H}JV(}J«ªœ¬ ‰¯$ &N(V®—&
­¬ ­¬
9)7=24º ;˜P+w U P3<136b5/;=P+5Sdµ137?B;˜;=, ^ /1368;–P+5 ^ /07 ^ /F13;<>s¶9);=P-Ÿ )¡¢£!¦i¨· ¨¹¸4¨ )¡¦-e
76»;@;,!;6 ^ 1+7@9-1'5 ^)^ P+13.5Sdµ137?B;*S</072a1+5S687˜,!U u13<>7˜.MA ;
ª8¬ ,!13? .¼$+H E (®HGJ¾Eœ½ ¿À #†H>L8$&œJ
V(JÁE ½
­¬
ÂÃnVm Ä=—mB™4hk jGlÅjl)ioMl-’rÆ} š 1}<>/5<><>5Å9-1}U ?B5 ^ /07 ^ /F13;<>sÇ687P3<7È,!;6 ^ P+13.;*%;É.MA ;É/13.07/0/;bT /0;=]
cUB;? <>;=68;? <>;”? ;=1 .5SP+.07P31 ,!U 1B,!;`a? 5SP+1>e ÊË5?B1+T;=,F<>5ÈP+5Ì/0;P35d137? ;–;=,F13,F<>;?B<;z<>/5ÉP35Ì</05,!T 7=/F685<>5
9);=1B,!;`a? 5P31);˜cSU ;P3P359-;`4P31x,F<>;,!,F1'</05? ,!P35<>1+*S;˜,!1';=, ^ /1368;–.07?813P ^ /0;9)13.05<>7){
,!; |´$3H‡( Jt€”$HÎÍÅϘ(
5SP+P7=/5 ˆr$&N(ÐJt‰Š$&N(=; ­VцÒÓµÔMÕ
P35.0U 1x9)13687,!</05d1+7=? ;@_˜T 7=/?B1+<>5¶,!7<><7µÖ4e
בØSٛÚ۹ܴݵÞàß+ákÙ!â۹݆ãä¼Úä†å¹åæÙ}çák݆çFákÛ¹ä†ß+è›ÚÛµß3ákÙaÞ3å¹ÙMâÛæ݇ãäÎãä†åµß+ä†Ü´çFÝiÞ3Ûé!ÙaÞêٛÞ3ë@ڇÛëã–Þàä†Ü´çFå¹ÛæìkäÎì—Ù!Ü´é!Û¹ÝQڇÛí0Ù!ákÛ¹Ù!éMå¹äµî
ï”ðñ=ò-óœôbõ}ðæöS÷@øùò äúû—ü+ýMþ>ÿ öóœôbõ}ð Mò äúû—ü+ýMþ %ó äú0ûkü+ýþ ôbõGð Mò äú0ûkü+ýþ %ó Xðñ=ò äúû—ü+ýMþ

  
    
  
 ƒ ƒ
ì ôì Sçží?èWï ¾†²ç2íYêIçží‚è0†féӋ0ð‡†?ëžëæ5éí‰æŠUî ê‚í?ï¦æÖé#æCð¢èî êŒò í?è†?í ãã

a*sin(wt) a*sin(wt-teta) a*sin(wt-teta)

1 b*sin(2wt) 1 b*sin(2wt-2teta) 1 b*sin(2wt)

0 0 0

-1 -1 -1

1 somma 1 somma 1 somma

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
-1 -1 -1

 1+`aU /05 fe N{
    !"# $&%(' )+* , '-,. */!01'%('-2$3,4*

5›Äl-’rÆ}hk
5y `aU /5
9-1”P35<>7‹;,!;6 ^ P313y .05 13P@/13,!U P+<>5<>7‹7<><;V?BU ]
6

<>7»?B;P.057É1+?r.0U 1À”$3H‡(”J ¿À #H Q$+HùÍÅÏ:(*}687=,F<>/0C5? D 9-7».0768;

? ;=P+P37b, ^ ;<></F7b9)1¼€”$+H‡(*G9-16879-U P37 ‰Š$&N( %J ¿À #H IÅJ
x(t)
7 1
rect_tau(t-T)

! " #%$&')(*z,!1@5`a`413U'?B`45
U ? .07? <>/13uUB<7‹9)1@T5,!;‹P+13? ;=5/0;

98 +8 7 0.5

$ &N(@J Í &)ϖe ”;P}.05,!7É1+?ry `aU /05*ù,F1%_ ^ 7,!<7Ç‹J ;

t
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Ï J !*'7<><†;?B;? 9-7”1+?Ç9-;y ?B1+<>13245Ljr$&N(¼J ‰ $ &N(=; ­VцÒÓ=ÔÕ J

: <;>= &? @;
|X(f)|

=! " O #%$ =&N( À ­VÑ‡ÓµÔ e

2 tau*sinc(tau*f)
BAC

7? 1356É7Ë7=/5‹P+w 5S<<>;?Bdµ137? ;Å,!U P´T5<><7 .0AB;ËP3w ;, ^ /;=,F,!137]

; D; 1

? ;ǀz$3HÎÍ Ï:(i13? 9)13.05ËU ?X£¨ ‘ )£F§B¢ 9);=PQ,!;`a? 5P3; €”$3H‡(i9)1ÃU ?B5

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

cUB5?x<13<>s ^ 5S/1x5ÌÏ@e
E 6.4 arg[X(f)]
-2*pi*f*T
3.2
f
0

 jÄl Gl-jG™4lv“}l-—‘mž—hkjGl-m nVhkopt“}h >m Ä=l 5Ë.013/.07,!<†5? d!5Ë.0AB;ÇU ?„£0¨ — -£§B¢ ‘¦0¤ ù¢£0 )¡¦89);=P
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-3.2

F 3GH JI 6

,F;=`4?B5P3;¥€”$+H‡(,F1a</059-U .05@1+?U ? 5›5P3<>;/05dµ137=? ;ᨷ ¦0 )£0¦Q9);=P+P35@T5,F; Ã9);=P+P35˜,!U 5:</05,!T 7=/685S<5”‰¯$&N(*
E K
-6.4
E ML

.076 ^ 7=/F<>5¶U ?B5.07?B,F;`aU ;=? d5¶? 7=<;=247=P+;˜5? .MA ;:? ;=P ^ 5,F,!5`a`4137:9-5b&Ì5ÈH *S7,F,!135f{
ON

¦ 0¨G§ ¦ ¨§ ¦0£  B¦ 4· 0¦ ·  -¡ ¦”¤8 -· ‘¦·  Ç¨·  -¡ ‘¦0£  ‘  ¡  4 XT7=/685Ç9-w 7=? 9)5 a£
P

¦·B§ ¢ a·  – -¡ ‘¦0£F ¸a¨ ¢=· ¦G§B¦¡¡  ù£0¢ ù£0¨  ‘£0  ¢V£0¤8  ‘  B¡ 4·x¨   ΢ F¨ S¨ ¡¨ 4¦0¡ ¡ 
RQ +Q KST VU WQ X E /X DE YE KQU [Z(L\U

§ ¨B¤8¢§ ¨ 0 )£0¦¥¡¢ ù¦ ‘£¢–§B¨ ‡  0¦ ¢=·œ )·B§  )¤8¦0· ‘¢”P313?';=5/0;›¨· †£0¦ 4¦0·4¸a 

QU/] ^U DE _L L `E aQcb aE OZ d!U S _L OQ+Q D] E0eMfhgiU

1jhS &QL +E0E kb aQ DZlS E b +glU am

5›Äl-’rÆ}hk º 7=? ,!1+9-;/01+5S687›UB?Ì,F;=`4?B5P3; ^ ;/0137V9)13.7:€”$3H‡().7=,F<>1+<>U 13<7›9)5–9-U ;R,F7=P3;:5S/687=? 13.0AB;){

€”$+H‡(%J
~ ˜$ %H‡(B‚‹ƒ ˜$ %H‡(on pq 4r sn pq D;tr

u 5S2a;? 9-7 ^ 7=,F<>7 J *5,!,F13;68;:5P3P+5z,FUB52a;/0,F137?B;@/13<>5/9-5<>5

;>=wv xr(y

€”$+HùÍÅÏ:(%J~ ˜$ œ$+HÎÍ Ï:(>('‚Xƒ ˜$ Ç$3HÎÍ Ï:(>(}J
~ ˜$ %HùÍ ùÏ:(x‚rƒ ˜$ %HùÍ ùÏ:(

O 7?B;? 9-7 ùÏ J *7=<<>;?B1+5S687
hn pzq 4r sn pzq ;tr on pq 4r {r an|pq D;tr };tr

Rr ~

€”$+HùÍ Ï:(}J
~ ˜$ %HùÍ a(B‚vƒ :$ %HÎÍ a(

on pq 4r W~ an|pq D;tr €;>~

;@2a;/01+yB.0AB1+5S687˜.MA ;˜P+5z,F;=.7=? 9)5¶5/0687? 13.05,!U u13,F.0;˜UB?8/01+<>5/09)7@9-1'T5,!;@;=,F5<><>568;?B<;˜9)7 ^-^ 137Se

?
y ` fe ‹,!1´_ ^ 7,!<7X~ J ½ ƒrJ
 J Ó ; J !*¥;=9t_Å687,!</05<>7 ,!135‹13Pi,!;`a? 5P3;
,F7=68685b7/01+`a1+?B5/137*N,!135»cUB;P3P377=<<>;V? UB<7z.7=? ,!1+9-;/05? 9-7ÌU ? .07? <>/01+uSU <7¶9)1fT5,F;P31+? ;=5/0; ^ ;/˜P+;
{  ƒAC ~ „ Wv …A;
>‚ ‚

9)UB;@5/0687?B1+.MA ;Se Q;/01+yB.MA 135687@.MA ;˜? ;P',F;=.7=? 9)7”.05,!7*)P+5T7/0685Ì9)w 7?B9)5Ì_@P35¶,!<;=,F,!5È7<><;V?B1+ua13P+;

^ ;=/–ϯJ F*f13?ËcSU 5?x<>7ÈP+;5/0687?B1+.MA ;¶,F7=? 7Ì<>/5S,FP35<>;Ì9);=Pù68;=9);=,F13687È13? <>;/0245P3P37¶<>;6 ^ 7=/5SP+;Se
O†

9);=,F<>/5 13? 2a;.0;µ*%P35ÇT 5S,F;È9-;P3P+5Ç,!;.07?B9)5 5/0687?B1+.05œ2413;?B;È5? ?BUxP+P35<>5*Î7=<<†;=? ;=? 9)7É9-5P3P5Ç,F768685

ˆ‡

ë)ÞàÛ±ÚØSÛ¹ÙQákäfìkìÛ¹ák=ìkä ݵÞàÎß+Ù!çFãákäµâÞàÙÃä†ä†ãí0ß+äÎÛڇë=ä†ãã=â‡Û¹Ù!ß+Ù ±Ù@Þ3Ûì ä ãä†åìkÙaÞàÝÛ¹ãRìkëÛ Xðñ=ò çFákäµÞ3ä‡ãß+ہëãRÙ!ã)ÚÙ!Ü´ä†ã=ß+Ý ´Úä†å¹åæÙ ±ÙaÞàä µÞàÛ
‰
0‹ ˆ–
oŠ
J“!—2’k“z˜O™(˜3 š!’t›‘œ
#‹ tŒ  Ž! ‘’”“‘ •Š tŒ
 㠝 åæYç2è‹éŸêIëêPì „éí‰æ ˆî êíï¦æÖé#æñð¢èŸî ê¢ò íè ‚í ƒ
Š 0†
žŸ€  rpŽ Ÿ¡ oqr£¢
ySr žŸw¡ s¨#xny
Á
prts ikj ¢@ pyS
Ê
g Ä
Šoar «+¨
W¤
ˆ¥§¦

ySr
prts r¢Á ik| jAaƒ;i rp@Œx ÊÄ‘v̑
3©
Ž¨pySr¦£°rpƒk©q|r Ÿª rbwh© Ÿ ¡ ž r  ª ¨« ¡¬  ¨©qoŸx+©  ž o ª ¡”ª ¨

¡¬  ­ž ¡ ª®¡ Ÿª  ­¡/¯

GIH*JAK\©J .S5MAVWYxSšVeLHþY ¹TUY¨V .J

w° a± •° ³²-´Wµ3¶·h¸¹º µ ¼»Y½ V ) ¯?Ào ¡ Šx[¨#Šx­©qr ª $¦| ž¡ oar|r#oao ¡ Šx
rO«=r#|r Ÿwª rbwr
 ­ª¡ §”©ao4©   n
« rR«{z]r

  r ¾„Á¤Ã]Ä2Ÿu Á¤Ã
g Ã>¿
Ä ¡ oao4¨px ¡ À ÁaÊÄ2ŸÉAÁaÊÄpr ÐVÑDҋÓÁDÔ

o ¡ « ž ©a | ©q£y ¨  ª x ¡¬Â ©-¨ Ÿ r:£¾|r#o ªžªª ¨ ¡”Ÿ¡ o-¨#Ž ¡V¡ ¡ ž¡¬Ÿwª ¨:Žk© lƒ/©  ª ¨‘ ¡VžwŸ Š žwŸª ¨€|3©‰ƒ/©  ª ¡ ‚$ ‰] y Ÿ rOÃ
y£¨ Ÿ ©-«+¨bw|3©  ª © Ÿ Ž ž © ¡ y£¨lo ¡Äª x ¡”  o ¡¬Â ©-¨ Ÿ r ª r#ySŠa¨#x ¡ oarl| ¡ ¡ ž r#oao ¡ © Ÿ s¤xnr#¡ ž r ŸÂt¡ Šrpx©aoŸs ¡¬ªª ¨Å«{z]rbw

š€
Ÿ r#oŠx[©qy£¨&« ¡¬  ¨bw3©´
¶ ª]¬‰|rpoqo ¡Æª x ¡¬  o ¡” ©4¨ Ÿ r¢rY|r#oqoaÀ r   Ša¨ Ÿ r Ÿ © ¡ oMrR«+¨pylŠoqr  ­  ¨   ¨ Ÿ ¨¾® ®7¯»¤¬ b€ wr Ÿ r#o
  r «+¨ Ÿ 3 | ¨pw© ‰©´
«·¬{‘ ,4Z4
¡ÇžŸ ] Š žŸwª ¨º|3©4ƒk©  ­ª¡ Šx ¡”ª ©4«+¨‹wŠ ž Þ   ¨#xnŽ;rpx
r¹¡ žw¡ oz«{z]r…Šr#xnŠoar  ­  © ª ²Šrpxlo ¡ «+¨pySŠ ¡ $ x  ­¡ |a©
žŸ  p
r Ž Ÿw¡ q
o S
r 64
¨n©#¼ ‰»¤¶n´=´
© Ÿ rpo ª r#ySŠa¨‘³ÈW¨  ª x+© ¡ y£¨}Šrpx
ÞW«{zr ¡¬Ÿwª ©4à ª x ¡¬  sD¨#xny ¡”Ÿ |a¨ žŸ ¨   Šr ª ª x­¨
¨ ªª r Ÿžª ¨¢| ¡ oqo ¡M  ¨#ySy ¡ 3 | ©| ž r ª x ¡¬  o ¡¬Â ©4¨ Ÿ ©a¨#ŠŠa¨  ­ª rbw   ©s¨ ªª ©ar Ÿ r žŸ  r#Ž Ÿw¡ oqr¢x
r ¡ oqrÌ

Æ Îà ÈnußÁ¤Ã
g Ã>¿
Äw¥PußÁ¤Ã`¥PÃ>¿nÄVË3ŸɐÁaÊÄpr ÐWÑDÒ#ÓÁ Ô 
¥ ÉAÁaÊÄpr ÎÐVÑDҋÓÁ Ô Å
i ÉAÁqÊÄ p ikj kÉ Ê Ã>¿VÊ

FUrpx ª ¡”Ÿª ¨bwo4¨

  a | ¨#ŠaŠ © ¡ ySr Ÿª ¨~r~o ¡Wª x ¡”  o ¡¬Â ©-¨ Ÿ r¦|a©?ußÁtÃ]Ä\© ŸÌË Ã ¿   ¨ Ÿ ¨Srp¡ ž ©aƒ ¡ oqr Ÿª © ¡ | žŸÍ  rOÃ
Ž Ÿw¡ q
o r
W +
« ¨ ©
  Ÿwž  O
¨ q
© | ¡ oqr¹|3©Œs¤xnr#¡ ž r ŸÂt¡ à ¿ wŒo ¡ « ž © ¡ ySŠa©qr ÂtÂ>¡ £¹y£¨p| ž o ¡¬ª ¡ | ¡ o   rpŽ Ÿ¡ oqrÉAÁaÊĹÅ
À¯
Æ Îà ÈnußÁ¤Ã]ÄWËp‘ ?À
Šx+¨pŠx©-¨3Šr#xI¡ ž r  ­ª ¨3y£¨ ª ©aƒ/¨bw¬«{z]ro ¡ Šx+¨pŠx+©qr ª Y£|r ª ª¡¡”Ÿ «{z]r3|a©¼S©p³Ÿ®7»¤¯ 7¬¤©#ª]¶ $ Ó7
± ƒ7r#a| © ¡”Ÿ «{z]r ¡ Š ¡ Ž†‘ ä ¿W‘ .
Î MAVUSšTU[AJAPM ]¢r#x qƒ
[© ¡ |a©qxnr ª ª¡ ySr r ό| ¡
Ÿª oqo ¡ |r = Ÿ ©  ©-¨ Ÿ rŒ|a©Æ^à ª x s ¨x
y
¡¬   ¡¬ª¡ Ì

ÆÙÈnÉ £ ÁqÊ[ÄWˌŸu £ Ág Ã]ÄaÐ Æ Îà Ènu £ ÁtÃ]ÄËÅ¸É £ Ág ÊÄ

r#o /« ¡¬  ¨?|3©   rpŽ o ©¥x
r ¡ -o ©qw¥x+© ª +

Ÿ¡ - x ¨pƒk© ¡ £
y ¨Io ¡ Šx[¨#Šx+©ar ª $Œ| 3©   ©qySySr ª x[© ¡ «[¨ Ÿ © ž Ž ¡”ª ¡ uÂÁ­Ã]Ä2Ÿu £ Ág Ã]ÄW‘

Î €ÑJAN SJANOY¨VUP,MxQqS¹K¿JA\J žw¡¬Ÿwª © Y« ¡ Ž;- w

o ©r#sts¤r ª ª ©  ž oqoz¨   Šr ª®ª x+¨f|a© žŸw¡ ƒ ¡ x[© ¡¬Â ©4¨ Ÿ r Ÿ r#oqo ¡ ƒ7r à 3
$
o4¨O«+© ª l|3©   «+¨px
x­©qySr Ÿwª ¨|r#o ª rpySŠ3¨ ± rƒk©4«nr#ƒ7r#x  ¡ ¿W‘ l¨  ­  © ¡ y¨ ¡ |lr   rpySŠ3©-¨:Šr Ÿ ¡ xnrM«+¨pySrbwˆx+© ¡ ƒ/à UF
ƒk¨#oqŽ7r Ÿ |a¨Aƒ7r#o-¨ «nr#ySr Ÿwª r žŸÒŸw¡¬ ­ª x+¨y ¡ Ž Ÿ r ª ©-«+¨bw   © ¡”  «+¨po ª ¡ÓžŸ£  rpŽ Ÿ¡ oarA|a©| ž x ¡¬ª¡ Ša© ,§x
rpƒ;r‹wr ‚
| ¡ o ª ©qyS§x[¨ŒŠa© °¯¨®;«·©‘ ‚ w
ž r  ­ª ¨fs¤r Ÿ ¨pySr Ÿ ¨fƒ/©ar Ÿ r¢r   Šxnr    ¨ ¡¬Ÿ¡ o4© ª ©4« ¡ ySr Ÿª rÔ«+¨pySrÌ

Ã
ÆÙÈnɐÁ¢¥ÊÄWˏÅÖÕ uØ×
¢ ¢¼Ù

© Ÿ « ž ©   «
rpŽ7o4©qr Ÿ |a¨`¢ÄÚ   ©i¨ ªª ©qr Ÿ r ¡ «[«
rpoqr#x ¡¬Â ©4¨ Ÿ r ª rpySŠ3¨px ¡ oqr:r#| ¡ oao ¡ xnŽ ¡ ySr Ÿwª ¨A|rpoqo-¨   Šr x ¨
ªª 
Õ
± rp|Ó©qos«[¨ Ÿª x x ©4¨&«[¨ Ÿ
¡ + ¢°Ú ¿W‘ ¡ |a©qy£¨  ª x ¡¬Â ©-¨ Ÿ Œ r £fx[©qŠa¨#x ª¡¬ª¡Æ¡ oqo ¡Ÿ ¨ ª¡/Û ‘
Õ

’3“Ü ³ ´!¼x¶8‰œ·³ —–o³ —š

Ý >Þ4œ µ•U—q¸pœ•W³ —
–
–

™,œ –àßAœ =š
¶
Fžx ay +© ¡ | ©‚r   3
3 Š ¨px
x=r $ |rpoqo x s pxy
o x
rlŠx #Šx qr … ¡ | ‚ ªx qrpxtw #x=x
rl|r ax
r¦rp| [¨ [© ª ¡Kª ¡”  ¨ ¡¬ª¡ 3© w¨ ž [© h¨O«+«[¨ Ÿ © ¡”Ÿ¡ Ã
o4© ÂtÂ>¡ $ |r#oao ús
x
r¹oqr…Šx[¨#Šx+©ar
„ rúf¬t¼64®7»¤´n©…¼S¯«­¶n¼S¯«·¬¤¨
©;w
ª | Á ÄV‘ w
¡ r …£ žŸw ©4¨ Ÿ "© Ÿ a©4« ¡/ª ¨W«+¨ Ÿâá 㠞  ª ¨

ï0ó |ï ÓÖÃÕì¹ÖàóÃó tÕò5ï0ò©ï oìUí©îï ÓÐÔí5ìÐ ‚ï ï0Ð Ôëï0óþò©Ö ÓóÃÕÔmՂìoëÖ |í ‚ì

ñqóàÔ ‚ïÐ ‚Ö bÖàóÃÖÃÕ ëï0óàóÃïqÕò5Ô &Ö |Ö ì0ÐÓÖ
ä#å Yæ ®ç+è 1èaæ ®é è aæ ®ç+è Oê Dæ
è æ èaæ0æ ­ë Ôæ aæ íì -î /æ
é ææ
Ð ‰ï0ò5ÖÃí©îÓïÔ3óàóÃï ëÖ ‚Õì0ò |ÖÃì0ÐÓÖ.ëÖkÒàÔ ‚ï8ô
ÏÑÐÓ҅ÔbÕÕÖ õ Þ ØÙàß™Ü  × â Þ ØÀÙàߙÜ3á,â3ã fä
åÍæ|ç ß  × â Ý Þ ÙàߙÜ3áã fä,åÍæ è Ø ç ߙô
OèOé æ +æ /æ
ï ð Dñ wò wò

×DÞ Ù 3ßÑÜïþâmã fä

åæÛç ß  ± ×!Þ Ù mߙÜ*ïþâ3ã fä ætç Ù mßÑÜ  ± × ×OÙ .Üï*âmã fä 3ç  ± × å
ò ò
ó !ô !ô !ô ø ø xú
¬ö÷ õ kö÷[ù
õ õ õ õüû
 ƒ ƒSèVï¹ç4ò ë;ŠIêPï¦æ¾éu†ï¦æ:éè‹åê †ñéíæ
ŠUî êŸí?ï¦æ¾éu† ˆSêfé†
ì !ý RþIê‚ëžè ã”ÿ

|r = Ÿ © ª ¨^«[¨#ySr žwŸÅ  r#Ž Ÿw¡ oqr á ÁqÊ[Ä
&«{zrƒ ¡ oqr  r#x[¨^¨#ƒ žŸ ¡ ž rbw ª x ¡¬ŸŸ rYŠrpxŒÊIÅŒ|a¨pƒ;rƒ ¡ oqr Û ‡Šr#x
x ¨#woaÀ ¡
«+¨ Ÿª [ x
r ¡ |a© á ÁqÊ[Ä£ žŸ © ª ¡ x[© ¡ Ì

 «[¨ Ÿ à Å
l ¥
 Û
x(t) = A δ(t) á ÁtÃ]Ä2Å r Í á ÁtÃ]Ä Õ ÃlÅ
 ¡ o ª x+¨pƒ;r ¥
Õ
 Î
A
Š žŸª ¨Öa
t
]
| ©Ÿƒ/©  ­ª¡Å¡¬Ÿ¡ o-© ª ©4«[¨bw á ¤Á Ã]Ä Ÿ ¨ Ÿ £ žŸw¡ s žŸ ©-¨ Ÿ rbw‰y ¡ÒžŸw¡ ³]¬

¡ÒžŸ
™› 87
´n«­µ
¬ ˆ® 7¬¤©#ª]¶bwž|r Ÿ © ª¡ «[¨#ySrV©qožo4©ay£© ª r ¡ « ž © ª r Ÿ |r žŸw¡Ò  r#x[©qrl|3©žs žŸ ©4¨ Ÿ ©[‘ =
¯
?À¥Šx ¡” ­  ©‰x ¡ ŠŠx
r   r Ÿª¡ x
r¾Ž7x ¡ w« ¡ ySr Ÿª r á Á¤Ã]Ĉ«+¨pySr žŸ¡ ¤ s xnr «[«+© ¡ ± ƒ;rp|3© ]Ž ž x ¡ ¿ˆ«+¨ ŸK  «
x+© ªª ¨ ^zC f
¡ +
« « ¡”Ÿª Ô
¨ q
© 
o ƒ ¡ o
4 p
¨

x f
r 
| p
r q
o a
o À ¡

x r ¡ ‘ 


 "!$#&%(')"*+'(,

- ¯0«­µ
¯´ 5:
W©µ
¼S¯«­¯ñ³¬S®7ª]¯Ù¨
©p´
«·¯ª]«­¶/.®7ª 4
¬t¼ ?®7»¤´n©²³]¬¯µn¶
¯ e4‰¯µn¬:¯ ¬¥¯»¤©pµ=¶}³¶n»¤»t¯
¨n©#´n«­¯ª]«­¶10

w ž r  ­ª¡ Šx[¨#Šx­©qr ª $€£¢ƒ ¡32 ©M| ¡ Šr#x4r Ÿwª x ¡ yS§”©Y©†|a¨#y£© Ÿ ©-© ± þrAÊ­¿|a©†Š ¡ x ª r ŸwÂ>¡ ws¨px Ÿ r Ÿ |3¨

ÆÙÈ fˏÅb^ ?^ C á Á¤Ã]Ä r Æ Îà È fË3Å 8^ ?^BC á ÁaÊÄ

% ŸÅ¡ ŠŠr Ÿ |a©4«nr 㠑 ⠑ á   ¨ Ÿ ¨   ƒk¨ 2-ª rYx[©4]r  ­  ©-¨ Ÿ ©s«{z]rR© 2524ž ª x ¡¬Ÿ ¨Ô«+¨pySrR© Ÿª rpx
Šx
r ª r ¡ x
rY¡ ž r  ­ª ¨fx+©  ž62 Ã

ª¡¬ª ¨‘ w ž rxnƒ/© ¡ £

©¨  ­  y ¨   rpySŠ 2 ©4«nr#ySr Ÿª r_«{z]r 24¡ «[¨  ­ª®¡”Ÿª r Š ž Þ4r  ­  rpx
r ƒk©  ­ª¡ «+¨pySr_© o^ 272 ©qy£© ª rbwŠrpx
n ø Û w|a© žŸM  r#Ž Ÿw¡32 r?x
r ªª ¡”Ÿ Žk¨ 2-¡ xnrÌ ÙÅ8 £¦¥
pÏ Ê IÁ¤Ê[Ätw¥r¡ ž © Ÿ |3©8 ^
£-¥
r:9 c ^&` 3a 5c r:9 c ^ n   © Ÿ un
«‚Á¤Ã Ä2Å

Û

«[¨ Ÿ à Å
l
x+¨pƒ;r
Ì
‘ Ž© x ¨#ƒk© ¡ £
ª [ y ¨:Šr#x ª®¡”Ÿª ¨ Ÿ r 22 rr  ¡¬ªª r «+©ax+«+¨  ª ¡¬Ÿw 
r «{z]r¾|r  Ÿ ©   «[¨ Ÿ ¨ žŸ ©ay£Ã

+
¡324ª
Š ž+2-  ¨y ¡¬ª r#y ¡¬ª ©-«+¨bwˆrx
r  ª®¡ x rM«{z]r¾× ¥
| ¡ ƒ;rpx+© w« ¡ n n   © Ÿ «‚Á¤Ã unÄ Õ Ã Å Ì   ©UŠ ž
Þ y£¨  ª x
 ¡ x
r ± Š ¡ Ž ‘
†
ãá ¿3«{z]r 2 À © Ÿª r#Ž7x ¡32 r ƒ ¡;2 r žŸ
Î ¥
¨ Šrpx¡ ž¡324žsŸ ¡ ž r w;r ¡
  n ž | ©Ša¨  ­  ©
© Ÿ 3 ¡ £y ¨  
Õ
«
x[©qƒ7r#xnrÆÙÈ ¢ËŒÅ b^ ?^!C á Á¤Ã]ÄV‘



=< ?>@,3/;,3A')BC#&>@,;D#E!F#E*G#

Ì
\¨ Ÿ  ©a|rpx+© ¡ £
y ¨ žŸ  r#Ž Ÿw¡32 r¢Šr#x[©4¨#|Y©-«+¨YÉAÁaÊÄtw|r 2 ¡ r «+¨ Ÿ ¨   «[© ¡ £
žw¡32 & y ¨ 2 ¨   ƒk© 4
2 ž ŠŠ3¨Ô© Ÿ£  rpx+©ar
vEJ
ɐÁaÊ[Ä2ÅIH v¥ u v r ÐVÑDÒ
ùUÎ ¥ Ô
 ŠŠ 2 ©-« ¡¬Ÿ a
| ¨ 24¡ Šx[¨#Šx­©qr ª ¹|3© 2 © Ÿ r $ x ©ª
¡ [ $w h© 2 x[©  ­ž+2-ª¡¬ª ¨SŠrpx 24¡Wª x ¡”  s ¨px
y ¡¬ª¡ |a© žŸw¡ «+¨  ª ¡”Ÿª rbw?r
x+©-«+¨px
| ¡”Ÿ |a¨ 24¡ Šx+¨pŠx[©qr ª S|r 2524¡Åª x $ ¡” K24¡¬Â ©-¨ Ÿ r© Ÿ s¤x
rp¡ ž r ŸwÂ>¡ w ª x+¨pƒ/© ¡ £ y ¨EL^«{z]r 24¡ Æ^à ª x ¡¬  sD¨#x=y ¡¬ª¡
|a©ÉAÁ¤Ê[Ä]ƒ ¡;2  r Ì

u Á¤Ã]Ä2ÅMH v¥
ùUÎ ¥
u v á Á¤Ã
g >A@YÄ
 ¨   Šr ª ª x[¨°|3©
 ¡ ySŠ3©ar Â>Ât¡ |a© žŸ}  rpŽ Ÿ¡32 r¾Šrpx+©-¨#|a©4«[¨°£Ö¡ ž © Ÿ |3©ˆ«+¨  ª © ªž © ª ¨¾| ¡ 64
¬¤¼ ?®;»t´
¬¼S¯«·¶
¼S¯N
«­¬t¨
¬·w   © ªž¡”ª ©à© Ÿ «+¨px
­
x ©   Ša¨ Ÿ |r ŸÂt¡ |r 22 r¹stx
rp¡ ž r Ÿw r ¡ x
y£¨ ©-«{z]rbwŒr |a© x
r Š ¡ x+© ¡ © x[©   Šr ª|ª ©qƒk©
«+¨prps «+©qr Ÿª ©†|r  224¡`  r#[ x ©qrf|3©w¨ ž x+©qrpx‘
Ÿ ¡ ¡

Ü Ÿ y£¨#|a¨ ¡324ª r#x Ÿ¡¬ª ©aƒ/¨:|3©l« ¡;2 «+¨ 24¡ x
r 24¡Óª x s ¨#x=y
¡¬  D ¡¬ª¡ |a©   rpŽ Ÿ¡32 ©ˆŠr#x[©4¨p|3©-«+©£© 22-žw ­ª x ¡¬ª ¨ ¡322z¡

  r Ç
 ©4¨ Ÿ r 㠑 ˆ‘

OQPKR Ö &S Óó |ì &ÔbÕï ‰ÔbÕÖÃí5ìoñ ÐÓì0ՂìoÔbÐÓí©îï í©ì0Ð ÃÖ óÐÓì &ïvëÖDTVUXWQY Z\[N]GT^]`_:Z;a þï(SÈïòb Óï |Õì ñoò5ÔcSKSÈò5ï ‚ï0ÐÕÔbÕì6ëÔbó
é tè æ _é ®é ®é ë è >æ tæ
‚Ö bì0óÃìed,ô
æ 1é\ì
f×OÙtÚÜ °  õhg H ikj â × i ï
ã fä iml æon  H ikj â × i õhgþ"+p ïmã fä ikl æCn  H imj â × i p dÙÛÚ ê@qsr;Ü
ò ò ò
ò ò ò
ã3t ƒ
Š
åæYç2è‹éŸêIëêPì „éí‰æ ˆî êíï¦æÖé#æñð¢èŸî ê¢ò íè ‚í 0†
GIH*JAKLMH*NOJAP
J¾QqS TWV?¿ÀMAKÓYZVWM ŠŠ 2 ©4«
zw© ¡ £y ¨© 2 [ x ©  ­ž+2-ª¡¬ª ¨ ª [ x ¨#ƒ ¡”ª ¨ Ÿ r 2 ƒ7r#x   ¨Æ¨#ŠŠa¨  ­ª ¨bwi¨    © ¡
Šr#xR© Ÿ ƒk©q| žs¡ xnr 2 rÆ«+¨pySŠa¨ Ÿ r Ÿ ª ©
 ¡

x y
£ ¨ Ÿ -
© {
« ]
z b
r w ¡ Š ¡ x ª q
© n
x Ö
r | ¡322 À r   Š x
r  ­  ©-¨ Ÿ r¾|r 22-¡Vª x ¡¬  sD¨x
y ¡¬ª¡ 3 | ©

¨ ž +x ©ar#x‘ r 2 « ¡¬  ¨f3 | © žwŸ «[¨   r Ÿ ¨bwa«{z]r   «
x[©qƒk© ¡ £ y ¨

ÉAÁqÊĞŠB^ ÄÉ Ê
p ikj
Á Ã>¿{Ê¥ 9‰ÄŸÅB^ r Ð31 ÑDÒ#Ó Ô:u/þ2 Á ¥ 31
r ÎÐ ÑDÒ#Ó Á :Ô u /þ2
i
24¡ Æ^Ã ª x s ¨#xny
¡¬  D ¡”ª ¡ x[©  ­ž+2-ª¡ Ì

ußÁ¤Ã]Ä Å ÆvFw
Ñyx
r ÐWÑDÒ#Ó{Ô r Ð ¥
/ r Î ÐVÑDҋÓ{Ô r ÎÐ z6{
/ X(f) ~
Å w
Ñ
g 0/
r Ð á tÁ Ã Ã ¿ w
g
Ä ¥
/
r ÎÐ á Á­ÃM¥Ã ¿ Ä n
_ } e −j ϕ
A
2
_ } e jϕ
A
2
© Ÿ « ž ©†x[©4«[¨ Ÿ y ¨
¨   «­© ¡ £ f
f| 0
u Å w r Ð0/ rAu Å w r ÎÐ
/ −f|
0
à
Ž Îà
Ñ Ñ F−trasformata di un coseno
«+¨pySrfy£¨  ­ª x ¡”ª ¨R© Ÿ ž x ¡ ‘

€6m‚Nƒ…„†ˆ‡‰$Šeƒ"‹3€6Œ‚Nƒe€ Ž&‘’“3”y•‘– —X—˜“;™K’š6›œN›ž(—˜“3‘—X‘“3žX›•‘“ŸœN ¡›š6¢E“¤£D’+¥+š6“¦™c’5š+¥6§

™K’£N›;¨©ªœDœN‘’5—X“3š«£N•’‘« ¡›žK›”y“¦£D’¬V“3žX™K›­“;‘«™c’« C ¡’›š+›N®

¯°•±³² ´¶µ² ·…¸M² ´ ² ·¹±»º¼½ ±¿¼½

· ¾ ·

ÀÁ ÂÁ=À æÄÅƹÄDÇÈ3ÉÊÌË$Ç^ÍGÎÏÑйҫÒÓÔйÕÎDÖ)ÏÑ×

Ø ™K™c›žX­’“3”y(’š6š6“;š¢’ ¡¥6 C C—kÙ6›(’‘KÚFÛXÜÝ+ÜÞÔÞßܕ£N’D¥+š¤™K›§

âã+ä3åæèçDæé)ê6ã"ëìyçDê6åíKî¶ê6ã6ëïCäéXë5îèðNñóò˜îìyæyéXë5ícê6åï¡ä;ï¡îèå5î
prodotto di x(t) per due impulsi íKïCæícíKî?ëìyçNê+å:íKîô^ò˜îãöõN÷Xø˜õùçDä3éXë^ä3åúä;å5îé˜æyðNæåíKæâã+ä3åæ
x(t) ã6æå5åû ë5ícï¡ä;ãïCæ•ëãyòXê6ëNü•òXæã+ï¡éXä3ïCîªå5û ëìyçNê«å5ícîNý

t þ@ÿ
ÿ
  þ@ÿ
ÿ 
à
θ τ
á
x(τ )  ê6æíKïCä¤ò˜îã6ícë5ðDæéKäEë:îã6æ@ò˜îã6ícæã6ïCæ\ðNë ícò˜éXë5úGæéXæ)ëå6úGä3åîéXæ
t
à ðNë þ\ÿ
 çNæé&ê6ãèë5ícï¡ä;ã6ï¡æ  ô3ã6æååä
îéXìyä
à θ τ
x( θ)

þ@ÿ  þ@ÿ
ÿ !"


 ê6æíKïCû ê6åï¡ëìyäŸçNéXîçDé˜ëæï1ñŸü@ðNæï¡ï1ä¤ðDë$#˜ø&%Ôõ(')'&*ßõ+yø),-%/.0
1243657298;:Ìëãhëã6âåæíKæ=<Vë5ã>;ê6äGã6ïCî@ò˜îã6íKëícï¡æ
0
ìyæïCä
îéKëòXä3ìyæã+ï¡æ@?A< ã+æå çNä;íKícä3éXæ ä;å¹íKæï¡ä;ò˜òXë5î þ\ÿ ô òCB6æ ò˜îìyçNä3éXæ ëã æã6ï¡éXä3ìED;ë¹ë¹ìyæìED;é˜ë
ðNæå5åû æícçNéXæícíKëîã+æ)îï¡ïCæ7ã6ê+ï¡ä;ô«ò˜îíGF òXîìyæ\å5äH
ä3éXëã6ä¤ò˜îìyçNä;é˜æ\íKê?æã6ï¡éXä3ìED;ë6ë åä3ïCë60I?A<ðNæå íKæï¡ä;ò˜òXë5î
íKïCæíKíKî 

JLK9M NPORQSUTVQWXZY([\S^]_`QORabXZcedfTbghabTV_G]hijORTbghc

kjlnm7lo phqsrstbu rGvwxRyt{zL|`rsq~}w

€ îã6ícë5ðDæéXë5ä;ìyîê6ãèíKëíKïCæìyä6ícë5òXî‚0
æåæïCï1éXë5òXîôNìyæòXò˜ä;ã6ëò˜îô3çNã6æê6ìyä;ï¡ëò˜î ƒƒ <òCB6æ•úGæã+âä¦ícîååæòXë5ïCä„

ïCî‚0 ëã¶ê6ã¶çNê6ã+ï¡îò˜îã6ícë5ðDæéXä3ï¡îò˜îìyæ•ëã6âéXæícíKî=<+ðNä¦ê+ãèícæâGã6ä3åæëìyçDê6åíKë:úî ÿ ô;æòXîã+íKëðNæéKëä3ìyî
åû ä;ãðDä3ìyæã6ïCî¦ïCæìyçNîsé˜ä3åæ\ðNëê6ã6ä âGé˜ä3ã+ðNæ=Rä^0
ìyæò˜òKä;ã6ë:òXä3ô çDã6æê6ìyä3ïCëò˜ä3ô+æå5æï¡ïCéKëò˜ä …ƒ <¦òCB6æ)çNîíG„
íKëä3ìyîòXîã6ícë5ðDæéXä3éXæªê6ã6ä\ê6ícò˜ëïCä † ä3åæéXë5ícê6åï¡ä;ï¡îçNé˜æã6ðDæ•ëåã+îìyæ•ðDëD÷&*#4‡.=#G%ÔõH*+ˆ‡;‰Š#&*Œ‹sõh0 îíKícë5ä
ä3ååû ë5ìyçDê6åíKî=<6æúëæã+æëã6ðNëòXä3ï¡ä\òXî㎍ ÿ
I û ä;ã6ðNäGìyæã+ï¡îðNë7 ÿ
 éXä3çDçNéXæíKæã6ïCäŸåä¦âéXä3ã+ðNæ"sä
 ‘ƒ’‘E“;”~•—–˜j•š™"›P”~œ–ž•—”sŸ"› P¡;˜j¢EŸš˜jž£$”s˜j¢ˆ  ¤¥

¦(§š¨6©`ª)§«¬­¯®=©G©`°"±&²¬«¬¦®"³®hªC´6°hµU³(¬©`©G¬«®U¨6¶·«°=¸E³(®h³¬±&§š¬

¹;¦¬º¨-¬»¶6¦(®U©G§šµE¬³(³(¼§ª)¬«®U§
¶
§¶6½±&°"©`©G®¾¼
¿ §¸^³(¨-¼
©`®ÀjÁ¹ÂIÃ
Ä °Ž§
¼{©`§
©`«°=¸E¬@µhÅƌÇ-È)ÉÊ)ÈUÈVËÈ&Ê)ÌEÉ(Ç-È)Ç-Í/ÈÎs­L¬³³(¼§
ª&¬¶$¦(®
¨6¶h§¶6½»±)°=©G©`®bª)®=©G«§
«¨6§«®ˆ¦¬LËÆ~ÓÔƌ̈ËÖÕÅ×)Æ/­$®=½¶6¨-¶6®Vª&®"¶¬±&°"¬
x(t) y(t)
Sistema
¦(§Ø،°=±)°Ù¶-«°VÚ=Û(°¾ª&°"¶-«±G¬«®Ü¬¦H¨-¶E¦§
²»°"±&©G®‚§©G«¬¶-«°VÝIÛÞ­®"²»²°"±&® Ð Fisico
δ( t ) h(t)

Ï
ß Á
¹Âàâã á ÚæÛÀjÁ
¹çÝCÛÂ è ¤ Åésê x(t) = δ (t) y(t) = h(t)
ۅä—å Ð Ð
t t
©G§$®=««§
°=¶6°V¨-¶6¬b¨6©Gª&§«¬³(¬±&§$¬ Ñ Ï Ò Ñ Ò
Σ a i δ (t−τi ) Σ a i h(t−τi )
Ð Ð
t t
Á¹Â à ã á Ú Ûì Á
¹çÝ Û Â è ¤ à íê
ë
ۅä—å

Ä §š±)§î6°=««¬
©`¨6¼š©G§½¶-§
ï$ª)¬«®¦°"¼¼¬©G®=¸E¸E¬«®"±&§
¬­šª)®=¶ð¼¿ ¬§Þ¨6«®h¦(°=¼
¼¬ï-½¨-±)¬ñ¬
¼
¬«®ò¾¬¦
¨6¶·¦(¬«®
§©G«¬¶6«°ó¹Œ­L§¼L²»¬¼®"±&°¦°"¼¼
¿ ¨6©`ª)§«¬ ë Á
¹¾±&§
©`¨6¼«¬ô¦(¬¼
¼¬·©G®"¸U¸E¬@¦(§Üõö«°=±)¸E§¶6§­L®"½»¶6¨-¶6®ñ³(¬±&§÷¬¼
²¬¼
®=±)°¦(°=¼
¼¬^±)§©G³®"©`«¬E§¸E³(¨-¼
©`§²¬øª)¬¼
ª&®"¼¬«¬Uª&®"¶Ž¬±&½®=¸E°"¶6«®ù³¬±)§—¬¼
¼¬ø¦(§،Ø°=±)°Ù¶6ús¬ø«±&¬E§©G«¬¶-«°
¦(§$®"©`©G°=±G²¬úR§Þ®=¶6°‚°=¦ø§©G«¬¶6«°¾¦§$¬³(³¼
§ª)¬úR§®"¶-°Ü¦°"¼¼¿ ÆûÈ)×&ƌÌEü§¸E³¨6¼©G®Ã

ýjþnÿ7þ

  !

" ®=¶6©`§
¦°"±&§
¬¸E®÷¬¶6ª&®"±&¬V¼
®L©`«°=©G©`®Ü©`§
©`«°=¸E¬bï6©`§
ª&®s­¬¼ª&¨6§§¶6½»±)°=©G©`®÷©`§¬b³®"©`«®Ü¨6¶ù½»°"¶-°"±&§
ª&®Ü©`°"½»¶6¬

#
¼° ß Á
¹šª&´-°s­ ½»±)¬ús§°^¬¼
¼¬³(±&®"³±)§°"«%$¦(§ ©G°=«¬ª)ª&§¬¸E°"¶-«®s­¯±&¬³³(±&°"©`°Ù¶6«§
¬¸E®Hª)®=¸E°U©`ª)®=¸E³(®Ù©`«®^§¶
§¶6ï6¶$§«§7«°"±&¸E§¶6§­-®=©G©`§
¬øª&®"¸E°ˆ©G®=¸E¸E¬ø§
¶-«°=½±&¬¼°ˆ¦§7§¸E³(¨6¼©G§-ª)°=¶6«±)¬«§—§
¶ŽÝ責±&§
¬'&§¼Þ°"ê°=¦h¬±)°=¬

ß Á
ÝÂ'(æÝb茧¶6ï-¶$§
«°"©`§
¸E¬êIò
¥
ß Á¹Âà*) ß ÁÝÂ,(ÙÝ{ÀjÁ¹ç
ÝÂ
¥
+
- ¨6°=©G«¬ù°=©G³(±&°Ù©`©G§®"¶6°s­$Ø®=±)¸E¬¼¸E°=¶6«°‚©G§¸E§
¼°‚¬¼
¼¬Ôè ¤ ÃéRê­(µb°"º¨6§²¬»¼°"¶6«°V¬¼¼¬Ô³(±&®"³±G§°"«$ù¦(§6©`°"«¬ª.#
ª&§
¬¸E°"¶6«®s­¦¬«®¾ªC´6°bÀjÁ
¹Â-µÜ¨6¶-¬ˆØ¨6¶-úR§®"¶-°Ü³¬±&§Ã,/¿ ¬¶6¦¬¸E°=¶6«®¾¦°"¼¼
¬ˆ½±&¬¶-¦(°"úsúR¬b¦§ ¨-©Gª&§
«¬b©G¬±.$
§¼ ±)§©G¨-¼
«¬«®E¦°"¼¼
¬ ©`®"²±&¬³³(®=©G§úR§®"¶-°E¦§š§¶6ï-¶ §«°E±&§
©`³(®=©G«°h§¸E³(¨6¼©G§Þ²»°s­š®"½»¶6¨6¶-¬±)°=¼
¬«§²¬ñ¬¦¨6¶
¦(§²°=±)©`®‚²»¬¼®"±&°‚¦(°=¼
¼¿ §
¶$½»±)°=©G©`® ò

¥
ë Á¹Âà )
ß Á
ÝÂ ì Á
¹ç
ÝÂ0(æÝ
¥
+

§¶ ª)¨-§
ß Á
ÝÂ(ÙÝôµó¼¿ ¬±)°=¬ð¦(°=½¼§Ü§¸E³(¨-¼
©`§÷ªC´6°
ª)®=©G«I§«¨-§
©`ª)®=¶6®
¼¿ §
¶$½»±)°=©G©`®"­¾° ì Á
¹çÝ‚µó¼¿ ¨-©Gª&§«¬
¬¼¼¿ §
©`«¬¶6«°b¹7ª&¬¨-©G¬«¬ˆ¦(¬¼¼¿ §Þ¸E³¨6¼©G®Ü§
¶U§
¶-½±&°"©`©G®Üª)°=¶6«±&¬«®V¬¼¼¿ §
©`«¬¶6«°ˆÝ Ã
1 ¼Ù±&§
©`¨6¼«¬«®j®"««°Ù¶6¨6«®s­æØ®"±&¸E¬¼¸E°"¶-«°Ö©G§¸E§¼
°š¬÷è ¤ à íꌭ"³(±&°"¶2#
£N›?’‘^š+”y›?£N’4365+Þ87:96Û.;=<>7¶Ý3?XÜ@52A7Ü@<%BDC,3
Ü@57DE ­G’5›š6›h’š6£N’—X“3§
x(t) y(t)=x(t)*h(t)
 C¶’šF
žX”y“?™K’”HG3‘5’—˜“y£N“ˆ¥6š “;™K C›žX’5™c—XJILKNM>E› G£N› £D›‘‘5“ h(t)
œNžXœDžK’› O¦—X”y”y¥6 C“3 C’5­G“
E;­G­›ž˜

± V K4X ±
Calcolo dell’uscita per un
PRQTSLU QWSU QTSLU
ingresso qualunque
± Y[Z V
QT]^U
X
QTS_]^U0` ]
±aY[Z X
Q>]^U
V
QTS_]^U0` ]

\ \
Z Z
b“/š+ C“3¢’5š6›h—Xš ‘– “;™K C›žX’™K—XcF
“ ™d&—kÙ6›?—˜’^™K’^œD™c™K“ÌžX’TF
›žX’ž˜›?“3£ö›™K™c“ö—X”è› “;‘feCœNžX£Ns ¡ C?£N’
—Xš6­G‘¥6¢’5š6›hgK¨,i\ C’“3”y&—X”y›jX QTSLU
—X“3žX“3 C ¡›ž˜’¢E¢’G—˜”yœN‘› 1“;”y›š6 C›&’‘7™K’™c ¡›”y“lk6™c’5—X!E7’šm3¥+“3š« ¡
œN›ž˜”y› 1 C›•£N’«—˜“;‘5—X‘“3žXš6›‘5– ¥+™K—X’5 C“)œD›ž&¥6šHm;¥6“G‘5™c’5“;™K’N’š6žX›™c™K;¨

npo>q^rtsvuxwhszy!{:|}T~fLs!€@‚rt}T|ƒ{8qv|,r„rWs
yh{:|…Lsv~†w@‚‡rts}Tˆ8~†‰.|4|q'Š‹|Œ!sv}T~%qz~‡xŽ„|4Œ!|u@
¤
 ¡›V–”R™ ˜jžÖ˜·‘ô™ “›V•’‘˜¯“Öœ^›H™=›”“¾”ƒ‘˜¾“Ö”I š“

ýjþnÿ7þ ý •—–T˜†™š2›œžŸ  ž›œ

›œ^!

¡ §¬¸E®Ü®"±&¬ù¨6¶6¿ §¶$«°=±)³±G°"«¬ús§
®=¶6°‚½»±)¬ï6ª&¬Ô¦(°=¼
¼¬Ôª&®"¶-²®=¼
¨-úR§®"¶6°ò³(®=¶6§¬¸E®Üª&´-° ì Á
¹—©`§¬Ô°"©`³(®=¶6°"¶2#

ús§
¬¼
°÷¦(°=ª)±G°=©Gª&°"¶-«°V°=¦ ß Á¹Â6«±&§¬¶6½»®"¼¬±&°s­ª&®"¸E°‚¸E®=©G«±G¬«®¾§¶Eï-½¨-±)¬-Ã

¡ °"ï-¶6§¬¸E®V¨-¶6¬ˆª)®=©G«±G¨6ús§
®=¶6°Ü½±&¬ï6ª&¬­ªC´6°Vª&§ ¸E®=©G«±)¬H¼¬
h(t) ،¨-¶6ús§
®=¶6°h§¶6«°"½»±)¬¶6¦(¬óº¨6¬»¶6¦®ñ©`§;¦°"²° ª&¬¼ª)®=¼
¬±)°¼¿ ¨6©`ª)§«¬
¦
t ¬¦ñ¨6¶½°"¶-°"±&§
ª&®ø§©G«¬¶6«°^¹‚à ¹ç/¿ ¬»¶6¦¬¸E°"¶-«®H¦§ ì Á ¹çÝÂ
ª)®=¶ñÝV²¬±)§¬
&§Þ¼
°¾§
¶-¦(§³(°"¶-¦(°=¶6«°s­©G§$®"««§°"¶-°V±)§W&¬¼Þ«¬¶6¦(® ì Á
¹Â
h(t−£τ ) ±)§©G³°"««®^¬¼¼¿ ®"±&§½§¶6°H¦(°=§ «°"¸E³(§°ø«±&¬©`¼
¬¶6¦(®=¼
¬U茶-°"¼ ³¬©`©G¬
#
h(−τ ) £

£
τ «®s­;º¨6§¶6¦§Ö¬
¦°"©`«I±)¬ê¦(§ ¹Ã 1 ¼;±&§
©`¨6¼«¬«®¦°"¼¼
¿ §¶$«°=½±&¬¼°ñ¦§

¤
£
τ=t ª)®=¶6²»®"¼¨6ús§
®=¶6°s­º¨6¬¶6¦(®‚¹ à ¹­µ‚³¬±&§ ¬
x( £τ )
Á ¹4 ੨ ¥ Á
Ý ì Á ¹ç݇(ÙÝ
£
τ ë
+
¥ ß

¤ ®"©`©G§¬ô³(¬±&§¬¼¼
¿ ¬±)°=¬@¦°"¼³(±&®"¦®"«I«® ß Á
Ý ì Á ¹çÝŒ­«±)¬««°Ù½#

x( £τ) h(t−£τ ) ¥
Area ½§¬«¬ø§
¶ ï6½»¨6±&¬ª³(°=±¾¬¼
«±)§—²»¬¼®"±&§7¦(§ ¹ ­-§¼7«°=±G¸E§¶6° ì Á ¹ç
ÝÂ
£
τ ©G¬±x$ô«±)¬©`¼¬«® ¦§{¨6¶6¬ó¦§
²»°"±&©G¬ôº¨-¬¶6«§«L$7à 1 ¼{ª&¬¼ª)®=¼
® ¦(°=¼W#
¢ ¼
¿ ¬±)°=¬ô¦§ ß Á
Ý ì Á ¹çÝÂ÷´-¬ó§
¼;©`§½¶6§ï6ª&¬«® ¦(§;©`®"¸E¸E¬±)°ñ¼
°
y(t)
¦ ±)§©G³®"©`«°÷ª&¬¨6©`¬«°¦(¬b«¨-««§§²»¬¼®"±&§¦(§§¶6½»±)°=©G©`®s­®"½¶-§±&§
©`³(®h#
t ©G«¬³±)°=©R¬ª&®"¶ð§¼j±&§©G³°"««§²®h±&§«¬±)¦(® ¹;çfÝ«±)¬
½»¼
§š§©G«¬¶6«§
¦
t=t 茳¬©`©G¬«§êšÝ« ¹¦(§¬³³(¼§
ª&¬ú`§®"¶6°¦(°=§²»¬¼®"±&§—¦(§§
¶-½±&°"©`©G®s­—°
¼¿ §©`«¬¶$«° ¹7¦§ ®=©G©`°"±G²»¬ús§Þ®"¶6°Ã^¬—°=±)«¬¶6«®s­(§$²¬¼
®=±)§$¦(§ ì Á
¹—±&¬³³(±&°"©`°"¶6«¬¶-®‚¼¬Ô¸E°"¸E®=±)§¬­¦(¬³(¬±&«°
¦(°=¼-©`§
©`«°=¸E¬Ôï-©G§ª)®s­¦(°"½»¼§ §¶6½»±)°=©G©`§ ³±)°=ª)°Ù¦°"¶6«§Ã

1 ¼7±&§©G¨6¼«¬«®ˆ¦°"¼¼¬^ª&®"¶-²®=¼
¨-úR§®"¶6°s­-ª&®"¸E°ˆ©G§7²»°"¦(°¦(¬¼
¼¬ùª&®"©`«I±)¨-úR§®"¶-°ˆ½»±)¬ï6ª&¬­$´6¬ø¨-¶6¬H°"©`«°=¶#
©G§®=¶6°¾è¦(¨-±)¬«¬ê7¸E¬½»½§Þ®=±)°V¦°"§ ¦(¨6°Ü©G°=½¶-¬¼§$¦§ ³¬±&«°=¶6ús¬—Ã

ýjþnÿ7þ
­ ®¯‹!°*±z%›*²³´'µD ´! 

" ®"¶-©G§¦(°=±)§¬¸E®h¨-¶ð©G§©`«°=¸E¬óï6©G§ª&®ª&´-°®"³°"±&§{¨6¶ ©`°"¸H#

³(¼§
ª&° ±)§«¬±&¦(®°·E©`¨6§;©`°"½»¶6¬¼§;§¶ §
¶-½±&°"©`©G®ò§¶ «¬¼{ª)¬©G® ±)§W#
x(t) ¶ y(t)=x(t−θ )
h(t)= δ( t−θ ) ©G¨-¼
«°"±.$ ì Á
¹ÂÔà ÀjÁ¹ç°·ÙÂÖ®"²»²°=±)®=­¯¼¬Ž±&§
©`³(®=©G«¬¬¼¼¿ §Þ¸E³(¨6¼©G®
µ¨-¶ §
¸E³¨6¼Þ©G®±)§«¬±&¦(¬«®Ã¬—°"±÷ª&¬¼ª)®=¼
¬±)°ˆ¼
¿ ¨-©Gª&§
«¬­ ªC´6°ˆ©G¬³=#
Elemento di ritardo ³(§¬¸E®Ü°"©`©G°=±G°‚³(¬±)§$¬ ë Á¹ à ß Á¹ç°·Ù­³(®=©G©`§
¬¸U®‚±)§ª&®"±&±G°"±&°
¬¼¼
¿ §
¶-«°=½±&¬¼°¾¦(§$ª&®"¶6²»®"¼¨6ús§
®=¶6°s­®"««°Ù¶6°=¶6¦®
x( τ )

τ
¶ ë Á
¹ à ß Á¹¹¸ ì Á
¹Âà ß Á
¹’¸šÀjÁ¹ç·ÙÂà
δ( t− θ−τ)
¥
τ à )
ß Á
ÝÂÖÀjÁ¹ç°·Üç
݇(æÝHà ß Á¹ç°·ÙÂ
¶ ¥
t− θ termini della convoluzione +

con l’impulso traslato

- ¨6°=©G«®±&§©G¨6¼«¬«®ª&§—³(°"±&¸E°=«I«°ˆ¦(§—°=¶6¨6¶-ª)§¬»±)°¨6¶ ³(±&§
¶-ª)§³(§®
½°=¶6°"±&¬¼°s­ªC´6°L²°=±)±.$¨-«§¼
§ú`ús¬«®L¦§،±&°"º¨6°=¶6«°s­°÷ªC´6°L±)°=ª)§«¬—ò

º Éc»)ü=Ǽæü"Å~ÕD½»ÆŒü=Ç6ÈbÍ Ê)É Õǎ×)È:¾6Ç-É(ÅÈ ß Á¹ È.¿fÕÇƌ̈ËÖÕÅ×)üHÌEÉÍ/È&ÌEÉ(Í Æ6»&üñÀjÁ¹ç°·Ù»)È&Ç6û

Í/Ê&É(Í ü‚É=¿ÕÇ^ƌ×&Í É(Ç6Í Èj·ËÊ)üh¼Ùüh»GÉHÅÉHÍ Ê&É(×)ÅÉh½ÆüÙÇ6ȇ¿6Æ ß Á¹Â$É(ÅÅ>À Æ×&Í/ÉÇ6Í È;ÆÇH»æÕÆ2Áf»&È&Ç6Í Ê)É(Í ü
Å6À Æ̈Ë;ÕÅ×&ü-Ã
 ‘p‘Eœ ˜jž™ ”I–ž”s¡›V£6”s˜j¢ˆ @”~¢Ã‘ “; lÄ÷ ;¢b£›P  ¢ˆ Öžð™  Öœ–˜ ¤
Å

ÆÇ:È ÉËÊÍÌÎ
ÏОÌDÏѳÒÍÓ‡Ï ÊÔ[ÕÖÏÔØ×cÙ4ÕÚ¯ÛÜÕÔ[ӇÒÝ՜Ô[ÕÌßÞ¯ÕàáÐJÊ

/ ¬@¦(°"©`ª)±`§
ús§
®=¶6°Ž¦(§÷¨6¶©`§
©`«°=¸E¬ ï6©`§
ª&®
³(°=±¸E°=úRús®
¦(°=¼
¼¬ð©`¨6¬ ±&§©G³(®=©G«¬ §
¸E³¨6¼©G§Þ²»¬ðµó¦(§LØ®"¶#
¦(¬¸E°"¶-«¬¼°H¨6«§¼
§«$h©G®=³(±&¬««¨6««®U³°"±b¸E°"±&§«®^¦(°=¼
¼¬©G°=½¨-°"¶6«°ø³(±&®"³±)§°"«†$E¦(°"¼¼¬«±&¬©`،®=±G¸E¬«¬h¦(§
â ®=¨6±&§
°=±Ùò

º Éã¾ûÍ/Ê&É(×:äü=Ê)ÌUÉ(Í/É[¿6È&ŌÅÉ
ª)®=¶6²»®"¼¨6ús§
®=¶6°VÍ/Ê&Éc¿¯ÕÈÜ×&Ȅ¾6Ç-É(ÅƃÁjËÉ(Ê&ƯÉÅj³±)®=¦ ®"««®¿-È)ÅŌÈ
Í/Ê&É(×:äüÙÊ)ÌEÉÍ/ȳ¿6È)Æ-×&Ȅ¾-Ç6É(ÅÆ>å

ãçæ
ß Á¹¹¸ ë Á
¹Â%èLàêé Á>ë6Â,ìÁ6ë6Â

/ ¬ð¦§
¸E®=©G«±)¬úR§®"¶-°
µó±&§
³®"±&«¬«¬ ¬¼¼¬ ¶6®=«¬í6îÃ Ä ¨6©`©G§©G«°
§¶6®=¼
«±)°ó¬¶6ªC´6°¼
¬ð³±)®=³(±&§
°Ù«$￯ջÉ(ÅÈs­
®"²»²°=±)®Ü¬¦¨6¶LËÊ)üh¿6ü"Í Í ü¾Ç6È&Å$Í È)̈ËüVª&®"±&±G§©G³(®=¶6¦°L¨6¶6¬j»&ü"Ç2¼Ùü"ÅÕD½Æü=Ç6ȚÆÇä~Ê&Èxð—Õ»È)Ç,½É ­ªC´-°Ü©`§©Gª&±)§²°

ã©æ
ß Á
¹¹ñ ë Á¹Â%èÜàêé Á>ë6’¸ƒì Á>ë6Â

ò ±&¬««§¬¸E®V®=±)¬^¦(°=¼
¼°bª)®=¶6©`°"½»¨6°"¶-úR°b°b¦(°=§7±)§©`²®"¼«§7¼
°=½¬«§6¬Hº¨6°"©`«°ˆ¦(¨-°b§
¸E³®"±&«¬¶6«§6³(±&®"³±G§
°=«L$­

§¶6§úR§Þ¬¶6¦(®Ü¦(¬¼¼¬³±)§¸E¬—Ã

óïôõ÷öNø:ùõ÷ø÷ú
û2üø:ôýƒþJø„ýïÿ

‹þ 4þ^ý4üû /¿ 
¬³(³(¼§Þª&¬úR§®=¶6°‚³(§ E§¸E³®"±&«¬¶-«°¾µ‚¼
°=½¬«¬¬¼$ª)¬¼
ª&®"¼®‚¦(°=¼W#
¼¿ ¨-©Gª&§
«¬ø¦(¬E¨-¶ 
©G§©G«°"¸E¬Uï6©G§ª&®(òº¨6°=©G«®Ô³¨ °"©G©`°"±&°ù§¶6«°"±&¬¸E°=¶6«°Ôª&®"¶6¦®"«I«®Ô¶-°"¼—¦(®=¸E§¶6§
®¦(°=¼
¼¬
ر)°=º¨6°=¶6ús¬­ª)¬¼
ª&®"¼¬¶-¦(®

ìÁ6ë6Âà ãçæ
ß Á¹’¸ ì Á
¹Â%èÜàêé Á6ë6 
Á>ë6Â

°Vº¨-§
¶$¦§-®"««I°=¶6°"¶-¦(® ë Á¹Â ©

à ã +
å
æì Á ë6%
> Â è"
à /¬ù«±&¬©`،®=±&¸E¬«¬H¦°"¼¼
¬Ô±)§©G³®"©`«¬H§¸E³(¨-¼
©`§Þ²¬ Á>ë6¯à 

ã©æ ì Á¹Â%è÷³(±&°"¶-¦(°ù¬¼
¼®"±&¬ø§
¼—¶6®=¸E°Ô¦§-Ê)Æ×4Ë ü=×)Í ÉÆÇJä~Ê&Èxð—Õ»È)Ç,½É ­7§¶ñº¨6¬¶-«®ˆ±&¬³(³±)°=©G°Ù¶-«¬^¼
¿ ¬»¼«°=±)¬

#
ús§
®=¶6°¾§¶6«±&®"¦(®=««~¬¦(¬¼ ©`§©G«°"¸E¬Ô³°"±;®"½»¶6§(،±&°"º¨6°=¶6úR¬³(±&°"©`°"¶6«°V§¶Üé Á>ë6ÂIà ⠬ª)ª&§¬¸E®¾®=±&¬Ô¨6¶^³(¬§®
¦(§$°"©`°"¸E³§-³°"±{©`³(°=±)§¸E°"¶-«¬±)°Vº¨6°"©`«®‚¸E®"¦®‚¦(§$³(±&®"ª&°Ù¦(°=±)°Ã

 
ø @öŸþ ûžùû  @ûÜö 4öNöŸô  ¬®=¶6§¬»¸E®ù¦(§¬²»°"±&° 
Á>ë6ÂLà I­°ùªC´6°ùº¨6§¶ ¦§±&§
©`¨6¼«§ ì Á
¹ÂÜà ÀjÁ
¹ÂIà 1 ¶
º¨6°=©G«®øª)¬©G®ø¼°Hª)®=¸E³(®"¶-°"¶-«§ ¦§4é
Á>ë6¯¬¼¼
°ù¦(§²°"±&©G°øر&°"º¨-°"¶6ús°H¶6®=¶ó©G¨2&§©Gª&®"¶6®ù¶6°"©`©G¨-¶6¬
å å
¬¼«°=±)¬úR§®"¶6°s­÷®=««°"¶-°"¶6¦® ë 
Á 
¹ Ž
 à
áã + æDìf> Á ë6%
 è à Ø ã + æxé Á ë6%
> Â èðà ß Á
¹Œ­L°=¦ §¼©G§©G«°"¸E¬
²§°"¶6°Ô¦(°=««®H¦(§«§³(®ËÉ(×&×)ÉñÍÕÍ Í/ü Ú¬—°"±Ü²°=±)§ï6ª&¬­—©`ª)±&§²§¬¸E®ù¼¿ §Þ¶6«°"½»±)¬¼°ù¦§ª&®"¶6²»®"¼¨6ús§®"¶6°s­
ª&´-°U±&§©G¨6¼«¬ ¥
ë Á¹Âˆà ¨
¥ ß Á
ÝÂ;ÀšÁ¹ç݇(ÙÝ à ß Á
¹ÂIò{±&§«±&®"²»§
¬¸E®øº¨6§¶6¦§ ¼
¬³±)®=³(±G§°"«$ ¦(§
+
©G°=«¬ª&ª&§
¬¸E°"¶6«®Ã


 ø:öNû  ô Ä °ù§¶6²»°"ª&° 
Á>ë6ÂLà  "! ­—³(¬±)§ª&§
®=µH¬¦¨-¶Ž°=©G³®Ù¶6°=¶6úR§Þ¬¼
°ª)®=¸E³(¼°"©`©R®s­—§¼©`§
©`«°"¸E¬
° +

°"º¨-§
²»¬¼Þ°^¬¦¨6¶ó°=¼
°=¸E°"¶6«®E¦§ ±)§«¬±&¦(®s­¯±&§
³±)®=¦(¨6ª&°Ù¶6¦®ø§
¶ô¨6©`ª)§«¬ñ¼¿ §
¶$½±&°"©`©G®U³(±&°"©`°"¶-«¬«®

å$#
‹#

Á 6Â=° %!'&
å
©G§R·U§
©`«¬¶6«§Ö³(±&§
¸E¬7à 1 ¶6ج««§;±)§©`¨6¼«¬—ò Á
¹Âhà fÁ 6 ·à ë ã + æ!ì à >ë %è ã + é 6ë +

Á
¹ç°·ÙÂ~à ¡ ¿ ¬¼…«±&¬ ³¬±)«°s­ù©`ª)±&§²°=¶6¦(®·¼¿ §¶6«°"½»±)¬¼
°ô¦(§Vª&®"¶-²®=¼
¨-úR§®"¶6°s­ˆ°·±)§ª&®"±&¦ ¬¶6¦®ôª&´-°

ß
ì Á
¹Â à ã
å # ° (%! & à ÀjÁ
¹ç°·Ù­欲±&°"¸E¸E®Ö®"««°"¶6¨-«® Á
¹Âà ¨
¥ ÁÝÂjÀjÁ
¹ç·Üç݇(æÝùà
+ + ë ¥ ß
+
ß Á
¹ç°·Ù­±)§«±&®"²»¬¶-¦(®‚¼¬³±)®=³(±G§°"«$Ô¦°"¼¼
¬ª)®=¶6²»®"¼¨6ús§
®=¶6°¾³°"±;¨6¶^§
¸E³¨6¼©G®¾«±&¬©G¼¬«®Ã

B B C%RSUTVXW
57B 698:.<;=2>?.@;=2=B A3 C BED C C%B RSU8:TYV9.GF W 2H?I.<;KJLF2HM%B FONQP
¨ ¨

)+*-,/.10243 MY;Z3 C%RSUTYV9a

BC 8[.<F B 2 D C B ?IC".<R;\SUJLTV9Fa 2]P B
¨ ¨

MY;NQM%F^3 C 8:.GF2H_`.102 P
¨

3 M%FQ3
B
¨

3 _7.102 C 8[.GF 2HP M%F^3_.102\b9cd.102

eZf ¡›V–”R™ ˜jžÖ˜·‘ô™ “›V•’‘˜¯“Öœ^›H™=›”“¾”ƒ‘˜¾“Ö”I š“

1.5
rect_T(t)*cos(2*pi*fo*t) I due sinc() centrati su +- fo
2
1
1.5
0.5
1
0
0.5
-0.5
0
-1
t f
-0.5
-1.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

â §½¨$±&¬ ¤ ä ò 'g(h iZjUkml h<n[iZopiLqIrXs'tIul\jUvtYlxwytYvjUozh iZopl{ult
|

3~}YY0(€I3‚ƒ
óïôõ÷öNø:ùõ÷ø÷ú
û2üø:ôýƒþJý4þ=õ I„ 
þ ùôd…†ˆ‡‰‹Š[ŒX‹Ž9‡’‘]“ / ¬Ô±&°"¼¬ús§
®=¶6°

” Á6ë6Âà ãçæ
ß Á¹Â ë Á
¹Â%èÜàêé Á6ë6¸4ìÁ6ë6Â

ª&§÷³°"±&¸E°"««I°¦§÷§¶6²»°"©`«§½¬±)°ñ¼
°Žª)®=¶6©`°"½»¨6°"¶-úR°ŽØŒ±&°"º¨6°=¶6úR§¬¼§{¦(°=¼Ü³±)®=¦(®=«I«®Ž«°=¸E³(®=±G¬¼°Ž¦§÷¦¨6°

©G°=½¶-¬¼§Ã

•– hþ ùø:ô ˜— «§«®"¼®Ü¦§(°"©`°"¸E³(§®s­¬¶6¬¼
§ÞúsúR§¬¸E®L§¼ª)¬©G®÷§¶^ª&¨6§ {Á
¹Âà ]™ ›šœž Ÿ¹X¡øÁ¹Â¢Y£'¤¥ ¦ §C¹ ­¼¬Vª)¨-§
ë

،®=±)¸E¬¦¿ ®=¶6¦¬µH½±&¬ï6ª&¬«¬h¬h©G§¶6§©`«±&¬h¦(°=¼
¼¬ â §
½$à ¤ ä à — ³(³¼
§ª&¬¶6¦®H§±&§
©`¨6¼«¬«§¶6®=«§ °H¼¬

³(±&®"³(±`§
°=«L$¦(§$«±&¬©`¼
¬úR§®"¶6°Ü§¶Uر)°=º¨6°=¶6ús¬­±)§©`¨6¼«¬—ò

” ±&°"ª&«(H
Á>ë6Â à ¨
¡ Á¹‹©° (
ã
#
° ( &
 ¡
+

à ¨ ©`§
¶-ª Á øç §)¯±° ©`§
¶-ª Á 

€ Z
ª « 
€ U
ª ¬ §)²¯^°G°
®­ ­
>ë ë
­ «
>ë ë

«
§
¶ ª&¨6§ "œž Ÿ¹¡øÁ¹ @೯x´ µ=¶ ŸÁ ÷
šã©æ %è ¯ ÂL©`§{µ «±&¬©`¼
¬«® §¶¸· §sà ¨6°"©`«®ñ±&§
©`¨6¼«¬«®s­;¸E®"©`«±&¬
>ë jë -
#

«®ñ¬ó¦(°=©G«±)¬ô§¶ ï6½$à ¤ à ¤ V­{ª&®"§¶6ª&§
¦° ª)®=¶º¨6°=¼
¼®³(±&°"²»§
©`«®òÔ¼¿ °"©`³(±)°=©G©`§®"¶6°ñ¦(§ ”

í†í Á 6Â÷§¶ >ë #

،¬««§ˆµ·¬¶-ª&´-°@³¬±&§V¬¼¼
¬fª&®"¶6²»®"¼¨6ús§
®=¶6°·«±&¬ "œž Ÿ ¹ ¡ Á¹ C­Ô°=¦§b¦¨6°@§
¸E³¨6¼©G§¾«±)¬©G¼¬«§

aã©æ %è

 ¢Y£'¤H¥ ¦ §C¹ Là å ÁŒÀjÁ ^ç )§ Âç

ÀjÁ
ã©æ ë %è >ë ë§ ÂÂIÃ
) >ë ë
 «
¿ °"©`°"¸E³(§®ˆ³(±&®"³ ®=©G«®Ôª&§³°"±&¸E°"«I«°ˆ¦(§—¸E®"«§²¬±&°Ô§¼7«°"±&¸E§
¶-°/
/ ¹ ü ¯ÕÅÉ »ÆŒü=Ç6Ȃ¬©`©G®=ª)§¬«®Ô¬øº¨-° h¿ @½ @#

©G«¬ó³(±&®"³±)§°"«%$—õ/¿ ¬¸E³(§Þ°=úRús¬ó¦(°"¼Öª)®=©G°=¶6® ±)§©`¨6¼«¬§¶6ج««§šÌEü@¿ ÕÅÉ(Í É ¦(¬¼Ö±&°"«I«¬¶6½»®"¼®à / ¬ÌEü"û

¿¯Õ»ÅŒÉh½Æü"Ç-Ȟ¿-Æ÷É(̈ËÆÈ:½D½»É è —»º êܦ(°=§L±)¬¦§
®ñ±&§
ª&°"²»§
«®"±&§Lª)¬©G¬¼§¶ ½»´6§{©`§±)§،°=±)§©`ª)°Ž°"©G¬««¬¸E°=¶6«°¬

º¨-°"©`«®b³(±&®"ª`°"©`©G®s­-©G²®=¼«®b¬¼¼®V©Gª&®"³®Ô¦(§-ª)®=¶6¦(§²§¦(°=±)°ˆ«±)¬ø³(§ °"¸E§««°=¶6«§¼¬¯&¬¶ ¦¬ø³(±)°=²§©G«¬ø³(°=± 
¼°‚«±&¬©`¸E§©G©G§®=¶6§­(¬©`©G°=½¶6¬¶ ¦®V¬ùª&§
¬©Gª&¨6¶6¬¦(§6°=©G©`°V¨6¶6¬¦(§²°=±)©`¬H،±&°"º¨6°=¶6úR¬³(®=±)«I¬¶6«°ë ¯©G¨hª&¨6§ ²§
«±)¬©`¸E°"««°Ù±)°Ã

ÆÇ ¼ ½
ÃÕÙ4Ï ¾
ÒÍӇÏÊÍÔÜÕœÕ –¿ÁÀ ÔÜÎ
Õ – Ù4ÒӇÏÊÍÔÜÕ ÔÜÕÌÞ¯ÕàáÐJÊ

/ ° ¨6¼«§
¸E°¦¨6°ñ³(±&®"³±)§°"«†$ó±&§
½»¨6¬±)¦¬¶6®¨-¶ ±)§©G¨-¼
«¬«® ¦(§{¬³³(¼§
ª&¬ús§Þ®"¶-°Ž¸E°=¶6® ر)°=º¨6°=¶6«°s­L¸E¬

«¬¼²®"¼«¬U¨-«§¼
°Ã Ä §®=««§
°=¶6°§
¶-،¬««§—ª&´-°Ô¼°®=³(°=±G¬ús§
®=¶6§7¦§¦°"±&§²¬«¬U°=¦§¶6«°"½»±)¬¼
°ˆ¦(§—¨6¶ ©`°"½»¶6¬¼°

)+)pÃIÄ"Å<Å@ÄÆ'Ç%È'ÉÄ^ÊËOÌOÈ'ÍÎÄ ÏÐÒÑ'Ó Ä ÉÇ%È'Ë@ÉÓ ÐÒÔÕ±ÓÖÌOÓÉÎ|×ÐÒÉÓ ÊÐÒÓÏ'ØUÓOÖ ØUÓÏÙXĝÊ+ÓÕ±ÌOÉÓ$ÌOË<Ú
ÄÙÄÊ9Ê+ÔÕ±Ë@Ç%Å@ËÛÄ ÉÓ$ÄÙ]È'Ï'Ä

ÐÔÌOÌyË@Ä-ÙXËZË@Õ±ÌOÈ'ÅÜÊËÖyÔyÊ9Ê+Ë<Ä^Ä ÅZÉËÜÊÈÅÛØUÄ ØUԒÏ'ÔØUÔQÌOÓɋÈ'ÏLÈ'ÏÝÐÔ Ê+ÓÏ'ÔQÞU,/Ë<Ï.1Æ'0Ïy2 Ë<ØUÔ(ßXà^áÈ'Ä Å@ÔÉÄ-Ê+ËKÐÒÔÏÊ+Ë=ÙXÓÉË\Ë<Ïâ%ÓÐÓLÊ+ÔÅ@ԒÈ'Ï
ã ä1åYæÒå±çGè'é å%äæÒê\ëGë ì ÙXËZÈ'Ï`Ê+ÓÇ%Ï'Ä ÅÛÓOÖOË@Å ÊÈ'Ô×ÊÌOÓØUØUÉÒÔÝÊ+ËKÕ^Ô Ù(Ë@Æ'ÐÒÄÖ ÄíÊ+ÓÇ%È'Ë@ØUÔ{Ù(ÓÅ@Å@ĝÐÔÏ'â%ÔÅ@È'îXË@ÔÏ'Ó
ÐÒÔÏLÅ<Ô×Ê+ÌyÓØUØÉÔÝÙXÓÅ@Å@Ä
Æ'Ï'ÓyÊØUÉĝÙ(ËyÄ Ï'Ä ÅÛËÜÊ+Ë=à
ïOð ÔÌOÓÉÄ"î(Ë@ÔÏÓLÙXËZÓ Ê+ØUÉÄ îXË@ÔÏ'ÓÝÙ(ËÈÏ'ÄxÌyÔÉîXË@ÔÏ'ÓLÙ(ËÎÊÓÇ%Ï'Ä"Å<ÓÝÙ(Ë$Ù(È'ÉÒÄ ØUÄxÅ<Ë@Õ±Ë@ØUÄYØUÄÖ Ä–ÌyÄ ÉÒØUË<ÉÒÓLÙXĖÈÏ-Ä Å@ØUÉÔQÐÔÕ^È'Ïñ
Èò 'Ó‹Ó Ê+ØUÓ ÊÔOÖYóôË@ÏÙXË<ÐÒÄ%ØUÄQÐÔÕ±Ó[ÈÏ'ÄQÔ(ÌyÓÉÄ"îXË<ÔÏÓxÙXË õ èYåöYé1ä1ê\é1÷'äpê{øÜù[úûZüZýKù:úûþÿ
à ÜÏ{Ä ÌOÌyÓÏÙ(Ë@ÐÓ ø à à Yÿ Ê+ÔÏ'ÔxÊ+â%ÔÅ@ØUÓ
ÐÔÏÊËÜÙ(Ó(ÉÄ îXË<Ô(Ï'ËOÉÓÅ@Ä ØUË@â%ÓIÄ Å@ÅÛÄxÊÐÒÓÅ@ØUĖÙ(ËyÈ'Ï'ċÆ'ÏÊ+ØUÉÄôÉÓØØUÄ Ï'Ç%ÔÅ@Ä ÉÓIÔIÐÔÏ ê\ëGä1ìIê\è 'ê ‹å%èémì à
 
‘ R‘H“¾ ;“;”sŸ=›V£$”R˜j¢ˆ @ ³“”~¢E™   
j“7›V£-”R˜j¢ˆ ·¢ˆ ;ž ™$ ;œ–˜ e é

³(®=©G©`®"¶-®H°"©`©G°=±)°H±&°"¬¼
§úRús¬«°Ô¸E°=¦(§¬¶6«°Ô§¼³(¬©`©G¬½½»§Þ®ù¦(°=¼
¼®ù©`«°=©G©`®H¬««±&¬²»°"±&©G®H¨-¶Ž©`§
©`«°=¸E¬Eï-©G§W#
ª&®R­;¦(¬«®hªC´-°º¨6°=©G«°©G®=¶6®°=º¨6§²¬¼Þ°"¶-«§;¬Ž³(±&®"¦ ®=««§;§¶ ر)°=º¨6°=¶6ús¬­j±)°=¬¼§
úsús¬
&Ȥ
¼§šº¨6§¶6¦§jª&®"¸E°
ª&®"¶6²»®"¼¨6ús§
®=¶6°Ü¦(°"¼$©`°"½¶-¬¼°¾³°"±¼¬±&§©G³®"©G«¬ù§¸E³(¨-¼
©`§
²æ¬Ô¦°"¼ ©G§©G«°"¸E¬7Ã

ßþ‹ø ûü,ø÷ôý4þ—ýƒþ=õ„þ ù ô  ¿G°=º¨6§²¬¼Þ°"¶6«°‚¬¸E®"¼«§³(¼§ª)¬±&°‚¼®¾©`³(°=««±G®¾³°"± ²¥ ¦

ëò

 ²¥ ¦
(

ã
ß Á¹ Eà ë—ñxé Á6ë6Â
("¹

U # & ¥ ¦ 

°‚³§ U§
¶U½°"¶-°"±&¬¼°ã   ß Á
¹ à Á ë6 Íñ.é Á>ë6ÂIÃ^¬—°"±;©G°"½»¶6¬¼
§(¦(§ °"¶-°"±&½§¬­¼
¬¦(§¸E®"©`«±&¬ús§
®=¶6°

µ  ª
©G²»®"¼«¬ó¶-°"¼¼
¬¶6®"«¬’í ð/¿ ¬¶-¦(¬¸E°=¶6«®¦(°=¼
¼® ©G³°"««±G®h®"±&§
½»§
¶-¬±&§
®cé Á>ë6ÂL±&§
©`¨6¼«¬°"©`¬¼«¬«® ¬¼¼
°

ر)°=º¨6°=¶6ús°b³(§ °"¼°"²¬«°s­ §¶º¨6¬¶ «®b§¼6©G¨-®ˆ¸E®=¦(¨-¼
®Vµb¸E®=¼
«§³(¼§
ª&¬«®b³(°"± L¥ ¦  ë! Ò/ ¬Hج©`°s­ §
¶-²°"ª&°s­
©G¨2&§©Gª&°^¨6¶@§¶6ª&±&°"¸E°"¶-«®U¦(§  ¬ñ«¨-««°h¼°Uر&°"º¨-°"¶-úR°E觼¯¶6¨6¸E°=±)®^§¸E¸E¬½§¶$¬±&§
®^³(¨-±)® "¥ ¦ë à
¥¦ë{°  TS ´6¬،¬©G°  ê~Ã



•–  hþ ùø:ô " ¬¼ª)®=¼
¬±)°[ìÁ6ë6ÂÔà  ß Á¹Â° ß Á¹ÂHà ¢Y£'¤¥ ¦ë å ¹
ãçæ
ë ¢Y£'¤¥
Á¹Â%èª)®=¶ ë Á¹Âùà ¦ 
ë ¹Ã
#%$'&)(+*,$'-/.102(43658793+:1;)<,=?> ãA@+B2æì ; ë = è%CED 5GF B >HEIKª J+FMLN>OHEIPIQ «
R 3 D *S*T3).P54.VUVWX;F4=?> L B ;ZY[;F]\^F =4_`Y[;Fa_`F =+_`Y[;F]\^FbL/=+_`Y[;ZFc_`FbL/=S=dQ'e$'*  D CEf .
B B
F"gY[;ZF"\ih'=!>jhgY[;ZF"\ih'=ZJ2-/36k(4&6*,$lU
B p F ;Y[;F]\^F
;F4=?> 
nbo L
m B Bq= \^Y[;Fa_`F B =S=4_`FbL?;Y[;F]\^FbL/=q\^Y[;ZFc_`FbL/=S=sr
Lwv
t D 5+kK3679.P-/$'547 D"D -/$ Cf . 
nbo LB >u\ LZx J?kK3 D *,*S36.y54.z:1;6<S={>|\ nbo F B2},~€[‚B <ƒ\ nbo FbL },~„[ Ld<[.
02(436547V3„JV…V.y-1F B >HEI1.{F L >HEIPIKJ9k3 f $
:†;6<,=!>\ nbo p HEI },~€% B <4_jHEIPI },~„% L <sr

‡EˆŠ‰‹VŒ4
Ž+‘4ˆŠ‹ ˆŠ‹V’”“”‹V•—–!‘ %˜M.P02(+3)™š$2&„.y5+*,.$a7936™3679.P-/.& D kK…9.P*S*,- D …9.P- 
nbo FqU

W¤;F4=
œzž ;Z¡
=š¢£¡  > ›
@9Ÿ—  £nbo F
¥4$'&). -E36kK(+&)*S$2* D ¦ 7936-E.y*S*,$ CED 54k.y§š(4.P54¨b$z79.y&?…9-E. C .P79.P54*,.MJ?365i™36-E*,©^7V.y3!&6.y§š$2ªz3”*,-E$A3654*,.P§-E$2&6.«.
79.P-/36™$'*,$Q ¬T5+­Z$'*,*S36J%® ž ;)¡
=š¢
¡ ¦ (45+$¯­Z(+54¨M3 D 54.]793ƒ<J Cf . C/D ªz…9$2-E.A54.P&‚&63)ªz36*,.]k(4…9.P-/3 D -E.z7V3
@9Ÿ
3654*S.y§-E$2¨M3 D 54.MJ'.°&6$ak(4$c7V  .y-E3)™š$2*S$ ¦ …V- D …9-K3 D ;6<,=dQ
¬T5G02(4.PkK* D C $2k D Jl&). ±'$2kkK.c­Z-E.
02(+.y54¨.a79.y  &”kK.P§54$'&). D -E36§3654$2-E3 D k D 5 D .PkK$'&)*S$2*S. kK.P§(+.y547 D (45
$25+79$2ªz.P54* D H² nbo« F  Jqªz.y5+*,-E.«&6$z­$2kK.«k(4±'3)k C .a(454$³™$2-E36$¨M3 D 54.a´Z(+5^-/36*,$'-/7 Dyµ‚C/D kK*T$'54*,.a…9$2-E3q$
v
\ L Q‚¶ D *,36$2ª DcC/D ªz.a0'(4.yk* D -E3)k(4&6*,$'* D 79.P*,.
-Eªz3)5+3(45+$]k3)5+§ D &)$'-/36*,·"…9.P-{F¸>OI3)5¹…9-E.yk.y5+¨b$]793
CED ªz… D 54.P54*S3 C/D 54*S3)5+(4.…9.P- ;)<S=TUº365A*S$2& C $2k D 3)5+­Z$'*,*S3436&+k( D 3)5+*,.P§-E$2&6.°*,.P547V.c$ 7V3)™š.y-E§.P-/.PJ8.y7³36&
-E3)k(4&6*,$'* D 5 D 5 ¦ …936©]793+.P54.P-/  §š3)$Q

»†¼P‹9•—–!‘Š½2“ƒ
Ž+¼y¾S‘4£•—Ž4‰Ž]¿!”ÀŠˆ¸‰£Ž4ˆŠŒ4‘+’s‘ t D 54kK367V.y-E3)$'ª D 4 ( 5³kK.P§54$'&).

Å Å
;6<,=!>ÂÁyÃ/Äd<sÅÇÆT<+_ L8È \GÁyÃ/Äd<ÅÇÆT<”\ L9È
.y7«3)&9k( D 3654*S.y§š-/$'&).   É
;6<S=‚>Ê® ž ;)¡
=š¢
¡>ÌËA<ÁbÍLÅ«;6<S=
@9Ÿ  
ÎÐÏÑÇÒVÓsÔdÕÐÖ× ®+Û ÓsÔdÕÝÖÞ× Öåäæ æZé Öê Û ®+Û æZé քäæ é2ñóò°ôõPöòy÷)ø
ÓsÖzØÚÙ Ü Û ÓsÖcß Ü/àá)âdã Ùç!è ß ÜEàá)âdã ê Ü Ûië ìEí,îï Ü Û ç!è ß ÜEàá)âdã Ù ìEíîšïlð è ï
æZébùsúPûqùøTüNýKöþû”òyûTÿMýKþñÞüøq÷)ûTþüñÞòyû
,ûTÿóÿ  ñóòM÷)û EþöÿóûqýMûTþºýKöþ÷)ñwû 
6ûòø,ñMûTòyûTþ Eñóöw÷)ûTòûqö,ûTþøqýKûTþqæ
ç!è
   !#"%$"'&()!+*,-/.0"*123!4657#.0"780*9:*

(T*sinc(f*T))**2 scala logaritmica

100 100

75
10
50

1
25

0 0.1
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

;?36§(8-E$<lQ  >U =?A@BDC:EF?AGIHJ@LK èMN K ?AO èï M é)é á K ? N O BDP B2P K ?AEBLQ E0ERP HTSTBDQK GUCVK OBXW M³ÙZY\[^]
É
.P54*S-/$'ªz±23Š-/$'…9…V-/.Pkb.y54*S$2*S3Š54.P&)&6$`_+§(4-E$¹$G&6$2* D U ;)<S= ¦ 54(+&ba
x(t) & D _45 D $i<edu\%Ë%J C -E.yk C .A&63654.y$'-/ªz.P54*S.f_+5 D $^<a> IKJŠ.³02(4365Fa
T ct 7 3+36& C/D 54*S-K36±2(8* D $'&)&6˜ 3654*S.y§š-/$2&6.°7V$2* D 79$'&)&6˜ $2-E.y$a79.y&4ÁyÃ/Äd<5+.y§$'*,36™ D
9
* D -/5+$ $27«$'5458(4&6&)$'-/5+.136&8™$2& D -E.'Q É
−T
gl.P- C $2& CED &6$2-E.¹&6$ › a*,-E$2k­ D -Kªz$2*S$—793 ;6<,=ZJ C $2& CED &63)$'ª D …9-/3ha
T z(t) = T tri (t)
2T ªz$A02(4.P&6&)$]793 ;)<,=ZJq.«… D 3”$2…9…V&)3 Cf 36$2ª D &)$A…V- D …9-E3).P*T·z7V.y&6&6˜ 3654*Si. a
ct §-E$2¨b3 D 54.'iQ j…9…V  &)3 C $'547 D &6$ …9- D …V-/36.y*T·c793º*,-E$2kK&6$2¨M3 D 54.154.P&+*S.yªz… D J
k C -/36™36$2ª D
−T
WX;F4= >
T
Ë gEk365 C ;F9ˆ=lgd.k
xTLwv lm
\GË gdk3)5 C ;F9ˆ=lgd. @
xLwv4lTm
>ÌË 
4v ldXÅ t g vn u o F9Ë
g nhoqps4v r ldÅ
á á },~„
> u
n Ë nhoqp áv r ldv Å lÅXt
e36™3679.P547 D 02(+3)587938…9.P- £u nbo F kK3 D *S*,36.
54.

w ;F4=?>
xTLÅ
xTLwv l hn oqp áv4r ldv4Å dl ÅXt ÅÅ > v lÅXt L
Æ Ënhoqpxv4r ldÅ È O > ;åËk365 C ;F9ˆ=w=
L

36& C (439$25+79$2ªz.P54* D¦ ª D kK*S-E$2* D 3)52_4§š(4-/$y<lQ 

Q
z D k*S.ykKk D -E3)k(4&6*,$'* D V… (FÉ {1.ykkK.P-/. D *,*S.
54(4* D …V.y-$2&6*,-E$a™š3)$'J25 D *S$2547 DCf .
;)<,=?>ÌË g<sÁbÍLÅ«;6<,=!>ÂÁyÃ/Äd<sÅ«;6<S=L|!ÁPÃÄd<Å«;)<,=

t D ªz."™.y-E3h_ C $2J”kK3‚-E3)…V.y- C/D -/-E$¹&6$ EC D k*T-/(+¨b3 D 5+.«§-E$_ C $¯-E3)… D -E*,$2*S$Ç$2&6&)$zkK.y¨M3 D 54.}<Q ~Q€˜20'(4365º7V3
D -E$ k(4­_ C 3).P54*S.$2…V…9&63 C $2-E.&6$a…V- D …9E- 3).P*T·a7V.y&8…9- D 7 D *,* D 365z­-/.P02(4.P54¨M$2J'…9.P- D *S*,.£54.y-E.9U
L L
w ;F4=?> p ‚ ›  ÁyÃ/Äd<sÅ";6<,„= ƒ/r > p ËJ…͇†4Ä?;F9ˆ=Zr
L
ˆ (4.PkK*S˜ (4&6*,36ªz$­(45+¨b3 D 5+. p J Ë …‡Í †4Ä?;ZF9ˆ=Zr J°36547V3)…V.y547V.y5+*,.Pªz.y54*S.¸79$ 0'(4.PkK* D .PkK.P- C 36¨b3 D 3)5 C (43†kK3
CED &6& DPC $'J ¦ $'5 Cf .^…V$2-E31$2&6&6$79.P54k3)*S· 793†.y5+.y-E§36Š $ ‰‹;F4=°793†(45 k3)5+§ D & D kK.y§š54$'&).^-E.P*,*S$254§ D &6$a
-E. ;6<,=A> ÁPÃÄd<ZÅ«;)<,= ŒŠ3654­$2*,*S3N…9.P-]3)&%*,. D -E.
ªz$—79 3 gl$2-EkK.P™$2&6J%kK3 f '
$ ‰T‹;F4=z> WX;F4=
Z W Ž?;F4=ZJN.P7
WX;  F4=?>  ›  ÁyÃ/Äd<Å«;6<,= ƒ >̐ Ë …/‡Í †4Ä?;F9ˆ=TQ

‘J’ “ ”`•#–˜—,™>š˜•#›œ–˜–Ÿž2 }— ¡J¢˜£¤–˜¥s }¦e¡J•  š˜ž2  § 

g!-E.yk.y5+*,36$2ª
D D -/$«(+5z7936™.P-/k D ª D 7 D 793 D *S*T.y5+.y-E.& D Kk …V.y*S*T- D 7V3+(+5zkK.P§5+$2&6.…9.P-/3 D 793 CED J9­Z$ C .P547 D
°
(4k D 7V3º(+54$څ9$2-E*,3 CED &6$2-E.­ D -/ªz$c79˜ D 5+79$a´3679.P$2&). µ 5 D *S$ EC D ªz.
&(©¨(ª!+*,€-D.0"%*:123!4657#-D9€«%¬0$­­­9*
 ":57 / <
“ƒ
‹9ˆ‚‘A¿!?•—–qÀŠ’¼y Cf .kK38.yk…9-E3)ªz.$254$'&„3)*S3 C $2ªz.P54*S. CED ªz.

o Å«;6<S=?> ®Ÿ Y[;)<”\`±]ˆ=
¯%° @9Ÿ
. C f . k3'-E3)™š.y&6.y-E·793(4*S3)&63)¨M¨ D ­-/.P02(4.P54*S. 54.y3 C/D 54*S.yk*,327V.y& C $2ªz…V3 D 54$'ªz.y54* D . 7V.y&6&). *S-E$2kKªz36kkK3 D 5+3
54(+ªz.y-E3 Cf .'Q

² ‹VŒ4ˆŠŽ+’s‹ –!‹9£w‘+¿!
³š‘ t D 54k3)7V.y-E36$2ª D (+5³k.y§š54$2&6.…V.y-E3 D 793 C/D 7V38…9.y-E3 D 7 D Ë`.PkK…V-/.
kk D°CED ªz.

;6<S=‚> ®Ÿ ;)<q\µ±]Ë1=
  ¯:° @9ŸZ´
793 C (+3 ;6<,= C/D kK*S3)*S(436k C .{(45A…V.y-E3 D 7 D U8&)$a-/36…9- D 7V(4¨b3 D 54.793+3)5¶_4583)*S.-/.P…9&63 CEf .{793 ;6<,=ZJ8k…9$2¨M36$2*S.°793
( 5^…V.y-E´ 3 D 7 D Ë &)˜ (458$¯79$'&)&6˜ $'&)*S-/$'J”-/3 C/D ªz… D 54§ D 5 D 36&?k.y§5+$2&6. …9.P-/3 D 7+3 CED«D -E3)§š3)5+$2´ -E3 D Q R ­-/(+*,*S$2547 D
4
&6$A…9- D …º-E3).P*,·¯7V3 CED 54™ D &6(4¨M3 D 54. CED 5¸&6˜ 36ª]…V(4&6k D *S-/$'kK&6$2* D J!&6$¯kK*S.ykkK$Çk D ªzªz$¯…9(¶{«.ykkK.P-K.«k C -E3)*S*,$
CED ªz.

;6<,=!> ®Ÿ ;)<,=/|ƒY[;6<q\·±]ˆ=?> ;6<,=D| ®Ÿ Y[;)<q\µ±]Ë1=!> ;)<,=/| o Å«;6<S=

  ¯%° @9Ÿ ´ ´ ¯%° @9Ÿ ´
7 D ™.54.y&9k. CED 547 D …9$'kKk$2§š§3 D k3 ¦ kK­-E(4*,*S$2*S$a&6$c&63658.y$2-E36*,·a7V.y&6&6$ EC D 54™ D &6(4¨M3 D 54.'Q¸%3 CED -E79$'547 D1D E- $
&6$i…9- D …V-/36.y*·G7V.y&6&)$Gª D &6*,36…9&63 C $2¨M3 D 54.³365`­-/.P02(4.P54¨M$2Jƒ*S- D ™36$2ª D ¤ W ;ZF4=«>º¹`;ZF4=%g ›‚ o Å«;)<,=„ƒiŒ C 3
$ CEC 3654§š36$ª D $2&6& D -/$Ú$a79.P*,.£-/ªz3654$2-E. ›Š oVÅ ;6<S=„ƒEJ D kKk3)$c&)$c*,-E$2k­ D -/ªz' $ *,$ 7V.y&8*,-E.y5 D 793836ªz…9(4&6kK3Q

“ƒ
Ž4¼P¾,‘+
•—Ž4‰dŽz¿?‹9’q‰d
‹VˆŠ‘A¿!q•¸–?ÀŠ’¼y
zV˜ $2…9…V- DPC/C 3 D%Cf . CED 54™36.y5+.k.y§š(436-/. ¦ 7V3š…V.y5+kK$2-E.$ o Å«;6<S=
CED ªz.a$'7³(45ÇkK.P§54$'&).{…V.y-E3 D 793 C/D J4.Úk™36&)(+…9…9$'-/& D 3)5Çk.y-E3).Ú793
»t
x(t)
; D (4-E3).P-dQ2¬ C/D .y­ _ C 3).P54*S3ºk3 C $2& C/D &6$25 D $2&6& D -E$ C/D ªz.9U
H m ¾ Ÿ xLwv ½ À
−2T −T T 2T

¼0½ > œ á ® Y[;)<”\`±]ˆ=‡¿". @ ¢£<

X(f)

Ë m ž f

m á ¯%° @9Ÿ
@
H ½ÁÀ H m H
−4
_ −3_ −2_ −1_ _
1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4

á Y[;6<S=‚. @ xTLwv
T T T T T T T T
> œ ¢y<!> œ á H[gMYƒ;6<,=[¢£<?>
Ë @ á m ž
@ á Ë m Ë
treno di impulsi e sua trasformata

365j0'(4$258* D J1*S-E$`*S(4*S*,3 §&63N36ªz…9(4&6k379.P&)&6$`k D ªzªz$'* D -/36$2JN54.

-E.yk*,$Úk D & D (45 D J0'(4.y&6& D C .P54*,-E$2* D 3)5"¨M.y- D J'79$'* D†Cf .†§&63V$2&6*,-E3
k D 5 D *,(+*,*S3+.PkK*S.y-E5438$239&63)ªz36*,397V3º3654*S.y§š-/$'¨b3 D 5+.ŒM…9.P-/*S$254* D J9*S(4*,*S383 C/D .
­‡_ C 36.y5+*,39-E3)k(4&6*,$'5 D $'™š.y-E.°& D
kK*S.PkKk D ™$2& D -E.MJV…V$2-E3º$'7 Å B J2.… D kkK36$2ª D 79(45+0(+.°k C -E3)™š.y-E.

›‚ o'Å ;6<,=ƒ > ›Ã ®Ÿ ¼ ½ .

xTLwv ½ÁÀ >
H ®Ÿ Y˜Å£F]\
† >
H
oÇ ;F4=
½° žAÄ Ë ½° ËRÆ Ë m
@9Ÿ @9Ÿ
D S* *S.
54.y5+7 D 63 &V-/36kK(+&)*S$2* D C .P- C $'* D U › o Å«;6<,=„ƒ†> Å B oÇ ;F4=,Qgl.y-E*,$'54* D J2&6${*,-E$2k­ D -/ªz$'*,$Ú793V(+5]*S-/.P5 D
793836ªz…9(4&6k3 J ¦ È3É>ÊTÈ3Ë>ÌiÍÎUÈ (+5³*S-/.P5 D 7Vº
m
3 36ªz…9(+&)k3„JV7V3º…V.y-E3 D 7 D 3654™š.y-Ek D $Ú02(+.y&6& D1D -E3)§š3654$2-E3 D Q
   !#"%$"'&()!+*,-/.0"*123!4657#.0"780*9:*
“ƒ
Ž4¼P¾,‘+
•—Ž4‰dŽ—¿!¼P‹9Œ+ˆŠŽ4’‹G–!‹9£w‘+¿!
³š‘ R 3)$'ª D _454$'&)ª".y5+*,."365^§-E$27 D 7V3!.PkK…9-E36ªz.y-E.]&6$A*S-/$a
kK­ D -/ªz$'*,$Ú7939(45"kK.P§5+$2&6.1…V.y-E3 D 793 C/D1C/D ªz.36&V…9- D 7 D *,* D S* -E$c&6$ › aZ*S-K$2k­ D -Eªz$2*S$c793V(+5"kK( D …9.P-/3 D 7 D
.y7«(45]*,-E.y5 D 79383)ªz…V(4&6kK39365³­-/.P02(4.P54¨M$lU
H
W¤;ZF4=?>Ϲ`;ZF4=g o€Ç ;ZF4=
Ë m
»†¼P‹9•—–!‘и%3)…V-/.P5479.P547 D 365 CED 5+kK3679.P-/$2¨M3 D 54.c36& C $2k D 7V.y&6&6˜ D 5479$]02(+$7V-/$³$2­­Z- D 5+*,$'* D 3)5  Q  Q©Ñ2Q <2J
5 D 5 ¦ 7936‡­ _ C 36&).Ú-E3 CED 5 D k C .
-E. CED ªz.MJ4… D 5+.y5+7 D ;6<,=N>ÓÒ ÁyÃ/Äd<hÔ;6<,=ZJ+. C/D -/-E3)k… D 5+79.y5+*,.Pªz.y5+*,.
¹;ZF4=!‚
> ÒJÕ
kK365 C ;Z+ F ÕV=J936&8…9- D 7 D *T* D 793D¹;ZF4=…9.P´ - 36&º*S-/.P5 D 7V3+36ªz…9(4&6k3 Å2
Ô
B Ö ½Ÿ
° @9Ÿ Y[;ZF"\`†F×=
´ CED 3
5 ×> Å B µ ­ D -/5+3)k C .%3)&
-E3)k(4&6*,$'* D §36· 3)5 C/D 54*S-/$'* D U2W¤;F4=?>Ò Å Ö ½Ÿ k365 C ;†F×7ÕV=Y[;F]\`†F×=TQ
° @9Ÿ
‘J’ Ø Ù6¦e¦e¡J£¤že  § 
Ú%ÛÝÜ:ÛhÞ ßáàâã,äåÁæ>å ç

éx(t) C/D 5{IRë`<%ë Ë

H%\ Ş
R 36$ 7V$2* D 36&NkK.P§5+$2&6. ;)<,=¯> Â I
$2&6*,-E36ªz.y54*S3
ª D k*,-E$2* D 365
êt  
_4§š(4-E$4Q‚e1.yk C -E3)™š.y-E.a0'(4$25+*,34…V3)©¹ª D 7V3l… D kkK36±236&634793 C $2& C/D &)$'-/5+.c& D kK…9.P*,*S- D
èT 793879.P54k3)*S·a7V3º.P54.P-/§36$3‰‹;F4=TQ

;)<,=à @ xTLwv l ¢y<.02(43658793¶‰ ‹ ;F4=?>Óì W¤;ZF4=^ì Œ

L
Ñ2Q R 3 C $'& CED &6$«W ;F4=?> ›‚ ;)<,=„ƒ >
® Ÿ
9
@ Ÿ ž
   
 Q/j54*S3 C 36…9$'547D (45{-E3)k(4&6*,$'* D 79.P& C $2…V3)* D & D
í J ¦ … D kKk3)±'3)&6. C $2& CED &6$2-E.î3‹;ZF4=?>Ê® Ÿ 6; <,= ;<+_'ÕV=š¢£<ZJ
@9Ÿ  
.°02(+3)58793¶‰ ‹ ;ZF4=?> ›Š î ‹ ;F4„= ƒiŒ  
É É
<lQƒ¶ D *S$25+7 DÚCEf . ;6<,=%> :†;)<,=”g ;6<,= C/D 5i:†;)<,=%> *S-/3ZLÅ«;6<S=?. ;<S=%> -/. C *,Å Æ <?\ Å L È Jº… D kKk36$2ª D
k C -/36™.P-/.ÚW ;F4=?  > m ;F4/ = | w ;F4=ZJ'.°02(+3)587938…9- DyC .y79.P-/. CED ªz.3)5ïÑ µ Œ
Å
 Qƒ¶ D *S36$2ª D Cf . &)$7V.y-E3)™š$2*S$Fð‡ñ7V3 ;6<,=º™š$2&6. ;6<S=!>óò ); <,=?>ÊY[;)<,=\ Å B -/. C * Ç Å Æ <?\ L9È ŒM0'(4.PkK* D
C 3Š…9.P-/ªz.P*,*.³7V3 C $'& CED &6$2-E.á¹;ZF4  = CED ªz.Z¹`´ ;ZF4={> ›‚
ò ž    6; <,=„ƒÇ>|H\ Kk 365 C ;Z9
F ˆ=Qõô*S*S.y5436$2ª D
02(436547V3+W¤;ZF4=”÷
ø
l t
> xTöDLwr v4l J2.…V- DPC .y7V3)$'ª DCED ªz.365ïÑ µ Q ´

Ú%ÛÝÜ:Ûúù û üJý\ýsþZÿxãLþ­à
4ç+ã þ+ÿþ å
üõþ ä¶ç­àÁÿTþJÿTâ

R ™ D &6§36$2ª D $2& C (+54. CED 5+kK3679.P-/$'¨b3 D 5+3+kK(+&º-E36kK(4&6*S$2* D ª D k*,-E$2* D $a…V$2§8Q4<
2J'3)&6&6(4kK*S-E$2547 DCED ªz.&6˜ 3)ªfa
…9(+&)k D Y[; = …9.P-/ªz.P*,*T$G793-E$2…V…9-E.ykK.P54*S$2-E.Dž9$2-E*,3 CED &6$2-E3%k3)*S(4$2¨M3 D 543Q t D 54k3)7V.y-E3)$'ª D …9.P-/*$254* D 36&
kK.P§5+$2&6. CED k*,$'54*,. ;)<S=?>‚Ò°Q
¥!-E$2*S*,36$2ª D 365454  $š54¨M36*,(4*S* D ;6<,=A> Ò C/D ªz.G(+5ÌkK.P§54$'&).DžV.y-E3 D 793 C/D 793N…V.y-E3 D 7 D ˤ*,.P547V.y5Fa
*S.—$2 7 ðKJ1.y7j.PkK…9-E36ªz3)$'ª D & D 54.P31*S.y-Eªz3)5+317V.y3 CED .P­‡_ C 36.y5+*,31793V; D (4-E36.y-£U¯&)˜ 365º*S.y§š-/$'&). W ½ >
 
Î  e ö ,ûTþñEö÷)ö2ñ+õyòyö2,ñ‡åùøTòy÷6ñ òyõyñó÷2,ñ+ýKþñóüNöe6ýKûTùñóû1ýKöþñºö õyò ñóüNýKõyÿ6ø üö÷)ûTüNö÷)ñóùøxFñºöþûTö{õiEõPöÿÞû
öÿóÿ  öÿó÷)û ,öf,ûTÿóÿóöf,ñ6ùøòy÷)ñóòbõyñó÷Zòö/÷)÷)ñ4ÿ  ñÞòM÷)ûEþöÿóûûÿÞÿ  ñÞüýMõPÿ‡€ø^® Ö é/ä †ýKþøTýKþñóøõyò3Eþö,ñóòyøÁ$#2õyû&%
6÷6öNùøTò åñûTþöøñóøTòPûƒùøTòåûTòy÷)ûV,ñ'þñåøTÿ/ûþû[ñÞò1üNø ,ø€åûTüNýKÿóñÞùû[ÿóûƒ÷)þöÜ øTÛ þü ç‚ö÷)è"ûV! ñF! 6û„Eòyöÿóññóòùsõyñ
ƒýKþû åûTòy÷)û[õyòyö
,ñ‡åùøTòy÷)ñóòMõyñó÷ 
(Î ' òN)û "ûT÷)÷6‡ñ Sõy€
ò 6û Eòyö/ÿÞûlùs ø 6÷)ö/òy÷)+
û *õy
ò åû Eòyöÿ û”ýKûTþñó ø ñóùxø wùøTòNýKûTþñó ø ,ø ôõyöÿ 6ñó
ö €ñ 
M
&(",(y­ 9
¬y57ÁD 

m xLwv ½ÁÀ
Å B ® á m Ò³. @ ž
¢y<°…9.P-AË.- ­ D -E5436k C .i¨M.y- D …V.y-³*,(4*S*S3†§š&)3†Ì*S-/$'545+. Cf .i…9.y-¤† > IKJ†.
@ á
02(+3)587938k3 D *,*T36.y5+.W ½ >Ò kK.†A>jI0/Pªz.P54*S-/.ÚW ½ >jI†k.˜†2>j 1 IQ
¬T5—$'&)*S.y-E54$'*,36™$šJ”…9.P54k3)$2ª D &)$ CED k*,$'54*S. C/D ªz.]36&?&636ªz3)*S. $ C (43”*,.P5479."(45+˜ D 5+79$¯02(+$27V-/$ CED 5
Ô
79(+4* 3a C 3 C &6. Å $2&q*,.P5479.P-K. 7V3Õ«$¯Ë°U!& D k…9.y*S*S- D 793q$2ªz…V3).P¨b¨M$ ¦ kK*S$2* DaC $'& CED &6$2* D $2& t $2…V3)* D & D  J
½
…9$'§8Q 65 J8…9-E.ykK.P54*S$"-/36§ f .Ú$'&)&6.°$'-/ª D 543 CEf . F¹> Å J8ªz.y54*S-E.c§š&)34W ½ CED 5Ç$25+79$2ªz.P54* D kK365 C ;h†F×7ÕV=
kK39$'¨b¨M.y-E$25 D $'&)&6. ­Z-E.y0'(4.P54¨b.Fz> Ô Q R  ½ . Õ7-|Ë%J'§š&63V¨b.P-/39$25+54(8&)&6$25 D *,(4*S*S.&6.1$'-/ª D 543 CEf .1*S-E$2545+.
W 8TJ'3)& C (43º™š$2& D -E˜
Ô
. Ò Å *,.P547V. D -E$a$22 7 ÒQ
ˆ (4$'& D -/$ 3654™š. C .kK3+79.yk3679.y-E3 C $2& C/D &)$'-/.{&6$ Î:9vÈÉ<; Ì=9?>fÈÎUÈ 7VF3 ; D (4-E3).P- $254¨3 C+f @ &)$ É?AB9?CDA J8$'…9…9&6h3 a
C $2547 D &6$«794. _45+3)¨M3 D 54.ÚW ;F4=%> ® Ÿ Ò. @ xLw4v l ¢y<?k3 D *S*S3).P54.aWX;F4=[>I D ™(+5402(+.MJ8*,-E$2545+. CEf .c365
@9Ÿ ž
Fz>jI 7 D ™.{W ;)I£=!E > ÂQ
t D 5+™36.y5+.1$'&)& D -E$Ú-/3 C/D -/-K.P-/.$27a(454˜ D …9.y-E$a
¨M3 D 54.]793ƒ…9$2kkK$'§§š3 D $2&‚&63)ªz36*S.MJŠ.z…V.y54k$2-E.A36&
;)<S=`> Ò CED ªz. 36&-/36k(4&6*,$2* D 79.Pb& a
rect_tau1(t)
kK.P§5+$2&6. 2 rect_tau2(t)
  .P54* D …V- D §-E.
kKk3)™ D 793(45GÁyÃ/Äd< Ô ;6<S=sJ
rect_tau3(t)
&6˜ $'&„&)$'-/§š$2ªz
> F ~H ÔBI Ÿ ÒNÁyÃ/Äd < Ô[;<S=TQ z?2 $ _¶a
1
C 3 DP¦cCED ªz. ;)<S=NG
§(+-/$†$1&6$2* D   ª D k*,-E$ C/D ªz.MJ CED 54k3679.y-E$25+7 D ™š $ a
t
0

& D -E 3 ÕKJ!™36$i™š3)$¹…936©`§š-/$'547936Jƒk3 D *,*.y54§š$G(+54$ -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

*S-/$2k­ D -Eªz$2*S$Ây W Ô:LV;F4=¹> Ò0ÕKJ„kK365 C ;+ F ÕKJ=k.yf

ª a
4
tau1*sinc(tau1*f)
…9-E.°…V3)© ÈÍÎUÈMAÉvÎ:9BAxÎUÎ È Q
tau2*sinc(tau2*f)
3 tau3*sinc(tau3*f)
¶ D *S36$2ª DÇD -E$ CEf .G&6˜ .y5+.y-E§36$^793 Ô%;)<S=³>
L
Ò ÁPÃÄdU< Ô;6<,=™$2&6
. ‰T‹?N†>Ê® Ÿ ì Ô[;)<,v= ì ¢y<!    > Ò L Õ+Œ 2
@9Ÿ  
…9.P-†3)&4*S. D -E.
ªz$«79/ 3 gl$š-/k.y™$'&)Jº&6˜ .y54.P-E§36$ C/D 3)¶ 5 a
1
C 3)7V.A54.P3ƒ7 D ªz3654363Š793ƒ*,.Pªz… D .³­Z-E.y0'(4.P54¨b$'JŠ. f
02(+3)587938-E3)k(4&6*,$ 0
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Ÿ L L
‰ ‹?N1> œ ì WõÔ;F4=vì ¢sF³>Ò Õ
@9Ÿ
j&8*,.P547V.y-E.793FÕ$27O ^J'&6˜ .P54.P-/§š3)$c7936™36.y54.13)5¶_85436*,$2J'ªz.P54*S-/.°&6$a… D *S.y5+¨b$a™š$2&6.

P ‹ >QÔBF I ~H
‰‹ N
>RÔ?F I ~H œ
Ÿ ì WõÔ%;ZF4=^ì L ¢sFz>‚Ò
L
Ÿ Õ Ÿ @9Ÿ Õ
N løt
zV˜ .yk…9-E.ykkK3 D Ÿ S U Ô r S -E$2…9…V-/.PkK.P54*S$³7V(4540'(º.Ú& D7ÉVWAøÎ Î:9vL Ì XYCWX+ABZFÉBC‡Î\[]X+CV,Ì4Î:ABZ0^È P ‹;F4=
5 .7F ~H Ô?I T
+ á
79.P&)&6$ /C D kK*S$254*S. jJ Cf ._45+$2&„ªz.y5+*,.%k C -/36™36$2ª D%CED ªz. P ‹;ZF4=?>‚Ò Y[;ZF4=Jy3)5 C (+32Y[;F4= ¦ &6$†­Z(+54¨M3 D 54.
CD>_V
ÊTÍÉvÌ >fÈÎ:AB>fÈÎ\C`vÌ 3654*S- D 7 D *,*S$z365á<lQ  Q”¬T5¹*,$'&ª D 7 D 3654­$2*S*,36J ¦ ­$ C 36&).{™.P-/3h_ C $2-E. CEf .a-E3)k(4&6*,$
L L CED 5ÇFz>ÊI
P ‹G> ® Ÿ Ò Yƒ;F4=š¢FÂ>÷Ò J‚. P ‹%;F4=>  QÚ¬T5¸$'&)*S-/.]…9$'- D &).MJŠ36&‚­ D -Eªz$2&63)kª D
@9Ÿ I $'&)*S- D ™.
79.P&)&6˜ 3)ª³…9(4&„k D ªz$2*S.yªz$'*,3 CED -E.y547V. … D kKk3)±'3)&6.c*,-E$2*S*,$2-E. 0'(4.yk* DaC $'k D Jl7 D ™š. &)$]… D *,.
5+¨b$"´ _45436*S$ µ?¦
*S(4*,*S$ CED 5 C .
5+*,-E$2*S$a365³(+5³(+543 CED …9(45+* D ´F³>jI µ 79$25+7 D &6( D § D $27«(+54$Ú79.y5+kK36*,·c3)¶ 5 _º5+3)*S$lQ

Ú%ÛÝÜ:ÛúÚ aVåbõâDàÁÿxãLþ+ÿxüJãLþ â`àÁÿså)Ðþ àdc˜âÿxÿxãLþ+ýsâ

g!-E3)ªz$Ç7V3 Cf 36(47V.y-E.z36& C $'…936* D & D Jƒ$2…V…9&63 CEf 3)$šª D &6$Ç*,. D E- 3)$¹kK™ D &6*,$¹…9.P-ak…9. C (4&6$2-E.zk(4&Š…9- D ±2&).Pªz$
79.P&)&6˜ $25+$&636kK39kK…V.y*S*T-E$2&).1.y­­.
*,*S(4$'*,$c$c…9$'-/*S36-/.7V$a(45]k D & D kK.P§ªz.y5+* D *,.Pªz… D -K$2&6.79.P&8kK.P§54$'&).'Q
¬T& C $'& CED & D 7V.y&6& D k…9.P*,*S- D 7V3:†;<S=Š> ;6<,=fe ;)<S=l­ D -E5436k C .MJ CED ªz.5 D * D J8&6$ *S-/$'kK­ D -Eªz$2*S$ m ;F4=!>
WX;F4=:|hg ;F4=TQ ˆ (+3)587936Jƒ36&[™š.y- D kK…V.y*S*,- D WX;F4=7V3 ;6<,=N5 D 5…9¶
  ( {z.PkKk.y-K. C/D 5 D k C 36(4* D J[kK.A5 D 5
 
~   !#"%$"'&()!+*,-/.0"*123!4657#.0"780*9:*
*S-/$2ªz36*S.a&6˜ .y­­Z.P*,* D 7V.y&6&)$ EC D 54™ D &6(4¨M3 D 54. /C D 5G0'(4.P&)& D g ;ZF4=”79.P&6&)$]­Z(+54¨M3 D 54.˜_45+.yk*,-E$Oe ;6<,=TQji36·"$
…9$'§3654$ 65 kK3 ¦ ­$2*S* D 5 D S* $2-E. C/D ªz.MJ9k. 6; <S=!>‚ÒlkKm } nbo Fd8d<.ne`;6<,=!>ÌÁyÃ/Äd<Å";6<,=ZJ2kK3 D *S*S3).P54. Cf .
 
g ;ZF4=?>ÂJ Ë …/Í †4Ĕ;F9Ë1=
.y7«3)&9-E3)k(4&6*,$'* D ´Z™š.y793X;”3)§8Q<Q < µ *S.y5+79.°$c79(+.&63)5+.y.1kK…9.P*,*-/$2&639$2&6&6˜ $š(4ªz.P54*S$2-E.7V3+Ë°Q
o[$2&6(4*S3)$šª D°D -/$c§&63º.P­Z­.y*S*T3879.P-/36™$'54*S387V$2&6&)˜ (8k D 7938(454$Ú­(454¨M3 D 54._45+.yk*,-E$a7936™.P-/k$ 79$c02(4.P&6&„$
-E.y*S*T$254§ D &)$'-/.'Q R $—$27 .PkK.Pªz…93 D k3k C .P§&63).Ç7V3$27 D *S*,$2-E.¹(454$·_454.PkK*S-/$¸*S-/36$254§ D &6$2-E.¯793N.P§(+$2&6.
±2$'kK.MJ23)&9-E3)k(4&6*,$'* D ª D k*,-E$2* D …9$2§8Q  Ñ …9.y-Eªz.
*S*,.°7V3 D *,*S.
54.P-/.
L
F9Ë
g ;ZF4=?>  ›  e ;)<S=?>j<sÁbÍÅ«;6<,„= ƒ†>Ìq Ë p …‡Í †4
Ä Å
n Æsr
z!$ª_+54.yk*,-E$—*,-E36$254§ D &6$2-E.Ç.yk3)±'3)k C .Ç(45Ì$'5479$šªz.P54* D 5+.y&*S.yªz… D …V3)©Ì7 D & C .¹-E3)k…9.P*,* D $2&ÁyÃ/Äd<JN.
C 3b«
{ k3!-E3tYuvwv4uMxzy|{+y+}zª$}2§§fx D~ u CED y C uy+v ~ }'&¨ x D yYuM€u‚z‚z}Akd{Y}Ov ~ }2k­ D~ ª$}6vw}O}6‚z‚zu ­ ~ uƒ6{+uy4¨
u"…x6©
±6}'kKk„u'Qi¬)y+­}
v4vwx6J…g‡†ZF+ˆ f } D~ }‰{YyŠ‚ D ± D … ~ xzy C x) … }6‚zul€x‹uPdk vwuy+kdx D y+uŒ€ D …V…xz} ´Dxz‚%… ~ x6ª D ¨
u ~ED kdx
L
v ~/D ™0}$}
€iF‰ Å }
y4¨&x Cf4¦ }6€ Å B C/D $ ª u  … u ~ xz‚”ÁyÃ/Ä Ž µ J$ ª uy+v ~ u ‚u‘ CED €u’‹‚z}6vwu ~ }6‚zx“€u CB~ u
k CED y D …x6©
~ }2…xz€}'ª$uy+vwuMJ}
y+€}
y”€ D }c¨&u ~ED°CED $ ª u l B ´0 ™ u€xX_4§8T Q <lQ  D´ ‚}
v D dk xzy+x6dk v ~/DPµ }c … }2§8Q  µ Q
z•u CED y4kduP§0{Yuy4¨
u–€u‚
€x)f™ u ~ k D }6y+€}2$ á
ª uy+v D xzyc­ ~ uƒ6{+uy4
¨ }…€u‚z‚u—€{+u­ {Yy4
¨ x D y+x_+yYuy„k v ~ }… D kKk D a
y D uPkKk„u ~ u…u ~EC u
…xvwuƒ6{+}
‚  D ~ }nuPkK„k u1f ™ uy+0 § }6y D }2…9 … ‚x C }6vwu}
€‘{+y«dk uP0 § yY}6‚u C/D ªz… D „k v D ´ }
€‘uydk uPªz … x Dyµ
€}$€{+u«k„xyY{4k D xz€x˜}A­ ~ uƒ
{+uy4& ¨ }¹F B u€¸FM] L ™ F B U[ … u ~ ‚z}$‚zxyYu} ~ xzv,O · €u‚z‚}$v ~ }2k­ D ~ $ ª }6vw}2“ J xz‚ ~ x6dk {Y‚ba
vw}6v D kd} ~ ·O‚z} ~ uy … ‚zx C }l€xšg‡†Z+ F ˆ C uyYv ~ }6vw}l}6‚z‚u›€{+u ­ ~ uƒ6{Yuy+&¨ u«… ~ uPdk uy+v4xS# Q jn‚z‚ D ~ }'“ J ‚6˜ }
y+€}š$ ª uy+v D
€u‚‚zuh CED €u=’•€xWgœ†+ F ˆº… D v ~ › · }'f ™ u ~ u CED y4„k uyf § {+uy4
¨ u…€x60 ™ u ~ „k u°… u ~ {Yy D dk vwuykk D k C } ~ v D €xº­ ~ uƒ6{Yuy4
¨ }
FbL%\^F B  U y+u‚ C }2k D €x{+y+}›e†zŽwˆ ~ uvwv)}
y4§ D ‚} ~ uMJ8dk x}2kK„k x)„k vwu ~ › · }6€M{Yy+}ck D ™ ~ }'…9… D dk x6&¨ x D yYu$ ª }2§š0 § x D ~ u
€u‚‚zu CED €u]€u‚‚zu ~ uP … ‚zx Cf u]€x‹g.†+ F ˆZJ ~ x6kK … uvwv D }6‚z‚ž}Ÿe†zŽ4ˆ v ~ x}
y4§ D ‚z} ~ uMs J vw}6y+v D €}¯­ } ~ … ~ uy:­ u ~ x ~ u
‚z}³„k u CED y+€}2+ J y+u‚ C }2k D xzy C {+xl„k x“€uy„k xz€u ~ xW€x)„k vwxy4f § {+u ~ u_‚z}³… ~ uPdk uy+&¨ }¡€xWuyYv ~ }2ªz
± u‘‚zua­ ~ uƒ6{Yuy4
¨ u
´… D v4u=y4
¨ xz}0‚6$ ª uyYv4uh€x}2ªz … xuP¨b
¨ u€x6­ZD­ u ~ u=y+vwx µ
J }6y CEf u1„k u CED y³k C } ~ v D €x8­ ~ uƒ
{+uy4&¨ }«FL!\¹F B ~ x€ D vwv D Q
g“u ~ k C } ~ vwx xzy4D­ u ~ x D ~ xš}£Å ¢ J‚… {F{$xzy4f™ u C u C/D y40™ uy+x ~ u]}6€ D vwv4} ~ u${Yy)_+y+uPdk v ~ } ~ uv4vw}6y+§ D ‚} ~ uMJ CED yx‚
‚ D ± D … ~ xy C x6 … }
‚uh€x8$ ª xzy D ~ u¤uPdk vwuy4„k x D y+u'Q
t D y+dk xz€u ~ }'&¨ x D yYx¥}6y+}f‚ D § f u$}¦ƒ6{+u‚z‚u D ~ }ik™ D ‚vwuMJƒ… D kKk D y D uykdk u ~ u$xzy+v ~ }'… ~ uydk u³ … u ~ €x6f ™ u ~ dk u
k C u‚vwun€x8­ {Yy4
¨ x D yYu€_+y+uPdk v ~ }2 J xzy¡€x6 … uyY€uy4&¨ }‘€}
‚8 … } ~ v4x C/D ‚} ~ u D 6 ± xzuvwv4x6™ D €u‚‚z}c„k v4x6$ ª }ak … uv4v ~ }6‚zu'Q

Ú%ÛÝÜ:Û¨§ ©VãLþ­à
iç+ã0Ðþ+ÿTþ åÁàäã,âÿTþ å‹a˜ç+üJãåÁâã

zV˜ }6y”}6‚zx)k„x”xyA­ ~ uƒ6{Yuy+¨&}7€x{+yAk„uy§fy+}6‚zu°…{F{nuPkKk„u ~ u CED yY€ D vwvw} ~ x CED~B~ u=y+€ D }a… ~ED § ~ }2ªzª$xY€xYu‚z}a
± D~ }'¨&x D yYuOy+{+ª$u ~ x C }2J—}^…} ~ vwx ~ uŒ€}
x C }2ªz…x D yYx  †h±]˪bˆ€u‚z‚ D k„v4uPkKk D J%… ~ u‚zuy™f}6vwx ð« }6€
¯
™ }6‚z‚zx:_+kKk„x%ˬªQ³e…x)k… D y+uy+€ D €xš{+y+}¹kduƒ6{+uy4  ¨
}­€x–®  ™0}6‚ D~ x
xzy+vwu ~ 0
€u4_+yYx)k C u{n e °<±
²¬³+´¬µ´`;¥¶s· ³¬°<´¬³G¥¥³¬¸+¹ ±
º¶•³¬»O´¼ ½“ µ ‚z}‘yY{ D ™f}ck„u  ƒ
{+uy+¨&}
¯ J±¯uI0//H&/B"""/4® \ HTJŠkdx

W ½ 
H ® @+B ¯ u @
xTLwvÀÁ ½ ´<lQ < µ
®¿¾ 8  
¯:°
{+yYx)™ DyC }2ª$uy+v4u]€u4_+y+xzvw}G…u ~ †ÂuI0//H&/B"""/4® \ HTJ u Cf u /C D kdvwxvw{+x6k C ul{+yY}¦}'…9… E~ D kkdx6ª$}2¨
x D y+uTðÃ
€u‚‚z} k„uƒ
{+uy+¨&}›€x C }2ªz…x D yYxY€u‚z‚}›v ~ }2kK­ D~ ª$}6vw}³WT†F+ˆ¥  ›  †zŽ4ˆ„ƒEJ C }6‚ C/D ‚}
v4}  … u ~ Fl ½ „Å Ä J”u
€6x ™06x k„}c…u ~ ®zËYªU  
W ½ Å
H
W Å£F$
† ¾
® ˪
A ® Ë
A ª Æ
Î(Æ:Ç ûTÿbýMþsø \åñÞüøqùöýKñÞ÷)øÿÞø¬q
 ñÞÿóÿóõå÷)þö÷)øqùsøTüNû
6ùsûEÿÞñóûTþû Ä 
ÎÈÉ òyöƒýKþñóüNö¥ øTòy÷)û,ñPöýKýMþsø \åñÞüös,ñ øTòyûûþñÊE öV,öÿ ÿ  øM ýMûTþöøñóøTòPû0,ñyË òPû 6÷)þsö÷)õyþöŠÿóûEö÷)öŠöÿóÿ  õåø,ñyõPòNòyõyüNûTþsø
Ëyòyñó÷)øV,ñ2ùö/üNýMñóøTòyñ/øTýKûTþöò,ø[ôõyñóòñ¶åõ›Ì æé æZéBÍ æ Ä é'öòi,ñ ùú€
Î 6õ æZé“
Ï ûþ‚öòyö/ÿ ñ „,öþsû%ÿóûƒöÿó÷)þûš øTòP÷)ñD,ñ
è Ù`ç!è è ç‚è
&(",(y­ 9
¬y57ÁD í

1 1
256 256
0.9 64 0.9 64
16 16
0.8 finestra rettangolare 8 0.8 finestra triangolare 8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

;sx6§0{ ~ }y<lQ lUÐYÑDÒ@LKwÓ4?^B N K ?Ó N HFK @EJB Y

[jÔÕÖ Ä OHF?W×Á?^E N G Q EJ@LKb@DK ØøE¶Q N BeP Ó4?^S¬Ù^E Õ\Õ B
ï ÙµY\[A[sÔՏÖ

¶ D v4xz}2ª D kd{4±
xv DÚCEf u ‚z}³´<lQ < µ”¦ ™0}6‚zxz€}"…u ~ ƒ6{Y}f‚)k„x}'kdx,†8JYu€ f }]{Yy¦}
y+€}2ª$uyYv D …u ~ x D €x CEDaCED y
…u ~ x D € D ®³J”} C {+x C/D~d~ x6k… D yY€u{+yY}«­ ~ uƒ
{+uy+¨&}zF­ Å B Ä Jxzyl} CEC/D~ € DcCED y¦‚}«k„uy…} ~ }2¨&x D y+uv ~ }M‚u
~ uy … ‚zx CEf u k…uvwv ~ }6‚zx… ~ uy™0x6k„v4}O€}6‚“v4u D~ u
ª$}¡€u‚ C }2ªz…x D yY}2ª$uy+v D Œ2…u ~ ƒ
{+uPkdv D ª D v4x6™ D J“ƒ
{+}6‚ D~ }
xz‚?„k uy0 § yY}6‚zu D~ x)§fxzy+} ~ x D †Ž4ˆ CED y+vwuy+§0} CED ªz… D y+uy+vwxj}A­ ~ uƒ6{+uy4¨
u«ª$}2§§fx D~ xs€x LÅ B Ä J?§f‚zx‚W ½ CED y
xzy+€x C x2… ~ED kkdx6ª$x6}6€ L … ~ uyk„u=y+vw}6y D u ~B~/D=~ u€x6}
‚xz}2k„xžy4§8QsjÚvwxzv D ‚ D €x
uyk„uyªz…x D J
xy3_4§8Q<lQ k D y D~ xba
 
… D ~ vw}6vwx”xV0 ™ }6‚ D ~ x­ì W ½ ¾ ìE…u ~ {Yy+}nÛsºµ7}  ~…{+yYv4xðÜJ
}6€ D vwv4}
y+€ D €{Yuh€x6™0u ~ kdu_+yYuyk„v ~ u…€x}6y+}
‚žx)k„x6J
}6‚9f™ } ~ x} ~ uh€u‚z‚z} ‚ D ~ED uy„k v4u=y+dk x D yYuM6 J uPkK… ~ u
kdk } C/D $ ª u¤y+{4ª]u ~ED €x C }'ªz…x D yYx,Q
)¬ ‚V… }2kdk }2§š0 § x D €}
x C }2ªz … x D yYx }
‚‚z}°„k uƒ6{Yuy+&¨ }ÚW ½ ¦ xzy4f ± xz‚žuMJ ~ x C/D ~?~ u=y+€ D }6‚z‚}{¬¹‹Ý+´¬³¬±
´
™ u ~ v4x66
e °<±
²¬³¬´¬µ´`;j¶•· ³¬°<´¬³Gj
n  
¯
¥ ³¬¸¬±
º¶s³¬»O´6B‡ ¼ ½“ µ

@+B xTLwv•Á Þ
¯  ® W ½ u ¯
¾½ 8
  °
Cf uN…u ~ ±GuPkdvwu ~ y D } p I0/4® \ Hdr CED y+vwxzy+{+}}°™0}
‚u ~ Mu Jßu€}'kKkd{+ª$uN™f}6‚ D~ x…u ~ x D  € x C 6x J EC D u ~ uyYv4uPª$uyFa
€ u …u ~ ‚ D Kk ™0xz‚z{º…V… D xzy kdu ~ xzu€xT; D { ~ xzu ~ Q'¬by4­D}6vwv4x6Jfx'™f}6‚ D~ xVW ½ k D y D uƒ
{+x6™0}f‚zuy+vwx
vwu}…ƒ6{+}
yv D } CEC }

öýKýMþøÁ\åñÞüöswñóøTòyûx,ñóòyñÝñóöüøqöJ6ùþsñÊEûTþsû”ÿ  û åýMþûÁ\6ñóøTòPûñ
é ¡ Ñ à Ì Zæ éáVýKûTþ Á Þ
mbâdã
ð èï Ù è ï Ù
Á Ç Á Ç Á Ç
Õ Ü × mbâ Ü Õ Ü × m)â æ íî Ä
æé Ü/àsá)â‰è
ç é â Ö äæê ®

Æä Ä È œ M
À ì œ 
6ñóòbù Æ Ä M È ß Ü/àsá)âïè
ç é â Ö äæ
ð å
M Ù æ ç è ß
Š
ÀYë æ
ç æ M
ñóò[ùsõyñÿóöåûTùøTò,ö”ûEõyösEÿóñÞöò4wö!õy÷6ñÞÿóñú ,ö”ÿ ñóòy÷)ûTþýKøTÿóös,ñóøTòyû æé Ö À Û ë m)â ñ øTþòyñó÷)ö
öÿ/÷)ûTøTþûTüö
À ì åñóòyù¥ðTÖ Ü mbÀ âò
,ûTÿ4ùöüýMñóøTòyö/üNûTòy÷) ø ó"E û ,ñ4ýKþ ø 
6ñóüNø†ùöýKñó÷)øTÿóø&ô©
ûÁ†ñÞòP÷)þç‚ ø ,õè yùû Ù õyòyö2åûTÜ ùÛ øTòç önøTòP÷)û,ñ4öýKýKþø \åñ üNös,ñóøTòyû†ÿóûEö÷)ö
öÿóÿ  ñÐòy÷)ûT<þ Eöÿóÿó‹
ø õö÷"ø ùñ”Eöþñósö ,ñóøTòyû ýKûT þ î   õyÿ ÷)ñóüNø†ñóòy÷)û Eþöÿóûú ö}åõyö¤EøTÿó÷)ö°õPòyö°öýKýMþøÁ\åñÞüös,ñ øTòyûóö°ùsöõ6ö
,ûEÿÞñb û å÷)þûTüNX ñ ,ñbñÞòP÷)û Eþsö ,ñóøTòyû”ÿóñÞüñÞ÷)ö÷)Dñ ô>ûTÿóÿóöŠ÷)þ ö øTþüNö/÷) ö ñ6ñóòbùðTÖ Ü mbÀ âò m â ñ ,ýMö/þñPö Ä þûTù÷šû é Ü/àsá)âã À m â ùúyû
ôõyö/ Á Þ wøTþòyñ åùûlñóÿMþ‡ñ åõyÿó÷)ö÷)ø M é â èï ß
ò ,øW/ö/ÿÞõP÷)ö÷)ö!ýKûTþ
ï Ù m â
Á Ç
Æ ä Ä È Ä ® Ü â üè Þ
å Ù } M ç À ß Ü/àsá)f
Á
ð M ÀYë æ
ýKûTþ˜EöÿÞøþñWý ýfþ
ä
EöNùö/õ6ö€ûTÿóÿóöû å÷)ûTòåñóøTòyûŠÿóñóüNñó÷)öE÷)ö‹óñóòhþûTô/õyûTòi,öfô,ñšþûTù÷ Áû â è é”Á ÿX/ýKûTþ
šöùñóÿ û EûTþñËyùsöþû
á é ï
ùsúPû ð m â„Á ñ ýKûTþñóø Á ñóùö”ñóò ùsøTò%ýKûTþñóø ,ø å ùsø 6ñóùùúΝñ„EöÿóøTþñ/ö\åõbòy÷6ñýMûTþ
Á Þ åøTòyø4õiEöÿóñ/ö”ôõyûTÿóÿ ñ
ä ä Ù á ë Y á ë í
ýKûTþ ð í í 
Î Ç ûTÙ ÿ
ùö 6á ø?ë ñÞò Yù õPñ£ñ£
ä á ùë öüí ýMñóøTòyñX,ñXåûEòyöÿ ûJåñóöòyø”ñóò†òyõPüNûTþø!üNñóòyøTþû0ñ£ôõPûTÿóÿ ñXûÿÞÿóö 
4dñyùöüNýKñóøTòyñyüöòyùöòy÷6ñ
6øòyøqýMÁø 6÷)ñM#ö ,ûTþxø  Ç ûÿÞÿóWû ËiEõyþs%û 6øTòPøqüN ø å÷)þö÷)ñ 6øTÿóølñbýMþsñÞü ñ EöÿóøTþñ w û 
6ûTò ,øqñMþñóüNöòyûTòP÷)ñ 6ýKûTùõyÿóöþhñ 
    !#"%$"'&()!+*,-/.0"*123!4657#.0"780*9:*
}6€ B aDuPdk x6ª D €ux ~ 6x kK…uvwv4x6™0x C/D u
­‡_ C zx uyYv4x6€x; D { ~ xu ~ J C 6
} ‚ C/D ‚}
v4xkd{Y‚‚z}€_+yYuyk„v ~ }nv4uPªz… D~ }6‚zu–€x †Ž4ˆZJ
CED ª$u°k„u¤ƒ6{Yuyk„v4}c­ D Kk k„un{+y]…u ~ x D € D  € x”{+y³k„uy§fy+}
‚u1…u ~ x D €x C/D Q  
¾
Ú%ÛÝÜ:Û ©VãLþ­à
iç+ã0Ðþ+ÿTþ å
ü­ãLþ• åbõç
 H …u ~ Ž ™ I
e…u4_+y+xz}šª D ‚z} ­{Yy4¨&x D yYu%§ ~ }
€xzy D[C/D ª$u †zŽ4ˆ• 
LB …u ~ ŽsÊ
 I Cf ubJ£­ D~ yYuy+€ D ® Ÿ ì †zŽwˆvìS¢Ž•
 @9Ÿ
´ I …u ~ Ž:d I ´
^JWy D y|€ D ™ ~ uy±2±
u7}'™fu ~ u7{+yY}$v ~ }2k­ D~ ª$}6v4}Q t D ª$u §fx6·A™0x6kdv D …u ~ ‚} C/D kdvw}6yYv4uMJsx‚ C }6‚ CED ‚ D …{F{
uykkdu ~ u C/D y+€ D vwv D }Mv4u ~ ª$xzy+u CED ª$u_‚x6ª$xžvwu‘} C {+x+vwuyY€u_‚}7v ~ }2kK­ D~ ª$}6vw}M€x¬{+yY}›€x6™0u ~ k„}"­{Yy4¨
x D a
y+M u J+x‚ C {+x“‚zx)ª$xzvwu‘vwuyY€u }
‚§ ~ }6€xy D Q R C uP§0‚zx}'ª D ƒ
{+xzy+€x †zŽ4ˆ– à @ …u ~ Žh™ IKJ4…u ~ ‚z}¡ƒ
{+}6‚zu
 ž
~ )x k„{+‚zv4}›F
~žH Ih8 †Ž4ˆs †zŽwˆZJu…v ~ED ™fx}'ª D ´
´ ´
r k xTLwv lst ž

Ÿ xLwv4l à @ êŸ H Ç\ £u nbo F
¹ †ZF+ˆs œ
8
à @
ž
à @
ž

\|†" _
u nbo F+ˆ
ê
ê 
"_ u£nbo F
 L _چ bn o F+ˆ L
 ê8 
 ê
R x8…{¶{°ª D k„v ~ } ~ u Cf uF ¹ F ˆ ƒ F ~H h
á k r  Lwv4løt á
Ih8! †Z+ I 8  L B Yš†zŽwˆZJVª$uy+v ~ u ~ x6kd{Y‚vw}
~H
x@ TLwv  l
¹ †F+ˆ„ƒ  uy+€ D ð%$hxzy]€ui_Yy+xzv4x6™0}
 xTLwB v4l J  D wv v4uy+
á k r Lwv4løt á
F Ih8#" F  I…8
~H ~žH
   
¹†ZF+ˆs Š
›  †Ž4ˆ„ƒ
n
H
Å£Yš†Ž4ˆq\ o u FÆ
´
Ú%ÛÝÜ:Û'& û åbJÿTâDàÁån
âý\ýsâ$c
ã,çc
ãå âÿ)(âý\ýsþZÉ ÿxãLþ­à
iç+ãÐþ+ÿTþï å‹ayç+üJãåÁâã É
*,+.-0/1+3241576 †zŽ4ˆ w †ZF+ˆs › †zŽ4ˆƒ
8 CDZ+Aø È 9?C\Î [ h †zŽ4ˆ4_:9<;†zŽ4ˆ h
Wò†F+ˆ+_:9 m †ZF+ˆ
=  Ì ZYC?Ê >FÈÎ Ì   Ž †zŽwˆ W Ž †w\NF+ˆ
= ȁ>A@
C‡È>$A?Z¶ÎUÌhX+C¶É?`vÈÍUÈ   †h=Ž4ˆ B W Æ È
l
WT†F+ˆu @ xTLwv ldÅ
B B
C C‡Î  È 9BXFÌ   †zŽq\¹Ëhˆ
D 9øÈÉxÍ È ^fC‡Ì Z+A–CDZ_;b9BAFE/0Ê A?Zf^TÈ   †zŽ4ˆu 
x w
L 4
v l æ WT†ZF"\^F&8?ˆ
ž
G  Ì XÊ͇È ^0CÌ ZYA–X+C¶È >_V˜CDA^„^TÈ   †ŽwˆfkKm nbo F”Ž
}
BL Wò†F]\^F&8Bˆ4_ L B Wò†Fa_`F&8Kˆ
H 9ø Ì XFÌ4ÎUÎ ¤ Ì CDZ_;b9?AIEDfÊ A?Zf^TÈ ® Ÿ   †b Õ ˆ3;h†zŽq\ïÕ ˆ[¢>Õ WT†F+ˆ m †F+ˆ
@9Ÿ  
H 9ø Ì XFÌ4ÎUÎ ¤ Ì Z+AvÍ/\Î AB>_V,Ì †Ž4ˆ;†Ž4ˆ ® Ÿ WT†KJ¬ˆ m †ZF"\LJ¬ˆ[¢J
@9Ÿ
M ÊTÈDÍ C:Î [   WT†zŽ4ˆ †w\NF+ˆ
N CD>$>$Aø\Î 9?CM È `vÌ Z+C„?Ê >FÈÎ È †Žwˆ ~ u}6‚zu Wò†F+ˆs  ÂW Ž †w\ F+ˆ
M A?9BCË  È ^fCUÌ Z+A   ò †Ž4ˆ
u nbo F"g/W †F+ˆ
O Z¶Î:A
>+9vÈ^fC‡ÌZ+A
ò
® ž ž   †¡fˆ£¢
¡ r løt
@9Ÿ U l

x w
L 4
v
 

ÎQP òNþûTöÿó÷‚ýKûTþ 6ñMøT÷)÷)ñóûTòyû”ùsúPûSR àTVU éá Sûqÿóø%å÷)û \åøWEöÿóûlýMûþ T éSø \åñóöWR àXT éá 
ï Ùf[ èï Ùe[ èï è ï Ùf[ Ùe[
¬by]ƒ6{Yuyk„v DC }'…xzv D ‚ D1¦ uyk… D kdvw}›‚z}‘vwu D~ x} Cf u CED y+kduy+vwun€x ~ }'…9… ~ u
k„uyYv4} ~ u…{Yy³k„uy§fy+}6‚zu…u ~ ª$uy¨Áa
¨ D €ux%„k { D x `øÈ>_V˜CÌZYC v4uPªz… D~ }6‚zx6Jƒ…u ~ ª$uvwv)uy+€ D y+uO‚z}Ÿv ~ }2kKª$x6kkdx D y+u$xy ­ D~ ª$}|yY{4ª$u ~ x C }QA¬
C }2ªz … x D yYx“xy+­}
v4vwxk D y D {Yy+}"kduƒ6{Yuy4¨
}]€x ZÊ0>$AB9?C ðKQƒ¬by D ‚zv ~ ubJkdx“€x6k C {Yv4u‘€x C/D ª$u v ~ }'kKª$uv4v)u ~ u
kduP0 § yY}6‚zx“y+{4$ ª u ~ x C xl´ Cf u k„x}
y DcD vwv4uy+{+vwx D ª$uy D …u ~C }2ªz…x D yY}2ªMuy+v Dyµ kd{ C }
y+}6‚zx“}6y+}f‚ D §fx C x6J“u
k D y D xzy+v ~/D € D v)v4x0x CED y C uv4v)x0€x `øÌX+CZY¥`øȑXYC`vȁZFÈÍA u XYCÍDCDZ+AøÈ Q'¬byF_Yy+uMJšk D y D xz‚z‚{8kdv ~ }6v4u‚zuúvwu C y+x CEf u
€x$ ª {+‚zv4x6… ‚z}š&¨ x D yYu–vwuyªz… D ~ }6‚zu‹€uxdk uP0
§ y+}
‚xf€}
v4x6=J u€_} CEC uy+y+}
v4u–}
‚ C {+y”u … ~/D ±6‚zuyª$}6vwx CEf uú}6vwv4xzy+uy+vwx
‚zu ~ uv)xvwu‚zuy­ D y+x Cf u CED ªz$ ª {+v4}
v4u'Q

J’I\
[ ”3¡š•¡J›œ–Ÿž2¡¥,]Š–›œ¦e  š˜£¤–˜›œ¡J£¤š
^ ZÓÉBA_>YZFÈÍA­`øÌZÃÉ<V˜AvÎUÎ\9øÌ2ZÊTÍÍÌ È;)9BAIEDÊ0ABZ0^fA­>fÈ`>)>YC‡Ì9?C + X C L g acb Ê0ZYC‡Ë>Ì`vȁ>$ABZFÎ:A
X+A
Y¥Z+C ÎUÌVȤ,
V Èø9 Î\CD9?Aú¶
X ȁ¶
½
C Ë È͇Ì9?C¬` d+AÈÉøÉ>Ê0>$AÈ`>FÍDC¬CÉvÎUÈZFÎ\C Ž• fL e a v` ÌZ † CDZF\Î AB9øIÌ g
z•}A­ ~ uƒ6{Yu+ y ¨&} n g ¦"Cf xz}2ª$}fv4} ;b9?IA EDÊfA?ZfT ^ ȦX+!C hjikE/Ê0C ÉøÎ Q¬by^™0x ~ vS©‰€u‚•vwu D~ uyª$}2J“‚)˜ }6yY€}šª$uyYv D
€x“{YyGk„uy§0yY}6‚zu †Ž4ˆ•‚zx6ª$xžv4}6v D xzyG±
}6y”€}]v ~ }¸\úg u$g …{F{_uykkdu ~ u ~ x CED k„v ~ {+xv D xy¹±6}'kdu_}6xlkd{ D x
C 2 } ªz…x D yY)x J£… ~ uyk„  x6}°­ ~ uƒ6{+uy4¨
}¤€ D …9…xz}n€u‚‚z}k„{+}°±
}6y+€}…}°­ ~ uƒ6{Yuy4¨
u … D kdxzvwx)™fuMJš…u ~ ª$uP¨b¨ D €u‚‚z}
­ D~ ª${+‚zl} U
†Žwˆs ®Ÿ Å n †g Æ gdkdxzy CÅ
n g Å Žq\
†
Æ­Æ ´  Q©Ñ µ
  ½° @9Ÿ  
n g

Î  lm l
n+ñÞò%ñÞò4/ÿÐû 6ûxx,ö‚ùõyñMñóÿM÷)ûTþüñÞòPûpo÷ q=÷Êøsr)t u4ùøTüûåñóòyøTòyñóüNø%,ñ=ö7v7wxuzy<÷|{žù>

sinc(2Wt) sinc(2W(t−3/2W))

t t

_
−6 _
−4 −2 _
_ −1 _1 _2 _4 _6 _
−4 _
−2 _
1 _3 _
5
2W 2W 2W 2W 2W 2W 2W 2W 2W 2W 2W 2W 2W

;˜x)§f{ ~ }  ©Q Ñ'U~} B€DÓ4? Õ K HF?^E N K ?AO è í<

æZé OE¶?^G Q BGIB}K ? [ 
E G Q B N P BGIB2K ?ƒ‚
á%„
 …
 5 ­Á!#"#$0"‡†(ª€1·­ ":¬01·9:¬f!#"'96!+*L-D1·„-D-DÁ"%¬y9 5V9
5:3!+

Š x(t) 
X(f)

‹
t −W W f
x(t) x (t) 1 H(f) y(t) Š x (t) 
_ X (f)
2W
ˆ
f
‹ Œ
‰ t
π (t) −W W f
Tc −4W −2W 2W 4W

;˜x)§f{ ~ }  Q  UŽ0K Q OYÓiK G©H7@LKhOBDCK HF?^BDC:E¶?^G©HVERQ E N G K G\Ó Õ K HF?AE Ö E N  EG©GUQ K@E¶K N ES/?^BDP K
xzy C {+x0‚z}­{Yy4¨&x D yYuV…͇4† Äs† n gEŽwˆs n oqpLwvLwe v`e ž ¦ ª D k„v ~ }6vw}nxy3˜; x)§8Q  Q©ÑMJf}2kKk„xzuyª$uú}6€_{Yy+}°k„{+}
~ uy…‚zx C }
v ~ 2 } k„‚z}6vw}lQ ž
g“u ~ €x6ª D k„v ~ } ~ u|xz‚ ~ x6kd{+‚zvw}6v D J†k„v4{Y€xz}2ª D x‚ C x ~EC {+xv D|~ x6… D~ v4}
v D xy;sx6§8Q  Q  J Cf uGª D k„v ~ }
{+y D k Cf P u ª$— } kdx6ªz± D ‚x CED¯CEf uÇ´ CED ª$u¹™0u€ ~ uyª D
µ–~ u}6‚zx)¨M¨&}|‚zu¯k„v4uPkKk&u D …u ~ }2¨
x D y+x—€u‚z‚z}^­ D~ ª${Y‚}
€x ~ x CED k„v ~ + { ¨&x D yYMu J xy C {Yx[k„x D …u ~ }Ÿ{+y C }2ªz…x D y+}2ª$uy+v DzCED y`…u ~ x D € D ˁª¡ Lfe B Q t }6‚ C/D ‚zx}'ª D
xzy+y+}f4 y ¨
xzv4{+vwv D ‚ D kK…uvwv ~ D €x6}2ªz…xuP¨b¨
}ÚW‘s†F+ˆ”€u‚VkduP§0y+}
‚u Cf uuPk C u…€}6‚2ª D ‚vwx6…‚zx C }6v D~ uMJ Cf u f }
{ ± ’zv D {Y4
kd+ } ¨
x D y+u7y D vwy
y ˜ }
‚vwu ~ 2 u ™ D ‚zu ~ 6x kK…uv)v D }lƒ6{+u‚‚ D €!
x Wò†F+ˆ¥xzy|xy+§ ~ uykk D Q°¬by4­D}6vwv4x6J˜x‚”kduP§0y+}
‚u
 †zŽ4ˆ f }‘{+y D kK…uvwv E ~ D €x”2
} ªz…xPu ¨b¨
}
 
W  †F+ˆ. ›‚ †Ž4ˆlg o Å Ä †zŽwˆ„ƒjWT†F+ˆ/|
H
¼ m ÇÄ †F+ˆsÂWò†F+ˆ/|
H ®Ÿ Y˜Å£F]\
† 
  ËYª ËYª ½° @9Ÿ
ËYª Æ
Ÿ Ÿ
 n g g ® Wò†F+ˆ/|ƒYš†F«\·† n gˆj n g g ® Wò†F]\`† n gGˆ
½° @9Ÿ ½° @9Ÿ
€ D ™0u7xz‚l…uy+{+‚zvwx)ª D …}2kkd}2§š§0x D k C }'ªz±6xz}]‚6˜ xy”vwuy§ ~ }6‚zu›€xs{Yy+}³k D ªzª$} C/D y|{+y+}]k D ªzª$}$€xsxzy+vwuia
§ ~ }6‚zx6J
uh‚6˜ {Y‚žv4x6ª D …}2kkd}2§š§0x D v4xzuyYu CED y+v D €u‚z‚}څ ~ED … ~ xuv,·_€x CED y4™ D ‚z{4¨
x D y+u C/D y${Yy¡x6ªz…{Y‚)k D Q'¬by
€ u4_+yYxvwx)™f}ck„x ¦ ª D kdv ~ }6v DCEf uÚW“s†F+ˆ ¦°CED k„v)xzv4{Yxv D €}6‚z‚u ~ uP…‚zx Cf u…€xW †ZF+ˆ C uy+v ~ }
v4un} ª${Y‚vwx6…‚žx

€u‚‚z{ } ­ ~ uƒ6{+uy4¨
}_€x C }2ªz…x D y+}'ª$uy+v D Qg“u ~ vw}6y+v D J
x‚_Y‚v ~/D …}'kKk„}a±6}2kk D•” †F+ˆ+´ Cf x}'ª$}6v D }
y Cf u
CED yŠxz‚šy D ª$uO€x YÍÎ\9øÌlXYC–9BAøÉvÎ:C Î^ʄ^0CÌZYAMµ ‚}'k C x}G…}2kkd} ~ u¯k D ‚ DïÊ0Z¶È €u‚z‚u ~ uy…‚x Cf u¯k…uvwv ~ }6‚zx„J‹u
€{Yy+ƒ6{”u ¦ y u ™fx€uy+vwu CED ª$u m Z† F+ˆs Lfe B n g g/WT†ZF+ˆsÂW †F+ˆ,Q
g“u ~ ƒ
{+}fy+v Dú~ 6x §0{Y} ~ €}…‚z° } ­ D~ ª${+‚z}¤€x ~ x C/D kdv ~ {4¨&x D yYu Cf u ­D}¤{4k D €ux C }2ªz…x D yYx
½
ð Lfe ñ uú€u‚z‚zu
­D{+4 y ¨
x D y+#x …͇†4Äs† n gEŽwZˆ J˜}6y Cf ˜ y u kkd}Œ€u ~ 6x ™0}O€}6‚z‚ D k Cf y u ª$}lxz‚z‚{8k„v ~ }6v D Q†¬)y4­D}
v4vwx–;h†zŽwˆ   ¦ xz‚ ~ x)k„{+‚zv4}
v D
€u‚‚z} C/D 4 y ™ D ‚z4
{ ¨
x D y+u7v ~ } ˜†zŽ4ˆ—˜ u —¤†Ž4ˆ_ › @+B  ” † F+„ˆ ƒl › @+BV™ Lfe B ~ u C v Lfe † F+Iˆ šïXkdxzy C † n gEŽ4ˆ
 
u›€{+y+ƒf{+u D §fy+xW)x ªz…{+6‚ k D €x C {Yx ¦aC/D ªz… D kdv D  †DŽwZˆ J¬ƒ
{+}6yY€ DÚC/D 4 y ™ D ‚z{+v DaC/D ‡y —¤†DŽwˆ J¬yYu v ~ 2 } k„‚z}$‚z}
­ D~ ª$}›9 € ˜ D yY€}_}68 ‚ … E~ D … ~ x D )x k„v4}
y+vw' y ­ D~ ª${Y‚ V
u Q2¬)³ u U
¾ ®
;h†Ž4ˆ‡ †zŽ4ˆqg Yš†Žq\·†ºË ª ˆ ¿ |3—¤†DŽwˆs ® †h†ºË ª ˆYš†Ž”\`†ºË ª ˆD|”k„xy C † n gEŽwˆ
  ½ ½  
 ® †h†ºËYª4ˆ£kdxzy C † n g.†Ž”\`†ºËYª4ˆwˆ
½  
ˆ
{Yuyk„v D7~ x)k„{+‚zv4}
v D ª D k„v ~ } C/D ª$u7x‚˜v4u D~ u
ª$}$€u‚ C }2ªfa
…x D y+}'ª$uy+v D €u4_+y+x6k C }Œuykkduy4¨
x}
‚)ª$uy+vwu]{Yy+}¯­ D~ ª${+‚z}¦€x
› y(t)

œ xzy+vwu ~ … D ‚' } ¨&x D yYu9U‹x?™0}6‚ D~ xj€u‚‚k„uy§0yY}6‚zu ~ x C/D kdv ~ {Yxv D]f }6yYy D
t
‚6˜ uyk„}6vwv D ™0}
‚ D~ u€ux C }2ªz…x D y+x+€x4kduP§0yY}6‚u¤y+uy§f‚xYx)k„v4}
y+vwx+€x
C }2ªz…x D yY}2ª$uy+v D J4ª$uyYv ~ u yYuy§0‚zx¬x6kdvw}6y+vwx“xzy+v4u ~ ª$u€xWxz ‚ ™0}6‚ D~ a
u k„xl­ D~ ª]}$€}
‚‚z}"k D ªzª$}]€xWvw{+vwv4u
‚zu¡ CED €u’h€ux…/Í †4Äh}6€xz} C uyYv4xSQ{¬)‚‚… /~ DPC P u kKk D €x C/D kdv ~ 4 { ¨
x D y+"u § ~ 
} _ C } D~ }¦€Pu k CB~ xzv4v D³¦M~ )x … D~ v)}6v D
y+u‚‚z}y_4§0{ ~ }څ ~ u C u€uy+vw2
u Q
 ( (ª!+9"%*9%12Ï579
$ 1·­Á"%¬0€1·9%¬f!#"
†  DÑ

§%Û Þ/ÛhÞ Rý\åÁþ­àÁåbŸ

ž

ˆ {+uPdk v D vwu ~ ª$xyYu f } D~ x6§0xzy+u €}6‚z‚z}z…} ~/D ‚}]xy+§0‚zuyk„u7  ÈÍDC‡ÈÉ ´ CED …x}'J C ‚ D y+u µ u«kdvw}O}6€lxy+€x C } ~ u›xz‚
­Duy D ª$uy D°Cf u°k„x9… ~ED €{ C u…yYu‚z‚6˜ }š…9…‚x C } ~ u¤x‚vwu D~ uyª$}_€u‚ C }2ªz…x D y+}2ª$uy+v D ƒ
{+}6y”€ D x ~ uƒ
{+x6kdxzv4x
y D yik D y D k D €€x)k­}
v4vwx6JWu C x DP¦ ƒ6{Y}6y”€ D ‚z}]­ ~ uƒ
{+uy+¨&}]€x C }'ªz…x D y+}'ª$uyYv DÚ¦ xzy4­Du ~ x D~ u }6‚z‚}]­ ~ uia
ƒ6{Yuy4¨
}›€x4¶_30ƒ
{+x„k„v,J D kkdxz} ńB Ä d n g ´ D ™™0u ~/D ˔ªú™ Lfe B µ Q¬byOƒ6{Yuyk„v D{C }2k D ‚zu ~ uy…‚zx Cf u{kK…uvwv ~ }
‚x
Cf u CED ªz… D y4§ D y D ¡ W s†F+ˆNk D y D …x)© ~ }™™0x C xyY}0vwuMJ–uzkdx%k D ™ ~ }'…9… D y4§ D y D ´‚6˜ }6‚žxz}2kdxzy4§ ¦ xzy+€x C }6v D
}6y CEf u CED $ ª u­ D ‚€a D f ™ u ~ J 9BCÊVWCA
>FÈ>$A?Z¶ÎUÌ
µ Q
ˆ {+}
y€ D ƒ
{+uy„k v D }™0™ xzuy+uMJ x‚/_Y‚v ~/D … }'kKk„}a±6}škKk D €x
~ uy„k v4xzv4{+& ¨ x D yYu…y D y ¦  … x6¡ © xy"§ ~ }6€ D €x”uPdk v ~ } ~?~ uh‚z} ~ uy … ‚xha £
X (f)
C } C uy+v ~ }6vw}]xzy—| F OI°´0 ™ u€xL_40 § { ~ }7}¡‚}
v DPµ Y J u‘€{+yYƒ0{Yu
}6‚z‚z}¯dk {+}Œ{4k C xvw} ¦ … ~ uy„k u=y+vwu˜;†zŽ4ˆŒ 1 †zŽ4ˆZJ Cf u]„k x €x)­ a ¢
f
­Du ~ u=y4
¨ xž}›€} †zŽ4ˆ¬xzyz … } ~ vwx C/D ‚} ~ ª D € D    … u ~ x CED yYv4uy+{+vwx
™ }a
−4W −2W 2W 4W
uyYu ~ 0 § uv4x C xWy+  u‚z‚} ~ uP0 § x D yYu €u‚z‚uÚ­ ~ uƒ6{+uy4
¨ ua … x)Œ © u‚zuyf − _2¤
1_
− ¤ Y(f) 1 _ 2
_
Tc T¤c T¤c
vwu2Q1)¬ y|{Yy^dk uP0 § yY}6‚zu›}6{Y€x D ˜ J }
€Œuy„k uyªz … x D J C x?dk x˜} C/CED ~ 0 § u Tc
Cf u C ˜ ¦ }
‚xz}šdk xzy4Ÿ § ƒ
{+}fy+€ D¯¦ {Y€x66 ± xž‚zul{+y+}Ÿ€x6dk v D ~ dk x D yYu ¢
f
´ ~ {+ª D ~ u µqCED y+0 § xz{+y+vw}š$ ª uy+vwun}6xº … }'kKdk }'§f § x C/D yÇ$ ª }'§f § x D ~
CED y+vwuyY{+v D €x”}6‚zv4u­ ~ uƒ
{+uy4&¨ u'Q
)¬ ‚'­ uy D $ ª uy D €u‚z‚)˜ }6‚zxz}„k xzy4§1 … {F{xy+k D ~ f § u ~ uMJ D ‚v ~ u Cf uyYu‚ C }2k D xy C {+x2„k x CED ªz$ ª uv4vw}x‚2
± }6y”}6‚zu
u ~B~E= D ~ u€x}
€ D vwvw} ~ u16 Ë ª—™ fL e B 0 J }6y Cf u} C }6{+dk }n€x{+y+}nx6ªz … u ~ D­ uvwv)}‚zx)$ª xžvw}2
¨ x D y+uxzy]
± }6y”€}€x †Ž4ˆ
´ CEf u°0 ™ xzuy+u…xzyzf § uyYu ~ u€_+‚zv ~ }6v D … ~ED … ~ x D  … u ~ } C/C u ~ v4} ~ „k x Cf udk xz}«W †+ F ˆx¥jI CED y ì ­ F ìf™Šg µ Q  
jn‚zv ~ x4… ~ED
± ‚uP$ ª x… D kKk D y D uPkK„k u ~ u C }6{+dk }6vwxY€}6‚F_Y‚v ~/D
€x ~ uy„k v)xzv4{4
¨ x D yYu ” †+ F ˆ)J Cf uO€x)­ _ C xz‚)$ ª uy+vwu³„k x ~ xzuyk C uO} «
regione di
¨
H(f)
~ u}6‚zx6¨b
¨ } ~ u|x€u}
‚u'Q ˆ {+uy„k v D  … {F{—… ~ uPdk u=yYv4} ~ u‰xzy4D­ }6vwv4x transizione
¦
{+yY} ~ uyf § x D y+u­€xv ~ }6y+dk x6&¨ x D yYu­v ~ }`6 ± }
y€} … }'kK„k }6y+vwu¦u f
± }
y+€}{k D …9… ~ uykdk }‘€x‚z} ~ § f uP¨b
¨ }‘y D y¡y+{+‚z‚ž}a´f
6 ™ u€xX_4f § {Fa §
X (f)
~ } µ Q¸b¬ yŠƒ6{Yuy„k v DÇC }2k D¹DPC/CE D ~d~ uÇk D ™ ~ } C }2ªz … x D yY} ~ u C/D y
… u ~ xD € D Ë E
 Ä  fL e, B ¬ d fL e B _ J xzy ª D € DCf u‚u ~ uy … ‚zxha ¦
J u¤ƒ
{+xzy+a
f
Cf u°k … uv4v ~ }6‚zx9dk xz}6y D  … x6$© €x)„k vw}6y4
¨ xž}6vwu¤v ~ }›‚ D ~ED 
€xsx‚,_+‚zv ~ED €x ~ x C/D dk v ~ {4
¨ x D yYu]… D kdk }lx6k D ‚} ~ u7‚z} ~ uy
_ −W’ −W
− ª1 W W’ 1 _
… ‚x C } Tc T©c
C uy+v ~ }
‚u'Q

§%Û Þ/Ûúù
ß õ  âã­­åÁþ,åü àâ •õþ+ýsâ·ä¶þ cåÁçõþ+ÿTç

R xl…{¶{ €x)ª D kdv ~ } ~ u Cf u ‚zua­D{+y+¨&x D y+x­… ͇4

† Ä C/D kdv)xzv4{Yx)k C/D y D {+yY}]±
}2k„u‘€x ~ }2…V… ~ uyk„u=y+vw}2¨&x D y+u D~ v D a
§ D y+}
‚uMJ
xy]ƒ6{+}fy+v D
Ÿ I k„u —‰°
1 ®
œ kdxzy C † n g †zŽ”\¯®
ËYªbˆwˆ£kdxzy C † n g.†zŽ”\¯—ËYªbˆbˆš¢Žj Â
@9Ÿ Lfe B k„u —¡°®

g“u ~ v4}
y+v D J6xz‚9™0}6‚ D~ u€u‚‚6˜ uy+u ~ §fx}€x”{Yy³k„uy§fy+}6‚zu‚zx)ª$xzv4}
v D xzy]±
}6y+€} ¦†C }6‚ C/D ‚}'±6xz‚žu…}څ} ~ vwx ~ u…€}6x
kd{ D x C ' } ªz…x D yYx)J
u™f}6‚zu9U
± ²
Ÿ ®z± ®² Ÿ
‰‹  œ †zŽwˆ Ž †zŽwˆ'¢Ž• Ž œ kdxzy C † n g.†zŽ”\¯®
Ë ª ˆ4ˆykdxzy C † n g.†Ž”\¯—Ë ª ˆwˆ'¢Ž
@9Ÿ         @9Ÿ
± ² ±
®± ®² H H ® ± ì ìL
 Ž n g
Yš†³—+/X®6ˆ•
n g
     
Ï òNþûTöÿó÷1r)t"÷ r´¬ñMøTþñ Eñóòyûqÿóö÷)ñ òyöŸµ'µ¶µ
  ­Á!#"#$0"‡†(ª€1·­ ":¬01·9:¬f!#"'96!+*L-D1·„-D-DÁ"%¬y9 5V9
5:3!+
§%Û Þ/ÛúÚ · àçOcãLþ+ÿxåÁäFç
z D k Cf uy$ ª }—… ~/D … D kdv D xzy ;sx6§8Q  Q  }'™fuy™f}|x‚[k D ‚ D k CED … D €x™0x6kd{Y}6‚žx6¨b¨
} ~ uA§0‚zx—}'kK…uvwv4x–vwu D~ x CED a
ª$}6vwuyª$}
v4x C x€u‚”v4u D=~ uPª$} €u‚ C }2ªz…x D y+}2ª$uy+v D Q
g“u ~«CED f§ ‚xzu ~ y+uŒx‹‚z}6vwx%… ~ }
v4x C x6J C/D y4k„x€u ~ x}'ª D xy+yY}fy4¨&xzvw{+vwv D¯Cf u
ZFÌZŠË=CDA?ZYA 0 § uy+u ~ }
v D x‚N„k uy§fy+}6‚zuGW  †F+ˆ)Jxy ƒ6{Y}0yYv D xz‚ C }2ªz…x D y+}a ¹ g(t)
ª uyYv D €x †zŽ4ˆ h
$ ¦ ~ u}6‚zx)¨M&¨ }fv D  … u ~ $ª uy¨M¨ D €x{+y C x ~EC {Yxv D N ȁ>_V,ÍDAȁZ+X x (t) x (t)

» Ì4ÍX D´ ±­¼¾½
¸
  J D ™f ™ u ~EDÚC }2ªz … x D y+}›u{$ ª }
y+vwxuy+x µ xz‚+ƒ6{Y}6‚žu{… ~ED €{ C u‘{Yy+} ºτ
t

{4k C xzvw} C/D dk vw}6y+vwuÇ´Z … u ~ {Yy vwuPªz… D Õ µ J … } ~ x‹}

‚%f ™ }6‚ D ~ ul}2kkd{+yYv D €}6‚ha π (t)
Tc
‚6˜ xzy8§ ~ uykk D yYuyf § ‚x¬x6dk vw}6yYv4x“€x C }2ªz … x D y+}2$ ª uy+v D D´ €uvwv4xW€x `v͇Ì`F¿˜À¹D ~ED a Sample & Hold

‚D f § x DPµ Œ¥‚6˜ {4k C xzv4}‰€u‚‹±k¼,½¤f ™ xuy+uŒƒ6{Yxžy+€x EDÊTÈZFÎ\CÊ^„^TÈÎUÈ J D ™f ™ u ~ED $

ª x6dk { ~ }
v4}‰u CED y4™fu ~ v4xzvw}xzyŠ{+y
0 D
™ }
‚ u…y+{4M
 ~ E
C D
ª u x €}
‚€x)k… dk xzv4x6™
~ D D  Á †Sg ˆƒQ

Ç x(t) Ç x (t) x(nTÆ c) x(nTÆ c) Ç 1

Sample x (t) Ä _ H(f) Ã y(t)
Sample Quantizzatore Generatore Å
& & 2W f
livelli
Clock TÆ c Hold Q( ) Hold
−W W
Conversione A/D
BLCK HF?ABLC:E¶?„GIHVERQ E N UG K G:Ó Õ K HF?^Eõ?^E¶PzÈÉ)Ê`Ë­É̶ÍÎ Ï Í
DAC
Ž

ЕÑ0}
‚KÒ ~ xÔÓIÒ7Õ?’–Òvwv)uyY{+v4x×ÖkÒ7Õ?ÕÒyØÒ]u7Õ?Õdu ~ ucÙ$u`ÙAÒ ~ xKÚÛÚ
}6v4xÜ×Ò7ÖkÖ{ ~ u$v ~ } ÕÙ$u`ÕՄxfÝRg“u ~‘~ xÓFÒ`Õdv ~ {+x ~ u¡xz‚
Õdu`Þ0yY}6‚zu“Ò ~ xKÞfxyY} ~ xKҡՄx–}6€kÒv4vw}ï{+yàß%jâáäãQM CZ>+CÎUÈ͐ÎUÌæå…Z¶ÈÍÌz> = ÌZFË=AB9øÎ\AB9 ÜWÒ`ÕՄx}çá.ÒyØÑfu ~ v4xzvfÒ ~ u
߅xÞ0xzv4}
‚ž7 u èZény+}
K‚ Ò`Þ0x ÓIÒ7êkÓzë+W
u ÖØ u ÕՄu ~ u ~ u}6‚zKx ÚÛÚ&}
vfҖ€}6xfv ~ uŸÓFÒ`ÙAÖkÒy+uyYv4x ÙAÒ7Õdv ~ }6vwx6xy,íØÞ0{ ~ } ÜîÒ7Õ?Õdxz}
{ ìú`
{+y]€x ÕÖ­Ò7ՄxvwKx ÑÒâÓzë+â u ցu ~ Ò7Þfy+x€x Ñ0u ~ Õ?ÒâÑ0}6‚ Ò ~ uny+! { Ù¡u ~ x ÓFÒïÞfuyYu ~ }›{+˜ y Մ7 u Þfy+}6‚zu…€xY} Ùcցxzu7ÚÛÚ&},Ö} ~ x
}6€›{+Ø y Òh€ux‚zx Ñ0u‚z‚zx€x”ƒ6{+}
yvwx ÚÚ
} Ú
Kx Òy+Ûu Ü6{Yñ y ðk¼,½ u€7{+ñ y í+‚zv ~ Ҁց } ÕՄ } Õ?ÕÒ€x ~ `
} è%ò6 u ÕdvwxvwØ{ Ú
x Òy+
u ó)Ý
ô ÕÕ?õ ~ Ñ0xz } ÙAÒ0Ò ~ • } ÓIÒ7ÙAõ—xî ‚ ðk¼,½­ õ7Ù$! { è
÷ x (t) ø
ú __
1 X (f) ‚xz’˜x ~
‚ Õõ7Þfy+}
K‚ õ•û!˜†Ž4³ˆ Ü õ}6‚zKx ÚÛÚ&}fy+­ € ҅}
­ ‚ Õd!
{ Ò
2W
ö

 ³ ÜïÙAõk
ý ÿØüõ Ø
ÖkÒ`ÕüÒ:ýþ€Õ?õ7Þ)ÿ þõ‡û  ÿ
t f 

ký ýÙAÖ!þKÕ?ýFõ`üfü ÿØÞÒ7þIý ÙAÒ
Øþ è
ü Iõ7ÿ!Ò
− 1_τ ù1_ üfýýÿ ÙAÖkýõ7ÚÛÚ Ü7ýÿ ÓFÓIÒ
kÒ þþKÒ0ÕÓzëØõ`Ù
−2W 2W
τ τ

ký ÖIýÿØÓIýKÖ­ýKÒ
kýÕõ`Þ)ÿ üfÒ þ Õ!ҕýÿØüõIÿØÒ ÝpõIü ÿØüÒÛÜ­ýþ~í!þKüF Òk
ýF ýÓIÒ7Õ?ü!
 ÚýÒ7ÿ!õ!
"# þý ÙAõ7ÿ!ü üfÒ

Âû%$³Ü)Ù&
' þ­Õ?õ7Þÿ þõû
() *,+.-Ôû&/%0%12'34Iõ7ÓIü5687./%0%12< Ý9p  õ:k
õ7üõ;I ÙAýKÿ
Fõ<9 þ õ Õ?ý)ïýÿ
<!õ7Õ?üfҀÓ Õ?ҕþ= ØÕ?ÓFýü &
kõ`þ!íØþüFÒ>
­ý%Iõ`ÕüýKüØÚÛýKÒ`ÿØõ&?@BA³ Ü Ñ þØ  üý)ÙAÒ`ÿØõ€þ= ýKÿ!ÞCI õ7Õ?ÕÒ'D
û  BE* F G/%0
1(3HIõ7Ó?ü 56)JILK:(7M/%0
1 N*
û
-
* Iõ7ÓIü25LBJILF &/%0%12O3PK:(7M/%0
1 N*QIõ7ÓIü56 OI×û $  
û
-
õ>
'Øÿ<9~õSR  BA*TR $ BAO3VU–ÕýÿØÓ:BA%U'<Ý
ô ÕÕ?õI Ñ)ý ÙAÒ<Øýÿ
ký Ózë!õ!ØÕ9Fõ6Fõ`ü<ü ÿØÞÒ7þýC
­ý)ò9 Õ?õWUYXZ0J1 þÖkÒ7Õ?üfÒ[
kõ7ÞþKý)ýKÙcÖØþÕý Üîõ<!ýKÑ þõ
¯ÙAÒ`þKüýKÖ­þKýÓIõ\R $ BA Ökõ]Ø  ÿ ýÿØÑýþ^Ø ÖkÖ­Ò_k
ý0üfýÖkÒa`cbedf ÓIë!õÛÜ Õ?õ7ÖkÖ'æ  ÓIÒ7ÿgUah 01 ÿ!Ò7ÿ Ó!Õ
ÞCI  Ò7Õ?Õý­ýÿØÓIÒ7ÿ!Ñ)õ`ÿØýõ7ÿØüý ã%ÞþKý ÚÛõI ý­ÖkÒ`Õüý'
j5 i Õ?ý þþÒ7ÿØüÿf ÿ!Ò!
 þþ= ÒI ýKÞý ÿØõŸõk`cbed9f ÑýKÓIýÿØÒ!
,ûY*alm
<
Õ?ý~ÓIÒ7Õ?ü ÿØüfõ`ê%Ü Ökõj U Ö'F Ò`ÕÕ?ýÙAÒ&n0V 1 ÖI Ò
'Ø  ÿ þüfõ ÚÛýÒ7ÿØõok
õ`þKþ= ÙAÖkf ý õ`ÚÚPp
kõ`þKþpIõ7Ö­þKýÓ
 ÓIõGØ
ýÿcò9 ÿ
'Âò Õõ Ý

qsrBtWuvwvsux)x)yBz yw{|8}N~Wtu4u€€cyx)‚Wƒ2y„tG€u…t‚{wuƒ yx)u2†[‡Pˆ2‰ yŠ Š ‚VŠ‹yˆtuzP€cytŒ‰ŒˆtywŠ Š ‚Vx)ˆ84ˆtG'Ž4'„uP€x)ˆ[€u…t‚{‘uN‡„’

u€‹€u‰ŒuLx)‰4‚€†[uP€€cˆ>€cu‡‚V‰Œ‚Vx)‚“†[utxuPzPˆLu€‹€u‰ŒuL‰ŒyB” …utu‰Œ‚Vx)ˆL{ˆŒ‚V{†[utx)uL‚‡‚V‰Œx)y‰Œuoƒ ‚V{{‘‚€x)y†[‚&ƒ u{{w‚[•u{ˆ4ywx)–‚V{{‘‚
— „‚{‘u6€ˆtˆ(‰4yw4u•„x)yy•‚V{ˆ‰Œy˜N™sšCŽŒ›B
œsž Ÿ%¡(¢>£O¤.¥£J£O¥P¦L§&¥¨§©[¤.ª¡¥P«(¬&ª ­9®


Ð<ÿ:ü þ3Ó Õ?Ҙã 4U_m˜ÿØÒ`üfÒ`ê ýþ–íØþü IÒ¯
­ý:IýÓFÒ`ÕüØÚÛýKÒ`ÿØõ
Ö!ì˜õ7Õ?Õõõ¯Iõ þKýÚÚP üҘýÿ ÙAÒ
kÒ_
M ÑõIõ_Øÿ´ ÿ
' è ±H(f)
ÙAõ7ÿ!üfÒ]µB¶;·¸“¹"_M<!  õ7þþÒº
­õ7þ&`cbed9f ÜÔõcü þKõñÓzëØõ\?@BA:3 sinc (f τ )
−1 ³ ³
sinc(f τ)
U ÕýÿØÓ:BA%U':
 * ÓIÒ7Õ?ü ÿØüõ Ý Ð<ÿ
»¼ üfüýKÜf <9Ø  õ`ÕüÒ ÓFÓIÒI Þ)ýÙAõ`ÿØüfÒ °f
ÖI  õ7ÿ
k
õ€ýþ ÿØÒ7ÙAõok
ý `cbed9f "¸¸· µB"0Ý ²
À Ý f¾ ½ ‡
m ýKþþ½Ø
 ¿ Õü üfÒZØ  ÿ ÙAõ7üÒ­
ÒQk
ý − ³τ ³ 1_τ
_
1 −W W
éâþþ)= ÖkÖ­õ7ÿ­

ýKÓIõ´# À ÝÂÁ 
#
ÃGÄ:Å;ÆnjÈÅÉJÊ9NjËÌ:Í ­
ý~Ö­ý)c Î Õõ`Þ)ÿ þKýkÓ ÙAÖkýÒ`ÿ üýkýKÿºØ  ÿ
Øÿ!ýKÓÂü ÕÙAýÕ?ÕýÒ7ÿ!õ Ý
ÏN Õõ`ÚýÒ7ÿØõcÕõ`ÞC! õ7ÿØüõÛÜ3Ö
  õ`Õýò õ`ÿ­
Ò þÓØ  ÿØýÐ ÕÖkõ`üüfý: ÿ þKý üýÓFý3þKõ`ÞC üfý¨k<Øõ`þKþ ý3ýÿØüFÒ
kÒ7üüý
Ökõ ýþ~Ó ÙAÖ­ýKÒ`ÿ ÙAõ7ÿØüÒÛÜ ÿ!õ>mk
õ7þ~ü ! üfüҀýÿk
ýÖkõ`ÿ­
õ7ÿØüõ Ý

ÑÒŒÓ ÔMÕÐÖG×(ØÚÙ×(×ÙÛGܯٺܯÝ_ØßÞÕ¨Ùà[á¯Þ

á.ý'âããä­ý)9åâoâ&

kõ7þä'â`ò þõå&
kýkü æVåAõ7üüfõçFõWæº
kýØÿèã ÿ þ õo ÿþ)âé)ýãâØÿâýÿ»BâåêÛýâ7è
ÿØõãzëØõ>ëÿæVãFõìÐ
­ý)æVãIõ7ü2í9näIõæVãFýÿ
­õIõSæõo
kõIýî)ý
n!ÿæ?õé)ÿ
þõãåä­ý)â`ÿ üâ>âåAõ7ÿ
âï

ðLñóò:ñô õö8÷NøPù,úPø9øPúVû%üýºüþùÿýö'ú
÷ZøPþ
÷%ü÷Vý ÷%ü÷VûNú
û(ú k÷%ü

[÷k÷NøCý
     !#"

â æ )
 )9åâ!ØÿæâéõÿØüõ!
kýæãFõ`ü 9í9ãzë!õ!äâ
%ã>æ?ý)åAò9â7þý$&%Ð
&!ÿ>»BFõ<!õ7ÿêPA('4íãâ7ÿ]ãØý
á `ÿ ?ý ­õ Iý
ãâæ?ü !ý)åâ>!ÿYæ?õé)ÿ
þõâûG) Øý
â`ÿØõâo
¾õææ?õIõâü æVåAõæVæâSæVØÿºã ÿ þKõW ÿ
þâé)ýãâ
ûG *,F $)%+3 *8-
7 ,;0 '  ãBÀOï . ê
%
ãâAå õcýþþ)
æü ü â ÿØõ`þþ)˜í
éC_¡þ ü â0/íN
kõ`þÔü ØüüâYæ?ý)åAýè
þõ ¯ þ3ðUWV ýÿØüâ
â`üfüâ\ þYX_ÀOïsÁï ® í3ü ÿØÿØõãIë!õ_âZ*W !m 1 a(k) 2 g(t) = ?
é)õ`ÿØõF ýãâ9ï x(t)
3t
[ îC`â þ)é ýåâ[âS!ÿo ÿ þý^æ ý9 þþ^â!æãâä'â
­ý9
­õ7üõåAýÿFõ
π (t)
Øÿ_ãF ýüõI ý)â&kä õæIã õé þKýõI õ
*W)¼í õî ý)­
õ7ÿÛê ý ÿ
'âSæØ
 ò ýKüâ
â ýØüF õ Ts
4 57698;:=<?>#@ 5ACBEDFBGIHKJILM)N)O9JQPRN0S9T
æVkä õ`üfüý
zã ëØõSæV7â ÿ
â> þþÂò9æõk
õ`þKþnæVnãâ õ`üfüæýKÿ
k
ý)î ý
 è
êÛý)`â ÿØõ9ï

    \]^_"K`0"K!C"a bcde"KfZa _;`0ghi"i!#b(`RfZ"j`R`0"Kgk

l "KfZ";!Cm7"Kgn "po  ô ææ?õî)ýåâñýKÿ!ÿ ÿêÛýKüØüü âºãzëØõcã¼æVâ7üüâºâää'âüØÿ!õèãâ`ÿ

kýêýâ`ÿØýêSþ

kõ`ÿæ?ýKürq¯
ký(äâ`üfõÿ
êY
kýxãBÀOï . êÐFýæ! þKüä'Iýts f BA * uwy v x zQ{}|?~x  ãB)
€
î õk
ýNä'éï&‚Á  ­ ê¼# í õ]<Ø  ýÿ­
ý1þ
æ
‘üæåAýææ?ýâ7ÿØõcýÿ þ üõ ü kmä'âæVæ ýò ýþKõYæ`â þ)âYæ k
ý¨Ø  ÿZã ÿ þõºIã ë!õ¯äI õ?æ õ7ÿ!üfýLØ  ÿ\Iý)æVäâæ ü
ýÿ »BFõ<!õ7ÿêP.
­ý0üý)ä'âyƒ„'¹¹+„… " ãBâæ?æ ý) ã7â ÿ åâ
'Ø  þâãâæ ü2 ÿØüõAõY»¼9æõAþKýÿØõIõ7êBí:â
þ)A å õ`ÿâ
æýåAýþKõPí ÿØõ`þKþjò ÿ

&
ký»¼I õ<9Ø  õ7#¿ †Cÿ
¿ ê ¿ õoâããä' ün
ˆ‡  Aï
‰jõ7þ
ãæVâïýKÿã!  ý)í9
ñõæçï í%æ ý%
`â üfüýQ*W :*aF õã ü56)¼í þþ^ât‡ ¼A:* U;æ ýÿ㨼A%U'Bíã7â ÿ.t U Šj0 '+‹
äkõFü ÿ!ü âPØ í ýKþJä'F ýåâä'æVæ9éC)é ýâGkä õoÛê õânm&軼I õ<9Ø  õ7ÿ
ê n 5 i Œ €Ži  ~í õ¡
ýþJæâGæVkä õ`üfüâ&äØ  ìjõæVæ õ õ
üæVã ü âoæ` â þ)â>
'âä'âS<þzã ëØõ>å! þKüý)­ä þ)âk
ý ü þKõîC þ)âF õ9ï
[ õ€ýÿ î õIã õ•ýþã ÿ þõWæâääI ý)A å õo
 þ?æ õé ÿ þõW
 üý ã¼ÀJï . êã7â ÿ!üfõ`ÿØ  üý»¼I õ<9Ø  õ7ÿ
ê ý þý­ÿ`â ÿcü9æãØ  è
 ò ýþý^í¨ þþ)â\éþKý–ýåäØ  þÂæ ýY*æ ý¨­
õ»Bâå ÿc â õñÿ7â ÿZæ`â ÿâYkä ýÎZI õ7üü ÿ
éC`â þ)Iý ‹ ýÿ äIüfýã7â þIõí
;Nu{9Œ‚€ˆLytSŒ„ y ‘R’8‚€‹€„P†[u6•‚V{ˆ‰ŒyOƒ yB€Œ‰Œu2x)y9ytS„t>‚V{vs”‚ ““ux)ˆ6‚– ƒ •G{y•u{w{yzŒˆƒ }y —4‚Vx)y94ˆˆ
t ˜š™œ›}Ÿž¡  •F¢O4ywvs‰4u
“Vyt‚“‰Œy¤ u £9¥”¦§9¨C£wyw{9€cyw
† “Vˆ{yˆ¶¹¸»º ›ª© ¢‰Œ‚V‡P‡‰Œu€cut¶¾x)¸e‚Nº }{ « ytx)u‰Œˆ6€c„¸eǶ u½;‰ŒÄ ¸yˆ‰Œ‚u ¨sz{‚Ðx)‰4‚€†[yB€‹€Âywˆtu8Œˆt•ˆ…{y‚¨„t¤ ‚ ¬;­¯®K°)±C®+²#³r´– ¥”¦²C´7­K¦ ´
ƒ y•‚V{ˆ‰Œu8‡‚V‰ŒyPp ‚ µ¡¶¤· 9¼ ¾Ž ½¿IÀ½+Á ™h˜Â·  ¸eö ½;Ä ½+ÁÅ µ  · ª ¼ ªŽ ½;¿¡À;½CÁ 
­ À «9¢yÆN¥PŸÐ¦kÇ!¦Zœ «¢>¤nÆN¥¦:§!¢S¤.ª:§ŸÐ¦Zª Ÿ%¡8¢S£O¤.¥2£O£O¥P¦L§&ªÈª¥È:¢]Ÿ%¥

äâææV7â ÿ


â õæ üõÿ
­õæý'äkõLØÿo
 ü&åYéCéý^âIõo
­ý'0 ' Cí ã9æV ÿ
âWäâ7ò þõåAý'
kýCµB ·¸KÉ·¸·7Ê)„ ¸+„
¹µÌËhÍ9"0ÎBµÐϖÑÐÒ [ Ò<ê2ï ¿ ¿

l "KfZ";!Cm7"KgÓÔ!CfÕaig ÒXþCä'â`ò þõå

kõ7þþ•þý)åAýü 9êý^â`ÿØõ[
­ý ò9 ÿ
>ä'â7üFõ`ò ò õWõææ?õIõ!FýæVâ7þü â

'â7üü ÿ
âPí!ýÿ þýÿØõ]
­ýOäFýÿãIýäkýâPí
!ÿ ýåä'Øþæâïõ7þõåAõ`ÿØüIõ
­ýpüfýäâ
 * B* æ?ýÿã×ÖÙØ í
ãIë!õÂë

€
ÚÛ
üæV»Bâå ün‡  A[* 0 ' 3FõãFüÙÜ BANæ?ü Iõ7üü9åAõ7ÿØüõ,þýåAýKüü cýKÿ ò ÿ

í
ãâ7ÿM»¼Iõ<9Øõ7ÿ
êºåæ”Þ
Ý Ú
æýåtß * €‚i Ú íØõnãzëØõ,ÿâ7ÿkæVØò ýæãIõn þKüõêÛý)â`ÿØýOä
ãzë à ýþ8ã ÿ
þõ ò ò ýèØÿkãâåäâIü9åAõ7ÿØüâ
v
ëäæVæ¾üØüü âì3ýKÿ˜ü þõ>Iý)æ?üFõüü âïýÿØüõîC þþâ>
ký%»¼Iõ;<!õ7ÿ
êõ9ï& ‰ â7üý)9åâSãzëØõG<Øõæü*W OäæVæn

êÛõâºä­õnS* /%0Ôçá íxõèäkõFü ÿØüâ ÿâ`ÿ äâîCâ;ã¡ýÿØüfõ»%õFõÿ
ê˜ü\æ?ý)åAò9â7þýãâ7þþ)âã üfýÐ9é)þýxýæü ÿ!üfý
/%0 ' íãâåAõpî)õFýíã ò ýKþ õÂÿâ`ü ÿ

âãIë!õ,ýÿ‘ü þOãæVâ,þ= õæä'Fõææ?ý)â`ÿØõ
¼Ñ ÀJï . êNIýæØþüº
­õ7þVü !üfüâpæ?ý)åAýþKõ
þþ]ÑBÀOïsÁê ‹ âpäkõFì"Y¹µÐ„ Ë "µ¼ ·¸·¹¹+„ µ8 ý%î þâIý
ký!ûâ wÔã  #ü
Øõý)æ?ü ÿØüý)íCåAõ`ÿØüFõo
kõ0Þ
æý
­õIý)9åâ&!ÿØýã9åAõ7ÿØüõGFõã
äkõ9¿ FõÂýJæýÿ¿ éCâ`þýîC þ)âFýâFýéýKÿ
þKýíãzëØõjüâî)ýåâoµ¼tË"R ä "&·¹+„ "
éþKýkýæü ÿ!üfý%N*T/%0 ' ï ¿¿
ÏNâpæVîC ÿØü 9éCéý^â]
ký(
â`üfüIõ]Øÿ
»Bâå¯
= â7ÿ

*W Ôþý)åAýü ü cýKÿM»¼Iõ<9Øõ`ÿê9íOm]ãzëØõ¾ýþ8æâ
ÿ

åAõ`ÿØüâ.mLýKþþ ý)åAýü üâ¯ÿØõ`þ üõåä'âPí€õ.
'Øÿ
<Øõå * )oäØìLõæVæõFõ Iõ þKýêêPü QæVâ7þâ¯ýÿgåâ
â
ä'äâæVæýå üâ
9æ ï

l "KfZ";!Cm7"Kg- "Ea b(çF"K`0"Kgk è ò òýåâºää­õ7ÿ
Måâæü ü âYãâåAõí¨9

â`üfü ÿ
'â!ÿé*W)*
æýÿã–Ö €
Ø Ú Û íCæý õî)ýü âþ= ýKÿ!üfõ»%õIõ`ÿêïüSæ?ý)åAò9â7þý)íä'ãzëàŸýãåäkýâ7ÿ!ýî)õ`ÿé ÿâäFõ`þõ;îC üý õæ üfüFÞ
åAõ7ÿ!üfõS9é)þý!ýæü ÿ!üfý/%0QácѪê êï è þ

­ý
»BâFýJ
ký~ü þKý~ýæü ÿØüý!ýÿ»B üüfýíkýþ
î þâIõS
kõ`þæõé)ÿ
þõ>
kýäkõ`ÿ
kõ

 þ%î þâIõo
­õ7þþKõoãâ
kõS
kõé)þý ý)åä'Øþ^æýW *  JãFõ`ÿØü üfý%æ
é)þý þKüIý%æ?ý)åAò9â7þýŒï
Ï'= ââ7þâéý)âÑ BÎ " ê¨
kõ`þNFýãIõîýKüâ;FõPíäkõFìí×ÿ
â7ÿ¯ë
¯Øÿ
¯äIõãIý)æ?ý)â`ÿØõ ýÿØíØÿ ýü 9í1õ]é)þýxýæü ÿØüý
­ý
½ ½#ë
ãåäkýâ7ÿ
åAõ`ÿØü â>æ ÿ!ÿ%âG9»¼»%õ7üüfý
æõâ;Fý
­ý»Bæ?õï
põIü ÿØü âPímïýÿØüõIõæVæ ÿØüfõGIýãFõãIõ&!ÿ
æ`â þê ý`â ÿØõ¯­ä õˆ  *W !Iã ë!õ\k
ý¯þ)
âéâ_
çõâF ý6< ÿ~üâ\kä ýÎQF ý
`â üüfý[äâæ?æ ýò ýþKõPS í ýKÿQä'F õæ õÿ
êM
ký
õâ;F  ýk
ýäI õIã ý)?æ ý7â ÿØõ•ÿØõ7þþn
kõ`üfõA
å ýÿ9êý7â ÿ!õo­
õ)é þý ý)?æ ü ÿØüýk
ý
ãå­ä ý)`â ÿå õ7ÿ!ü â9ï

\]"Ka "K;gÔigì Cî âIõååâSæVâ


­ý)æV»BIõ>ãâ`ÿØüõ;åäâ ÿØõ9åAõ7ÿØüõ•þõ€õæýé)õ`ÿêÛõD
í rBtƒ2yŒ‚tƒ2ˆ6Œˆtïî8™}ðB›'{‚vsˆ2‰Œ†[‚]ƒ u{{=« y†[‡„{B€ÂˆPzu[4ˆtòñN™}ð¼›{‚‰ŒyB€c‡Pˆ€cx)‚y†[‡„{B€Ây•‚nƒ u{'Œ‚Vt‚{wuzP‚V{{=« „'€^4ywx)‚nƒ u{w{ˆ
€xu€€cˆ:yw{
€cu…t‚V{uWƒ ‚Vx))y ó:Œˆ†[‡ˆç€cx)Y ˆ £s•uƒ y‡P‚V…k ô”ô?¨9ƒ2‚!y†[‡„{B€Ây9Œˆ2t>‚Vtƒ ‚V†[utx)ˆ:‡‚V‰Œy× ‚ î)õ}™ ðBi
› ™Zî8}™ ðBF› öQñÐ}™ ðB›BzV4ˆt
„t‚Sƒ2„‰4‚Vx)‚! ÷uL‡„’ƒ2y•uty‰Œu:†‚V……yˆ‰4u>ƒ y%  zu€‹€u2tƒ2ˆ — „u€x)‚!‡‚V‰Œy‚V{{‚G€ˆ††[‚ƒ2u{{uƒ „‰Œ‚Vx)uƒ y îO}™ ð¼›Cø u ñÐ}™ ðB›)
ù uŒy’6‚••ywu2tuPzP={ « y†[‡P„{¼€c–ˆ ‘
¿+î8}™ ðûú>š  ›8€cyu€cx)utƒ u6‚W•‚V{ˆ‰ŒyJƒ2y ðEüT™sþ š ýˆÿ ›  zPu — „y‘tƒ y
˜ 
\™B™sš ýòÿ›  Y › ™
‘ ¿ Ü îO™ “& › ýW‘ ¿ î(™  ›Bz ytx‰Œˆƒ2„Œutƒ ˆO„t[u‰4‰Œˆ‰Œu(‡P‚‰Œy ‚ ‘ ¿ îO™w  ›BzVƒ2u2x)x)ˆ8‚V‡P‡„txk
ˆ ¦²0§ ®+­¹¬®+­¹®C²C³r´ø§¹­¹´
+¦ ¥ ¦c
 tY€yB€xu†[p ‚ —€yŒˆ6 ÷uSƒ ¡u “”“V‚‰Œu‚V{yŠ Š ‚V‰Œu6„t‚‰ŒyB€‡ˆ€x‚y†[‡„{B€y•ӂ îO}™ 𼛠™j€yt   º ztˆtG‡P„’‡‰Œu€cutx)‚V‰Œu
îO}™ ð¼ › ™
 ‡Pu2Q ‰ ð  — „u€cx)ˆOu — „y•‚‰Œ‰Œ¡u “”“Vuytvs‚Vx)x)y‚ƒ„to€yB€x)u2†[‚Ðyt6…‰Œ‚ƒ ˆ6ƒ2y‡‰Œˆƒ „‰Œ‰Œu8Ý„t ‚N„€cŒyx)‚ !­K¦i´Y´û²" ‚­¹´
 ÷u6€y‚ЂV‡‡P{y‘Œ‚Vxˆ8„tS€u2…t‚V{uO‚V{9€„ˆJywt…‰4u€€cˆP

sinc(t/T# s ) sinc((t−Tr )/Ts )

% parte non causale
$t
annullata
$t

ritardo T r Tr

ù u O
î ™}𼛂÷‚¨u€cx)ut€cyˆtu8x)u†‡Pˆ‰Œ‚{wu(y{{wy†[yx)‚“x)‚zˆŒ4ˆ‰‰Œu‰4yw4ˆ‰Œ‰Œu‰4uN‚ƒJ„t‚¨•u‰€cywˆ2tu8‰Œyx)‚V‰ƒ ‚Vx)‚¨u({wy†[yx)‚“x)‚ î õ }™ ð¼›™
& îO™}ðûúo
'9›)(+*2šEð-,.
 ‘0»/ ð2143576 šRð23
 ù uS '98  Ú z{=« utx)yx)–èƒ u{{=« ‚‡P‡‰Œˆ€€cy‘†[‚Š2yˆtupó‚V4Œux)x)‚”“yw{‘uzuƒ[u — „y•‚V{u!‚ƒ!„t
€u2†[‡P{yŒu¨‰4ywx)‚‰ƒ2ˆ¨‡‚V‰Œy;‚o:'<;;ƒ « V‚ {x)‰4ˆL4‚Vtx)ˆz — „‚VtPx)ˆ:†[‚V……yˆ‰ŒuYó:{‚Sƒ „‰Œ‚Vx)‚>ƒ2u{{‚‰ŒyB€c‡Pˆ€cx)‚y†[‡„{B€yó•‚;zx‚Vtx)ˆ¨‡y>=
ƒ ywv—Œy{‘u¤£sˆ€‹€y‚ÐŒˆ€cx)ˆ€c‚)¨H‰ŒyB€„{óx)‚¨{w‚N‰Œu‚V{yŠ2Š ‚“Š yˆtu6ƒ2u2{‚—{wx)‰4ˆ8‰Œu{‚Vx)y•ˆP
?s}%{Œˆtx)‰4‚V‰ŒyˆPz€cø u îO}™ ð¼Y› ™ ‰ŒuŒx }™ ðB›Bzyw{9Œ‚V†[‡yˆt‚V†utx)ˆ6‡P„’6‚••uty‰Œu6ˆ•„t — „utu2{w{=« ‚V† V“ yóx)ˆGƒ u{'‡Pu2‰Œyˆƒ2ˆSƒ2y
† “Vˆ{ˆPz‹†[‚€cyPx)ˆ‰Œt‚¨‚{Œ‚;€ˆLƒ yPu{wÝ4u2@ •‚x)‚¨ˆŒŒ„‡‚VŠ yˆtuLƒ
y “V‚Vtƒ ‚ç
€y
œsž Ÿ%¡(¢>£O¤.¥£J£O¥P¦L§&¥¨§©[¤.ª¡¥P«(¬&ª ­9­

Á ï ô ããä'Iõ>Øÿ
Âò9 ÿ

'ãâ7ÿ!üfõ`ÿØü
.Oï
A.ýãâIõ;Fõo
]!ÿcí!þKüâoäâãâ>ãâåä­þKõææVâ
®
ï A.ý
I õ€þ)&æõ`ÿ?æ ýKò ýKþý ürqpéþKýkõâ ýk
ý%ã9åäkýâ7ÿ
åñõ`ÿØüâ
põâý(ä!ÿØüýi.˜õ ® í8m]æ»%íãIõ`ÿØüfõ]9
â`üfüIõˆ*:
­ý×üfýäâ]Iõ7üü ÿ
éçâ7þIõPíNéõ7ÿØõ ÿ
âpØÿ.æ?õéÿ þõ

 üfý:k
õ`þ0üýä¡ â ûG p* + % $(%G3Fõãü 5LB87n,;0 ' ¼í¨ãzëØõ˜ë
‘þâæVîC ÿ!ü 9éçé)ýâ
ký:âããä9FõØÿ:ò9 ÿ

ýÿØíØÿ ýü CBWõ><!  ýKÿ­
ý~þnæVjü æåAýæVæýâ7ÿ!õ>ëfýÿØü üü 9ìNmoäâæVæýò ýþõoæVâ7þâoäkõ!ã ÿ þ ý~ý
kõ þýEDï
NI ý)åM
kýSõæä'âF õ\! ÿMæV7â þÛê ý7â ÿØõk
ý:ãâåäâ;A å õæVæâ_
üØ  üfüýÔõ ® ýNä7â ò þKõA å ý)íã7â ÿ?æ ýk
õI ýåâèk
ýÔýÿé þ)`â òFõñýÿÕ* Formatore
æý“þ= õ»¼%» õ`üfüâk
õ`þ–íØþü âºk
ýÔüæVA å ýæ?æ ý)`â ÿØõºIã ë!õY­
ýÐ<!
 õ7þþ)âèk
õ`þ a(k) di Impulsi x(t) Canale y(t)
ã ÿ þKõ¯? ¼A ‹ ýÿk
ýzã ëØýåâºkä õF ü ÿØü˜ â ýþ0í!þKüâk
ý3ü9æA å ýŽæ Þ g(t) H(f)
æý`â ÿØõnãâA å õW*Fç0ï á67â ÿkF ý³» õF ýA
å õ`ÿØü ân þþ) íéºñþ üâ# í ýKÿtÑGIHê)î ýõ7ÿ!õæVîC`â þKüAþèã`â ÿîC`â þê ý`â ÿØõ
ü ûG Ø  õK

J>B¼í'zã ëØõ•õ)î ýk
õ`ÿÛê ý)&ãâA å õâýþæ õé ÿ þKõF ýFã õîC! ü Mâ LW)  ò ò ý^,õæä'F õ;æVæ ý7â ÿ!õ
L *,F $(%!+3 * F (- 7 ,;0 '  ýKÿWã!  ý * F ) * *ON I JS) 
%
põIü ÿØüâPí#ýOFýæVØþü üýOãzëØõ,üâî)õFõ;åâ]ÑBîC þKý
kýJä­õy* F ³ê×ýÿ
­ý)îý^
!õ ÿØÿ
âÂýÿkFõ þü º
q Øÿ\»¼âåûÞ
üâI
õ
 þæ ýã7â ÿå‡ ¼A* z O {|?~ ï
 õSk
ý ý)åä'Ø
{|”~
   P Q×g "Km7"KgÔ"ii"SRUT^¤_"K`0!
VâIÿØýåâSFý»EWFýãFý þKþÓÑBÀOï .CXäYW:âæVæZWîC9[Wã\]WPíC»I^Øÿ
ã\à
ûG/%0 ' O
­ý)ä7
W ÿ

n
'nØÿ
âæVâ7þâ>
W é)þýcŽb $7%ed í
W îfS W Fýæ!þKügW g(t) ` valori
Punti forzati
/_* , per g(t) qualunque
*7hÂ/7-,ç0'ji%*lknmpoZq ѼÀJï ® X
/s* r , l _t
oZq ? ? ? ? ?
W&ãFýâm
*WB(
Wî:Wä9ææV[W&
'ºêWâÂýÿ“ü !üfüýOé)þý#ý)æ?ü ÿØüýåØþüý)ä­þKý −Ta s Ta s 2Ta s 3Ta s

ký%0 ' í­ü ÿØÿ]Wã\]W>äW*alW
'âîfW>
YWî:W>î þtWg W ‹ ýKÿ
»¼ üfüý))í ýÿAü þã9æâæýâ7üü<ýtW7ÿ]W'D
m
ûG/%0 ' * F $(%!+3 *W/Z7 ,;0 ' * $ -
%

u ( ~ ÷u — „u€cx)ˆ6€y‚Ny{PŒ‚€cˆPz‹‡„’Ou€‹€u‰4u•u‰4y}—4‚Vx)ˆO‡u‰
‚V{Œ„ty€cu…t‚V{yP÷u8‚”“?“Vy‘‚V†[ˆ6€cx)„ƒ yw‚VxˆOˆ6€x)„'ƒ2yu‰Œu†ˆv

w  ù u…t‚V{u:Œ‚V†‡Pyˆt‚VxˆPr¼t — „uP€x)ˆ:Œ‚€cˆp‘R’–™9x™yŽ‹›€cˆtˆLy94‚V†[‡ywˆtyƒ y€u…t‚V{uzVuƒÐ‚”“”“Vy‘‚V†ˆL•yB€cx)ˆ:÷u
˜z™=ðB›R÷‚€‡ux)x)‰Œˆ8‡u‰Œyˆƒ yw4ˆ8ywt6vs‰Œu — „u2tŠ ‚z‹Œˆt[„tywt•yw{‘„‡P‡ˆ6ƒ2yP‚V†[‡yuŠ Š ‚ƒ2‚VxˆLƒ2‚W€cywtP7{ ;
} ù u…t‚V{uЇu‰Œyˆƒ yŒˆPfç~ ˆtutƒ2ˆ ‘
’ ™€ÿ€cyç…utu‰Œ‚6„t0« ˆtƒ ‚ — „‚ƒ ‰Œ‚zy{ç4„y€‡ux)x)‰4ˆkóЂL‰Œy…+| ÷ uÐŒˆ2t{ˆ!€cx)u€‹€ˆ
ywt•y{„P‡P‡ˆ8Œyx)‚Vx)ˆ8‡P‰4yw†‚f;
 ù u…t‚V{uƒ2‚x)y¼ ù uþ‘R’€cˆtˆ(•‚V‰Œy‚”“Vy‘{y‚V{u‚x)ˆ‰Œyu€x)‚Vx)yc€x)yŒ‚V†utx)uywt'ƒ2y‘‡utƒ utx)yR£ €y'ƒ2y†[ˆ€cx)‰Œu‰4–L;÷u‚¨  ‚ ™¹µ›0ó
ƒ2yPx)y‡Pˆ8Œˆ2tx)yt„ˆz‹Œˆt[yt•y{‘„‡P‡ˆ8‚Vt4ˆ‰Œ‚Ї‚V‰ŒyP‚€ytƒ { 
| 
„ Nu{{‚Ðx)‚”“Vu2{w{‚N;÷u€u…„u¤ó8‰4yw‡ˆ‰Œx)‚x)‚¨{}« ˆŒ4„‡P‚Š2yˆtuLƒ2y
“V‚Vtƒ ‚Ðtu2Œu€€c‚V‰Œy‚N‚¨Œˆ2tx)utu2‰Œu–ÿj%  {ˆ¡“VyCƒ2u2{'€cywt { ™
Ü ‰4uŒx | ™}ðB›IH‡ zV‡Pu‰‰L ˆ ‡‚V‰ŒyC‚V{‡u‰Œyˆƒ2ˆoƒ yO€cyw† “Vˆ{ˆ!  zywt>†ˆƒ2ˆ>ƒ ‚nƒ ‚V‰ŒuL„t0« yBƒ2u2‚ƒ u{{u€‡uŒy=—÷u6tuŒu€‹€‚V‰Œ| yuL ‚V{
Œ|‚V….
t‚V† {‘uvO  ˆP€€cu‰Œ•y‚V†[ˆ[‚{w{ˆ‰Œ‚W÷u[y{‰Œux)x)‚Vt…ˆ2{wˆ‡P„’[‚Vtƒ ‚‰4uE“Vutu‚דV‚€4€cu[•u{ˆŒyx)–]ƒ y'x)‰Œ‚€c†[yB€€cyˆtuPzytvs‚Vx)x)y'…y–
‡u‰ w[ŠŒ‹ €y‘† “Vˆ{yŽc €uHz •u2{wˆ4ywx–oƒ y„t‚N9 }£‘< v¹" ´:g ’ ­¹®K´”“ ®+§•‚ ­9
– z2ˆ€‹€y‚¨„t‚:‰4ux)u˜— {wˆ2Œ‚V{u9
™ x)‰Œ‚:Œˆ†[‡„x)u‰yt[„tˆ
€xu€€cˆOuƒ y}—Œyˆ‚¨sz‹ˆŒŒˆ2‰ ‰4ˆtˆ w0Š0Š-‹›š Š:ƒ2y
“V‚tƒ2‚
µ  ‚V‡P‡‚V‰Œ‚Vxˆ   ÿ œ   ÿj œ  
 © ž Å ÿj Ÿ ‹ ˆƒ u†Z£s‚VttyŽ«¡  Š ¨ ”ž © ¤  Å ÿj¢eŸ  © ž Å ÿŸ  ž˜£¤¥
¦ © i¦ Å ÿj Ÿ ‹ ˆƒ u†Z£s‚VttyŽ« § Š ¨ ?¨ © © Å ÿj ¢ª 4¦ ©  ¦ Å ÿ Ÿ 4¦ ¦ £¤¥
ÿ Å ÿj « 9 }Ԑ ÿ ¢e¬ ÿ ¬ ÿ  ˜­¤¥
™}ðB› ™ · + ’ ‘Ž’ Å îO™}ðûúMy   › Á öñЙ}ðB›F™ · î8™}ðB›)ö + ’ ‘Ž’ Å+³ ™}ð7ú´y   › Á öÔñ¨™»ð¼›F™
®°¯²± ™ îO™}ð¼›&öñN™}ð¼›&ö + ’ ‘Ž’ Åj³ ™}ðûúMy   ›F™ˆî õ ™»ð¼›(ö + ’ ‘Ž’ Åj³ ™}ðûú²y   ›™
™ + ’ ‘Ž’ Å î õ ™}ð7úMy   ›
­  «9¢yÆN¥PŸÐ¦kÇ!¦Zœ «¢>¤nÆN¥¦:§!¢S¤.ª:§ŸÐ¦Zª Ÿ%¡8¢S£O¤.¥2£O£O¥P¦L§&ªÈª¥È:¢]Ÿ%¥

g = 0 g = 0
g = .33 1 g = .33
2 1/fs g = .66 g = .66
g = 1 g = 1
1.5 0.75

0.5
1
1/fs
0.25
0.5

0
0
fs/2
freq tempo
-0.25
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

µS¶t·:¸º¹[»´¼Œ½ ¾Œ¿ÁÀ˜ÂŒÃ ÂCÄÄźÃ>Æ ÇtÄÈÆ É<›²ÉfÊ:ÇtÅ]Ë ÊUÃŽÆ ÂŒÌ ÍÎÂÄʛÅÏÆ Ð›ÑCÒeÌ Ç2ÊӌÆÕÔ:Ög׌ÒeÆ Ç2ÄÑvźÃ0ØÕÙ]ÚÛ0Ü ÝÞÕŒÌtßÂÃŽÆ ÂŒÃ Å7ӌÆÈà

á˜â”ã[äeå]æY¶tç¶2äeå]¶fèE¼é½ ¾<êCë¹[âeå]æä
å]䉶tìfå]äí­â”æY¶î[ïeð]ñºò>ófòEïeð]òñ]òô´õYöŒ÷fòEøgùeúcûgüNýEþ ÿø[øgû[ðfó:ÿMñºòCòIð]ùÎû[ü
4û[üZûgð:ófÿ

òIð]ùÎû[üøgò<ïýIïMè
 
ð]ùÎû[üõCïeývðºùÈûgü4ûgü[ûgð]îgûeê-å]âeìCæYäeí­¶2庶2ä æâì:ùÎû´úﺽé⸺å]»Iä¹gí­»Ïæ äå]æ»
  äeæYæ¶  E"
» !Õ»<ì2¶-ã[äeå]æ¶2ç¶2äeå]¶
:»Cìtì2äe¹["
» #:¶tâåºâ›æY$â !!»´ò ´ú‰÷fýEøgï ñ]ò:ô´õYöé÷:òIø[ùjè&%'%4ê4½
(›»CìtìtâÏãgäåºæY¶tçv¶tä庶cæ*¶ ),+.-C¸]¶  !
ð]ûgýSùÈ û ´úcï  â åºâ æYâe¹[¶ #:»<å]äU»</ì !¹gâ´òE0 ð ügûgöŒ÷:ûgð:óf1
ÿ
Œí­âeæY¶t»C1
å !Õâ϶
 âe·:¸ºâ1 å !Õ¶]ë» 2 »C·f·:¶4½ 3€äe/ì !¶2ëì2¶tãg»Cå]æä 5& ëâ¹ ¸]6 å !¹[âeå]äMæY¶º¶2í­ë¸]ì  ¶ 798 Ù ;:=<?>A@/*BDCFE4GH
 ¶
ä !&!¶2âeå]â
I

J&LK 7 8 Ù M:N@

æY» !Õä›ã Oºâ PQE G M:NR â ½ U˜¹g»  Eäe¹[í­»<å]æYä

5RM:TS   ¶-äI!&!¶2âeå]âY¿

S S S
SV:XWYZ4 [ K\^] Ù Z4`:XWaZ44[ Kcb @edZ0BDC
E G _ E G > E G$f

g4å]æY¶tãg»Cå]æä ã[äeå Z G : 8hÙ ìt»DE¹gâI-<¸]âeå]çv» æ¶  ¶tíiCäeì2äc

‰âæ9â  â ·f¸]âeå]æYä ìtâ ã[äeå4#:äeìt¸]çv¶täeå]¶
‰¹g¶  ]
¸ ì!Õ»
¶tå4j]å-â
b WaZkBDC Z G M:lE G
>

ãmO]â g¹ »CëëY¹gâ  â
å4!»Ïìt»Uãgäå]æ¶2ç¶täå]â òIð,4ü[ûgöŒ÷:ûgð:ófÿ­ëYâe¹ƒì » n âåºçv»MæY¶¶2å1!Õâe¹Iâ¹gâåºçv» ¶tå4!â¹  ¶2íi<äìtäC½

gì ¹g¶  ¸]ì!Õ» !Õä äI!&!Õâ
庸4!ä  ¶7¶tå4!â¹gëY¹gâF!Õ»9ã[äeå  ¶2æâ¹g»Cå]æä€ãmO]‸]å]»o-C¸]»<ì ¸]å1-C¸-â WYZ4 #:»Yi<âåºâ
ëY¸º¹[mã O4p$
 â  äí­í­» !Õ»sã[äeå ìtâ  ¸ºâ ¹[âeëYìt¶tã Oºâo!¹g»  ìt»!â æY¶í­¸]ì!Õ¶tëYìt¶æ¶ Z G
›æY¶t» ì2¸ºä·fä »Cæ ¸ºå]»
ãgä  !Õ»C1å !Õâ<½
gq
å -C¸]â  !ä ãg»  ä  ¶æY¶tã[⛠ã Oºâ WYrZ44s ¸]å]»²î[ÿü[ÿùÈùÎû[ügòut
G(f) ΣkG(f−kf s ) øgùÈòIî[ÿUñ]òÁô´õöŒ÷fòEøgù0x ½ )´Iä !¶t»Cí­ä mã O]câ
 âëëY¸º¹[â WYrZ4 ëYä n »
â 2 âe¹[y â -C¸º»:ì  ¶t»  ¶
ƒ»Cåºmã O]â å]äeå ìt¶tí­/¶ ! » !» ¶2l å i<»Cå-æY»
ƒ¶2ì
å]ä  !¹[ä´¶t4å !â¹gâ 2 â s »<ëYëY¸º4 å !ä´ëâ¹ì2â WYZ4 ìt¶tí­/¶ ! » !âM¶2å
f
w v iC»<åæ»
fãgäí­J â -C¸ºâìtìtz» !Õ¹g¶t»Cå]·fäìt»C¹gâ æYâeì2ì  â  âí­ëY¶tä » ìt» !ä<½
−2f s −f s fs 2f s

{z|4}$~9€|‚,ƒ„1…u†.„Q‡ˆ| ‰ 庻I»Cí­¶t·:ìt¶2»ëY»<¹[»<í­âI!¹[¶tã[»­æY¶Sãg»C¹g»!&!Õâe¹[¶  !¶tã Oºâ æY¶*),+x-C¸º¶  ! ìt¶tí­Š¶ !Õ

» !Õâ ¶tå
iC»<å]æY».
s -C¸ºâìtìt»Uã[ä  ¶tæYæâF!!» »Ïî[ïeø[ûgð]ï´ügòEÿý>ófÿYùÎï‹ ãmO]â s ã[äeí­ëYä  !Õ» 滍Œ »C¹gãmO]¶]æY¶ºã[ä  âeå]ä´¹[»<ã[ãgä¹HŽ
æY» Õ! ¶-æY»Ï¸]å]»´¹[â$!!» è:
# âeæY¶µS¶t·½f¼Œ½ ¾Cê4½CáS»"i<»Cå]æ»Ïäeã[ãg¸]ëY» !Õ»"O]»Uâ  ë¹[â n ¶2äeå]â

Z G
 : &S€‘‚’1

_'°
“”“–•M— ˜š™˜'›VœcŸžn ¡Ÿ¢ Ÿ›Vœc£$¡™–žA¤
˜'¥/¥/¦2§I¨ žH¡Ÿ¦2¤
˜A©ª—c«M¬­£I™¥ 
Ÿ§®­£I¦2§I¥/žL¤u˜H¯
¥
_H°±³²´
Ú¶µTÛ ·¹¸º ²Q»
Ú ½ ¼ ¾ ?
q Ù ¿
¸º ²
œsž Ÿ%¡(¢>£O¤.¥£J£O¥P¦L§&¥¨§©[¤.ª¡¥P«(¬&ª ­ À

Segnale dati con roll-off = .5 e 2 livelli Eye diagram per roll-off = .5 e L=2
1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0

-0.5 -0.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 5 10 15 20 25

Eye diagram a banda minima e 2 livelli Eye diagram per gamma = 1

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0

-0.5 -0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25

µS¶t·:¸º¹[»´¼Œ½ ¼Œ¿ÁÅ.ÂéËÂŒÌ Å7ÓCÂCÄÈÆ2ÅfÓÄÃFňÃJÆÇ ÈÉ ÊËÈÌ ÑvźÃ4ÓÆ ßgÅ]à ÇÕÆ2ßÂŒÌ Ê]ÎÆIÓÆ ÊÎÍxÏ Ï ÐÑÍxÒ Ò

¶tå ã[¸]¶ ’0s ãmO]¶t»Cí­»!äî[ïeûÓNîgòÈûgð]ùÎû ñ]òéü[ïeýEýrtEïˆ %Ô ‹

ãgäí­ëY¹gâ  ä,!Õ¹g»0Õ.âqÖc
YâM¹[»<ëYëY¹gâ  â
å4!» ¸]åK¶tå]æ¶2ãgâ
æ ¶<æY¶  ëâ¹  ¶täå]â æâì¹g»Cí­ä æ¶Cã[ä  âeå]ä<½CᘻziC»CåºæY» æ¶ WYrZ4 #:»<¹[¶t»-C¸º¶ å]æ¶CæY»²¸]åUí­¶2庶2í.ä  :NZ G'× 
Y
èIëYâe¹ ’Ø:ÙR ê]»Cæ ¸ºåí­» n ¶2í­äæY¶  :NZ G èIëYâe¹ ’Ø:TS
Cå]âìÚ-C¸º»:ì-ãg»  ä WYrZ44s ëY¹gäë¹Z¶2ä¸]åëYâe¹[¶täæä
æY¶-ãgä  âå]äeê½
gìSã[»  äæYA¶ <ÿYð]ñºÿÛ­òEðºò­ÿ  ¶ äI!&!¶2âeå]âëYâ¹ ’l:ÜR
˜ä$!!â
å]âeå]æYä WaZ4Ý: h ÙnßIàá  Þ Ù Z4
Sã[äe¹[¹g¶/Ž
Þ
 ëäåºæYâe4 å !Õâ»C怸]å]Û » â ã:åä2æP á Z$G
Nãgäí­â·:¶ ç æ¶  ã[¸ n ä» ëY»<·-½èC¼ »Cì€é  ¸]ìtìt» ìt¶tí­¶Š!Õ»<çv¶täåºâ
å]âeª ì !âí­ëä<Û ½ ê›ãgã[¸ºëY»<¹[â ¸]åºy » i<»Cå]滀¶t4 å Iâ¹g¶2äe¹[âKD
» -C¸]âeì2ì »€í­¶2庶2í.» å]äeå s ëYä n ¶/i<¶2ìtâc
ëYâe¹[ãmO s ¶tå
!»Cìã[»  ä åºäå  »C¹gI â i iCâ¹gä #fâ¹g/¶ jºã[
» !â ìtâ ãgäåºæY¶tçv¶tä庶æ`¶ ),+.-C¸]¶  !ƒ¶t? å I¹gIâ -C¸ºâå]ç»
]¶2y
å -C¸]»f1å !Õä åºâìtì2»
<D> WYZkB‚C Z G  ¹gâ  !Õâ
¹gI â ii<â¹gä æYâe1 ¶ ë&iC¸º ã Oº/¶ ì0½
í ii<¶ »Cí­ä ·:¶ ç9ä n ân ¹ #f
» !䀻Cìtìt» åºIä !»sè îCê»9ë»C·:¶tå]o » èC¼ ã[äeí­â ìt»9¹gâ»<ì2¶tççv»fçv¶täåºâ€æ¶ WYZ4 »
iC»<å]æY»²í­¶tå]¶tí­»  ¶t»MæY¶ jºã[¶tìtš â
<â7ëY¹gäæY¸ºã[»Ïâãgã[â 2 ¶ #:»  âå  ¶ iC¶tì2Š¶ !&çÏ»<·:ìt¶â¹g¹[ä
¹g¶YæY¶Yãg»Cí­ëY¶tä庻Cí­âe4å !Õä<½
ᘻ  ¶ !Õ¸º»Cçv¶täeå]â ëâ ¹ ï²í­¶2·fì2¶tä¹g» æâãg¶  »Cí­â1 å !ÕⲸ  »<å]æYä ’DðñR
#:¶t » #:¶t»Uë/¶ òK·f¹[»<å]æâC9 ½ ó‰äeå ’aX ô: R ìt»
â  O]»´â  ëY¹gâ š ¶2äeå]â
’ 7 &Z$G
â M:Nä2æP á Z G *Köõm÷Iø èI¼Œ½ ¼Cê
S®Bù  9’ &Z$GH
ú

ëY¹gâ  â
å4!»CåºæYä ¸ºå]»Iä¹gí­»æ äå]æ»  ¶tí­¶tì â´»<ìJûüþýnÿ


-í­» ãmO]âe#:» » çâ¹gäMí­äì!ÕäMëY¶òK¹g»CëY¶tæ»Cí­âå1!Õâc

ãgäí­âk#:»Cìt¸Ú!Õ» iC¶tì2â #f¶  ¶#:»fí­âå1!Õâ.ä 2 âe¹n#:»<å]æä ì2»Kµc¶2·-½¼Œ½ ¾Œ½Œâ¹ !Õ»<å4!äc

˜ãgäå ’ S ä·få]¶  ¶tå]·:äeì2»
äåºæY" » â /AB?CFE G  â  !âå]æâ¹ ç ¶2ì  ¸]ä7¶2å ]¸ 2 ä7»CæU¸]åå]¸ºí­â¹gä›æ¶-¶tí­ëY¸ºì  ¶Yì2¶tí­¶Š!¹[äFjí­äì!Õä¹[¶tæYä$!!4ä
¹g¶  ëY$â !!ä »<ì‰ã[»  ä ’^: R ¶2ñ å -C¸º»f4
å !Õä ìtâ ä  ã[¶tìtì2»<çv¶tä庶  äeå]ä í­äeì/!ä ëY¶ò  í­äe¹[ç»!âš
ƒâ æY¸]å1-C¸]â ¶tì
!â¹gí­¶2åºâ涘âe¹[¹gä
¹[â.æY¶S»Cí­ëY¶tâeçvç»K¶2å ë¹[â  âeå]ç» æY¶ ¸]å âe¹[¹gä
¹gâ涘¶  !»C4 å !â æY¶Sã[»<í­ëY¶täå]»<í­â1 å !Õä s
¹g¶2æIä !&!Õ$ä
¶tq
å -<¸]»CÚ
å !ä æY¶tëYâeå]æYâ›æY»U¸ºå­í­¶tå]äe¹[âå]¸]í­âe¹[ä›æY¶-¶2í­ë¸]ì  ¶Yìt¶2í­Š¶ !¹[Fä j ½
ᘻ j]·-½¼Œ½ ¼ í­ä  !Õ¹g»ì  »Cå-æY»<í­â4 å !äMæYâeì  âe·:庻Cìtâ²æY » !¶]ãgäÛ
å â  Eäe¹[åº/¶ !äÏæ»Cìtì2»UèE¼é½ ¼<ê
-ãg»Cìtã[äeìt
» !Õ»
ëYâe¹ ’T: R

‰âKëYâ ¹  > » æY¸]6 â #f»Cìtä¹g/¶
ë»C¹g¶”» R â S y ½ )MIä !¶2»<í­äKmã O]câ
ƒ»<ì æ/¶ I¸]äe¹[¶”æYâ·fì2¶ ¶  !»C4 å !¶
“¡$¥/˜'¤
›VŸ§I˜Lœn£ L
 ˜š™™˜H¤u˜`¥/¤!.—'žH¥¥/žA¯
žH›V˜#"%$'&)(*&,+ -.0/1&,$%2"
¿
 34 57698;:)<>=>?@=BACD56EF8;:,=HG@69EFIHGJ<>=BIK<MLN69OPEF:QOPOP:)=RGSIUTVIW:XTH6Y<M:

Z[\][7^_^a` \bdce^abfZbfg7bdhc` ij [hd`lknmpoq[ccem rJ` \`ls[hdt \bu[\vbd^_\[\bdgw[jpZ1xp`l`yce^a` \ej b[hdhd[9znbdjp[rJb'Z[{zn` iwhdb

|w}~€W bdjptyhd^_\`{rJt ce^a\[^at‚bdh Zt cbfzuzn`^a^_t„ƒ …0†y‡pˆ†n‰J‰J†Š†nƒŒ‹y]Žp…‹‘’€“ ’•”—–™˜pš;˜€›{œgMZ]tyce€Z1xpbd[rJ[7^_t

zn[7hfhd[žcmp[YŸt \rJ[g `{Zx `Scb€t ^a^abf`yjp`Ssbdcem [h'bd , )[j¡zntSbfh ce`yijp[7hf`9zu[^ab€rJ` zubf[7jp^_`{m jŒt cZ]bdhfhdt cZt knbdt

Zt j¢hf[9v7[c`qzu` bu^a` rJkubucebdjpZ\]tyjpbd , )[^a[9[hku` \bftyzntVznbcbfrJv7t hdt ~7£ [7hf`@\[kukn\` c`jp^a[ ,bdt j `@kn`y\]rJ`y^¥¤

^a`‚zub€rJ` iwhfbdt{s[hdmp^a[\`{hf[Yku\]`yZebdcebdt jp`{zub€^_`yrJknty\ebf ) ,[w )bftyjp`{Z1xp`‚¦Sj ` Z` cce[7\]bd[Š[7zJ`ysbd^a[\]`{–™§–™gp`

Z1xp`{¦9kn[7\]b [hdhf[ž[7kn` \^amp\[¢ty\]bd ) ,tyjp^a[hd`9zn` hdh  tyZ]Z1x bft ~€¨ hdb m hf^abdrJb znm `9znbd[iw\][rJrJb¡kn`y\rJ` ^¥^at j tSbdh

Zt jpŸ\t jp^atqZ]tyjb7Z][7ceb\bfku` ^a^_bds[7rJ` j ^_`l[9v[7jpzn[„rJbfj bfrJ[V`qku` \©Šª¬«¥g`ysbdzn`yjp )bf[j¡zutqh  bfj ­¡mp` j  ,[

zn`yh \t hdhd¤0tyŸ0Ÿ ~

®R¯°H¯ ° ±Y²;³—´Qµ‚¶p·¸³—´W¹a´Qº‚»P·

¼ hpku\]bdrJt{Z][7knbd^_tyhdtS½Š¾ œ€[vvwbd[rJt9` hd`yjpZ][7^_t{hd`{Ÿ0m jp )bftyjpb zu` b znbdcekntycebd^abfswbpkn\` swbfc^_b€j ` hpZ[ct{znb

~¿

^a\][crJbdcecbftyjpbNjpmprJ`y\]bdZ1xp`)gN`yzÀbfhNjptyrJ`žznbNÁm ` c^_[Šce`y ,bdt j `žcebN\]bdŸ` \bfcZe`žku\]tykn\bftY[7zŒmpj [Šzub—^a[hdb

Ÿmpjp )bdt jpb ~@ bN\bfŸ` \bd[rJtYty\][ÃbdjpŸ[^a^_b#[iwhfbP[ZZ]ty\ibdrJ` jp^ab;j ` Z` cec[\b—[Ã^a\[cerJ`y^_^a`\`žmpj•ce`yijp[7hf`

jpm rJ` \bfZt9cemŒzubpmpjJZ][j [hd`[j [hdt iwbfZt)g¡` zbdjŒkn[\^abfZt hd[\`{[h Z[ct9bfjŒZmpbMbp\` Ám bfcbf^ab¡Ä ‹ ÄÃÅ…0†uÄp‹

Zt c€ce^a\]bdjpiw` jp^abpzu[¢\bdZx bf`yzn`y\]`Sh  m¡ctSzubpmpj [žZ][7\][7^_^a` \bfc^abfZ[zubpÆSÇwÁmpbdce^ ~ È jŒ^a[hpZ[ct,gMcbp[zut ^a^_[

bdhpjptyrJ`{znbM‹ ƒp…ÊÉX†Ãƒ …Pˏ…0Ä Ì]†#͏Î)g rJ`yjp^a\]`Sjp`yhpkn\bdrJt{Z][kubf^atyhftShf[Yc^_`ycec[¢Ÿ0m jp )bftyjp`9¦Sce^a[^a[[7cec` ¤

ij [^a[‚[7hu‰J‹yƒp̉Àg^a` \erJbdjp`VZ1xp`¦VknbdÏJ[kukn\t ku\ebf[7^_tV[hnZ[cet„znb ^a\[cerJbdccebdt jpbnrJtyznmphd[^a`jptyjJbdj

v[7jpzn[Sv[7ce`yœ0g7[‘Zmpb¡Z]b¡zn`yznbdZ1xp` \` rJt[7h  [knbd^at hdtY¾7¾ ~

È jDÐpiwmp\][Š¦Y\]bdknty\]^a[^at¢mpjpt
P
e ÒÓ1ÔpÕ ÖJ×YÓ1Ô ÕSÖJØyÒeÙaÚ]×YÛdÜ ÒÕ ÝwÞp×7ß
fb fs fs fb ÜdÕžÞ àpÖJÕ ÚÛdÓ]؂ánÚØ ânØÙ_Ùa؞ân×7Ü#ÓØ ß
Codifica Ñ Canale Decodifica
di Linea Analogico di Linea âuÛfã Ó]×7Ù_ØyÚ]ÕWânÛÜfÛdÞ¡Õ ×7äÓ×Ú]×7Ù_ÙaÕ ÚÛfå)ß
Decisione
n å)×ÙaØ¢ân׌àpÞ ×æçè0éyê]ëíìîðï ëXñë0òJó
TL
ô é èéÀõ,öRâuÛf÷wÕ ÚÒe×Ãâu×Jø7àpÕ ÜdÜd×JùÛdß
Canale Numerico
Þp×7Ú]Ûd׊õ ú#ánÚØ áuÚeÛdמânÕy܀ÖJÕ ÒÒe×ÝwÝÛdØ7ûüýwÛdÞpØyÜdÙ_ÚÕ)äpÒÛpÖJØ ÒÙ_Ú×Ó]ØyÖJÕ‚Þ Õ ÜpÚÛfÓÕy÷ÛdÙ_ØyÚ]Ղ×7÷w÷Õ Þ Ýמà Þ{þ#ÿé ó

êç]ññ]é{ïpëpïpçê]ëñë0é çqÛdÞJÖJÕyÚ]ÛdÙ_Ø{בø7àp×7ÜfÕVÒeÛdÖJùØyÜfØÒÛdמÒeÙa×ÙaØ9Ú]ÛdÓÕ ÷à Ù_Ø)ä¡âuÕ ÓÛfÒÛfØyÞpÕ9áuØ ÙaÕ Þpå)Ûd×ÜdÖJÕ ÞpÙaÕ

Õ ÚÚ×Ù_×7äuâuÛMÓàpÛ¡÷ÕyânÚÕ ÖJØ9ÛdފÒÕ ÝwàpÛdÙ_؄Ó]ØyÖJÕÓ]×7ÜfÓØ Üd×ÚÕÜdׂáuÚ]Øyù×ù7ÛfÜdÛdÙ SânÛ¡Õ ÚÚ]ØÚ]Õ   

   !"$#%&"'(')*
+ ÕyÜHÓ×Ò؊ÛdÞDÓàpÛ>ÒeÛXØyánÕyÚ]ÛX×Àù×ÒÒe×À÷wÕ ÜdØ ÓÛfÙ ä;ÒeÛ>áuà ,
&-Ó]ØyÞpÒeÛdânÕyÚ]×7Ú]ՊÛfܗÓ]×7Þp×ÜdÕ¢×Àù×Þ ân׌ÛdÞpãpÞ¡ÛdÙ_×7ä
ÕYânà Þpøà¡ÕY×7ânØ ÙaÙa×Ú]Õ¢à Þp×".ØyÚ]ÖJ×Ãâ!/ ØyÞpâu×ÃÚ]ÕyÙ_Ù¥×7ÞpÝwØ Üd×ÚÕ¢ánÕyÚ9ÛfÜ#ÒeÕyÝÞ ×ÜdՑânۗân×ÙaÛ,10 áu×Ý2354J6 ÒeÛ
ÖJØ ÒÙaÚ]×¢Ó]ØyÖJÕ{ânÕyÙ_ÕyÚ]ÖJÛdÞp×ÚÕ{ÜdØ9ÒeánÕyÙ_ÙaÚeØ9âuÕ ÜpÒÕ ÝwÞp×ÜdÛ âu×ÙaÛ&798 :<p ; ×¢ÒÛdÖJùØ ÜdÛ=?> ÛfÞ ânÛdánÕyÞpânÕyÞpÙaÛfäuÓÔ Õ
ánÕyÚA@CBEDFHGJILK MNDPOBQD,F;Ôp×¢×Þpâu×ÖJÕyÞpÙ_ØSâuÛNÙaÛdánØSR TPU&M B õWV!FX1¥Y Þðøà Õ ÒeÙaؑÓ×ÒؑÒÛPÚ]ÛdÓ]ØyÚ]ÚՑ×âJàpÞ ×ÙaÚ×
ânÛd÷ÕyÚ]ÒÕlÒeØyÜfà å,ÛdØ Þ ÛfäÓÔ ÕlánÚÕ ÞpâuØ ÞpØqÛdÜ7Þ Ø ÖJÕlânÛê]éyïpëê]ë¡ï ënè0ë9pç[ Z äÕlÓ1ÔpÕlÒØ ÞpØlÕ?.\. ÕyÙ¥Ù_Ûd÷×7ÖJÕ ÞpÙaÕ@àpÒ×ÙaÛ
ánÕyÚ ÙaÚ]×7ÒeÖJÕyÙ_Ù¥ÕyÚ]ՄÛfÞ.0ØyÚ]ÖJ×7å,ÛdØ Þ Û¡âuÛMÞ ×ÙaàpÚ×‚Þ àpÖJÕ ÚÛdÓ]×
] ÜdÕ ÞpÓ1Ô Ûf×7ÖJØø7àpÛ;×7ÜfÓàpÞ Û;Ó]ØyânÛdÓ]ÛXâuÛHÜdÛdÞ¡Õ ×ä;×ÒÒeÛdÕ ÖJÕ×ÜdÜfÕ¢ÜdØ ÚØánÚØ áMÚÛfÕyÙð  ՊÓ×Ú×ÙaÙ_ÕyÚ]ÛdÒÙ_ÛdÓ1ÔpÕ)ä
×ÛdàpÙa×Þ¡ânØyÓ]ÛMÓ]ØyÞÃÝÜdÛnÕ ÒÕ ÖJáuÛ ÚÛfáuØ ÚÙ_×7Ù_ÛMÛfފãpÝà Ú]×

^W_`ba)Nc
def$g`'h2dec
i_`jk
l בÒÛdÝÜd×monqpr7tsJéyóvuSç]ìNwÿ[póìéó9x;çÿ]é
;PÒÛfÝwÞpÛ'ãpÓב×7ánáuàpÞpÙaØÓ1ÔpÕy@CBQDFqzaÞpØyÞÃÙ_ØyÚ]Þ ×‘×žå)Õ ÚØL{aänÖJÕ Þ ß
ÙaÚ]Õ$w|pëÊþ#é è9Znÿç}YÚÛQ.0ÕyÚ]ÛdÙaØY×ÜdÜ'×ÃánÚÕ ÒÕ Þpå)×JâuۗÒØ ÜdÛ#÷w×ÜdØ ÚÛ#áuØ ÒÛfÙaÛd÷Û,~„àpÕyÒeÙaØYÓ]ØyânÛdÓÕYÔp׊ÒánÕyÙ_ÙQÚ]؞âuÛ

ÙaÛfáu؄ÒÛfÞ Ó€Bõb öNF0ä7ÓØ ÞJÛdÜ¡ánÚÛfÖJØVå,ÕyÚ]؄עõ"Gƒ‚…„… ö%äuÕVánÚÕ ÒÕ Þ Ù_מà Þp×{Ó]ØyÖJánØyÞpÕ Þ Ù_Õ9ÓØ Þ Ù_ÛdÞpà ×|†WÛdÖJ×ß

‡‰ˆeŠ!‹?Œ5QŽE<\‰‘“’5”vŽEv•[Q’X–L’%—• ’™˜šŽEŒ%— –L›eœLŒ%v–bv›'—[ŽE5›'’XŒŸžš ¡*¢2£b¤e ¥e¢[¤,¦

‡¨§™©«ª!¬v˜|‘­ŒX®'v’5’¯™W‰vH°…’X˜v’1Œ5v˜WQ‹L’š–?•[ŒX®[Q’²±*ª1³µ´,¶©«ª2¬²™ŒXŽEŽQ’·P¤¸¢'¹|ºN¢[¡*»,¼H£b …½[ ¾H¿À5ž ÀÁ’H¿,¼€º*£Â¤¸¼à ¢­ÄÅ«ŒXŽEŽE—
—…–L›PœLŒ&·P¤¸¢'¹
º*¢[¡*»e¼Ÿ£! N½'¢'Æ«¡*¼€ž ¼“»   À5¡*¢…ÅŒH‰­H9Q‹?®'—1v–yQv°…’X˜všÇQŒX›e’X–b’ÁPŒXŽEŽE“—…‘­‘“‹?–LŽE’1¿,¼€º*£Ä¦
 È
AC CD<ML#6OPEF:¥O€OP:)=RGS:XG "É EFIWLW:)5 ÊSI Ë
3

jp`VZ]tyce^a[j ^_`ku` \Wzn[^ab¡Z]tyce^a[jp^abM`VZ]bdoZt rJkuhfbdZ[‘hd[‚cbfj Z]\t j bf ) ,[w )bftyjp`„zu` h¡Z1hftyZ Ãzu` h¡\]bdZ` swbf^at \` *Ì \Í
Í ~

È jpt hd^a\]`)gnhdt„ )` \t[7z "ÎJª …Ï…ÐWÑ#[iwi\[7sw[‚hd[‚cbf^amp[7 ,bdt

« j ` ~

ÒÓÔÖÕ×'ØÙ&ÚPÛ&Ü
ÝrÞß
à à à à à
èéCê­ëQì€íQé²îqï²ðtñò[óNô€õ ö÷9óeø?÷\ùò[õ­ø
ú<ëQû&ü!ëEý[é²ý[þÿí
ë 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
 íEê
þ&é ü   é ,é ëE û \ÿ 
ë  ÿ" é  ?ê­ê…ëEÿ?übÿ  û&é áa
"ëQ û  ÿÿ?û&ÿ  ì|ëEéCübë
é<ú ?ÿL ü Lý[ý  é  û& é <é<û2ü!é¯ ü  
 Q
ë é   è  r
ê  ÿ !
 "
 é $ r
# !
ü ë  |
% ÿ  ê & i
!
ü é ( 5
' ÿ   ÿ )+*
,&- ."é ëEí&ê­ÿLì|û&éíEÿû&ÿ?/ í ,0ÿ   `ê…/ ë "é û ,ëEÿ?û&ÿ1ý  â
b
   û 2  ÿAý L
ê é< û ÿ  ÿ  í  û&ì|þ&ÿCê­ÿ 2  ÿ? û '“ÿüb4ë 3|ò õ 5

6798;:<>=?A@BCED
ãc
F`Gé "ÿ?übëQéµû  íEí¸éµð\ê…ÿIHµÿ?üKJ ê
Lû 0ÿ 2  ë  0
<é <ë¸íQëEúM"éN"é<û ,ëQÿLû&ÿ ì|íEë éí  ëHü!ë9ÿ ! Xë b
 L ü ÿ?í ý éê&
é<úO ä
d
P 798;:<>=?Q@"CED

`éR"ÿ?übëQé û  íEí¸é ð9ý 0"ÿ ê

S é<ú
F  ÿ?û'5é é<ü
)(* ,&- T!
û LU
û #V"é<ë2ý1 ?ê& ,é<û ÿL åe

@/7WX.Y[Z\=^]0@_BCEDa`
bN=c\6LZ\@] de@S?97

f Lü!

ë g&ý é"ëübL é ëûÿLíQíE
ÿ  é<û&ê…ë
'5ë
Lûëÿ  ÿ  2  ÿ0
æ
ê& h Öû Lûi#"éëqé_"ÿ?übëQéSû Lû û  íEí¸éj  ë"éû&ÿ  û&é f
éUëEì  ë hk$ê­ÿfê…ëê…ý L é U<ëQé<^ û fë[gíEëh f 0Sÿfé<û&ý*þ&ÿ
ëQí²ê…ÿLì  ÿ? û ,4ÿ M ?ý ý  é  ûN é é<û2übé übë²ÿL
ê ÿ?û&ê…ë ?û&ÿ
ëQ
û ,ÿ  "ÿLübëQé`éëWý[é<ê…ë S ÿ?ý ÿ?üWÿL û hë 
çg
l 7WX lhl @?Q@Sc\mnXT=<>@

o  é ê­
ë U LíQëý Lû ëQì  ëê­ëëEû%€ÿ  ,ÿ  LíQé  ë hk ê­ÿ

é  ë

|
% é  û  û p"ÿ?û  ÿ¯û ?ûSê…ë2ëQû%|ÿ  ÿ¯ê­ÿCé  ë%|é
 û q'“ÿ  Að9ý1 ?û$íEÿV  ÿ?ý­ý ÿ?úrLsé<ûübéý1 "ÿ  ÿ  @/7 
t 79uM<>de@?Ac\=dv@bN=?AwIx1czy@?A]0XT:c{`
uMbNxA7

f Lü!
ë g&ý éì€íQë/JCý Lû  LíQé  ë
!ké<í
ÿ  ûé ,ÿ4<ì€é  éû ÿ?û&üS ý Lê
|Wí
é<ê­ê…ÿLû'5é übë^%€éí  ÿV"ÿLü!ë p"éÖê…ë
 ÿ  !
ü f
ÿ E
í é
} ÿ    ë'p'“én'“ë ?û&ÿ`ê­ÿrê
Lû  ÿLê…ÿ
û ,ë/   ë~'5ÿ  ëhj  ÿ  2  ÿLê
! "U ë
%n p%ÿ?ê­ëQê& h Lû ré<í
 ë

ý LübëQý[ëð9übÿ  ë
%€éL ëQúqý*þ&ÿëEûê­ÿ  ëQê­ý Lû Aübÿ?ì€íQë  û&ëëQû  ë
€



‚/ƒ „/ƒ „/ƒ „ … ?Q=]0†‡XT]0]0XT:cz@†‡ˆ\<>deXT<‰XTy@S<‰<>:

û&é‡%‹ Lí
é ê
éL<ëQíEë
! ëQíŒ ,ë  ü!ëHë S íQê& ü!é éü ! ,é  ÿ ð  ÿ ! ™é<û&ì‹ LíQé  ÿi ý Lû ý[é  é h ÿ  ëEê
ëQý[é é
Š
ý Lê…ÿLû  ëEéí'“én h Lú  é<ý ý[é<ü!ÿ  ÿ²ý[þÿ²íEéŽé<û2übéyéyübëQê  Lê…ë'“ë
Lû&ÿ  ÿ  íQé  é<ê
"ëEê…ê­ë
Lûÿ²ê­ëQéAëQû&ê  g
ý[ëEÿ? û , ÿ LŠû&é &ê ?í  '5ë
Lûÿ²übëbê­ÿ   íQëEý[ÿCé h  éL'5ë
Lûÿ#V2  ÿLíQíQéyübë  ëEý & ÿCé<ü  ûéE  éê&"ëQê­ê…ë ?û&ÿ²û ?û
 ë
U
€ h
 <
 ëQû&é  ëELé !<1ý ?U
û `
ê LíQë2íE
ë %€ÿ?íEíQëbübë2ê­ÿ?ì€û&éíEÿp"éÖý Lû’‘  Lê­ê…ë
<ëQíEëbübë
%€ÿ  ê…ëíQë
%€ÿ?íEí¸ëh
“ éíEÿfê…1 ý  p ?ý ý & ÿ  éì€ì 1 é  U ÿ ” <
ë ,êübÿ? í "ÿLê…ê­éì€ì€ë
U•p–fð9ý*þ&ÿié  ë%|é<û fé$%|ÿLí
Lý[ë hk
)4— <
ë ,!ê ˜Pê­ÿ?ý úëQû  û&é  û&ëQý é  é  LíQ™ é ëEûé  ëQ
é šý[ÿLì€íQëQÿLû ü ” *œ›ž ŸS  ‘[  Lê…ê­ëQéU  é S ÿLê…ÿ
û ,é  ÿ
Lì|û  û&é ü!ÿLíQíQi ÿ ‘ *¢¡0£ üb
ë %€ÿ  ê…ÿ$ý L û gì  é '“
ë Lû&ëü!¤ë <
ë ¯1ý ?û  û&é übŒ ë ‘ ü!ë %|ÿ  ê­ÿ L é   ëQ0ÿ 'p'5ÿSübÿ?í
ê­ÿ?ì€ûé<íQpÿ   Lü  ý ÿ?û& ü r1ý ?&ê |  û ê­ÿ?ì€ûé<íQ_ ÿ ¥O¦¤( é %|ÿL
í Lý[ë hk )  *§)4— - ”œ%ëý  ë%ê­
ë U ?íEë%é<R ü ‘ íE
ë %€ÿ?íQí¸ë
ê& ? û ê­ÿ  é   é ,ëWü!é  ûSëE û ÿ  %|é<íQí M ,0ÿ    é<íQÿ  é  ëW é  * ”¨ — 
©«ª‰¬­4®‰¯±°‰®T²0¯´³µ®‰¶ ·;¸
¯´¹0®T°‰µr¹0¯´º!º!»[­´¼ µr°Tµr­´µr½¯´µ¤¾O·r­&®T»1¿ÁÀp¯´µr¹ »
³µr°T·;¾!·r­´­´µ;¸
³»‹¾!¯Âµ~°T¯´®T·r÷r¹ ³·®Tµr¹¤¯±­&À&·r°T¯´µ4¾!µ¤¾O¯n¸Ä¯±¿ŒÅ
µr­´µÆ¾!·r­
¸
·O½¹0»
­´·[°‰¯±®‰·rò0³µpÇr·rÈÉÈÉ·r³³² »¤²0¹®Tµr¹ ÈÉ°Tµr¹0³µ³°T»;¯±­nÊÌËÍÎLÏV¾O·r­´­´¼ µO°Tµr­´µr½¯´µz­´µr®T»
­´··p¾/²0¹ÑЉÒÉÊÓÍ[ÏÆÀp°‰·4¸
·r¹ ³·z¹0·r­S¸
·r½¹ »
­±·[¯´¹
»
°T°‰¯±Ãµ&Ç1·p¾\¯´­9¸
·r½¹0»
­´·M¾!¯‹·r°T°Tµr°‰·¤»
­´¯´¿Á·r¹ ³»Œ²0¹V®T¯´°T®T²0¯´³µM¾!¯n®‰µr¹0³°TµO°T·r»
º!¯´µr¹0·Æ®‰¶ ·¤¿Œ»
¹0³¯´·r¹0·\¯´­Q®>­±µr®>Ô­´µr®T»1­±·[ÕnÖrÎLÕ&×T×TÏ
®Tµr¹Ø
²0·O­±­´µŒ¾O·r¯S¾O»1³¯0¯´¹Ù»
°T°T¯´ÃµpÚ0Û¹®‰»‹¸
µ/À&»
°T³¯´®Tµr­´»
°T·Á¾O¯ Ø
²0·4¸Ä³µŒ¸
³·4¸.¸
µ[Àp°‰¯±¹ ®T¯´Àp¯Âµ[Ü»1¹0»
­´¯Âº!º!»
³µ¯´¹ÙÝ‹Ú Þ‹Ú«ßeÚ«à·z݋ګàeÚ«ß
Ú«ß
»zÀ&°TµrÀ&µ4¸
¯´³µ¤¾!·r­Lá4âpâ0Ú
ãä 57698;:)<>=>?@=BACD56EF8;:,=HG@69EFIHGJ<>=BIK<MLN69OPEF:QOPOP:)=RGSIUTVIW:XTH6Y<M:

Eye diagram per gamma = .5 ed 8 livelli

1.5

æ å
f ëb Serie ê
Generatore f és x(t) 0.5
di L livelli å
ìa ë G(f)
0
M bm
n Parallelo L=2 ç
πè é (t)
Ts -0.5
M bit/simbolo 0 5 10 15 20 25

È jJÁmp`yce^at{rJt znth  t ZZ]m kn[7 ,bdt j `znbpv7[j¡zn[Ycb \bfzumpZ`Szub/íwÄ(îRï0ÌÅ…0‰J‹gM`9znmpj Ám¡`9knm o9` cce`y\e`

\bfzut ^a^_[Šce` rJkuhfbdZ` rJ`yjp^a`‘[m rJ` jp^a[wjpzut‚bdh€jpm rJ` \t‚zubNv7bf^H\[iwi\mpknku[^ab€bfjÀmpj [¢cebdjpityhd[Ykn[\t hd[ ~
ð `Shd[Yknt ^a` j  ,[¢zn`yh€ce`yij [hd`9jpt jÀswbf`yjp`9[m rJ` j ^_[^a[g¡ku` \o g cebp[cecbfc^a` \ñ[7zmpjŒkn`yiiwbfty\][7rJ` jp^at

zn`yhfhd[9kn\t v7[vbdhdbf^hñznb7` \\et \`lzn`yhu\]bdZ]`ysbd^_ty\e`)gbfjYÁ7mp[wjp^atl[9kn[\bf^hñ9znbukut ^a` j  ,[{znb7ce` iwjp[7hf`)gwbuhdbfsw` hdh'b

\bfcmphd^_[7jpt‘ty\][Œ\[7swsbdZ]bdj¡[^abfgNZtyrJ`YrJt c^_\[^atYzn[hNznbd[iw\][7rJrJ[J[zÃt ZZx bftžzub#Ð im \][Jku` \óò ªõô ~

ö  [\ityrJ` jp^at„sw` \\1ñ‘\]bdkn\` ct9[hn½ 3 ~3 ~

÷/ø ù/ø ù/ø ú û Ùü×.ýÝ"ü×~þ`Ü«Ûÿ

 cekut j bf[rŠtŠty\][•mpjU[7Z]Zt \ibdrJ` j ^_tJZx `ÃZt jpc` j ^_`ÃzubR\bdznmp\\`Ãh  y

` Ÿ0Ÿ` ^a^atÃzn`yihdb

Valori ` \\]ty\ebNZ]tyrJrJ` cceb#zn[hPzu` Zbfct\]`‘bfjðkn\` c`jp )[ŠznbN^a\][7cerJbdcecbftyjp`žrJm hf^abdh'bfsw` hdhft

~ `y\
crescenti Ðpcce[\`ðhf`•bfzu` `)gVcem knkntyjpbd[rJtðZ1xp` b@s[7hfty\]blzn`yblhfbds`yhfh'blkn\t zut ^¥^ablzn[h@iw` jp`y\][7^_ty¤
101
\]`cbf[j t¢bfj¸Zt \e\bfckntyjpzu` jp )[Àhfbdjp`y[\`ŠZt jBb>s[7hfty\]b>zu` hdh  mpcZbf^a[ðzu` hXZt j s` \^¥bd^_ty\]`

 
100 errore
ce`y\]bd` ¤kn[7\][7hfhd` hdt)g t ssw` \t‘b€hdbds`yhfhdbpct jpt ajpmprJ`y\][7^_b€bdjŒvbdjp[\bdt agM`‚hdbds` hdhdbpZ]tyjp^abfiwmpb
011
\][7knkn\` c` j ^_[7jpt{Z]tyjpÐ imp\[ bdt j bpznbMvbd^  
_bdjÃc` Ám ` j  ,[žj [^amp\][7h'` agMZ]tyrJ`{rJt c^_\[^at
010
bfjÐpiwmp\[ ~
¼ hdhfty\][7g7c`^a\][7cerJ`y^_^abf[7rJt„[7zY` c` rJkubft„bfhnhdbfsw` hdhftq[ccetyZ]bd[^at„[Œ«   egu`yz¢bdh

zn`yZ]bdcety\]`‘Z]tyrJrJ` ^a^_`žh  ` \\]ty\]`,Í 9zubN\bd^_`yjp` \`žzub€[7sw` \V\]bdZ]`ysm ^_t‚bfh€hdbds` hdhdt{Z]tyjp^abfiwmpt)g

Z1xp`\[kukn\` c`jp^a[‚hd[‘c` Ám ` jp )[  7«y«¥gn[v7vb'[rJtV^_m ^_^ab `^a\`bMv7bf^—cev7[iwh'bf[7^_b 

 È hn‹ ƒp…ÌVƒ …  
„ˆ† ÃZt j cebdce^a`{bfjŒmpj [‘^a[v`yhdhf[žzub
fb Serie 1
  
1 fL
Zt j s`y\]cbftj `)g—Z1x `ct c^_bd^ampbdceZ`¢[b;vbd^ m ceZ` j ^_b>zu[h

. . 0101101 . di Gray 0 Generatore

0 Codifica
1
livelli Zt j s`y\]^¥bd^at \`‘c` \bf`y¤0ku[\[hdhf`yhftSmpj [zubfsw` \ce[Z]tyjpÐ ¤


Parallelo 0
iwmp\[ )bftyjp`SznbNvbd^ ~ t ccebd[rJt‚bfrŠrJ[iwbfj [\`‚h  t kn`y¤

\[ )bftyjp`{Zt rJ`SÁm ` hdhf[žzubpmpjŒ[7Z]Z` ccetS[¢rJ` rJty\]bd[g

    !#"$ %&$ ! '( )$ *+%-,/. $ 01. . !2 bdjJZmpb¡hd[‘kn[7\]tyhf[žty\]bdiwbfjp[7\]bd[SZ]tyce^abf^ampbdceZ`9h  bdj¡znbd\]bd ,¤
354(4 363(3  )t)gPkn`y\„rJ`y , )t‘zu` hPÁm [hd`{cebNbfj znbdsbfzump[Šhd[¢kn[7\]tyhf[
3543 36354 Zt zubfÐ Z][7^_[žzu[‘^a\][7cerJ`y^_^a` \e`„[hncem t„kntyce^at ~
3(3(3 343 ö [ Zt j s`y\]cbftyjp`À¦Œvbdmpj¡bdstyZ][D[Dkn[\^abf\`Àzn[h
3(354 34(4 Zt zubfZ`{cebM\]bdce[7hf`„[hdhf[‚kn[\t hd[žty\]bdibdjp[7\]bd[œgu`9hd`ku[¤
4354 473(3 \t hd`Ãzu` hHZ]tyznbdZ]`Œzub ¨ \][ÇÀx [jpj¡tÃhd[ðkn\]tykn\bd` ^rñðznb
43(3 47354 \[kukn\` c,`yjp^a[\]`ŠbXhfbds`yhdhfb>zubRc` iwjp[hd`Z]tyjp^_bdiwmpbXZ]ty¤
4(43 4643 rJ`ŒZt j Ðpiwmp\[ ,bdt j bRzubv7bf^„Zx `ŒznbdŸ0Ÿ`y\]bdceZtjptJcet hdt
4(4(4 464(4 bdjDmpj [ÃZ]bdŸ\][Œv7bfj [\bf[Œtycecbf[Àbdj mpj v7bf^aœ ~ t jD\bf¤

Ÿ` \bfrJ`yjp^atž[hdhd[Š^a[v`yhfhd[wgPtycec` \sbd[rJt‘Z1x `ž0[7zŒ`yce`yrJknbdt œ;kn` \„^_\[crJ` ^a^¥` \`žhd[Šc` Á7mp` j  ,[ 
«y« {znb

bdjpi\` ccet)g ceb€m ce[¢bdhphdbfsw` hdhft{j mprJ` \tJ«   eg€tycecbf[¢bdh€Ámp[7\]^at{0ku[\^_`yjpznt‚zn[¢ )` \t œg€hdt{ce^a` ccet‚zn` hdh  `y¤

ce`yrJknbdtkn\` Z`zn` j ^_` 98 €ce`bdh;zn`yZ]bdcet\]`cev7[ih'bd[À`¢\]bd^_bd` j `Šzub>[7sw` \{\bfZ` swmp^atJbdh;^a` \ ,tŠhfbds`yhfh tŠ 7«y«¥g :
ce^a`ycecet` \\]t\`kn\` Z`zn`yjp^a` œgn[‚Ámp`yce^atbdhMzu` Zt znbdÐpZ[^at \`„znb ¨ \[7ÇS[7cect Zbf[‚hf[‚ce`yÁmp`yjp )[ ;  7« eguZx `

bdjpŸ[^a^_b¡znbdŸ0Ÿ`y\]bdceZ`9zn[7hfh  t \bdibdjp[hd`Vkn` \Wmpjcetyhftv7bf^—bfh¡kn\bdrJt œ ~

È hPku\]tyZe` zubfrJ`yjp^at‘bdhfhdmpc^_\[^at)g€bdj•ku\]`yce`j  ,[¢znbNmpjÀ`y\]\t\]`‚cem hNcbdrJvt hdt)g€ku\]tyznmpZ`žm j•ct hdt‘v7bf^

>< = ?A@ B6CDCDE6CDB#FHGDIKJML>IKNOE
P1IKQ7C:JRSE6C:BTG:U BVKLWE(RSRSIKX9P(E7L>Y IKQZLWB([\X IKQ]B^CDY]GDB6_JNOE^`a_B7P1YbcY][TIdIK[Y]XIfe\gKhaVidAJj#k/IKQ5LlI\CDXB

Q]@ I\RSdY]B6m1m1InY]XoRoE7P(E^GpUBHY/QqP1B6GDY5LWE6C:B
LWYNOCDE6_Y7IrPsE(dB6CDI\CDB#G:E6XS_IKQ]E6CDYqP(Y]_B6CL>YZP1IntKJ B6Q/Q]YANOCDIuLWRSBLL>Yv
 È
AC CD<ML Hw OPEF:¥O€OP:)=RGS:XG "É EFIWLW: xÊ SI ã ¾

` \\[^_t ~ bfoSZt rJknt\^a[JZ1xp`žhd[Šku\]tyv[7vbdhfbd^!ñ¢znbNtycec` \esw[\]`‚mpjðvbd^W`y\]\[^atž¦žku[\bP[ zyf| { }y | Ñ Ï~ ª g

€~ O ‚y | { „ƒn… †‚‡/ˆ p| ‰i‰Š6Š  ˆa‡ … Ž‡]‘  { Œ  ‡ |:{ ‰i‰i Š ˆa‡ ’y |z

„ƒn; Ñ
“
ƒn… †‚‡/ˆ‹ˆ Œ:ˆ ‡ ƒn… Ž ‡/ Œ ‡
Zt j kn[\bM[7hnjpmprJ`y\]t„znb¡vbd^ ícebdrJvtyhft ~È j Ÿ0[7^_^abdg ª ª ª ~

®R¯°H¯ •” ±Y²;³—´Qµ‚¶p·¸³—´9±Y·Mº‚·M¹»

 t j Ámp`yce^atÃ^a` \rJbfj `ÃcebR¦ÃbdjpznbdZ[^at,gRj ` h

—f ˜ ˜
– –
kn\bdrJt@Z][7knbd^_tyhft)gbdhku\]tyZe` zubfrJ`yjp^at@Z]tyjYbfhÁmp[7¤ fC Cod. Linea fC fb
b
€ ™
Codifica Decodifica
hd` s`yjpiwt jpt _ku\]t^a` ^a^_` ‘hd` bdjpŸt \rJ[ )bftyjpb@zn[ di Canale Canale di Canale
Decisore
^a\][crJ` ^a^a`\]`)g7[mprJ`yjp^a[wjpzntlbdhujpmprJ`y\tqzubvbd^ Decod. Linea P
"Î šœ› { 5
e
bdjpsbd[w^_b€kn[7cec[jpzut9zn[ "Î { [ Î  Í œNvkncg

s`yznbHÐpiwmp\[œg>bdjUrJtyzntŠzn[F\` j zn` \`Ã\bfzut j zn[j ^_`ŠbfhXrJ`ycec[iiwbdtŠ`ߏ[Zbdhfbd^_[7\]`hd[•iw` c^_bdt j `Jzn`yihdb

` sw` j ^_m [hdbp` \\]t\b€znb€^a\[cerJbdccebdt jp` ~#È jÀ[7knkn`yjpznbdZ`‚½ ž ž Ÿ ~ ~ ¦Szn` cZ]\bf^a^_tSmpjŒrJ`y^_tyznt‚kn[\^abfZt hd[\`

znb¡Zt znbdÐpZ[grJ` j ^_\`znb¡ce`yim bf^atct jpt„Ÿ0ty\]j bf^ab¡kn\bfj Z]bdknb¡`rJ` ^at zub zubMZ[\[^a^_`y\]`9iw` j ` \[hd` ~

÷/ø ù/ø ú/ø a  û Ùü×.ý×Û$ÒÚPÙýýr¡×

ð `yjp ,[‚[jpZt \[ž`yjp^a\][\`9jp`ybMzu` ^a^_[7ihdbfgzn`yÐpjpbd[rJtVZt rJ`9Zt znbd¤

ÐpZ[‘[‚vhdt ZZx bMÁ7mp` hdhd[‚tykn`y\][7^_[ž[7iibdm¡jpiw` jpzut)gukn`y\@tyijpb ¥¤ vbd^;bdj

¢f ¢ f£C
b
n¦
Codifica
bdjpi\` ccet)gN[7hf^a\]b žvbd^[iiwbfm j¡^_bdsbdg€cZ]`yhf^ab—bdjFŸmpj  ,bdt j `‘zu` bNkn\bfrJb a bocchi

¤ q§ }
ɚ ¨-© Î {

~ ssbd[rJ`yjp^a`„bdjŠ^a[h¡Z[cet„ce[\ ñ •ª ~ m bit m+k bit

û Ù&Õnª*Ü«Ù&ÚPÚeÙNü× ØÛ&Ü«×iª‹«  mpjp[ŒZt zubfÐ Z][ð[•v7hftyZ]Z1xpbXZ1xp`Zt jpcbdce^a`Jjp`yhfh  [zut ^a^_[7\]` ¬¦ ª «¥gXceZ` ¤

ihdbd` jpzutYÁm ` c^_tYv7bf^@bdj rJtyznt¢Z1xp`¢jp`yh—i\mpkuknt¢znb n¤®­ «Vv7bf^@Zb;cbf[Ãm j jpm rJ` \t f¯ #†nˆ…Wznb—mpjpb Í 5° g

[kuknhdbfZ[j zntSÁmpb'j znbPmpj [\` iwt hd[JzubNku[\bf^hñ ±¯ #†nˆ…X’ s² s³ €’ Hœ ~RÈ hPZ][7cet‘tyknkut c^_tyg€tycecbf[h  [iiwbfm jp^a[zub

D¯
mpjvbd^;bdjJrJtyznt„zn[‘\` j zn` \`Vƒp…Å #†nˆ…#bdh¡jpmprJ`y\]tVznb¡mpj bfg7kn\` j zn`j t rJ`zubMku[\bf^hñ µ´;”;” ~

È j‚` j ^_\[rJvbwbZ][7ceb Í ¶ gÁ7mp[wjpzntWbfh\bfZ` swbf^at \`W\[iiw\]m knkn[Vbv7bf^ kn`y\]sw` j mp^abfg`yce`yim ` mpj]‹yÄ ¸· íˆ]‹yˉï

ˏ‹„zn` ^a^_tl[7knknm jp^atƒp… N†nˆ… ¯ ·p¹ gc` rJkuhfbdZ]`yrJ` j ^_`lZt jp^a[j zntlbdh7jpm rJ` \t@znbm jpb'gw`yz‘[7Z]Zt \i`yjpzut cbuZ]ty¤

ce7ce`@j ` hdhf[ku[\t hd[9ceb7cebd[s`y\]bdÐpZ[^atlmpjž`y\]\t\]`lmpjpt  ,`y\]tlznbds`yjpm ^_t@mpj t@t@sbdZ` s`y\]c[œ ~È jž^a[hZ[¤

cet)g7bdh\]bdZ` swbf^at \e`qbdjpsb'`y\1ñS[hdh  [hd^_\tq` ce^a\` rJtVzn` hnZt hdhf`yi[7rJ` j ^_tlmpj [9\]bdZ1xpbd` ce^a[Sznbu\bf^a\][7cerJbdcecbftyjp`

zn`yh iw\]m knkntVznb¡vbd^;`y\]\[^ab ~

È hnZt j ^_\t hdhftVznbnku[\]bd^hñ‚Zt rJ`Vt \[‘zn`yceZ\]bd^a^_t¦q^abfkubfZ[rJ`yjp^a`„mpc[^atqkn` \bnZ]tyhfhd` iw[rJ`yjp^ab¡c` \bd[hdb

[Sv[cce[Ss`yhftyZ]bd^!ñ7g7bfjkn[\^abfZt hd[\`„^a\][‚Z]tyrJknmp^a`\`„^a` \rJbfj [hd` º(» egc^a[rJkn[7jp^a`Vt@‰J‹íÅÌ ~

ð b¡kn[\hd[

bdjU^a[hHZ][7cetŠznb T· ˆ†nʼnJ…0ÅÅe…‹ Ä Ì‘†uÅ]…Äpˆ]‹Ä † gXtJ§ q¼ s½s¼ c¼‚´#¾

˜ ¤§ ¡gHZ1xp`Jsbd` jp`Šzn`yceZ\]bd^a^¥[•bdjU[7knku` jpzubfZ`

ž ž ~ ~ ¿P~

÷/ø ù/ø ú/ø ù û Ùü×.ý×Û(ý<ÙÜ
Ü
Ý9¿€×'Ù&ÕÝ

ð b¦zn` ^a^¥tZx `WmpjSZt znbdÐpZ[^at \` zubZ[jp[7h'`H† ÁÀ ˏ‹  Žp…MkumpoR[iwibdmpj¡i`y\]` ±¦ v7bf^M`Wj t jSmpjptRct hd^_[7jp^_t 9 *œ

t iwjpb ¤ à ~ m ` c^_tknmpoŠ` cce`y\]`J\]`y[hdbf ) ,[w^at)gH[zF` ce`yrJknbdt)gHce`Št iwjpmpj t¢zn` b S¦ Jv7bf^q\[knku\]`yce`yjp^a[Fhd[

kn[7\]bd^!ñSZ[hdZ]tyhf[7^_[Scemmpj¢cety^_^¥tyi\mpkuknt„zu` iwhfb ‚¤ qÄ v7bf^#zubMbdjpiw\]`ycect ~ [^atVZ1x `„Ám ` c^_bnvbd^#bfjknbdÏ¢jpt j

<>Å Æ E6XÇL>YGDE6XkaE6X9P(IntKJ B7LWNOIÉÈÊSËWkaCDB6tKJB(Xm1IHÌMÍ ÎlÏcÐÏcÑ Ò1ÓcGDE6XSt\ÔB6Q]Q/IÌMÍÎlÏcÕ×Ö¸Í Ø7ÐÏcÕ#ÒÐÙ ØÉP(Y7Y]XY•m1Y]E^GDIKdY]NOE6Q]EAv&v&v Ú&Ûah

<&Ü:ÝTP
B7L>B6RSdAY]EV IKQ]Q/IµL>B6tKÔB6X m1IßދÞ\àÞ6ÞKàO_KB6CDCDá±IK[[Y/Ô XNOE
ÔXEâދV RSB6XNOC:BÉIßÞ\àÞ\àÞKàÉL>Y9IK[[Y]ÔX7[B6C:áãIKXGDE(CDIãÔX¬à1V
dAB6CDG:UäHIKQ]NOCDY]RoB6XNOY[Q/YAÔ XYGDE6RSdAQ/BLL>Y/_YqLWI\CDB6åKåKB6C:EÂLWNOI\NOYZæ\ViG:UBHF
P1YL>dICDY5v
<>ç è5Q CDY]GDB(_\Y]NOE6C:BSP1B6_B^GDE6RoÔXtKÔB^BLLWB(CDB^IKQGDE6CDCDB(XNOBoP(B6Q7kaIKNONWEÂLWB^Q]IndAIKCDY]NOáÉL>Y/ISéqêcê
E-ë\ì‚ë™íî
ïið ݂Q]RoB6XEHGDE7L>ñ7B6C:IrVIKYANOB6RSdAYY]X
G:ÔY IKX GDE6CDInBLWY5LWNOB(_\I\XEtKÔB7L>NOYAIKdAdIKC:IKNOYcî+î•îrÚ&Ûah
Zò
ã xqwâóTôõnön÷ÉöùøZúûxZwÁüýóTô7ö-þÉwâüýÿ-þ õnöùÿ õ
wüýôôöÂþÿ±ÿoô-w;õ‚ô



   ! "#
#$
%&'! ()¥¤+*º-,./
#102$0203"%"54 -©76 !
#  8&9:
#;$<=$()>-

!&
 
#$
?"#  " ()"@"#"  "'AB030302"@" "C!&
 8D9)
0303 9:
#$
?FE)G HI\ÀG#G J'K"@! ()" 
#
@

"L E)G HI:MG#N:HO*/!&()
"L& 9:
#&9:"P.RQ=SRB!&(:"# "#$>TU&&"#(:(:
#(=  "#9:
#7;9:03
#(:"L "$"L9)9:
#(:<="
!&" (UWVX0203
1 Y=Z=" (U(:9)" Z=03
B\[G#[$]^9:
# "#_
(P`R`=a7 "B"b9)
&"P_
()C 

\ V/;9)" 02" "#$02"
c &VXV/"#("#03de $@ e 03()f
#(:g F!&hi9kj"O03"#03(:"O&lE:G#N:NI^m=mI:N:Ine "#(:()
()" f>-9:j$o
9kj"# "#(:"5()02(:   
" "#5!&()
pQ
qrsutwvyx{z}|~twux&€tw‚ytƒr„x … †"# " !&
‡
#02
O "#!&9)"O ˆ9)
&9)"‡g8
#9:9kjˆ9:
#†! ()
!7()"#03‰
9:
#(:("#0302Z="Š&9)
&9)"5()!&" 02>T
#$"U‹\Œ R 9kj$"%!&" (f
<=&80uB(:()Z=
L"L!&(:
#&$9)"‹%&" 039:'
 9)03'n
#
Ž9:j$"U*/ "U<y$"#(:(
() 
#$
Ž$&!&"#$&" 02.$ "#9: 
P(:"U!
#  9:
#(:("#<y<=" ()"Že "#(:()
("
8 "@ c Z=
02>T
#"\O<y<=
#(:$>dK*‘’“G N)”/•—–?˜~G#•ƒ”X[ym™.X`RšQ5S›!&(:"# "#>-O&œ"#(:(
()œ
<=(:! !&
9)9:
P(:()"%(:9)
(()" ()"
L 9:()8"#(ƒ&" 9:()0302
$"#' " <=03
Q
 ^t ž#€z„‚yzsYtWŸBz g gt^„¡¢¤£ 59)!&9:03‰ $$9)
&9)"   $9:
#(:()"P<y<=" ()"$

%!&¥"#(:()
(
03()"
9kj"(:Zy"#(:"b! ()" T"#$>TŠ" <=021*X9:
#"\88y
b&" 0203
P.œ c &V/VX" ("#$>Tdf02(:n"b!&()
"
&" K9:
# "#8
#
¦YQ … › (: D" 03›&VXV/"#(" >-›Š@?H$”X§:•ƒ’&[=¨y’†H$”l©n’&‘‘”/[=mª*^«y¬­.XD9:j$"
(:!&! ()" "P$02Ol
1$"#(:
1 l80K Zy"#(: l02(:C "B!&()
"1&9)
&9:"n*X?" " !&
-l" 
9:
#&9:"Bi(:!&"#03>T
#$"®@Œœ uj$$
ò ! ()
"B Y9:
#&9:"Tu¯¯¯n"#{°°°T"() $03‡« ¬+± ®.RQL²
&
# 03()g9kj"n$³9)
&9:"i&F9:$"Ši{<y()
i&­9)
()(:"P<=<y"#(:"†´µu¸ ¶$· " ()(:
P(:F!&" (!&()
@"n&
(:Zy"#(:"U« ¬³¹ l"#(:(:
P()'!&" (f!&()
pQ
ºˆ» q¼xg½¿¾UÀ Á 
()i$›9:
# 9)"1&Y9:" ‡$02Â>T>-02
\g
# 03‰1E)G NN:I)•ƒ•Ã”/˜P’7œ œ 
&" 9:()Zy"#("LŽ9:
#&;9:9:
#"L5ÄÅuÆpÇ%șÆpÉ?ÊDÆpÆpÅuƇËDÅuÆpÆpÌpÍpÎ&Ï^ÅYÐl
 U$U9:
#(:(" >T
#$"L 
"#(:(:
P()" c O=Z='03dQW²p"5Zy"#9:"Ž$9)
&9)"5ŠU$ 02
Ž 
#
5! "#(¿(:Zy"#(:"5<y$"#(:()
('
() (:‰B$"#Ñ
9:"#  (:
!&(:"#Zy"# "P()"Ke $ 
¿& ! ()
0R
#9:
#&&"#0303~Ò%Ó Á *—ÒÔÎ7ÅuՎÈ$Î&Ï^ÍOÓDÌ Á ÔlÌpÖ Î'.79kj"K &
9)9:! 

&'9kj"# "#(:"5()02(:   

" "#5!&()
5"#(:()03Q
×­ØÚÙlØÛ× ÜfÝ=ޙß7àªá­â3ãRäDå
æ " Y9) 
@9:Y  02(:8>-
"02" !&
#("b&" <=u" ()(:
P()W
? n$V/
#(:"T`RçWn!&
 $

Z=" 9)"U!&(:"# "#$02() ()=Z=Zy9:$03"5$"# 03"#  B!&(:

#$p9:
#&9:™ p9)"ŽV/ 9:
#$
Ž"#p
#(:

9:
!&
&Q £ b 
#>-
"%n$"# 02
9: 
ŽŠ79)
&" 020R
K§)E:N)’ ‘èé/I)N`Rê¿
”X[$•ÃI:N)é/I:’&˜PINL9:j$"-'!&0303
&
ïwë ÝYìíTîïíRðfñòôóõ3óRö:÷#ø#÷#ó­ì2íRò=ùúòôûPüö:ö:òôø ÷#ûòýƒì2íRûûòìò~þ
ÿ 
ÿ  ÿ kñ-ø
íTîwî í ^í Ãü Ã ó  üûópüñ
ñ  ò ^ü÷ìó  ü ÃíRö: ó  ü¿ì í  ü
ñü ^ò û üyìø#÷ŽîïóRûûóRò ÷&îïò íRðfíˆìíö  ò ‡úò ûpìò î ó Ãö)í÷#ûí-õ ^óR÷DòîóRûûóRòô÷ îò íRðfòT í :íR÷#ûø ü  ðfíR÷#ûíˆîï ó ^üñ-ó-îûò  Y!÷ ^óTì2ò ^í
ì2 í  ö:íR÷#"í ^í™
ñ ÃíR÷&ìí™ò -÷#óRðˆífì2
ò ^óTì2ò Ãíˆì2ò #%$'&(&*),+
-.-0/ù$úòôû'ìò ^óR÷#û à ó  óýƒìò ñíR÷&ìí÷#ûòPì2üö  òü  û ^ ò Kõ^û ^üðˆíTî3îïòò ÷#ü Ûû"í ^üûò TîïóR÷#ó$ü : ó  ûípò ÷&ì2ò Ãü:ûò ^óðf2í 14351ˆý 76#í­îïûü
ñ í 198;:4<
=>:%3?4@'ACB;@EDFB':8G1IHJ?4: K õ LPEÿ Eÿ  2ÿ LF)—0þ )—þNÿ MO) P%) M#Eÿ ,M$,Q0$O—õ^Rí ^ó-îûò ûø#ò.î ^óR÷#ópüñ-ñø#÷-ûóø#÷#ü Sø ü÷#ûòÛû 
06 * í :ò íR÷#Tí ^ò Ãü ^ ó  üûü¿ü C^ò ^"í )ò û ó Ãífò ÷UúüPîÂífüòñ ^ò ðfNò  ì2 í ôü¿ñü ^ ó  üyõ-(í ^óR÷ UÃóR÷#ûüûVü ^óR÷Žò 1431G^ò ^ í :ø#ûóˆñ-"í 
^ò : í  ü ^í™ í :íR÷#ûø#ü  ò í W^ ó ÃXò 
-ZY\[ óR÷#ò üðˆó-õ2üûòôû ó ôóˆì2ò í-îíRðfñò ó-õ 06#íF* ù ]_^kõRíˆì2ò ì2 ó : í û ^üyîïðfíRûû í Ã*í `aa`büKî í S)ø#íR÷ c2üKì2ò :íR÷ ûVü ```daaadaaa
```™e í Sø#òÛ÷&ì2ò/õ:*ü ^üø&îÂüŽì2òy í W^ ó ^ò/õ ^ò ^ í :fó ```Ta`a(aa`(a``OgyóRûü÷&ìóœüfðfüö:ö:ò ó ^ü÷ c2üy,õ Ãò ÃóTîû Ãø#ò/>î ^%ó  ü%î í Sø íR÷ c2ü
^ ó 0^íRûûf ü `dada%`
-.h,i:íuö  ò í WÃó ÃòTü )í÷#ö:óR÷#ó™ò ÷ˆðfü÷ òô í Ãüœò ÷&ìòÛñíR÷&ì2íR÷#ûíjõ ôüu
ñ ÃóRúüúò  òÛû ¿ì2òTø ÷ˆúò û= í W^üûófîïl ø knm™ñü ^òoü kVpq"rW^ò ó m
ks: ó  û5 í  ü­ñ ^óRúü)úò Úòôû Lì2ò~ø#÷Dúò û í W^üûóõðfíR÷ û ^dí  ül
ñ ÃóRúüúò Ûò û ìò&ì2ø#íuúò û "í W^üû ò m^ò W^ülñ-ü Ãò#fü kut\kwvyxjzp|q { r2í
Sø#ò ÷ìòTðf ó  ûó™ðfò ÷#"ó ^íFî2 í p q~} x
[ ò Y í 0^ó Ãò ^ó÷&î í Ãø#ûò :ò:F
ó ^óRðˆø#÷ Sø#í'ñ ^óTîwîò ðf,ò :íR÷#ö:óR÷#ó$ò ÷&ì€ò Ãüûò:ò ÷œò ÷#ö  íTîJí ÃóRðfIí  í W^"ó ^,ò $(‚ƒ\„€… 76#íYîòkû ^üyì2ø ^í
„:þÿ †
†~) ÿ …‡3ðfíR÷ û ^íWò ÷ˆò ûü  òÛü÷# ó  ó­îûíTî3îïó™ í :íR÷#ûó mWò ÷&ìˆò ^üûó ^óRðˆíu"í W^ ó ^ò $N†$þ^þ ‰Š\ ÿ 
-.‹0bíûû í ^ü  ðfí÷#ûE í Œü W^üðˆñ-ò ^üû"ó ^í-õWðfüiü)÷ 06# í ü W^ø UUôü:û ó Ã í …2õ )í-ìdò „:Wþ $&*‚ ŠWMŽŠW++„V í\ø# ó :ü›îïû ^üñü cc2üûí
ì2 í  Š,+ ) „0‰‘‚ŠW$ ’“$ „”
 øC•–C•
ÿ‘—J˜œl˜o—
™ üŽ˜R˜öÂþÿ š'›

œ f œ f œf
fb C C L
ž di Canale
Codifica Scrambler ž Codifica
di Linea
Ÿ separati
Errori a Burst

123 147258369 147xxx369 1x3 1x34x67x9

123456789 456 4x6
789 7x9

Scrambler Descrambler

9:9)" 0203(:"Ž1()02()

T 
# ;$9)be
#(:&" "#7&03$9:
# ;$9)02 
&
9kj"<y7" ()(:
#('=Z=Z=" $02
‡80FZ=9)p W(:>  "#0302
5‡"#(:()
P(: C80Q—Q—Q­
#$02"7 W!&!&()03"#$"#03™1! (:
#"b&V/VX" Ñ
(:"#033TQ ¡ZyZ==" 03"-
#9:9
()(:"b!&(:"#Zy"#7" ()"b$C! ()
9)"  T
5$Z=" () 
*ïHI:§)E:N)’7‘èéX”/[=m.We 03(:
9:!&

&" u9:
#"#<="#$02
QDʈey! !&"#$W9: 
b&™
02()"9kj$"b
 9:()8"#(%*/ "#03"W9:
# 9:"&
¢ (:'
 £y.'[$G#[’ é/•ÃI:N)’n%[ ¤=‘I:N:GŽ&" $80u02(: "#  3Q
¥o¦W§ ¨ª©V«C¬y­®¬¯«O°d±u²´³µ¬E²´²5¬E¶u·¸©

¹ $0203L9: &K02(:   

"g;$
#(:†' 02(:03V/$
g()V/"#(:" 03
›³9)
"#<y" 03dº(¤y[•ÃG ]
º(¤ y[•ƒGy™?9:u$$9)1 
()<y"#03"\&W$VX
()>T
#$"b$02"  "9)
9:()"9:
??$9:
b "#Ñ
0303(:
Q æ " g()" 02‰fŠ‡  F!&¥†VX(:"#" 02"‡ˆ9: 
‡†9)$fˆ 
<=<y"#030Rˆ9:
#Z=
03f" 
9:
#$9:>-
"VX;$&7
Ub 03"#  BB$UN:I)•ƒI%&9:
#" <="#03
-$9)
 " <=$
$"#  <y<=

[G#H$G@&f9:
#03>-
"i›9:ˆj$'
‡9:9)"  
QSRF"#  <=<=
O$&f$gZ=
02g&" 02"~(RÑ
03
O !&" ()9:
P() 
‡&F’&•ƒ•ÃN:’&˜~I)N)§)’ ‘I)[$•ÃG?9kj"‡9)
$Z=
#<=›D
&f "#()" 02"C!&¥
#! !&
#(02$
<=$<~"b™&" 03$03()
-<y()>T"9kj"B!&(:"# "P>TB&™V/
#(:>-
 &>T
#$&" 0203"5H”
§:Iwm$[’&é/’#¨y”XG~[IQ
҆9:
#!&" 02" 03
D&" ! ()" " 02"D9:! 03
#
-y 

ˆ'&y 03()02y9:'=()<y
#" 02=!&(:
#! ()
&" "N)I:•Ã”YH”u•ÃI:é/ZI »2G [”/’$™&" 0203"b9kj"bE:G#‘s ‘ ¤=•ƒ’#¨y”/G#[IH”uE)”/N:4E ¤=”/•ƒGy
U 9:
#!7
5&V/
#($(:"5$
!&
()9:L "#y!&(:$9)!&~ !&" 0203y&"#"ˆ 02"  "&QÒ02(:P ! "#0302y"#<y03="­N:I:•Ã”H”•ÃN:’&§:‘”/§)§:”ÃG#[$I
H’ •Ã”­ (:$
b$ 03()02WYˈ!&02

š W"#u9)
03"# 02
B&" n03"#
P(:i "#Y03()VX;$9)
-u  "#"\"
(:"#03$ŽE:G#‘s‘ ¤y•Ã’ ¨=”/G#[$IfH9” ºW’ E)½E ¼$I•Ã•ƒG7Q
׭؈¾lØ>¿ ÀÂÁ¿âjÃã"ĈâßÅ~ã
Æ7äGÇsÈWãTÃÇàÉÄuƇäoÁDàÊÇÞ ã-Ýß
£ "1
# "#(:"n(:"#03F03"#"#V/
#$9kj$"n 

19)
!&"#0R"#03"$" ()9:j$"k`"Ë"n03() !
#(:02
n "#<=$
Z=
9)' 
#0302
V/
#(:b&'9:!&
#$(:"#! !&(" "#$02027
#<y$
&5B<=(:!&!
%&RÌ 80Q … $
 03"#  T

9:
#" <="#03
Š03>>T02
! "#(03() !
#(:0R(:"9)
03"#!
#($"#B"#$02"_Í "#<y™Z=
9)™02" (RÑ
&
U" 02" !&
b(: !&" 020RZyp9)! 
#p(:"#>->Ty
9:
# ÎW$s
‘ ¤=é/•Ã” ºWé/’#¨y”/GP[IK•ÃI:Ï
‘ ºWG N)’7é/IŽ
V/
#(:b$"#(:9:Q
x1 x1
PAM PAM T. Campion.
PCM
x2 Campiona x2
Decisore DAC T. Campion.
Codifica
x3 x3
T. Campion.

Sincronismo Sincronismo

-ZÐ0Ñ ø í ôí÷ óR÷ˆ÷#ø#ðˆí ^ò06#í"…™îïóR÷#óó"^ðfüòTüúúük÷&ìó÷#üûí
Òˆ

 šCÓ Ô ™‘Õ ˜
—nön÷ÉöùøC•sÔ ™ ü Õ ˜7ö-þ ™ üýÿ-þ_—nöùÿª—
™ üŽ˜R˜öÂþÿ±ÿ(˜ ™ —F˜

Ö P| z gz×KqlØ S\;<=$()Ž 

K()!&! ()" T"#0303 03()"D•ÃN:”XèN¤=•ƒ’&N:”^9:!&
#$03 U03(:
K 02"  
V/()" " >-n&Ù_ÚlÛ>T™703>->-02WÜÙn80ˆ!&" (U9:! 
"-W"\02(: "#  Y*Ùn80DZy
#027` Ý.
O02$()$
1*/Z=" &e Þ Ó Q Ó Q°-.l &œ$$9)
\9:
#" <="#$02
QSRœ "#<y"\8()
\() $03$02"\!&(:"#$Ñ
&"\u$
#"\&C ß!à(á 7* âeÔ ã&Ö Ì{ËDÅYÉuå Ì ägÅYÉYTÔ ã&ÈÎ&Ï^ÅYп"` æ.RQ%Sg;<y(:nŠ"#Zy "#>-03
$
#02(:"\
8
#9:9:
U  $9)(:
# 
"#9:"#  ()
Ž()9:
# 03($(:"9)
()(" 0203\ " " >-b()9:"#Z=$02'
#&
Ž 
(:"#& 02(:8()"%9:
#(:(:"P0203" 02"79:! 
&';02(:'&'()" 0303>-
"Q
£  02(:0302$()i03"#!
#(:"()!&" 0202Z=
Trama PCM (125 µsec)
time−slot di 8 bit
9kj"n
!&03@9)!&
#$l "#­ <y
#œ02(:Ñ
803(: !&(:"#$&"L $
#"K&=•ƒN)’ ‘’7* ç&ÆpÈWÑ
12 16 32 1 2 16
ÕÌ ` èT. ép" Š­9)
!&
P 02 ›Cê 03"#(:Z=~&"#03Ñ
Flag inizio trama
02•ƒ”X‘I:]/§)é/GP•Q ¹ (:"#03B&™" 03
# !&02Ñ
Segnalazione CAS

D%03(:
D=80p&b9:!&
"f!&(:
Z="PÑ
SuperTrama 1 2 16 "#$02"\&Og$" ()
\  
\& › ¯
02(:803(:ï š ëU" 02(:"{()" 03%&$"
(2 msec)

9:
#Zy
#<y$
b"b$VX
()>T
#$W u "#<y>-
#$" š ,™9kj"&9:'

 0202
 "#u <=
W9:
#" <=Ñ
"#$02$*X° šIì 03"#(:Z=
#.p"UV/
() 9)

Ž$ 9:()
 
(:"#03Zy
Že >-
Ž&"#02(:b 02"  
*/y!&(:
#.Q £ Z=" 
9)03‰8y(:L9)
!&"#  Z=L() $03$' =  ›'ê 03"#(:Z=4í*Ù80>îÃ03"#(:Z=

íÏÙ¯¯y¯\9)!&
#$ï îƒ " 9)
 G
ð ê ¯ Ó Ù=¯¯¯80!&" (K " 9)
P$&
&ay!&" (K" 03
Ž
#03Zy
-e  " "Ž9)p 
(:V/"#(: 9:"19:
#"BB•ÃN:’&‘ ’ ß!àTá  ’ ñòá@è”/•Q £ i&(:03i&" i02(:O&" Z="\"  "#("\Z=" 9)"\
03"  &"#'!&" (:
P
&79)!&
#$B" 03
-&
#  i"° î0Ù¯¯Ï ¯ ð?° êCóõô " 9 Q
SRy!&(:
f02" ÑX 
0&" 03(:9:
#$02"#$"f$L9:
#;$<=$()>T
#"F&y80 "#! ()"D$<=$="-P9kjÑ
03G  ç9ã&NÈ ö@*è’&[H$”XI:N)’7.X 9kj"%j5
 9:
#!
&$ 9:(:"79:()9:027&' 9:()
 
e 7>T
% "#
03()U 02"  QSœ&03&&' " <=$=>-
"L9)
03"#$02'" W° š ì 03"#(:Z=
L "#Zy
#
"#  "#(:"% 02 
!&¥‡02(:"-! "#(%!
#03"#(()!&!&(:"P " 03(:"030302™ › ¯\02(:803() š`Ql²Šb 02803
b9kj"5
#9:9)
~()(:!&(:"#Ñ
"#Zy()"Ž° š ì 03"#(:Z=
&° š 02(:"Ž 9:9)"  Zy"T$!&" (¿()9:
# 02($(:"$b 030302$()\&" 020 § ¤ º™I)N^]
•ƒN)’ ‘’B*/&W° š íّð@° ê Ù802.'9kj$"(:!&! ()" " 035"LV/
()>-
#& 030302& 03()803(: */& !
#" &

9:
# Î$& Ó 8>0 îƒ9)$½" îà ! "#(03()./"9:j$"% '(:! "#03"%
#<yu° š í ° ê'ó ð ê ¯¯¯ ô " 9 Q
SR5"#V/V/"P0203=$"#$° š ì 03" ÑX 
0p "#L02(:L 

f! ()" "P03y03()$
-P
#03()"Dy80$&y " <=$>TÂ
#Ñ
"()" 02Z=7
 0302
%&"#$02(:803(:9kj"80œ" 9)"  (: 9:(:
#>->Ty>T
#$"&"  !&" (RÑ
03()*/
 Žo ÷œ’#m™./y" 02(:"K"¿V/
#(:>-
=& "#<=$>
#"¿ 
#$
K(:!&"#0303"! ¥Zy
#02"¿$"#Ñ
-Zø bü™û í Ã÷#ò ^üFìò)ðˆ ø  ûò
ñ Ûü Ãí$ø !÷ ‚ ÿTþ^þIÿ M;)‚)ký—ò d÷ Sø#í-îûFó ^üyîïdó ùwü  Rü : ó  ûü™
ñ ÃíR÷&ìí7ò k÷#óRðfíœìEò ú Eÿ Mf) ŠW ŠW$û,),+=õ
ì2òXîïûò ÷TûóFì2ü 4‚)4)ҊW ŠW$'û½),+=õwò (÷ ^ø#
ò  ü  û í ^÷#ü
÷ c2dü mWdü  ò )"í  ó­ì2ò-úòôjû 
-.ü0/=îíRö:÷#ü ôí [ 14ý›ò/îñò ^ü™ò yîïø#ó÷#óRðfíìü  [þ ýý )í-ì ò ÿ
4 9ˆaò 2÷ Sø#ü)÷Tûó ó ^üyõwü÷ c2€ò 06m>û ^üyîðˆíRûû í ^Ní ô;í $&J†N) Š0QjQZŠ
ì2íRö ôò-ò ðfñø /îòõîïòTò ÷ :ò ü:÷ ó™òyþ ÿ M;)—Wþ )úò ÷#,ü ^òìíREò  ò : í Ûòì2ò Sø ü:÷#ûò cc2ü c2ò óR÷#í 
- D ?îïò ö:÷#ò
^üFñ-ò ¿
ñ ^óRñ ^ò üðfí÷#û* í  Š $') ÿ~õkíœò f÷ Sø íTîû5ó ^üyîïdó 6#ü­ò 7îíR÷ îófìòPò ÷&ì2€ò :òXì2ø#ü ^íYø#÷#üîû Ãø#ûûø ^üPõ ìü
^ò íRðˆñ-ò ^ í …'^óR÷fò -ðfíTîwîü)ö)ö:ò ó™ò  ÷ U— ó ^ðˆüûò :
ó 
Y 

// ÷
#ö:ø ^ü!mlðfóTîïû^üûó­ø#÷%í-îíRðˆñ-ò ó-õ)ò ÷|^ø#òyò'Ãüðfñòôó ' & & &
÷#ò Dìò´k îïó ^ö:íR÷#ûò™îïò&ü ûí ^÷#ü)÷#óDü|U—ó Ãðfü^í¿ø#÷ ü ' Sorgente S1
% &%
s11
&%
s12
&%
s13

û^üðˆ9ü ™üûóf06 í÷#í" ò ÷#ûí W:ü€ óLûíRðfñó ^ü íLû^ü1ìø#í Sorgente S2 s21 s22 s23

^üðˆñ-ò óR÷#ò/õ÷#í  ü5û^ü)ðfüOì2í :óR÷#óíTîwîí Ãí‘^ó  ó ^üûòûø û
ûò&ö  ò  úò û ˆÃüðfñ-ò óR÷ íŽì2 í  |í k î ó Ãö)í÷#ûò/ õ  Vü U^ í Sø íR÷  ' & sN1
& sN2
& sN3
c2ü%úò ÷#ü ^òÚüý—òô÷5úò û ïî í ÃóR÷&ì2E ó 9^óRðˆ
ñ  íTî3îïò :ü\îü 0%ñ-ü Ãò7ü
Sorgente SN

 ]  ý ^üðfñò óR÷#!ò ïî"í ^óR÷&ì2"ó ïî"ó ^ö:íR÷#ûEí $# k ýƒî ó Ãö)í÷#ûò  & &% & & &% &
#  ý—úò û ˆÃüðfñòôó÷#Eí 
Campioni s11 s21 sN1 s12 s22 sN2
multiplati

Yï\ë gPíTìòTü÷ 76#í  ü¿î í c2ò óR÷#(í 9*) 9

ò ùúò ûì"í Ca.-0//ò ÷#û í W:ü ÛóFîïóR÷#ó™ò ÷ U—üûûòò ÷&îïø U1

^ò íR÷#ûò-ü%^óTì2ò!
^ü^íNôóFîïûüûó­ì2íRò2)`$û^ò úø#ûü,^òìò-ø#÷#üYû^üðfü9
Yˆ-,+O '
3C•–C•5476‘—J˜98l˜o— 4 ™;:=< ˜ :=: ˜?>$@6 š'ó

ACBDFEGHDIDFBJDFKMLGHN.EONPB2Q5B2RSLTGUNVLNPWUE"GHXSXSGHN.DFYZBG Z GU[MEOKMB
AY2GHNPNIWUNPYZYN.YC\PGU]YCWH[MG?R2\ j G^ZB
[M[MGHXSX_Y`B2[MZTW

A e YC[ V WHN.Q5B
]YCWU[aGDFKMACAWbDIEOB2EOWZGHY \PB2[aB2ACYcLTWUEON.Ged
d2GHN.Wb\.B2KaDIB
N.GbAB5c\PB2ZKaEBfZGHAACBJACY[cGHB dQ

q½Jg xªqqhg £ BiLTB2NPEYC\.WHAB
N.YCE ‰ ZTY^YC[MDFGUNPYNPGjAGjYC[ V WUNPQ5B2]?YWH[MYkZY^DFGUXS[aB2ACB2]FYCWU[aGlB
DIDFYGHQ5GmB

n KaGUACAGbYC[ V WUNPQ5B2EY Z GLNPGU[aZG;YCA [aWUQ5GZTYo I^m[$’&é/’#¨y”XG [IpL§)§:GUq”/’&•ƒ’\’ éNàˆ’ [’&é Gr ËpÒ² R Í(s­ÈpÐlЈÌ~ã
ÈpÖÖÅuÍpÏwÈ$Î&ÌpÉ ÖWÏ öYÐlÈNã&Ï2Ðeöut RGUZ j BvWHN.YCXSYC[MGwZTB2ACABvDFWUDFEYCEOKM]YCWU[aGhZGHY9LNPGU\PGeZGH[MEOYu\.WHAACGUX_B2Q5GH[MEOY
B2[aB2A`WHXSYC\.Yc\.WH[ n KaGUACAY[aKMQ5GUNPYC\.YCR2\PWU[aDIGHN Z B2[MZTWU[aGB2AC\.Ka[ G^LB2NPEOY\PWUACB2NPYE ‰ DFENPKMEOE"KMNPB2ACY Q
Ò EOEKaB2AQxGU[MEOG?R9ACByN.GHEGxEGHAG V We[aY\PBzG Z WUA Z G{YC[ Z GH\.G Z GHN.DFW5Ka[MBxo I^m[$’&é/’#¨y”XG [IU’ àF’&[’ éXÏ I àˆG ]
‘s¤=[$I r ˈˈ² R ËDÅuՎÕÅYÐ |Ë s­ÈpÐlÐFNÌ ãg²™WÏ öYЈ~È ã&ÏweÐ öut R9\ j Gw[aWU[mLNPG Z GeZGwEOYQ5G Ñ DFACWUE}NPYDFGUN Z B2EOY9LGHN
YCA\PWU[MEONIWHAACW?RQ5BzZYCDIEON.YCd2KaYDF\.G n KMGUDFEGwYC[ V WUNPQ5B2]?YCWU[MYENPB2Q5YCEG~KM[MBvNPGUEOG{LB2NPB2ACACGUACBvB n KMGHAAByZTY
\PWUQ5KM[aY\PB2]?YWH[MGhEON.BzKaEGH[MEOY Q%S [ n KaGUDFEWw\PB2DIW?RGUDFYDFEOGxB
[M\ j GhKM[mWHN.X_B2[MWhZTY9\.WH[MEON.WHAACWw\PGU[MEON.B
AG
ZGHAACB;NPGUE"G}\ j GkN.YC\PG Z G?R
GUACB2d
WUNPB€GUZfY[ Z YCBEOKMEEOG^ACG}YC[ V WUNPQ5B2]?YWH[MY
ZTYTDIGHXS[aB2ACB2]Y`WH[MG?R
N.GH[MZGH[MZTWb\PW Ñ
D Î LWHDIDFYd
YACG|AB^ZYCDILTWU[MYCd2YCACY`E ‰ ZTY2DIGHN Z Y]?Y2\PWUQ5G}YCA2ENPB2D V GHN.YCQ5GH[MEOWbZTY
\ j YCB2Q5B2EOB2RAB;\PWU[ Z GUNPDIB
]YCWU[aG
BJEON.G?RTA e B Z=Z YDFWZTY \ j YCB2Q5B
EB QÂQ—Q—Q

g7t^„v|~r„t^‚y‚Pz$‚=t^r„xbsYtuvx&„€|PzaÃx
S [z‚aXSKMNPBhDIWH[MW€Q5WHDIEON.B
EY=YMZTY Z GUNPDIY(DFEB
EY(B
EEON.B Z GHN Ñ
DIW7\.KaYSZTG Z G†G Z WUA Z GHN.G|YCA_ZYCDILWHDIYCEOY Z W7ZYSDIYC[M\PN.WH[MYC]]?B_]YCW Ñ „ Acceso
[MGkLNPYCQ5BZTYGU[MEON.B
N.Gb[MGHAACWkDIEOB2EOW^ZY ã&ÅYÍM‡ r ’#mym’ [M:q ”X’ t
GUZˆY[aY]?Y`B2NPG5B‰LWHEGHN~ACGUXSX_GUNPGvGxDIQ5YCDIEOB2NPG5YŠ\PWU[MEOGU[aKMEOY „ Acquis. ƒ Sinc. sul bit
… sinc.
ZGHY(ZY Z GHN.DFY=EYCQ5G Ñ DIACWHE Q´¡ \.\PWUNPNIG?Ra[MGUACA e WHN.ZTY[aG?R B2\ n KMY`DFY Ñ di bit

NPGLTN.YCQ5B~YCAaDFY[a\.NPWU[aYDFDIQ5W;DFKMA d2YCER n KMYC[ ZTY n KaGUACACWDIKaA Ñ ƒ Sinc. di trama

… s.Acquis.
ACBlEONPB2Q5B2R}GHZ‹YC[M‚a[MG n KaGUACAWyNPGUACB2EOY Z WŒB
AACBmDIKaLGUNPEONIB Ñ di trama

Q5B QyS [{WHXS[aY2DIEOB2EOWbLTWUYCRSGUDFYDFEGbACB€LTWUDFDIYCd2YCACYE ‰ r V WUNPEOKM[MB Ñ „ ƒ Sinc. supertrama

EOB2Q5GU[aEGJN.GHQ5WeEB t ZYLGHN.Z GHN.GhYCADIYC[M\PN.WH[MYCDIQ5WJGU‡ Z cOY[ Ñ … s.Acquis.
di supert.
ZYCGUEONPGUXSX_YCB2N.G d rŽAYC[MGHG7EON.B
EEOGeXSX_YB_EOG t [aGUA_ZYCB2X_N.B
Q5Q5BbZTY
DIEOB2EOW?RLGHN.ZTGU[aZW;ACG^\PWUQ5Ka[MYC\.B2]?YCWU[MYYC[x\PWUNPDFW Q LOCK

׭؈¾lØÛÙ ÀÂÁ¿âjÃã"ĈâßÅ~ã
Æ7äGÇ5v-ãä5Ý=ÞÆ7ä5ß Çx‘sÇCÃÇ{’âÇ=ãEÆYÝyÞÆ7ä5ß šRš

æ GHAACBˆEON.B2Q5B âYË(ä RuEKMEOEOYVY › ¯ \PB2[MB
AY0DIWH[MWz\PB2Q5LYCWH[MB2EOY$\PWU[aXSYCKM[aEB2QxGU[MEOG?R$GzLYC“   KaDIDIY0B ê
ä d2YCELWUDFDIWe[aWBJACWUNPW Z WUACEB~GHDIDFGUNIGc Q5GHDIDFYMB2DFDIYCGUQ5G d YC[vQ5WUZTB2ACYE ‰Žè”X•”X[$•ÃI:N)é/I:’&˜PIH rŽLNPGe[MZGH[MZTW
KM[hd
YE=B
AACB Z WUACEB€ZB;WHXS[aY2ENPYCd2KMEOB2NPYW t ZB;B
LLWHDIYCEY2ZYCDILWHDIYCEOY Z Y s ‘ ¤=é/•Ã” ºWé/’&•ƒG#N:” rŽW ÕeÔ ãPÎ&•Ï ”;ã&(Ì –ÌpÆ R
W Õ0 Ô –MtkQbS Š
A .
\ H
W C
A 
A H
G S
X 2
B 5
Q H
G M
[ O
E 5
W T
L K h 
L P
N G Z H
G
Z U
G P
N 5
G T
L 
Y l
“ 
Z C
Y I
D T
L U
W F
D 
Y O
E Y Z EEOY N:” ºWI:•Ã”/•ÃG~N)”FN)” mI:[I:N)’ •Ã”/˜~” R9\ j G
Š
Y 
Z H
G
WUACEON.G‰B2Z—B2Q5LTAYC‚c\.B2NPG˜YA†DFGUX_[MB2ACG?R|ACWOc LTKMACYDF\.WH[MW d ZTB2A†NPKMQ5WUNPGŒB
\.\PKMQ5KaA`B2EOWR|ZGU\PWeZYC‚M\PB2[cZW˜Y
ZB
EYcYC[xYC[MX_N.GHDIDFWLGHN†LWHYaX_GU[MGHN.B
N.G^GU™ Ñ [aW Z W^YAcDIGHXS[aB2ACG^[MKaQ5GUNPY\PW Q

šS›œ Hž.UŸ   ¡P¢?Ÿ£›¤¥ ¦U§H¨© ª1¢?«?¬*  ­?

1 2 3 4 1 2 3
1 1 ®°¯ ± › ¯°²"³
2
3
MUX DEMUX 2
3
´ ±°¯ ³ › ²°²°³ ³ › ´Žµ ±
4 4 ²°³°¯ ®"² › ®°¶°³ ®°± › · ¶°³
Ripetitori
´Žµ ±°¯ ´ ® µ?› ±"¶°² ´ ® ´°› ¯ · ±
rigenerativi · ¶°³°¯ ¸°¶°¸ › ´ ²°³ ¸°±°² › ±°³°³

Y.Y\b  ü ^ö:óRðfíR÷ ûóŽì2C ò Sø#íTîïûóFñ-ü ^ü)ö Ãü U—ó­÷#óRu

÷ :Vü ÃóR÷ U—ø&îï(ó ÃóRÏ
÷  ‘ü $ „&*) „W„) Eÿ ,Š­üyîò
÷ W^óR÷ üLý Sø í ôüUîïûü ^û ôîûóRñLðˆó 
îû>^üûüüÿ$9 9 ¹9—õ76#íìí-î>W^ò:íLø#÷#üðfóTì2ü ò ûBìò)û½) $'ŠDò ÷U—ó"^ðfüc2ò óR÷#ò7÷#ø#ðfí"^ò06#íE‡OSø#ò'ò ÷:í ^íbîò7û^üûûü1ì2ò
&*ƒ) †~ $'\Šõ3óTî3îïò  ü ^óRðˆ2í &´Š Š \ŠF$
„W„,) Š&5Špñò T^óRðfø ÷#ò ^ü c2òôó÷#ò 
šCš Ô ™‘Õ ˜
—9>9º|>l3C•sÔ ™<ŽÕ ˜>0@ ™;< 60@_—9>l6ª— 4 ™;:=< ˜ :=: ˜?>$@6—8b6(˜Š8 ™ —F˜

S A9LNPWUd2ACGUQ5By\PWU[ n KMGHDIEOW{Q5WUZTWxZTY9LNPWU\IGHZGUNPG Š \ j G{Y9DIYC[MX_WUACYuEON.YCd2KaEB2NPYuLTWUDFDIWe[aW{NPB2X_YWH[MG Z WUA Ñ

Q5GU[aEG^B Z GUNPGWUNPYCXSYC[MG^ZTBJ\PGU[MEONPB2ACY ZTY V/V GUNPGU[MEOYCRWUX_[MKM[cW\PWU[5KM[xLTN.WHLNPYWWUNPWUACWUX_YWYC[MZTYLTGU[aZGU[aEG?R
G n KaY[cZTYACG Z GHAWH\.YCE ‰ LTWUDFDIWH[MWhGUDFDIGeNPGhACYG Z GHQ5GU[aEGhZTY V/V GHNPGe[MEYA e Kc[MB5ZB2ACA e B2ACENPB šRç RLTKMN;GHDIDFGU[MZTW
Q5WUACEOW5DFYQ5YCACY QbS [ n KMGHDIEOW{\.B
DIWxDIY9ZYC\PG5\ j GxAByNPGUEOGvWULTGUNPBŒYC[lQ5WHZW ºWé/I)§:”/eG q)N:G#[$G RŠWHDIDFYBv» ¤y’&§:”
YCDIWH\.NPWU[aW;rQ5Bf[MWU[{ZGHAaEOKMEOEW tRQ
S [˜EOB2d2GHAACBhN.YCLWHN.E°YB
Q5WACBwXSGHN.B
N.\ j YCB ˈˈS ¹¹ šê RaDFGU\PWe[MZTWfACB n KMB
A`GJB
Z5GHDIGHQ5LYCW Ó   KaDIDFY(ZB
ê ä d
LDwDFWU[aWvQ5KMACEYCLTAB2EOY0Y[—KM[MWxZB Ùnä d î DIGH\e¼;[MWHEYCB2Q5Wx\ j GzDFGUd2d
GU[aGvDIYCB2[aW5EOGUWHNIY\PB2Q5GH[MEOG
DIK V ‚M\.YCGH[MEY Ù°?½ ê ä d î DIGH\¾R7YC[—NPGUB
AE ‰ YCA ä KaAEOYCLACGU™_GUN~[aG5LTN.WHZ KM\.G5ZY0LYC“¿r Ù ÓCÓ Ù2tQ Á KaGUDIEOWvB Z=Ñ
Z YCGH[MGhLNPWULTNIYW~LGUNLTGUNPQ5GUEOE"GUNPGwABzEON.B
DIQ5YCDIDFYWH[MGhZTYuDIGHXS[aB2ACY[MWH[m[MGH\.GHDIDFB2N.YCB2Q5GH[MEOGwDIYC[M\PN.WH[MYCR
Q5GUZTYB
[MEOG^ACBJEOGU\P[MYC\.BfZGUATÀ ”/• o •,¤»Áœ[=m š"Ë Q

 t^€~7 g €¾ÃŠÄœÅ „¡ Ë WH[MDFYZTGUNPYB
Q5W ê ENPYd
KMEOB2N.YY\.KaYd2YCE Z GH[MXSWH[MWfY[aDIGUNPYCEYB2ACEGHN.[aB2EY Z BSQ5GH[MEOG

YC[xKa[MBfEONPB2Q5BJZTB Ó
d YE î \.B2[aB2ACG a YCAcDFGU\PWU[aZW;NPYDFKMACEBACYG Z GHQ5GU[MEOGLTY“xAGH[MEOW Q
S LTN.YCQ5Y ›f¯Æ › d
YE Z GU[MX_WU[aWbEON.B
DIQ5GHDIDFY\.W Ñ
Ê É Ï Ï Î Î Q5KM[ n K G?R
Q5GU[aENPGkYA Ó ì LK h GUDFDIGHN.GbENPB2DFQ5GUD Ñ
2 1 SÍ 2 S1 CÍ 2 C1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1
EDCBA
È Ç Ë Ê Ì É DIWhWhQ5GH[MW?RBvDIGH\.WH[MZTBzDIGhYENPYd
KMEOB2N.YACWhB2d Ñ
Ñ Ò MUX
d2YCB2[cWyLN.WH[MEOWÓ â GHNwWUEOEGH[MGUNFG n KMGHDIEOWzN.YCDIKaA Ñ
2 S E D1 0 RC QB P A
T S R QP Ð Trama
EB
EW?R=Yd2YCE}Ô GxÔ ¸ rŽZY\.WH[MEON.WeACACW W t Z B
AX_WU[MW ¯
WULTLKaN.G ° B~DFGU\PWe[MZTB~DIG;A e Y[cEOGUN Z B2ACACW;DIGHXSKMGH[MEOG€rOÕ G~Õ ¸ t \PWU[MEOGU[a· XSBhKa[vZB2EOW Z B
AYCZW^WULTLKMNPG€DIYCB
Bit di stuff

DIWHACW;KM[5d
YEZY DIEOK V/V R\PYCW ŠZ KaWUEOW?RYC[ n KaB2[cEW;YCAaEONPYd2· KaEB
N.YCW^\PWUNFN.YCDILTWU[MZTGU[aEG Š LYC“vAGH[MEOWN.YCDFLGUEOE"W

B2ACACB Z GHAWH\.YCE ‰ [MWUQ5YC[MB
A`G
Ó Ê \P\.W|LTGUNP\ jo AG Z GUACWU\PYE ‰ ZGHAACG|XSGHN.B
N.\ j YG}DIKaLGHN.YCWUNPY2DFWU[MW}B
d2d_WU[aZB2[aEYO¼
LGHNWHDILTYEOB2NPGJYd2YCEVZTY=\.WH[MEON.WeACACWRM[MGH\.GHDIDFB2NPYB{XSGHDIEOYNPG~EON.YCd2KaEB2NPY=[MWH[‰DFY[a\.NPWU[aY]?]B
EY•Ó0Ö°AQ5GHEWHZ W
YCAACKcDIEON.B
EWfLGUNPQ5GeEOEGfY[yNPY\PGU]?YWH[MGZY=G VXV GUE°EKMB
N.GYCA ×MØ §)•½¤ »Ž Á [=m R GfNPYCWUEOEGe[aGUNPGJY   KaDIDFY(WUNPYX_YC[MB2NPYÓ
æ GHAACB5NPGUB
AE ‰ ACG~Y[ V WHN.Q5B
]YCWU[aY=ZY\PWU[aENPWUACACWhDIWH[MW~Q5WHAEOWhNPYZTWU[MZTB2EOGR=LGUNP\ j$o DIGJDI\PB2Q5d2YCB2DFDIYCQ5W
KM[xd2YCEuZTYaDFEK V/V LGUN†KM[MWbd2KMWH[MWbrW Z Y\PG Z GUNPDIB t RTZYCDIEON.KaXSX_GUNPGUQ5Q5W;B2[a\ j GACBfDFENPKMEOE"KMNPBJZTY EON.B
Q5B
ZGHAaEON.YCd2KaEB
N.YCW^\ j G j BDIKMd
YEOW^A e GUNPN.WHN.GTÓ

׭؈¾l؀¾ Üuãä5Ý=ÞÆ7ä¿ã
ÅJÅ'ßÅ=ã
Æ7äGÇnÈuã7‘ Ç'ÃÇ

² G{EKaEEOYŠY9[MWHZYŠZGHAACByN.GHEGxWULTGUNIB
DIDFGUNPWxB
AACBzDIEOGUDFDIB Z GHAWH\.YCE ‰ RŠ[MWH[jDIKaDIDFYDFEGHN.GHd2d2GHN.WxLNPWUd
AGHQ5Y
[MGHAACBjQ5KMACEYCLACB_]YCWU[aG‰ZTY|LYC“ÙEON.YCd2KaEB
N.YOÓ æ GHA}\PB2DFWŒYC[Ú\.KaY}ACBjDIYC[M\PN.WH[MYC]]?B2]FYCWU[aG‰EON.B—[MWUZTY|DIYCB
\PWUQ5LACGHEB2Q5GH[MEOGbB V ‚aZB
EB;B2ZKa[hWUNPWUACWUX_YWkZY
\.GH[MENPB2ACG}ZYTGHAG Z B
EB;LTN.GH\.YCDIYCWU[aG?R2DFY Z GHN.YC‚M\PB€YA
\.B2DFW
ZY V Ka[M]?YWH[MB_Q5GU[aEW º™é Ø §:” ÛeqPÜ.Û M [ Û R\ j G Š n KMGUACACWLNPGUDF\.NFYEOEW^LGUN†AG^\.GH[MENFB2ACYc\ j G;Y[aEGHN.\PWU[a[MGUEOE"WU[aW
ACG^NPGUEOYaZYZTKMGZTY Z GUNPDIGb[MB2]?YCWU[MYCRSW^ZTY ZTKMGbZY Z GUNPDIYcWHLGUNFB2EWHN.YcZTY EOGUACGU\PWUQ5Ka[MYC\.B
]YCWU[MYOÓ ä B n KMGHDIEOB
[MWH[ Š A e Kc[MYC\.BJDFWUACKM]?YCWU[MG
Ó
… [MBˆB
AEOGUNP[MB
EY Z B Š ABŒDIYC[M\PN.WH[MYC]]?BS]?YCWU[MG ‘s¤=•½¤=’ EON.Bˆ\PGU[aENPB2ACYCR7YC[¿\PKMY$WUXS[aKM[MB˜ZY n KMGHDIEOG
GUQ5GHEEOGvZTB2EOY0YC[jKMDF\.YCEByB
ZˆKM[aB V NPG n KMGU[a]ByLB
N.YŠB2ACACBzQ5GUZTYB˜ZGHAACG V NPG n KMGU[a]G{ZGHY$ZTB2EOY9Y[lY[ Ñ
XSNPGUDFDIW
Ó Ò LB
N.EOG V GH[MWUQ5GH[MY†EON.B
[MDFYEOWUNPY†ZKaN.B2[aEGyY n KMB_ACY7ABmNPGUEOG Š DFWUX_XSGHEEOBjB2Z—WUDF\.YCAACB2]?Y`WU[aY
ZY Z GUACWH\.YCE ‰ R†NPGUACB2EOY Z YVB
AA e Y`[MDIGHN.YCQ5GH[MEWyWHZ—B2ACABˆZTYDFB2EOEY Z B
]Y`WH[MGyZYV\.GH[MENPB2ACYˆOc EWHLWeACWUX_Y\PB2Q5GH[MEOG
YCQ5LWUNPEOB2[MEOY d R7YA$Q5GUEOWUZW V KM[a]YCWU[MB‰N.B
XSYCWU[aG Z WHACQ5GU[MEOGyd2GH[MG
Ó … [MBŒDIGH\.We[aZBˆDFWUACKM]?YWH[MG Š KM[aB
DIYC[M\PNPWU[MYC]?]B2]FYCWU[aGˆZY}NPGUE"GŒZY}EYCLW m Ø Ü: ’ ÜPq¼$” qPÛ YC[Ý\PKMY}AGŒ\.GH[MEON.B
AY}N.YC\PG Z WH[MWmYC[ V WUNPQ5B2]?YWH[MY|ZY
DIYC[M\PNPWU[MYCDFQ5W5ZB‰DIWHXSX_GUEOEY­c LYC“¿YCQ5LWHNPEB2[aEY d R0\.WHQ5GvLGHNh\.WH[M‚aXSKMNPB2]FYCWU[aY á@’ §)• Ø Ü^] o é/’&˜ ØhYC[—\PKMY
YCA ä B
DIEOGUN Š KM[MB‰\.GH[MEON.B2ACGzB2ZˆGUACG Z B2EOBˆLNPGU\IYCDFYWH[MG?R$WUZjKa[¿NPY V GUNFYQ5GH[MEOWvY[—\.WHQ5KM[aGv\.WHQ5GzB2Z
GUDFGUQ5LTYW^KM[5DFB2EOGUACACYEOG^YC[5WHN.d
YEOBJEOGUNPN.GeDFENPG
Ó
Y÷­óTî ^ò üûó ^í ^óR÷ˆñ ^í ^ò/îïòôóR÷ ílì2òø#÷#üWñ-ü ^ûí­îølðfò òôó÷#í-õ^ñ ^óTì2ø ^íø ÷ ^ò ópò ÷­ñ-òlóòô÷­ðfíR÷ óóRö:÷#òOxOÞß ‡Ãüyì$ø#÷#ü
Yˆh  >   ~       T 0
:í ó ^ò ûü ìò ú)ñîÃõ ^ò ™í )ø#ò )ü íüYø#÷ˆñüòôólìò-úò û=ò ÷ˆñ-ò ˆó-ìò ÷ˆðfíR÷ óuóRö:÷ òîïí ^óR÷ ìó

    ?¹dý W 
S    
Pÿ Pÿ ÿ ÿ #ÿ
Yˆ‹ L
&*)  à2L E½„ƒ\) “_á"Ҋ,W,$'\) E,$W† EƒN $;⽊ Š\†'‰
) N ø#íTîïûóuó ^ö:ü÷#ò/îðˆóu÷ óR÷DíTîò/îïûíYñòOTíTì
Š Š,Sâ,Š ŠW+ $"†‰;) Š"”IÑ
ó ^ü íR÷#ûíFì2òîûü÷ ìü :ìò 2ü 2ò óR÷#í #üœ÷ óRðfí
 % , cc c R6 2=CãEAMä㠔
™ü
Y.Ð  4ŒUãHk å æFãEA PVç W) Š&;†N)Š"”
 3C•–C•5476‘—J˜98l˜o— 4 ™;:=< ˜ :=: ˜?>$@6 š
è

» ƒzž €kt^vlg7€kr'|~x ² YEON.B
EEOBzZYuKa[ˆB2\P\.WHN.X_YQxGU[MEOW š Ý YZTWU[aGUWwB2ZOcOB2DFDIWHN.d
YNPG do  KMEOEKMB
]Y`WH[MYuZTGUACACB

Z GHACWU\PYE ‰ ZYcENPB2DFQ5YCDIDIYCWH[MG?RT\PWUQ5G^B2ZhGHDIGHQ5LYCW[MGHA \PB2DFWZGHACABfDIYC[M\PN.WH[MYC]]?BS]?YCWU[MGbQ5KMEOKMB=Ó
ʈe NPGUB2ACYC]]?BSEOWJQ5GHZYCB2[aEG€KM[yd2B
[M\PW€ZY=Q5GUQ5WHN.YCBwrZTY=ZY Ñ
ë5ìUíaîIïCðUíaìxñTò2ó.ïuò2ô‰õMíMòzöOó.ò
ë5ò2÷Žø9óPïìHë5ñïCöOð5ùŽú.ïCú,ûïCú.ò
ë5ìUíaöìH÷
Write Addr W Data In
ú.ðHí—ûCì5ñTò2óPðUûCìxùŽü^ðHó.ôT÷†ôTìUûŠýMõaîIîFðxþ
ïíMò_óPïðxïCílïCíMÿ_ó.ìHîIîFð?ø0ò2
û
û ò SìHûðHúPïö   ôT ï

õMìUîF ö  õaûöOïë5ð?ø0õaöïCû
ï ?ò2íMôTð5ïCû$ñTõMíMöOò2öO ð
é fê ó. ì ˜ú aìîFïMïCíMúPó.ìHë5ìUíaöò kò2ñTñõMíaöðò _ìUûCðUúPïC ö !"~øcì
W
úMìJöOðUóPíMòxò2ûC#û  ïCíM
ï ?ïðôìHûûCòxëxìUë5ðUóPïCòxõaíM$ ò _ðUûCöò{óPò2ÿSÿ_ïõaícöð
Read Addr R Data Out
ï& û %ŽðHíMô(ð '*)í îIìHú.ðHíMôð‰ñõaíMöò
öðHó.+ ì -,-./SïCìUíaì‰õaöïCûC#ï ?0 ò
öð‰ñìHó5ûCìUÿ_ÿSìHó.ì‰ûòjë5ìUë5ðHóPïò2ø|ò2ûCû` ò _ìUûCðUúPïö 132ÚóPïC4ú aïìHîIöOò2ø
fR ì€ñóPìUûC ì _ò2ó.ìïMôTò2öOïMôòwïC í Sï`ò
ó.ì€ïCízõMîFú.ïCö- ò 5aîF6
ì  2 6 ì " îIðHíMð
ô
ï %7%ŽìHó.ìeíaöïC ø --,-.z8ì -9xñóPïCë5ò^ð|ñðHï2îFïSîF ð _ó.ò2ñTñðeíaÿSðHíMð?ø
úPò2õMîFò2íMôTð^ûCòfñTìUóPôïCöòJðûòóPïñTìUöOï#?ïðHíMìôTï õaíMòïíaöìHó.òföóPò2ë5ò2ø
ìíaõMûCû`òJñ
ï : ; '

<=?>@=A< BDC-E(E(FHGIGIJLKMJE(C0GINOFHPFIQRJ3SHNOC

T ðHó.íaïò
ë5ð7ðHó.ò;õMífïîFöóPõMöOö
ï Sð†ìUîIìHë5ñïCð|ôïSú.
ï U†ú Mì|ò
ú.úPò2ôTW ì VMX4Y[Z!\ ]_^a`bXc\edfhgigi^_jVkjbìUîFîIìUóFì†ó.ïCõMîFú.
ï

öOïTò;ñò2óPûò
ó.ì|ñTìUó$öOìUûCì %ŽðeíMð|úPðUíl
2õaò2û`úPõMíMð('m^õMò
íMôð|îFï2îFðUûCûì"Sò;ûCò;ú.ðHó.íaìUö"öOò2ø_ð"SìHó.ðkîFïbno_\d_pcY[\0qr?ø
SïCìHíMì€4 ú aïõaîIð€õMízïCíMöOìUóPóPõMööOðeóPìfïCíMöOìUóPíMð€ò2ûaöìHû"ì % ðUíað? ø %Žò2úPìUíaôðîIúPðUóPó.ìeóPìõMíMòJú.ðHó.óIìHíMöOìfíaìU- ï s tMûCï
úMìwÿSïCõMícÿ_ðUíMð taíMðhòvúPò2îFò2øìhûCòvú.ìHíMöOó.ò
û ì n4Ya\p4pcjuX9ogôìUûCûCòzíMðUîFöOó.òzïCíMöOìU í ?ïCðUíMìJôïuöOìUûC ì %ŽðUíaò2óP(ì '
v ïúPðUíMîFìUÿ_õMìU_ í ò
ø SìUíaÿSðHíMw ð Y[ZxVkgo_d\fhg}#ù y(-9z0-.u÷aôìHûûCì^óPïCîIðHó.îFìôìHûûCòfúPìHíMöóPò2ûCì?øTìHô {bñóPìUíMðHö"ò2öOð
õMí~öOïCë5 ì ŽîIûCðUöõaîIúPìUíMöOì?øSò2ûCûòôTïîFñðHíMïCþ2ïCûï`ö €ôìH0 û
2õMò
ûì7ú.ðHóIó.ïCîFñðUíaôì}õMíJîIìUÿ_íMò
û| ì fhj d_jw^Yp4gcd_f}X4\~[gHø
úMì;úPH ï _ïìHíMìïC í _ïCòSöOð;ñìHó|ïC í Sï`öOò2óPú.ïaòJú.ðHë5ñðHóIóPìïûcíMõaë5ìUóP(ð '  îIìUÿ_õMïCöð^ôìHûûCòJóPïúP ì ?ïCðUíMì;ôTìUû íM õ
ë5ìUóPð?ø
ûò€úPìUíMöOó.ò
û& ì ^Y€j"X4Yo_Y7d_g}úPðUïC í _ðUûCÿSì}ïCûTó.ìHîIöOð^ôTìUûCûò€óPìUöOìUøSïCë5ñìUÿ_íMò
í ôTðbóPïCîIðUóPîFì^ôìHûûCò€îIöOìUîFîIò
ø
ìUôlïCíMôT#ï _ïôTõMò_íMôT‚ ð
2õMò
û`ï7íMðHôï7ò
ööOóP(ò SìHó.îFò2óPìyñìHóhÿSïCõMíMÿ_ìUóPìzòˆôTìUîIöOïCíM0 ò ?ïCðUíMìz[ù %Žò2îFìzô@ ï Y[ncfhX4\^\eƒ
Z!g4dfhj_øŠïCí—ïCíMÿ_ûìHîIl ì -„I…@9†|‡9ˆ÷ 'l)íM ò SðUûCöOòŒúPðUíMöOò2öOöò
öò‰ûòyúPìUíMöOóIò
ûì{ôïŠôìHîIöOïCíM0 ò ?ïðHíMì?a
ø

õMìUîFöOò
ñóP ð bSìHôì‰ ò %Žò2ó$Šî

õMïCû`ûò
ó.ìkïCûTöìHû"ì % ðUíaðbú aïò
ë5ò2öð?øSìHôhïC í Sï`ò
ó.ìkïCíMôïCìUöOóPð^õMíwîFìUÿSíaò2ûCì}ô3ï ‹xY[doŒ|\pŽ
ú Mì~ñTó.ðHôõMúPì~ñTó.ìHîîIðfïûú MïCò2ë5ò_íMöOì~õM
 í fhj dj^Y~7Y[‘0g4XcjwùðHññTõMó.ìJõMíŒîFìUÿ_íMò2ûCìô ï Œ`n9’aø(íMìUûúPò2îIð
ú MìïCûc4ú aïò
ë5òSöOðîFïòfÿS
ï fïCë5ñìHÿSíaò2öOð^ïCí5ò2ûCöOó.òJúPðU_
 í SìHó.îF0ò ?ïðHíMìUˆ÷ '
“u”4•—–˜™–šR›œ “HžŸŽ• 0¡?• ¢"• šRœ £cœ3›œ “HžŸ•Ž¤(œ ¥}› • šuž “u”4•—–˜™– ›¦

§9¨3© ª4«3¬ © ­ ® ¯i° ±3¨²ªc³ ­ ® ªc´"¬ «3©"µ
¬ ³3ªc±

¶· ³3ªc³i´"¬}«Š±3ªc¸¹Aº ¶ » ¬ ¼½°"³3¼½¸©@¾|¿

ÀH³3¯a°"³²ª4± ­ » ¬ «ŠÁc¬ ±3¼½¸© ­ ® ¼½¸¹ ©"´ ©"¯a±3ª4¸³ ® ª4´ ¬ «3©"µ
¬ ³3ªc±
¬ Â}ª4Ãc¯a±Š¹ ³ ´"¬9«3³3ªŽªc±Š¼½¼½¬ ³3ªc± ±i¬ ¯a°"±3¨²ªc³a¹?¬ ¼½³3¹?¼½± ´"¬9«3Á4¬ © ¯I© ¸©w­ §9Ã4³3ªc©

§}Ãc³3ªc©@ ¬ Ä ±3¹ ³ ¶ ÀH³3ªcŗ±3¹A¯i© ¶ » ¬ ªc¨²Ä ©"«ŠÆ ¶Ç» ¬ ¼½°ºȁ¬ Ä ±Š¹ ³

¶ ÀH³3ªcªŽ±3¸¸± ¶ ÀH³3ªcªŽ±3¸¸± ¶ ÀH³3ªcªŽ±3¸¸± ¶ » ¬ ¼½°"³3ªc´"±

É © ¹? © ¶ËÊ © ª4¸Ì±Šªc¬ ¯a±Šªc¸³8­ É ©"¹A ©

Í ¸¸© «Š«3© ­Î§9ψ¬ ªc«Š³3 ³Ð­ » ¬  © ¼½«Š¬ ³a¹?¬ ¼½³3¹A¼Ñ±Ç­ ¾W«3«ŠÃc°"©"¸Ì³*­ Í ¸¸© «Š«3©

ÒÔÓ½Õ(ֈ×#×#ÖØ9ÙÚÌÛ&ÖˆÜ ×#Ö²ÝcÛ&ÙÞ4Ùß ß àÌܲáMÖÚÌÙbâÔ×#àAã9á3ä

Ò?å}æ á²ââ
àÌÙÛ&áIç3ÖÜeâ
ÙØ9Ö&è àRÙcé4ÖØWØ}ÖÙÚÌàß ß Ù×#áàÌÚRç3ê"Ü ×#Ù×#áØ9ÖaÛ8Ö²èˆàÌÙÜ ×#ÖIê Üwã9áÜ ×#Ùc×#áØ9ÖiëcàÜ ÙØ9àÌáiãhì ÖwâÔàRàÌÜ ã9Ø9ÖÛ8ÖÜ ×#Ù|ã9áÜ
íˆîïhíˆð(ñ äò$óuô
õ²ök÷ÑáØ9Ü"à7âÔã9ÖHÚÌø àÌÜè àØ}àAß ß áàÌÜ@ã9ê àuâÔã9Ø9àÌé4ÖØ9Ö_àbèˆÙc×#à4àÌÜ@àÜ"ÞcØ}Ö²ââÔá3ù7Û&ÖÜ ×
Ø9Ökúiö4ûHüIýê ÖÚÌÚÌá_çŠÖØ0àbèˆÙc×#àcàÌÜaêâ
ã9àÌ×#Ù ä
ÒÔþ½ÿ Ü ÷ÑÙ×#×#àbàÌÚ_â
àÌÜ ã9Ø}áÜ à[â½Û&áLèˆàb×#Ø9ÙÛ8ٙécàÌÖÜ"Öaç3Ø}Ö²â
ÖØ}écÙc×#á
3àÌÜ áÚÌ×#Ø9Ö@ÚÌø Öé4ÖÜ ×#á è àâÔáé4Ø9ÙçŠç3á3â
àÌß àáˆÜ Ö è ÖàçŠê Ü ×
Ù×#áØ9àbç3ê
Ö²ââ
ÖØ9ÖkØ}àÚÌÖé4Ù×#áŠùÖ|â
ÖÞ4Ü ÙcځÙ×#áMÙà(èˆà[â
çŠá²âÔàA×#àÌécà(è àeè ÖÛ&ê"ځ×#àÌçŠÚÙß àÌáÜ Ö3ùàÌÜ&Û8á²èˆáMã}ì"Ök×#ÖÜ Þ4ÙÜ ákã9áˆÜ ×#á8èˆÖÚÌÚÌø ÖØ9Ø9áØ}֐ãhì Ö|â
à3Öø
é4ÖØ9à ã9Ùc×#á3ä
½ àÌÜiàÌÜ Þ4ÚAÖ²âÔÖiâÔà"èˆàÌã9րÙÜè ÙØ9Ö
   e
 ù[ã9áÜiØ}à÷ÑֈØ9àÌÛ&ÖÜ ×#áâÔ×#áØ9àÌã9áHÙÚÌÚAø ê Ü ã9àÌÜ ákâ
êiã9ê àŽØ9àÌçŠáØ9Ø9րÚÌÙ-ã9áØ}Ü Ö×#×#Ùbùhç3Ø}Ö²â
ÖÜ"×#Ö
 Üè Ùà3ç3Ø}àÛ8à²Û8á²èˆÖˆÚÚÌà0èˆà3×#ÖÚÌÖ÷ÑáÜ"á#ÙiÛ&ÙÜ"áé4ÖځÚÌÙä
 !#"%$%&'$)(*+-,.!
$0/',.10/2"%$)13"456,.75656#$8/91;:<1=>:0?"

@BADCEFHG?IKJL MDINCO2CQPRGTSUINVXWHGEDFHY#ZJKC[VXA\C2LUYEDP]SUCJKY^VXYTE\YTCL_LUGSU`QY?YTJNGTL_GEDE\YP]PRY?CJaL_GJNJNY`QCb

O2YE\PRGcINEDVPRCA\SUCPRG#Z!L_M\Y2YEDPRS_CdIKEeADE\GfVXP]CPRG[FgI%O2CEDP]YEDINO2YEDPRG#Z!Y[L M\Y2WgYSUO2CEDYchDEDL M\icA\EDC
FgYJKJNY-FHADY-WHCS_PRIEDGE2CPRP]CL_L_C6jk3lA\YVPRGWHADEDP]G#ZgJNC^L_YEDP]SUCJKYBJKGLUCJKYBIKE\mINC^CJNJnCTS_YP]YADE2VY`QEDCJKY
FgIpoUqsrut\vUwxuwZQL M\Y'WgS_GFADL_Y'INJS_IKJNCVLUING'FgYJKJNY'S_IKVGS_VXYyINO2WgY`QEDCPRY'YF9ADETP]GEDGzFHIGL_LUA\WgCPRGzCJNJN{ CQJNPRS_G
P]YS_O2IKE\CJNYj
|BSUC}
INYBC~lADYVXP]GB]S_CLUL_GpEDP]INEDG€
CInCO2G<YmQIKFHYE\}
INCP]Gg‚

ƒ…„ † C S_INJKYmCE\}
CdFgYJKJNY2INED‡ˆGSUO2C}#INGEDI>FHI!o_‰‹ŠDtDŒHxuŒrŽwtD‰?EDYJKJNY2L_GO2A\EDINLUC}
InGEDI0PRS_CO2INPRY[ADE\C

SUYPRY

ƒ… HJ L_CS_CP]PRYSUY'oU‰‹ŠD‘2‰_tD’ŽŒgxˆ‰“FgYJNJNCVXY`EDCJKC}
InGEDY#ZL_M\Y<CmmQIKYEDY'C”JNIKmQYJNJKG'FHYJNJKYzVIKE\`GJKYzYEDP]IKP]•

L_M\Y–VXI8C‡ˆ‡uCLUL_IKCEDG˜—ˆCF+YVYO2WgING#Z“JNY˜FHADY˜L_YE\PRSXCJKI0WgYSUIN‡ˆYS_IKL MDY™VmGJK`QGE\G˜IKEšPRCE\FgYO›A\E
LUGJKJNGlADING–FgI“P]IKWHGœŸžy Ž¡_¢ ¤£X¥U¦§ ¨ ©ªD«s Ž¡ §p¬ ¤­Xª®£ LUGE¶I=SUINVXWHYP]PRINmQI“RINEDP]YS_JKGLUA\PRGSXIK€‚
¯
­#ª®°\£_±
²2§ ³ žy ¤¥R´g­¥U¦§ µ
JK{ CWHWgCS_YL_L MDING-FgI·ADEcADP]YE\PRY-FHC^A\E2JNCPRG<Y-JNC~S_YP]YFgCJKJN{ CJNP]SUGH

ƒ JKC†EDYL_YVVXINP]•…FgI0FgINVXWHGS_SUY–FHI8VPRS_CP]Y`QIKY2WgYSTFgYP]YS_O2INEDCS_Y˜INJ8WHYS_LUGpS_VG˜L MDY˜JNC†L MDINCO2CPRC

FgYmQY?VXY`A\IKS_YTCJNJN{ IKE\PRYSUE\GTFgYJKJNC2S_YP7YT—¸rut\oU’Ž¹UŒHºDŒg‘2‰_tD’ŽwQ»ˆZINEDP]IKO2COcYEDPRYTJKY`CP]GTC[LUGO2Y?JKC
SUYPRY…¼dVPRS_ADP]PRA\SUCP]C)—N’Žw ½wx¤w¾ŠDrˆŒ\»ˆZzYF¿C)LUGO2Y†VGE\G.CVVXY`E\CP]I=I'EDADO2YSUI“P]YJNY‡ˆGEDINLUI'C`QJKI
ADP]YEDP]I·—NrˆtDº\ru¹_rÀŒH‘2‰XtD’ŽwQ»7

ƒ JKC<EDYL_YVVXINP]•FgIFHIKVWgGSUS_YZsWgSUYVXVGzIE\GFHIFgYJNJKC-S_YP]Y'L MDY'FgYmGEDG'YVXVYS_YzCPRP]S_CmQYS_VXCP]IFHCJNJKC

LUGO2ADEDINL_C}
INGE\Y#ZQFgIHGWgWgGSXP]ADEDYz‡ˆADED}#InGEDCJNIKP]•FgIv_w‘2‘+ÁQ’¤Œrˆwt\‰#ZCJKJNG'VXL_GWHGBFHIHSUYCJNIK}#}
CQS_Y
JKC~VXYSUINY-FgI·L_GJNJKY`CO2YEDP]I·WgSUYmINVXP]I\INEc‡uCVXY-FHIINVPRS_CFgCO2YE\PRGH

„ < G VXL_CO2INGzFgI·O2YVVXC``QIHFgI·VXY`EDCJKCQ}#IKGEDY<WgSUYEDFHYBINJgEDGO2Y<FgI#½a¹_w’ŽwvXwxˆxuwpZHINEcmINSUP]Â[FHYJNJK{ GSUFHIKE\Y

VXL M\YO2CP]INLUGfL MDYfEDY?FHYh\EDINVXL_YcJNY?mQCSUINY?‡ˆCVIRj „ C–VXYlADYED}#C˜FgYI!O2YVVXC``QI!FgYJ!WgS_GPÃGLUGJNJKGfWgA\Ä
YVVXYSUYTSUCWHWgS_YVYEDP]CP]C2VIKC[EDYJKJNCf‡uGSUO2C[O2GVPRS_CP]C˜EDYJKJNCfPRCYJNJNCZ\VXINC[INE†‡ˆGSUO2C˜FHI6ADE†FHIKmQYS_VXG
FgINC`QSUCO2O2C^FgIPRS_CE\VXIN}
INGE\YsÅ#Æ>WHYS'G`E\I\]JKCPRG€>LUGIKE\mGJKP]GEDYJKJNC^L_GO2A\EDINLUC}
INGE\Y
ZHLUGO2Y¼YVYO2b
WgJNINhDL_CPRGfE\YJNJKC™hD`QA·SUCdL MDYcVXY`QADYj^ÇÈ{HFgC™EDGPRCSUYcL MDY2I%FHADYcCADP]GO[I!L MDY2FHYVLUS_IKmQGE\G2JNYfmCS_INY
‡ˆCVIFHYJNJKCcVXY`E\CJNC}#INGEDY~YmQGJNmGEDG^INE™O2GFHG^L_GE\`INADEDP]G#Z®YVXVYEDFHGTI6VXY`E\CJNI®FgI%Áo_vUrˆ’ŽŒ†FgYJKJN{ ADE\G
rˆtŠD¹_‰_oUo_r
FgYJKJN{ CJnP]SUGj

Ëaggancia
impegno Ð indicazione
Ésgancia Riposo
Ëattacca Riposo
Presenza
Ëaggancia Ëaggancia
No Rete ?
Ésilenzio
impegno
occupato
Î/occupato tono di
Ê risposta
centrale
Parla
Ïnon
Attende
Mante− Ò Occupato
Invia Ò OK
Rete
Êrisponde nimento

Êrisponde Ì Compone Êrisponde timeout

Í Attende occupato

Numero
tono di
centrale Í Attesa Ì Connessione
Richiesta
riceve
numero
Risposta
Êringback tono di
libero/occupato centrale
Ñ libero
Chiamante Centrale del chiamante
ÓÔ¤Õ_Ö×gظÙ!ÖÚ#ÛÜÃ݋Þ=ÙÚÖuظޓÜÈßRÖظà‹Ý‹Öá_âÃ݋âÈظ×ã_ÚÀÖ#Ùݤà¤äÖ#ÖØNâÃã_åÙÚÖßRÖÖåã_݋â
ØØNÜ7æç×ظà‹ÖèKÙQé
(*ê*24=1"·%:Bz"456,.75656#$8/91 ë

ì8íçî0íNï ð-ñò”ñóñô!õ#öe÷
õ=øùúù

û  Y JKJNC;h\`ADS_C)VXY`ADYEDP]Y…¼…S_IKWHGS_PRCPRC;ADEDC)WgGVXVIKIKJNY.P]GWHGJNGp`INC;FHI'SUYPÃY#ZBC)VXL_GWHG+WgA\SUCO2YEDP]Y
YVYO2WHJKINhDL_CP]INmG#Z6INE.lA\CE\PRG^lADYVXP]GT¼~ADE.YJKYO2YE\PRGTVA.L_ADIIaWHSUG`YPÃPRINVPRI`GFgGE\GTFgIO2CVVXINO2C
JNIKYS_PR•®j  J6E\GVPRS_G^YVXYO2WgING^VIS_IN‡uYSUINVXL_YTCF˜ADE\C?SUYPÃY9C[üfJNIKmQYJNJKINZIKE™L_ADI6I®P]YSXO2INEDCQJNI®FgI6ADP]YEDP]Y
L MDY-‡ˆCE\EDGyLUCWgGBCF?A\EDC~VPRYVXVC^L_YE\PRS_CJNY-JNGL_CJNYBFgI·JNIKmQYJNJNG<}#YS_G#ZgCL_LUYFgGEDG-CJKJNC”SUYPRYWHYS“O2Y}
}#G
FgI·ADEcLUGJNJKY`CO2YEDP]G-L MDY-O2A\JKP]INWgJNC~JNYBL_GO2A\EDINLUC}
INGE\I·WHSUGmYEDINYEDP]I\FHCJNJKC”VPRYVXVCTLUYEDP]SUCJKYj
ý=GO[Y˜mYFgS_YpO2G˜EDYJÈWHSUGVXVIKO2G–L_CWHIKP]GJNG#Z
INJQE\ADOfYS_G“FgIpL_GJNJKY`CO2YEDP]IpLUGEDP]YO2WHGpSUCEDYCb
Maglia Livello
O2YE\PRY.WgGVVXININJNI“¼…INED‡ˆYS_IKGSUY.CJ'EDADO2YSUG†FgI
2
P]YS_O2IKE\CJNIFHIA\PRYEDPRY#ZQYF”¼“FHIKO2YEDVIKGEDCP]G“CWgb þ Stella
WgJNINLUCEDFgG.I<O2YP]GFHIBFgYJNJKC¿P]YGSUINC FgYJBP]SUC‡uh\b
L_G;CJ-LUCVXG)IKE lA\YVPRINGE\Yj „ Y)LUYEDP]SUCJKIJNGb þ Stella 1
L_CJNI0VGE\G2L_GEDE\YVVXYfŒ+oU’Ž‰_xuxˆŒšC†lADYJKJnY2FgI>JKINb


mYJNJKG ZQL M\YyVGE\GzlADINEDFHICP]PRS_CmYS_VCPRYyFgC`JNI ÿ0
INEDVXP]S_CFgCO2YEDP]I·SUYJKCPRINmI·CJNJNY-LUGO2ADE\IKL_C}#InGEDI
P]SUCADP]YE\PRI`YG`QSUCh\LUCO2YE\PRY'mQIKL_IKE\IKZO2C-L_GEDb

Terminali di utente
EDYVXVI'CšL_YEDP]SUCJKI'JNGL_CJNI'FgINmYSUVYj 6Y#ZyCJ'L_GE\PRS_CS_IKG#Z<FgADY†ADP]YE\PRI'VGEDG.LUGEDEDYVXVI'CJNJKCeVXP]YVVXC
L_YEDP]SUCJKYBFgI·JKINmYJNJKG<}
YSUG#ZgJN{ InEDVPRS_CFgCO2YE\PRG-E\GE[YVXL_Y-FHCJNJKC9LUYEDP]SUCJKYBJKGLUCJKYj


„ Y2L_YEDPRS_CJNI0FgI0JKINmYJKJNG VGEDG2C.JNGS_G˜mGJKP]C.L_GE\EDYVVXY2C.VXP]YJKJNC†C†lADYJKJNY[FgI>JKINmYJNJKG[üZ>L MDY
`YVXP]INVXL_GEDGfINJ
P]SUC‡uh\LUGfC˜JNINmYJKJNGTEDC}
InGEDCJNYHCJKL_ADEDY^FgIalADYVXP]YfWgGINZL_GE\VXYE\PRGpE\GTFgI
IKE\VXP]SUCFgCS_Y
CE\L_M\Y?I!L_GJNJKY`CO2YEDP]I!mQYS_VXGcCJNPRS_Y?S_YP]I%—uCF.YVsj-FgI!CJKP]S_YcE\C}INGEDI
GF†GWHYS_CP]GpSUIN»7j „ Y?L_YEDP]SUCJKI
 FgI'ü ~JNINmYJKJnG†VXGEDGdLUGEDEDYVXVY.P]SUC;JKGSUGdC…‘2ŒŠDxˆrˆŒL_GO2WHJKYPRC)—  
 INE INED`QJNYVXY»yIKE¶O2GFgG.FHC
L_GEDVYE\PRINSUY~INEDVXP]SUCFgCO2YEDP]I®CJNP]YS_EDCP]IKmQIDCE\L MDY9EDYJ®L_CVG~INE™LUA\I®ADE™LUGJKJNY`CO2YEDP]G~P]S_C[L_YEDP]S_CJNI
mCFgC9‡uA\GS_I\VYS_mIN}
INGj

ì8íçî0í #úXøö!÷“ö ù zúQñ

kE\L_M\Y~WHYSylA\YVPRG~CS_`GO2YEDP]G#Z®‡ˆGS_EDINCO2G”VXGJNG^ADE\C?FgYh\EDIN}
INGE\Y”O2GJNPRG~VXGO2O2CS_IKCfFgI®P]S_Y^WgGVXb
VXININJNIHVXP]SUCPRYp`QIKYH‚

 ! #G "9rÀŠ%$D’'&ˆ’($D¹_wgÁŠ)$†—ˆFgC?YVXP]SUYpO2GCFcYVPRS_YO2G-w~FgS_INPRP]G”WgYSzFHSUINPRP]Gp»7‚JNCTVLUYJKP]CfFgYJ

WgYS_LXGSUVG–¼–Y‡ˆ‡ˆYP]PÃADCP]C.FHCJNJKCdLUYEDP]SUCJKY–FHIÈGSUIN`INEDY#Z8CF+YVYO2WgING–INEšCVXY˜CJ8WHSUYhDVVXG–GF
CJNJK{ InEDIN}#IKG?FHYJ>EDA\O2YS_G
Z!ADP]IKJNIn}#}
CEDFgGfFHYJNJKY^’ŽŒ+ * ‰_xˆxu‰9ºDr>¹UwHÁ’¤rˆtŠšVPRCPRINL MDYj~ÇÈ{HJKC–O2GFgCJKINPR•
FgYJNJN{ INEDIN}ING-FgYJKJNC9PRYJKY‡uGpE\IKCZIKE[LUADIgI·L_GO2O2ADP]CP]GS_I\YSUCEDG-YJKYPRP]SUGsO2YL_LUCE\IKL_INZYFfI·LUGJKJNY`QCb
O2YEDP]ImQYS_VXGzCJNP]SUY“L_YE\PRSXCJKIQYSUCE\GÈvUŒ, * xˆŒg’Žr_j.^- C-JN{ YEDGSUO2Y'VmCEDP]C``sING'L MDY'IL_CO2IKCQO2YE\PRI
CJNJKCP]GWHGJNG`QIKC”FgYJKJNCS_YPÃYzVXIFgYmQGE\GyS_I0D / YP]P]YpSUYzINEcL_CO2InCO2YEDPRIHFHIP]ADP]PRYyJKYyP]CYJKJNY'—ˆG<FHYI
O2GS_VXYPÃPRI21 »Ã

3547698;:=<?>@:BA'47698 GDCFBE t%&BG5HH v D$ ŒHtŠD‰y—uP]SUCPRPÃC?WHYSyP]SUCP]P]C?w^VXL_YJNP]C[FHCJNJKC?L_YE\PRS_CJNY»7‚®G`QEDIDL_YE\PRS_CJNY

FgYL_INFgY?INE.CA\PRGEDGO2IKCcFgGmYTINEDVPRS_CFHCS_YT—uINE.A\VXL_IKP]C»
JNYTLUGEDE\YVVXINGE\IaYEDP]SUCE\PRINZ6INE†CVY^C
VXADYzP]CYJNJKYzFHIKEDCO2IKL M\Y
ZpGmmQYS_GBINED‡ˆGS_O2C}#IKGEDIL_M\Yy`QINADED`QGEDG“FgCJNJNC”S_YP]YBVP]YVXVC6j.6  IHCFHCP]b
PRCfCJNJNYO2GFgINhDL M\Y9FHYJNJKC?P]GWHGJNG`QIKCfO2C?EDGE–¼”C‡ˆhDFgCInJNY”CJ
JIILK Z·WHGP]YpEDFHG9CFcYVYO2WgING
WgS_GFgA\SUSXY<FgYIgxˆww¾½e—uJNY``I·L_IKS_LUGJKI·mIN}#IKGVXIN»7

M#NPO)QR47TSLUFUWV 0— X=w‘2‘2wtYXZ$DŒgt\tD‰_x\[!rŠDt\ŒgxˆrutQŠZ8VY`E\CJNC}#InGEDY˜CeL_CE\CJnY–L_GO2A\EDY»7‚”JKY–FHYL_IKb

VXINGE\IDVXA\JKJN{ INEDVXP]S_CFgCO2YE\PRG”VXGEDG”FgYO2CE\FgCP]YCFcA\EDCTS_YPÃYFHI®VXY`EDCJKCQ}#IKGEDYWHCS_CJNJKYJKCTYF
IKE\FgINWgYE\FgYEDP]Y[FHC†lA\YJNJNCdFHYJ>P]SUC‡ˆhDL_G2VO2CJNP]IKP]G#Z>Y[L M\Y2L_GJNJKY`CdPRA\PRP]Y2JNYcLUYEDPRS_CJNI>CF.ADE
]I !#"%$%&'$)(*+-,.!
$0/',.10/2"%$)13"456,.75656#$8/91;:<1=>:0?"

ADEDINLUG˜GS_`CE\G–FgI8LUGEDPRS_GpJNJKG2—uINJ>v_Œgt\Œgxˆ‰fvUw‘+ÁtD‰X»ˆZ=INJÈlADCJNY˜FHYP]YSXO2INEDC†JK{ INEVPRS_CFHCO2YEDP]G

IKE†CVY^CJKJNCfVXADC[LUGEDGVXL_YpED}#C[FgYJNJKG~VXP]CP]G?FgYJaP]SUC‡uh\LUGTE\YJNJNC2SUYPRY#ZY^LUGO2ADEDINL_C2LUGEDP]YO2b
WgGS_CE\YCO[YEDP]Y?C2P]ADP]PRY?JNY^L_YE\PRSCJNIL_GINEDmQGJNPRY^EDYJNJN{ IKE·VXP]S_CFgCO2YEDP]G#ZaLUGO2Y?LUGEDhD`QADS_CS_Y^I
WgS_GWgSIGSU`QCEDIgFHIL_GO2O2A\PRC}#INGEDY<WgYS'SUYCJNIN}
}#CS_Y-INJL_GJNJNY`QCO2YE\PRGBSUINL MDINYVXP]Gj

ì8íçî0í 0^ _?ñ`bazúQö@csõ#ñ~ù
 JKJNADVPRS_YS_YO2G”GSUC?CJNL_ADEDYBCS_L_M\IKP]YP]PÃADS_YFgI\FgINVXWHGVXINP]IKmQI\L MDY”L_GEDVYE\PRGEDG”JNCTLUGVXINFgFHYpPRP]C~vUw‘2‘+Á .&
’ŽŒrˆwtD‰ÈºDr·vUrˆ¹_vÁrˆ’ŽwQZL MDYBS_CWHWgS_YVYEDP]C^JNCLUS_YpC}#INGEDYzFHIHADEfLUGJKJNY`QCO2YEDP]G'o_’¤Œ rˆxˆ‰zP]SUC9FgADYyWHGS_PÃY ,*
\d $
FgYJ!L_GO2O2ADP]CP]GS_YZaL_GE+A\Edru‘9½‰Š\tDwB½‰U¹_‘2ŒgtD‰_tD’Ž‰^FgI®¹Urˆo_wp¹_o_‰ >o_ruv \‰~WgYS”PRA\PRP]C–JKC2FgADS_CP]C–FgYJ
e $
L_GJNJKY`CO2YEDP]Gj 9ED{ CJnPRS_C^O2GFgCJNINPR•9FgIgLUGO2O2ADP]C}#IKGEDY#ZlADYJKJnC9FgI#½Œgv_v D‰X’Ž’¤wpZVCS_•~INJNJKA·VXP]S_CPRC~CJ
ý=CWgINPRGJKG  j

f?g h?gji+gjk l S,T4?Onmo47p)4'qr47)6@Ssmo4?qrtoO%u.47

6GEDG†L_M\IKCO2CP]I“LUGVwvz`JNI'GS_`CE\I'FgI'LUGO2O2ADP]C}#IKGEDYdL_M\Y.S_YCJKIN}
}#CE\G™ADEL_GJNJNY`QCO2YE\PRG†hDVIKL_G
—ˆYJNYP]PÃS_IKL_G»ÈPRS_CdADEDGfFgY`JNIZx INED`QSUYVXVI%YF…ADEDC–FHYJNJKYzy A\VXL_IKP]Yj û YJ0L_CVG2INEeLUA\I{x |} y Z%JKC
S_YP]Y9¼”A\EcvUwtDv_‰Ut\’¤¹_Œg’Žw¹X‰ÃÅ< ~ ZgO2YEDP]SUY”VYx€y JKC^SUYPRY”¼ADE2YVWgCE\VXGSUYVYxƒ‚„y JNCTSUYPRY9¼
lA\CFgS_CP]C~YztDwt… * xˆwvUv_ŒtD’Ž‰j
J ®L_GO2O2A\PRCPRGSUY~¼”SUCWgWgS_YVYpEDP]CP]G”FgCfADE–JNGL_L_G~L_GEdADEDC^‡B
† €8—ˆIKE™INED`QJnYVY”v_¹UwoUoXZ®GF2INEDL_S_Gb
L_IKG»uZ·YWHADÄYVXVYS_Y”WgYE\VXCPRC?L_GO2YA\EDC^O2CPRS_IKL_Y”INECSUINCTINE˜L_ADI\G`E\I\YJNYO[YEDP]G”—
G I »6S_CWHWgSUYb
VXYEDP]C[JNG^VP]CPRG~—ˆL_M\IKA\VXG~GF–CWgYSUP]G»!FgI6ADEdIKE\PRYSUS_ADP]PRGSXY^—ˆS_YCJKIN}
}#CP]G~CF˜YVXYO2WgING^O2YFgINCEDP]Y^A\E
P]SUCE\VXINVXP]GS_»®L M\Y-LUGJNJKY`CTA\EDC”JKINEDYC^FgI·INED`S_YVVXG<CFTADEDC9FgI·ADVLUINPRC®j
ˆ
YCJNIn}
}#CS_YÈINE9lADYVXP]G=O2GFgG=A\EDCzSUYPRY=EDGE9JKGLUb
L_CE\PRYTWHSUYmYFgY?JN{ ADVXG9FgIADE†EDADO2YSUG~FgIINEDP]YS_SUADP]b
P]GSI8WHCS_IÈCF ‰x‹Š.y
Z8FHYI=lADCQJKI0VXGJNG ŒLŽF‘‡xn’y”“
VGE\G~A\PRINJNIK}#}CP]IKZCE\L_M\Y”EDYJNJNY”LUGEDFgIN}#IKGEDIDFHI®O2CVXb
VINO2G[L_CS_IKL_Gj  EDGJNP]SUY#Z>E\YVVXADE+INEDP]YS_SUA\PRP]GpS_Y[WHADÄ
YVXVYSXY=RYJKINO2INEDCQPRG€6VXYED}#CBWgS_YLUJKA\FgYSUY“INS_SUINO2YFHIKCb
INJNO2YEDP]YzJKC”WHGVVXININJKINP]•”FHIgLUGJKJNY`QCS_Y<lADCJnA\EDlADYzIKE\`S_YVVXGyC”lADCJnADEDlAYyADVLUINP]C6j#k-JKJNGzVXL_GWHGBFHI
ADP]INJKIN}
}CSUY~ADEdEDADO2YSUG~SUINFgGPRPÃG~FgIINEDPRYS_SUADP]P]GS_IKZ6VINC[WHYS-L_GVPRSADINSUY~SUYPRIEDGE.JNGL_L_CEDP]I6GWgWHADS_Y
JNGL_L_CEDP]IL_GE[CVXVXC9WgS_GCINJNIKP]•~FHI·JKGL_LUG#ZgVIS_INLUGSUSXY<CJNJKYjjj

f?g h?gji+g • l S,T4?QR–9A( 47qr O)mo4'

n—
FgI
LUA\I
INE…hD`QADSUC[¼fSUINWgGSUP]CP]GfADE…YVYO2WHIKGfC 2VXP]CFgINZaINE…LUA\I
`JNI @x IKE\`SUYVXVI
VGE\GfSUINWgCS_P]IKP]I
VA
™˜ SUYPÃI0WgINšWgINL_LUGJKY–L_GE y
INED`QSUYVXVIKZ8Y˜JNY
›š
A\VXL_INPRY–VA S_YP]IÈL_GE A\VXL_IKP]Yj û YJÈO2Y}
}#G˜L_I
±
VXGEDG
œ ± ˜
SUYPÃIÈL_GE
±
ª
š
INED`QSUYVXVIÈYF
±
ž  ± ²
A\VXL_IKP]Yj 6I8WgADĖFHIKO2GVXP]S_CSUY™L MDY™JNC.S_YPÃY–L_GO[WgJNYVXVINmC+¼
 Ÿ Jº \¡ ¡ #B¢B» £ ¤¥?¦§J¨P¦ ©ªw«¬­¯7¼ ®°¨«±+²°³s­°´°²°³P«±µ­·¶ s¸
Ó à‹Ü7ޓâ=Ùpß%â
ظâÃÞ XÖÀÜ8×å<à‹âÃåèKݤÙÚÀÖåÜ .¢ ¶ r#¡ ¹

à‹ÜÃå “ßRâÃ݋Öá_ÙèKÖ ÖåèKâÃ݋åÖ #â 'ÚÖå
â7â

Bº ¼ ½ ʛB¾ ËTÌjÍ+Å(À ΛÏrÐ Î =¼ %¿+ÀrÁÃwÂ Ñ ÄJÅ7ÅÆÄ

â
ظèKâÃ݋åâ ØNâÈßR×âaÖåèKâÃ݋åÖ XÙ݋ÚÙå#Üaà‹ÜÃå'Ú â
ظèKâÃ݋åÜ R×å=èKâÃÝ RÜ
ÖåèKâÃ݋åÜà¤äâ
á_×ÜÃÚâÙåà¤äâ
Ú×Ö#×gظà‹Ö݋âèK݋ÜÃá_Ù0ÜÃà‹à¤× #ÙèNÜ#épÕUÖ

Èǐ=ɾ » oÖ
ßRÖÀà‹âÙUÚÀÚçÜÃ݋Ù>à¤äâ=Ø¸Ö á_âÃÝ¤Ö à‹ÙèKÙ%×åÙ!à‹ÜÃåHß7Ö RÖÀÜ7åâ
Ó R×åÙ!à‹ÜÃågßRÖ RÖÜÃåâ
sé
=¼ ·Ò (ΠӝӰÀ ÄJÔÆÎ ›Õ
DÙzØNà¤ÜÃåã_Ö×݋Ù݋â6ÖÚ ÚÜÃà‹à¤ÜÙåà¤äâ6åâÃÚÚÙ%à‹ÜÃågßRÖ 7ÖÜÃåâ r¼
Xé ÙÚâ6à‹Ö݋à‹Ü
ظèKÙå RٓØNÖ
á_âÃÝ‹Ö à‹Ù ×ÙågßRÜ
×× J¡ 7¼ ?Ø¢Æݛ¢Ù ¶ ¶ \\ÞßÚ;ÛWÛLÜÜ Ã¼¼
×åÙ%ޓÙèKݤÖÀà‹âÈßRâÃÚ #ݤÖÀÞ=ÜÈØNèKÙQßRÖÜ äÙ ™¡¡ )Î
r
èKâ7݋ޓÖåÙ RÖÜÃåÖ#ÜÃà‹à‹× #ÙèNâ

× Ã¼
×åÙ%ޓÙèKݤÖÀà‹âÈßRâÃÚ#èKâÃÝ RÜ=ظèKÙQß7Ö Ü äÙ
?Î w¦ r¼
èKâÃ݋ޓÖåÙ 7ÖÜÃåÖ
ÜÃà¤à‹× XÙèKâ
\¡
èKÙÚÖDèKâÃݤޓÖåÙ RÖÜÃåÖDåÜÃå.ظÜÃåÜBà‹ÜÃååâ#Ø]ظâBèK݋Ù9ÚÜÃÝ‹Ü ÙUå RÖDÚâBà‹Ü7ååâ
ØØNÖÜÃåÖ\ÙQØ]ظÜÃà‹ÖÙ èKâ-ÖÞ XâÃã_åÙåÜ<ÜÃã_å×åٔ×åÙ

5ÞßÛWÜáâÚãÛLÜ+áäÜØå…Ãޞ¼ áÚã=ÛÑ Ü ·Ù 2Ý
ßRÖÀá_âÃÝ_ظÙ%ޓÙUèK݋Öà‹âÖåèKâÃ݋Þ=â
ß7ÖÙ
×à \¡
ظÖ
ݤÖÀàŽäÖâ
ß7âÚÙ%à¤ÜÃååâ
ØØNÖÜÃåâ®èK݋Ù%Úâ×ÚèKÖޓâ8ßR×âèKâÃ݋Þ=ÖÀåÙ RÖÀÜÃåÖXÚÀÖ âÃݤâÈß7Ö Xâ
ÖÀåÈèKÜÃèKÙÚâÈØNÖ#ÖÞ XâÃã_åÙåÜ6ÙUÚÀÚÜÃ݋٠ޓÙèN݋Öà‹Ö
ÖåèNâÃ݋ޓâ
ßRÖâ#é
(*ê*24=1"·%:Bz"456,.75656#$8/91 ]

EDGE.JNGLUL_CEDP]Y?VYTIKJEDA\O2YS_GTFgIaO2CP]SUINL_I
FgYJKJNGTVPRCFgINGTINEDP]YS_O2YFgING?¼TCJKO2YEDG
—ˆLUGEDFgIN}#IKGEDY–FgI Zëì+í2
ïî že ± ª ²
Å X»7j 9EDC.LUGEDEDYVXVIKGEDY–FHCeVINEDINVXP]SUC…C.FgYVPÃS_C…MDC…GSUC+JNC+WgGVXVIKIKJNInPR•+FHI
œäæ äç éèê
VXL_Y`JNIKYSUYCPRP]SUCmYSUVG-lA\CJNY<O2CPRS_IKL_Y-INEDP]YS_O2YFHIKC~WgCVVXCSUYj
û YJ“L_CVG™FgI“S_YP]IzlADCQFgS_CP]Y†— (x ‚y»ˆZ'WHGEDYEDFHG ª ‚ ² ‚ñð ò œ Z“VI=GPRPÃINYE\Y–ADE E\ADO2Yb
S_G–LUGO2WgJNYVVXINmG–FHIÈINEDL_SUGLUI8WgCS_IÈCôóDõö ÷™xùøú xüûpZÈL M\Y–SUINVXA\JKP]C.INED‡ˆYS_INGS_Y–CF‰x œ —ˆY–FHADEDlADY
è
mCEDP]C``sINGVG-S_IKVWgYPRPÃGBCF?A\E[L_GO2O2A\PRCPRGSUYO2GEDGVPRCFgING»DC^WHCSUP]INSUY-FHCsx ÷Jó j
ý mmQIKCQO2YEDP]æ Y
Z!JKC–WHSUGJNYO2CPRINLUC
B

þ ÿ S_YJNCP]IKmQCBCJNJNY=O2CP]S_IKL_IFHIL_GO2O2ADP]Cb

1 1 1
1 1
r xm
n
nxr
2
r xr
1 3 2 }#IKGEDY”¼^O2GJKP]G9CS_PRINLUGJKCPRCZDL_GINEDmQGJNb
m
`YEDFHG=P]GWgGJNG`INY“WHIK”L_GO2WgJNYVXVYZsh\b
ÿ
2 2 2
1
nxr
2
r xr
1 3
r xm
2
1
JNGVGhDYBFgI\INEDVPRS_CFHCO2YEDP]G
ZHY-PRYLXEDINb
n m
L MDYcWgYS^JNC™VXP]IKO2C™FgYJKJNYcWgS_GCINJKINb
N = n r1 M = m r3 P]•9FHIHJNGL_LUG j

SUCJKCVXL_IKCOcGyADJNPRYSUINGb
uscite
ingressi S_I!CWHWgSUG‡ˆGpEDFgINO2YE\PRINZWgYS9IKJNJNAVPRS_Cb

ÿ
r1 r2 r3
1 1
S_Y2INEDmYLUY2LUGO2Y˜S_YCJNIN}
}#CS_Y˜FHIKVWgGb
nxr r xm
n 2
r xr
1 3 2
m
VXINP]IKmQI-FgI-L_GO2O2A\PRC}
INGEDY)WHYSdPRS_Cb
VXO[IKVVXINGE\I·E\ADO2YSUINL MDYyŒTºDrˆqprˆoUrˆwt\‰'ºDr\’¤‰_‘9½awj

f?g h?gji+g h UF%QRQR–9TOu.47)6@Ss69–9QRS,NP4O!O!mo47p)4'qr47)6@Ssmo42 S+QRt2

ý=GE\VXINFgYSUINCO2G?INJ!L_CVGfIKE+L_ADI!VI!FgYCE·GcL_GO[O2ADPRCSUY
›&
JNY~L_GO2A\EDINLUC}
InGEDI®CVVXGLUINCP]Y^CIDVXINED`QGJNI’Žru‘2‰ uo_xˆw’8WgS_YVYpEDP]I A
,/
INE?FgINmYS_VI DADVVXINÅÃÅ8EDADO[YS_IKL_IGS_`CEDIN}
}#CQPRIHINE?PRS_CO2Yj
kymQYEDb B
FgG?C2FgINVXWgGVXIN}#IKGEDYTVGJNCO2YEDP]YTADE\C2O2CP]SUINL_Y?FgI
L_GO2O2A\PRCb D C
}#IKGEDYyVXWgC}
INCQJKY#ZlA\YVPR{ ADJNPRINO2CWgA\Ä<YVXVYS_YBS_IKWHSUG`S_CO2O2CPRC
CJNJNC<VPRYVXVC-‡uS_YlADYED}#CBFgYIP]IKO2YbuVJNGP]ZpLUGEDVYE\PRYpE\FgG=CJKJNY=L_Gb
/
O2ADE\IKL_CQ}
INGE\IaYEDP]SUCEDPRIaFgIFgINSUIN`QYS_VXI
mQYS_VXG?I DA\VXVIaA\VXL_YE\PRI
?
INE2FgINS_Y}#IKGEDY-FHYJNJKYBSUINVXWHYPÃP]IKmQY-FHYVXP]INEDC}#INGEDIgh\EDCJNI‹j „ C~O2Cb A B D

P]SUINLUY=VXWgC}
INCQJKY#ZpWHYS_ÄZsEDGE9WgA\Ä=CJNP]YS_CS_Y=JN{ GSUFHIKE\Y=P]YO2WHGS_CJNY

FgYIFHCP]IINE2INED`QSUYVXVGg
WgYSUP]CEDP]G#ZgEDGE2WHADÄB—ˆCFTYVYO2WHIKG»6INEDb C

mINCS_Y-JNY-L_GEDmQYS_VXC}
INGE\
I  Y  VXADJNJNC~VPRYVXVC?JKINEDYC^ADVLUYEDP]Y#Z
)/
INEclADCE·P]GBVIgmYS_INhDLUC9ADEfL_GE \IKP]P]GBP]YO2WgGSUCJKYjHÇÈ{lADINE·FgIgYmINFgYE\PRY<JKC”E\YL_YVXVINPR•~FgIgIKE\PRS_GFHADS_SUY
ADE\GBVPRCFgINGBFgIv_w‘2‘+Á’ŽŒQrˆwtD‰“’¤‰_‘9½aw¹UŒHxu‰Hj

M#4ÈQRSzVA(%
›69 S+N 9O)6 )S+N
@BADYVXP]GBFHIKVWgGVXINPRINmG<¼BINEDFHIKL_CQPRG-L_GO2Y+
u’Žrˆ‘2‰=o_xˆw’®rut%&
’Ž‰U¹_v D$ ŒgtQŠD‰_¹ÈYFTMDC9JKC”‡ˆADED}#IKGEDYyFgIgWgS_GFA\SUS_YBINEfADVLUINPRC9ADE\C A B C D E

TSI B E C A D

VXYlA\YED}#C–FgI%FHCP]I%IKFHYEDP]INLUC™C–lA\YJNJKC–INE+INED`S_YVVXG#Z!PRS_CEDE\Y
WgYS“CmYSUE\Y-LUCO2INCP]G-JN{ GS_FgINEDYBP]YO[WgGpS_CJKYj

¼ ÃP¼ ¡
ØNèNâ
Ø]ظÙ%ÜÃ݋Öã_ÖåâÃæ¸ßRâ
ØNèKÖçåÙ RÖÜÃ
å â#é
J¦ áw¡ P¦
Ó¸Ó â0à¤ÜÃޓ×åÖà‹Ù 7ÖÜÃåÖ #݋â
ظâÃåèKÖQÖå<×åÜyØNèNâ
Ø]ظÜ×gØØ Ü _ÜÃá_á_âÃ݋Ü8Ù #Ù݋èNâÃåâÃåèKÖpÙUÚÀÚÙBØNèKâ
ØØNÙÈèK݋Ùޓ٠Uà¤ÜÃågßRÖÀá_ֈß7Ü7åÜ>ÚÙ
]ü !#"%$%&'$)(*+-,.!
$0/',.10/2"%$)13"456,.75656#$8/91;:<1=>:0?"

 E hD`A\SUC+¼™O2GVP]SUCP]GdADE WgGVXVIKIKJNY™VXL MDYO2C

Ingresso
A B C D E B E C A D H
F Uscita >
I u
‡ A\ED}#InGEDCO2YE\PRGH‚“ADEDC–P]SUCO2CdYEDP]SUCEDP]Y[mQIKYEDY
Data Data 
V U
L _
S N
I PRPÃCZC`JNIsIKE\FgINSUIN}}
IpGPRP]YpEDA\PRIsJNY`Q`YEDFgGÈVXYlADYEDb
}#INCJNO2YEDP]Y=JNCBP]CYJNJKC<FgIQVXL_CO2ING#ZpINE^A\E^A\‡u‡ˆYS!FgI
4
1  Address A
D D Contatore
O2YO2GS_INC™—ˆÇ=Vsj‚0YEDP]S_C ¯G oó™
Y?JKG?VLUS_INmG?CJ zWgGVXP]G#Z
ê
Ciclico
A Address
Tabella WHGI·YE\PRS_ C  Y<mC9CJ WgGVPRG#ZHYP]Ljç»7j !S_IKO2C9FgYJKJN{ INb
di scambio 3 C C Clock TSlot
5 E E \
E K
I #
} N
I -
G g
F ·
I D
A \
E ^
C D
E \
A 
G 
m ~
C R
P _
S 
C 2
O 
C g
Z N
I 
J 
 \
A ˆ
‡ u
‡ YS'¼-VLUCO2IKCb
2 B B P]GL_GE˜A\E2CJNPRS_G-A\`ADCQJNY#ZgY-lA\YJNJNGBCWHWgYEDC^VLUS_IKP]PÃG
Scambio buffer mQIKYEDY†JKYPRP]G…L_GE GSUFHIKE\Y.VYlA\YE\}
INCJnY…—ˆWgCSUP]YE\FgG
Clock TSlot a nuova trama
FHCJNJK{ CQJNPRG»uZÈWgYS?LUS_YCSUY–JNC.E\ADGmC.P]SUCO2C.INEšADVL_IKb
Zý
P]C6j <mmINCQO2YE\PRY#Z¼^WHGVVXININJNY^CE\L_M\Y^JNC[S_YCJKIN}#}
C}#InGEDYTGWgWgGVXPÃCZ®L_GE†VXL_SUINPRP]ADS_C˜VYlA\YED}#INCJNYTY
JNYP]PRA\SUCT]LUCVXA\CJNY€j

UF)QRQ–9 O)u.47)6@S ?< 47mo4ÈQS+69q™4È%69O)A'S ý=GVÃÈv L_GO2Y™ADE;LUGO2O2ADP]CP]GS_Y™VXWgC}
INCJNY2E\GE¿¼–VAD‡ˆhDb

L_IKYEDP]Y
ZQCEDL MDYÈADE!+
\]FgC-VGJNG€D¼“FgIQVLUCS_VC-ADP]IKJNInPR•ZpEDGE^WHGP]YEDFHG'INEDVXP]SUCFgCSUYÈJKY“L_GO2A\EDINLUC}
InGEDI
VXA[mINYBFHIKmQYS_VXYjýÈGO2INEDCE·FgG-CVXVIKYO2YBJNYBFHADYB‡ˆADE\}
INGE\InZHVIg`INADED`QY<C~SUYCJNIK}#}
CQS_Y-LUGO2O2ADP]CP]GS_I
VXINCfFgI®P]YO2WHG^L MDY9FgI®VWgC}
ING#Z\L_GO2Y~JNCcVPRS_ADP]PRA\SUCcCs? — VXP]CFgI6INE–hD`QADSUCZL_M\IKCO2CQPRCc"+
·€8WHYS_LMDi
CJNP]YS_EDC^A\EDGBVPRCFgINGBP]YO2WHGSXCJKY#ZADE\GBVXWHC}#IKCJnY-YF?ADEDG<PRYO2WgGSXCJNYj

1 2 3 .... n 1 2 3 ...j..... m
A A
TSI TSI
TSI TSI
TSI TSI
TSI TSI

1 2 3 ...j..... m 1 2 3 .... n
A A

#!$&%"')(*+$-,/.10')%2$436587:9;')<>=.17&,?%2$-,?3@517&*+(9A')BA<8.1*+7&C@$ED'A')<8%"7&C@F(B)B)'A%27G*+HI$GCJ(BK'')<L.8,?3@'K%"(
DI('MINO;DI'')<8PC@7&,?,/$RQTS UWVYXKZ\[/]_^`3@'KabDI7G%27C@*+'K<1(9cHI7GCdB)$+,?%2(DI')$R,?HI(ef')(Bg7:9h.8<1(-ijC@7&=.87&<1ef(
DI'k3J$G*+*+.8%"(ef')$G<87TH'KlL7GBK7GF(%2(mD7&B)BK(YinC@7&=.17&<1ef(mD7&'A%"')*+7&on,/B)$&%p')<L')<8PqCJ7G,/,?$rts!<8(mPq7&<17&C@'K3@(
3@$&<8Fq7&C@,/(ef')$&<17TuwvAxy3@5174$&3@3J.1HI(m')B`z:{|,/B)$&%pD7&BHIC@'K*+$T}1.8,?,/$TH.8aTC@(PqP').8<8P~7GCJ7-Xn(D7G,/7G*+HI')$&]
B)€ .1Bg%2')*+$E,/B)$&%DI7GBKB)€ .8B)%2')*b$t}8.8,?,/$:9;$G3@3J.8H(<8D$‚.1<8$-=.1(Bg,/')(,?'X)ƒf]DI7GPB)'„S…,/B)$&%!.1%2')BK')e:e/(%2';D(B
3@$&*+*+.8%"(%"$&C@7†,?HI(e:')(B)7r8vp.8*+7G<8%"(<‡DI$'KBFq(B)$&C@7dDI'ˆS‰91,/'C@')DI.83@7dB)(‰HIC@$&0(0')B)'K%"ŠbD'‹0B)$&3@3J$Œ')<
HI(CJ%"'K3@$GBK(C@7:9I=.87&,?%2(Q|<1.8B)BK(!,/7ySŽz:VT’‘_X)Z_“/]\r
vp<8(Bg'Ke:ef')(*+$E';F(<8%"(PPq'3J$G<8,?7&Pq.8')%2'`DI(B)B)(”3@$G*+*+.8%2(ef')$&<17‚<1.8*+7&C@')3J(”3J$G<.8<•,/7G*+HIB)')3J7
7&,?7&*+H'K$r–—$G<8'g(*+$DI'F$GBK7GC3J$G*+*+.8%"(C@7;3J$G<†B)$,/36587G*+(p'KB)B).˜,?%"CJ(%"$;™y}1.8,/,?'–cšA›œXn3J$G<bV4fž/]\^
'Ÿ™- ‰¡¢4£¥¤:¦¢T3@(<1(BK'ˆHIC@7&,?7<8%"'Ÿ,?$&<8$b3@$&*+*+.8%"(%"'Ÿ.8%"')BK')efe:(q<8DI$‰,?$&B)$b™- ‰™4£•¤f§4'K<1%27GCJC@.8%"%2$C@')9
3@$&<8%"CJ$b'A¤f¦¢T E¤:¦¢T£¨¤f™‹r ™¢¢4')<8%"7&C@CJ.1%2%"$&C/'ˆ<87G3J7G,/,?(C@' (DE.8<1(+*+(%"CJ')3@7‰,/HI(ef')(qBK7©*+$G<8$G,/%"(DI')$
36587y,?F$GBKPq(dB)(3@$&*+*+.1%2(ef')$&<17|DI7G' ¤:¦¢!3J(<1(Bg'‡(<1(Bg$&Pq'K3@' ª

«­¬6®¯@¯@°²±?³´\µ&¶K´:·@¸”¹pº°²µ&¶K´\»¯@±?¼½¼¾°¿­À_µ&À—¼²±q¿­Á°²±@¶K°f¯@Â&À_¶K°n·°²µAÀ_»@Ã2°²µ&´1ÄgÅÆÇÈÄÉ ¶K»±Ê@¼½°q¸„Ë
«ÌÍ@°GÁÀ\µ&ÎÈ»À_µG¶K°GÏ?ÂG´f¿)¶KÀ»°j¿­Â&¼w¶K±J¶KÀ—ÁÀ_µ¼²± ÁÀ_µÃ\°²Ð2°½À\µ&´Ã2°Ñ~¼½Àf¿·"ÎÈÀ\»µ&°²¶K±Ÿ±?¼ÒÓq˾Ô?ËÖÕ?Ë ×qË
(*(*9!
1=/9:B:Ø6 ]—
Ù`ÚÙ ÛÝÜRÜRÞ`ßTàRáfâá

ì8íçì0í)ã a oc  J 
ä zó]úXõ7ò=óXö sõ#ñ ~ù.ö)÷
õ\å!õ #õ#ñ ~ù†÷
õ=úù  ò”ñz  ä ñ!÷?azóöocpõ#ñ~ù…÷
õ-öçæ
ù®÷
õ#ö zúù
ò“õ#ù Øcc·öš÷“ùô!ó]õ=õ \ò azóÃ#õ
kJaPRYO2WgG?INE…LUA\I
JNC˜S_YCJNIN}
}#C}#INGEDYTFgYJaLUGO2WgGpE\YEDP]YTFHI!lA\CE\PRIN}
}#C}#InGE\Y?WgS_YVYpEDPRCmC[FgINVXL_SUYPÃY
FgIN‡ˆhDL_GJNPR•fL_IKS_LUA\IKP]CJNIKZHVXI®WHYEDVÄ
\Å èBFgI®V‡ˆSUADP]P]CS_Y~INJDP]YGSUYpO2C?FgYJ®L_CO2WgINGE\CO2YEDPRG-WgYSyINEDmQInCSUY”VA
FgIADETA\EDINLUG“L_GJNJNY`QCO2YE\PRG'WHKI é^LUGO2ADEDINLUC}
InGEDIO2A\JKP]INWgJnCP]Y'C-FHIKmQIKVIKGEDY“FHIP]YO2WgG“n— Iê ¥ëTì·rˆ‘2‰ o
?rˆqprˆoUrˆwpb 7H
t í Áxˆ’¤r½axˆ‰ ®»Ãj
Ç={®VAD‡ˆhDL_IKYEDP]Y†INED‡ˆCP]PRI“VGO2O2Cb
ïx(t) îS/H îS/H ï x(t)
C@7R(BKB)(Tin.8<8e:')$&<87bö1÷cø)ù2úh'K<1%2C@$&D$&%"%_( H(f)
(Bˆû‰™‹rȤr ¡T(B)%2C@'Ÿ,?7&Pq<8(B)'c,?'K*+')B)'g9Ÿ(D ñy(t) îS/H îS/H ñ y(t)
7&,?7&*+H'K$üq÷cø)ù2új9ý&÷cø)ù2ú3@$&*+7A*R$&,/%"C@(o ðz(t) î
H(f)

%"$t')<>þc')P.1CJ(9$&Pq<8.1<˜$E3@(*+HI')$&<1(o îS/H ð z(t)

õ
S/H H(f)

%"$’(¨ijC@7&=.87G<8ef(Ýz&ÿ¥9!*+(¨,/in(,?(%"$ ô 1
Tc = −− Tc
òClock îShift Register 2W îShift Register
C@'K,?HI7G%2%"$†(PqBK'1(B)%2C@'K91C@7&(B)')efe:(<1DI$!BK( TS = ó −−

  

1

3@$&,?'KDDI7&%\%2(T$G<8DI( WX 6W TS

   !
"#$%'&( 1*+$&DI.1BK(ef')$&<17
(D4(*+HI')7&e:ef(RDI'ˆ'K*+H.8Bg,/')]n9—3J$G<Y'K*+H.8B),/'‹,?7&H(CJ(%2'cDI(T.8<t'K<1%27GCJFq(B)BK$ m *),+
.0/2- 1 4 36/ = 5 <=9—> 3J?$G<8 7
:9 ;+
HI(CJ'h(B<8.1*+7&C@$+D',?7&Pq<8(B)'*+.8B)%2')HIB)(%"'"r \BhHI7&D'K3@7 4'K<1DI')3J(E3@517T,?'%"CJ(%2%"(‚D'.1< 
=%@A
 1r

9_B`,?7&P<1(B)7möCB?DFE ø)ù2ú|3@$&*+HI$,?%"$mDI(BKB)7t¡ ,/$GCJPq7&<1%2'

FgYJKJN{ YVYO2WHIKGdFgYJKJNC)hD`A\SUC+INE¶CJNPRGd¼†O2GVXP]S_CPRG.C)JNCb H xPAM (t)

G
x(t)
P]G
Z
Y?WHADÄ?YVVXYSXY?EDA\GmQCO2YE\PRY?L_CO2WHIKGEDCP]GTYVXP]SXCYEDb
LK¯‘ FMFN “ PO‘ FM?N “ ‘ FMFN “ K①“ I t
FgG ŽZ uZ ŽZ=O2YEDP]S_Y†IÈVXY`QEDCJKI uZ
J
y(t)

O ‘“ -Y
ª
‘“ ª ¬ ª ¦
-VXGEDG+S_IKWHSUGFgGP7PRIy‡uCLUYEDFgGEDY…WHCVVXCS_Y…`QJKI
n÷ Q
z(t)
¦ ¬ ¦
INO2WgADJNVIDLUCO2WgINGEDCPRI\Cc‡ˆS_YplADYED}C INE–ADE™hDJNPRS_G9FgI
S_IKL_GVPRSXA\}
INGE\Y<L_GE2CE\FgC RQ j

ì8íçì0í S oJ Jõ  #õñ~ù:Tü#õVUQøñ~ö

ð<øö

— j
ZIKJ6L_GEDP]S_GpJKJNG9FgI6WgCSUINPR•cRC[INP8ADEDInL_G€=¼^VWgYVVXG^ADVXCPRG9EDYJ6LUCVXG~FgI
ý=GO2Y^CEDPRINL_IKWHCP]G~INELW®j ü®j ®
L_GJNJKY`CO2YEDP]I>VXYSUINCJNI>C†CVXVC™mYJKGLUINPR•Z>L MDY[CVXVADO2YcJNY2L_CSUCPRP]YS_INVXP]IKL MDY2WgCS_P]IKL_GJNCS_I>L_M\Y2lA\I
INJKJNA·VXP]SUINCO2Gj
û YJ®L_CVG~FHI®ADE–P]YS_O2IKE\CJNYLUGJKJNY`CP]G~CF[ADE–LUGO2WgA\PRYSBL_YE\PRS_CJNY#ZDCFcYVYO2WgING#Z®JNC?PRS_CVO2INVXb
VXINGEDY9CmQmINYEDY”INE™O2GFgG~]VXWgGSXCFHIKL_G€]Z\GVVXINC[lADCQEDFgG~JK{ GWgYSUCP]GS_Y^]FgIN`INP]C€8VXA\I®PRCVXP]IFHYJ6P]YS_O2IKb
EDCJKYHPRCJKY'O2GFgCJKINPR•FHIP]SUCVXO2INVXVIKGEDYz¼zIKE\FgINLUCQP]C9L_GO2Y=ŒHoUrˆtDv_¹Uwpt\Œ\ZQWHYS0FgINVPRINED`QADYS_JNC-FgC”lADYJNJnC
—¸ruo_wv¹UwtDŒ\»L MDYyMDCJNADG`GylADCQEDFHGyVXGS_`YEDP]YBYzFHYVXP7IKE\CP]CS_IKGyVIHVXL_CO2INCE·GyIKE\‡uGSUO2C}
INGE\IINE?O2Gb
L ÈH
FgG[LUGEDP]IKE\ADGcY2VYED}#CdWgCA\VXYj 6mQGJN`INCO2GclA\IKE·FgI0ADEeWgINL_LUGJKG?‰ HvÁ¹ osÁoTVXA\J0P]YO2CZ>`IN•™L MDY2L_I
VXINCO2Gj
û YJNJNC…PRS_CVO2IKVVXINGE\Y–CVIKE\LUS_GE\CZ8JKC.JKINEDYC.FgIÈLUGO2ADEDINL_C}
InGEDY™WHYS_O2CEDY–CInP]ADCJNO2YE\PRY–INE
* oì+
ADE\G~VPRCPRG~FgIDxur ‰_¹_wfn— ê ®»ˆZ6LUGEDP]SUCFgFgINVPRINEDP]C[—ˆCF˜YVYO2WgING»%FgCcADE\G~VPRCPRG~FgI6PRYEDVIKGEDY~WgGVINPRINb

YX 2Z‡¡ ïÑÃÑ
J¦ 6[ =ÃÑ ¡w¡ ]\ ¼ 9§È«F¦ ^ \Ñ \¡ =¼ ¼ ü ü w¦
Ó Ù XâÃågظÙèKÙ åÜÃå“â âÞ=ÜÃÚÀèNâ!Ù #ÚçÖÀà‹Ù 7ÖÜÃåÖ UظâåÜÃå“Öå“ÙÞ UÖÀèNÜ=ßRâÃÚÚÙ%à‹ÜÃޓÞ=×èKÙ RÖÜÃåâaÖåèKâÃݤåÙ%ÙQß6â#ØNâÃÞ XÖÜaÙQß

ï¼ ¼
\¡
×å“à‹â7åèK݋ÙÚÖåÜ ]Ù>à‹ÙU×gØNÙzßRâÃÚÚÙyØNâÃågØ¸Ö _ÖÚè yß7âÃÚޓâÃèKÜ#ß7Ü
Ùã_ÚÀÖ#âÃݤ݋Ü_ݤÖHßRÖèKâ7Þ #Ü7ÝRÖ RÙ RÖ ÜÃåâ 7â#ßÙÚÚÀâà¤Ù݋ÙèKèKâ7݋ÖuظèKÖà¤äâÈßRâÃÚ
ޓâ RÜaèK݋ÙQظޓֈØ]Ø Öá_ÜÈØN×Èà‹×Ö#Öåá_ÖÀÙݤâ6ÖÚظâÃã_åÙÚâ %é
]W A_a`,bdc%$%&'$)(*YØe_-,`,b
$0/f_,.10/c%$)1gc4h_56,b7565ib#$8/91;:<1b>:j_kcFb
Ø

Ml nm
o
lêl
mC®ja@<ADCE\FgG”IKJ Å mADGJKY9P]SUCVXO2YPRP]YpSUY#Z\WgGSUPÃCfJNC?JKINEDYCfC <WgYSBJNCcFHADS_CP]CcFHI VIKO2GJNG
ZL MDY
WgS_YE\FgY9IKJEDGO2Y”FgIDINP>FHIoU’ŽŒg¹_’‚JNCfP]S_CEDVIK}#INGEDY<rˆt–ºDrˆo_vU‰_oUŒ™mINYE\YSUINJNYmQCPRC?FHC Z·L MDY9VXI\WgS_Yb
Yp
FgINVWgGE\YzC9L_GE\PRCSUYyADE?EDA\OcYSUG<hDVXVGzFgIVINO2GJNI— 8INE?hD`QADS_C»gCVXCEDFgGVXIVXA?FgIADE?VXA\GyGS_GJNG`ING

INEDFgINWgYEDFHYEDP]Yj 6Y`A\Y<WHGI·ADEfINPaFgI#½aŒg¹_rˆ’ >q:r%s6tvuxwt'yz{s}|~e€?t ƒ‚„…Pxze†=‡$ˆ‰!Šeu#w=t s6t „?|0tŒ‹A‚t's}| ‚?Ž]|z{
… u#t'wP~es6s}z{‘‚?w~ew=t ‚„?~ƒ#‚w=~e|~  z{„z  ~k#t'Ž]Ž{… s}|~e|… #z1êoì+Šuxwz  ~k#t'Ž{Ž]~k|w~As  z{s}s6z]…'„t #t'Ž
‘=~ew~A|0|t w=tas6‚‘‘=t s6s}z{y…A’
“ Ž”y~e„?|0~A•–•z{…:xz,‚„?~
s}z  z{Ž]t  …'#~AŽ]z{|0—
…'u#t'w}~e|z]y~eŠ
š ‘=›?tœ l „… „ž›?~ Ÿez{s6… •„?…Vr ‘=…  tƒz{„yt ‘=tV~A‘‘=~ext*„t'Ž{
˜ ™ ˜ Ž{~¡|w~As  z{s}s6z]…'„tLz]s6… ‘=w…–„?~e€#zPwz{‘=… s6|0w=‚z{wt;‘=… „¢t s6~e|0
|t £d£¤~¥Ž]~ž|t  u#…'w}z{£¤£d~£dz{… „t:#t'Žjs}t'•„~AŽ]tRt'„|0w=~e„?|0tx¦§s6z
dati
idle start stop
parità

Ÿe~As}~ u#z{‚|0|… s6|…:s6‚;#z‚„¨uxw…'u#wz{…R… w=… Ž{…'•z{…:Ž{…'‘~eŽ{tdŠh#z”u#w=t ‘=z]s6z]…'„tR~e„?‘=›?tƒs6‘~ext „?|0tdŠ”‘=›?tkyz{t „?t

© wz{s}yt •Ž]z{~e|… ª,z]„:‘…'ww}z{s6u#… „?#t'„£¤~#t'Ž?ŸAz]|”#zCs}|~ew=|}’

~eŽ{tƒs6t  uxŽ]z{‘z{|—«… u#t'w~A|0z{y~«uxw…'#‚‘=tR‚„?~
z]„?t ¬ ­‘=z]t'„£d~eŠiz{„¨‹e‚?~e„?|0…ƒ…'Ž]|w=t:~Az”x~e|0z”t ¥~eŽŸez{|
#zFu#~Awz{|0—AŠ#s}zFz]„?|0w=… x‚‘=ta~e„‘›?tŒŽ]…P†‡$®#¯=‡2tŒŽ{…†‡$ˆ‰,ŠC‚|z]Ž{zCs}…'Ž]…a~AzF­?„zC#t Ž{Ž{~ƒs}z{„‘=w…'„z{£¤£d~e£6z{… „?t  ~
u#w=z{yzC#zC‘…'„|t „‚?|0…vz]„?¬%…'w  ~A|0z{y…A’
°²±³°j±´ µk¶,·”¸dU¸ŒU?¶F`¹ åf¶Fº»V¼½¸¤¶F¹V¾Fº¸
¿izf|w~A|0|~À#zf‚?„~Á‘=Ž{~es6s}t¥#zf‘=… xz]­?‘~A|0…'w}z#zf‘=~e„~AŽ]t¥‘›tdŠ§~Á#z{¬%¬ t w=t–„£d~Á#t zf‘=… xz]‘=z§~8ŸeŽ{… ‘=‘›z{Š
u#w=… x‚‘=t‚„?~«s}t'‹e‚~A„£6~žŸez{„~wz{~žz!‘‚?z!y~AŽ]…'wz!xz]uxt „x… „?… x~¥•w‚?u#u#z,#z!Ÿez{|P#z!z{„•wt's}s6…k‡$Ã=ÄÅ
‰ˆ'¯®xÆ%ÄÃ6LJ$ÃP†ˆ'Ȗ¯=® ‰#‰,ˆ'†‡$É>Šz{„«~e„~AŽ]…'•zÊ~R~eŽ{Ž{ z˄|0t'•w=~eŽ{t#z‘…'„y… Ž{‚£dz]…'„ta‘›t¬ … w=„z{s}‘=t*y~eŽ{… w=z‘›t
#z{u#t'„x… „…v#~ É Ç‡$Ã=¯Ȗ®xÆ Æ%ɔxt Ž{Ž{ z{„•½w=t s6s}…'Šxu#t's}~A|0…v#~ezCy~AŽ]…'wz#xt Ž{Ž]~Vwz{s}ux… s6|0~ƒz  u#‚?Ž]s6z{y–~’
Ì „¥•t „?t w=z]‘=…‘…'#z{‘t‘…'„y… Ž{‚£dz]…'„~eŽÊt š z]„?#z{‘~A|0… ‘=… „žŽ{~
aÍ bÍ
„…'|0~A£¤z{… „t:ьÑÀÒ]ӔÔÖÕCÔ0×Ø%Šh‘›?tƒŽ]…*#t s6‘=wz{ytk‘=~eux~e‘t*#zh•t'„t 
simboli aÍ ...a w~Awta•w‚?u#u#zF#zÓ ŸAz]|,#zF‚s}‘=z{|0~ƒr s6t ‹e‚?t „£d~«Ù}Ú6Û€z]„
ŸA~es6tŒ~eŽ{
Memoria di K
j j

Ž]~R‘=… „?… s}‘=t–„£d~R#z”×Üs6z  ŸA… Ž{z#ziz{„•wt's}s6…Vr s}t'‹e‚?t „£d~¥ÙdÝeÛ€%Š

j j−K+1
k bit pari a k. K bit n bit
… •„‚„?…f‘…  u#…'s}|…x~kÕPŸez{|6’ޔ~  t  … w=z{~xt zC×ßz{„•wt's}s6z š
Î. ‚s6‚~eŽ  t'„|tÂw=~eu#uxwt's}t–„?|0~e|~  t #z{~e„?|0tà‚„wt'•z{s}|w}…~s}‘=… wn
Ï wz  t „?|0…a‘›?ta… s6u#z{|0~k•Ž{zC‚Ž{|0z  z×âádÕ Ÿez{|!xz?z{„•wt's}s6…¤ŠCx… yt
K stadi = k K bit

u#t'w2… •„zA„?‚…'y…Âs6z  ŸA… Ž{…§Ý¤ã‘›tft „?|0w=~Œ#~vs}z{„z{s}|w~AŠ–zAuxwt'‘t–

a j+1 aj a j−1 a j−K+1

k bit #t'„|zAs}‘=… w6w…'„…f~Œxt s6|0w=~eŠt'z]Žu#z{ä © yt ‘=‘›z{… ªhyz]t'„txz  t'„

Ð |0z{‘=~e|0…A’xå•„‚C„…#t'•Ž{zÓRŸAz]|”#zC‚s6‘z{|~:Ú0ã!Ò{æYØ$Šxæ”çéè¤ÔÖêÔ=ëìëìëìÔÓ š
g1 g
2
bjÏ
gn
… ||0t–„?‚|… ~:ux~ew=|0z{wt#~Az”Õ*ád×íŸAz]|jxz  t  …'wz{~eŠ?t s6t •‚t'„#…
n bit ‚„~s6…  ~  …'#‚?Ž]… ê6r înïd€|w=~*~eŽ{‘‚?„z##zCt s6s}zñðnò’ “ ŽCw~Au#u#…'wn
|…ƒóéçõöô š ‘›z{~  ~A|0…÷=ˆ ø?É%Çù«¯®x‡>Ãvtaw=~euxu#w=t s}t½„|0~ úiû®xLJ$ÉüeÉ ‡ø?ÉiÉ Çý0ˆ ¯=Ä® þÉ%ˆ–Ç?çs6… „… uxwt's}t'„|z
u#t'w…'•„zCŸez{|”#zC‚s}‘=z{|0~V#~eŽ#‘=… xz]­?‘~e|… w6te’
ÿ
ÿ

  

 
Ì „~«y… Ž{|0~«xt ­?„z{|0…kz{Ž  t'‘‘=~e„z{s  …ƒ#z!‘=~eŽ{‘…'Ž]…kxzàÚ0ãv~u#~ew=|0z{w=t x~LݤãnŠ”z]Ž”‘…'#z{­‘~A|0…'wt:u#‚ !kt s6
s}t'w=t:xt s6‘w=z]||n…  t'#z{~e„?|0tk‚?„žøÉ ® ù?¯®xÄÄ®¥øÉ,‡>¯=®#dž=É þÉ ˆ–ÇÃ}Šh‘…'s}|w‚?z]|…R#~Lê#"$&% ')( ô †‡$®#‡$É+*Šh‘›t
w=~eu#uxwt's}t–„?|0~e„?…Œ•Ž]zC‚Ž{|0z  z×-, è²s6z  ŸA… Ž{z?#zFz]„?•w=t s6s}…dŠCt':z]„ ‘‚?z?~eR…'•„?z?s6|0~A|0…a‘=…  uxt–|0…'„…*ê ô
.0/)132547698;:=<>8@? AB@CD:78;8;E98;47? :F:
? E9G :725E98;47? :HB047IJ4FE9ILK>EMG)A58;ENG 47IO69P A#Q5QR? :725E9A#S>EM47I:UTWV:NKXV<? EYB@Z=:78;8;E925A#CO:7I8;:\[
.]_^ A`B047COCOAaCO4\KcbJ694DKcb:F8;? AabJIJAG 47Z=Z\E9A+K>EG E9d? :
Q#E9IJA? E9:
efE9ILK>E9G A#8;AUG 4cI3gf<h:fG 47E9IJG EYK>:FG 47I&69P 47Z=:7? AR8;47? :f6M47i5E9G 4
K>EkjmlOno#pqNrmo#sutLjL[7v:7? 8;A#IJ8;4F?)EwB0bJ698;AOxgxy{zLg|z}y|x~:&z~gxfy|x}gz€y{z>[
‚)ƒ 69E„CO4NK>E…KcEkB0G :7i569EM:c? :}†#bJA69EkKc:7E‡Fˆw‰ŠQREM8WB@47CDCOA#? :=<Z\:7?L478;8;:7IJ:7?):F47i5IJbJIJ4Kc:7i569E„Q#E98WK>E=bLB@G)EM8;A<5B@4cIJ4aK>:78;:7?c‹
COE9IJA#8@ERCO:NK>E9A#IJ8;:
„aŒŽ5 ‘N’ “7”55•–5’—… ‘N’ “\˜–™<7š…y{z7›ŽœR›hžžž›w„<–KcER6MbINi5ŸJ:7S>S>AH‡Lˆ‰ <ŽG 47IJ8@:7IJ:7IJ8;ERbJIJAHB@:7?)EM:K>E#G E9d? : Q#E9INA#?)EM:
S>:7? 4f4NK
bJI&bJIJ4=<cA`B0:7G 47ILK>AaG)ŸJ:f69Pžš¡  ¢“£f‘+B@47CDCOA#8;47? :CO4NK>bJ694&K>bJ:DB@E9AG 47IIJ:NBB@4f¤4fCD:7IJ4N¥#A#6G)47? ? EYB@Z=47ILK>:7IJ8;:fQ#E98
K>ENCD:7CO4? E9A[
¦m§¦m§©¨«ªªf¬D­©® ¯\°}¯ ±m²

³h´Rµm¶ ·=¸ £ ¸@¹¶¸fºY»¶ µ½¼L¾J´©¹¿k¶¸f¼L¹·=·#¸ Ÿ ¸;À@¾Á¶»¹Âk¹ ݽã`à ¸U¸@¶¿k´5¾J·#·=¹ÄcÅ&Æ Ã ¹¿k¶¸f³>´5µm¶ ·=¸ £ @¸ ¹J¶ ¾NÇ š ¸@¶ ­ ¶ ¾
µm·#·=¹ÈR¸@µm³h¹É¸@¶|ʹ à ¹É» ¶¸@Âk¹ÈR¹É¸@ÀL¿k´5»¼Ë¼L¹ à ¸ ÓRŸ ;¸ ³ ÚYã!Ò Ýdã'Ô7*Aã}؀à µ¼Ë´R¹ à » ´5´5¾«¸;¶»·#ÈR¸@³>µ ð\Ì Å

Í LÎ ÏmÐ`ÐÒÑ;ÓËÔ)Ô_FÕ
Ö ¾J´ ­ ·#·=µ…´R¾×À@¾×¸ à ¾J¾\Ç Ã ¾ ­ ¶¸@µmʹ«» ¶ ÑaÑ¡Ò]ӔÔÖÕCÔ0×Øàç ÑaÑ¡Ò êÔè¤ÔcØ Ø ÈR¹¶ ÙK = 3
Þ ' ç ß v è è è
 à ¾ ÞNá ç 
ß è
ã â è
| à a
Ç 5
È J
¹ ä
¶ 5
È ¹ Ã ;
¸
¶ Š
¿ 5
´ m
µ h
³ ¾ á ' a
Ç 
Ê 
¹ =
· h
³ =
´ …
µ >
³ ¹ a Û j+1 a j
¸@¶ ­ ¿»´Rµ…Ç˼˾J´å¸@ÀW慻µmÀ@¾ÉÈ5¹J·#³>´5»¸@µmʹ«¸@À à ¸;µ…¿k´5µmÊʵ à ¸ ³h´Rµ…¶·#¸ £ ¸;¹¶¾Éʹç
a j−1 a j−2

·=³h´5µm³h¹·=¹³>³h¹Ç à ¹JÂk¾3À@¾3³h´Rµ…¶·=¸ £ ¸;¹¶¸€³h´Rµ·=³hµm³h¸}·=¹¶¹©³>´5µm³h³>¾¿¿k¸@µk³h¾¹3¼L¸@¾J¶ ¾ k=1

¸@¶È5¹J´5´=¸;·#¼L¹¶ à ¾¶ £ µ à ¸kÂkµ…À;¹´R¸ Ý'ã ¼Lµ…´R¸µ £ ¾´R¹&¹Oµ à »¶ ¹\ǾO·#¹J¶¹&¾³>¸@È › ¾³7³>µ…ç Üg g
³h¾`È5¹J¶À;µ«È5¹J¼Ë¼L¸@µ à ¸ Ÿ ¸@³F¸@¶» ·=È5¸;³hµ Úã ÇkÈ5µmÀ@ÈR¹À;µ Ÿ ¸À@¾`ʾ à ¸@µm¶³h¾åÀ@µ×·#¾J¿»¾¶³h¾
bÛj
1 2

³hµ Ÿ ¾À;À@µ à ¾JÀ@À@µÂk¾´R¸@³hè ¦ Ún=2

Ýdã A* ã ÚYã!ÒYè6Ø ÚYã!Ò ê Ø 00 11
é é#é é é Ý00 Ý Ý01
é é ê ê ê 11
00
é ê@é ê é
é ê#ê é ê 10 01
ê é#é ê ê 10 11
ê é ê é é 01
ê ê@é é ê 10
ê ê#ê ê é
ë ¹Ê¾«·=¸W¼L» ! ¶¹J³hµm´5¾\Ç~¹J¿¶¸W·=³hµm³>¹ › µ©ì5í Æ í ø2ûà ³>´5µm¶·#¸ £ ¸@¹J¶ ¸ÇL¾«æm» ¸;¶ à ¸W·=¹À;¹ ø!ûÃÂȽ®#Æ í ¯6É
à ¸W»·#ÈR¸@³>µ
ºYÀ;µ©Ê¾J³hè à ¾J¸~î3¼Ë¹J·#·=¸ Ÿ ¸@À@¸ËÈR¹¶ à »¾ Ÿ ¸;³hÄcï\¸@¶¹À;³h´5¾NÇmæm» ¾J·#³>¸LÂkµ…À;¹´R¸ à ¸ ¬ ¬ ¾J´5¸;·#ÈR¹¶¹É¸@¶ ÃÇ ð>¯=®#ÄüAÉ?É?üeÉYð ð7ñ Å
ò »µ…À;¹´Rµó·#¸U¼L¹¶¿µ{¸@¶ô¸@¶¿´R¾·=·#¹ÁÀ;µ½·#¾Jæm» ¾J¶ £ µ Ù}ÝxÛ çíÙ½ëìëìëžAâ è5Aâ è5ââ Û º ðcõ ÄwÇ š ¼L¹·=·#¸ Ÿ ¸;À@¾Ò¹·=·#¾J´5Âkµmç
´5¾È › ¾3À;µÁ·=¾æm» ¾J¶ £ µ à ¸}·=³hµm³h¸}´R¸@·=» À;³hµ Ù\2 * ÛVç Ù ëìëìëìÔ>Aâ è¤Ôè5â Ô>Aâ è¤Ôè5â Ôcââ Û Çʾ¶³h´R¾3æm»¾À@À;µ à ¸}»·#È5¸;³hµ š
Ù}Ú6Û ç Ù ëìëìëìÔè5â Ô>ââ Ôè5â Ôè'èdÛ Ç~·=¾Ê¼LÀ@¸;È5¾Ê¾J¶³h¾©·=¾J¿»¾¶ à ¹×¸@À à ¸;µ…¿k´5µmÊʵ à ¸€³h´5µm¶·#¸ £ ¸@¹J¶¾\Ç~µÒ¼Ëµm´5³>¸@´R¾
à µ…À;À@¹·=³hµm³h¹¸@¶¸ £ ¸;µ…À;¾ ââ ÅÒö ÷ µmÀ³h´Rµø¼Ëµm´5³>¾\Ç š ¼L¹·=·#¸ Ÿ ¸;À@¾µm¶È › ¾¸@À¼L´5¹JÈ5¾ à ¸@ʾJ¶³h¹¹J¼L¼Ë¹·=³h¹ ¦ È5¹J¶¹ç
·=È5¾¶ à ¹ Ù}Ú6Û Çf·=¸¼Ë» ! ´5¸;·#µmÀ@¸;´5¾Òµ ¡ à Ù6ÝeÛ Çf¼Ë¾J´5È=¹J´5´5¾J¶ à ¹ à ¸¶» ¹J¹ÒÀ;¾Á³h´Rµ…¶·=¸ £ ¸;¹¶¸f¾³>¸@È › ¾³>³7µ…³>¾ÁÈ5¹J¶¸
·=¸@Ê Ÿ ¹À@¸ Ú0ã Åùc¶ à ¾ ­ ¶¸@³>¸@Âkµ…Ç ¹·=·#¾´R¸@µmʹ×ÈR¹Ê¾úµ à ¹¿k¶¸}È5¹J¼Ë¼L¸@µ Ò>Ù6ÝxÛ!ÔÙdÚ6ÛdØ ·#¸;µ Ÿ ¸@»¶ ¸Âk¹ÈRµ…ʾJ¶³h¾
µm·#·=¹ÈR¸@µm³hµ» ¶µ3·#¾J慻¾¶ £ µ à ¸~·=³hµm³h¸ Ù2 * ÛÅ

ÿ
ÿ

Ó  
ó–ûŽ ümümŽ
Ö ¾J´&ʾ¿kÀ@¸@¹ÉÂk¸@·=» µmÀ@¸ £¤£ µm´5¾«À;¾«¼Ë¹J·#·=¸ Ÿ ¸@À@¸W·#¾Jæm» ¾J¶ £ ¾ à ¸·=³hµm³h¸;ÇËÈR¹·=³h´=»¸@µÊ¹«¸;À øÉ ® ù?¯®xÄÄ®:®ð>¯=®#Æ É%÷6Å
÷=É íºYýLþÿ
…Ä à ¾ÀÈ5¹ à ¸ ­ ÈRµm³h¹J´5¾JÇ
ʹ·=³h´Rµ…³>¹Áµ½·#¸;¶ ¸;·#³>´5µ à ¸ ­ ¿~Å+î€Å ² ´5¸@¼L¹J´5³hµm¶ à ¹Á·=»À@À@¾úÈR¹À@¹J¶¶ ¾Ò¸
¼L¹·=·#¸ Ÿ ¸;À@¸·=³hµm³h¸µm³>³h´5µ…¾J´5·=µm³h¸µm¸ à ¸@Âk¾J´5·=¸¸@·=³hµm¶ ³>¸\ÇÈR¹À;À@¾¿kµm¶ à ¹D¸ Ç í øÉËà ¾JÀ…³h´5µmÀ@¸;È5ÈR¸@¹DÈ5¹J¶3³>´5µm¶ ·=¸ £ ¸@¹Jç
¶¸…¼L¸@¾J¶¾å¹å³h´Rµ…³>³h¾¿k¿¸;µ…³>¾&¶ ¾J¸ËÈ5µm·=¸…¸;¶ÒÈ5»¸m·#¸@µm¶¹&´5¾JÀ@µm³h¸;Â¾åµ à ¸@¶¿k´5¾J·#·=¸…¼Lµm´5¸Ëµ Ã
è ¹ â Çk¾å´5¸;¼Ë¹J´5³>µm¶ à ¹
·=» À;À@¾`³>´5µm¶·#¸ £ ¸@¹J¶¸m·=³h¾J·#·N¾ ¸~ÂkµmÀ@¹´R¸ à ¸~»·#ÈR¸@³>µ€Å
ë ¹J¶´R¸ ¬ ¾J´5¸;ʾ¶³h¹+µ…À;À@µ ·#¾J慻¾J¶ £ µ ÷ í ø É 2÷=L® ð$®«Ù¤ÚÛ ´5¸;¼Ë¹J´5³>µ…³>µ«¸@¶ Ÿ µm·=·#¹\ÇÀ;µ`·=» ÈRÈ5¾J·#·=¸@¹J¶ ¾ à ¸…·#³>µ…³>¸
\Ù *2Û š ´Rµ…¼L¼Ë´R¾·=¾¶³hµm³hµ à µmÀ@À;¾`À@¸;¶ ¾J¾ ¼Ë¸ ä ·=¼Ë¾J·#·=¾…Å


_^ 4aB@8;:NBB@4 25A#6947? : K>E ™ Z=478;? :cQ#Q#:}:NBB@:7?):€Z\?)4NKc4c8;8;4HKcA
Z\E `KcE=bJIAOK>:7696M:œ ÁK>EM25:7?5B0:€CD:7CO47? E9: K>:76=G 4NK>E JG A#8;4c? :\[
 ^ A`K>EMZ=:7ILK>:7IJS>A+K>EfK>A5› "!Jef69:7i5A#8;AA#696MA+B0G :7698;A+K>:7Ei5:7IJ:7? AR8;47? E…˜ ™ [$#:76G AB04fE9I&G bJENbJI&25A#6947? :%&š'!ËB@E9A
B@:cCOZ\?):fbi5bJA#69:FAK}bJIJ4HK>:7Em‡FQ#E98€KcE()c<cE96\G 4NK>EMG):eDKc:c8;8;4€¢5“ ¢5 5£f—k“*‘[ ^ A+B@G :c6M8@A`K>:7E˜ ™ Z=b+
:NBhB0:7? :
:7dd:c8;8;bJA#8;A25E9A
G 47CDZ\bJ8@:7? <hZ=:7?WE9ILKcE925EYKcb\A#? :FE96\i5? bJZ\Z=4FG)Ÿ:HKc:78;:c? COE9IJA69:FCOE9i56ME947? E\Z=? :NB08;A#S>EM4cIJE@[
, v:7?
G 4cCO4NK>EM8.-«KcE? A#Z=Z\?):NB@:7I8;A#S>E947IJ:\<E96Q#E98~Z=E +A×K>:NB08;? ADIJ:c6M69A«B0:7†#bJ:cIJS>A0/21 eE96Z\? E9CO4E9I+47?5K>EMI:+KcE8;:7CDZ\4
AK:7IJ8;? AR? :FIJ:76NG 4NK>E3JG)A#8;47? :=[
±4 °…¨«ª¯25767896 ¦m§°m¨;:øª¯<6a­&¨0:ø¬a­=576 ¬>5@?F¨0AB:ø¯ABA}¯26 ­©¬ ®`¬D¯®a¨C5W¯

FG G JK G JK D J K'L J KM J KM \ ]'^ \ ]`_ \ ]'a \ ]'b \ ]'b

GEG GFG GEG GEG GFG a a ^ _
DED DFD DED DED ^ ^ a _
DFD
DIG DIG DIG DG a _
GD DIG GHD GD GHD ^ _
FG G DED DFD DED _ _ ^
GHD GEG GFG _ _ a
_ a
GHD GD DIG GHD DIG _ ^
ED D D G
NPO QSRETEU O3V O W XEY ZE[ O DED DIG GFG DIG jc d e3d kfg3lhmEi n d d __ _E_ ^E^ _I^

o ¸;¿»~´Rµúî€Å ² @¦ prq sut
v sBwxwyszs0{Pv sB| q }~}q €x‚}~€(ƒ.{Pq„†…ˆ‡<v | s0ƒ'(‰BŠr‹ŒPsv q }~Ž~Š{s

ÿ
ÿ

 Ëümfü…|f’‘O–L“


ë ¹J¶ ·=¸ à ¾´R¸@µmʹɹ´RµÒ¸@À È5µm·#¹«¸@¶ÈR» ¸ À@µú·#¾Jæm» ¾J¶ £ µÈ5¹ à ¸;ç
­ È5µm³hµ ÙdÚ6Û Â¾J¶¿µ×³>´5µm·#ʾJ·=·#µ·#» à ¸~» ¶|È5µm¶ µmÀ¾\Ç˾`È › ¾É·#¸;µ
´R¸@È5¾JÂk» ³>µ ÷ í ǥï=¯ í ¯}É Å
ùc¶½¿k¾¶¾´RµmÀ@¾\Ç ¶¹J¶½·#µm´5è¼Ë¸ ä ¼Ë¹J·#·=¸@ç
{a} {b} {b}
Canale Decodificatore

Ÿ ¸@À;¾´5¸;¶ ³>´5µmÈ5ÈR¸@µm´5¾» ¶µ{·=¾æm»¾¶ £ µ à ¸·=³hµm³h¸a³hµmÀ@¾ à µ¼Ë´R¹ç

à » ´R´5¾ Ã ì ®LðŽð>®xÄÃÇ ð>à À;µ«·#¾J慻¾J¶ £ µ«´5¸;È5¾J»³hµ•” – Ú$— Çk¾ à ¸;À˼˴R¹ Ÿ À@¾Jʵ à ¸@Âk¸@¾¶¾åæm»¾À;À@¹ à ¸Ë¸;¶ à ¸@Âk¸ à »µ´5¾
À@µ©·#¾J慻¾J¶ £ µ à ¸Ë·=³hµm³h¸ Ù\*jÛ ³>µmÀ@¾ à µ×¼L´5¹ à »´5´=¾`» ¶µ ”2˜ Ú — À@µ×¼L¸ ä ¸;È5¸@¶µ«µ ” – Ú — Å\ÆÉÀ;À@¹å·=È5¹J¼Ë¹ à ¸Lʸ@·=» ç
´5µm´R¾3æm» ¾J·#³>µ à ¸ ¬ ¬ ¾´=¾J¶ £ µ…Ç » ³>¸@À@¸ £d£ ¸;µ…ʹ3À@µ øÉ ì $ð ®#Çþ®øÉ« ™ ®#ÄÄÉ Çù›šœž ˜ Ú}Ô – ÚŸ ¼Ëµm´5¸}µmÀ€¶» ʾJ´5¹ à ¸
Ÿ ¸@³ à ¸@Âk¾J´5·=¸³h´Rµˆ” – Ú$— ¾DÀ@¾D¼Ë¹J·=·#¸ Ÿ ¸@À;¸B” ˜ Ú<— º ðÖî ÄwǾD¾³>¸@È › ¾J³c³>µm¶ à ¹H¿kÀ@¸µm´RÈ › ¸ à ¾JÀ³>´5µmÀ@¸;È5È5¸;¹HÈR¹¶ š œ  ˜ Ú ã Ô – Ú ã Ÿ
³h´Rµ«¸@Àk·#¸;Ê Ÿ ¹JÀ@¹ à µ«¾JʾJ³h³h¾´R¾7˜ ÚYã ¾&æm» ¾JÀ@À¹&¹J·#·=¾´=Âkµ…³>¹O¸@¶ú´5¸;È5¾ £ ¸@¹J¶¾ – ÚYã ºYÂk¾ à ¸…À;µ…³>¹ à ¾J·#³>´=¹ à ¸ ­ ¿WÅî€Å ² Ä7Å
ùc¶½³>µmÀ ʹ à ¹NÇ ¼L¾´+¹J¿¶¸¼Ëµm´R³h¸@ÈR¹À;µ…´R¾©·=¾æm»¾¶ £ µ à ¸€·#³>µ…³>¸ Ù\2 * Û¡  ¼Ë¹J·#·=¸ Ÿ ¸@À;¾ à ¾J³h¾J´=ʸ@¶µ´5¾3» ¶ ÷ íì ð í
¼Lµ…´R¸åµmÀ@À@µ ·#¹JÊʵ à ¾JÀ@À@¾ š¢œ  ˜ ÚYã¤Ô – ÚY㠟 ´R¾À;µ…³>¸@Âk¾µmÀ@À;¾³h´Rµm¶ ·=¸ £ ¸@¹¶¸Oµm³h³>´5µ…¾J´5·=µ…³>¾ à µmÀ&³>´5µmÀ@¸@ÈRÈ5¸;¹ ðnð Å
Ö ¾J´5³>µ…¶³h¹\ÇmÀ@µ×·=¾æm»¾¶ £ µ£” ˜ Ú$— ¼Ë¸ ä ¸;È5¸;¶ µ«µ¤”†– Ú$— Dž¹·=·#¸;µ š~œž ˜ Ú}Ô – Úƒ Ÿ 禥¨§F©uª«~¬ ”¢­ 㠚~œž ÚYã'Ô – ÚYãŸ
— Çm¼Ë» !
¾J·#·=¾´R¾É¸;¶ à ¸@Âk¸ à »~µm³hµÈ5¹JʾÉ慻¾JÀ@À@µ3µ…·=·#¹JÈ5¸;µ…³>µµ…À;À@µ©·=¾æm»¾¶ £ µ à ¸~·#³>µ…³>¸ ” * ˜ — ø?ÉÄÉ ÇÉ Ä í ÷ íJì ð í ð"® Å
ö µm³h¹{È › ¾ à µ¹J¿¶¸D·#³>µ…³>¹Š·=¸ à ¸@¼Lµm´5³>¹¶¹ ê ô µm´5È › ¸;ÇDµ à ¹¿k¶¸D¸;·#³>µ…¶³>¾ó¸;ÀD¶ »Ê¾´R¹ à ¸O¼Ë¾J´5ÈR¹´cç
·=¸µmÀ@³>¾´R¶µ…³>¸@Âk¸fµm»Ê¾¶³hµ à ¸U»¶ ¬ µm³h³>¹´R¾ ê ô ÇfÈR´5¾·=È5¾J¶ à ¹Ê¹JÀ@³>¹Âk¾À@¹JÈ5¾Jʾ¶³>¾|µmÀ@À@÷ µm»Ê¾¶³hµm´5¾ à ¸
…Å Þ ÷ ¾¶»~ʾJ´5µ £ ¸;¹¶¾ ÷ í Ä° ¯ Æ ÃR$ð ® Ã ¾J¸a¼L¾´RÈ5¹´R·#¸¼L» ! ¾J·#·=¾´=¾¼L¾´ ! ¾Âk¸@³>µ…³>µ…ÇU¶ ¹J³hµm¶ à ¹|È › ¾|æm» µm¶ à ¹
à » ¾3¼Ë¾J´5ÈR¹´=·=¸€È5¹¶ŠÈ5¹J·#³7¸ à ¸@Âk¾´R·#¸€·=¸€¸@¶È5¹J¶ ³>´5µm¶ ¹©¸@¶{»¶ ¹©·#³>¾·=·#¹¶ ¹ à ¹NÇ æm» ¾JÀ@À;¹ à ¸€ÈR¹·=³h¹ Ä®'ùù?É í ¯Ã
·=¸@È5»´5µmʾJ¶ ³>¾ Ç í Dz± À@µø¼Lµ…´R³h¾½¸@¶¸ £ ¸µ…À;¾ à ¾JÀ ¼L¾´RÈ5¹J´=·#¹ à ¸ ʸ;¶ ¸Ê¹óÈ5¹J·#³7¹\Ç ¾óæm»¸@¶ à ¸¼L» ! ¾J·#·=¾´=¾
¾JÀ@¸@ʸ;¶ µk³h¹…Å

0.S³ b:NB@8;4fG AB0425E9:7IJ:
E9ILK>EMG)A#8;4
G 47I&E96J8;:7? CDEMI:µ´J—k’E¶L¡ ¶J* “ ¢5“ ‘N•·¶J*‘"¶Ë“•”HE9I&†#bJA#I\8;4fE96J? E9G :725E98;47? :µ´J—H”“ ¸&47Z=:7? A#8;4
bJIJAÒKc:7G EYB0EM4cIJ:夆#bJA#I\8;E9S>S>A#S>EM4cIJ:N¥k? EYB@Z=:78;8;4åA – [É1~6 G 47I8;? A#? E94\<WB@:åEW25A#6M4c? E ?)EMG):725bJ8;EUB047IJ4åZ=ABhB0A58@E¹*‘\£fO¢)‘N•‘ÉA#6
K>:7G 4NK>E3G A#8;47? :`K>Eº~E98;:7?)Q#Ew<–†#bJ:NB08;4UZ=b+G 47? ?):78;8;A#CD:5I8;:25A#69bJ8;A5?):a6M:UZ\? 47QRA#Q#Eu69E98.-¼»  – ½ ˜  Ÿ :NKU47Z=:7? AR? :aEMI+CO4NK>A#69EM8'-
¢ ‘"¾w)¶J*‘¶L“•”k<hG 47ILB0:7i5bJ:7ILK>4FZ=? :NB@8;ARScE947IE=COE9iR69E947? EY[
0 1K€:NB@:cCOZ\E94=<>G)47IO? E9d:7? E9CO:7I8;4FA#696MA’Ji¿[IÀ#<69AÁ/"u1
yÂ/cx–xR›hzhxR›hz–z–›ŽxRz–›hzx1LŸJAUbIx*‘7¢5 ‘UZ\A#? E\A‚ÃR[
Ä ³ bA#6947? Aå6MA3K>EwB08;A#IJS>A&8;?)A –   :NK bI×Z=4NBB@E9Q#Eu69: ˜   B@E9A&:NB@Z=? :NBB@AåG 47CD:OZ=? 47Q#A#Q#E96uE98.-+G 47ILK>E9ScE947IA58;AÁ»  –   ½ ˜   Ÿ <NEM6
Z=? 47G :NBB@4HK>EmK>:7G 4\KcE JG AeHK>:78;8;4r¶L“J£
—\¢ ¢5“M£f— ŒŽ5’‘7¢5“M£O“ ”Å“ —k•SÆh—Ë[
 ¦m§¦m§©¨«ªªf¬D­©® ¯\°}¯ ±m±

ò »¾·=³hµ ­ À@¹J·=¹ ­ µÒ·#¸€µm¼L¼ËÀ;¸@È5µúµmÀ€È5µm·#¹©¸@¶½æm» ¾J·#³>¸@¹J¶ ¾×ÈR¹¶Š´5¸ ¬ ¾´R¸@ʾJ¶ ³>¹©µmÀ@À;µ ­ ¿k» ´RµúÈ › ¾©·=¾¿k» ¾\Ç
ț | ¾ ʹJ·#³>´5µôÈR¹Ê¾¸@ÀÈRµ…À;È5¹JÀ@¹ à ¾J¸ ÷ íì ð$ɹ¯®#¯ þÉ ®FÆ É µkÂk¾J¶ ¿kµ ¯Ã=¯ƒ÷ í Æ í Ç?ÇÃÁà µø·#¸;¶ ¸;·#³>´5µµ à ¾·=³h´Rµ…Ç
·=È5´5¸;¾J¶ à ¹É·#¹J¼L´5µúµ à ¹J¿¶¸~¶¹ à ¹É¸@ÀLÈR¹·=³7¹ à ¾À ÄÉ ùÆ É í ¯ ¼Ë¾J´5È=¹J´5·=¹ È › ¾ÉÀ@¹É´Rµ…¿k¿¸;»~¶¿¾…Å
Æ Ã ¹¿k¶¸È5¹JÀ@¹J¶ ¶µÉ·#¹J¶¹D·=È5µm´5³>µm³h¸…¸k¼L¾´RÈ5¹´R·#¸…È › ¾ Ê Ç É È È
·=¸ ¸;¶ ÈR¹¶³h´Rµ…¶¹×ÈR¹¶{»¶¹«Ê¸@¿kÀ@¸¹J´5¾\Ç ÈR¹·=¸@ÈRÈ ›r  ¸@À¶» ç
ʾJ´5¹ à ¸¼L¾J´5È=¹´R·#¸ì5í h¯ ¯®xȖÈÉ ìRì ûk$ð É&  ·=¾Ê¼L´5¾O¼Lµ…´R¸µmÀ Ç È
¶» ʾJ´5¹ à ¸
·#³>µ…³>¸ ê ô Å}Æ«À@À;÷ ¾·=³h´R¾Ê¸@³hè à ¾J·#³>´=µ à ¾À;À@µ Ê Ë
­ ¿»´5µmÇW»¶ µ ¬ ´5¾JÈ5È=¸;µÁ¸@¶ à ¸@È5µÀ@µÁʸ;¶ ¸;ÊÁµ šœ¦ ˜ Ú6Ô – Ú"Ÿ Ç
µm·#·=¹ÈR¸@µm³hµÉµmÀ¼L¾´RÈ5¹J´#·=¹OµÉ³h´5µm³h³>¹&·#¼L¾J·#·=¹\Çk¾OÈ › ¾&¼L¾J´cç Ë Ç Ë
ʾJ³h³h¾ à ¸F¸;¶ à ¸@¸ à »µm´5¾À@µ²” – Ú$— Ç}È › ¾úÈR¹Ê¾ú·#¸
¾ à ¾
±ÂúûÃ=Æ%Æ ®kÃ ì ®Ëð)$ð ® Å Ë Ç Ç
Ú ´5µmÀ@µm·=È5¸@µkʹ½¹´Rµ à ¸Hµ…¼L¼L´5¹ ¬ ¹J¶ à ¸@´R¾½À@µô³h¾J¹´R¸@µ Õ Ñ Ö"×ÏØ Ñ
È › ¾óÈ5¹J¶ ·=¾¶³h¾óÀ;÷ µ…¶µÀ;¸@·=¸ à ¾J³h³7µm¿À;¸µ…³>µ à ¾JÀ@À@÷ µ…À;¿¹J´5¸;³hç ÌÍÎÐÏÌÑ Ò Ñ ÎÐÓÔ Ñ ËË ËÊ ÎÐÏÙ Ù ÍÔ Ô Ï ÊÊ ËÊ
ʹ\Ç˾ ÈR¸~À;¸@ʸ@³>¸@µÊ¹ÉµmÀ@À@¾ ·#¾J¿k» ¾J¶ ³>¸

œ HÛLJ U
Ü À;÷ ¾J·#¾Jʼ˸;¹ ¬ ¹´R¶ ¸;³h¹É·#¸   ʹJ·#³>´5µm³h¹«¸;¶¿k´5µ à ¹ à ¸~ÈR¹´R´5¾¿k¿¾J´5¾É»¶¾J´5´5¹´R¾É¼Ë»´H¸;ʼ˸;¾¿kµ…¶ à ¹`»¶
ÈR¹ à ¸@¶¿3´5µm³h¾É¼Lµ…´R¸~µ à á' Çm·#»¼Ë¾J´5¸;¹´R¾«µ3æm»¾À@À;¹  Ý' Ÿ«Ã ¾JÀWÈR¹ à ¸@ÈR¾ µ´5¸;¼Ë¾J³h¸ £ ¸;¹¶¾Ëï
Ü À;µ š(œ à ¾JÀ~ʸ@¿kÀ@¸;¹´D¼Ë¾J´5ÈR¹´=·#¹ÉÈR¹´R´5¸@·=¼L¹¶ à ¾`µmÀL¶» ʾJ´5¹ à ¸ Ÿ ¸@³¾´R´5µm³h¸ ºY¶¾ÀWÈ5µm·#¹É¸@¶|È5»¸~·=¸@µm¶ ¹
·=³hµm³h¸ È5¹J´5´R¾³h³>¸@Ä ¶¾JÀ@À@µ ˜ Úh¯=É%÷=ÃÈCûk$ð ® ï
Ü ·=¸~Âk¾´R¸ ­ È5µ¾´R´5¹´R¾ ºwÈ5¸;¹   ” ˜ Ú$—•çg
Þ Ù¤ÚÛ Ä€·#¾ š œ  ˜ Ú}Ô – ÚŸ0 PÄÉ%Ç í ¯=Ã+à ¸ š œ nÚ}Ô – ÚŸ ï

Ü À;¾|ÈRµ…¼LµmÈ5¸@³>è à ¸ÈR¹´R´#¾ £ ;¸ ¹¶¾ à ¾À È5¹ à ¸;È5¾óʸ@¿kÀ@¸;¹´Rµ…¶¹µm»ÊÁ¾J¶ ³>µ…¶ à ¹|À;µ šœ ³h´RµÀ;¾¼L¹·=·#¸ Ÿ ¸;À@¸
·=¾æm»¾¶ £ ¾ ÙdÚ6Ûnð"ß ï
Ü À;µ š~œ ³>´5µ à ;¸ ¾J´5·=¾ Ù}Ú6Û …µ »Ê¾J¶~³hµÈ5¹¶ $ ô WÇ ¸;¶½æ…»µm¶ ³>¹«À@µÁʵm³h´R¸@ÈR¾ à ¸€³>´5µm¶·#¸ £ ¸@¹J¶ ¾©³h´RµÁ·#³>µ…³>¸
à ¸@Âk¸@¾J¶¾`¼L¸ ä #· ¼Lµ…´R·#µmDž¾ à ~¸ Âkµ…À;¹´R¸ à ¸ Ù}Ú6Û ·=¹ ¶¹É¼Ë¸ ä ¸;¶ ³>¾´ à ¸;¼Ë¾J¶ à ¾J¶ ³>¸hÅ

à ^ AfCOE9IJE9COADKcEYB@8;AIJS>A
8;? A69:aB0:7†#bJ:cIJS>:G 4\KcE JG A#8@:€e€E9ILK>E9G A#8;AFG 47CO:7„á~™Ðâ\< :}Z=b+:\BhB@:c? :}8;? 4c2RAR8;AG 47CD:}69A%„ … 8;? A
bJIJAäã åæ8;bJ8;8;AHIJbJ696uAD¤Sã)å)æ yç/5už x–x7x–x7x–x–x7x–xS1#¥\:U†#bJ:7696uADG 4cI E96COE9IJ47?FIbJCO:7? 4åKcEbIJEY<–G)ŸJ:åB@EWK>EMZ=A#? 8;::U? E98;47? IA
¤IJ:c6N8;?)A#6ME9G G)EM4\¥KcA#696u4"è A#6M694 B08;A#8;4 x7x[
±é °…¨«ª¯25767896 ¦m§°m¨;:øª¯<6a­&¨0:ø¬a­=576 ¬>5@?F¨0AB:ø¯ABA}¯26 ­©¬ ®`¬D¯®a¨C5W¯
ùc¶Òæm»¾·=³h¹åÈRµ…¼L¸@³>¹À;¹&·#¹J¶ ¹+³h´5µm³>³hµm³h¸Ë»¶ µÉ·=¾´R¸@¾ à ¸mµ…´R¿¹Jʾ¶³h¸ËÈ › ¾ › µm¶~¶¹å¸@¶úÈ5¹JÊ»¶ ¾åÀ;÷ »~³>¸@À@¸ £d£ ¹ à ¾J¸
´5¸;·#»À@³>µ…³>¸ à ¾JÀ@À@µó³>¾¹´R¸@µ à ¾JÀ@À;¾Ò¼Ë´R¹ Ÿ µ Ÿ ¸;À@¸@³>è…Ç Ÿ ´5¾J¾JʾJ¶ ³>¾Á´5¸;µ…·=·#»¶~³>¸f¶¾JÀ@À@¾Ò¼L´5¸;ʾҷ#¾ £ ¸@¹J¶¸hÅ`ö`¹J¼L¹
µkÂk¾J´ ÈRµ…´Rµ…³>³h¾J´=¸ £d£ µ³>¹ÒÀ@¾Òµm´R¸@µ Ÿ ¸@À;¸FµmÀ@¾Jµ…³>¹´R¸@¾Òʾ à ¸@µm¶³h¾ú¸
ʹJʾJ¶ ³>¸@ÇF¾ à ¾ ­ ¶ ¸;³h¾úÀ@¾ú¼L´5¹J¼W´5¸@¾J³hè à ¸
¾J´5¿k¹ à ¸@ÈR¸@³hè à ¾J¸€¼L´5¹JÈ5¾·=·N¸@Ç~Âk¸@¾J¶ ¾«ÂkµmÀ@»³hµm³hµúÀ@÷ ¾¶³h¸;³hè à ¾À€´R» ʹJ´5¾ à ¸æm» µm¶³h¸ £6£ µ £ ¸@¹J¶¾\Ç~¾©È5µmÀ@ÈR¹À;µ…³>µ
À@µ`¼Ë´R¹ Ÿ µ Ÿ ¸;À¸@³>è à ¸¾´R´=¹´R¾H¼L¾´U»¶ µå³>´5µmʸ@·=·#¸;¹¶¾ ¶»Ê¾´R¸@È5µ}Å Ì ¶÷ µÊ¼L¸@µ`µ…¼L¼Ë¾J¶ à ¸;È5¾  Hà ¾ à ¸@ÈRµ…³>µ+µ Ã
µm¼Ë¼L´5¹ ¬ ¹J¶ à ¸@´R¾åµmÀ@È5»¶¸µm·#¼L¾³>³h¸m¼Ëµm´R³h¸@ÈR¹À;µ…´R¸ à ¾JÀ@À@µ ³>¾¹´5¸;µ…ÇÈR¹Ê¾&¾JÀ@¾Jʾ¶³h¸ à ¸ à ¾ÈR¸@·=¸@¹J¶ ¾&·=³hµm³h¸;·#³h¸;È5µmÇ
À@÷ ¾¶³h´R¹¼L¸@µø¾|À;µŠÈR¹ à ¸ ­ È5µ à ¸·#¹J´5¿k¾¶³h¾JÇaÀ@µ慻µ¶³h¸ £d£ µ £ ¸;¹¶¾À@¹¿kµm´5¸@³>ʸ@ÈRµ…ǾÀ@¾ à ¸;·#³h´R¸ Ÿ » £ ¸@¹J¶¸ à ¸
ê µ…¸;À¾¸;¿ › ¾ ê ¸;È5¾…Å

ë‚ìí îCïÁð0ñyò<óõôöï‚÷ ÷†ïùøöñ7ðúCóúCò<÷†òûü

Ú 5´ µm³h³>µ à ¾À;À@¾×È5µm´Rµ…³>³h¾J´#¸;·#³>¸@È › ¾ ¯à ù í Æ>®#¯=ÉUà ¸ ¬ ¾¶¹Jʾ¶¸ É ¯¯=ÃYù í Æ$®#¯=É ¹ ÷=® ì û®xÆ%É Å Ì ¶ µÁ¼L´R¸@ʵ à ¾ ­ ¶ ¸;ç
£ ¸;¹¶¾ à ¸f¼Ë´R¹ Ÿ µ Ÿ ¸;À@¸³hè   æm» ¾JÀ@À;µ ¬ ¹J´5¶¸@³>µ à µmÀ@À;µ³h¾J¹´5¸;µ ¬ ´5¾J慻¾J¶ ³>¸@·#³>¸@ÈRµ…Ç}¼L¾´«ÈR» ¸
·#¾\ÇF´R¸@¼L¾³>¾¶ à ¹öý
Âk¹À@³>¾+»¶Á¾J·#¼L¾´5¸;ʾ¶³h¹\Ç Ó&þ Âk¹JÀ@³h¾ ·#¸ËÂk¾´R¸ ­ È5µ3À@µ×ÈR¸@´RÈ5¹J·#³>µ…¶ £ µäÿHÇmµ×慻¾J·#³>÷ »À@³h¸;ʵ«·#¸Lµm·=·#¾J¿¶µ«»¶ µ
¬ ´R¾æm»¾¶ £ µ´5¾JÀ@µm³h¸;µ Ó
þ
ý|Ç Ã µÈ5»¸~·=¸ à ¾´R¸@ÂkµÀ@µ©¼L´5¹ Ÿ µ Ÿ ¸@À;¸@³hè à ¸rÿäÈ5¹Jʾ
 þ ç F§E¥
Órþ
 ý
ùc¶³h¾J´5ʸ@¶¸m¼Ë¸
Áµm·#³>´5µm³h³>¸@Çk·=¸Ë¿»µ´ à µ3µ…À;À÷ ¸@¶·#¸;¾Ê¾ à ¸m³h»³h³>¾`À;¾åÈ5¸;´5È5¹J·=³hµm¶ £ ¾+¼L¹·=·#¸ Ÿ ¸;À@¸mÈ5¹Jʾ+µ à ¾¿kÀ@¸
¸@¶·=¸@¾Ê¸µmÀ@¿k¾ Ÿ ´5¸;È5¸;Çf¸UÈ5»¸U¾À;¾Ê¾J¶³h¸UºY¹¼Ë»¶³h¸;ÄU·=¹¶¹µm¼L¼Ë»¶³h¹À;¾ à ¸;¾J´5·=¾ÈR¸@´5ÈR¹·N³>µ…¶ £ ¾…Å×ù ¼L»¶ ³>¸
¼L¹·=·#¹J¶ ¹É¾J·#·=¾´=¾ ´5µm¿¿k´5»¼L¼Ëµm³h¸W¸@¶·=¹J³h³h¹¸;¶ ·=¸@¾JʸLºY¾J¾J¶³h»µ…À;ʾ¶³h¾ Â»¹J³h¸~¹ à ¸~»¶·=¹À;¹ ¼L»¶ ³>¹Ä¼Ë¾J´
¸~æm»µ…À¸WµmÀ@¿k¹¶¹ À@¾`¼L´R¹¼L´=¸@¾³>è à ¸W» ¶¸@¹J¶ ¾NDž¸@¶³h¾J´5·=¾ £ ¸@¹J¶ ¾NÇËÈR¹Ê¼LÀ@¾Jʾ¶³h¹NÇ˸;¶ È5À@»·#¸@¹J¶¾…ÅÅÅ
ù ¬ ¾¶¹Jʾ¶¸ ­ ·#¸;È5¸L·=¹¶¹ ¼Ë¹J·#³>¸~¸@¶|´5¾JÀ@µ £ ¸;¹¶¾+ÈR¹¶ó¸L¼L»¶ ³>¸ à ¾J¿kÀ@¸L¸@¶·=¸@¾JÊ|¸~·#» ÃËà ¾J³h³h¸Wʾ à ¸@µm¶³h¾ ¸@À
È5¹J¶È5¾J³c³>¹ à ¸~ì h¯ ® þÉ í ÷=®#Ä°¯ É í Ç?à  ÇLÈ › ¾   À@÷ » ¶¸¹¶¾ à ¸W³>»³h³h¸¸¼L¹·=·#¸ Ÿ ¸@À;¸W´R¸@·=» À;³hµm³h¸ à ¸ »¶ ýÖÃ=Ç í ÄÃÇ í
®#Æ Ã=®Lð í ¯}É í Å ¿ ¹J³7³h¹J¸@¶·#¸;¾Ê¸ à ¾JÀ@À@¹É·=¼Ëµ £ ¸;¹`ÈRµ…ʼL¸@¹J¶¾ ·=¹¶¹ à ¾J³h³7¸ Ã=ȖÃ=Ç$ð É Å Þ ÷ ¸¶ ³>¾´R¹«·#¼Lµ £ ¸@¹   À ÃȽÃÇð í
÷=ï5ð í…Çkʾ¶³h´R¾`À;÷ ¸@¶W·#¸@¾Jʾ+Âk»¹³>¹`ÈR¹´R´5¸@·=¼Ë¹¶ à ¾+µmÀ@À÷ ¾J¾J¶³h¹ ¸@ʼL¹·=·#¸ Ÿ ¸@À;¾ ©ºY¹ à ¾J¾J¶ ³>¹ Ç2ûÆ Æ íÄcÅ Ì ¶ µ
ûÇ?É í ÇÃ à ¸U¾Âk¾¶³h¸;ÇUÈR¹´R´5¸;·#¼L¹¶ à ¾µmÀ@À;÷ ¾Âk¾¶³h¹È › ¾|·=¸U¾J´5¸ ­ ÈRµŠ¹J¿¶¸Uæm» µmÀÂk¹À@³>µŠ·=¾¶¾Âk¾´R¸ ­ È › ¸
ûÇ ì û í ÷ í Ä°¯ í ÇÃ=Ç$ð à ÇOʾJ¶ ³>´5¾ Æ  É Ç$ð ï ì Ã0þÉ í Çà   Âk¾´R¸ ­ È5µm³hµ·=¾ ð ûkðŽ>ð É ¸DÈR¹Ê¼L¹¶¾¶³>¸DÀ;¹½·#¹J¶¹…Å
 ·#¾Jʼ˸;¹3¸@ÀHÀ@µm¶ ÈR¸@¹ à ¸D» ¶ à µ à ¹½¿k¾¶¾´Rµ »¶ ¹½·=¼LµN¸@¹½È5¹J¶ 4 ¼L» ¶³h¸Dºw¾Âk¾¶³h¸;Ä Ã ¸;·#¿k¸@»¶~³h¸>Å Ì ¶ ¹
·=¼Ëµ\¸;¹`ÈRµ…ʼL¸@¹J¶ ¾ ¼L» ! µkÂk¾J´5¾É» ¶|¶» ʾJ´5¹ à ¸ ¼Ë»¶³h¸¶¸@³h¹NÇm¸;¶~¶¸@³>¹É¶ »Ê¾´Rµm¸@À;¾\Çm¹É¸@¶~¶¸@³>¹…Å

±
é °m¨Éª¯<576 896"!m§ª·?06#}¨ #a¯8¯<5%$ &…ª·?;6 °
¬ ABA}¯a¬H® ¬¼?¼?;6y?D¯

')(+*,(-* .0//21235461 798:;:<8>=9?@35ACB5AD1E:;1GFIH

ë ¹·=³h¸;³h»¸@·=È5¹J¶ ¹ÉÀ@¾mµ…·=¸L·#»È5»¸~·=¹J¶ ¹ÉÈ5¹J·#³>´=» ¸;³h¸L¸W³h¾J¹´=¾Jʸ~·#¾J¿k» ¾J¶ ³>¸@Çm¾ à µJKJY¾J´5ʵm¶ ¹ÉÈML¾

Ü âON  Ò ÿ ØPN è À@µ ¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸³>è à ¸…»¶3¾J¾J¶³h¹

  ÈR¹Ê¼L´5¾·=µ3³>´5µ â ¾ ÃLè ï

Ü R ÒKÂØ ç è  À@µ ¼Ë´R¹%mµm¸@À;¸³hè à ¾JÀ@À;÷ ¾Âk¾J¶ ³>¹

ÈR¾´R³7¹ T
  S ï A1 Ω
]A
  Ò ÿXW  ÿ ã}Ø;ç  µmÀ@À;¹´Rµ  Ò  ÿYW بç AZ2 = 0
2
ÜVU ¾ R A1
­ R Ò ÿ W Ø À@µ ¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸;³hè à ¾JÀ@À;÷ » ¶¸;¹¶¾ A3
A4 A \3 A[4 = 0
à ¸¾Âk¾¶³>¸ Ê»³h»µmʾ¶³h¾É¸@¶ à ¸@¼L¾¶ à ¾J¶³h¸  
À;µ3·=¹Êʵ à ¾À;À@¾ ·#¸@¶¿k¹À;¾`¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸;³hè}Å

')(+*,(_^ `C8)35?@84a1R7b19ACBc/I8
Ü R Ò  Ø,ç â mÀ@µ3¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸;³hè à ¾JÀ@À@÷ ¾Âk¾¶³h¹É¸;Ê|¼L¹J·#·=¸-m¸@À¾   ¶ »À@Àµ}Å

Ü R Ò ÿ ed Øf R  ÿ  d Ÿ ç R Ò ÿ Ø ¾ R Ò d Ø)f R  d Ÿ ç è W » ¶ó¾J¾J¶³h¹×¾ à @¸ À ·#»¹«È5¹JʼLÀ@¾ç
¯ g í ühxüiKjkiYðmlð í ðnhkj iwÌ Ä
ʾJ¶³h¹É´5¸;¾Ê¼L¸@¹J¶ ¹ÉÀ@¹ ·#¼Lµ\¸;¹`º à ¾J³c³>¹Éµ…¶ÈML¾`³>¾¹J´5¾Êµ à J¾ À@À;¾

Ü R Ò ÿ  d ،ç  Ò ÿ Øcf R Ò d Øa, R Ò ÿ  d Ø HÀ@µ½¼L´5¹Qmµm¸@À;¸³hè à ¾À;À@÷ ¾J¾J¶³h¹Á¸;¶ ³>¾´R·#¾Q\¸@¹J¶¾Á·#¸
ÈR¹¶³hµ×» ¶µÉ¹JÀ@³>µ ·=¹JÀ@µ}Å#Æ Ã ¾·=¾Ê¼L¸@¹kÀ;µ…¶È5¸;µ¶ à ¹&»¶ à µ à ¹\ÇkÀ@µÉ¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À¸@³>è R Òpo#Ý  æ rq ê Ø
à ¸Ë¹J³h³7¾¶¾J´5¾+»¶Á¶»Ê¾´R¹å¼Ëµm´5¸;Çí ¯¯ûsgut ¼L¸-
Ò¿k´5µm¶ à ¾ à ¸ à » ¾\Ç   À@µÉì5íQvv hÁà ¾À@À;¾+¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À¸@³>è
à ¾J¸+·=¸@¶¿¹JÀ@¸&¾J¾J¶³h¸ R Òw#o Ý  æ ØLç Ýx ¾  Ò q ê Øç yx Ǡʾ¶¹æm»¾À;À@µ ÈzL ¾ô·=¸åÂk¾´R¸-ÈML ¸;¶ ¹
µm·=·#¸@¾Jʾ R Òp#o Ý  æ rq ê Ø!ç áx Å Ö ¾´R³hµm¶ ³>¹ R Òp#o Ý  æ rq ê Ø!ç Ýx f yx , áx ç|x{ Å

ÜVU ¾ d~} ÿ䵅À;À@¹J´5µ R Ò d Ø9N R   Ò ÿ Ø W 慻µ¶ à ¹«À@÷ ¾J¾J¶³h¹ d   È5¹J¶³h¾¶»³h¹×¸;¶£ÿ ¸;ÀWÂk¾´R¸-È5µm´5·=¸ à ¾JÀ
¼L´5¸;ʹɸ@ʼLÀ@¸@ÈRµ©¸@ÀW·#¾JÈ5¹J¶ à …¹ Å

')(+*,(_ €O?@35AB5AP1G:;1GFIHƒ‚35„…7b12†I1235„…B5:;1
Ö » ! µ…ÂÂk¾J¶ ¸;´5¾«ÈML¾×¸@À ¾J´5¸ ÈRµm´5·=¸ à ¸»¶¾J¾J¶³h¹ ik‡s§ ˆ ûItz‡ þsi ¸@À ¾J´5¸ ÈRµ…´R·#¸¹×ʾJ¶¹ à ¸»¶óµ…À;³h´5¹ U ¸
à ¸@È5¾ÉµmÀ@À;¹´Rµ©ÈML¾ÉÀ@¹ È5¹J¶ à ¸-N¸@¹J¶ µmDž¹JÂÂk¾´R¹ÉÈML ¾ÉÀ;÷ ¾Âk¾J¶ ³>¹`¸;¶‰» ¾J¶#µ…³>¹  f÷ í ‡øi þsi í ‡hËð í€Å Þ µ3¼Ë´R¹%mµm¸@ç
À@¸;³hèúÈML¾«µkÂk¾J¶¿µÿDÇ˶¹³>¹«ÈML¾ d ·#¸ ·#¸;µÂk¾J´5¸-È5µm³>¹\Ç~·#¸ ·#ÈR´5¸@Âk¾ R Ò ÿ d Ø Ç˾«·=¸WÀ;¾¿k¿¾«¼L´5¹Qmµm¸@À¸;³hè
ºYÈR¹¶ à ¸-\¸;¹¶µm³hµmÄ Ã ¸rÿ øhLð í d DžÈML¾  Éà ¾Q ¶¸@³>µ©ÈR¹Ê¾
R Ò ÿ Ô d Ø
 Ò ÿ d Ø,ç R Ò d Ø
¸@¶È5»¸ R Ò ÿ Ô d Ø,ç R   Ò ÿ  d Ø  À@µ`¼Ë´R¹%mµm¸@À;¸@³>è ÷ í ‡ ùinûs‡ðmh MÈ L¾Áÿø¾ d ·#¸k¾J´5¸ ÈML¸@¶¹D¾¶³h´Rµ…Êm¸@Ç
  Ò d ؂ç Þ â ºYmµ À@³>´5¸@ʾJ¶³h¸~µm¶ÈML¾ R Ò ÿ d ØB  N ¾´R¹Š Ä7Å
¾ à µ¼Lµ…³>³h¹ÉÈML¾ R

Œ‹ 8;E969:FZ\:7?B0G ? E925:7? :F69AUZ=? 47Q#A#Q#E96uE98.-åK>E\bJID:725:7I8;4fG)47CO:
Ž CO:cIJ4Em†#bJ:76969A&K>:76M69P :725:7IJ8;4FG)47COZ=6M:cCO:IJ8;A#? :=[
!m§m‘N§ 5W¬06 ?H¯w¨ ® ¬¼8·8F¬ ª·?;6D#}¨C#D¯"8F¯25Q$ é S

Í Lü…UÏb’ µ…À;»~³hµm´5¾úÀ;µ|¼L´5¹Qmµm¸@À;¸³hèÈ5¹J¶ à ¸-N¸@¹J¶ µm³hµ R Ò ÿ d Ø ÈzL ¾úÀ@µm¶È5¸;µ…¶ à ¹ú» ¶ à µ à ¹ú·#¸F¹J³hç
³>¾¶¿kµ½» ¶ô¶» ʾJ´5¹¼Ëµm´5¸ºY¾JÂk¾¶³h¹=ÿ ç4ғo#Ý  æ Ø ÄYÇfÈR¹¶ à ¸-\¸;¹¶µm³hµmÊÁ¾J¶³h¾ÁµmÀ@À;÷ ¾Âk¾¶³>¹ d ÈML¾Á¸@À
¶»Ê¾´R¹ ·=¸@µ…”•}Å U ¹À;»N¸@¹J¶ ¾ µmÀ@À@µ3¶ ¹J³hµ ñ Å
Æ ¼Lµm´5³>¸@´5¾ à µmÀ@À;µ ¼Ë´R¾È=¾ à ¾J¶³h¾ à ¾Q ¶¸-N¸¹¶¾\Ç©·=¸«¹³>³h¸;¾¶¾ æm»¾À@À;µ à ¾JÀ@À;µ ¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸;³hè ÷ í ‡ùinûs‡ðmh 
R Ò ÿ Ô d Ø«ç R Ò ÿ d Ø R Ò d Ø ï¸@¶¹À;³h´R¾\Çå¿À;¸H¾J¾J¶³h¸OÈ5¹J¶ à ¸\¸@¹J¶µ…¶³h¾½¾È5¹J¶ à ¸-N¸@¹J¶ µm³h¹Š¼Ë¹J·#·=¹¶¹
¸@¶Âk¾´R³h¸@´R¾3¸€´R¸@·=¼Ë¾J³h³7¸@Âk¸€´5»¹JÀ@¸@Ǽ˾J´5ʾJ³h³7¾J¶ à ¹ à ¸}·=È5´5¸;¾J´5¾úµm¶ ÈzL ¾ R Ò ÿ Ô d Øfç R Ò d ÿ Ø R Ò ÿ Ø Å
 ¿»µm¿À@¸;µ…¶ à ¹ À@¾ à » ¾ ¾·=¼Ë´=¾J·#·=¸@¹J¶ ¸;Dž·=¸~¹J³h³h¸;¾¶¾
R Ò d ÿ Ø  Ò ÿ Ø Âš ݖÓ—z˜ – R Ò d ÿ Ø,ç R Ò ÿ d Ò Ø ÿ RØ  Ò d Ø
R Ò ÿ d Ø,ç
R Ò d Ø –
ë ¹Ê¾«»À@³>¸@ʵ à ¾Q¶ ¸\¸@¹J¶¾\ÇË´RµmÊÊ|¾J¶³h¸@µmʹÉÈML¾×À@¾«¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À;¸_³>è R Ò ÿ Ø ¾ R Ò d Ø ·=¹¶¹«¸@¶ à ¸;È5µm³h¾
È5¹Jʾv hYg ùik‡hjKi Å
')(+*,(_™ `C8)35?@84šB›7b19œB5žY8)/
Æ k ¹À@³>¾\Çf¶¹J¶³h»³h³>¸f¸f¼L¹·=·#¸-m¸@À;¸
¾JÂk¾¶³h¸·#¹J¶¹ à ¸;´5¾J³h³hµmʾJ¶ ³>¾Á¹·=·#¾J´=µm¸À@¸;¸;¶ô³hµmÀ
ÈRµ…·=¹ÁÀ@µó¼L´5¹Qmµ…ç
m¸@À@¸³>è{ʵm´5¿k¸@¶~µmÀ@¾ R Ò ÿ Ø   ¸@¶ à ¸;È5µm³hµóÈ5¹JʾÁ¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸;³hè hC¯
gzi í gŸi Å ò » µmÀ@¹J´5µóÀ;÷ ¾Âk¾J¶ ³>¹=ÿ ·#¸;µ½¸@¶
æm» µmÀÈML¾`ʹ à ¹`À@¾J¿kµ…³>¹+µ à »¶Á·#¾JÈ5¹J¶ à ¹ ¾Âk¾¶³>¹ d ÇkÈML¾`¸;¶Â¾JÈ5¾+¼L¹J·#·=¸@µmʹ+¹·=·=¾´5Âkµm´5¾JÇkÀ@µ×¼L´R¹%mµm¸@ç
À@¸;³hèÉÈ5¹J¶ à ¸\¸@¹J¶µ…³>µ R Ò ÿ d Ø ¼Ë´R¾¶ à ¾å¸@Àm¶¹Ê¾ à ¸…¼L´R¹%mµm¸@À;¸@³>è h9¯ íJì ðmtŸgui í gzi ¼L¾´RÈML Çµ à ¸JKJY¾J´5¾J¶Nµ
à ¸Ë慻¾À;À@µÉµ×¼L´5¸;¹´R¸@Çk´Rµ…¼L¼Ë´R¾·N¾J¶³hµ«»¶ÁÂkµ…À;¹´R¾ à ¸Ë¼L´5¹Qmµm¸@À;¸³hè×Âkµ…À;» ³>µm³hµ ø í ¯ í À@µ©È5¹J¶ ¹J·#ÈR¾¶\µ à ¸ d Å
ù7¶©¿k¾¶¾´Rµ…À;¾\Ǽ˾J´ ! Ç·#¸ÈR¹¶¹·=È5¾O·=¹À;µ…ʾJ¶ ³>¾ R Ò ÿ Ø ¾  Ò d ÿ Ø
ºYæm»¾·=³h¾É»À@³h¸;ʾ ·=¹¶¹ à ¾J³h³>¾«¼Ë´R¹%mµ…¸;À@¸;³hè©ÈR¹¶ à ¸-\¸;¹¶µm³h¾ iK‡¥h¦§h‡¨
ðmi ÄYÇ
¾Ò¼L¾´×ÈRµ…À;È5¹JÀ@µm´5¾ R Ò ÿ d Ø ¹JÈ5È5¹´R´5¾ÁÈR¹¶¹J·#È5¾µ…¶ÈML¾ R Ò d Ø Å Ω A1
¡
ò »¾·=³h÷ »À@³>¸@ʵ«æm» µm¶~³>¸@³>è©·=¸ à ¾J³h¾´Rʸ@¶µ ì hLð ûIgzh‡ ø í«À@µ×¼L´5¹Qmµm¸@À;¸@ç A2
¡ ¢
³hèóÈR¹¶¿k¸@»¶~³hµ R Ò ÿ Ô d Ø ´5¸@·=¼L¾³>³c¹úµ³h»³h³>¸
¿kÀ@¸}¾JÂk¾¶³h¸fʵ…´R¿¸;¶ µmÀ¸ B ¡
A3
ÿ W ¼L¹J·#·=¸-m¸@À@¸ A4
 Ò d ؔça©  Ò d Ô ÿYW Ø!ça© R Ò d ÿXW Ø R Ò ÿYW Ø A ¤
W W ¡ £ 5
µô¼Ëµm³>³h¹{ÈML¾½´5¸;·#»À@³>¸  Ò ÿYW Ô ÿ ãdØ ç â ¾  ÿYW çª Ç ¾½È5¸;¹   ÈzL ¾
A6

À@÷ ¸@¶~·=¸@¾Jʾ à ¾J¿À@¸ Ù ÿ W Û ÈR¹·=³h¸@³>»¸@·#ÈRµó» ¶µ|¼Ëµm´5³>¸-\¸;¹¶¾ à ¾JÀ@À@¹ú·=¼Ëµ\¸;¹

à ¾¿kÀ@¸~¾JÂk¾¶³h¸  Å Ú µmÀ@¾`È5¸@´RÈ5¹J·N³hµm¶\µ   ʹJ·#³h´Rµm³hµú¸@¶¿»~´Rµ€Å
Þ ÷ »À³h¸;ʵ ´R¾À@µN¸@¹¶¾{ÈR¸O¼Ë¾J´5ʾJ³7³h¾ à ¸O¾J¶ »¶ ÈR¸@µk´5¾Š¸;À ðmt í gzt v h øi¬«9h%­t ì\Ç&ÈML¾ŠÊ¹·=³h´Rµ ÈR¹Ê¾
¹J³h³h¾¶¾J´5¾úÀ@¾¼Ë´R¹%mµ…¸;À@¸³hè h¨¯ íJì ðnt<gui í gzi µ¼Lµm´5³>¸@´5¾ à µ|æm»¾À;À@¾ h¨¯
gzi í gui ¾ à µæm» ¾JÀ@À;¾©È5¹J¶ à ¸\¸@¹J¶µ…³>¾
iK‡h¦§h‡ ðni 
R Ò d ã ÿ W Ø  Ò ÿ W Ø
R Ò ÿXW d ã}Ø,ç
­ ô R Ò d 㟠ÿ ô Ø R Ò ÿ ô Ø
® ¾À;À@µ«µm¼L¼Ë¾J¶ à ¸@ÈR¾ ² Å 4 Å S¼  ʹ·=³h´Rµ…³>µ«À@÷ µ…¼L¼ËÀ;¸@ÈRµ#¸;¹¶¾ à ¾Àm´5¸;·#»À@³>µ…³>¹åµ à »¶Ò¼L´5¹Q…À;¾Êµ à ¸ à ¾JÈ5¸;·#¸;¹¶¾
·=³hµm³h¸@·=³h¸;È5µ³h¸;¼Ë¸;È5¹ à ¾JÀ@À;¾ ³>¾À;¾ÈR¹Ê» ¶¸È5µ\¸;¹¶¸@Çm´5¾JÀ@µm³h¸;¹ɵmÀ@À@µ3´5¸;È5¾%N¸@¹J¶¾m¸@¶Wµ…´R¸@µ}Åkù7¶ ² Å S Å 4   ¸@¶Â¾JÈ5¾
¼L´5¹J¼Ë¹·=³h¹É»¶¾J·#¾Jʼ˸;¹É¼L¸ ä|à ¸@´5¾J³h³7¹…Å
m¯ 6©?)EwB0bJ698;A8;4 eZ\A#?)E«A#696uAäZ\?)47Q#A#Q#Eu69E98.-±°
²@³›k´y! y °
²I»2<²cšY›Qµœ"!×G)Ÿ:EK>bJ:ø:725:7IJ8;E|B@E«25:7? E JGŽŸJE9IJ4
G 47I8;:7COZ=47? A#IJ:cA#CO:7IJ8@:\<=KcE925EwB_AZ=:7?W69AUZ\?)47Q#A#Q#Eu69E98.-Y°·¶¡´y!my°I¶¡µÁœ!NG)Ÿ:FEM6\IJbCO:7? 4HB0EMAY¸M¹
º E? Ep»J:78@8;A+B@bJ6969AUG E9? G 4NB08;A#IJS>AUGŽŸJ:f6MAZ=? 47Q#A#QREu69EM8.-+K>:76NZ\A#?)E° ¶ ³¹!Ly½¼ <>†#bJ:7696uA° ¶ Œ´y!~yÀ¿ÁR<c4
†#b:7696MAUG)47IJi5E9bJIJ8;A
K>EË:7IJ8;? ARCOQ#E)° ¶ ³›k´ !Hy ÁR¾ <ËB047IJ4D8;bJ8;8;:O?)EMdM:7? E98;:OAK bJI׆#bJAR6ubJIJ†#b:D69¾ A#IJG Ež4×KcE
K>AK>4\<NCO:cIJ8;? :°
²@I»2<²cš½cµ|œ"!Le
? :769A#8;E925AFAKWbJIaIJbJCO:c? 4€? EYK>478;8;4aK>E#69A#IJG E0< 4NBhB0E9ADB047694†RbJ:7696ME5G)ŸJ:Kc:78@:7? COE9IJA#I4€bJI? EYB@b6M8;AR8;4µœ7[5v:c? 8;A#IJ8;4=<):NBB@:cILKc4
°
²@´y!Rà zh<WB0EL478;8;E9:7IJ:°
²@³µ½E´y!RÄÅ°
²³›K´y!KÆE9IJdA#8;8;EmZ\:7? 69P :NB@:cCOZ\E94©K>:76
KcAKc4©B0EL478;8;E9:7IJ:°
²&I»<u²7šS½ÇµÁœ!Oy
°
²@I»<u²cšY›ÈµÁœ!2½G°
²@µÁœ!Éy Á¾ ½§¿Á{yª¼ <kG)Ÿ: e`COA#i5i5E947? :ÁK>EÉ°
²&I»<u²7šY›ÊµÁœ"!«y˼ ¤E25A#6947? EUKcE Z\? 4cQ#A#Q#E96uE98.-|B@47IJ4
478;8;:cIJbJ8;ENG 47CO:
? A#Z=Z=47? 8;4F8;? AUE96\IJbJCD:7? 4D¾ KcE\G AB0E=dAR2547?):7254569E=:
†#bJ:7696u4HK>:7EG)AB@E\Z=4NBhB0EMQÌ E969Ew¥[
º E4c8;8;E9:7IJ:E9IJ25:7G :X°
²Œ³¹½G´ !}yV°
²&³U›k´y!WB@4c6M4&B@:¬°
²&´ !€y zh<4NBhB0E9AÉB0:¬´|G 47? ? EYB0Z\47ILK>:A#696uP bJIJE947IJ:&KcE8;b8;8;Ei56ME
:725:7IJ8@EZ=4NBhB0E9Q5E969Ew[
é • °m¨Éª¯<576 896"!m§ª·?06#}¨ #a¯8¯<5%$ &…ª·?;6 °
¬ ABA}¯a¬H® ¬¼?¼?;6y?D¯

')(+*,(-' Í΄…7b1G=Â8„…7¬8„…†·BÏ/2FIB5FŸ12/2FŸ12‚B
U ¸~Âk¾´R¸-È5µ慻µm¶ à ¹
R Ò ÿ d Ø,ç R Ò ÿ Ø
¸@¶|慻µm¶~³h¹É¸;ÀL¾J´5¸ ÈRµ…´R·#¸ à ¸ d ¶¹J¶¸@¶‰» ¾J¶=µCÿ«Å ë ¹Jʾ ÈR¹¶·=¾¿k» ¾J¶\µmDž¼L¾´ à »¾`¾JÂk¾¶³h¸ ·#³>µ…³>¸@·=³h¸@ç
È5µmʾJ¶ ³>¾ ¸;¶ à ¸@¼L¾J¶ à ¾¶³>¸LµkÂk¸;¾¶¾`ÈzL ¾
 Ò ÿ Ô d Ø,ç R Ò ÿ Ø R Ò d Ø
')(+*,(_Ð Ñ0/84±=91P?12BÉ/I/2Ò¬„¬FŸ1GÓc1
ÜVÔ ¶ ·#¸;·#³>¾Êµ à ¸UÈR¹Ê»¶ ¸;È5µ\¸;¹¶¾Á´5µ à ¸@¹   µJkJY¾J³h³7¹ à µ{µm³h³>¾¶»µN¸@¹J¶ ¸U·=» ¼L¼LÀ@¾JÊ|¾J¶³hµm´5¸UÈRµ…»ç
·=µm³h¾ à µô¼Ë¸;¹¿k¿¸;µ€Åùc¶ à ¸@È5µm¶ à ¹{È5¹J¶½Õ * À@÷ ¾JÂk¾¶³h¹½ÈML¾{¸;À ·=¸@·=³h¾Êµ µ à µVJw» ¹J´5¸D·#¾J´5Âk¸-N¸@¹\ÇO¾
ÈR¹¶¹J·#È=¾¶ à ¹ À;¾`¼L´5¹Qmµm¸@À;¸³hèúÈ5¹J¶ à ¸\¸@¹J¶µ…³>¾ R Ò Õ *,GoxæmÖ2× – Ø!ç ë_Ø Ç R Ò Õ *}ÓÖdÓDoxæmÖ2× – Ø!çéëžâQØ
¾ÉÀ;µ©¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸;³hè3Ê|µm´R¿¸;¶ µÀ;¾ R ÒwoxæmÖ ÞJÞ æ$ÝAØ!çéëžâJØ Ç Ã ¾³>¾´=ʸ;¶ µk´5¾

S Å Þµ ¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸³>è à ¸ÉJY»¹´R¸·#¾J´5Âk¸-N¸@¹ R Ò Õ *!Ø Çf¸;¶ à ¸@¼L¾¶ à ¾¶³h¾Jʾ¶³h¾ à µmÀUÂk¾´R¸-È5µm´5·=¸U¹
{
ʾJ¶¹ à ¾À;À@÷ ¾JÂk¾¶³h¹É¼L¸@¹J¹J·#¹Lï
}• Å Þ µ¼Ë´R¹%mµ…¸;À@¸³hèÈML¾É·#³>¸@µ¼Ë¸;¹Âk¾¶ à ¹NÇË·=µm¼Ë¾J¶ à ¹ÉÈML¾ ¸;ÀL·#¸;·#³>¾Êµ   JY»¹´R¸W·=¾´R¸\¸@¹mÅ

ê ¸;·#»À@³hµm³>¹`º õ Ä7Å

Ü ò »µmÀ@¾   À@µ¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸³>è3ÈzL ¾\ÇLÀ;µ…¶È5¸;µ¶ à ¹CÙ¹JÀ@³h¾É»¶ à µ à ¹\Ç˾·=È5µÚÙ¹JÀ@³>¾ S¬Û ê ¸@·=» À;³hµm³h¹ º î ÄcÅ
ÜVÔ ¶ ÷ »´5¶µ È5¹J¶ ³>¸@¾J¶ ¾¬•Cm¸@¿kÀ@¸;¾9m¸@µm¶~ÈML¾å¾YÙɶ¾´R¾…Å ò »µmÀ   À@µ×¼Ë´R¹%mµm¸@À¸;³hè«ÈML¾&·=»T•É¾·=³h´5µN¸@¹¶¸
ÈR¹¶·=¾È=»³h¸@Âk¾\Dž¾J·#ÈRµm¶ ¹ÉÀ@¾•O…¸;¿À;¸_¾Cm¸@µm¶~ÈML¾ Û ê ¸;·#»À@³>µ…³>¹`º ð Ä7Å

Ü ò » µmÀ   À@µÉ¼L´5¹Qmµm¸@À;¸³hè«ÈML¾¬•ÉÈ5µm´5³>¾\Çk¾J·#³>´5µm³h³7¾&µÉÈ5µm·#¹ à µÉ»¶úʵÎ\¹ à µ …´R¸ à ¿¾ à µ ² •mÇ·#¸;µ…¶¹

Ü ¾ òaÛ ê ¸;·#»À³hµm³h¹Éº ® ÄcÅ
, ^ AZ=? 47Q#ARQ#Eu69EM8.-COA#? i5E9IJA#6u:HK>EdMbJ47? E…B@:c? 25EMS>E94 B0ENG)A#6MG)4769AUA#Z\Z=69EuG A#ILK>4FE96N8@:747? :7CDA K>:7696M:€Z\? 4cQ#A#Q#E96uE98.-U8;478;A#69EKÝ
°
²@Þ·! y °
²@Þ·½P»NšßGàuá"!ˆ°
²&I»NšßEàuá!§âO°
²Þ·½c„Qßc„@»NšßGàuá"!kˆ;°
²&„§ßc„»NšßGàuá"!my
y  ã
ˆ7 xåä,â| xåã
ˆ7 æMçy{ xEèåäåãUy>èR äåãåé
E9ID†#bJA#I\8;4P°
²@„Qßc„@»NšßEàuá!my{zêë°
²@I»\šìßGàuá!myŠ æåç–[51WZ=Z\69E9G A#I…Kc4FE96\8;:747? :COA&KcEÎíWAuî5:NBWB@E\8;? 4725A†#bEMI…K>EkÝ
°
²&I»NšßEàuá½EÞ·!my °
²@Þ·½P»N°
šßG²&àuá"Þ·!kuˆ;°
! ²&I»NšßEàuá! y  ãF xåèåˆ7äå xEã ä yŠ œGäåèUyœEä# èåé
º EI478;EG 47CO:a69ADZ=? 47Q#ARQ#Eu69EM8'-a—b “ ‘N’ “G)ŸJ:UZ\E94725AD¤PÃ9ð¥=25:7IJi5AO?)EMCDZ\E9A#S>S>A#8;A KcA#6WB0bJ4U25A#6947? :
—Éïk‘7¢5 ’ “ ‘N’ “¤Œ¹Ã#<òñPðU¥
i5? A#S>E9:FA#696uAIJbJ4725AE9IJd47?)COA#S>E947IJ: K>EG)bJE…KcEYB@Z=47IJE9ACO4
¤G 476969:7i5A#CO:7IJ8@4fdb47? EmB@:7? 25E9S>E94N¥[5v:7? bJIJAåK>:"JIJE9S>Eu47IJ:
Z=? :7G EYB0A
K>:76M69:}Z=? 47Q#ARQ#EM69Eu8'-UAZ\? E947? E\:NK€AZ\4NB08;:7? E947? E…B0EN25:NK>A69P ARZ\Z=:7ILK>EMG : À#[òñ#[ ŽR[
.móWP>Z=A#? E\A#6\Z\? 4NK>478;8;4HK>:76969:}Z\? 4cQ#A#Q#E969Eu8.-UCOA#?)iRE9IJAR6ME@<h:\BhB@:cILKc4€EN69A#IJG)EkB@8;A#8;EYB_8;E9G A#CD:7IJ8;:FE9ILK>EMZ=:7ILK>:7IJ8;E@<h25EYB@8@4}G)ŸJ:FE96
K>AKc4}e
>B0:7IJS>AUCO:cCO47? E9A<>[5v:7? 8;ARIJ8;4FE96N?)EwB0bJ6u8;A#8@4FeÚô<Á<¼ õ Ì yö¾ ¼¼ ÁÇ÷ùø= èœGæåèUˆ7zhxuú Ì [
Ž1WIG)ŸJ:f†#bJEN69P bJ?)IJAe&B0:7IJS>ACO:cCO4? E9AsÆcZ=:7?H+OKc4cZ\4f6MAZ=? E9COAa:NB@8@? A#S>E947IJ:
6M:
Q#E9i569Eu:?):NB@8;ARIJ4
EMI¡¿sûv:7? 8;A#I8;447?)A E96
Z=? 4NKc4c8;8;4DKc:76969:}Z=? 47Q#A#Q#E969Eu8.-UCDA#? i5EMIA#69E=? EYB@bJ698;A ¾ü ˆ ¿¼ y ¼ ¼ å [
Ä °
²_‰+›ký7! y °
²‰C»Î²7šþ9J›ýëÿ;
á Êßc„„2! â °
²@ý¡»Î²7šþ9J›;‰ÿ;
á Êßc„„2! y °
²&_‰C»Î²cšþ‚ ! ˆ
°
²@ý…ÿ;
á Êßc„„ ½7‰C»2²7šþ‚ !uâ>°
²@ý9»2²7šþ‚ !NˆM°
²&_‰ÿ;
á Êßc„„ ½Gý‚»Î²cšìþ9 !…yóœbô¿ü ¾ ¿ü ¼ õf y ÁKÁ 
Ì  z– œFˆ–zhxuú ¾ [
y
!m§m§ J¨;?D¯Y¨ #D¯8
¯¨08¬€¨C576 ?D¯7¬ é Ù

ë‚ì
çóñyò<ó0úCò<÷ òöó÷†ïÁó0ûðñyò<ï


o @¸ ¶¹´Rµø·=¸   ¼Ëµm´RÀ@µm³h¹ à ¸ tu¦§tu‡ ðni ¸@¶ ʹ à ¹Šµ…·=³h´Rµ…³>³h¹\Ç&ʾ¶³>´5¾{·=¼Ë¾J·#·=¹ŠÈR¸H·=¸D³h´R¹Âkµ µ à µm·=·#¹JÈ5¸@µm´5¾

µ à ¹¿k¶¸}¼Ë»¶³h¹ à ¾À;À@¹3·#¼LµN¸@¹3È5µmʼ˸;¹¶¾×»¶{µmÀ@¹J´5¾3¶ »Ê¾J´5¸@ÈR¹€À;¹©·=¼Ëµ\¸;¹×È5µmʼ˸;¹¶¾  à ¸@Âk¾¶³hµ
µmÀ@À@¹J´5µÀ@÷ iK‡ ì iKt v tvøtuic‡2û v tugzi ¾¼L´R¾¶ à ¾Ò¸;ÀF¶¹Ê¾ à ¸ ¦ hguiKh#üikjKt hjKtzhLð í guiKh Å Þ µ|´R¾µmÀ@¸2\µ#¸;¹¶¾ à ¸
»¶ä¾Âk¾¶³h¹½ÈR¹´=´5¸;·#¼L¹J¶ à ¾½¹´Rµµ…À;À@÷ µm·#·=¾¿k¶ µN¸@¹¶¾ à ¸ »¶äµmÀ@¹J´5¾½ºY³>´5µ¸H¼L¹·=·#¸-m¸@À;¸@ÄOµ…À;À@µøµm´5¸;µk¸@À@¾
µmÀ@¾Jµ…³>¹´R¸@µ}ï ³>µ…À;¾ÒµmÀ@¹J´5 ¾ h¼L´5¾J·#È=¾JÀ@³h¹ +¼L´5¾J¶ à ¾ à »¶ æm»~¾|¸@À¶ ¹Jʾ à ¸ gztuhjKi þ6þI–h þsi í ‡tà ¾À@À;µ{ÂNÅ µ€ÅÉö ¸;ç
·=³h¸@¶¿k» ¸;µÊ¹©¸;¶ ¹JÀ@³>´5¾3³>´5µ|µm´5¸;µ¸@À@¸€µmÀ@¾Jµm³h¹J´5¸@¾ øi ì ÷ugztRðmt ¾ ÷ í ‡ðmiK2 ‡ ûIt Ç µ·#¾JÈ5¹¶ à µ·#¾©À;µÁ¿k´5µm¶ à ¾Q2\µ
Ã ß Þ
ÈML¾ ¾·=È5´R¸@Âk¹¶¹©µk¸@µÒÂkµ…À;¹´R¸W¶»Ê|¾J´5µm¸@À¸¹×È5¹J¶³h¸@¶»¸ Å µúÈRµ…´Rµ…³>³h¾J´5¸2\µN¸@¹J¶ ¾ à ¾À;À@µÒÂkµ…´R¸@µ¸@À;¾
µmÀ@¾Jµ…³>¹´R¸@µmÇ
¸@¶ô³h¾J´5ʸ;¶ ¸¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸;·#³>¸@ÈR¸@ÇF·#¸¹J³h³>¸@¾¶¾Á¸;¶ à ¸@ÈRµ…¶ à ¹ÒÈ5¹JʾÁÀ@ µ hʵm·#·=µ à ¸f¼L´5¹Qmµm¸@À;¸@³>è 
·=¸ à ¸;·#³>´5¸-m»¸@·=È5¾×·=» À;À@÷ ¸¶·#¸;¾Ê¾ à ¸}ÂkµmÀ@¹J´5¸€ÈML¾3À;µÁÂkµ…´R¸@µ¸@À;¾©µmÀ@¾Jµ…³>¹´R¸@µÁ¼L» ! µm·#·=» ʾJ´5¾\ǀ¼L¾´ Ê|¾QÎ\¹
à ¾À;À@¾C•ëJY»¶\¸;¹¶¸ à ¸~µm´R¸@µ…¸À;¾ µmÀ@¾Jµm³h¹J´5¸@µ3·#¾J¿»¾J¶ ³>¸hÅ

')(ò^(-* Ò¬„ë† 1235„¬1 7b1 798„…/21GFIHÏ8 7b1 7b12/2FŸ?1GAD҅†§1Î35„…8 7b19=9?
35AB5AP1G:;1GFIH



ë ¹ ·È5¹Jʾ©»¶¹J¿k¿¾J³h³>¹©¶¹¶½¹Jʹ¿k¾¶¾J¹   ¼L¸-

ó¹×ʾJ¶ ¹ à ¾¶·=¹×¸@¶½´R¾¿k¸@¹J¶ ¸ à ¸-JKJw¾´R¾¶³h¸ à ¾À€·=»¹«Â¹Jç
À@»Ê¾ÈR¹Ê¼LÀ@¾J·#·=¸@Âk¹\Ç ÈR¹· À@µ øtz‡ ì iYðnl¨øiB¯
g í ühxüiKjKiwðml ʹJ·#³>´5µø·#» 慻µmÀ@¸UÂkµ…À;¹´R¸ à ¾À@À;µŠÂkµm´5¸@µ¸;À@¾
µmÀ@¾Jµ…³>¹´R¸@µÁ·=¸È5¹J¶ ÈR¾¶ ³>´5µÒÀ@µ¼Ë´R¹%mµ…¸;À@¸³hè}Å ë ¹J·;ÇWµ à ¾·=¾Ê¼L¸@¹\ÇÀ@µ x à ¾¶·#¸;³hè à ¾JÀ@À@µÂNÅ µ}Å Ã ¸@·=È5´5¾J³hµ|µm·#ç
·=¹È5¸;µm³hµúµ…À À@µm¶~ÈR¸@¹ à ¸W»¶ à µ à ¹ ¼L» ! ¾·=·#¾J´5¾×·=È5´R¸@³h³>µ) o ¥ÒFØ2ç ­ ö ' x'  Ò,LÓiØ ¸@ÀWÈ5»¸W·=¸@¿k¶ ¸~ÈRµ…³>¹
à ¸@·#ÈR»³h¸@µmʹ ·#»…¸;³h¹\ÇmÈ5¹J¶À;÷ µm¸» ³>¹ à ¾J¸ à »¾`¿k´5µ ÈR¸~·=¾¿k»¾¶³h¸>Å
 ¾  ¸;¶ à ¸@ÈRµ…¶¹&´5¸;·#¼L¾J³h³h¸;µmʾJ¶ ³>¾+À@µ«ÂÅ µ}źY¸;Àm¶ »Ê¾ç
´5¹úÈML¾ú» ·=È5¸;´5èmÄf¾ à »¶µ·=» µ|´5¾Jµ…À;¸-Î\µ\¸¹J¶ ¾úºY»¶µ à ¾À;À@¾ 1 pD (x)
4 JYµmÈ5ÈR¾Ä7Å+ù 4 ¸@ʼL» À·=¸È5¾J¶ ³>´5µm³h¸¸@¶ ÀçßÓ ´5µm¼L¼Ë´R¾·=¾¶ ç −
6
³hµm¶¹+»¶ µ©È5¹J¶ ÈR¾¶ ³>´5µ\¸;¹¶¾ à ¸L¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸³>è3¶¾J¸L·#¾J¸L¼L¹·=ç "
x
·=¸-m¸@À@¸ËÂkµ…À;¹´R¸hï\À;÷ µm´5¾Jµ à ¸~³>µ…À;¸L¸@ʼL» À;·#¸   ¼L´5¹J¼Ë´R¸@¹É¼Ëµm´5¸Wµ…À;ç 1 2 3 4 5 6
! # 

À@µ|¼Ë´R¹%mµ…¸;À@¸@³>è à ¸F¹J¿¶»¶ ¹ à ¾J¸f·#¾J¸F´5¸;·#»À@³>µ…³>¸hÅ  ÷ Jwµ…ÈR¸@À@¾ FD (x)

Âk¾´R¸-È5µm´5¾ÉÈML¾ 1
%
o ¥ÒFØ('š :çéè
& ! " # 
x
% 1 2 3 4 5 6
¾ÉÈML¾ ´R¸@·=» À;³hµ
o&¥Ò*FØ~š' ç  Ù}Ý,+ Ú6Û
%(
p (x)
 N X
$
) x
¹JÂÂk¾´R¹¼Lµ…´R¸µ…À;À@µó¼Ë´R¹%mµ…¸;À@¸@³>èóÈML¾À@µ½ÂÅ µ}Å  µ…·=·#»Êµ
»¶ÂµmÀ@¹J´5¾Á³>´5µ Ý ¾ Ú Å«ùc¶ ¼Lµm´5³>¸@È5¹JÀ@µm´5¾NǶ¹¶¼L¹J³h¾J¶ à ¹·#¸ FX(x)
Âk¾´R¸-È5µm´5¾©»¶µÒ¼Ë´R¹%mµ…¸;À@¸@³>èÒ¶¾¿kµ…³>¸@Âkµ…Ç ·#¸,Lµ o  Ò
* ?
 Ø
. - 1
â ÈR¹0¶ /  Å x
Ô ¶µTJY»¶N¸¹¶¾ à ¸ÂNÅ µ}Å·#³>´5¾³h³>µmʾ¶³h¾×ÈR¹À;À@¾J¿µm³hµÒµmÀ@ç
À@µ ¾J¶·#¸;³hè   À;µ…Jw» ¶\¸¹J¶¾ øi ì ðmgu i üiû6þIi í ‡Â
à t øi~¯
g í ü#h üikjKiYðnl&1 Ç Ã %¾ ¶ ¸;³hµÈ5¹Jʾ
Õ 2 Ò4Fؔç %05 o 2 Ò*6½Ø~š 6aç R Ù7 8
3 N Û
%
àŒ‹ IO:NB0:7COZ=E94FG)69ABhB0E9G 4 KcE\27[ A[JK>EwB0G ? :78@AUef†RbJ:7696u4HKc:c669A#IJG Ež4OK>E\bJI«K>AKc4=<bJIDA#698;? 4HB047IJ4FE\IJbJCD:7? EmKc:76\69478;8;4=[ ‹ IA
27[ A[G)47IJ8;E9IJbJAaZ=b+:NBB@:c? :UAK
:NB0:7COZ=E94UbJIå25A#6947? :OKcEZ=? :NBB@E947IJ:fA#8;CO4\B@d:7? E9G AHE9IåbI+69bJ47i54=<–47Z=Z\bJ? :f69P AR8;8;:7IJbJARScE947I:
K>ENbIJAU8;? AB0COEYBhB_E947IJ:F?)AKcE94 K>4725bJ8;AAUd:7I47CO:7IJENA#8;CD4NB@d:c? E9G Ew[
/m¯ I+?):7A#698.-<>6MP 47?5K>E9IJ:&B08;47? E9G 4
ef†#bJ:769694OK>ELK>:"JIEM? :
Z=? E9COA:Þ 9¨ ;!G 47CD:U69AZ\? 4cQ#A#Q#E969Eu8.-aG)ŸJ= : < B0E9A I47I©B@bJZ=:7? E947? :
AKWbJI25A#6947? :>;J<)4c2R25:c? 4?Þ 9  ;!my>°
²u@/ <6A à ;1c< : †#bJE9ILKE†» 9  ;!mCy BEDGFIHKJML [ ¯ 6#CO4c8;EM254KcE#8@A#6M:5;Z=? E947? E98.-<? EYB@E9:NK>: I:76
dA#8;8@4 GŽŸJ:bÞ 9  ;!Z\?):NB@:7I8;A
CDEMI47? EM>KcE9dJG)476M8'-}A#IJA#6uE98;E9G)ŸJ:G~K>EK>:"JIEMS>E947IJBJ :~¤AKL:NB0:7COZ=EM4 Z\?):NB@:7I8;A B@47694KcEYB0G 47IJ8;E9I\bJE98.-
K>ENZ=? E9COA+B@Z=:7G E9:=<A#IJG)Ÿ:}G 47IO27[ A[JK>EwB0G ? :78;:\¥[
 é î °m¨Éª¯<576 896"!m§ª·?06#}¨ #a¯8¯<5%$ &…ª·?;6 °
¬ ABA}¯a¬H® ¬¼?¼?;6y?D¯

ÈML¾×´5¸;·#»À@³>µÒ»¶ µÚJY»¶\¸@¹J¶¾ ¶¹J¶ à ¾JÈ5´=¾J·#ÈR¾¶³h¾ à ¸  Ç~À;¸@ʸ@³>µ…³>µúµ à » ¶óʵm·#·=¸@ʹ«Âkµ…À;¹´R¾ à ¸ è ÇW¾ à ¸@À
È5»¸~µm¶ à µmʾ¶³h¹«Ê¹J·#³>´5¸@µmʹ ·#¹J³h³7¹ µ…À;À@µ oN¥ÒFØ Çm¶ ¾JÀ~ÈRµ…·=¹ à ¾JÀ@À;÷ ¾·=¾Ê¼L¸@¹ à ¾ÀWÀ@µm¶ ÈR¸@¹ à ¾JÀ à µ à ¹ ï Å
Þ ¾ à ¾%¶¸-N¸¹¶¸ à µm³h¾`ʵ…¶³>¾¶¿¹J¶¹åµmÀ@¸ à ¸³>詶¾ÀËÈRµ…·=¹ à ¸ËÂNÅ µ}ÅkÈR¹¶³>¸@¶» µmǹ´R¸@¿k¸@¶µ…¶ à ¹`À@¾åÈR» ´R¾
ʹJ·#³h´Rµm³h¾ ¶ ¾J¸ à »¾+¿k´5µÈ5¸Ëµ×À;µ…³>¹…Å å ´Rµ   µm¶È5¹J´5µ3¼Ë¸
Á¾Âk¸ à ¾¶³>¾+À@µ×ÈR¸@´RÈ5¹J·#³7µm¶#µ3ÈML¾ o 2 ÒFØ  »¶ µ
øtz‡ ì iwðml Çm¾ à ¸;¸;¾¶¾`»¶µ×¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸;³hè3·#¹JÀ@¹É慻µm¶ à ¹ Ê¹JÀ@³>¸@¼LÀ@¸@ÈRµ…³>µ¼Ë¾J´D»¶¸;¶ ³>¾´RµmÀ@À;¹ à ¸  º Ì ò Ä7Å
O J–
ø ë ¸;³h¸;µ…ʹå¸;¶¶¾åÀ@µ3·#³>´5¾J³c³>µ©´R¾À;µN¸@¹J¶ ¾`ÈML¾`¸@¶³>¾´RÈ5¹´=´R¾`³>´5µÀ@µ à ¾J¶ ·=¸@³>è à ¸~¼L´5¹Q…µmç
m¸@À@¸³>èú¾`À;÷ i ì ð í ùguh vv h Å
ò »¾·=³h÷ »À@³>¸@ʹҼ˻ ! ¾·=·#¾J´=¾ú´5¾Jµ…À;¸-2Nµ…³>¹ú·#¾ú·#¸ à ¸@·#¼L¹Jç
pP (x)
X
¶¾ à ¸Ë» ¶µ×·=¾´R¸@¾ à ¸Ë´R¾µmÀ@¸-Î\µN¸¹¶¸ à ¾À@À;µ×ÂNÅ µ€Å Çk¾`·=¸Ë¹³>³7¸@¾Jç
¶¾å·#» ÃLà ¸;¸ à ¾J¶ à ¹+¸;ÀËÈ5µmʼ˹ à ¸ËÂkµ…´R¸@µm¸À@¸@³>è à ¾À@À;µ×¿k´5µm¶ ç
x à ¾%Î\µ 7 ¸@¶3·#¹J³h³>¹çw¸@¶³h¾J´5Âkµ…À;À@¸Ç¾ à ¸@·=¾¿k¶ µm¶ à ¹H´5¾J³h³>µ…¶¿k¹À@¸
Âk¾´R³h¸@ÈRµ…À;¸@Çk¹J¿¶»¶ ¹ à ¸ËµmÀ@³>¾%Î\µ×¼Lµm´5¸ËµmÀ˶ »Ê¾´R¹ à ¸Ë¹JÀ@³>¾
ÈML¾©ºw¶ ¾JÀ@À@÷ µ…Êk¸@³h¹ à ¾JÀ}ÈRµ…ʼL¸@¹J¶ ¾©·#³hµm³>¸@·#³>¸@ÈR¹©µ à ¸@·=¼Ë¹J·#¸\¸;¹¶¾Ä 7 µ…·=·#»Ê¾×»¶½ÂµmÀ@¹J´5¾3¸@¶½æm»¾À@À;÷ ¸¶ç
³h¾J´5ÂkµmÀ@À@¹mÅkö ¸@Âk¸ à ¾J¶ à ¹&À;÷ µ…À³>¾%Î\µ à ¸¹J¿¶¸´R¾³7³>µ…¶¿k¹À@¹D¼L¾´¸@Àk¶ »Ê¾J´5¹ à ¸k¹·=·#¾J´5ÂkµN¸@¹J¶¸uýÇJ·=¸k¹J³h³>¸@¾J¶ ¾
»¶ µ|µ…¼L¼L´5¹J·#·=¸@ʵ\¸@¹J¶¾ à ¸ o 2 Ò?Ø Ç€Âk¸@µÂk¸@µ¼L¸-
ø¼L´5¾JÈ5¸@·=µóÈ5¹J¶›R ý QTSôÇ}¾ÈR¹¶ô»¶µÈ5¹J¶·#¾J¿»¾J¶ ³>¾
à à Ã
´5¸ »N¸@¹¶¾ ¾JÀ@À;÷ ¾·=³h¾J¶ ·=¸@¹J¶¾ ¾¿kÀ@¸W¸@¶³h¾J´5Âkµ…À;À@¸ Å
')(ò^(_^ |8,7b1283VI4š354š8„YFŸ1 8>4š354š8„¬FŸ1 ‚8„¬FŸ?@B5FŸ1
U

ùc¶ à @¸ ÈML¸@µmʹ+ÈR¹¶ Þ ÒFØ »¶ µ…JY»¶\¸¹¶¾ à ¸~»¶ µ3µm´5¸;µm¸À@¾ÉµmÀ@¾Jµ…³>¹´R¸@µ ÌcÌ Å

U ¸ à ¾Q ¶¸@·=È5¾ ¦ hj í gŸtÉhËð)ðmt ìRí`ºY¹Pv tøikh Ç%v t=øiKhøiik‡ ì iKt v t ÇQv t=øiKh ì ðmhLðmi ì ðmi%÷zh Ä Ã ¸ Þ Ò*?Ø ´5¸;·#¼L¾³>³c¹
µmÀ@À@µ3µm´R¸@µ¸@À;¾`µmÀ@¾Jµ…³>¹´R¸@µ 7 À;µ©æm» µm¶~³>¸@³>è,
%
W 2 Ù Þ Ò*FØÖÛ§ç Þ Ò*?Ø<o 2 Ò*?Ø~š 
%
ÈML¾|ÈR¹´=´R¸@·=¼Ë¹J¶ à ¾µ à » ¶µ{ʾ à ¸@µŠºw¸@¶³h¾J¿´Rµ…À;¾ÄD¼Ë¾J·#µm³hµ ÌYñ à ¾J¸ à ¸@¾J´5·=¸aÂkµmÀ@¹´R¸ Þ Ò?Ø Ça¹¿k¶» ¶¹ÈR¹¶
¼L¾·=¹Ò¼Ëµm´5¸
µ…À;À@µ|¼Ë´R¹%mµm¸@À;¸@³>è o 2 Ò4FØ~š  ïLÀ@µ¶¹³>µN¸@¹J¶ ¾ W 2 Ù ë Û ¸@¶ à ¸@È5µæm» ¸;¶ à ¸ ÌYõ ³>µ…À;¾3¹J¼L¾´=µ\¸@¹J¶¾
à ¸~ʾ à ¸@µ¸;¶ ³>¾¿k´5µmÀ@¾\Ç˵m·#·=¸@¾Ê¾ µmÀ@À@µ3ÂNÅ µ€Å…º  Ä´5¸;·#¼L¾³>³c¹ µÈ5»¸~¾J·#¾J¿»¸@´RÀ@µ}Å
® ¾JÀLÈ5µm·#¹ ¸@¶È5»¸ Þ Ò?Ø,çX ö Çk¸@ÀLÂkµ…À;¹´R¾+µm³h³>¾·=¹É¼Ë´R¾¶ à ¾ ¸@À˶¹Ê¾ à ¸ví%v tu‡ ð í øi í gøiK‡t§Ó ÇkÈML¾
È5¹J´5´=¸;·#¼L¹¶ à ¾`æm» ¸;¶ à ¸LµmÀLÂkµ…À;¹´R¾ µm³h³>¾·=¹ à ¾JÀ@À;µ ‡¨Kt ì i v h ¼L¹³>¾¶Nµ à ¾JÀ@À@µ3ÂNÅ µ}Å Çm¾ ÈzL ¾É·=¸~¸@¶ à ¸@È5µ3È5¹Jʾ
Y 2
" ö ( ç W ÙZxöxÛ§ç % #özo 2 ÒFØ(š'
%
’ ¾J´5¸ ÈzL ¸;µ…ʹ ·#»m¸@³h¹ ÈML¾ Y 2 \" [>( çéè ÅmùcÀ~ʹJʾ¶³h¹ à ¸~¼L´5¸;ʹ ¹J´ à ¸@¶¾
Y 2 ç Y 2
"')( ç % §o 2 Ò*?Ø~š 
%
] º E=? E9G 47?5K>AG)Ÿ:}69AOK>:7? E925A#8;AOK>E#bJI i5? AKcE9I\4}e€bI E9COZ=bJ6YB@4UKcE=A#?):7AfZ=A#? E#AR6…K>EYB@6uE925:769694\[ ¯ IJdA#8;8@Ew<–B@A#Z=:725A#CO4i5E3-
G)Ÿ:
69P E9IJ8@:7i5? A#69: KcE\bJIHEMCDZ\bJ6YB04}eFbJIJAUG 4\B@8;A#I8;: ‹A#COCD:NBhB04FG)ŸJ:F69P EMCDZ\b6wB04}G AK>AåKc:cIJ8;? 4Fi569E\:NB@8;? :cCOEËK>ENEMI8;:7i5? A#S>E947IJ:Îû

0‚ ¯ IJdA#8;8;E\69AUZ=? 47Q#A#Q#E96uE98.-UGŽŸJ]
: <G AK>AU8;? ^ A ; å _: ;å A â `;f25A#69] : a J
bc'deJ » 9  ;!)f„ ;P÷¨» 9  ; å ! `g;J[


‹ IÉ:NB0:7COZ=E94`KcEkdbJIJS>Eu47I:ÉK>E2–[ A[WZ\478;?):7Q#Q#:a:NBB@:7?): E9625A#6947? :`J
b K>:7696MAO25E9IJG E98;AOABhB_47G E9A#8;ADA#EŽ)ÃfEMIÁB0G)Ÿ:NKcE9IJAJ<#GŽŸJ:
K>EMZ=:7ILK>:KcA#696uAF2–[ A[7? ARZ\Z=? :NB@:cIJ8;A#8;A K>A#E5?)EwB0bJ6u8;A#8@EKc:c6M69:~Z=A#? 8;E98;:\<wbJIJA}2547698;AFIJ478@4 E96CO47IJ8;:cZ\? :COE5:W6M:Wi5E947G A#8;:=[ ¯ IdA#8;8;EY<
Z=:7?k47i5IJE5Z=4NBB@E9Q5E969:~25:78;8;47?):UK>E5?)EwB0bJ6u8;A#8@Ew<cB0EJK>:78;:7?)COE9IJA}bJI&K>E92R:c?5B@4~IJbCO:7? 4K>Ei5E947G A#8@:~2RE9IJG):7IJ8;EY<Y:~†#bJE9ImK>EbJI&KcE925:7?5B04
CO4NK>4DKcE…B0bLK\K>E92RE0Kc:7? :
E96\CO47IJ8@:7Z\? :cCOEY[

#478;E9A#CD4`GŽŸJ:B@:åA#6WZ\4\B@8;4K>:76M69:åZ=? 47Q#A#Q#Ež6ME98.-;» 9  ;!)f„ ;`b8;EM69E9SS>E9A#CO4+EW25A#6M4c? EfKcEWbJIúEYB@8;47i5? ARCOCOA °
²@ ; ™ !+y
h HiJ
jlkJGmnJ
joc'deJML y h j <6MP E9IJ8;:7i5? AR6u: B@ER8;? AB@dM47? COAfEMI bJIJADB@47CDCOA#8;47?)EMA< E96#G bJEkB02RE969b\Z\Z=4}:725EYKc:7IJS>E9A
6MP :7†#bEM25A#6ž:7IJS>AG 4cI
bJIJACO:Nh K>EMAUZ=:NB0A#8;AsÝ h ­ ;™°
²@ ;™E!my J@p h pqcJ
r h h rces s s c'J
t h t [

,¯ ID:7dd:c8;8;EY<6M=A uB@E9COQ#4c6M:7i5i5E9A69A
Z\A#? 4c6MAÇw ó vxNn'p y@z{y\s@{j |W<ŽG)ŸJ:Fe}E96#8;:c? COE9IJ:FE9IJi569:NB_:FbLB@A8;4}Z=:7?WE9ILKcEuG)A#? :}E96=25A#6947? :
A#8;8;:\B@4\[
!m§m§ J¨;?D¯Y¨ #D¯8
¯¨08¬€¨C576 ?D¯7¬ ém²

¼L´5¾J¶ à ¾«¸@ÀW¶ ¹Jʾ à ¸v tøiKh
Ì îåà ¾JÀ@À@µúÂÅ µ}Å 7 ºYµÂ¹JÀ@³>¾ à ¾J¶¹Ê¸@¶µm³hµ ÷ztu‡ ðng í i øt ÄYÇLʾJ¶ ³>´5¾«ÈR¹¶ Ӟç ê
·=¸·Lµ©À@µÂv t=øiKhkúiûsh#øgzhLðmi ÷uh Y 2 " á ( ç a %  á o 2 Ò?Ø(š Å
® ¾JÀ€È5µm·#¹ à ¸Âµm´5¸;µm¸@À¸µmÀ@¾Jµ…³>¹´R¸@¾ à ¸;·#È5´R¾³>¾\Ç ¸€Ê¹Jʾ¶³h¸·=¹¶¹ à ¾%¶¸@³h¸ÈR¹Ê¾ Y 2 " ö ( ç ­ W  öW o WÇ
¸@¶ È5»¸ o W ç R Ù:çX W Û Ç ¼Ë¾J·#µm¶ à ¹æm» ¸¶ à ¸+À;¾¼L¹·=·#¸…¸;À@¸å´R¾µmÀ@¸2NµN¸¹¶¸  W&ÈR¹¶ À@¾ô´R¸@·#¼L¾J³h³h¸;¾
¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸;³hè Å
® ¾JÀÉÈ5µm·#¹ ¸;¶ È5»¸ Þ Ò*?ØÁç ÒÒ, Y 2 Ø ö Ç«¸@À ´5¾JÀ@µm³h¸;¹ ÂkµmÀ@¹J´5¾ µm³h³>¾·=¹   ÈML¸@µmʵm³h¹ víQv tz‡ð í
÷ztu‡ðmgzhLð í à ¸~¹J´ à ¸@¶¾ Ó Ç…¾ à ¸;¶ à ¸@ÈRµ³h¹«ÈR¹Ê¾
} 2
" ö ( ç W ÙÒÁ, Y 2 Ø ö Û§ç % Ò*Á, Y 2 Ø ö o 2 ÒFØ('š 
%
 ÷¸@Êʾ à ¸;µ…³>¹3ÈR¹¶·#³>µm³hµm´5¾úÈML¾ } 2 \" [>( ç è ¾3ÈzL ¾ } 2 "0')( ç â Åaù7ÀFʹJʾ¶³h¹È5¾J¶ ³>´=µ…³>¹ à ¾À
•{~ ¹J´ à ¸@¶¾
¼L´5¾J¶ à ¾É¸@À~¶¹Jʾ à ¸ ¦ hguiKh‡ þsh Çm¾É·#¸W¸@¶ à ¸;È5µ

 2 ç } 2
á " á ( ç W ” ÒÒ, Y 2 Ø á — ç % ÒÒ, Y 2 Ø á o 2 Ò?Ø~š 
%
Ô ¶µ©´5¾JÀ@µ\¸;¹¶¾É¶ ¹J³h¾JÂk¹À@¾ÉÈML¾ÉÀ@¾J¿µ¸~¼L´5¸;ʸ à » ¾ Ê¹Ê¾J¶³h¸~ºwÈ5¾J¶ ³>´=µ…³>¸~¾ ¶ ¹J¶Ä   º %Ì ð ÄG
2 ç "á ( , Ò 2 Ø á
á  2 Y Y

Þ µ ´5µ à ¸;È5¾&æm» µ à ´5µm³hµ à ¾JÀ@À;µ`Âkµm´5¸@µm¶·Nµ…Ç  2HǼ˴R¾¶ à ¾å¸@À¶¹Jç

ʾ à ¸ ø tz¦ iKh þsi í ‡t ì ðmh‡øhg=ø Åwø¾¶³h´R¾À;µÁʾ à ¸;µ Y 2 ¸@¶ à ¸;ç p€ X(x)
È5µ à ¹J¾ҷ=¸fÈR¹À;À@¹JÈ5µ½¸;À‚ >È5¾J¶ ³>´5¹·=³hµm³h¸;·#³>¸@ÈR¹n à ¾À;À@µ à ¾¶·#¸;³hè à ¸ σx
¼L´5¹Q…µm¸@À@¸;³hèÇ  2 ¸@¶ à ¸@È5µ æm» µm¶~³>¹&À@¾&·=¸@¶¿¹JÀ@¾ à ¾J³h¾J´=ʸ@¶µs\¸;¹¶¸
à ¾À;À@µÂNÅ µ}Åk·=¸@µm¶~¹ à ¸@·#¼L¾J´5·=¾«µ…³>³h¹J´5¶¹ µ à Y 5 Å
ù7¶ µm¼L¼Ë¾J¶ à ¸;È5¾ ² Å 4 Å •   ¼Ë´R¾·=¾¶³hµm³>µ » ¶µ ¸@¶³h¾J´5¾J·#·=µ…¶³h¾
x

µm¼Ë¼LÀ@¸;È5µ\¸¹J¶ ¾ à ¾À;À@÷ ¹J¼L¾´Rµ…³>¹´R¾ à ¸HµmÀ@¹J´5¾óµm³h³>¾·=¹½µ…À;À@µŠÊ¸;·#»´5µ à ¾À;À@µ úûIh‡ ðniYðml v t=øiKhÁøi9ik‡ý í gʨ
mx

v h þsi í ‡t ¼L´5¾J·#¾J¶ ³>¾É¸@¶Á»¶ÁʾJ·#·=µ…¿k¿¸;¹\Çkµm·#·=¸@¾Jʾ+µ à »¶ µ©³h¾JÈ5¶¸@ÈRµ à ¸ ÷ í øi3!÷uh*øi ì5í g ùtz‡ðmt ¸ à ¹¶¾Jµ
µ©´R¸ à »´5´5¾ÉÀ;µ à ¸@ʾ¶·=¸@¹J¶ ¾ à ¾JÀ~ʾJ·#·=µ…¿k¿k¸@¹+µmÀLʸ;¶ ¸;ʹ\DžÈ5¹J¶·#¾J´5Âkµ…¶ à ¹¶¾`¼L¾J´D¸;¶ ³>¾´R¹ ¸;ÀLÈ5¹J¶³h¾¶»³h¹
¸@¶JY¹J´5ʵm³h¸;¹…Å

')(ò^(_ OB5?I1ÎB5AD1G:<8 B5:<8,B5FI35?1ÎBÏB"7b12/2FŸ?1GAP҅†§1235„…8ùÒ¬„¬1@„Q35?4š8

ƒ

Æ«¼Ë¼LÀ@¸;ÈML¸@µmʹ`À;¾ à ¾%¶¸-N¸¹¶¸ à ¾¸ ʹJʾ¶³h¸Wµ à »¶|ÈRµ…·=¹É¼Ë´Rµ…³>¸@ÈR¹ËÀ@µÂkµ…´R¸@µ…¸À;¾Éµ…À;¾µm³h¹J´5¸;µ3»¶ ¸JY¹J´7ç

ʾ   ÈRµ…´Rµ…³>³h¾J´5¸-Î\µm³>µ à µ»¶¹©·#³>¾·=·#¹úÂkµ…À;¹´R¾ à ¸F¼L´5¹Qmµm¸@À;¸³hè¼Ë¾J´ ³>» ³>³hµÀ@µ¿µmÊʵ à ¸}´R¾µmÀ@¸-Î\µmç
\¸;¹¶¸¼Ë¹J·#·=¸-m¸@À;¸@ÇLÀ@¸;ʸ@³hµm³h¾«æm»¾·=³h¾×»À@³>¸@ʾ«µ à »¶½» ¶¸È5¹3¸@¶³h¾J´5Âkµ…À;À@¹«¶¹¶ à ¸@·=¿¸;» ¶³h¹Lï¼L¾´R³hµm¶ ³>¹\Ç À;µ
à ¾¶·#¸;³hè à ¸W¼Ë´R¹%mµ…¸;À@¸@³>è   ¾J·#¼L´5¸;ʸ-m¸@À@¾`ʾ à ¸@µm¶ ³>¾É» ¶µëJw» ¶\¸¹J¶¾ ´R¾³>³7µ…¶¿¹JÀ@µm´5¾

o 2 Ò*FØ”ç … è
 – G— †‡¥ÒÁ, Y 2 Ø
¸@¶|È5»¸ … ´Rµm¼Ë¼L´5¾J·#¾¶³hµÀ@÷ ¾·=³h¾J¶ ·=¸@¹J¶ ¾ à ¾À@À;÷ ¸@¶³>¾´5ÂkµmÀ@À@¹ à ¸W¾·=¸@·=³h¾¶\µ à J¾ À@À;µ©Âkµ…´R¸@µ…¸À;¾ µmÀ@¾Jµm³h¹J´5¸@µ}Å

ž. º bJZ\Z=47IJE9A#CD4GŽŸJ^ : <? A#Z\Z=? :NB0:7IJ8;E69P A#698;:7S>S>A`Kc:7i569EE9ILK>Eu25EwK>bJEKÆ769P A#698;:7S>S>A+£
H¶L“ —3B@AR?H-aA#6M6947?)A G)A#6MG)4769A#Q#Eu69:UZ=? 47Z=? EM4
G 47CD:fCD47CO:IJ8;4HK>:76\Z\? E9CO4F4c?5KcE9IJ:=[

žn¯ IJdA#8;8;E?)EwB0bJ6u8;As0
Ý ˆ 9¾ ‰ y uã ;DêÂþŠ9’! ¾ æ y‹uˆã; ¾ â…þ 9¾ ꩜@;2þŒ9%æ yuöã; ¾ æÂâ"þ 9¾ êôœþŒ9Žu¨/M;1y
þ 9 H ¾ L â ŒŠ þ 9’! ¾ êÁœrpŒ þ 9’! ¾ yÀþ 9 H ¾ L êÂŒŒ þ 9¹! ¾ [ º E…eDZ=? :7d:7?)EM8;4HbLB0A#? : 69A+IJ4c8;A#S>E947IJ : u @/ ;1c<\Z=E3 ÉG)47COZ=A#8;8;A+? EYB@Z=:78;8;4
A#6969P EžILKcE9G A#S>E947IJ:HK>:7i569EJE9IJ8;:7i5? A#69ENG 47E9IJ2547698;EKÆcEZ\ABB_A#i5i5ELB02R4c6M8;EËB@ENi5EMbËB@8;E G A#IJ4
? E9G 47?5K>A#ILK>4
6MAZ=? 47Z=? E9:78.- KcEYB@8;?)EMQbJ8;E925A
K>:7i56ME\E9IJ8;:7i5? AR6ME\¤A#Z=Z\b\IJ8;4\¥<h:NK}4NBB@:7?)2RARILKc4}GŽŸJ:
E96N25A#6947? :€A#8;8;:NB04HKcE\bJIJAUG)4NB@8;ARIJ8;:FeF69AUG 4NB08;A#IJ8;: B08;:NBB@A[
 é4 °m¨Éª¯<576 896"!m§ª·?06#}¨ #a¯8¯<5%$ &…ª·?;6 °
¬ ABA}¯a¬H® ¬¼?¼?;6y?D¯

 ÷ Jwµ…ÈR¸@À@¾3¾J´5¸ ÈRµ…´R¾3ÈzL ¾¸@À}¼Lµm´5µmʾ³>´5¹ Y 2 ÇÈML¾¸@¶ à ¸;È5µ

p X (x)
‘ ’*“ ”•–f—*••””˜–Z™š—›Š–fœIž
Ÿf”{žM Œ—’Ÿfœž
ž
”{I¡? ’ £¢–f nŸZŸf—*•¤ ¥š¦œ^œn•”{ž
§
∆
žM”¨0œšžMœ”’¨0 ¨0œšžM 0¦—_¤Ÿf—*¨0 0 Ÿf¦—Iœ¦:—=©«ª0¬@’]–f”{’–Z n’* 
¦œn’*’”®­?”{Ÿf—*”N¯£”Ž°l±Š—I­?œ–fœ³²4 ŸfI—•–fœ´Nµ&·¹
¶ ¸º‚
¼ » ª
x ¶
mx
½Œ¾¿ ÀÂÁÃÅÄ^ƌÇ>Ç>È,ÉÊ{ËÅÌ]ÈÃÎÍËÎÁgÈƌωÐÂÁÑÅÃÎÏÈÄ=È

Ò  n¤ Ó”­?œŸÎ¦œn•–Ÿf—žMž
 –f ¨œ–f”{Ÿf”{ž
žMœnŸ—*¯£¯”?Ÿfœ•žM”žM—•ž
—–Z”¨0œIž
œÓ•—I¡? ’—w­e”’* nŸZ—gÔ4¦œnI n¨0—*š”{ž
—w­e”§
Ÿf—*”Õ{—’Ö—_”’*œn”{ž
 Ÿf—*œn×4¢ –f–Z™š¤—”{¨0 n–Z—¦œn’–Z”• 0—Ø–Z™š—g•—­? ¡e’—”Ù¦œ•–fŸ—*­?œŸfœ¦:”Ú™šC¤:™IšžM Ó¦—­e—•žM”
¤Ÿf Õ”{Õ{—’—*•žM—–f ³™IÓ—IžMœnŸf ˜•œn¡eI”’*œ£¢’”®–f™I—&ŸZœn”{’œ³—¦œšžM—ž
Û®I n0•—*”ܝI ž
”®”ݤŸf—* nŸZ— °4Þ ª{ßݝӕœ¡?I”’*œ
•—²4²l”žMž
 Ý­e—œIœ˜¦œž
žM ˜à0áfà0â{ãfäAÔ4 ÝŸZœn”{’—*¯£¯£”e¯£—* nIœn׎¦—I™šÎå‚ãfäæfáçZçfäÝèé4áZè:êqänãZëq䥢&œÎ¤™šìݜn••œŸœÎ—I¦:—*§
–f”{žM ˜–Z n¨0œ®íÎîïGðMñ¥òl¢–ôóšœÅ–Z nŸZŸ—•¤ š¦œÅ”{¦õ™II”ܦœn•–fŸ—*¯£— Iœ³²l nŸZ¨0”’*œÅ–ôóIœ˜¤ŸZœn­eœn¦œÎ™Iš”®–f ¤¤N—”®¦:—
—I•—œn¨0—M´]—*’g¤:ŸZ—¨0 ,¦—gö™Iœ•žM—g›Ó’“ —*&•—œ¨0œ÷ø¦œn¡e’—g—•ž
”{Iž
—wž
œ¨0¤ nŸ”{’—wÔ4ž
—*¤:—*–f”{¨0œnIžMœ,™šC—Iž
œŸ@§
­e”’*’ ×w•™ –f™I—‚• nI ,¦œnùII—ž
—>—>¨œ¨0Õ{Ÿf—w¦:œ’w¤:ŸZ n–Zœ¥•• :úš—’>•œ–f š¦ ,›,ŸZœn’*”žM—­e õ”¦û™II”0­e”{Ÿf—”{Õ?—*’œ
”{’œ”žM nŸZ—”,üŠ¢e—–f™I—:­e”’* nŸZ—šñ^—¦œnIž
—*ùš–Z”I . ¡?I™Iš .™šI”Τ”ŸZž
—*–f ’”{Ÿfœ³Ÿfœ”’*—¯£¯”{¯— šœ³¦:œ’¤Ÿf –fœ¥•• ª
ý œŸfžM”Iž
 £¢3™II”,•—*š¡e n’*”ÓŸZœn”{’—*¯£¯”?¯£—* nIœõñ
¸
x $# &%
ñ o¢&¤:œŸ.–Z n• š¦—ŸZœ£¢:ë Ië4æfë eèٗ’š¤Ÿf –œ•• £¢N’*œÅ–f™I— ('*) ,+$+

x(t,θ1)
þ p X(x/ θ1) —•ž
”{š¯œœ²4²lœnžMž@—*­?œÅíÎî4ï ðMñ lòl¢{–Z nûï 0÷³¢{• nI ˜š § -# .
# . 0/
t
ž
œ«• ’ «¦ n¤ «’”–f š •–Zœ¥š¯”C¦—³ñ ü Ô
° ×@ª
¬@’ ¤Ÿf –œn•• ®”’*œn”{ž
 Ÿf—* Ü›Üö™I—I¦— ¦:œùšI—žM Ý–Z n¨0œ
x(t,θÿ 2)
21 43
’“ —֝I•—œn¨0œ¦:œ—_•œn¡eI”’*— ZíÎîïGðMñ¥ò f¢g–f n ï5. ÷ œ
þ
t
ñ.ÙüΪ
6 œ ­e—–Zœn­eœnŸZ•”³ùI••—”?¨0 =™šÝ¤:”{ŸfžM—–Z n’*”ŸZœ=—*•žM”I§

ž
œ,žMœn¨0¤ ¥Ÿf”{’œ0ï87 ¢>—’w­e”’* nŸZœ0íÝîïn
7 ðMñ¥ò_›™šI”­?”{§
x(t, θi )
þ

p X(x/ θi )
x
Ÿf—*”Õ{—Ö’œ”’*œn”{ž
 Ÿf—*”¢e’*”Ζf™I—:Ÿfœ”{’—¯¯£”{¯£—Ö Iœ¦—¤œnI§
þ  þ 
t
¦:œ.¦:”Îö{™Iœn’*’”Ŧ—Nñ .ÙüÎú¤œnŸZž ”Iž
 ¢e›Œ¦:œùIš—*ž
”Î’*”
x
t0 tj
¦:œI•—žMÛ:9 · îíÎî4ï 7 ò@ò_Ôl—I¦:—*¤:œš¦œšžMœÓ¦” ñ£×4¢w–ôóIœ
 þ  þ
x
¤: ••—”{¨0 Ó¦—•œn¡eI”ŸZœÓ—C–f ŸŸZ—•¤: I¦:œš¯”û¦œn’*§
pX (x(t0)) p X(x(t j))
’“ —Ö•ž
”{Iž
œ®ï 7 —Ù–Z™š— ›Î¤Ÿfœ’œ­e”žM Ý—’ –Z”¨0¤— Iœ ° 0; ú
”ÜžM”{’œ˜Ÿf—¡e™I”ŸZ¦: ¢:•—N²l”–Z–f—*”®ŸZ—²lœnŸZ—¨0œnIžM Î”’*’Ö”®ùI§
¡?™IŸf”,”,ùš”{&–Z £¢I–fóšœÜ¨0 n•ž
ŸZ”,’œÜ¦:œš•—žMÛ,¦— ¤:ŸZ n§
Õ”{Õ?—*’—žMÛݦœùšI—žMœ³”ܤ:”{ŸZž
—ŸZœ˜¦:”{—&¨0œ¨0ÕŸZ—&¦—&™I
 3ª ´
     "! 
—*¡?™IŸf” ¤:ŸZ n–Zœn•• ª

<"=?>@=BA CEDGFIHKJLFIHMH4NOKHKDPQD
R “¥¦:œùIš—*ž
”0–f ¨0œ®—*’¥S è:élänãáèê êqáfçZä¦:—‚™šI”.å‚änêqáT' +?èU'*V4áZçfë4à0è ¦œn—>­?”{’ Ÿf—Ž¦:œ’Ž•œn¡eš”{’œ¢  ••—”0™I
•™š ³¨0 n¨0œšžM £¢œn•œn¡e™I—ž
 ˜ŸZ—•¤œž
ž  ”{’’*”Ý­e”ŸZ—”{Õ?—*’—žMÛݦ n­e™Iž
”®”ÓüŠ¢œn¦,›˜¤œnŸZž
”{šžM ³–Z”{’–f ’”{ž
”®–f ¨0œ
8W XZY[\^],_a`cbd_fe$gh_fijghe$kflm n» o ljkgheqp nsr,tuwv e$xeyz_fe$gh_fijgh]he${|i@}n~ »(€ o ljkc[ceq‚jƒ eƒK]…„ ijk†{|l‡_fi4[ˆ} nŠ‰Š‹Œ ]h[|xe$gŽ_feBi
]h[c„ e$xxB]}ˆn~ »(€ ‰ m n » ƒ‘T]K`ce Œ m n» ‰“’” • t »G˜š— ™ tM‰œž ›z˜  Ÿ ” • ‰ ž —˜U¡ ˜ ¢U £ ˜ ¢M ¤ ‰ ž —˜I¥ ˜ ¢  ‰ ˜ • ƒ
W8¦†§ `],e-kfe${|lj[xlKy¨ghe‡{|e$©T©T]hijkfe$[\^–e ” • v lj]8lj©T[ce$gh]&xkfe8ŸŸ {|– ”lŽ• ¨B] v eªe oKo e$kfe$x] v ] «K¬Ž­ Bij[i v ]K®$c— lŽ» 8xi"x] o iKƒ
W?¯†° ljk*±wz8e$kfldghld] ljlKy^_fij[ c_†],e${Mi e$kfe-g,ghljg…e-{|lj[cxlIe$gcxBlŽBxidc[2lŽ8lj{ ]hiª²kfl4e$g,l4³]h[2_fc]],g kfij_flŽ¨BiIe$ghlje$xijkf]hidb
_fiŽ8x]hxc]hxi v eƒ?ƒ´ƒ?ƒKgheµ8v ljghlj\^]hij[cldv {|w8],_†e$g…o l|B‚Tijghxe v e@c[ v¶ ƒŽ·&¸ ]h[wZ]hlj{|l|¹º8e$o kf»@e$ghg…ijkfe_fiŽ8x],xBc]hxi o v e$ghg…¸ ijkfe$kf]hi v ]e o ljk4¼
xck†e v ljghg,l v ](B_fijxBlj_†`cld½ v e$ghg,lš¾-¾e$ghg…¸ e$gh¿$eqÀTÁ y^{|lj[xkflI],[ˆÂ„ e$k†lj{|iIkf]h_fe v l4kfldxcxxlIg,ld_fe-kfe$xxljk†]08x]h_†`cl v ]‚Te$kf]he$¿$]?g,]hx»
½ c{Mijkfl v ljg v¶ yz] v ](8_†`c]K_†`lš`ce‡]h[M‚Te$gh],©T]…e‘y^ghe v ](B_†ijxlj_feq]h[M_fc]K_f]Kxkfi4‚T],e${MiKyz]hgŽ©T]hijkf[i v ljghghe Bl4xx]h{|e$[cecƒ?ƒ?ƒ?Á ƒ
W8ÃZÄ ljghgh¸ lŽBlj{ ]hiKy  b‡]hgc‚Te$ghijkfl ] kflKz8],ij[l|8ij[cijk†ekf]hghlj‚Te$¿$]…ghlIe v c[ v l4xljkf{ ]h[ceTxBi‡](Bxe$[Kxl‡½,lŽ†ƒÈghlI¾É$ƒ?É$ÊËÁ
e$gK‚Te$kf]he$kfl v ] ÂÌo ½ ®$ce$t‡g?cr,Å[cÆj®$Ç cu l v(¶ y v ](B_†ijxlj_fv eyzo ©T]hijkf[ci&ƒ?ƒ?ƒ?Á ƒ
ÍÏÎ ÐÏÎѪÒÔӵ՚Ö×G×"Ø@×@ÙcÚÔÛ؎ÓÜ|ÚÔÒMتÖMÝÞÖMÒàßµÓqݵØKÕdØ áâ

ãºçé
ä,åŽæ èêë&ìªíïî2ðòñ-ó å è ê(ëŽô^õ‘ì4ö÷íùø“ú ó å èBêëŽô^õì$üÌð:è(õ‘ì‘ýÈõÔíùø“ú ó å ü ç èóèBêë&ì^ìýcó
û û
þBÿ
*þ  zþ
þ ÿ þcÿKþ
 ÿ
þþªþBÿ!$þ"ú
#wþ$%ÿ%þ!& ('Tþ)
ú
* +Žþÿ ü ç èBóèBêëKìzì þ óèê(ëŽô^õ‘ì $', (+ ( zþqþ . õ 0
- 2
/ 1
"!3 4'5 (ºþBÿ * !&!35þBÿ.6+798:7<;57,=9" ^þ

?> þÿ þBÿ"@wþ%$%'Tþÿ+-þ$wþ 1 9
wþ9wþwþBÿ!&þ
Aþ$cÿB þ!3 4Ïÿ+ ( ê¨ë þBÿ *þ%CD$%'E5 (B*ÿ
E5"'FHGE7
IKJMLNJPO QSR:TURVER5W0X@Y[Z]\[^4U
_ ÿ# ("'-ÿ5 ^þE 1 $%"!3!$þ5
`6!&!35'`ÿa$%5' zþ"5'b'BþcKþcÿ õ"d wþ /`1 2e*þBÿwþÏþ%ÿ zþ6+5)
'a* ÿ&! þBÿE"D

* ' óèêô^õ&d0ìf1 >+gCa"'hÿ !3" ÿ+B' ( Fci3j $%"'2a!3 4!&!3 1 $!&!3cÿ+geþÿwþ
!&!3"'h 4k9l mnopmBqrml9s]tuv%wxo 1 þBÿþ (hcÿy*ÿ þBÿ!3"$%' e+ ÿ+ ^þ (zwþ]þK!&þ
",9
 þ è4{ ì}|
ƒ …‡†
ãºçähåŽæ è(õ&0d ìIí ó å èêô^õ&0d ìIí ~<‚ <€ „ ø …‡† ó å èêjô^õ30d ìýcê
û
ú
_ ÿˆ$%'z þ' 1 -' þ (' þ5
 þ‰Švwft"u3mal mnopt ã ç è(õ d ì í óˆèêô^õ d ì í‹~<€ ‚ ŽŒ  û …‡†…‡† óˆèBêô^õ d ì ýcê
$ 4c ÿ+c FHFy‘ l mnopv“’K”v%nuv%qrof•v+– ãUçä † æ èõ3(d ì í ó † èBêjô^õ3(d ì í—~<€ ‚ ú  Œ  û …‡†…‡† ó † èBêô^õ&0d ì ýcê 7
=9"^ þ
a?>B* ÿ9E ÿ"-' þ,
 þ, ("
$%'& | ú
˜ ÿc ÿw þ$% ÿ%B% 4
$% j
˜ Ca* ÿ+,-' þ * þD5 ("-' þ ‘ w þ$% ÿ%µ þÿ+™f5 (z þ[9'B þcEK þc ÿBw þ / –}7
IKJMLNJPL QSR:TURVER5W0X@Y[Z]\[^4Ugš\[^&š+Y[^3\[VRˆš+Y[W›R WœRKTUcRˆTUžUHŸ, URWœR
¡  !& ('K þ ÿg óèêjô^õ(d ì  þ* ÿ E'g  ÿ“þ!& ( ÿ 4g5!3+ ê@íùê†ë@-£¢A1 %"*6 ÿ*þ!&g* ÿ+h 4)
'Tþ"'ŽE5'-þ * þk 4'Tþ 1 %"!3'Tþ 4 }%5 %cÿ+!&þ (zþ$' *  * þBþ 4z ‘ cÿ+wþŽþcÿ5 (5– ü ç èBó+K¤ õ&0d ìr1
?>9w þ!3"  ÿ5
@ 6+Ï ÿ@% þK&! þBÿE"B þ:

* T' þ:
"!3 4'z þ"þBÿ£6+[7]8K7¥;7¦B5' ü ç èó+K¤ õ&0d ì $! þ
ÿ" ( 1 9
þ, ("
$%'&Bþ:wþK'wþBÿk§$!3!&cÿ+k"!3!&'395 4 ‘ $'De":

* '"–¨
þ


 ÿz þ |
ƒ …‡†
ã çähåŽæ èõ&0d ìIí ~<‚ <€ „ ø …‡† ó å è(êjô^õ3(d ìýÈê‡íÞø ú ó å ü ç èBó+K¤ õ&0d ì ýÈó:íïî ç]… ð+©[ª¬« ñ$ó å ö
û û
ú
­ þ®ge5* þE< þBÿ™p 4^ þ+ "™f™pŠ ( 45'@* ÿ+h
 þ#$c ÿ+ú %' 4 1 þBÿþ ÿ*þ$!&&! þ * þg'@w þ ó
Ca$!& (B$%"'2k!3+,$' *  * þB þ (z ü ç èó[K¤ õ3(d ìýÈó 7
¯‡°<±¨²B³c´µ³}¶2·3¸º¹3»´µ³g¸º¼ ½¾½½³a¿º³Ž´³}À¬Á½³g¸Â¿Ã¹}¿Â¾¶Ä³gÁ&¾¶2³H¼½Ák·3À¬¹}ÅÀ¬³c´‡´¸ÂÃÁ&¶2³H¼½³@¼³}¿K½³}¶Ä·¹3»¿ÂÁhÆÇ,ȥɨȺÊ<ËHÌp̞´¸
ÍEΥί‡Í5Ö É×Ï<ÐȺÑ"ʬÒØfÙÏÓ Ì·3À¬³}Á&À]·3·Ê¥ËÀx³cÔ¬À¬´³}³¼"´Ô¬½³}Á¼"»?½¼¸f³}Õ ¿¼¹c´µ½À¬¹Ú³´³}¶Ä·¸Â¹»¿ÂÛ ¸Â¼½³}À¬Á9´µ³}¿Â³}Ü(¸º¹H¼³Ú¶2¾%´µ¸ÂÔ¬Á&¿P³NÝr²(³}½½ÁßÞ
·3À¬³}Ô¬¸p´¹ž²ã(« »‡¸Â¼Ä¾"¼Ä·À¬³HÔ¬¸p´¹]¿Â¹}Ô¬Á&¿Â³»¬¾¼ÄŸ¹}À¬¼¹]â&³}¼ž·À¬³HÔ¬¸f´µ¹Õ ÒÏÍ5à Í%á ·À¬¹}·3¹c´µ½Á@²HÁľ¼Dâ&³H¼
¯µ¯}äaåPæpç Ⱥ٠̸¼kè&¾³´½¹`Ô¬ÁŠ´¹`À¬Á··3À¬³c´µ³}¼½Áa¿ÂÁa·3¹}½³}¼Ü(Áa¶Ä³c²H¸ÂÁgÔ¬¹}¼,Ô¬¾¸é,´¾¹H¼Á&½ÁB¿ÂÁa¶Ä¾%´¸ÂÔ¬ÁD¼³}¿Â¿ºÁB·Á&À¬½¸ºÔx¹}¿ºÁ?À¬³
´³HÀ¬Á&½Á`Ç Ù « Õ «
áÏá ÕÏÚàѪ؎هÓNê2Ó ÍÏÎѪÒÔÓNë"Úgë@ØHêªØŽÙ"ìgíѪÒàÓµÕdÖ@×"×"Ø@ÖÝÞÖMÒMÒàÓqÒMØ
KI JMLNJPî ïkZ]Y¨šR: 5 UD VE\¨ðñUcY[Ÿ,\[ZU
¦B5' ü ç èBóˆè(êë$ìzì ÿ+cÿ wþ$%ÿ%,% ê0ë?1
9'-þ!3+ zþ ü ç èBóèê(ë$ìzìªí ü%çò èBóì $%'že+!&þ5!&þ êaëD- ¢B1
þ¨$%'3"!3!& ñ-óèêô^õ‘ì4ö C 4 (#óqrvôoft"õv%uopt3FHö@opõ.ómõót óqxumqrqrt+7 _ ÿ (5×5!3Ž 4 4 ( 
"wþ þ
þBÿ&! þ"
  ÿÿ÷þ$cÿcÿ+$wþø÷Ú ("
$% 1 !&!&þ ã çä åæ èBê^ì5í ã çä,åŽæ $%'hù ê -ú¢B1  +'“þBÿ
* 5!3!&µ þBÿ6+[7E8K7¥;A!&c ÿ+a (+ ( 4aB þ(7
û  þBÿ#!3"5
c ÿ 4##$%T' þ
#h
"w þ#w þªþBÿ$! þ
 ã ç èBêzì  ãUçä † æ èê^ì ÿ+cÿˆþ$cÿcÿ+
% êf1 þ+$%'Š!3!& ñ-óèêô^õ‘ì^ö C@% 4 4,!& (5Ž þc ÿ+-' þDopõl mn+ofv"Žopõl mnopv ’:”Ev%n+uvqxop•v 1 "  ÿ?>
!3 4K þc ÿ5-' þbopõ ómõótBwfvqxt FHü 7
û $$% ÿ*þ
b'@w þ!&% þ þ'  þ
"
* ' þÿ#$ þø þBÿ 4'EB þ 4
$%"'5 þ bw þ)
',$'A-þ!&ÿg þ:!&&! þ:@
w þ@ ("
$%"'3B þ óˆ1  èBþê
ô^õ&þad (ì 5 (5
c ÿ 4g:'z þEˆ þÿ+ ("'1 57K=9"
!3  þBÿh*þe5!& (bT' þ!&^ þBÿÄE+ þ 4'9' 1 bw þcÿ+!3 ÿgE+ þ5a
 þg 4
$'
ãºçä åæ èõ3d0ìf1 þÚ

* 'C ‘ þBÿw þ  þ%
 ÿ ("–ž!3 4K þ ÿT' þ FHý 7 þB  þ
Žc ÿ 4 1 !3 (+ (z þþÚ
"
* T' þ
!3 ÿµ þÿ+w þ  þ%+
c ÿ+ (D!3 4Ž þ ÿT' þ 1 BCa ÿ?> þ%$'"3!&!3a,þ[5$%$%5' 4c ÿ+E ÿ57
IKJMLNJI ïkZ]Y¨šR: 5 UD VE\¨ðñUcY[Ÿ,\[ZUgR:T0R5Z%ÿ`Y¨TUcšU
¦B"!3 4 þ
$%"' 4Ï ÿ+ (!3" ( }"?5!3!&w þÚ$%'&!3$! þN!3 4K þ ÿT' þqþc ÿ+^ þ6  Tþ'!c 4Ï ÿ+c?> t
õo
l ml ut nmwKsut•m3óót 9óqxvqxopó3qrof•v%l mõqrm,uvssumó&mõqrv%qrop‰Štnoßq?”qxqro
wpoßv%wpqxuo?7 ­ þ®Ž&! þÚT' þ6+
e+Ï ÿ%c ÿ$! þ (z£w þ×$%' *  * þB þ 4z ‘ %"!3 4'3U þBÿ.6+[798K7¥;c–Nc þÚE5"-' þ×"!3 4'35 (z þ×%£* ÿ
&! þBÿ


* ' ü ç èó[K¤ õ30d ì Cb!3"
$%'Dg!3 4!&!3 1 þÿ þ$%c ÿ+% ÿ ("
c ÿ+ (b$%5'z þ"5' õ?d1 " ( } ÿ ÿ%  þBÿ
%"*6 ÿþz þ ü ç èBó+¤Kõ d ìIí ü çð èóì þBÿ þ$c ÿc ÿ+ ("
c ÿ 4b%5B'5 þcK þc ÿ+A 1 $'Na!3 4K þ ÿ5-' þ)
4z 1 Ï ÿ+>+ ü ç èBó+K¤ õ&0d ìí üçò èóìf1 a%* ÿ+e ü çð èBóìí ü%çò èBóìí ü ç èBóì 7 _ ÿe5"!3 49!&gg
w þ
4
$%"'3B þ ã çä åæ èõ3d(ìx1 5 * þ þ["
@

 ÿ^ þ+!3k$! þÿ+Ek'5 þcK þc ÿ+@"
Ô þ!& (' 4
þBÿ 8K7 K7  1 !&c ÿÔ þ% ÿz þ?>+a$%"'` (+ (z þþ

* -' þF  õ&d1 ":  þ%c ÿ+^ þ?>a ÿ?>a5g
"w þa þþBÿ$! þ"

ã çä åæ èBê(ë&ì  5 
   
 
 4
a
 %
$ "
 2
'   
ÿ 
e +
 
 
   +
ÿ 
e +
  µ 
þ 3
! 4
 Ï 
ÿ 4
5
 7 
M +
ÿ  * ÿ+-þE
B$%"' 4Ï ÿ 4ak*6 ÿþK þc ÿ |

õ#s]ut"•m&óót,óqrvôEopt"õv%uoxt bmu
t"nop•3t@ómAwpvl mn+ofvqrml9s]tu3vwfmb•v%wp•3t"wfvqxv óŠ”hnoN”Eõv
’K”Evw}”õ’+”Em2umv%wpo<ô3ôvôoft"õm`n+mwEsut•mó&ó t •t"ofõ+•opnm2•t"õwfv l mnopvŽn+oopõóofml m`umwpv%qro 
‰Šv£v%n ”õv‰ñv%uofv opwfm@vwfmv%qrtŠuofv£móqruv%qrqxv v%n ”õˆopóqrv%õ+qxmg’:”Ev%wpóofvóo Âs]mu@wpv£óqrvôoft 
õv%uopmq ßn+v£”Eõ+vhumv%wpo<ô3ôvôoft"õmĒK”Evwfóopv%óo Âsmu`w  mu
tnop•ofq 
"!$#&% '(*),+-#&'."/102+43&%5"67/+) 8 !& 4-' þ
 "
 þa5.%“$ 4c ÿ“ þg* ÿ


* '# þ¨* ÿy$%'!c!&#'E"w þŽ&! þ"e* þE5 ÿ 4he5h%"×

 ÿ 4#w þ&9:2"' þÿ+ 
$%'Š!&!3 |
; ç èõ‘ì í ó † èõìIí ~‚ <€ „ ƒ ø …‡† ó † è< ô^õ‘ìý=<5í ø ú ó † ü ç èBó[¤Kõ‘ìýÈó í
…‡†
?¯ >A@ Á B(´µ³}À¬Á&½Á׸º¼a²H¸p´Ôx¹}½³}Ô¬DÁ C+´½Á&Ü(¸Â¹}¼Á?À¬¸ÂÁb´¸ú ó}À¬F¸ EÔxû Á×·³}Àx½Á&¼½¹ž´µ³]¼¹}¼Ä¶Ä¾½Á&û ¼ú ¹]¼³H¿c½³H¶2·¹¸Â¿Å³}¼³}À¬³ž²(¸¶2¾%´µ¸ºÔxÁ»‡¸Â¿
ù}¿Â¾¶2³2²H³H¿º¿ÂÛ Á&¶2·3¿ºF¸ EÔxÁÜ(¸Â¹}¼³3ÕMÕMÕñ¹¶2³}ſ¸¹`´µ³¨³HóH¼½¾Á&¿Â¸ÃÁ&Àx¸ºÁÜH¸Â¹}¼"¸"¸Â¼`Á&¿ÂÔ¬¾¼³·ÁÀ¬½¸ÂÔ¬¹}¿ÂÁ&À¬¸%²(¸p´Ô¬¹H½³},Ô G"I³ H À¬³}Á&¿Â¸ÂÜ(Ü(Á&Ü(¸P¹}¼¸
´¹H¼¹]Ô¬¹}¶2·3³}¼%´µÁ&½³ž²(Á×ÃÁ&À¬¸ÂÁ&Ü(¸Â¹}¼¸3¹}·3·¹c´µ½³]¸Â¼ÄÁ&¿Â½À¬³}½½Á¼½¸3¶2³}¶bâ&Àx¸²(³}¿·À¬¹HÔ¬³c´‡´¹Õ
K¯ J,L ¼#è&¾³c´µ½¹`Ô¬Á´µ¹b¿ºÁBÆÇ,ȥɨȺÊfÌpÌ[¼¹}¼kéA¼¹H½Á»Š¹}·3·3¾À¬³b¼¹}¼hé,´µ½Á&Ü(¸Â¹}¼Á&À¬¸MÁ»Š¶2Ág¿Â³b¶2ÁÅŸ¹}À¬¸[Á&·3·¿Â¸PÔ¬Á&Ü(¸Â¹}¼¸²(³}¿Â¿ºÁ
·3À¬¹}·Àx¸º³HN½ Mh²(¸]´½Á&Ü(¸º¹}¼"ÁÀ¬¸Â³}N½ Mk²(¸º·3³}¼%²(¹}¼¹a´¹}¿Â¹a²HÁ@ä Ç ÈºÊfÌ5³aäaÇåPæpç ȺÊfÌ»cÔ G³2·3¹c´‡´¹}¼"¹Ä³c´‡´³}Àx³2¶2¸p´¾"À¬Á&½¸ݺ¹Ä·3³}Àڶij}Å¿º¸Â¹
²(¸ºÀ¬³Þ Pà ORQÍ5Pà Oá »4³]À¬¸p´¾¿Â½Á?À¬³Ä´½Á&Ü(¸P¹H¼Á&À¬¸Á&¼Ô G³ž´³]Æ Ç È¥É×ȺÊpÌp̼¹}¼2¿Â¹KécÕ
K¯ SUT ¾"³c´½¹hÁ&Ô¬Ô¬Á²(³£´³k¿ÂÁ
´³H¿º³HÜH¸Â¹}¼"³#¶2¾%´µ¸ºÔxÁ&¿P³£²(¸Ú¾¼Á ·3Á&À¬½¸ÂÔ¬¹}¿ÂÁ&Àx³´³HÀ¬Á&½Á
´µ¸Ú¶2Á&¼½¸º³H¼³hÔ¬¹c´µ½Á&¼½³#Ý¥³c´x՜´¹}¿Â¹
À¬Á&ÅÅÁ&¶2¾ VRE¼ á ¹}··3¾À¬³ÃÁ&À¬¸ÂÁ?½ÁÚ¶2Áڸ¼Ķ2¹c²(¹]¹}¶2¹}Å&³}¼¹]Ý¥³c´xÕ´µ³}¼Ü(Á×½ÀxW³ B¿º³H¼½F¸ C²HI¸ E¿ÂÁ á Õ
?¯ XAYŠ¹}¿Â³}¼%²(¹A·3³}À¬½Á¼½¹`Ÿ¾¼Å³}À¬³2Á&¿º¿MÁŽ²H³ E"¼¸ÂÜ(¸P¹}¼³,²(¸%¾¼Á#´µ³}À¬Á&½Á ¸Â¼²(¸p´Ô¬¹H½³}Ô¬Á»%²H¹HÃÀx³}¶2¶b¹`³}¿Â¸Â¶2¸Â¼Á?À¬³
è&¾³H¸Ô¬Á´µ¸Ô,G³3»"Á&¼Ô,G³g´³Ä¸º¼²H¸Âøp²‡¾Á&¿Â¶2³}¼½³g´½ÁÜH¸Â¹}¼"ÁÀ¬¸p»´¹H¼¹@²(³}Ô¬¸p´ÒÁ&϶Ä[Ð Z³}\"¼O^½]³_Í BNV¥¾¹}À¬¸´µ½Á&¼%²‡Á&À?²`C]ݺ½¾½½¹Ä¶2³}½Á&¿p»´¹H¿º¹
¿Â¸p´Ô¬¸P¹3ÕMÕMÕ á Õ
ÍÏÎ ÐÏÎѪÒÔӵ՚Ö×G×"Ø@×@ÙcÚÔÛ؎ÓÜ|ÚÔÒMتÖMÝÞÖMÒàßµÓqݵØKÕdØ á a
†
ø û ú ó † ü ç èBóì ýcó í ãºçä æ íïîcb‘ó †=d í ; ç
í
¦B"!3 4#'Tþ!& (5 (h
"!3 4'ú
#!&þ$%"!3!$þ * þh"5'# $ 4cÿ+cþ¨*ÿ 'BþcKþcÿ#þ
*ÿ $%'3"!3!& 1 !&cÿ,cÿ+!&3'Tÿa9™f"'
k% cÿK7
_ ÿ $%5' zþ'B"!3!&' þ 
D?> 1 "!3!&c+ÿ % ; ç í ãºçä † æ ífe g† h è ã g ì † 1 $%"'Mþ%!& ÿ+Bþ@
wþ
ÿ+ ‘ ã g íji –N!$þ 4 jþcÿ+ ; ç j í e g †  þE5"'Ž"™f6+5lk ; ç þÿ+-þ%Žcÿ
%þ5Žþcÿ+
!3 4Ïÿ+%' eg 7 ¡  'þ kŽ$%" (Èÿ c#Cþ+ÿ  ('k!&$%"!3!&sþBÿ þ  4 
g‰Švwft"umnmporq ‘Nsut&t1v
wxyuz|{ }~1y s x – 1 6*ÿþ 4Ž"
 7ó €‚„ƒL† í … ó † èBê^rì 1 "EE"' '5wþ  %"
þ e5'5 ^þ )
û
 ‘ ÿÚ 4
$Š–}7  þN!& ÿ+C
"wþ ÿ+ 1ó €‚„ƒ þÿ+-þ%ÿ þN' "™f6+5 j !&
Ch

* '#þ *ÿ $%'3"!3!&#'E"wþ Ž
"wþ “ÿ + 1dó €"„ƒ cþBÿ Tþ#ˆÿ  %þ 5Žþ c+ÿ 
!3óˆ 4èBÏê^+ÿ ì %'7
IKJMLNJˆ‡ ‰ U\¨ 5 ‹Š`W›R5Ÿ,T2Y
˜ û Ž* ÿˆ$'"Š!&!3#C#"'þ 1 C#ÿ?>#!& (Kþcÿ5'-þ 1
“ÿÿ þ þ"E"'!&K7Œž!3"
$wþ | !&
óèêô^õ‘ì 펍 ª $%5-' þß
 Bÿey* þBÿw!&þÌ (ÿÿc 4ÿ ‘ '5E"" 4þ5'Tþ7 5– 1 5'ˆC!&cÿ+c  ('!& (5Žþcÿ+'-þ 1

ü ç èBó+K¤ õ‘ìI퐏èB󒑓 ª ìr1
˜ û a* ÿ$%'!c!&BCB'E þgCa$!&&! þ * þ |
” &!­ þB5ÿE",''ŽB þc
K  þþc ÿ+wAþ‡t?sþBÿsÄ$! ”Eþ"u
m 5 þÿ™p'
  þÚ
w þ ("
$%"'3B þ¨$%5'z þ' £ÿ
”
þB 4 (w  þÿa" '3 þþBÿ $! þ
"
"w  þ 4þ!&$%
 $%ÿ"c 'ÿ+5% þNaw þN* ,ÿ+ !& (e5z þ!3z  þÿe'57  þcŽ þc ÿ+  $%'^ þ'%5
1 ü ç èBóì
˜ û
 þÿ+  4."E'B þþ ÿ+ÿ &£L (ÿ' ÿú
"w ('þ  þþqaþ$%ÿ+'&! þ
Š!& !3ˆõ 4t
õ•$y'3"5'þ!3+þ!3ˆ$! þ!&opõ (ó!3m"õ+ó t.*6 ó[ÿ+–xum—5––ryt:7™
 ÿ. 4Š'})
1 ˜K'£Tþ®
>+cÿT' ÿ › š
 ÿ*þ5Ž þc ÿþ C!&$%"!3!3 !3+™f6+-þc ÿ+ ($%'$[T' þ 4zyw þÚ"'w þTþ 4z
ofõ“ómõót
wfv–xt 1 "E'
þ
þ ( 4 œ9 1 : 'wþBÿ 1 ?>yE'Ïÿ+ ^þ!3 óˆèBê^ì í î ñ-ó*öïí ã g j
ó † èBêzì‡íï$ó † Ÿ í ã gä æ 7
†
IKJMLN¡J   ïkZ]Y¨šR: 5 5Y
\¨T0\[^&RK\[VEY[ZUR£V ¢X@\[Z]\[WœRV3ZUš\
¦B"!3 4£C þM ÿ+
£% 4$%'"3"!3$! þ ñ&óˆèBêô^õ‘ì4ö $' e+EB þ|þÄ$%5'5
 4' õ 
$%5' þÿ
"%
!&$%B þ-þ (µ ÿ,"!3$'Š!&&! þc ÿ+BÏ ÿ+B þ^ þk% þ+!& ÿB þ%

* -' þ47
­ 
Ä!&
$ þ 1 þŠ!3"  ÿ+N$%T' þ þ óèêjô^õìIí ¥
ª ©û
ê I
® ¯  B
è °
ê ‘
5 1
õ ‘ § „ ìf1 '5$%$%'!&‘ ÿ 4 4  þÿ#6+) x(t,θ)

E+åú ' 1 ú*>£«­¬ 

$'
 4' * ÿ.-' þ 4'% õ1 ?>+ C §
x
A

*ÿ+T' þ * þh5 ("-' þ?>ò ÿ+h' ÿ þ

$'"-þ) pX (x) ¤
!35 (,9™p!3µ þÿþ$ þ57 ¦ ¦ ©
t

û  õ C,* ÿ c7 :7Ú* ÿ*þ™p'


c ÿ+ (kw þ!3 4-' þ *  þ 4
1
_
A
θ
¨ A
g (t)

¨
p (θ ) T

4' i  „ ‘ E' ü ð èõ‘ìqí  Œ ®±D²jê  èõ³‘  † ì – 1 ") 1

_ Θ
¤
'þ]$'"Š!&!3,Ch!& (Kþcÿ5'-þ 1 "'þ 1 k!&
T
θ t

% ÿ$! þ 4z  þ$' *  * þB þ 4z -' þ!& ( ü ç èBóì÷í ´Œ ®±—²ê ´ èBól‘ ´ † ì 7 _ ]'D
w þ ã ç í î ñ$ó*ö Ch$%5)
T

'Tþß5
wþ£ ("
$%Š' ´ † 1  E5'-þÿ Ce"%"y]7 ]7 $:7 F`µ‹ÿ*þ™f"'
 e ç† í ´ Œ † æ  
$%" ( ÿhE5 ; ç ífe ç† h ã ç† í ´ Œ † æ h ´ ¶ æ í ¶ Œ ´ † æ í ´ · æ 7
¯?¸x²3ÕM²Õ ·Õ?é]¿ÂÛ Á&â&âÀx³}øºÁÜH¸Â¹}¼"³]Ô¬¹}¶2¾¼"³}¶2³}¼"½³¾´Á&½Á·³}Àº¹K³}¼%´µ¸º½NM`²H¸‹»5À¬¹}âÁ&â&¸Â¿P¸º½¡MÕ
a°¼ ÕÏÚàѪ؎هÓNê2Ó ÍÏÎѪÒÔÓNë"Úgë@ØHêªØŽÙ"ìgíѪÒàÓµÕdÖ@×"×"Ø@ÖÝÞÖMÒMÒàÓqÒMØ
û   ™p!&!3 !3 4 4 wþ'!3 þ2$%'"Š!&!3£5' ** £$%" (+ ( $%"'Š'£'E"þTþ (z:7 û 
£"!3"
$wüÌþ ð@üÌèõ‘ð@ì èõìµí  ¶ ®±D²jêI½ ¾šèõ‘ìf1 !&þ!31 5' ** #$'!3!3 4Kþÿ5'-þ 4z | þÿ+™f5 ( zþ$'ÿ%ÿ 5
!&
$ þ ‘  ¿ÁÀ ê À  ¿ 1 – ”2––xmbD'"Bþc5$þÿ*þ5' ** "'BE"'-þ
þÿ+'Tþ%%[E5"'Ä
"wþ ´ † 7
 ÿ!3"ÿ%!&
$þ wþ×$'"3!&!3  " ("'-þ" (z$%5'
" 4'-þ£C þs]ut"•m3óótvul t"õop•t 1
þ×*þ×

* -' þ>Ï ÿÿ#"!3$%'Š!3!$þcÿ óˆèêô^õ‘ìˆí 
è I
Æ 
Ç 
È É
j ê h ‘
õ f
ì 1  õ CŽÿ"7 :79ÿ*þ™f"'

cÿ ]7 ]7 $:7 Œ 7 _ ÿ 4N5!3Šþß$'"ñ!3!3 C!3 4Kþcÿ5'-þ"'E"wþ !&þ
 4z þ ÿy?>+ ü  ð ÿè
õ‘ì5Eí5"†?'Ê £®±D²j!&ê (†?'Ê  4è0õ‘ }£ì .!&£%«Á* ÿÃUÄÅ

* '£e+E&! þ$! þ2C£* ÿ
c7 :7.ÿ“1 7 7 $:7
ü ç èóìIí ÊË ´Œ æ?Ì g æ 7
ÍÏΠРћÒ-Ó Ô›Õ’Ö4×ÁØÚÙÁÛ°ÕIÜnÜnØÚÜÝÕIÞÚÙÁß
š'5 ( zþ5

' e"!3 zþÿ 1 !&-þ 4 þBÿ !3"!3$!c 1 þ
à àá  "

ˆ!3þ"' þ ÿ
"'*â þ * þ 9cÿ *þ`'5$%$'"!3‘ÿ 4'
þž
$wþcÿþßþžÿ !3" ÿ5 1 "EE"'%£uopótwH”3ôoftŠõ+m cÿ *þ
Quantizzatore
x x q= x + eq

'"Bþc5'þKþ!&$%"!&þ ^þE, þz þBÿþ 4þÿ­Kã 7¥;7  

@’K”Evõº–roÂô2
Q( )

ôEv"r– t"um7åä #$%'!&!c#ÿ!$þ!& (5ÿ+¨'$$%'!cÿ (5' þE'Tþ ó

M bit/campione
L = 2 M livelli

þBÿ þBÿ'"!3!&a
þÿ 4B*ÿ þÿ+!&þ
D6*ÿ*þ 4gwþæ íÆ  E5"'-þe+Ïÿ ^þc zþ
ó"çí ó héè ç
þBÿ 4'"%cÿ+%a*ÿe5A*ÿ "'''& è ç 7
¡   * þ  4 zþ ,C,e"9wKþ !&"EBþ"'’æ þBÿ
%k%
Ïÿ 4cÿ+'sþK'$$%"' 4h!& ÿ+,'
"'
wžþ e[ÿ zþ cKþ ÿ rêìëîí ç
þ Bþ "'þÄ*ÿ'%!$þ%'& (57“ïD (?>+£ðêìëîí ç C$%5'-þž
'$%$' (y ('  $ 4c+ÿ c %`!&ÿ  ; g  `'+
' ;1ñ 1 $'"3þ 
Uÿ "b 4'3
þBÿ'
e+!& (a+ zþ
D 1 cÿ  Ïþ  (a[E'6B
"!3 4' (ÔþB5ÿ òIþ 758K7 9K7
x
ö p (x)
∆x

ót
x(t)

põ (x)
X

X
x
∆x

ô
xq (t)
xqô ô
xq = Q(x)

ót
ô ô
x

εq ô ô
εq (t) ót
px (xq)
q
ô
∆q

ô ô
p (ε q)
εq ô
∆q xk
}

Ik

òdþ['h8K7 9 |‚÷Iø ù£ú£û2ü¡üNùåýWþNÿ
,þ  þ ù

UûIû7ø`üNû
 þ³ý þ ü,øFþ  þ ùUûœýWþ
°þ ûþ  ù7ø û
 % " ( zþ
 þ$ 4!$þž!&
$%Bþ6 ^þ ?>“þN"'TþþBÿ þBÿ'"!3!&N5
$wþcÿ+ ("'  ** þÏÿ
'Tþ þBÿy*ÿ $%'Š!3!&'E"wþ
þ ÿ+ 1 !$þÿ'5$%$%'!&cÿ+ ( zþÄy*ÿ+ c7 K7cÿ
%ÿ!$þ 4z#wþ:$' *  * þBþ 4z ÿ*þ™p'3
 ü ç èBóìí Œ  ®±D²jê   èBóì j $%"' HÏÿ 4g#$% 4cÿ+cŽ%þ:5
$wþcÿþ 1
$%5-' þ,-' þÏ ÿk%"9"7 K7 1 -' þ!3+ 4'z
; gµíe g† í ƒ g†
Æ
ÍÏÎ ÍÏΈÑIÒÔÓßëGÚgë@Ø}êªØKÙ"ì ݵØ*ÖMÒMÒàÓÒÖºÜÖÄê¨êIÖ ÙÌÒdÚÔ×
! Ø4×"×"ØKÓÜØ*Ü#"$! ÖÒM؎Õ%ֺݵØë"ÚÔÜÝ@Ú ëGÚÔ×"Öna ;
¡ ž !3 4!&!3|þBÿ 4'E5ÄþŠE"'-þwþ‘þBÿE'!&!3&  †  CÄ!&%þþ!3ÄŠe+Ïÿ ^þc 4'|þBÿ æ5þBÿ 4'E5Bþ
')( wþ5E+`
$þ"c* çí  Œ 1 ÿ 4'5 ^þ!&*þ'Tþ ó ( í.- ç"‘ †  1 cÿ -sífi ô ƒ ô`Æô{¥{¥{ ô æ ‘
ƒ ›7 ä 4 ^þ@þß'TþÚwþ@þÿ+E'!&!3 ä,+ ó5û 1 æ?>5%cÿ+ þÿ+ ("'-ÿ+wþ '( 1 "E' (5þÚ?> ó ( ‘ †1 /
0
À
óâ ó h æ † * þ1 &7( / !&c ÿ+"w þ6^ þßÿ  þBÿ 4'
-ñ1 
' 
 %
$ 
$ 
' "
 3
!   
ÿ (
5
 (

U B
þ ÿ * 
þ +
ÿ E
 '
T 
þ 
 %
 ˆ
 
* +
ÿ  
$ 
 
' 
 
 ˆ
 
w þ
í _ Ú~ 2
† $c ÿ ÿ 4 ?>  $%5'z þ' %Ï þÚT' þ×e ÿ^ þcz þ T' þ!& }' þ!& þ×!3"  ÿ+
Ä 1 1 4ç3 èBê^ì %
ó
þBÿ  þ'Ú6 4' w þÚ'!34 þ 4K þ ÿ 1 z þw$ þ5
c ÿ 4 5!3!&Tþ£y ÿ*þqþBÿ ("' - þÚE' ÿ 4'5
ó"ç“í ó ( %" þÿ+ ("'w þße ÿ+^ þc
K / þc ÿ 1 

" ( 4‘ ÿ%"6! 5ž* ÿ.''Š' è çŠí ó"çå‘ ó51 w þ
cÿ+^ þ 4zyB þ
þ (5 (£c ÿ+ (' þ ÿ+ ("'7 & † 7 ïµþ@ÿ+E 1 $! þß!&$$% ÿ?> ÿ?> è ç $! þy* ÿ+£c7 K7
*ÿþ™p'

c ÿ 4@w þ!3 4-' þ *  þ 4h 4'8 & † / 1 " þÿ þ$% ÿ% ÿ 4 :F 9  ó ( j $' }Ï ÿ+ ( 1 h$%" (‘ ÿ+ch

$% ÿ ÿ 4gw þ''Š'aCDÏ ÿ?>Be* þ%$-' þkT' þ ÿ& 1 aTþ"C
†
;nñ ífe ñ† í ƒ ç í ƒ ƒ ; æ g ƒ=< †
Æ Æ ‘
û þ
D*6 ÿ5
c ÿ+ (à þBÿ '5%Dw þE 4'Bð êëÁí w þe+Ï ÿ^ þcK þc ÿ |
êìëÁí çMí ; ;ng ñ í ƒ g† ƒ Æ ; æ ‘ ƒ < † í è æ ‘ ƒ ì ?† >í æ †
Æ g
þBÿy*þ] z þ
 $$%'!3$! þ
Ž þ ÿk>+ E5 þw þ< (“ z ÿ+]5!3h"  þ% ÿ 4ò þÿ þ1æA@ ƒ 7 _ T' þ!3+ 4 4

!& 4'g?>2ð êìëîí ç '!& þBÿk
"%`e+%'z þ2cÿh 
c ÿ+ (5'`c þE þE"B þ 1 "EE"'`!&å æ ')
%"$%$ þî êìëîí ç e'+$%B þKC7 BMþ'' ÿ%,5 ÿ+ 4Ž þ ÿ þÿ%"-þ * "p:F Dg$%'D û = B 1 " ( } ÿ*þ

þ[T' þ!& 4 (­  êìëîí çšè æ ìE F:G í ƒ i~ 2 Œ É æ † í ÆIi~ 2 Œ É æ  1 -' þ"'Ï ÿa?>p æ íÆ  1 $! þ[" (z þ ÿ
êëÁí ç è Ä â ì)EHF:G í â Ä ƒ i~ 2 Œ É ÆJI.K â M L
%5 (k>+ ~ 2 Œ É Æ#I iEO{ N 7 _ ÿy
#&! þ
þ 1 ¬ z þÄ
 þ]
þ ¬ þ"'5
c ÿ 4 þBÿyM L " ( 4c ÿþ * þh5)

cÿ+ (ÿ%@Ä þ*ÿ+Ôþÿ
"'@þ * þ Ú$%"'D" ÿþ5
$wþcÿ 1 "E','%$$wþÏÿˆþÿ
"'@wþ
B þ þ | êìëîí çdèÆ æ ìE F:G íÆIi~ 2 Œ É Æ æ íÆIi~ 2 Œ É æ h ÆIi~ 2 Œ É Æ >í êìëîí çdè æ ìPE F:G h KýRQ £7 ˜K' (Ï ÿ+ (
ÿ*þ * þ ªþBÿ $wþS $%'h*ÿ
Ä þBþ"'5
cÿ 4ÄBþ4T,ML÷$Ä '`ðêìëîí ç 7
­ c ÿ+&! þ%"-' þ
g"'Ž!& 59!&ˆ þ+!3"  ÿ5Ô þBÿ“þBÿ'"!3!& ó >+h* ÿ+hw þBÿ5
þ9l opõtumBw þ
e+Ï ÿ (k$%'  þ!& ( | þÿ (5]!& e g† &! þ]-' þ%+ 1
 ÿ 4' e ñ† í Œ Œ J† U  û  PŒ V † ÿ+c ÿy
* þ 1 k%* ÿ+e
êìëîí ç $% þ'y
!&EE"!3!$þ
'Tþ% 4 4ŠþßBþEBþ¬7 _ ÿ $%$c+ ÿ+wþ8W 8K7 TK7 ãyC“þ!& (' 4ˆ
4Tÿ*þˆ+!3 4õmwpwpvsu"v –rof•v $%"'h
 ÿ ( ÿ"' ÿêìëîí ç  (Ï ÿ?>ÿ * 5!3$! þNB þE"B þÚw þ
!3"  ÿ+57
ÍÏÎ Í XZYÞ\[ Ø][ Õ_^ ÕIÛ ` ԛÕbaZYCYÞ\Yß Ùlßc^P^ ßedfY1Ø]gh Õ_ggÕIÞÙl՛Ò-×8h ßcY1Õ_ikjlߙÔ5Õ
l ØÚÙÁÔ5Øm[ Ø\gß
­  ÿ£ Ïþ (,%þK!& ('
ÿ zþ]$' *  * þ þ!& ^þ-þK!& (+wþ zþ 1 Ïÿ+BþcKþ
ˆþ:™p*ÿ+Žþcÿ+
cÿ 4kKwþ)
!3$!$þ zþEgþ'-þŽþÿgwþ+*ÿ, ('!&
þ!&!&þcÿ+Ôÿ
"'-þ 1 +$*ÿ+ (gþ+ þ!3 4h#$' *  * þ þ 4z
wþ''"'357 ­ "
h þzþ+!3 4'5 ( 1 " ÿ*þ'-þþ 4'#> ?>#™p' 1 " ('#?>#ÿ þ!&ÿ,™p)
™p 4^ þE5
c ÿ 4 T' þ"E 4 ®MèBê^ìf1 Ï ÿ?>+ cÿ.* ÿ!&  ÿ+§ èBê^ì !&

5 ( ¨$'-þ
 1 £*þיp"'

o¯ n T ¾"³c´½Á¨³c²:Á&¿Â½À¬³:¸º·3¹}½³c´µ¸Á²H¹H½½Á&½³ß´µ¹}¼¹K·3Á&¿Â³c´³}¶Ä³}¼½³K¼"¹}¼Äó}À¬³3»(¶ÄÁ×·³HÀ¬¶2³}½½¹¼¹N²H¸3Ÿ¾¼Å³}À¬³:Á²:¾¼ßÀ¬¸p´¾"¿º½Á½¹
Á&â&â&Á´½Á&¼Ü(Á`´µ³}¶2·3¿º¸ÂÔ¬³3»‡³],Ô G³·3q¾ p]³c´‡´³}À¬³]¶Ä¹}¿Â½¹]¾½¸Â¿º³:¼³}¿²H¸Â¶2³}¼´¸Â¹}¼Á?¶2³}¼½¹ \"OIQÍ ÞxÞ ORQÍ ²(³}ſ¸cÁ··3Á&À¬Á&½¸Õ
s¯ rut¨¼Á×âÀ¬³}󝸺¼"½À¬¹c²(¾Ü(¸º¹H¼³KÁ&¿Â¿P³]¶2¸p´µ¾À¬³]¸Â¼g²H³HÔ¬¸Ââ&³}¿é]·À¬³c´µ³}¼½Á½¹]¸º¼žÁ&··3³}¼%²(¸ÂÔ¬w
³ v&yÕ x&yÕ z?Õ
a9 ÕÏÚàѪ؎هÓNê2Ó ÍÏÎѪÒÔÓNë"Úgë@ØHêªØŽÙ"ìgíѪÒàÓµÕdÖ@×"×"Ø@ÖÝÞÖMÒMÒàÓqÒMØ
% ÿ%@"™f™p } zþEgCA*ÿg'5þcŽþcÿ+b%%$'"Š!&!3AwþEuñ”El t"umßv%n+no–xop‰Št ‘ $%$*ÿ+ ("–}7 _ $'"Š!&)
!3Dw þ%'
"'DCD!& (5Ž þc ÿ+-' þAk'EŠ þ 1 D9c ÿ$! þ (z9w þ%$%' *  * þB þ (z9%"[$'-þ
D"'þBÿB?>D
%"!3'-þ 1 Ca* {4™f5
!&  |
v”Eóóofvõv 1 ?>à þBÿ 4'"%+-þ
D!3 * þ 457
IKJµI:J } ~º\ Š, 5 3Uc\[Ÿ,\
€σ  ÿ+ T' þ * þh5 ("-' þE5!&&! þ  ÿ+ ó Ck%"!33'Tþ 4 4%  ÿ
p (x)
%c ÿ+&! þ (z,w þ$%' *  * þB þ 4z, þ["!3$'Š!&&! þc ÿ+
㠆
X

ƒ
ü ç èBóìªí k ÆIÇ7egcƒ‚„†… ‘ èBó ‘ ÆIe g† g ì ‡
X

þ]þ ÿ
ˆ%5
c ÿŠ ‰hCk#
‰!3Š ‹Š ‰:þBÿy6 ŒE
 ‹ 1 ˆM‰"E#C#$ ‰!&Ž ‰5þBÿy þ)
x

ˆ%ÿ )‰
 ã g  e°g ‘
ˆwþy#ˆþ5Žþ‰cÿ+!& (ÿ
ˆ%=‹ˆ–Ä!$þÿ
‰:þÿ‹Žþ‰ÿ $M‹Tþ
 ‰ÿ÷
X m

cÿŠ ‹5 ( ‹ ‰‹-þc‘ ‰cÿ+ ( 1  !&)‰cÿ

ˆ‰ÿ.’ ˆwþ!3$q ‹&! þ‰cÿ+b ˆ
‹E5 (Š ‰q‹Tÿ
‰ 
q ˆwþK7
þB Ž‹#?>“ˆ%ÿˆ$%ÿ Š‰”ˆwþ¨þ!& 48Œ‹6)‰ 1 þ$M‹Tþ
þ•ˆ#
#‰
ÿ zþ–ˆ%"c7 K7—ˆ%!&‹$þ‰cÿ
‰k‰"
)
$% 4
 ÿ 4f ˆ% ÿ&! þ 4zˆÏ ÿ+>+# ˆ%5ß$* ÿ+Ž ‰8ˆþž þ!& (ˆ ÿ þz þ)‰ j $%q ‹ 4Ï ÿŠ ‰ 1 y!&^ þ
˜ ˆþße5!&^ þ
‘  ˆ !&
$þ‰gk$% ‹ ^þ‹]ˆ%h*ÿ * 
‰ÿ“ÿ+
q‹)‰\ˆwþ4‹"Bþc5$þ‰ÿ*þpöHG3–KCg!3+™f6+-þcÿ+ (B$%q‹—ˆ!&‹Tþq‹&
)‰
$%" (
 ÿ 4Ô  þ%™pc ÿ‰
 ÿ
‰g"Ž ‰‹-þ‰57
¡ £"7 K“7 ŒE5!3$! þ  ÿ+f ˆ!&6‹-þE *  ÿ  ÿ#
‰z þ 4
 ˆwþBÿb ˆwþN™pc ÿ
‰"
c ÿþÿ+ 4
 ‹5 þ 1 q ˆ
#C ˆwþ#
‰)
!3Š ‹ * þhÏ ÿ+B þ^ þ5
c ÿ 4Ž?>#!3+8 ˆ% ÿ&! þ 4zC#=‹5 ( 4q ‹&þ!3z þ8ˆþ–Œ‹Ï ÿˆ%c” ŒEc ÿ+q ‹ 4 ˆ%
!6‰"

7 ˆwþN* ÿ ÿ+
 ‹‰#
‰Ž ‰Š ‰#ˆwþN!& 5"Š ‰q‹Tþ 1 4 4 ( ‰ÿ÷
 ˆ%$! þ
f ˆ7 ˆ7 $:7 öci
‘ –xmtum3l v#n+mwwfopl o –xmĕmõ –ruvwfm3–?7
¡  ™p* ÿK þ‰cÿ* ˆwþˆwþ!3Š ‹-þ * +Ž þ‰cÿ+† ˆþe5!& ("7 K7 ÿ
‰ÿyCh‰")
pX( )
θ
 * þ: þBÿ
™™ ‰q‹
£?>þ+!3 j ™™ ‰q‹ (* ÿ+ 4
 ÿ (Ž$q ‹® 1 !3 4Ï ÿ 4ŽŠ ÿ+)
"!3$! þ 4z ˆwþ[‰ÿ
‰!&š‹gkM$ ‹)‰ *  * þB þ 4†z ˆþ+"Ec ÿ+^ þ4ŒE5!3$! þÏ ÿÌþ 1 6! ‰ÿ
‰
θ ˆwþ!3M$ ‰ÿ*þ * þB þ 4 * Äk  Œ‹6+-þ 1 ?>k ‹TþM$ ‰q‹ }Ï ÿ‰Mþ5 ‰q‹| ÿ+
q ‹Tþ)‰
 %
ˆ 
 
 
  B
þ 
ÿ 4
 q 
Π
‹ 5
 
 D
 ?>   J 
ˆ *6 ÿþ!&D (5 þ ‰‹Tþ›ˆþ[$ ‹‰ *  * þB þ (z:7
˜K ‹C‹c ÿ
ˆq ‹&þ‰ÿŠ ‰$ˆ%B$! þ 4$ þ‰cÿ+ M$ ‹)‰ þ5#
‰2B‰"= ‹
gM$ ‹)‰ *  * þ þ 4zg?> œQÿ
‰cÿk!3$q ‹Tþ* ÿ#q‹Ž ‰AE5 ‰‹ ó51 $%= ‹-þ$q ‹wˆ%"*6 ÿþK þž‰cÿ+1 A5a™p* ÿK þ‰cÿk ˆwþ ˆþ)
X

!3Š ‹Tþ * Ž þ‰ÿ 1 \ ‹5$%$ ‹"!3‘ ÿ 4 4” ˆ%5  ‹hŠ ‹5 ( 4š ŒŒþ 45 þÿ6 ŒE
 ‹ ‘ $% ‹b!3"
$%B þTþ 4z#-þ‹-þ™pq ‹&þ#
‰
 ˆh* ÿ ŒE5!&&! þ  ÿ+k9
q ˆþ ÿ– |
Ÿ ç èBóì:í¡ å®‡ñ œ 0 óGö í  g ü ç è(õ‘ì‘ýÈõ í ƒ ‘  Œ û± #æ£ ¤ æ æ ýÈõ 7Áž™f™p 4 (þ5
#‰8‰q‹
*ÿ
g ?† Ê_¢ 

* þ‰ˆþ[  ‹Tþ * þ 1 M$ ‰ÿ ÿ
ˆM‰ †Šû ª ¢ úæ æ í¦¥ † 1 $q ‹`*þÌþBÿ )‰qú ‹)‹-þË !3$ ‰cÿ
ˆ‘ ÿ* ˆþ õÔí ó $! þ[>+ ¥sí Ë †Žg ¢  1
 ‹Tþ!& ( ýÈõˆí k ÆIe g ýq¥ 7 ­ ‰cÿe"!3 4a$ ‰&! þK þ‰ÿ*þ 1 $ ‰!&&! þ#
‰‹-þ!3)‹-þq ‹
J
Ÿ ç èóìIí ƒ ‘ ø ú 
ƒ û ¨ æ k ƒ ƒ û ¨ æ ƒ ƒ q ‹™f?© ó
k ± 
Æ e g ý
q ò
¥ í ‘ ø ú  k ± ýq¥òí ‘ Æ k Æeg«ª
§ ™æ ¤  ÆIÇ7e°g § æ ¤  Ç
­ ‰!&“C.!3+!&6! ‰­¬ û 
$ þ
c ÿ+ ( 1  ** þ#
‰.!&M$ ‹!&_! ‰
®α −x2 ¯e 
  B
þ [
ÿ 4
q Œ‹5 ‘ þ‹‹TþP! ‰  þ * þ“  þBÿ÷™™ ‰q‹
ˆ?>*þ!&– ÿ þß 4q ‹&
þÿþ«ˆ
{(™p* ÿ+Ž þ‰cÿ | ±—®Ⱥ²Gñ{,ö1 >+†  ‹$%$ ‹Š!&c ÿ+ ( M$ ‹)‰ *  * þB þ (z?>,* ÿ+
erfc{ } 1
π

"7 K›7 ŒE5!&&! þ  ÿ+hh

q ˆþ5 ÿ+hgE= ‹-þÏ ÿ+c †Œ !&$% ‹-þ ‘ þBÿ ‰q‹
!3P! ‰Š ‰ª– þK ‰q‹† ˆŽ ‰k‰"
h  ‹)Œ‰"
c ÿ+Ž ‰ 1 )‰
h#
‰"!3Š ‹Ž ‰ þBÿ

6 ŒE ‹ 1 B$%  ‹Tþ
x
−α α

>µ° ¹]¸p´µ·¹}¼"³}¼%²(¹`²(¸ñ¾¼`¸Â¼%´¸P³H¶2³ °(RÉ ±_²¨²(¸ ³
À¬³HÁ&¿Â¸ºÜ(Ü(Á&Ü(¸P¹}¼"¸²H¸ ´¼ÁNÃÁ&À¬¸ÂÁ&â&¸P¿Â³Á&¿º³HÁ&½¹}À¬¸Â—Á µB» ·3¹c´4´µ¸ÂÁ&¶2¹³ VRV¥³}½½ ´Á&À¬³¿º³
´³H)Å ´³}¼½¸´µ½¸Â¶2_³ ¶Mä · –¸º» ¹ ª ±ƒ» ¼ ¹ É ±¾½ äg· å æpç ¸º» ¹ ª ±ƒ» ¼ ¹ É ±æ »x¸Â¿&¿Ô ´¸&ÃÁ&¿Â¹}À¬³:½³}¼%²H³Á´¸Â¼½¹}½¸ÂÔ¬Á&¶Ä³}¼½³Á¨Pè ´³}¿Â¿P¹Ú²H³}¿Â¿Â³
À¬¸p´·3³}½½¸ÂóK¶2³²H¸Â³Ä²H¸¸Â¼%´¸M³}¶2³»(Ô¬¹}¶Ä?³ ³£Ýº¿ºÁ`²H¸Â¶2³}¼%´µ¸Â¹}¼³ß²(³}¿Ô¬Á&¶2·3¸Â¹}¼³ž´½Á&½¸p´½¸PÔx¹ á ½³}¼%²(³]cÁ À#Õ
>µÖ L ¿%´o´¹ß´Ôx¹}·Àx¸º½¹HÀ¬³»ŠÁàĚÂPōÆ´MNJǙÈ6ɎÊÌËqÍÌÎ?Ï,ËqpÐÑÆCÒ̠ƃÊÐ,ƗÇo´qƗɑɎÓwÔÕÍ:ÎkÊ×Ö Z_Ø Q•ÙÚ Û ÈŽÏ,ËMÉ:ÏOÔ¿ÆPËMɎÍÔÕÍÌËkÜP´qÊ_ÇoÝÍÏ,ЋVÆPÝÝÍ
Ô¿ÞÊÏÑÐ=Ço´qÍ´MÇÍ×ӑÍÌÝʑNJÇoÊÊ_NJÇoÊÌßÕÊàÜP´ÍÌÝϙÉ:Ï,Æ)ËÍÌáŽÂ
â ãâ ã]ä•å\æwç×è\ç«éÌê–é‘ëì­íé
î?å?åJæwåwî7ïî?ê–ê•îZë›åè\ð
!ñé:ð
ð
é‘æwïé
ï#"$!ñîÃå?é_ò%î7íé
ç
è\ïí«è­ç×è\ð
îwó=ô

õ ‹)öø÷Cù_ú•ûcüþý
ÿ 
 
 
 ‰‹?ˆ "!¦ö$#%!'&
ž‰(! õ ˆ õ *) #
‰  ‹)Œ‰(+ õ !',Ž‰ ) ‰(!
‰7‹ õ(-Mõ ‹.0/   )   "! öø‰‹+  ˆ12,  / õ " õ
!%#'+ õ ‹.÷43 õ65 ÷43  õ  "!bö™‰q‹+  ˆ4ˆ  Œ‹  +7+718#
‰(,  ,90:<;>=
 !  0! õ  Œ õ ! õ ‹  õ 8#'?!
ˆ1 5  ‰  õ !ˆM‰7÷  ÷)‰ " ‹ õ "
- ‹)‰/  /  0,A@÷.3 õ #%! B =  =Œ  # )C)   !  œ 5 ÷‰(!D+ õ ˆ  1

E õ  ‹  !'& FHG 5 ) # -õ ‹.I0!  + -  õ &

&  #% ! ˆ õ , õ ‹C+70J
erfc(x)

!   ,Ž‰ > ‰q‹ õ ú 5 "K #'!L÷ M) ,Š‹  ˆ  -Mõ ‹)÷6‰‹‹.0/  õON 8# õ 0" 0.01

ˆ11#',9  "&&  ‹ õ " ö$#%!'&

‰! õ 5  õ
! ˆ‰÷.
# ‹  ˆ - ‰q‹)‹ õ 0.0001

÷)‰+ õ  ‹)Œ‰(+ õ !%,Š‰P Q> ‰q‹ õ ˆ1w  ú˜ˆ õ /",  + õ !', õ ) ÷ 0 J
,Š‰ 5 -õ ‹—‹.÷)‰!ˆ1#
‹ )   ˆR#%!  Œ  # )C)   ! P + õ ˆ1  !'# "0
1e-06

õ > ‹.  ! & TGS U

1e-08

úYX E[Z
  ùœW­ V ú•ûü ýÿ
1e-10

©
 . 
ý F ª 1e-12
0 1 2 3 4 5

\I]^\H]`_ abdc egf eih<jAh<klnmQhpobbdc bdo 

q ‰(+ õ  !%,A ÷. -  Š, ‰ 5   ˆ õ ÷. ) ‰q‹ õr- ‹ õ ) õ !', õ 2" Š, ‰f‹. ÷ õ  õ !%, õ ˆ12#%!  ,Ž‹ ) +7 )) ‰! õ !'#%+ õ ‹.÷ 
‰ - õ ‹ P) ##'! ) õ Œ!  õ ü 5 ‰ > õ ‹‰p L) õ Œ!  õ ‹ ÷ õ  #',Ž‰ N}| ÷)‰q‹6‹)‰,A,Ž‰~Cˆ  #'!
ˆ1 ) ,9
# ‹. / ‰  ˆˆ1",9  ‰ ts"‹ u9õ v  "&
w& s" uA&
v% xz‰! y{õ s"ˆ1uAv I#'! - ‹‰÷ õ )) ‰ ) ,  &6 ‰(!  ‹. ‰ õ ‹Œw‰qs"ˆ1uAv ÷)‰”Œ  # ))   !‰=€ õ 
÷ ) ‰[0! ÷.#% )   ! ‰ - y{‹ s"õ u9) v õ !',9 - 0 ‚ ÷  # ) õ ˆ1 ˆ ) ,9# ‹=/ ‰ 5 
! ÷43 õ  ‰q÷  "&
&  , õ "! - #%!%,ACˆ1  õ ‹ ) «ˆ õ 
÷)‰ " õ Œ  + õ !%Š, ‰ 5 )  ö  "!P# + ‰qˆ‰ˆ1 ‹. ÷‰(
! ˆ1# ‹  õ ,9#',9, õ  ˆƒ#'! K # !' ÷  öø‰(!%, õ ˆ ‹#'#+ ‰q‹ õ…„™õ 8#%  õ !%, õ(†
"!["
! Œ‹ õ )C) ‰  ˆ õ ÷ ) ‰‹ õ =
‡ "‚ - ‹ õ ÷C )C + õ !%, õ65   ˆ1 ) ,A
# ‹. / ‰ N ÷  ‹  ,9J
, õ ‹.0&6&  Ž, ‰$ˆ  #%! > ‰q‹+ õ ˆ ‰*!'# " ‰ 5 y{ˆ  s"u9#%v ! ‰ ) - õ ,AJ ˆ Š ‹
Š, ‹‰]ˆ1 ˆ õ ! ) ",9† @ ˆ1 - ‰, õ !%& ƒ‘$’1“'”• „ ‰ ))   ÷)‰ ) ,  !'J ‰
r(t) x(t) HR(f) n’(t) ak
Decisore

, õ† –— Œ 
n(t) −B B
f

ü™˜tš Ž
N N
_ 0 PN (f)
N

s$—%v ý
2
–— f fs

õ ˆ  #'! r ‹  !'& zF G -  ‹ "0 - ‰, – õ — !%&  :<: ˆ12#'! r) #  ‹ õ  "&
&  &6ž ‰! õ 8# ?)  )  „›- õ ‹
"K õ ‹Œ‰qˆ ÷.0,A@ † = œ 0 ‰ ) ÷)‰ - ‰†ˆ1  "+7?,  ‹ õ "0 +7"!%?+  - ‰ )C) 0/  õ65 0!Y"
! Œ‹ õ )) ‰  ‹. ÷ õ  "Ž, ‰‹ õ{N
- ‰ ) Š,— ‰g#%!P  Ž, ‹)‰ - )C) J$/ )) ‰* ˆ õ  õ ÷‰(! ‹ ) - ‰ ) ,  0†! öø‹ õ 8# õ !'& ƒž{Ÿ  0+7",  ,  0!P#'!  /  ›! ˆ 
 g¡ „ ˆ õ ,¢, O’1“%£'’£'‘¤¥¦7•(¤§ 5  õ(¨  q –  — - =ª©6« †$5 ,  õ{¨ [0) ÷. ¬ - s$%))Cv ¬ õ  d) õ(­ !  õ - õ ¬
"!%, õ ¬.® 5 õ  "+70, ¬ õ  , õ + - ®ª) , õ )C)®ª0 "0 +7"! ®¬ õõ ) , õ ! )  ® ! õg- ®()C) 0/  õ U M- õ ¬ , w s"!'uA, v ® 5 "
- ® , õ !%&  M¨ õ  ¬ #%+ ®(¬ õ 0![# ) ÷.",  ¨ Ož{Ÿ ¬s¯% ) v #  ,  „ ÷ ® + õ  õ¨ ¬ õ + ®} q  - ", ®"®}° †%- ¬  
– —± – — s$%v —
ü  ž{Ÿ G ü » ˜ š ü ¡
s›%v ² s$%v.² ³ ´ » ý ³ ˜tš
µ >® ­   + ®…0K  !   ) 1"! ¨  ÷  ! ¨  ®  L) õ(­ !  õ ¬  ÷ õ  #', ® ! õ " " ´ ö ®¬ + 
ü·¶¸º¹¼»¾½À¿1Á4 Xr½ÀÃ'Ä
ws"uAv s"u v
ÅÇÆ³È ÐÝÊÌßÕÎ?ÏÑËÊpÉAÊ4Ë6Ì ÇoÝƗӑÊÌßdͯÎÏ4ÐÑ Ò
Ï ÛQÓ Ñ Û)Ø¿Ø Ò ØžÛ…Ô Ò6ÕLÖ Ú Û Õ Û Ï× Ù=ØuÛ ÈÊ?Ýß¿ÆPÊ?ÍÌß¿ÏÙ)Ø Ï,ËqÊJÉ:ÆPÏßÕϙÇ´ÐÑÝÆPÝÏ×ɎÊÌÐ,Ð,ÆcÎ?ÏøÇo´qßÕÆ*ɎÏ
Ø)ßÕÆPËMɎʢÚ9ڎÊdÛMÇoÏÑÔÞqʑȿÏÑË?Ô¿´qÏÐÝÜ ÊÌßÕßÕÍ:ßÕÊ?É:ϑÎkϙÇ´ßÕÆÈ)ɎÏ,ӑÊÌËMɎÊÌËqÝÊÃɎÆCÔÕÆP´ÇÊ
Î?ÍÌÐ,ÝÊÌӑÐ,Ï,ÔÕϙÈÇϑÆÇsÇ´‘ÎkÊÆPÓ6ӑ´qˑÝÍÞØ)ÆP´MÇsǞÏ,ÆPË͑Â
Å^Å È ËJßÕÊÌÆPÐ,Ý0ߪàáÙâ$ã ËqÍÌ˝Þƪä áåË(ã ÔÕÍ_ÇoÝÆPËqÝÊ Ó6ÊÌßÜP´qÆÐøÇuÏ,ÆÇoϚÒÆÐÑÍ:ßÕÊcÉ:Ï'ˁqÛ ËqÍCÆÉCÏ,ËqÛ ËÏOÝ͑ÈÎkÆkÍ:ÔÕÔÕ´qÓ6Æ$´qËqÆwæ ÆPËMÉsÆ
Ï,ËMɎÊÌÝÊÌßÕÎkÏ,ËqÆÝÆCÎkÆCÐ,Ï,ÎkÏ,ÝÆPÝÆ¢»4ç Ð,ÝßÕÏ,ÎkÊÌËqÝÏøÈsÔ¿ÍÌÎkÊÒ)Ê_É:ßÕÊ:ÎkÍÆPБÔÕÆPӑÏ,ÝÍ:ÐÑÍiPè ÈsÆ)Ò)ßÕÊ¢æPæ Ê×´qËqÆCÓ6ÍÌÝÊÌËŽÚ ÆCÏ,ËqÛ ËÏÑÝÆRÂ
óé ò èJä–é_ëCæ«ê$æ â ã#ä–å\æ«ç
è\ç«é:ê–é_ë(êpë=ä–åJæòî«ð
ð
é«îÃíþî?å?åJæ å?é

"!ñ÷.#%Â N #'!  ÷ ¬. ,A, õ ¬  ) ,A÷  ¨ Q€íì>8#% ) , 5 "!î+ ® ¨ ® ¨  õ  ", ¬ õ 0K ?! )®¬ ­õ !%&  ¨   µ  :<ïð õ(¨
® ­ !% ) 0+7s"/ u9v®"® ¹¼»¾½À¿ N #%! õ  õ + õ !%, ® ¨ H#'! O) õ 8# õ !%& O õ  , ®¬  RO0®(¬  ¨  ) ÷ ¬ õ ,A 5H- ¬ H8# õ ) ,A
#  ,A0+7  ­  ñ 0®(¬  ¨   + -  õ &
&  ¹ò 5Qó ü ÿ
ô ý ô.õöõöô ñ÷X ÿ 5Þ¨  ) , ¬ 0/#%",9 õ !', ¬.® #%!r"!%, õ ¬.0"® ÷ ® !
¨ "!  +7ž ÷  - ¬   ¹øMX÷¹ S üúùR=œ ­  û ) ,  !%,Aû+7#  ,9 -   ¨õ  -Mõ ¬  ® ¨ ® ¨  ) 0+7/ ®"® üú½ÀÃIÄ#ü
½ü Ä 5   ¨Mõ ÷ )C®(¬ õbõ ) +7"!   0®(¬ õR¨õ ý) õ(­ !  õ ü 5•õ¨  !'&
÷43 N u ¬ ", ¬®(¬ õ
—
  "®¬ ¹>òI, ¬) + õ )C)  5 ®()C) õ ¬."7¬ õ  "— &
&  &
 ® ! õ{¨ íd#%s0u9! v [>i¬ s0 u9 vQ/x÷  õ y{s"u9 õv  , ®(¬   ­  # ))   !  5 ÷ ® !
+ õ¨   - ¬  H0®(¬ õ ¹ ò 5õ >¬   ! & 7FHG ü ˜ š ¡ = q 3% >¬ + õ !', õ65  H¬ ÷ õ  0, ®¬ õ ! ® !÷ ® ! ®() ÷ õ
8#  õ >"®¬ õ )  ) ,  , ® , ¬) + õ )C)® 0!B8# õ 0"K  ) ,  !%, õ65õ¨õ ö™ö õ ,A,9#  #%!  ¨Mõ ÷ )  ® ! õP¨ d+ )) "+ 
 õ ¬®() "+7 ­    ! &  ÷ ®
! ö ¬.® !',  ! ¨ ® , ¬{"®(¬®p õª¨Mõ ! ) 0,A@ ¨  - ¬.® /  /  0,A@†÷ ® ! ¨ "&
 ® !  , õ " õp¨   õ ¬) õ
 - ® , õ ) I¹ò þ
ZÞ
ÿ þ  s0 v
ý  F ü ÿ — 
 
 

X s" ý XrF —G ¹ò v G
„  =ö© †

õ ) ÷ õ(­   õ ! ¨ ® M- õ ¬2"K ¹À· ò,  õ ÷43 õ Zdÿ · N " - "‚ ­ ¬. ! M¨ õ =

 # õ ) , ® - ¬® ÷ õÀ¨ 0+ õ !%, ® 5 ! õ  ÷ )C® s"0'! v ÷.#%I "®¬ Þ¹ò )   ! ® õ 8#% ) -  &
  ,9 5õ 8#' > õƒ„  õ¨ d'J
­ # ¬{) õ­ # õ !%, õ†  ¨ õ %!' ¬ õ ñnX ÿ )® ­   õp¨  M¨ õ ÷ )  ® ! õ ò 5'ó ü ÿ
ô ý ô.õöõöô ñzX ÿ 51- ®) , õ  + õ ,9@P, ¬ 
0®(¬ I¹>ò õ(¨ ¹ò  S 5›õt¨Mõ ÷ ¨Mõ ¬ õt-Mõ ¬  %>"®¬ õ ¹
ò ) õ  ') õ­ !  õ ¬  ÷ õ  #%, ® ½ÀÃ'Ä ÷  ¨Mõ ""K ?!', õ ¬ ! ®
¨Mõ 0"K 0!', õ ¬>"?® ÷ ® + - ¬ õ )C® , ¬.  ò S õ ò „ :  † =   - ¬.® /  /  ",A@ ¨  õ ¬.¬®Àt¬ õ s ÷.3 õ v >® ­    + ® ¨ õ , õ ¬ J
+7"! ¬ õ ÷ ®) ,9",9#' ) ÷ õ 8#%"! ¨  " - ¬® /  /  ",9ñ @ ÷43 õ ½ÀÃ Ä ® , ¬ õ(- )) i#%! B)C® ­    ¨  ¨õ ÷. )  ® ! õ65
®> õ ¬® ÷43 õ #%! ÷  + -  ® ! õ…¨  ¬ #'+ ®¬ õ )   „ "!7+ ® ¨ í# s"® †%- v "‚ ­ ¬ ! ¨ õ}¨ × úfü  òLXr¹ò ü G  ø  S  =
 K õ  õ !%, ®P®(¬ ¨Mõ '!%", ® N #%! õ ¬¬.®¬ õ65 ÷ ® ! ² ¨ 0&6 ® !  ² , ®"0 , ¬. J
x(kT ) ) +7 )C)  ® ! õB¨ }¹Àò 5 " ÷.#% - ¬.® /  /  ",A@ ¨   õ ¬ 0
 ÷ ¬.)  - ¬ õ ! M¨ õ  
! ® + õ}¨  - ¬.® /  /  ?,A@ ¨  õ ¬¬.®¬ õ ”•(“%£'!‘ >‘›•(“%#’ "³’ õ  õ
s

þ$ þ
L
a
θ %
G
L−1
Xr¹ ò
ÿ  ü.ý  & þ
ý  ÿ F —  X s" ý F þ —G v
 ü 

θ


i
i
a ∆
÷.3 õ ÷43%  + õ ¬ õ + ®  ' =  ®P) , õ ))C®O>"®¬ õ  N >  ¨ ® - õ ¬ ,A#%,A,9
θ
i−1

a ­ ¨ ó - õ , ¬ ý õ(¨ ñ X ÿ þ 5 $ + õ !%, ¬ þ õP$ M- õ ¬ ¹ S õþ ¨ ¹Àø 0

 Þ
 "
 ! 
 .
÷  ÷ ® + ¬ ) 

- ¬.® /  /  ",A@ ¨  õ ¬¬.®(¬ õƒNƒ¨ "+ õ &6&  ,  M- õ ¬ ÷4)3 ( 0K õ ¬¬.®¬ õ )   õ ¬ "
 ÷ 
2
θ
1

)C®(0®t) # ¨ %#'! )® ­    ¨  M¨ õ ÷þ  )  ® ! õ U
ÿ ¹ ü
ÿ * ü GS  =>œ - J

a
1

-   ÷  ! ¨ ®   ÷  +7/  + õ !%, ® ¨  >¬   /  õ  0 #  ) , ¬. , ® ! õ "0g) õ &

 ® ! õ
p (x) i
Pe/a
- ¬ õ ÷ õÀM¨ õ !', õ65 , ¬®(   + ® ÷43 õ  ü &
G ð )®) ,9",A# õ ! ¨ ®{

 (
  
x/a

 ò X ¹ òH"R) # R + -  õ &

&  õ ) - ¬ õ )C)
 "!B, õ ¬ +70!' ¨Mõ 0" ¨ 0!  +R ÷ 
. »10
i - /
, +

x ¨  ) õ(­ !  õ ù 5 , ¬®Àþ    + ®


θi−1 a
i
θi
ü ¬ ™
ö ÷
—ù

„  = 2 †
 õ
ý ý F ñrX ÿ
s v
‡ õ ¬ ¬¬  ¬ õ "0K õ ) - ¬ õ ))  ® ! õ*¨Mõ 0" - ¬.® /  /  0,A@ ¨  õ ¬.¬®À¬ õ 0! ÷ ® ! ¨ "&6 ® !  ,  : 3 5 ® ÷÷ ®À¬¬ õ—õ ) õ­ #% ¬ õ
#%! …® M- õ ¬ &6 ® ! õw¨  "®(¬ õ  ,9, õ )®*¬  ) M- õ ,9, ®* ,A#%,A,9 ­  À0! ¨  ÷ ó05 ÷ ® ! ó ü ÿ
ô ý ô.õöõöõöô ñ 5 ®(þ  õ ¬.® M- õ )C¬ õ
 õB¨   õ ¬.) õr- ¬® /  /  ?,A@ ¨  õ ¬¬.®¬ õ ÷ ® ! ¨ "&
 ® !  , õB-Mõ ¬7 õ ¬  ) -õ ,A,¢  õM- ¬.® /  /  ?,A@ ¨õ­   õ  õ !',9
÷ ® ! ¨ 0&6 ® !  !%,A9=>€ õ  ÷ )C® "! ÷.#%1 "®(¬ '¹ò )   ! ®*5§ 4I¥>!‘ 6d¤•(’18‘ 7$‘ 5 ÷ ® ! - ¬® /  /  ",9@ ¹Àò ü ø S 5
Å:9;)ÏÝß¿ÆPÝÝƗɎÊÌÐ,ÐÙÜ <<Ï× Û)Ø>=@? ÕBAAÒ Ú <<Ï× ÛƒØ Í Û)ØžÛ Ï žÔ Û ÈŽÏ,ËqÝßÕÍ_ɎÍÌÝÝÆCÆPÐDCRÆPӑÏ,ÝÍÌÐ,Í
Ó6ßÕÊÌÔÕÊ_ɎʃËqÝʑ ws v
:Å ECšÞÏÑÆßÕÆPÎkÊÌËÝʑÈsÝ´qÝÝÏ_Ï_Ò)ÆPÐ,ÍÌßÕϑÏ,ËGFÊÌßÕÏ,ÍÌßÕϑÆIH Ó6ßÕÍÌÒ)ÍÌÔÕÆËqÍÐÑÆ$É:ÊÌÔÕϙÇoÏÑÍ:ËqÊ
ÆJFÆ)ÒÍ:ßÕÊ?É:ÏK ȊÊÜP´qÊ:ÐÑÐ,ÏÇo´qӑÊÌß¿ÏÑÍ:ßÕÏ=É:Ï@H *ML
Ï,ËMɎÏÑÔÕƃËqÍÐ,ÆCÓ6ßÕÍ¢Pæ ÆPæ Ï,ÐOÊÝß¿ÆÇÎ?ÏøÇsÇÏOÍ:ËqÊÃÉ:Ï@K *  ¹ ¹ ¹
OÅ NCšÞÊËqÍÌË]ɎÏÑÓ6ÊÌËMɎÊ
ÔÕÏ,Í PÃɎÆCÜP´qÆPÐ,ÊwÇoÏÑÎwP æ ÍÌÐ,ÍwÇÏ,ÆkÇÝÆPÝÍÝß¿ÆÇÎ?Ê_NJÇo͑Â
â ãâ ã]ä•å\æwç×è\ç«éÌê–é‘ë(ê­íé
î?å?åJæwåwî7ïî?ê–ê•îZë›åè\ð%Qñé:ð
ð
é‘æwïé
ïSRIQñîÃå?é_òUTî7íé
ç
è\ïí«è­ç×è\ð
îwó 

)  ® ,9,A õ ! þ õ $ U þU$ ø þ þ%$ þ þ þ

üWV  ÿ
 0 ü ¶òX is ¹Àò v ÿ
 ü ñZ ÿ ñ X˜ý  ý ÿ [ ü]\ X ÿ
s v x ý ÿ ñ_^ 
S Y

"!˜÷#' )  N , õ !%#', ® ÷ ® !', ® ¨õ "" ¨   õ ¬) - ¬.® /  /  ?,A@8÷ ® ! ¨ 0&6 ® !  ,  -õ ¬     õ " dþ "$ !%, õ ¬ !' õP-õ ¬
+

 ¨ # õ  ­   õ ) , ¬ õ +7A= <Þ¬  ) #  ,  , ®® ,A, õ !%#%, ® 5 / õ !

÷43 N­ "@7 ¨ ® ! õ ®{[ #L, ¬ õ " 5H- #)` õ )) õ ¬ õ
#  , õ ¬  ®(¬ + õ !%, õ#õ 0 / ®¬. , ® -Mõ ¬ƒ® ,A, õ ! õ ¬ õ õ ) - ¬ õ ))  ® !% - 0‚  ¨  ,A, õ   - ¬® ­õ ,9,¢ ¨  ¨ "+ õ ! )  ® !  J
+ õ !', ® =
\I]^\Hb] a cYh dtfo eím2fo eg'fnmQhwa{oîmwi f hkjml
œ ""®ª) ÷ ® - ® ¨  ¬ -- ¬ õ ) õ !%, –¬ õ   ¬  ) #  ,  , ®ª -1M- õ !  , ¬®( , ® "!, õ ¬ +70!' - 0‚7 )  ÷. 5 õ ) -   ÷.0,A  + ®
"!%!  !%&6",9#%,A, ®í" - ® , õ !%&  Ÿ M¨ õ H) õ(­ !  õ #%,A  õ = µ  - )# ` ¨ "+ ®() , ¬¬ õ ÷.3 õ )® ,A, ®ƒ õ  - ® , õ ) 
"b! ÷.#% U ws"u9v
© † )   ¨ ® ,A,9 #%!R0+ - # ")C® ¨ L€íì8#' ) ,  ÷ ®) õ ! ®}¬   &  , ® ÷ ® ! ¬®(0 J ® ö™öUn ð
2 †  ) "+7/ ® '¹g»Ç½À¿ )   ! ®}) ,  ,9 ) ,A ÷  + õ !%, õ "! ¨   - õ ! ¨ õ !',9 õ¨ 0®(¬ %¹ ò õ 8#' - ¬® /  /   ð
ô † ,   0®(¬  )   ! ® ¨  ) , ¬ "/#%",A1#%!% ö ®¬ + õ + õ !', õ ) #Yñ    õ "  5 ÷ ® ! ¨ 0!  +7 ÷  ¹ ø Xî¹ S üºù ð
p oª° = ó = ô )  ® ,A,A õ ! õ : q –
Ÿ ü ùƒý G ññrxX ÿ \ ÿ X nr ^
µ õ "! - ¬ ,A ÷ ®(0¬ õ ¬  ) #  ,  ñ ü¡ý õ n ÿ üts „ ÷ÿ ® + õ ! õ 
÷ )C–® ¨ ', ¬.) +7 ))  ® ! õ /"! ¬  ƒ /  ! ¨  +7"!%"+  † 0"®¬.) 
3  Ÿ üu v =
0.01 Pe(SNR_dB) L=2 g=0
.5erfc(y2_dB)

 ! ¨  ÷43%  + ®{®(¬ ÷ ® x ! w G ü y .  ø S    8#  ¨ ¬. , ® M¨ õ  J 0.001

"K ¬ ­ ® + õ !%– , ® ¨Mõ ""K "! „8 = 2 †›5›õ(¨bz õ ) - ¬ 0+7  + ® ù "!8ö$#%!'J

&6 — ® ! õ – ¨ —  Ÿ = µ ®.) ,A ",9 # õ ! ¨ ® ù "{ ! w>G ]5 õ ¬  ÷ ®(¬ ¨  ! ¨ ® ÷43 õ
0.0001

F'G ü 5 )  ® ,A,¢ õ ! õ w G ü}|UG ~fz  ø S  S S õª¨ #%!'8# õ 1e-05

þ$
ü \ X ÿ õ ¬ ö™÷
~
ƒ‚ „ s , € v ÿ 1e-06

ÿ ñ ^ ý†… ˜m‡ ñ G X X
Š‰
1e-07

s ÿkv ˆ ÿ vD‹
ü \ X ÿ õ ¬ ö™÷ ùŒwMû
1e-08

ÿ ñ ^
< , õ ¬ +7"! õ )C® ,9, ®P¬. ¨  ÷ õ65 ÷43 õ  //  + ® "! ¨  ÷  , ® ÷ ® + õ wG 5
1e-09

  õ ! õ ) M- õ )C)® õ ) - ¬ õ ))
® "! p¨  U
dB
1e-10
6 8 10 12 14 16

w G ü sk‘“’ •S ” w G ü X ñ G X X X nr
Ž ÿ … m ˜ ‡ x ÿ
—õ –M˜ ÿ •S ”B™
Ž
sk“’
ÿ5š ÿ
sk‘“’
•S ”
\
ÿ ^
´ ´
÷43 õ ÷ ®() ,A0,A#% ) ÷ õ #%!  "+ - ®(¬ ,  !%, õ ö ®(¬ +7# 0 ¨  - ¬® ­ õ ,¢, ® : › 5 "! 8#  !%, ® M- õ ¬ + þ $ õ ,9, õ "K # )® ¨  ¬ õ ,A, ®
M¨ õ 1¬ -1- ®(¬ , ®ª) õ­ !  õ ¬ #'+ ®¬ õ65­ "@p! ® , ® ÷ ® + õ "! ¨  ÷ õ¼M¨ õ 0" | / ® !%,A@~ M¨ õ  ÷ ®" õ­  + õ !', ® ð "
! ö  ,A,A
""K  #%+ õ !%, ¬ õ}¨  … m ˜ ‡ 5  #'+ õ !', 
! ÷43 õ w1G 5 õ…¨ › ÷ ® ! ) õ­ # õ !'¡& ƒN )  , ¬  õ…¨ # ¨ ÷ õ ¬ õ ! = ¨Mõ ¬ õª¨  ) - ® !'0/  
  ÷ ® + ® ¨ ",9@ ¨ '#',9  ?&
& ¬ õª¨  ¬ õ ,9,  + õ !%, õp­ ¬. ! ¨õ &6& õ 0!
þ$
÷.# ¬ õP¨  - õ ¬t õ 8#   "K ¬ ­ ® + õ !', ®  N õ ) - ¬ õ ))
® 0!î#%!%",9@ 0® ­ ¬ ",9+7 ÷43 õ65 ÷ ® + õ ¬  - ®(¬ ,  , ®
! õ 0"  ­ # ¬   - ¬ õ ÷ õ(¨Mõ !', õ65 "Z ! ÷#' N7­ ¬.
 ÷  , ®  >"®¬ õ¨  0! ö›#'!%&6 ® ! õ )   ¨ œ wŽG ÷43 õ¨ 
OÅ å4 ç ËÔ¿ÞqÊ\ÇÊÃÏÑÐ ßÕϙǟžqÐOÝÆPÝÍ]ÇoÆPß¡ *É:Ï,ÎkÍ_ÇoÝßÕÆPÝÍ?ÆPІ¢2Pè  £Â:¤ƒÈ_ÎkÊ:ßÕÏÑÝƝÔÕÍÌÎ¥žqËq܌žqʜžqË\ÔÕÍÌÎ?ΗÊÌËqÝÍM¦Í_ÇsÇÊÌß¿ÒÏ,ÆPÎ?Í?ÔÞqʪä
ɎÏÑÎ?ÏÑ˓žqÏÇÔ¿Ê ÆPÐ,Ð`Ü ÆŒžqÎkÊÌËÝÆPßÕʗɎÏ#§©¨ÇoϛÇoÝßÕÏ,Ë)Ø ÊCÏ,ËGFƃÝÝϚÐÝÜ Ï,ÎkÓªžqЙÇ͕ËqÊÌКÝÊ:Îkӑͬ«‘­)ÏÑËÍÌÐ,ÝßÕÊ2ä ɎÏÑÎ?ÏÑ˓žqÏ™ÇžÔ¿Ê ÆPÐRÔÕ´ ßÕʑÇÔÕÊÌß¿ÊÉ: Ï
® È:Ï,Ë?܌žÆPËqÝÍËqÊÌÐ_ÔÕÆÇoÍÃÉ:Ï_ӑϰ¯\Ɏϓ± Ð,Ï,Ò)ÊÌÐ,ÐÑÏoÈ:Ð,ÆJFÍ:ßÕÎkÆÉ<Ü ÍÌËMÉŽÆ ÆNJÇOž‘ÎkʖÒ)ÆPÐ,ÍÌß¿Ï_Î?ÍÌÐ,Ý͕Ò)ÆPß¿Ï ÆPÐ,ÐÝÜ ÏÑˑÝÊÌßÕËÍkɎÊÌÐ,Ð,ÆcÉ:Ï,ËqƃÎkÏ,ÔÕÆ
ÉŽÏ ÇoÊ¢)Ø ËqÆPÐ,ʑÈsÎ?ÊÌËqÝßÕÊÔÕÍ:Ë ®²S³ ÞqÆCÒ)ÆPÐ,ÍÌßÕϑÎkÍ:ÐÑÝÍÓ6Ï°¯?àÊ_ÇÝßÕÊÌÎkÏ,áŽÂ
:Å ´ È ÐÕwÑ µ.× ÛƒØ Ñ  Ò µ –Ò ÝÊÌßÕÎ?ÏÑËÊ¥¶ÂÇŒè ·4ËqÍ:ËBPÆPÐÑÝßÕÍ
Ô¿ÞÊ'¸
¹Dºb» ¼“½ †š ¾ Â

óf¿ ò èJä–é_ëCæ«ê$æ â ã#ä–å\æ«ç
è\ç«é:ê–é_ë(êpë=ä–åJæòî«ð
ð
é«îÃíþî?å?åJæ å?é
þ $ÂÁ

„ ! õ  ÷ )C® ñ ü ý õ n.üÀs † = ‡I®()C)   + ® ! ® , ¬ õ ÷43 õ >"®¬  ¨Mõ ""K ®(¬ ¨ "! õR¨ 
)…  ˜m® ,A‡ , õŽ ´ ! ­ ® ! ® ­ "@ -õ ¬ … ˜m‡ Ž 0!ö õ ¬  ®(¬ õ  © ô ¡ 5L¨õ ÷. ) + õ !%, õ ) ÷ ¬)  -Mõ ¬ #%!  , ¬.) +[ )) ÿ ® ! #õ Ã
s

 ! ?® ­ ÷  = ´ 
Äw®( õ ! ¨ ® #',9  "&& ¬ õ   ­ ¬ 
÷ ®ƒ¬  - ®¬ ,  , ® -Mõ ¬}>0®(¬  ¨ Qñ õ n ¨   õ ¬)  ¨  ý õ s 5 ! õ  ÷ )C® "!
÷.#%
˜ ! ® ! ¬  )) õ65 ® ÷)÷ ®À¬¬ õ ÷  ÷ ®("¬ õ " -Mõ !  "&
&  &
 ® ! þ õ $  ­­ 0#L!%,A >P%>"®¬ õt¨ Uw ŽG 5
õ 8#%  õ !%, õ  ¨ #%! ƒ¬  ¨ #%&6 ® ! õ…¨  … ˜Ç‡ ¨  - ¬  õ !%,A",9@H=  !b÷ ®(¬¬  ) - ® ! ¨Mõ !%&  ¨Mõ  !'# ®(®}>"®¬ ´ õ
… m ‡ ŽÆÅ

"! ) ÷. ))C M- õ ¬ w ŽG 5 )  , ¬®( #%! !%# ®(® „$-Mõ­>­  ®¬ † >"®¬ õ[¨   - ¬ ,9 ¬ õ7¨  8# õ "0® ö ®¬ !%", ®
¨ 0" ÷.# ¬> 5 + ®( ,A´  -  ÷  ! ¨ ®"® -Mõ ¬   ö  ,9, ®¬ õ ý ™ ÿ X ø S š 5 ÷43 õ ,A õ ! õ ÷ ® !%, ® ¨Mõ  ¨   õ ¬)® !'#%+ õ ¬®
¨     õ " A=
\I]^\H]bÈ cYhdtofeím2ofeg'fnmQhwa{oîmwfmÉe©ÊŸjnc
 K
˜ ÷43 õ  -1- ¬ õ ! õ "0K >¬ ­ ® + õ !%, ® ¨Mõ ""K "! ¬ õ – —  ,A@ “%•(“Ë #%— ! …>¬   />  õ "! ¨  -Mõ ! ¨Mõ !%, õw¨õ 
÷ ®" õ(­  + õ !%, ® 5 "!B8#  !L, ®{0 - ® , õ !'&  ¨  ¬ #% +  ®¬ õ
… m ‡
ü ¡ 5H¨  ÷#' ¨  -Mõ ! ¨Mõ65 [) # 
®( ,  N ö$#%!'&
 ® ! õt¨ "" /  ! ¨  ¨Mõ    , ¬.® ¨  ¬ ÷ õ &6 ® ! õ65 ÷.3 ˜ õ ” ÷ ® + õ  //>  + … ®t˜m ‡  ) , ® Nƒ- ®) ,  - ¬ 
"" + )C) 0+  ö ¬ õ 8# õ !%&  - ¬ õ ) õ !', õ 0! 5
õ„ ! õ  ÷ ® ! ) # õ , ® ÷ )C® ¨ d  ÷ ®() õ ! ®í¬   &  , ® †
- ¬   — Ä i
 0
s 9
u v s"u9v
¡ ü  ý ÿ n ü ý̏‘“ ’ Å ñ ÿ n
s x v G s x v
¨ M- õ ! ¨ õ ! ¨ ® 8#'0! ¨  
! ÷43 K õ )C)C ¨  ñ õ n 5 ® , ¬ õ ÷43 õY¨ 0" Å = ‡ õ ¬ ,  !%, ® 5 û¬  ¬ õ¨ 2ñ õ
n 5 >¬  [
! ÷43 õ … Ç ˜ 5 ÷ ® + -   ÷  ! ¨ ®  Þ¬ ­  ® !  + õ !%, ® õ ) - ®À)  , ®P , õ ¬ +7"! õP¨õ "0 - ¬ õ ÷ õ¨õ !', õ
) õ &
 ® ! õ = ‡

œ "0®t) ÷ ® - ® ¨ H+  !', õ ! õ ¬ õ ) õ(- ¬. ,AI, ¬.O0®(¬®  ¨   õ ¬)  õ  õ + õ !%,A ÷43 õƒ¨ õ , õ ¬ +7"!  ! ®í" - ¬® J
/  /  0,A@ ¨  õ ¬.¬®¬ õ65\õ ¨  – - — ®(¬¬ – õ ! õ 0" ­ 0# ) ,  õ   ¨õ !'&   - ¬. + õ , ¬  ¨  )  ) , õ +  Å õ(¨ ˜ ” 5
õ ) - ¬ "+7  + ®} õª- ® , õ !%& õ õ Ÿ 0! ö$#%!%&6 ® ! õ…¨  à Šü ÿ ü Å U 
–— —  –
ü ” ¡ ü™˜ ” s ÿ x v õ
˜ à Šý̏‘“’ G ñ
n
Ÿ ü Và Š„  = ô †
Å

"![+ ® ¨ ® ¨ ƒ® ,A, õ ! õ ¬ õ –

– — Ÿ ü V Å Ã Å ý̏‘“’ G ñ ü V Å ý̏‘“’ G ñ
… m˜ ‡ ü ÃŘ ” ÿ n ˜ ” ÿ n
s x v s x v
  ­ ¬. !  ¨ õ &6&  V Å ¬. -1- ¬ õ ) õ !', ƒ0K §.“%§.
¤ Í'‘›Î’ 6Þ§.¤2‘ " : Ï õ – ") #  M¨ õ %!%"&6 ® ! õ
–
V Å ü ŸÃÅü Ÿ
 Å

+ ®) , ¬ ÷ ® + õ#õ )C)r¬  )C) #%+ õ "! ) N  - ¬ + õ , ¬  ¨  )  ) , õ + Ð 6ޓ• "³§.@“ >’n£%œ‘ Ñ¡§ Í%“%#’ 7›§ õÓÒ 5§ 7$•”C‘ "•Ô
‘$“%’¤‘$’ 5 + õ !%, ¬ õ "!  õ ÷ õ ! ® ! ¨  M- õ ! M¨ õM¨   6ޒ¤’¦7Õ§ "¯¤C‘¼£'֑ "³¤.p’ Ñ.¦78‘ Ñ5ÑC‘$•“'§ ñ õ nI=œª
! ÷43 õ ˜ ” 5
"! ® , ¬ õ65 ÷ ®() ,¢",A#% ) ÷ õ #'! - ¬. + õ , ¬.® ¨  )  ) , õ +  5 ¬ -- ¬ õ ) õ !%,  ! ¨ ® #%!  ­ ¬ ! ¨Mõ &
& P)  # ÷.#%H! ® !
Nª- ®)) "/  õ 0!', õ ¬ õ !' ¬ õ =
œ ¨ ® ,9,  ! ¨ ®R õO- ®) 0&6 ® !% õ ) - ®) , õ5   8#  ¨ ¬ , ® ¨Mõ 0"K ¬ ­ ® + õ !%, ® ¨õ ""K ÷43 õR¨  -Mõ ! ¨MõO¨ 
˜ ‡ - )# ` ®(¬ õ )C) õ ¬ õ\õ ) - ¬ õ )C)® ÷ ® + õ U
… m
. 
w G ü
„
ÿ ü
V Å „ ‘“’
G ñ
ý)… ǘ ‡ ñ G X ÿ ÿ X ‰v ‹ ˜ ” ñ G X ÿ ÿ n ÿ X ‰v ‹
Ú ßJâ•åGÜUs á°ßJæ¬ã ÝŸÜ äv ÆÚ ßƒˆ PUàGäGß,ÜäGÜ Ú 5Ø Ù°ßƒæ¬s Ü Úçà“äGÙ°ÝÞ Iv èÆs ÙMݟxÜ éBæ¬v ã“ê ˆ
OÅ ×ØOÙMÚÙ!Û“Ü ÝÞÝÞß'؟à“ábá°ßJâ¡Ù°Ú¡â¡ãMØOÝÞߌäÆ
 (ê
ëfì‘ëfìîíkïñð©ò†óñòõô ö,ô¬÷ ùø_ô)ú¥ï¥ïûð©ï©úýü1ú¥ö,ökúþ÷ÿïÌó \ð%Q :ô ð
ð%ô¬ð©ü1ô)üSRIQ _ò
úœï¥ô UT1úýø_ô)ò%óñü1øõóùò†ó \ð%úwó °
q ® + õ " - ¬ õ ÷ õÀ¨õ !', õ65  !
÷43 õ 8# õ ) , ¬ õ " &6 ® ! õg- # `}/ õ ! õ )) õ ¬ õ #%,A  ?&6þ & $ ,  -Mõ ¬2 #L, ¬ õ  1 J
"®¬ õ¨Mõ "0K ¬ ­ ® + õ !', ® ¨Mõ ""K õ¨ # )C¬ õ 8#'0! ¨   õ ÷.# ¬. õƒ-Mõ ¬ ¨Mõ , õ ¬ +70! >¬ õ " - ¬.® /  — /  ",A@ ¨ 
õ ¬.¬.®À¬ õ =  ! - ¬ ,A÷ ®(0¬ õ65 ! ® .,A    + ® ÷43 õt-Mõ ¬ ñ ü ý õ nfü s )  ® ,A,9 õ ! õ U ü S
G

 ÷43
5 õ
)) #'+ õ   ¬ # ®(0® ¨  "®(¬ õ…¨  ¬ ö õ ¬ "+ õ !', ® U 0!ö  ,9,A 5   , õ ¬ +7"! õ )® ,A, ®p¬. ¨ ÷ õ ÷ ® !' , k¬.+ ¨1¨  ) š ,A0 0! ­ # õ
 õ ÷ ® ! ¨ 0&6 ® !% ® -Mõ ¬C ,A  õ…¨õ "0 , ¬.) +7 ))  ® ! õ}„ ¬. ÷÷43'0# ¨Mõ ! ¨ ® - ® , õ !'& ¬ ÷ õ  þ #%$ ,  5 ö ¬ õ 8# õ !%&  /"J
! ¬   õ    õ "?® ¨  ¬ #%+ ®¬ õ† _=  õ ) ÷ õ  , õO- ¬.® ­õ ,¢,A#   „ ¬.®" J ® ö™ö õ !'#%+ õ ¬® ¨     õ "  †¨   õ ¬.) õP¨ 
ñ üþý õ n8üWs ¨Mõ , õ ¬ +7"!  ! ® "+7+  !÷  /  + õ !', õ #%! -õ­>­  ®¬. + õ !%, ® ¨Mõ "" 5 + } õ ! ­ ® ! ® "!%J
, ¬ - ¬ õ ) õíM- õ ¬g)C® ¨1¨  ) ö ¬ õõ )  ­ õ !%& õt¨  ¬  ) - þ $ ¬ +7 ® ¨ '/  ! ¨  „  #'+ õ !%,  ! ¨ ® ñ † ï 5›õí-Mõ ¬¼¬  ¨ # ¬.¬ õ
1, õ ¬ +7"!% ¨ L"!%, õ ¬ ö õ ¬ õ !'&  "!%, õ ¬.) "+7/ ®(  ÷  „  #%+ õ !%,  ! ¨ ® n † =  ! - ¬ ,A÷ ®(0¬ õ65 " ÷ ® + -Mõ ! ) &6 ® J
! õO„ ÷ ® ! Å  ))C † M¨ õ  M- õ(­­  ®(¬ + õ !%, ® ¨  ¨ ® #', ®R ¨ #'! ® „ ®[ ¨7õ !', ¬. +7/ † 8# õ ) ,9–ö  ,9, ®¬  5
- # `  õ  !% ¬ õ )®" + õ !', õ­ ¬. &
 õ  ¨ #'!  #'+ õ !', ® ¨ , V Å 5 ®( õ ¬.® #%!  #%+ õ !%, ® ¨õ "0 - ® , õ !%& 
, ¬) + õ ))C U ,  õ ÷. ¬ ÷ ®() ,  !%&  N ! ® ,  ÷ ® + õ ”.•(1¦ 6Þ¤•(¦7ª§ Ñ5Ñ•ª’1“'£%’ °6ޓ• "³§.@“ >’
ï C=
 # õ…¨ ® +  ! ¨ õ ¬  )C) #%!',9  õ
þ$ U
©= ‡ õ ¬ ÷.3 ( þ $ M- õ­>­  ®¬.) õ  #'+ õ !', ®     õ "  w ) - ®() ,  „ ï<; † =
2I= ‡ õ ¬ ÷.3 ( M- õ­>­  ®¬.) õ  #'+ õ !', ® ni ) - ®() ,  „ ï¢: † =

\I]^\H]"\ Y
c h6fbdf f fm·c¼h6c

Eye diagram per gamma=.7, L=4 e Eb/No=20 dB Eye diagram per gamma=.7, L=4 e Eb/No=10 dB
1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0

-0.5 -0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25

  ­ # ¬.  = ô U ! #"$"%&'()*)+, (.-0/213/*!45#6 /798:";( (13(<)*(4>= @?@A š -B#CD ³ ¹ / ¸
¹ 'FEHG § ²JI K G ®²ML
9ON ç ç à“éBÜ äGÝÞßÕäpèã ®PRQ èÆÙ!é¥Ù!ä“àGÙØ âÜ P Ù°äTSŒàGߌä¬ÝÞã ® ¸ ‹ â¡Ú¡Ü¬ØŸâ¡ÜUæªÙ!¯>V5Ü á!ãâ¡Ü éBÜäGÝÞܜèÆÙºb» ¼ ® ê
9OWYX Ü áŒâß؟ãçÙ°äƒâ¡àGÙ5VÕÙ>؟ٰß5ä“ã)á°Ù°éBÙ°ÝÞß.ÚÆÙ°ã äGÙ èÙ5æ¬ã ÝÞÜäˆ ÚÆß P âã éBÜ ßèÿÜM؟ÜéBæ¬Ù°ã äGÜ á°á°Ü âã éBàGä“Ù!â¡ßÚÆÙ!ã ä“Ù ØOߌÝÞÜ á°á°Ù!ݟß5Ú¡Ù P âã ä,V5Ù°Ü äGÜ
U
ã â¡âàGæ¬ßŒÚÜUá!ß,éBßØ.Ø5Ù!ãÚ æŒßŒäpèÆß,æ¬ã¬Ø/ØOÙÙæÙ°á!Ü P éBߌä“ÝÞÜ äGÜ äpèÆã ®1²S³P Ù°ä¥é¥ãMèã¥èÆßJÚ¡Ù؟æªßŒÚ¡éBٰߌڡ܆æ¬ã ÝÞÜäÚÆßê
È á¬ÝŸÜ ã Ú¡Ù°â¡ã©èÆÜ á°áÙÜ Ù°äGF‘ã ÚéBßÆÚ Ù°ã äGÜõC á!ßÕàfèÆÜ©;Õå“ߌäGäGã äõåGßÌÝÞÚ¡ãV5ߌÝÞã†Ù!áªÚ¡ÙØOàGábÝÞߌÝÞã†âåGÜZ(Ö Ò µµ.‘Ñ A\Ñ [ ]Þ_× ^_`ªµ.aÕ ].×åb× ]c^_]#µd].Ï4ÐO`e]R^d^?ÒB^ Ñ
¨‘Ú¡Ù°â¡ã ÚÚ¡Ü äpèÆãBß_âãMèÙÝG Û â•åGÜîèÆÙ#â¡ßŒä“ߌábÜîØOÜ éBæªÚ¡ÜIæªÙ!¯ ؟ã<pÛ ØŸÝÞÙ:â¡ßŒÝÞÜM« æ¬àGÚ¡â•åGPBá°ßfV5Ü á°ã â¡Ù°ÝÞ  èÆÙpÝÞÚ¡ßØOéBÙØ/ØÙ°ã äGÜpË  äGã äîÜ â¡â¡ÜGèß
á°ßg:`< Ö ` Ô Ñöb× h Ó iÑ g:`jÏ `k[ ] P èÆÜ¢GÛ äGÙ°ÝÞßIâ¡ã é¥Üml ²on º:»¼ ¸prz:q,t@s u ‹ P Ù!äûâàGÙ n P©á°ß*Œæ ߌäpèÆßîèÜáfâ¡ßŒäGßÕábÜ P ܬè A š n á°ß
æªã ÝÞÜ äÆ Ú ßÐèÜ ápÚ¡à“éBã ڡܪê;v,ä ØŸÜ â¡ãäpèã¥â¡ßŒäGߌá:Ü P â¡ã ä n 饈 ßØ.ÕØ Ù°ã ÚÜ P èÆÙ8ØOæ¬ã ä“ÜñèÆÙ#àGäGßC>ßÕæ¬ßŒâ¡Ù°ÝÞ ÖéBßØ.5Ø Ù°ã Ú¡Ü P Ù!ämSŒàGßÕäGÝÞã
º:»¼ á I f ã â¡ÚÜM؟â¡Ü©æªÙ!¯ûá°Ü ä“ÝÞߌéBÜ ä“ÝÞÜÎèÙ n ­ªæªÜ Ú¡ÝÞßÕäGÝÞã P æ¬ÜÚ, é¥ßŒäGÝÞÜ ä“Ü Ú¡Üõá°ß1؟ÝÞÜMØ
؟ߥâ¡ßŒæ¬ßÕâ¡Ù!ݟ  P PûØOàGFö¬Û â¡Ù°Ü äGÝÞÜ©ÝÞÚ¡ß>؟éBÜ ÝŸÝÞÜ Ú¡Ü
â¡ã äBà“äGßJæ¬ãÝÞÜ äÆ Ú ßÖèÆÙfØOÜ¢5Ø äGߌá°Ü ä Ú¡ÙèÆã ÝÞÝÞßê
9^@Æ w Ü Ú¡â•å,x ßÓæ¬ßÕÚ¡Ù!ݟ ýèÙwä Ø  á°ÙkÙ°äGÝÞÜ Ú@VÕßÕá!á°Ù¥èÙBèÜ â¡ÙØOÙ!ãäGÜS؟ã äGãæªÙ!¯ÇÚ¡ßRVRVÕÙ°â¡Ù°äGßÝÞÙ P Üá°Ü7yŸâ¡ãMèÆÜzèÆÜ á!á°ßP5Ø ßŒàpØ
؟ÙbßÕäGß
5
؟ãÝÞÝÞÜ äpèÆã äGãUàGä(Ü ßŒÚÜ ßJéBßØ.5 Ø Ù°ã  ڡܪê
9 Å w Ü Ú¡â•å,x%ã â¡âã Ú¡Ú¡Ü%ßÕàGéBÜ äGݟߌڡÜ)á°ßdŒ æ ߌäpè
ߥèÜáGÛ á°ÝÞÚ¡ãJèÙ5Ú¡Ù!âÜ¢ÆÚ Ù!ãäG܆ÜJèà“ä,SŒà¬Ü†F‘ߌÚfÜ äGÝÞÚ¡ßÕÚ¡Ü)æªÙ°¯õÚàGéBã ÚܬêR{dÜ ßŒá°ÝÞÚ¡ßUæ¬ßŒÚÝÞÜ
SŒàGܬ؟ÝÞã%æªÜ¢Ø.5Ø Ù!ãڡߌéBÜ ä“ÝÞãÌPÌâã éBæªÜ äpØOߌÝÞãœèߌá°á°ß,ÚÙ8èÆàÆÚ Ù°ã äGÜ©èÆÜ á°áÙÜ È ; È ê
ói| òfóûí,ôM÷JðõöIð ëfìSí,ïñðõò%óñòõôö,ôM÷ (êpëDí,ïûðòÌú«ð
ð%ôõúœø ú¥ï¥ïûðƒï¥ô

µ >, ¬. ,A,  ¨Mõ 0"®w) , õ )C)® ,A - ® ¨  ­ ¬ 

÷ ® ­ 0@ ¨Mõ ) ÷ ¬ ",9, ®2 -  ­ =  ° 5õ ÷43 õ ®¬. ÷  "#L, ……> # , ¬ õ
"!P+ ® ¨ ®g  )  >®*0 8#  ?,A@ ¨ #%!  , ¬.) +7 ))  ® ! õ !'#%+ õ ¬ ÷  =  !O ­ =  = ô )C® ! ®¼¬  - ®(¬ ,  ,9 ­ ¬. 
÷.
-Mõ ¬ #%! ) õ­ !  õP¨  ,9  é    õ "  5 "!— - ¬ õ ) õ !%&  ¨  ¨ # õP¨   õ ¬.) õR- ® , õ !%& õR¨  ¬ #'+ ®¬ õ U ! ® ,A  + ®
÷43 õ  -Mõ(­­  ®(¬¬ õY¨Mõ 2¬ -1- ®(¬ , ® 5 " & ® !  - ¬  > ¨ w, ¬  õ ,9, ®À¬  õ„ 7~} •(””R%‘$• † ¬  ¨ #
÷ õ " ) # 
)õ , õ ! )  ® ! õ  õ ¬ ,A÷  õR„ "¯§.“%£%§í’î”j%‘<¥š £%§.¤Ñ‘ † = ‡ õ ¬ ,  !%, ® 5¨  ) - ® ! õ ! ¨ ® ¨ ý#%! ) õ(­ !  õ !'#%+ õ ¬ ÷ ®
¨ ¼8#  ",9@ ) ÷ ® ! ®() ÷."#%,  5 8# õ ) ,  - #)` õ )C) õ ¬ õ  #',  ,  0!÷+ ® ¨ ®r -- ¬.®)) "+  , ® 5 8# "®(¬ ) 
¨  ) - ® ! ­  ¨  #'! ®() ÷. 0"®) ÷ ® -  ® 5 õ ) +7"!  ! ¨ ®   ­ ¬ ¨ ® ¨   -Mõ ¬ ,9# ¬ ¨Mõ ""K •(””j'‘›• =
\I]^\H] € ‚„ƒc m2o&j 'cmQ
h %ormQhm…{bdf†
 õ…- ¬.® /  /  ?,A@ ¨  õ ¬¬.®¬ õ ¬  ÷ > , õ ÷ ¬. ,9, õ ¬ "&
&  ! ®…"K õ  õ !%, ® ¨  ¨õ ÷. ¨õ ¬ õ…-Mõ ¬2"ƒ¬ ÷ õ &6 ® ! õ…¨ %¹6ò
8#  ! ¨ ® 0!  õ ÷ õwN ) ,  , ® , ¬) + õ )C)® ¹ò S ® ¹ò  S „ ï<ï † =œp//  + ® ­ "@ ¨  ) ÷.# ))C® 0! - ¬ õ ÷ õÀM¨ õ !%&  ÷ ® + õ
õ )  ) ,  #%! + ® ¨ ® - ¬ ,9 ÷ ®"¬ õR„   ÷ ® ¨  ÷ õ[¨   ‡ ¬. ì † ¨  )C) õ­ ! ¬ õ   ) "+7/ ® ý¹ ò ¨ õ " õ ÷ ® ¨ 0÷.3 õ
/"! >¬  õ65 "!í+ ® ¨ ® ¨ g))C® ÷ ¬ õ   ) 0+7/ ®  ¬ õ " ,A   g0®(¬  „    õ "  † ÷ ® !%,A ­ #% 5- ¬.® õw¨  ö™ö õ ¬ õ !%,A
-Mõ ¬ #'! )C®(0® /",C=
 ! - ¬ õ ) õ !'&  M¨ õ "0 ÷ ® ¨ 0 ÷  ¨  ‡ ¬ ì 5L- õ ¬ ,  !', ® 5 ® ­ !% ) "+7/ ®"® õ ¬.¬. , ® ÷ ® !%,A õ ! õ #'! )®"® /",
¬õ .¬. , ® 5õ 8#'?! ¨  0K õ  õ !'þ , $ ® ¨  õ ¬¬.®¬ õ Ñ@¥ 7 ‘ "w)   õ ¬ "
 ÷  8#  ! ¨ ®  Q) 0+7/ ®þ"®{$  ÷#'  -1- ¬ ,A õ ! õ
N“õ ¬.¬ , ® 5 §   /", N 8# õ "0® õ ¬¬. , ® 5 ®( õ ¬.® þ !U $ ˆ Š¤ ‰Ý‘ "§¤.¤.p’ "¯Œ• ‹f ˆ :¤ ‰°Ñ‘$¦7“• 7$•[§.¤¤.p’ "¯Œ• ‹ Á ˆ :¤ ‰Ý‘ "§.¤¤’ 
"¯ • ŽŒÑ.‘›¦7G• 7$•7§.¤¤.ç’ "³j• ‹& Á b‘“’ S ø =gœ ¨˜õ ) õ + -  ® 5 ÷ ® ! ñ ü ý0” ˜    õ "  5 0 ) #  /", )  ¬  ¨
# ÷ õ
¨ k ‘“’ G . ñ ü–• ®( , õ ƒ=  K õ ) - ¬ õ )C)  ® ! õƒM¨ õ "" 6d§¤g‘ " ! õ  ÷ )®ƒ)   ¨ ® ,9,AI#%!  ÷ ® ¨ 0 ÷  ¨ # ‡ ¬. ì 5
¨   õ ! õ 8#%"! ¨  U þ
$

Å 9ò — ü ÿ X ÿ
‚ V „ ‘“’
G ñ

„ = é †
‘“’ ñ ñ ñ X X
Å

G
\
ÿ ^
.
 
  þ  ˜ s G ÿ v's ÿ x Ì
n W ‰
$
ò
”
v ˆÿ D
v ‹
—
 õ ÷# ¬ õ ) õ­ # õ !%,Ad+ ®() , ¬ ! ®  H>"®¬ õƒ¨  ÷ ®()H˜ ¨Mõ , õ ¬ +7"!  , ® 5 "!ö›#'!%&6 ® ! õt¨    õ ) - ¬ õ ) J
Å 9 —
)C® 0! p¨  5QM- õ ¬ ¨   õ ¬)  þ $ "®¬  ¨ iñ2= ā"®¬  ¨ œ nšü ™ s M¨ õ , õ ¬ +7"!  ! ® #%! - õ­>­  ®¬. + õ š !%, ® ï  — ¨  
sk‘“’ n X ‰ ÷.3  )C) ¬ ÷ ® + M- õ ! ) , ® ¨  #'! õ­ #  õ 0!÷ ¬ õ + õ !%, ® "! #¨ n¨  š 5
ÿ ¬2® ,9•S , ” s ! ÿ x ¬ "v íˆ ) ÿ , ))
v  ‹ 5 = õ…¨ õ õõ õ õ
M- õ õ õ õ õ
L=2 L=64
0.01 4 0.01 128
8 256
Pe 16 Pe 512
32 1024
0.001 0.001

0.0001 0.0001

1e-05 1e-05

1e-06 1e-06

1e-07 1e-07

Eb/No(dB) Eb/No(dB)

1e-08 1e-08
5 10 15 20 25 30 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
›
(œBFœi 6  Yžm'FŸ/  ( /$128062œi  -B/¡ i12"$ 131“ (45/7"f806 @ 6  ¢R/6 6 (f'#2œ0#45'iœB1Ÿ/f)*(4a)*('# £¤)*¥'#3¦ i§
9O9@¨D߃æªÚ¡ã¢æŒßæŒÙbá°Ù!ÝÞ IèÙ¬àGä¥Ü ÚÚ¡ã Ú¡ÜÌá°Ü¢Ø5ߌÝÞãUߌáÕµd`ö[ ×¾ÒIèÆÙ#èÆàGÜ%ãUæªÙ!¯œá!ÙC5 V Ü á°á°ÙHÿPUâ¡ãMت“© æªÙ°â¡â¡ã á°ßÖèÆßJæ¬ã ÝÞÜÚ5؟٬ÝÞÚ¡ß>؟â¡àGÚߌڡܬê
9OE@{UÙMäGã äiØÕÚߌäpèÆÜUÜ äGÝÞÙ°ÝÞ ¦æªÜ ÚU§ ² ¸DÙ°áMæªÜ¢Ø.Ø5Ù!ãڡߌéBÜ ä“ÝÞãÌÚ¡Ù8ØOàGábÝÞß'èÆÙD¶ŒêÇ茷¶ƒè¤% « ê
 (ê
ëfì‘ëfìîíkïñð©ò†óñòõô ö,ô¬÷ ùø_ô)ú¥ï¥ïûð©ï©úýü1ú¥ö,ökúþ÷ÿïÌóm¬%Q ô¤¬#¬%ô¬ð©ü1ô)üSRIQ úœï¥ôB­UT1úýø_ô)ò%óñü1øõóùò†óm¬%ú¯®k®

\I]^\H]Ÿ° lh
'oi±h<kc bdorc kCkCh¤ c
q ® ³+ ² )¬ @M " # ) , ¬ , ® 0!µ´ ® ! ¨ ®7e¶ - = ° 5ý- ² ¬ + )C) 0+7"&6& ¬ ² 0K … ˜m‡ 0! ¬  ¶ ²&6 ® !² 5 ®0¶Œ¶.®À¬.¬ ²
"+ - Ÿ ² ­ ¬ ²#%!M  , ¬.®{ ¨  ,A,  , ®{0" ´ ®(¬ +  ¨ ² "0K "+ - # 0)® , ¬) +³² )C)®  5d- ² ¬   8#  ² ¬  ) #  ,A
ž =D€¥² "0®B)H¶ 3²(+   ¨ ® ,A,  , ® - ² ¬"  ­ # ¬  -  ­ = ®i» s"5uAv     , ¬.® ¨  ¬  ¶ ²&6 ® !²
®- ()Cs$%) 3 J v ² ¨ ·¹ ²M"¸&! ºQ ²s$%¶ ²Y
v  w)®"®B)c¶® - ® ¨   "+70, ¬ ² " /  ! ¨  ¨ ² 2¬ #%+ ®¬ ² 5 ² ¨zN ) ²(+ - ¬ ²B#'! - )C)C J
/ )C)®  ¨ ²  ² 5 0! ¨  - ²(! ¨ ²(!%,“² ¨   =Cœ "?®¬. 5 ) ² )   ¨ ® ,9,  #%!  ¨ €íì8#' ) , “%•(“7 /  ! ¨ 
+7"!%"+  5  ¶ + -  ® !' ¨  ¬ #%+ ®(¬ ² s0¶u9v3² 5 )®>¬ -1- ®() ,¢  8#² 0  ¨ ¸z s›) %² v ­ !  ² 5g¨  !'! ®î # ® ­ ®B" ²
 =  = ½ÀÃ'ø ¶® ! ¨ = ¨ = - „ =ö© †$5 ! ® ! )C® ! ® - "‚D"! ¨  - ²(! ¨ ²(!%,A?ï3>= ‡ ² ¬ 8#² ) , ® + ® ,9 ® 5 )C¬ ²//i²
"!  " ! t² s ¨  v - ¬ "! ¶  -  ® - ®)) "/  ² ¬ ²  0&6& >¬ ²M#'! ¨  ) - ®) 0,A >®16Þ¤.§£%‘"•"³•(¤§Ó7$‘›“'§’¤§¼¶ 3² 5 "!D/ ) ²
""½ ¶® ! ®(H) ¶ ²À!%&  ¨ ²( - ¬ ² ¶ ² ¨ ²!',9 >"®¬  ¨  ¬ #%+ ®(¬ ² ï q 5 ¶3¶.®" #%! P) ,A0+  ¨ ² H>"®¬ ² ¶.®¬.¬ ²À!%,“²
¶ 3 ² 5 )® ,A, ¬ ,9,  w>"®¬ ²J²,´~´D²(,¢,A > ³+ ²!'2, ² ¬  ¶ ²  #%, ® 5 ¶® ! ) ²!%“, ² ¨  ¬  ¨ # ¬.¬ ² 0 >¬   ! &  ¨ ² 0"
­ ¬. ! ¨ ²(&
&  ¨  ®()C) ² ¬C> &
 ® ! ² 5 ¶.® ! ) ²(!%“, ²! ¨ ® #%! í¬  ¨ #%&6 ® ! ² ¨ ² 0" - ¬® /  /  0,A@ ¨  ² ¬.¬®(¬ ²=
œ "0®BH) ¶.® - ® ¨  ¬ ²  0&6& >¬ ² ¶.® +7#%!'8# ²  ²
¶.® ! ¨ 0&6 ® !% ¨ ý€íì>8#% ) ,…"! ¬  ¶ ²&6 ®  ! ² 5 ² ¶.® !'J À Á à À  Ä
,“²+ - ®(¬C ! ²  ³+ ²!%“, ² ¬ ²(! ¨ ² ¬ ²w0! ¶®(¬¬ ² " ,AÀ ¶. +7J
HT (f) HR(f)
G(f) r(t)
¾ x(t) G(f) n’(t)
¾
Decisore ak

-  ® !' ¨  ¬ #%+ ®¬ ² 5 0Å  ¶¬ ,9“, ² ¬  ) ,A ¶. ¨ ¼€íì>J

f f
−BN BN −BN BN
¾¿
8#' ) ,  3 ²(! ² ¨ ² ¶.® + - ®() ,  "! - ¬ ,A# ­ # > , ¬
n(t)
fs

, ¬) ³+ ²,A,A0, ®À¬ ²² ¬  ¶ ²  ", ®¬ ² 5d¨  ! ¨ ®{ # ® ­ ®{""®H) ¶ 3 ²+  ¨ Q ­ # ¬. 5 "! ¶ #% mž Æ — ž{Ÿ
—" ¸z¨ ²s›! %) v "= ,9@ !M¨ ,  -  ® + 2, ²(® !%¨ & ®  5 ¨² 1¨ ¬ ² #%¶ + )C®À®¬ ¬ ² ²}­! "® #%! ! N…­ ²È- 0² ‚ ) ¶,A®(, )  , ³+  !'²2, !'² 2, 5 ² + "®íí) ®(2, ¬² ƒ)C)®í ) ² ² –­ ! —  ² ¨  s$-%¬$v š0+ · ž{ Ÿ5 ³+ s$²%!'fvG , ¬ · ²
Ç

šG — = ‡ ² ¬ ,  !%, ® – 5  — ¶. + -  ® !% ¨  ¬ #'+ ®¬ ² - ¬ ² )   ¨  ) ,  !'&  à Ä%)C® ! ®*®(¬ "s$! %¶.av ®· ¬.¬ ² G " ,A²  5 0!s›%8v4# ²  !%· J
, f® É ¸zs¯%v SÍ N ®(¬ #%!"+ - # 0)® ¨ €íì>8#% ) , 5 ¶ 3 ² - )C) ¨  B& ² ¬® - Ç ² ¬ ½ÀÃ%Ä.=>€ ® J
,A  + ® ¶3s Ê3 v ² 5 ·Ì² )CË ) ²(! ¨ ® s$%¤v Î ¬ ²  ² - ¬  5 "H) ¶.® + - ®) 0&6 ® ! ² ž Æ ž Ÿ ʽ· ¬ ²  "&6& 
"7 ¶.® ! ¨ "&
 ® ! ² žPŸ ¸zs¯%ž v Æ ¶ 3 ² ¨ ²%!' c) ¶ ²}#%!R  , ¬.®ª ¨  ,A, s› %, av ® · = s›%av · ¸zs¯%v
‡ ² ¬ ¨ ²(2, ² ¬ +7"! >s›%¬ ² v ·  ² !%º # s$®(% v ² -— ¬ ² ) ,  &
 ® !% 5 ! ® ,9  + Å ® ¶ 3 ² — — ³+ ²!', ¬ ² 0 /  ! ¨  - ))C !%“, ² ¨ 
ž Ÿ „ ² ¨ #'!%8 # ² ¨ – ² — ¼¬ #%+ ®(¬ ² † )  N +  !'2, ²(!%#%,  - ¬   ¡ G n 5 0 - ® “ , ²À!%&  ¨ ² 
¬ #%+ s›®%¬ v ² ®¬.r> ²6ï › G š ˜ Ä Æ  G b‘“š ’ ø 5 ¨ · ¬ d
Ï  Ð s #
“ ý
Ñ ¶ x 
² ! v 
®
¨ ¨ Õ )  
 '
# ! ´  ,A, ®(¬ ²
n =  #² ) , ®ƒ0®(¬ ² 5 ·Ó 
)C®() Ò ,A0,A#%", ® ¸z !² s›0%" vÀ „Ô
  = » · †$5 ¶. #  )C · #%! P¬  ¨ #'&
 ® !² ¨ 
”
!² 0"K 5 ²
"Os ƒÑ )x 2, ² )Cv )
 8#  !%,A0,A@ N ¬ 0+ ®()C)  ¨  ¶® ! ) ² ­ # ²!'& ƒ ! ¶ 3 ²…! ² 0" „  = é †$5- ®(¬ ,  ! ¨Os Ñû®…x  v … ˜m‡
n

þ$
Å Cò — X
‚ V „ ‘“’
G ñ

‘“’ Ñ ñ ñ ñ X X
Å
.  ˜ ” s G Ñkv ˆ@Ñ v ‹
\
Ñ ^
· G Ñ Š ‰

 Q0®(¬ ² ¨ ² "" - ¬.® /  /  ?,9@ ¨  ² ¬.¬C®(¬ ² ) #  /0,  ¨ ® ,9,  ! ¨ ®  Q¬  ¶ ²  0, ®¬ ² ® ,A,9"+ ® ² ¨  a ¶.® ¨  ¶ ² ¨ 
‡ ¬. ì
=
9
N È äGF‘ߌÝÞÝÞÙ P Ù°áýØOÜ¢5 Ø äGߌá°Ü àáÙâ$ã àp؟â¡ÜäGÝÞÜ{èÆß×Ö á?Ë(ã ² ÊÉA̯â á?Ë(Óã æ¬ãMØ
؟ٰÜMèÆÜ ½ ߌàGÝÞãâ¡ã Ú¡Ú¡Ü á°ßÆÚ Ù°ã äGÜÚÙ z \á Û(ã ²
L ½iÝŠÞ Öîá?Ë(ã Þ
Ü ²Š³à ؟ٰäGâ'á ³¤à Û
# ã ¨\V5ÜMèÆÙpâ¡ßŒæê}Œè « P â•åGÜIæªßØ/ØßÂèÆ߅ÆÚ Ü ÚãIæ¬ÜÚ<Û ² ê_;5Ü1؟Ù#à“ÝÞÙ!á:ÙÙÚ9ÆÚ ß'àGäGß.á{á?Ë(pã ß
â¡ãMØOÜ äGãkڡٰߌáÝÆ Ú ßŒR ÝÞãÌß â¡ã äñ§¥â¹ P ã â¡â¡ãڡڡ܃àGäGß Õæ ߌäpèß'èÆÙGÚàGéBã Ú¡Ü à ½z ~ ²äØ ã~å Þá ½ ¸p1§ã P ßõâ¡àGٓâ¡ã Ú¡ÚÙ8ØOæ¬ã ä#èÜkáÝÜ Ù°äGâ¡ãÚ¡Ú¡Ü á°ßÆÚ Ù°ã äGÜ
ÝÞÚ¡ß©â¡ßŒéBæªÙ°ã äGÙÿèÆÙGÚ¡à“éBã ڡ܃æªÚ¡Ü á°ÜV5ߌÝÞÙGßûèÆÙ8ØOÝÞßäÆ Ú ßœéBà“á!ݟÙ!æªábß_èÙ ² ½ªç ê È ä0VÕÜâ¡~ ÜØ P Ù°á ÚàGéBã Ú¡Ü,PJâ¡ßŒé¥æ¬Ù°ã äGßÕÝÞã,â¡ãä
F‘ڡܤSŒàGÜ äÆ Ú ß©æ¬ßŒÚÙ ßTSŒàGÜá!á°ßÎèÙçØOÙ°é2Œæ ã á°ã*0Ë é P ÜIèàGä0SŒàGÜkâ¡ã ä_â¡ßÕéBæ¬Ù°ã äGÙGßûã~ åOèÆæ Ù8ØOÝÞߌäÆÚ ßëê ² ã~½ å ê w ÜÚ¡ÝÞߌäGÝÞã P Ù â¡ßŒé¥æ¬Ù°ã äGÙçèÆÙ
Ú¡àGé¥ã ڡܥ؟ã ä“ãUâ¡ã Ú¡Ú¡Üá!ߌݟ٠P âã äBߌàGÝÞã âã Ú¡Ú¡Ü á°ßÆ Ú Ù°ã äGÜUæªßŒÚ¡Ù¬ßìÙ 9á ê ~ ã Ø ØOÙ!ä“â%€¤Þá è ¸p1§ã ê
9
 X ã äÎÜ äGÝÞڡٰߌéBãSŒàGÙ äGÜÙÿèÜÝÞÝÞß5 Ø á°ÙÿèÜ Ù>é¥Ü ÝÞãGèÙÿèÆÙ>æ¬ÚÜMèz ÙÝÆÚ Ù°ã äGÐ ÜJ²Sá°Ù°ä¬³¤Ü à ßŒÚ¡Ü P é¥ß¥äGãÝÞÙ!Ð ßÕéBãÖØOÜ éBæªá!Ù°â¡ÜéBÜ äGÝÞÜJâåG܃á°ß Ô BÒ ^ªí
^_]R[ `6ÐÑ Ò
5Ï ]kݟڡßi5Ø Ú¡ßÕäpèÜ¢Ú9ÆÚ Ü,ߌá!ÜߌÝÞã Ú¡Ù°ÜJä“Ü,â¡ßŒÚߌÝÞÝÞÜ Ú¡ÙÝÚ9ÆÚ ßœá°ß Ó Ñ Ö ].Ï Ó ].Ï“Ð ` P ÜIèàGä,SÕàGÜ,á°ß©â¡ã äGãMØOâ¡Ü ä(Ú ß_èÜÙ:VÕßÕá!ãÚ¡Ù æ¬ß>Ø/ØOß5ÝÞÙ
â¡ã ä#ØŸÜ äGݟÜûèÆÙDÚÙ8èÆàGÚ¡Ú¡ÜõáÝÜ Ù°äGâ¡Ü ڡݟܢÚ9ÚßIÚÜ á°ßŒÝÞÙCVÕßIßÕÙDäGàGã¤V5ÙV5ߌá°ã Ú¡Ùê È V5ߌá!ãÚ¡Ù èÜ ÙDæ¬Ú¡Üâ¡ÜMèÜäGÝÞÙfâ¡ßÕéBæ¬Ù°ã ä“Ù)èÆÙDÚàGéBã Ú¡Ü P ØOã äGã
â¡ßŒá°â¡ã á°ß æ Ù°á!Ùpß_æ¬ßŒÚ¡ÝŸÙ!Ú¡ÜîèßSŒà“Ü á°ábÙkèÜ Ùk؟ٰé2Õæ ã á°Ù Ó ] Ô Ñ µ.†Ñ ØŸÜ äÆÚ ßûâã éBéBÜÝÞݕÜÚ¡ÜÖÜ Ú¡Ú¡ã ÚÜ P ØOã ÝÞÝÞÚߌÝÞÝÞÙÿߌáV5ߌá°ã Ú¡ÜèÜá,ØOÜ¢5Ø äGߌá°Ü
Ú¡Ù°â¡ÜV5àGÝÞãUÙ°ä¥âã Ú¡Ú¡Ù؟æªã äpèÆÜ äÆ Ú ßÖèÆÜ ÙMæ¬Ú¡Ü âÜMèÜ ä“ÝÞÙ#ØOÙ°é2Œæ ã á°Ùê
9O´ È ápÚ¡Ù؟àGá°ÝÞßÝÞãîØOÙ#ã ÝÞÝÞÙ°Ü äGÜTV5Ù8ØOÙCVÕßéBÜ ä“ÝÞÜ P â¡ßŒá°â¡ãá!ߌä#èãœáÙÜ ßŒÚÜ ß èÆÙFá{áöË(p ã ßÎâ¡ã¬ØŸÜ ä“ãBڡٰߌáÝÆÚ ßŒÝÞã P ÜBâ¡ã äpØOÙèÜ Úߌäpèãœá°ÜñØOàGÜ
æªÚ¡ã æ¬ÚÙ!ÜÝÞ 'èÙD؟ٰéBé¥Ü ÝÞÚ¡Ù°ßJߌÝÞÝÞãÚ¡äGãUßèûË ê

Ð
©
«« ­Dóñí,ô¬÷Jð©öIð ëfìíkïñð©ò†óñòõô ö,ô¬÷ (êpëDí,ïñð&­Ìú;¬#¬†ôõú¥ø úœï¥ïñðJï¥ô

\I]^\H]î Éïƒ ob>h¬gh

c
ð
4#12 13\/"%f'F_@ 12"$ 1Ÿ12 (4j/7œBi13i\(<12806ª)*#"$-i (45#";/45Y(ë/ì12806 6 &@ i12"$ 1Ÿ12 (45/m4,8,";/C )*&ñ¥ -i-i /*13/45\iY(È 4
£¤!8, #ò
Interfaccia
 numerica 
Campionamento Modulatore numerico
þx[nTc]   
õG(f) ÿy(t)
ùQ( ) öP/S
{a}
óCod. Canale {b}
óõCod.
{c}
úf
x(t)
ý3:1
Ripetizione

S/P

D/A óCanale
ô
ûroll off ü γ
Gray

 π (t)
f
T

ideale
ö ÷ø
Tc M bit/campione fs fb L livelli/simbolo L L in +− B
P Max
ÿy’(t) õGuadagno
y


z(t) H(f)
f

D/A

S/P

ó
Decodifica di öP/S õDec. 
A/D Decisore
a soglie 10
−2

 Canale Gray
−W W  π (t)    n(t)
T c {a’} {b’} {c’} Pe TL

Restituzione Demodulatore numerico

    !#"$ %&'%(")*  +,-.%/ 102 %(3546-.%/ 27)"18-9 4'1 '%:"; 46* <$%= "?>@BA#*84'DCFEHGICFJLKM NPO#Q#RST!'>U V
1W87? D!#"X%($R/Y-Z>8"; 8[* -.-"8"1-9>U!#$ 9 \8* "$ 5]_^a`Zb GdKfe#"$ %hgjik *%('-." l!#"%:18R/m n>8-.1 %omp -Z>k %:
c
] GtsTM sTKau8] Z-.[x8* H  k\>%:"D7;-."y\ F!'!#"X-.%("d>@z >@0{"$ ;'4'4 %/ \8"D[X*>8--9 *8"HA' *8"m-.%:'R "$  "
crq cvPw ~kƒ
1 [f"X4 X"|m0_X4* ;@>U  *S}"$*-9!#%:%/ "<4&4'18-9 %(3Y4}!#"X%:1R=z]x~€oU‚6G GB„LM …TKXu/KZsL†k‡oˆ‰e#"$ % g.Š QURS=€  0Y %:'%("
g
81  DA#*846mCFE
v

‹Œ?Ž?moU‚U7|z"X-$";   R='%("2"$‘<G’M N8SZ4'X%(1(0Y 8*  l0‘6--9 0‘2“j X”*>$R/54*.-9 0YA#"$ "Ž•|G ‡
–˜— v

™ Œ›šr"181Ž4'"Y1W8z] Gœ]^`Zb Sr46%($p0Y 8* ; +:žfŸ) I { 8[x X-.-")*.4610_"X4*>@ '%("$ mU>@0_1  "
c c v

¡ Œ›¢X-9 461 *˜46"D>U8l£X¤xGH£F¤ ¥ !#1# z-.”*>818R/l¦9§r¨(©P!# jl£¤xGªKrs †U« S94'X%(1(0Y  ; 90‘'-.-9 0_"D@>U0_$ "Y4
  \T1   Š -9 0YA#"$ "€¬
v

­LŒ› 4 *  z“j ”*>818R/DA' 8*  l9®1!#1¯ 5-.”>18R/D¦9°r¨p©

v
®
±LŒ?eU* >8%(* B£ ¤ !#1f D-.”*>818R/d¦9°r¨p©=I0_"X-%=  1W8H L@>U0_$ "4Z1² "$ ³!#1X>@@ %(3l4*Z%:10Y!#"H z¦9°=¨p©F7I "
-.%:-.-"Y1W8 ´¦˜§ ¨ ©
v

µLŒ›¶‘"X-%= * <1W81S/64'"X%(%:*46";>U82"X4* ·˜24*&*8* <l  !#%= R "185J_¸¯K˜S¹ D!' "$A#A'   %(354*&1² "$ z£*¤ ` !#1L 
®
` » J‘¼&£ ¤³½ g
-.”>18R/D¦9º ¨ ©F  -9>k %(l!U* .z1  D£ ¤2
v

¾ZŒ› 4 *  z“j ”*>818R/DA' 8*  l !#1³ )-X”*>$R/¦Zº³©‰4B¦9º ¨ ©
` v

#>U!'!#"$@ *0_"D"1 œ1W8I£F¤ ` G¿s8SUm-9˜4'-9 4'$ #>Uzž'Ÿ| ÀGt] ]1 GÃKrssŽss 1Ž'-."d Å1>@LƝpÇh‚6-9 ª>U
b¹Á † b vYÄ
!' "X-.-."|"$P4'$-9 %(354*9!' "$A#A6   %:32ȑ(ÆU‚'>@@ “,"$p0_$SZ4D 84* 46"Y"1{ÉÊ lA#4624*rÆapÇj‚pi

Ë Œ›¢X%:1(0Y  ? 90Y U 0_";@>U0_$ ")4ZA' % Š 0Y!' "$Ì

v

Í Œ›¢X%:1(0Y  ? l0‘'-.-9 0‘DA#*84'DÉ

v

‹ÎLŒ˜; lA#*84627  4Ï"X%(%(zDÉ ¨ G ‡ ÉÐS}4'X%(1(0Y  ; Z@>"y\¹"Y\8* "$ |4ZžfŸ) "%:%(1@ A'  
g v

Ñ8ÒÔÓ ÕŽÖL× ÒÔØÙ

‹Œ›ÚÛA#*84'ÝÜÝ"X1>@!#'%&d4'*L-.[x8* ’Þ|\8 tÜßGáà — .KÏ‐y‚hSX›”*>U 84*L4'k\Tª  -9>@ %o ª • G gjã G

g ‡&ä@å
g=æ ç ‡jè é æ ‡oêjë GB„¹ìuKrí ç G?îLï A#*>84Bñ&ò'ó'ô@õ5öP÷Zø ù2ò'úû ø ü=÷9ýXþúÿ@õ'ú

‡jè é v ðLðLð v

~kƒ
™ Œ›š˜$Ž4'X·¯@ R "$fŸ) ÐG q  a1>@9] Gd] ^`rb u˜íTM íTKÔ?]x~HG ìŽÜÝGdŸ ܜ5”*>@ 84*
fŸ) ’G ê}è ê}‡ æ  q
~kƒ G
c q c ê
ê}è ê}‡
 
GBJLM „Ž„uŽKZí
g ã
g=æ «}è }‡ æ ‡oê 
 æ ç ‡jè é æ ‡oê ë v
ë‘ëîíkïñð©ò†óñòõô ö,ô¬÷ùø_ô)ú¥ï¥ïûð©ï©úýü1ú¥ö,ökúþ÷ÿïÌóm¬ ô¤¬#¬%ô¬ð©ü1ô)ü úœï¥ôB­1úýø_ô)ò%óñü1øõóùò†óm¬%ú


°
-i-i %;(f)+5/GR 4¯-i /'&3/4)(¡f'#“C8 %;( /ì#8)&*&2 F4j(GŒC &2806 Y+-,/.1032 4GF 57698;:<
=
Q > /@?F80 45'# GO'i/-&“ '/ #45'i(
"!$# 4
°
8,O 4¯¢5#6 ( /¥'# +-,“GR()*)*(  /¥)+5/ C &28,6 ¡ A 8B:<
=
Q > . A +-,/0C2 5 6ED U
4 4 4 4 4
A +-, 4H?#8jF4jY( 5I 2/&Ÿ/KJMLN2
4 )*-
( &3È° )
Q +5> /$¢Œ/I UC V£¤)!+5/ / %¯P( &285)*)k'/ &*&2 ¢5  Q %;A /4¤F Y'/ KRQOI òU # #6 6 ¥)80 ¢5U È'F-B!ò R"ST&2¡¡ (Š¢5È)+5/&i'³804%¢5#6 ( /'#
A 8B:<
= . 2XW DY )*( C &2-B(4j'/78,4 Z ò 3F--i6  )*( 6 \[ (%f806 m'#2-i (k/\\(f)+5/]%;/*Y\/7 4
/6  (j (4j/ Q )*(4>2-0#   %;/*@C~'i/^6 &2 &3Y
/ %% Ø_
` ZA A
.a2XW7bdce 4gf ` .ih9jPk Z
l
2m nporq2BW9bdce 4gf 0^J
A
q2 6 qs2BWbdce 4gfut 2qiv w7x
y7z\{| }~z | Ø |ƒ z{} ‡  ƒ)‰ Ø 
? &*€‚ €…„†[  €ˆ€
'
A A
2XWbdc
e 4gf 0^J K q 2 6 . q ` Z Š l hj†k Z Š l 2m npouq2BWbdce 4gf t 2/q v w x
U w
w V U
. qn‹m l 2XW7bdc
e 4gf'Œ m 2BW l 2m n
oŽq2BWbc
e g4 f ‹W m n
U U U
. qn‹m l o m Œ o l 2m n
o l W"m G.‘oW‹m ’
 | } ƒ)y} A f3Ap– }z l f3A {™)š›} /ƒz‰œ‰ ƒ)yz z ^ž‹Ÿ" ¡‡ } š‹‡ ‡ } – 
” { ™)
| ƒ)? z  J ƒ z\
/ q“y2u}*.” y|2BW £  • -&^& JK.˜— 2 2BW  • .”2BW’ Œ -€ €ˆ „
‚¢-€ (
¤ !¥ z {™)\zy ƒ } } ‡ y} ° > zy ‡ } šE/‡ ‡ } – { ƒ ‰  |)ƒ z$y}¨ } } ƒ z‰©}¨z – { ‰œ‰} ƒy7\zy
€ˆ|  ƒ ‰©| -y¦ } & %…§¢  = J y7‡ ‡ z   |)[ ƒ z ? °;® > – ( ‡ z ‰  % |)&*&ƒ  z ‚ y} ^ž@ <)ª   &;‚¢–  
} š ‡ |} ƒ)y}
¦ ‚V ‚¢ ju«uV w.¬bdV ce A J.­ w 2BWH§ € £ & ? ( [ ? ( < «7„  € < ª ?
< « .¯2XW <
ª .a2BW ’ 2BW
°. ’pWG±¢§‚¢&
² !$³ ‰ z } Pz‡ ‡ ´µzy } ƒ)…y7‡~{ y} {'\y} ³ ‰ z¶ – } ƒr{'z y}~‰œ‰ ‰  ‰ z‘‡ } šE‡ ‡ }~{ ƒ } |} ‰¢} } ‡ }Cy} ° > – ƒ/‡ ‡ z
( |ƒ z -°B( ®  > =C·
‡ |ƒ  O ‰ z y/} } z &* } z }gzys |ƒ € }
{ ‡  ‰œ‰ z € ¦ } ‡ ‚ } /&‰œ‰ z %…§¢ | ƒ |z‡ } z }
&y7? ‡ ‰©| ( · &*  –  € j « Q § € *
& *
&  € & …
% 
§  ¸
 „ ˆ
€ -
 ¹ § € 
€ ¸
 „ 
 ? /‰œ‰ z & & } ‡
y}  /‰ zƒ ‡z ‰ z } ‡ } {™)a|ƒ } -{} ¼;{ } zK/‰‰ z O |)zƒ)y
} ¦ ‡ ‚y‚¢}  ° > jr« 4 £‚ ¿p‰ € zƒ €ˆ ‚ § § €º
«^Á~ 4 – } ƒÃ§ {€»|&;} ‚ «^Á~ “ ‡ z & ‰ z € } ‡ } ? { ƒ)y} K} „ ƒ)z zP{ € ™)
& %…§¢  = · Q „ ½›¾
°
B ® € €À+ , « .‘+ , + ,  . ½'¾ + ,  + , „ ‚ / ° § § €º  (  €
| ƒ ƒ)‰Ä} { } y} > } z z ‡ }z |)zƒ)y z ‡ }z }‡ } ‡ y} > y7z\{| }p™)z ‰©} } ƒ)£
¦ s§ € · & &;§ ¦ €…? …„†&;§ ¦ € & %…§¢  =·  ¦
Å­Æ ‡¨ƒ | % ‰  y} § } € Ody/‡ ‡ z &  ? |)ƒ ( z °p® · > Q /‰œ‰ z € } ‚ ‰‹|ƒ } €º y} €  %…‚¢@„ yz € y7z + , « V < « ¹&*-&^€ } € |)ƒ)y /_
V V VÍ ¾ V – š"š‹‰ ƒ| ‰©} {'z ƒ  z‰©}Bz} } ‡ } /‰œ‰ z }‹Oσ)‡ ‡ z
+ , « < « .Ƚ› ÇÊ° Ë ¾É < « .Ì+ ,  ½›¾ .Î+ ,  <pª  À„ % % € ‚ & %…§¢ €
 |ƒ z > ‰Ð|ƒ } y} 
& ? ( =X· Q‚ €º € %…‚¢-¹
Å ‰Ä} & |›‡ € z\y| ƒ ? |s} ƒ¼
ƒ) _
Ñ + , « .­½Ç›Ë ɾ . 4gf 4gҋf Ó .a2BW DÔ ¹
Ñ + , « V < « .‘+ ,  V < ª .¯2XW DÔ V w ’
W V 2XW ° .a2BW D¢Y V w ’ V 2XW ° . w m ’ Ø ,*,^Õ3Â^Õ~Ö ÖC± Õ3Z × Ö
Ù !$Ú ƒ} }  y } °;Û > z ‡ }z ‡  ƒ z ‡ } z }BŸ } Ü } } ƒ\|ƒ ‰©| y}XÝ {  ‰z z‡
¦ {'z § €} ‡  · |)„$ &;ƒ §  –¦ ‡ z €ˆs ‰ &^ z s} & ‡ } &*y  }ˆŸ ]&B} § ¦ ‰œ‰ z } € |Ý M‚ {'z‡ §{ € ‡ z } ‡ †y ¦ z‡ ‡ ‚ zP‚¢y } ‰Ä} | ¹ } /ƒ)% ¸y} %Þß;/ -&^‰Äƒ€ | € ‡ ‡ } – 
šEz‡ ‚ € PA& ¦ € ‚ A /§ § €– º zP{| }ˆšE§ z € € & z z$„ ‡ z ‰  z § } ‡ } y}ˆÝ } / &*€ ‰œ‰ z § } – (  z‰©}Ïz £¢¿p ‰ zƒ
0 °A 6CàA ,á 2q à ,Xâ. Œ à ,7á 2/q A à , â &*/%…A % € ‚ § § €º § € – € ‚ à °, € €
} ƒH{|} š‹š'} z /ƒ  i‡ ´ z ‰ } z } ƒ)
à¢ã, . Œ à , á 2q à , â l à °, . Œ à , q Œ à °, l à °,@ä A Œ à , 4gf % 4 – € ‰ z , {| à «
‡  } } z“} ƒ |zƒ  z‡ ‡ ‰ z   .1 ‰ z + , } ‡ }p‰Ä}  ‚‚ ' z &*& % £Êå (   „
à à , .a2XW D à &;‚ – € € |) à , } P&*€ &*ƒ &*
‰Ä} ¦ |›‡ €€z % } ? } /ƒ €ˆ…& ‰ š), z.a ƒ)y 2BW D {Ô ™)P Ÿ }  ‰œ‰ z } |uÝP™)z°,ƒƒ .a2BW ‰ D Ô z € } ‡ & } A §
& € €…& -€€ '&*&  § € € & ]‚ § § €º à ,7á 2/q à ,Xâ ? A &*€ ‚¢-&*&* 4gf
 /‰  {'‡ }C} ƒ ‰  y}y} š‹‰ }¨OB Ö TŸ Ö –  Ö TÝ Ö – Ÿ Ö @Ý Ö £ Æ ƒ/y7'¼
ƒ } } š)z – ‰©} |‡ z V £
&^& & € € %ށ & Q € & € + , ã ä Œ 0Ï+ , « 6 . Œ 2XW D
æ !¥ z {™Pzy ƒ}~Ý } y} °B® > { ‰œ‰©} ƒy7| ƒ ‡ } y} °;Û > – } } ƒ) ¾ A*f ç 4gf~è w –
€ˆz¡  {|}~{ ‰œ‰ˆ} '¦ ƒ)y7 § € V ·  V &;‚¢4gf V w V &* s§ w € V · & -€€ < ã . Í . Y .¯2 WG±¢§‚¢&
 &;‚¢ + , ã < ã . Œ 2BW D 2 W 2BW°. m ’ 2BW D Ô Ø ,*,^Õ3ÂÏÕ3Ö ÖCÕ3Z × Ö
± £ ° °
"é !$ê z }z {™) /‰|ƒ ‰ {' | ƒ } ‰ ¡‡ ´ y} |)zƒ } z } ƒ)P‰©} |›‡ z¸z ‰ } z } š)z /ƒ 
‚‚ %ށ A – } ƒG{‚ | } ‚ } ‡)ƒ | &*&*‰ y})[µ‡  } šE% ‡ ‡ }¨y/h‡ j†|k zƒ ? } z € ‰ (C( – z] (  {|} { & ‰œ‰©€} ƒ)‚y‚ “ -‡&*´g& | % } ‡ } € y% })ì € h9jPk/ë.
á J¡ qK2Bâ J\„ %  ? € (C( €  &B‚¢ € (C(¨ .¬bdc
e A J
} {'z } ƒ)£ïî } |‡ z ‰ zƒ i
l ñ l ‡ } š‹‡ ‡ } £ï¿p‰ /ƒ/‰ | ƒ†ƒ | -ò
§‰ €ˆí } ƒ %… ‰ ‚ y } } {'z & € } ‚ ƒs€ 'y󀈁 | ƒ Jð.”2 } h9‡jP } k ‰  ë .” y¬2 | |z2X‡ s — W Y z .”2X|)W"2 ‡ ‡ y7 } y‰ z -€€ – y7 ‰ } ƒ } z %
‡ ´g} ƒ € ‰  | § ‰Ä} €í ‰  ì %…‚  h9jP} k ë{'z % ¦  } ƒ)] Od |¦ } š)z‡ /ƒ …? zó^Ÿ"ö…  ‡ } šE& ‡ ‡ } £ €ˆ € % %ށ
€ P& ‚  _ .1ô©bc
e A JõÃ.inu§ €ˆí %…‚  ? € Q
"÷ !$ø  z }z – ‡ z ‰  |)ƒ z]y}¨{'z } ƒ)z ƒ 4 ƒ ƒ |)ú$ ‰ “} ƒ /‰©} ‰ Àz }ƒ ‡ ‰ –
/%‡ z ‰ &  ‚|‚ /ƒ %Þ z  } ƒ)z[ ‰©} z ? ‰©} ( | ‡ z z%…‰Ä}"‚ z ‡ ‰ % y € y7< 
Âr} . }ù {'z  ‚ } ƒ) &*& ‰/}‹{'z [  } ƒ}"z ’
û“-¹ {  ƒ)y€
[ ? ( § < ã & € ‚
V ì ‰ zƒ 4 f ç 4gf è ‚  -€€ˆ y| ƒ § €í|É K‡ z %…‚  z ‚ } z‘‰©} |%… ‡z
‚  &  _
< ã . < Â 
¹ ‚ € ˆ
€  <  . Í~ý ü . Y þ ¯
. p
’ Þ
W ¢
± ¢
ÿ ( ? û % *
& & % & € û ý
. Í A .˜2XW
ã
£ É
±¢ÿ(
¢  
 
 !"#! !

$&% !' ‡;{'z } ƒ@{|}

· . A û
4 – z‡ ‡ ‰ z } |úsy}  z‰ ]zƒ{™)‡ z ‰  |/ƒ z“y};{'z } ƒ)z ƒ
&* –  û   & ‚ % C( ( [ ? ( %…‚  % € <  · .
ÍA  ‰ zƒ | } ‡ } z‰ “|ƒì ì /‰ ƒ)‰ ‡ z  z £ï¿p‰ zƒ } ‡
ƒ| š
. 2BWÞ±¢ÿ(
¬ ‚ € € A € (C( · .a’ ‚ A -€€ &*€ &^& < € €  Kh9jPk ë
‰Ä} É |›‡ z Aý A 4 V – š"š‹‰ ã w yßУ
& € h9jPk ë· . á J · s q 2;â .1*0 ’ q2 6 .­0^’ Y K q 2 6 ä ’‹m o 2XW)(  $hj†k ë» · á+*-, â7.‘ m Œ

.0/21 35464670896:<;=:

>?A@?&B CEDGFHDGIKJMLONP"PQJSRKTUNVXWZY#N[FHDGT\NW

][^`_badcfe-gihjekgSlUl\e-monOmo^bpqgSpsrjcb^brtnKukvXmxwjgSy uzvbmjekgSl\lUekmxn<mo^bpsg{cb^
ukgS^XgS|&m}^Xcbwjmoe-~&u-rygS|\ukcb~U~&^baekmxnKnOr}nK~fl\e-monOmo^bpqg€cb^Xr0psekgH\cbm}nO~&wj‚Sro|ƒ~
„S… m „‡† y‡wjmo^bpqe-m!gS|&|ƒg}nOcXgˆcXnOuk~ƒpqgnK~ronOnKmxeO‰dgS^fr=~dnO~&wj‚Sro|ƒ~SŠ … mˆŠ †‹ ][|ukgSŒ
a1 b1
p
q
q p
^XgS|&mhu-ge-gSpqpqmxek~ƒŽŽ<gpsrUg\cbmlUekrx‚gS‚S~&|‘~&ps’u-ro^b\~ƒŽ~ƒro^bgpsmˆ“•”—–U˜™–U”bš›“zœ
a2 b2 cX^bglUekrx‚gS‚S~&|&~‘ps’tU~mxeke-r™e-mžŸˆ ¡ˆ¢!£•Š †K¤„S…)¥  ¡ˆ¢!£•Š …)¤„‡†K¥ uzvbmH~ƒ^XU~&Œ
uzvb~&gSwjrEukrx^`¦Ky§moicb^bg6lUekrx‚Sg‚S~&|ƒ~&pq’¨©ukrxwjl\|ƒmowjmx^Xpsge-moªU~^Xrx^bŒ•moe-ekr‡e-mi«ˆ¬­bŸH ®ˆ¢!£•Š …)¤„\…)¥  
ˆ¢!£•Š † ¤„ † ¥ ~ƒ^XU~&u-gpsg¯u-row±°t ²«!¬M¦ ‹

³¯´bµµ ¶f·‡¸)¶j¹ º§»b¼\·‡¶b½oº¿¾º2ÀfÁº2´bà Ä´ ÅcXgS|‘rxekg€nK~GronOnKmxek‰~f~&^6cbnKuk~ƒpqgHcX^br\mx~fUcXm‰g|ƒroe-~U¨•gS€mxn ‹

Š … ª•y nO~ l\rxnKnOro^brtu-ro^bƕe-ro^bpqgSe-mt|&mlUekrx‚Sg‚S~&|ƒ~&ps’jg—lUrxnKpsm™e-~&rxek~ lUmoeH|&mEUcXmlUrxnKnO~&‚S~&|&~§“ÈÇÉxš›ÊkË-“=uzvbmt~ƒ^
~&^baekmxnKnOrÆ©ronOnKmÌlUekmxnKm‡^bpqm „‡… ro „‡† y‰gS|&cbpqgS^fUr~ƒ|fekgSlUl\rxekpsr

ˆ¢#£©Š [… ¤„\…)¥ °
ÍÌÎ\ϯР    ¨•Ñ ‹ ÑSª
ˆ¢#£©Š … ¤ „ † ¥ ¦

mÒcb~&^G\~\mxuk~ƒ\m‡e-mjlUmxe€|ƒÓ ~&lUropsmonO~XÇ“[Ô{˜‡ÊkÕkɇË-“•Öj“•×©Ê6¨•mxn ‹ nO~Umou-~&Um—l\mxe „… nOmž°¡ØÙ¦Kyro‰‰dmxekrnOm

§ŸÚ † … ª ‹
Û mE\~ƒnKlUrx^X~ƒgwjržUmo|&|ƒg6u-ro^brxnKu-m‡^XŽ<g6Umo|ƒ|&mžlUekrx‚gS‚S~&|&~ƒpq’jg6lUek~ƒroe-~ˆ¢!£ „\…)¥ m6ˆ¢#£ „‡†-¥ ymo{~UcXm
nO~&wj‚Sro|&~ „U… mx „‡† ^Xrx^ÜnOro^br—moÒScb~&lUekrx‚gS‚~ƒ|‘~ƒÝ[ÞOy!l\rxnKnO~&gSwjr—ukrxnKpsekcb~&e-mZ~&|ßÕk–xÇ\ÇÉxÕKšÂɗàX“˜‡ÊkÕ-ÉoË-“›Öj“©á
â ו“•–U”ãd–`cXps~&|&~ƒŽKŽgS^b\r6|&mjl\e-ro‚Sg‚S~&|ƒ~&ps’Zg{lUrxnKpqm‡e-~&rxek~=ˆ¢£ „U…¤ Š …)¥ m—ˆ¢!£ „‡†K¤ Š …)¥ yßukgS|&u-ro|ƒg‚S~&|‘~glUl\|ƒ~&Œ
ukgS^b\r~ƒ|fpqmxr‡ekmxwjgž\~bä!gåmxn ‹Uæ g^bpqmx^bmo^b\r~ƒ|Gu-gnOrU~Gg‰dmxeek~&u-mo‰cbpqr~&|XnK~ƒwj‚rx|&rHŠ … yU~&|\Õ-–xÇ\ÇÉoÕOšÂÉ
àb“X˜‡ÊkÕkÉxËO“•Öj“ â ו“©–\”ã–6nO~fnOuke-~&‰mrxekg€ukrxwjm

ˆ¢#£ S „ …¤ Š …)¥ ˆ¢!£©Š … ¤„\…)¥ ˆ ¢!£ „S…)¥

ÍÌÎ\ç     ¨•Ñ ‹ è ª
ˆ¢#£ ‡„ †-¤ Š …)¥ ˆ¢!£©Š … ¤„d†K¥ ˆ ¢!£ „‡†K¥

Í Î lUcXégSnKnOcXwjmxekm‰g|ƒroe-mêØë-Úìroí Qg  yginOmou-r‡^XUgM\~ÒcbgS|‘mUmx|&|&mUcXmlUekrx‚gS‚S~&|‘~&ps’
Ì
gîl\rxnOpqm‡ek~ƒroe-~#nO~&gîlU~&ïðaekgS^XUmy#lUrxekpgS^XUr|&gî\mxuk~ƒnK~ƒro^bmZgîƕg‰drxekmZU~ „… y „d† y!r—|&Ó ~ƒ^XU~‘Æ•Æ©moeOmo^bŽ<gMŒ
ek~ƒnKlUmopspq~ƒ‰dgSwjmo^bpsm ‹

ñ ¼U·‡º2òßó´6¹ ºôkµ ¶b¸)¼U½oº¹ ºõ÷ö`¼žø´bùf¼U½oº¿´XÃß´ úg¯wjmopsroUr‡|&rxad~ƒgroe-g¯UmonOukeO~&pspqg¯l\e-mo^b\m~&|\^brxw6m

U~˜™Ê-Õk“üû ý-–àX“G“üǧÉxš›Ê-Ëk“nKpsgps~&nKps~&u-g¯mnK~U‚SgSnKggSlUl\cb^bpqr}nOcb|\ukrx^XÆ©ekr‡^bpqr}U~UÒScXgS^bpqrˆ|&gaekgS^XUmxŽŽ<gronOŒ
nOmoek‰gSpqgÌnO~&g0˜™Ê-ÕkɇËk“©Öj“•×•Ê©þu-rowjlUgps~&‚S~&|ƒwjmo^bpqm=ukrx^ž|&m“ÈÇÉošÂÊkËO“Gl\rxnKnO~&‚S~&|&~ ‹ Û m ÍÌÎ cbps~&|&~ƒŽKŽgÌnOro|&gSwjmx^Xpsm
|&mžlUekrx‚gS‚S~&|&~ƒpq’6~&^îg‰gS^fpq~¨•Ñ ‹ ÑSª•y§|&gjUmou-~&nO~&ro^bmEnO~§U~&ukmHàb“ Öj–UËkË-“•Öj–{˜‡ÊkÕ-ÉoË-“›Öj“ â ש“•–U”dã–M¨•~&^bU~&ukgSpqg
ukrxw  ÿ
r  æ 
 ú   ª©ywjmo^bpqe-mEnKmžnO~~ƒwjl\~ƒmoag^br€|&mžl\e-ro‚SgS‚~ƒ|&~&ps’tglUronOpqm‡e-~&roe-~
¨•Ñ ‹ è ª•ySnK~fnOpqgžmxƕƕmxppqcbgS^XUr}cb^bgÌàbÊký-“•Ëk“ÂÉx”X
Ê – \Ê-Ëk“©–G”X– ‹

!#"$&%(')"'*+-,$.,/0'21430$5.687:9<;*=.>?/A@4$.3B;C+D;E$.303B$F5.685.6HGI;*,+D$J+D'214;C/&"K$&%-/L/0M"K>/&'*N%(/&"'*'O%("$30$EPRQTSUQWV P4Q-VAXWSZYV
P[O\]J^R_QT^`1a9 %(>bdc"/B;C+D;e$.+D+D>$R,;e>$ZfC;*"K/g%(/0'*; fC/2hZ$L%i%(/BhZ$<@4;*,'O%(/0hZ/0jJ30/0$.ka$6
 HldmHl¯ n¯ o2pHq
³¯ºrß¼U½o½xº2¶bà º ]|fwjmxukukgS^b~&nOwjrˆu-ro^jukcb~&yS^Xmx|&|&gHUmouk~ƒnK~ƒro^bmˆä!gådmxnK~ƒg^bgdy\|&ml\e-ro‚SgS‚~ƒ|&~‘pq’€~&^6g‰gS^Xps~
nO~u-rowj‚S~&^bgS^frukrx^ÒScXmx|&|‘m0gÌlUek~ƒroe-~&ylUcXémxnKnOmoe-m0gS^XgS|&~‘Ž<ŽgSpqrwjmx\~ƒg^bpsm=gS|&u-cb^Xm=rxnKnOmoe-‰dgSŽ~ƒro^b~qœd~ƒ^XŒ
^bg^bŽK~pqcbpspqry „U… lUrxpqekmx‚S‚mHmonOnKmxekm€ukrx.n stsekgSekr uuzvbmyX~ƒ^—l\e-mon<mx^XŽ<gEU~Xcb^bgEwjroUmoe-gpsgtlUekrx‚Sg‚S~&|‘~ƒpq’
U~moe-ekrxeOmyb~ƒ|ek~&u-mo‰~&psroe-m€lUrxpqe-m™‚S‚SmlUekmxƕm‡ek~ƒekm¯U~Umou-~&UmoeOm¯nOmxw6lUe-m „† yXgSpqpqe-~&‚Scbmo^b\rH|&Ó mx‰dmx^bpqcbg|ƒm
ek~ƒukmxŽ~ƒro^bmU~#Š … Uro‰cbpqg—lU~&ï‰moe-ronO~&wj~&|ƒwjmo^bpqmtgicb^îmxekekr‡e-mUmo| ukgS^bg|ƒmylU~&cbpqpsronOpqrtukvXm6g|ƒ|‘Ó moÆ©Œ
ƕmxpqps~&‰gžmonOpqekgSŽ<~&rx^Xm̏U~ „S…z‹ ]^6gSnOnKmx^XŽ<gHU~fu-g^bgS|&m~&^bro|ƒpqekm<y\|ƒÓ cb^f~&u-re-gSl\lUroe-prU~f‰moe-ronO~&wj~ƒad|ƒ~&gS^XŽKg
lUronOnK~ƒ‚~ƒ|&mnOge-mo‚S‚SmnKpsgpsr¯ÒScXmx|&|ƒrpqekg6|&mlUekrx‚Sg‚S~&|ƒ~‘pq’gtl\e-~&rxek~ˆ¢!£ „ … ¥ m€ˆ¢!£ „ † *¥ v |ƒgEek~ƒukmxŽ~&rx^bm¯U~
cb^{nO~&wj‚Sro|ƒrExŠ wb\cb^bÒcbmvbgtlUroe-pqgSpqržcb^{wj~&a|&~‘rxeˆ|ƒ~&‰mo|ƒ|&r¯U~~&^bƕrxekwjgSŽ~ƒro^bmyg|ƒpqmxekgS^XUr¯~ƒ| ÍÌÎ yb~&^
wj~&nOcbekg¯psg^bpsrwjgSaad~‘rxekmÒScXgS^fpsrlU~&ïj‚SgnOnKgHhÌ|&g¯lUekrx‚Sg‚S~&|ƒ~&pq’HU~fmoe-ekr‡e-m ‹

y µ µÁº2ód´bĺ2¶bà ¼
z#moe-~&_buzvb~&gSwjrž~e-ga~&rx^bgwjmx^Xps~§gSl\lUmx^Xg—nO‰drx|&ps~e-~&nOuke-~&‰dmx^b\rlUmxemonOpqmxnKrcb^bg
lUekrx‚gS‚S~&|&~ƒpq’HgHlUronOpqmxek~ƒr‡ek~qœ
¢#£•Š …)¤„\…)¥ ˆ ¢!£ „S…)¥ °N|K¢£ „\…¥
ˆ¢!£ „\…)¤ Š …)¥    
ˆ¢!£•Š …)¤„S…)¥ ˆ¢!£ „\…)¥{ ˆ! ¢ £•Š …)¤„‡†K¥ ¢#£ „d†K¥ °N|-¢#£ „\…)¥}{ ¦~|Kˆ¢!£ „d†-¥
Û m °t  ¦-y™~&|™u-g^bgS|&mh!~&^bnKmxek‰~&‚S~&|ƒmm#^brx^¯gSada~&cf^bam~&^bƕrxekwjgSŽ~ƒro^bmUœx~ƒ^XÆ©gpspq~‡nO~‡rxpqps~&mo^bm0ˆ¢!£ „G…)¤ Š )… ¥  
ˆ¢!£ „ … ¥ ~&^jÒcbgd^bpqr¯ˆ¢!£ „ … ¥}{ ˆ¢!£ „ † ¥  ²« H ‹  Ó g|‘psekgžlUge-pqmyUnOm¦¯Ú{°ySek~ƒnKcb|&psg
ˆ¢#£ „\…¥
ˆ¢!£ „\…)¤ Š …)¥   Ø­¢£ „\…¥
ˆ¢!£ „S…)¥ {‚ € ˆ¢£ „‡†-¥
gScXwjmx^XpsgS^f\r{Òcb~‘^b\~#|&gîlUekrx‚gS‚~ƒ|&~‘ps’\~ „… e-~&nOl\mxpqpr—gîÒcbgS^fpqr—lUekmx‰~&nKpsrZUg|ƒ|&gMl\e-ro‚SgS‚~ƒ|&~&ps’ig
lUek~&rxek~ v nOmÌ|&g¯lUekrx‚Sg‚S~&|ƒ~&pq’HU~fmoe-ekr‡e-mpsmo^bUmg€Ž<moe-r¨2¦#ƒ…„Oª•y\ronOnKmxeO‰d~ƒgwtrÌuzvXm¯ˆ¢!£ „ … ¤ Š … ¥ ƒ « ‹

>?A@?B† ‡€F0ROT§W‰ˆ=ND÷JMCEWŠNC‹HVXDŒŠN=WGTŽJSFRJ

 ekmx^XU~&gSwjr~&^tu-ro^bnO~&UmoekgSŽ<~&rx^XmÌcb^XgnOrxekamo^bpqmU~&nOuke-mopqgSy\uzvbmmxwjmopspg¯nO~&wj‚Sro|ƒ~‰‘’!glUl\gSe-pqmx^Xmx^Xps~
gS6cb^Zg|ƒÆ•gS‚mxpqrH\~u-ge-\~ƒ^bg|ƒ~ ps’”÷ “ ¨•ronOnK~ƒgu-ro^– •  ˜™— «<ëCd™ ë4|4|4| ëa“ kš ª©yXukrx^{lUekrx‚Sg‚S~&|ƒ~&ps’°}€’  ²ˆ¢!£!• ¥)‹
 o
m b
_ b
^ &
~ d
g j
w Ì
r &
| Ó &
~ f
^ ©
Æ o
r -
e j
w 
g <
Ž &
~ x
r X
^ Ì
m S
g K
n O
n o
r -
u &
~ S
g q
p €
g 
g ƒ
| &
| Ó x
r K
n O
n o
m eO‰gŽ<~‘ro^bm̏\mx|GnO~&wj‚Sro|ƒr#‘› ’ ukrxwjm`œ*
ž ˆ’   ž £D‘’ ¥   Ÿd¡?¢ † °£« ’  ²¬¤Ÿ¡?¢ † °’
ú g¯nOukmx|&psg€Æ©gpspqgSySu-ro^bUcXu-mgS~UnOmoacbmo^bpq~Xek~ƒnKcb|&psgps~qœ
¿¢‰
/§
£ R¥ A¦ H§
Æ ƒ  ‰ z }  ƒ) ø

¦M¦Þƒ €
 ¨
à .© ¨
qPbdce à
ž å´ ›š‹»ƒ { ‰ ƒ ƒ
' e¥ ª R¥ d¦ §
‰ƒ} *{']} ƒ ‰ Gz } ƒ)
ž « åÄ´µ›šE»ƒ ¦ ªDª
€ˆ
}
€ˆ 
x¥ A¦ H§

;} } ‡ †y

} ƒ ‰ z } ƒ)$} ƒ¼
ƒ } z


©¬ Hª ª  ­ Uª Uª &® ¥
€ ‚  §
¢ º   €
 Æ ƒ]{'z  y} *' { ‡ z } ƒz©‰ } z d p£  z {‰ {' {'{ ‰œ‰  | ƒ)z˜{} ~‰ z
§
›­(¯H° ±I²¯H° ³´Hµ¶·H° ¸H° ±d®
} ƒ)z‰Ä} z
€ §
‚
€ € 
ª 
‰
} ƒ)y} {'z‰ } ‡B‰©} ;|ʇ z
€ €
 

ú\Ó ~ƒ^fƕrxekwjgSŽ~ƒro^bmî|&mxadgSpqg`gÜcb^ mx‰mo^bpqrîhîg^buzvbmie-glUlUekmxnKmx^Xpsgps~&‰g­\mx|&|&Ó ~&^bukmxekpsmoŽ<Žg­g`nOcbr

ek~ƒadcbgSekUrySlUek~ƒwjgHukvXmÌÒScXmxnKpsrˆnO~f‰moe-~&_buzvb~ ‹
gSnOnK~&gwjr!rxekgÌg\mx_b^X~ƒekm ¹Ì”bšÂÕkÉ)Ç“•–ž¨©~&^b\~ƒukgSpqgˆukrx^º6ª\\~cX^bg}nOrxekamo^bpqmU~&nOukekmxpqg¼»y™~ƒ|d‰g|ƒroe-m
gSpqpsmonOr\mx|&|&Ó ~&^fÆ©roe-wjgŽ<~&rx^XmÌgSl\lUroe-pqgSpqgžUgS|&|&g¯ukrx^XrxnKuOmx^XŽ<g¯Umo~XnK~ƒwj‚rx|&~UUg€monOnKg€amo^bmoe-gps~qœ
Ð Ð
  ¾À— ž ’Iš}  Á  ° ’ ž ’}  Á 
«
ºN½€¿ ° ’:Ÿd¡?¢ †
° ’
’4 … ’4 …
Ã
ÄGI;*,"$.30"'*30$.,;/A3230'*j4$.,/0+DhZ':/0ÅJ$&%;Æ&14%-/2,/0"'*,4fa/2"KÇ; bdce ©?ÈFÉŒÊ Ê Ë!Ë!ÌÌÍÍÎ`Î Ï © ¬ È6
ä Œ m Œ ’9bdce gf
oOpÑÐ  
Hl 
?Ò !"#! !

uzvbmžukrxnKp~&pscX~ƒnKu-mHcb^bgt~&^bpqmxekmxnOnKgS^XpsmEglUlU|&~&u-gŽ<~‘ro^bmž\mx|&|ƒÓ rxl\mxekgSpqrxeOm€U~b˜‡–UוÉoÕOÊ–\šÂš›Ê-ËkÉ6UgjlUrxukrE~&^bŒ
pqe-roUr‡pqpsr ‹ º ekgSlUl\e-monOm‡^Xpsgt|ƒÓ “•U” ÓsÉxÕkÖj–xãd“•Éx”bʈÖjÊkàb“•–iU~cX^iamo^bmoe-~&ukr€nO~&wj‚Sro|&rHmowjmxnKnOrž\gS|&|ƒgnKrxeŒ
amo^bpqmyßrxpqpsmo^bcXpsgZlUmonOg^bUrt|&Ó ~&^bƕrxekwjgSŽ~‘rx^Xm6\~ rxad^b~ lUronOnK~&‚S~&|ƒmnK~ƒwj‚rx|&rtukrx^÷|&g—lUekrx‚Sg‚S~&|ƒ~&pq’Z\mx|
nO~&wj‚Sro|&rnKpsmonOnKr 
‹ Ô nOnKmxek‰~&gSwjrÌroe-gHukvXmUœ

Å Û m~XnK~ƒwj‚rx|&~XnKrx^brÌmxÒScX~ƒl\e-ro‚SgS‚~ƒ|&~f¨‘°’  Ð … u-ro^ÖÕ•™ª•yf|&gžnOroe-admx^XpsmhÖj–UËkË-“•Öj–UÖ6Ê-”bš›Ê0“•”UÓsÉxÕ2á
Öj–Uš›“©˜™–Xym|&gÌnOcXgÌmx^XpsekrxlG~&gÌh|&gÌwjgSnKnO~&wjgÌlUronOnK~ƒ‚~ƒ|&m=l\mxecb^žg|ƒÆ•gS‚mxpqrgS¼“jnO~&wj‚Sro|ƒ~&y‡muk~ƒroh
º ½ ý
  ØÐ … × Ð’R … Ÿd¡?¢ † “ê    Ÿd¡?¢ † “ ‹
ã
Å Û mÌ~fnO~&wj‚Sro|ƒ~U^Xrx^jnKrx^XrÌmxÒcb~&lUekrx‚Sg‚S~‘|&~ƒygS|&|&rxekgÙº ½ Ú
Ú Ÿd¡?¢ † “ ‹
Å Û î m |&g­nKrxekamx^XpsmMmxwjmopspminOmowjlUekmmînOro|&rM|&rînOpqmxnKnOrMnO~&wj‚Sro|ƒryˆgS|&|‘rxekg º ½  Û„ ‹  Å cbmonOpqg
u-~&e-ukrxn<pqgS^XŽ<gdy\gnOnK~ƒmowjmg|ƒ|&g¯lUe-mou-m™Umx^XpsmyUukrx^XnOmo^bpqm̏U~fnOukek~ƒ‰dmxekmukvXm܄¼ÝÀº ½ ÝÀŸd¡?¢ † “ ‹
Þ¯^êu-gnOrlUge-pq~&u-ro|ƒge-mthÒScbmo|ƒ|&rE\mx|&|ƒmtnOroe-admx^Xps~ ‚~ƒ^Xgek~ƒmy uzvbmtlUekrxUcXu-r‡^XrEcb^brpqe-gZ\cbmnO~&wj‚Sro|ƒ~
—J‘<ß ëi‘ … ¯š ukrx^`lUekrx‚Sg‚S~&|ƒ~‘pq’Mek~ƒnKlUmopspq~&‰gSwjmo^bpqmàO— ˆ¢#£D‘£ß ¥  °ëbˆ¢!£-‘ … ¥   ¦ˆ  «!¬t°}zš yßuzvbm6~ƒ^XnOmoe-~&psm
á ^bpqe-rolU~&gSyÆ©roe-^X~ƒnKu-ro^brÌ|&Ó mxnKlUekmxnKnO~&rx^Xm
^bmo|ƒ|&g¯Æ©roe-wjcX|ƒgHUmx|&|&Ó !

º¼X⠣Ȱ ¥  ²¬î£ °ãŸd¡?¢ † ° { £¿«!¬t° ¥ Ÿd¡?¢ † £q«#¬t° ¥q¥

~&|Gukcb~UgS^XUgSwjmo^bpqrhwjrxnOpqekgSpqr^bmx|&|&gH_XacbekgHnKmxadcbmo^bpsmyS~ƒ^6Æ©cX^bŽ~ƒro^bm}U~° ‹

1.2 Entropia di sorgente Binaria 1.2 Ridondanza di sorgente Binaria

1.0 Hb(p) 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2
p p
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

ä~&acXe-g¯Ñ ‹ Ð œ£å ƒ € ‰ /‚ } zçæ}Dª  ‰ ¦ ƒ €  § } ƒ)z‰©} z – s‰©} æ  ƒRæ7zƒx§¨zzHªDª  {} z € z

]\cbmnK~ƒwj‚rx|&~M—J‘ ß ëi‘ … šžl\rxnKnOrx^Xr—mxnKnOmoe-m—ekgSl\lUekmxn<mo^bpqgSps~Ug|ƒ|&m  u-~&ƕe-m—‚~ƒ^bgdek~ƒmà—2„ë-«2š-yuzvbm
~&^iÒcbmxnKpsr€u-gnOr€uzvX~ƒgwj~ƒgdwjrÜ“©”X“©š+þ!l\mxe^brx^{u-ro^bƕrx^XUm‡ek|ƒ~ukrx^i|ƒg6wj~ƒnKcbekg6\mx|&|ƒÓ ~&^Gƕroe-wjgSŽ~&rx^bmH¨•~ƒ|
‚S~&pqª©ySmxg|ƒ|&rxekg€nKm° ê è éBKë yUcbnK~ƒgwjr o ‚S~&^G~&pDì›nK~ƒwj‚rx|&rÌlUmoe=ekgSlUl\e-monOm‡^Xpsge-mcb^6wjmonOnKgSada~&rukrx^nKrx|&r
º¼â0Ú «#‚S~&pD›ì nO~&wj‚Sro|ƒr\~~&^bƕrxekwjgSŽ<~&ro^bmyfUcX^bÒScXm|ƒgE^XrxnOpqekgtukrx\~ƒ_Xu-gvbg€cb^bgEek~ƒ\rx^XUgS^XŽ<gžl\gSek~bg
«!¬íºNâG£ ° ¥ ¨•aekgS_Xu-gpsgHªDœOî ‹
ú r}nOpqmxnKnOrˆu-ro^bukm‡pspqrySnK~UgSlUl\|ƒ~&ukg¯g€cX^bgnOroe-admx^XpsmˆgSïZ “ |ƒ~&‰mo|ƒ|&~&ydu-ro^ð!á ^Xpsekrxl\~ƒgNºØ€½  ¿Ÿd¡?¢ “ y~
ukcb~bnK~ƒwj‚rx|&~XnKrx^brukrx\~ƒ_Xu-gps~bukrx^òñDŸd¡?¢ † “)# ó ‚S~&^b~&p-Âì nK~ƒwj‚dro|ƒr œCô yfukrx^Zek~ƒ\rx^b\gS^bŽgÀñ-Ÿd¡?¢ † “0ó ¬º ½ † ‹õ ~
uzvb~&mx\~ƒgwjrÌgS|&|ƒroe-gœhl\rxnKnO~&‚S~&|ƒmˆpsekgSnKwjmxpqpsm‡ekmÌpqgS^Xps~G‚S~&^G~&p ÒcbgS^fpq~X^bmnOmoe-‰drx^bry\m^brx^6U~flU~-ö} ÷ ú g
ek~ƒnKlUronOpqgMhtn`&s y ek~ƒukrxekeOmo^bUrtgSMcb^XgÖø ùU ø ŒãúÑûüýEþ yߏ\~ukcb~ßgSl\lUekmxnKnOr6Æ©roe-^X~ƒgwjr6cX^
mxnKmxwjl\~ƒr ‹
Ã

ÿ / `,;O%(+D/$.+-+D;*ka/0'*;Ø%(>303A$NfC/0bdbd;*,K;*ka$30$,/gfa'*fa$.2ka$fC;*3030$#"'Ofa/0c"$fC/%-'C,j4;*+D;`1&/0fC/0"$#/‰Å./0O/0+(%(/0hZÅ.'*30'
% `,;*"K$.+D/!1*hZ;C+D,;)30$E,/!fC'CfC$.?ka$Mfa;*3030$ "K'OfC/0c"K$çfa/I"$.$J3B;21x/0fa/B"$ /03,$ 
2'C,+D')+D,K$ Å./0/0+›fC/2,'C+D;*ka/0'*;);=.>;*3030/fa/
/0bd'*,h$.ka/0'*;26
à 
Ñ$<?'*+D$.ka/0'*; /AfC/0"$3  /0+D;*,' %(>2;C,/0'*,;:$&f È 4$&f;2%-;*h`/0'21.%-; ÈFÉ Œ 
Œ  12%-/2Ç$ ô È õ É 6
ôÈ õ
 HldmHl¯ n¯ o2p Ñ

 ¶b¹º¿ò ó´{¹ ºs¾´XÃßÃܼóS¶b¹º›òßóS´{¼UÃ߸)·‡¶Xµ º2óS´Z´iÁ ßÃßÀ!ß¼UÄdÄ´{»b´b·™º¿´"º›Á›¼ õ ro^bnO~&nKpsm¯^bmo|ƒŒ

|&Ó cXnOgdekm ø $#¼ûú ¨AÇ–UÕkɇוʐàb“0ýkÉxàb“•ýkʪ}U~!|ƒcX^bavfmxŽŽgê‰dgSek~ƒg‚S~‘|&mymx­cbnKgSekm—|ƒmZl\~DöÜ|&cb^Xavbm
lUmoe~!nK~ƒwj‚rx|&~wjmo^br—l\e-ro‚SgS‚~ƒ|&~ ‹ õ ro^bnO~&Umoek~ƒgSw6rgS÷monOmxw6lU~&r{cX^bgînKrxekamo^bpqm{ukrx^Üg|ƒÆ•gS‚mxpqr—U~
ukgSe-\~ƒ^XgS|&~‘psN
’ “ê&
  %ygS~\ukcb~UnK~ƒwj‚rx|&~SukrxwjlUm‡pqm}|ƒglUekrx‚gS‚S~&|&~ƒpq’e-~&lUroe-pqgSpqgH^Xmx|&|ƒgpqgS‚Smo|ƒ|&guzvbmˆnOmoacbm ‹
]^6ÒScbmonOpqrÌukgSnKr|&Ó á#^bpqe-rolU~&g€‰g|ƒm ê }¦ ‡ ¿¢‰ £ ø æ(' ‰ æ
§¢  §  
Á °’:Ÿd¡?¢ † ° ’ « « « ™ ¬ £* 
™ Ÿd¡?¢ † ™ { % Ÿd¡?¢ † % { , Ÿd¡?¢ †
)
 
’
,
) © £ Ÿ * ž 


« « ™ ) £g^Ÿ * ž"ž
  {™ ™ { ,.-  ²«Oé0/Oë‚S~&pDì›nO~&wj‚Sro|ƒr )+
° £g^ Ÿ * ž"ž"ž

wjmx^XpsekmÌ~&|G^Xcbwjmoe-rˆwjmx\~ƒȑ\~G‚~ƒ^X~ƒp-›ì nO~&wj‚drx|&rÌcbnKgSpq~GhˆlUgSek~fg

  ¾Ú—zú cX^badvGmoŽ<Žgš0  Á ú cX^bav ‹ £!• ¥ °‰’}  « | { ™ | {

™
« «
| ™,  ²«Oé0/Oë߂S~&^b~&pDì›nO~&wj‚drx|&r
’
1
% -

Ô nKnOmoe-‰d~ƒgwjruzvbm\œ

Å |ƒm}u-roUm2r‡e-\n!g¯|&cb^Xa‡vXmxŽŽ<g‰ge-~&gS‚d~&|ƒm}^bro^nO~\ukrx^bƕro^bUro^brˆpsekgH|&rxekr}~ƒ^ÒScXgS^fpsrˆnOroUU~&nKÆ©g^br

|ƒg¯ÕkÊ â Éxו–tàbÊk×SǧÕ-Ê2ûßËkË-É2þßrx‰d‰mxekr^bmonOnKcb^bgHu-roUm2r‡e-hÌcbacXgS|‘mgS|&|&Ó ~ƒ^X~ƒŽ~‘rU~Gcb^Xg€ukrxUm2rxeK
lU-~ öj|&cb^ba™gœnOmˆu-ron`sG^brx^6Æ©ronOnKmyU^bro^jek~ƒcXnOuk~ƒekmxwjwjrgSE~&nKrx|&gSek|ƒmˆ^bmx|43bcXnOnKr^Xcbwjmxek~&u-r ‹

Å ]\cbm!ek~&nOcb|&pqgSpq~d¨•mx^XpsekrxlG~&g}m!|&cb^ba™vXmxŽŽ<g}wjmxU~&gSªukrx~&^buk~ƒ\rx^bry™~ƒ^¯‰~&e-pq\mx|dÆ©gpspqr=uzvbm#~‰dgS|&rxek~

U~flUekrx‚Sg‚S~&|ƒ~&pq’HnKrx^brlUrxpqmx^XŽ<m^brx^6^bmoagSpq~&‰m\~  ‹

5¯mo|\u-gSnKramo^bmoe-g|ƒm0¨•‰g|ƒroe-~S\~SlUekrx‚gS‚S~&|&~ƒpq’̏U~mxwj~&nOnK~ƒro^bm0ÒScXgd|ƒnK~ƒgnO~&ª©y™nO~S~&^bpqekrxUcXu-m}cb^žek~&psge-\r}\~
ukrxU~&_bukgSyd~&^Ewjrx\rˆ\ge-gaade-cbl\lUge-m0lU~-öEnO~&wj‚Sro|&~U~\nKrxekamo^bpqmySmo€moƕƩmoppscXgSekm0u-ron`s\cb^XgÌu-ronO~&U\mxpŒ
pqg6ukrx\~ƒ_bukgtgt‚|ƒrou-uzvb~qœl\mxeˆ_bnOnKgSekmH|&m¯~ƒ\mxmybu-ro^bnO~&Umoe-~&gSwjr¯cb^XgnOrxekamo^bpqm€‚~ƒ^XgSek~ƒgdyXUmx|&|&gtÒcbgS|&m
nO~fekgSaade-cXlUl\~ƒ^XrukrxlUl\~ƒmU~f‚S~&p nK~ƒwjcX|ƒgd^b\rÌukrx.n sXcb^XgHnKrxekamo^bpqmÌg€ÒScXgSpqpsekr̉dgS|&rxek~ ‹
õ rx^6~Ue-~&nOcX|ƒpqgSpq~Ue-~&lUroe-pqgSpq~X~&^6pqgS‚mx|&|ƒgg¯_bgS^Xu-rynO~flUcXé‰moe-~&Œ ê } ¦ ‡ ¿‰ £ ø æ(' ‰ æ
_bukgSekmÌuzvbmÌnK~frxpqps~&mx^XmÌcb^XØ g á!^Xpsekrxl\~ƒgHU~fnOroe-admx^bpqm §¢  /§  
) ¬ £ö 

º87ß êé , Ÿd¡?¢ † é « , { éB™eŸd¡?¢ † Bé « ™  

  „Ué0/O™ ) © £Ÿ ž
) ¬) ¬ £ 6"  
) ¬ ) ©
‚S~&p-ìÂnK~ƒwj‚rx|&rywjmx^bpqe-m}gS\rxpqpsg^b\r}cX^bgukrxU~&_bukgu-ro^ o ‚S~&^f~ƒp§l\mxe
£g 6 ž 
) © ) ¬ £g 6 ž‹ž
rxad^b~‡nK~ƒwj‚rx|&r#admx^XmxekgSpsry™nO~‡rxpqps~&mo^bm=ro‰‰~&gSwjmo^bpqm#cX^bg0|&cb^ba™vbmoŽ<Œ
) © ) ©
ŽgêwjmoU~&gêU~ o ‚S~&^b~‘-p ìÂnK~&wj‚Srx|&r :
£ ž"  ž‹ž"ž
‹ 9 |!u-ro^bpqe-ge-~&ry0|ƒgê|&cb^Xa‡vXmxŽŽ<g
wjmx\~ƒgHrxpqpsm‡^X~ƒ‚d~&|ƒmˆe-gaade-cXlUlUg^bUrˆu-rolUl\~ƒm\~GnK~ƒw6‚Srx|&~Ue-~&nOcX|ƒpqg¯lUgSek~Gg

1  ²«|Ié<;=% { ™ |?é «; { - |?é «; { - |Ié8„>% ²«OéBë/>??™

‚S~&^b~‘p rxad^b~  nO~&wj‚Sro|&~‘y\rxnKnO~&g€l\gSek~Gg p ‹ @BABCdè ‚S~ƒp-ì›nO~&wj‚Sro|ƒr ‹
]^êadmx^bmoe-g|ƒmy lUekmx^b\m‡^b\rt‚|ƒrou-uzvX~‰d~ƒg—‰d~ƒg—l\~Dê ö |&cb^badvf~ƒy hlUrxnKnO~&‚S~&|&m6ek~&Ucbeke-mt|&g{‰dmx|&rxuk~&ps’ZU~
ukrxU~&_bukg Í ¨•~&^j‚S~&^b~‘p-ì›nO~&wj‚Srx|&roªekmx^b\mx^XUrx|&gžnKmxwjl\e-ml\~DötnO~&wj~&|ƒmˆgS|&|ƒÓ á#^bpqe-rolU~&gSyrx‰‰dmxekr

DFEHGJI ÍLK   ºï½ N { M OQP=RSM ƒ…„

nOm|&g—|&cb^ba™vbmoŽ<Žg—Umo| ‚S|&rxuku-rpqmx^XUmtgS{~&^b_b^X~‘psrt¨TdÊkÉxÕOÊkÖj–iàb“UWVb–U”X”GÉo”­nOcb|&|&gu-roU~&_bukgZU~ nKrxeŒ
amo^bpqmxª ‹
oOp è  
Hl 
?Ò !"#! !

>?A@?<X YìNL=Z0T§D Š=JIqIOJðŽ T§DGF؊=J\[4[fJjN[F^]÷JVdN[YÌJSI

æ xr |&pqrÌnOl\mxnKnOryUÒcbgS^f\rÌnO~fUmo‰mÌ~&^b\~ƒukgSekmcX^EÕk–xÇ\ÇÉxÕKšÂÉpsekgž|&mlUropsmo^bŽmyUnO~fek~ƒukrxeke-mgEcb^XgËký-–\ו–
•× É â U – Õ-“•š›Öj“©ýK–Xy \mx_X^b~&psg{u-rowjmUœ Í £_a` ¥   «4„Ÿ¡?¢ … ß Í y ~&^÷ukcb~ Í htcb^êekgSlUl\rxekpsrpqekgil\rxpqm‡^bŽ<mmo
Í £_a` ¥ ~ƒ|nKcbr€‰dgS|&rxekm€~&^MnKu-g|ƒgt|ƒroage-~&pswj~&ukg ‹ ú g6ekmx|&gSŽ~&rx^bmH~ƒ^X‰moe-nKgjh Í   «4„cbdf¬ie h Š(g ‹  gpsrHuzvbm
Ÿd¡?¢ … ß ™    „Ué „4« „™&édédé yGcb^6e-gUUrolUl\~ƒrU~ Í lUekrxUcXu-mcX^6gcbwjmx^XpsrˆU~fu-~&eku-g q Uä ‹
-
î ž ^ žj  Ÿ * ^ž Ïž
±
?­8æ a® ›k «
î ß òÝ"ž
°
ž l Ý lnm Ïž ƒ(oˆ^ž
Þ¯^bgEwj~&nOcXe-gE~&^—Uäíh|ƒgEekgSl\lUe-monOmo^bpqgSŽ~ƒro^bm|&rxage-~&pqwj~ƒukgEU~cb^—ekgSl\lUroe-pqrxyGmUcX^bÒScXmu-ronOpq~ƒŒ
pqcb~&nOukmÌcb^XgHade-gS^XUmoŽ<ŽgÕkÊ-ו–Uš›“•˜‡– ‹
]|UäêlUcbé0monOnKmxekmcb^XgÌcb^X~ƒpq’̏U~\wj~&nKcbe-g0–UËkË-ɇ×qpš›–xþukrxwjm}gSHmonOmxw6lU~&r}~&|S\ä÷ek~ƒÆ•moe-~&psr}gS|sr—gSpqpsy
uzvbmHnO~nOukek~ƒ‰dm€Ut ä r L‹ õ rx^XrxnKu-mo^bUrH|&g6lUropsmo^bŽg6\mx|§e-cXwjrxek8 m uWv¯~&^i\w ä r m¯|ƒÓ Û 5yx UmonO~&Umoe-gpsrynK~
rxpqpq~ƒmo^bmlUmoe=|&gHl\rxpqm‡^bŽgH\~GnKmxad^bgS|&z
m u 7 £ _(`|{ ¥ }   u v ~£ _a`F{  ¥ { » Z
1 Í ~£ _a` ¥ œS~&^bƕgSpqpq~ƒy

» 1ZÍ £_a` ¥  ²«4„Ÿd¡?¢ … ß u7

uv
 ²«4„Ÿd¡?¢ … ß u 7 ¬­«4„Ÿd¡?¢ … ß u v  }u 7 £ _a`F{ ¥ ¬€u 7 £ _(`|{ ¥

Û ~f^brops~fuzvbm¯ 7 m v nKrx^brmx^XpsekgSwj‚S~fmxnKlUekmxnKnO~G~ƒ^r—gSpqp ‹

á!nK~ƒnKpsm~&^bro|ƒpqe-mÌ~ƒ|GUä!wjy\ukvXm¯hÌcb^bgHwj~ƒnKcbekgž|ƒroage-~&pswj~&ukgžU~Gcb^lUropsmo^bŽgSyfmonOl\e-monOnKg~&^wj~&|&|ƒ~&Œ
œ uÜ£ _(`ƒ‚ ¥  ²4« „Ÿd¡?¢ … ß I uí£ ‚„{ ¥ K   4« „Ÿd¡?¢ … ßL… 4« „† |‡uí~£ { ¥ ˆ ¿
r—gpsp v ek~ƒnKcb|&psg   Ÿd¡?¢ … ß 4« „† { uð~£ _a`F{ ¥  
-
„ { uí£ _a`F{ ¥‹
>?A@?<‰ Š‹ZHDGF0RON=[4[fDn[NWGFHJIKW ‰Ž0DGT\N[ROP"NVbD
9 ‚‚S~‘gSwjr€rxnKnOmxek‰gpsrEg|psmoeOwj~ƒ^XmH\mx|cŒžÑ ‹ Ð uzvbmy§^Xmx|§u-gnOrž~&^Mukcb~§~&|§nKmxad^bg|ƒmN‘Ug6ÒScbg^fps~&Ž<ŽgSekm
lUekmxnKm‡^bpq~U‰gS|&roe-~Õk“©àXÉxš›šÂ“§e-~&nOl\mxpqpsrgS|&|ƒgnOcXgH\~ƒ^XgSwj~‘ukg€lUekmxnKcb^Xpsg|ŽKySnK~UgSnOnK~&nOpqmgS€cb^ˆÇÊ â⠓©ÉoÕO–Uá
ÖjÊk”bš›ÉU~›» 1ZÍ yS~&^tÒScbg^GpqrÌuk~ƒéˆmxÒcb~&‰gS|&m}g€U~&nKlUrxekekm̏U~fcb^t^bcbwjmoe-rˆU~f|&~ƒ‰dmx|&|ƒ~‰ê “  ¿™ Ï ek~ƒ\rxpqpsr ‹
€
9 ada~&cG^Xa~&gSwjrHrxekg—ukvXmžnOmž~ƒ|§lUekrxuOmonOnKrt ‘ ”XÉx”VX–MU~&nOpqek~ƒ‚cbŽ<~&ro^bm€\~gSw6lU~&mxŽŽ<gjcX^b~&Æ©roe-wjm€u-rowjm
~&lUrxpq~&Ž<ŽgSpqr<yS~&|Gek~ƒnKcb|&psgpsrÜ» 1ZÍ “ ^brx^thÌl\~D6
† ö ‰gS|&~‘Ur
Û ~lUcXéwjrxnKpsekgSekm€uzvbmyXlUmoeˆ € cX ^bgžadmx^bmoe-~&ukgH°’‘`£-‘ ¥ yX~&‹ |ÒScXgd^bps~&ŽŽ<gpsroe-mÉxš›š›“©Öjɞ¨•ukvXmHekmx^XUm¯wj~ƒŒ
t

^b~&wjr » 1—Í ª ”bÉx”­nKcbU\~ƒ‰d~&Umt|ƒgZU~&^bgwj~ƒukg“ Ž ~&^Úí “ ¬"«~ƒ^Xpsmoe-‰dgS|&|ƒ~ ž ’ U~p â p–UוʞmxnKpsmo^bnK~ƒro^bm

  ÐB” •
… y € wjgZcbpq~ƒ|&~&Ž<Žg—~ƒ^Xpsmoe-‰dgS|&|ƒ~ \~ mxnKpsm‡^XnO~&rx^Xm„ £g• ¥ Õk“©àXÉxš›šÂ–÷^bmx|&|&me-moa~&rx^b~ßl\mxeH|ƒmtÒScXgS|‘~
€ £D‘ ¥ hÌlU~-j €

°–‘÷ ö ade-g^bUm ‹
ňcbmxnKps~‰g|ƒroe-~U~ãM‘ nOro^br—~&^bƕgSpqps~~#lU~-ð ö ƕe-moÒScXmx^bpq~&y!m—‰dmx^Xarx^Xr
˜šœ›
θ θ θ
˜ ˜š™›
ÒScbg^Gpq~&Ž<ŽgSpq~u-ro^Mcb^Zmxekekr‡e-mHU~lUropsmo^bŽg:ž † £g• ¥ ek~ƒ\rxpqpsg6e-~&nOl\mxpqpsržg|
u-gnOr¯U~W ukrxnKpsgS^Xpsm ‹ úgtl\rxpqmx^XŽ<gtUmo|ƒ|&Ó mxek€e-roe-m‹u Ÿ§nK~rxpqps~&m‡^bmukrxwjm
‰gS|&rxekmgpspq€ mxnKr
— ˜ — ˜š™›
x x
˜  ˜H™‡›
∆ ∆
Ð
¾ ¢ž † £!• ¥¤   Á °’=ž † £!• ¥
}
}

˜ ˜š™›
I I u¡Ÿ   £
€ ’4 … €
æ¥ !3?h;*+D'Ofa'9e/0+D;*,$.+-/A@4'`1
;Of›/0/Bka/0$~%(>f2fa/0@J/(fC;*fa':3 /0+-;*,@4$.303A'¡§
/A hZ'Ofa'>?/0bd'*,hZ;`6RGI;*,'*j4/O/0+D;C,$.ka/0'*;>
¨ %-/‰fa;*+D;*hZ/0$.?')/L@4$.30'*,/L=.>$JO+D/0kaka$.+D/ ) ¨ "'*hZ; ) ¨ ° )«ªL¬ ¨Q­ ®Q´ °

µ¶ d
e
6!
g
É É o
à>± á )²q³ â * ) É
+D$.32hZ'Ofa'21i/?@4$.30'*,K/ ) ¨ %(/Ñ%`'O%-+D$J'\·d/0+D;*,K$.hZ;*?+D;›$ ¬ q¨ ¸ @J;C,4%-':30$),;*j4/0'*;e/0">?/ à ± á ) â 9:hZ$JjJj4/0'*,;=¹
 © “®Q¯° ) µ °

¨ %-/2,/»º "$.30"'*30$.2':/?"K'*c/Ñfa/Hfa;*"/!%(/A'C;¡¼ ¨ "'*h;w¼ ¨ É

°¾½
° ¿ 1J%-;CjJ>?;*fa'e30' % 2'O%(+D$.hZ;C+D' fC;CjJ30/ 6
) ¨
© Í
Ñ;:/0+D;*,$JkC/0'*?/U%-/2$.,,;O%(+D$.':=J>$4fC':'*#%-/2,/!%-"'C+D,$.?'›"$.hZÅ./0$.h;*+D/2 $ 
2,;*kaka$.ÅJ/B3A/!6
 HldmHl¯ n¯ o2p @

g‰mx^XUr~&^bU~&ukgSpsr}°’H  °Á‘ê£-‘ ¥ _‘|&gtl\e-ro‚SgS‚~ƒ|&~‘pq’tuzvXmN‘àž ’ ‹ ][|wjrx\rHropspq~&wjrH\~U~&nOl\rxekeOm~

ukrx^b_X^b~~£ Ä2’ • … ¾ë Ä`’ ¥ uzvbm\mx|&~ƒ¨ wj~&psg^br ž ’ky‡&~ ^€wjrx\rUgÌekmx^XUmxeKm=wj~&^b~&wjgÅuŸ•y‡h^bropsr=u-rowjmgS|&arxek~&pswjr
®QÀ

U~Xú cÆ} Œ  æ  œqÇ ‹

5¯mx|&|&g6ÒcbgS^fpq~ƒŽŽ<gŽ<~&rx^XmH\mx|§nOmoa^bg|ƒm¯‰rou-g|ƒmygS^buzvbmHnOmHh€ge-‚S~&Œ

pqe-gSek~&r6~&Umo^bpq~ƒ_Xu-ge-mtu-ro^`monOgpspqm‡Ž<Žg—cb^Xg6°–‘ê£-‘ ¥ y nO~ ‰dmxek~ƒ_Xu-g{nOpqe-cXŒ
È
Out

wjmx^Xpsg|ƒwjmo^bpqmHuzvXmHÒcbmxnKpsÓ cb|&pq~ƒwjgEhHgSU\mx^XnOgSpqg^bmo|ƒ|&me-moa~&rx^X~§ukrx^
‰g|ƒroe-~ˆlU-~ ö lU~&u-ukrx|&~ ‹ mxeZÒScXmxnKpsrwjrops~&‰ry|&gÜ|&mxaadmU~Òcbg^Gpq~ƒŽŒ
ŽgSŽ<~&rx^Xm—uzvbmZnO~#h{gUropspqgSpqg÷l\mxetrxpqpqm‡^bmxekmZa|&~ A ‚S~&pgukgSwjlU~&ro^bm
cbpq~&|ƒ~&Ž<ŽKgps~f^bmo4 | Éø nKmxacXmcX^jgS^XUgSwmx^Xpsr|&rxadgSek~ƒpqwj~ƒukr œÝ yU~&wjmxŽŒ
ŽgS^b\rlUekrxadeOmxnKnO~&‰gwjmx^bpqm—|&gîlUmo^bUmo^bŽgîUmo|ƒ|&gukgSe-gpspqmxek~&nOpq~ƒukgêU~
~&^baekmxnKnOroŒ•cbnOuk~&psgž\mx|fÒScbg^fps~&Ž<ŽgSpqrxekm ‹
In
ú gj_Xacbekgjgj_bgS^fukrEwjrxnKpsekg—cb^MmonOmowjlU~&rEU~psg|ƒmžekmxg|ƒ~&ŽŽ<gdŽ<~&rxŒ
^bmj¨©l\mxeE~nOro|ƒ~‰g|ƒroe-~lUronO~&pq~ƒ‰d~ƒª•ymx‰d~ƒ\mx^bŽ~&gS^b\rjukrxwjm—~&|ek~&nOcX|ƒpqgSpqrlUronOnKgîmxnKnOmoeOmglUlUekrxnKnO~&wjgSŒ
pqrj~&^bU~&‰™~ƒ\cbg^bUr¨•gil\gSekps~&e-m6Ug|ƒ|&Ó rxek~&a~&^bmoª#ekmxad~ƒro^b~ߏU~ß~&^bade-monOnKr6\~ßgSwjlU~&mxŽŽ<g—uzvXmjwjgS^êwjgS^Xr
ekgSU\rxl\lU~&gSy\mnOcb\U~&‰~&Umo^bUrˆ|&gHekmxad~ƒro^bmÌ~&^jcX^6cbadcbgd|&mÌ^bcXwjmxekrU~f~&^bpqmxek‰gS|&|&~fmoÒScX~ƒnKlUgSŽ~&gpq~ ‹
ú gÌukgSekgSpqpsmoeO~ƒnKps~&ukgÌ^bro^E|ƒ~&^bmogSekm=h0e-mogS|&~ƒŽŽ<gd‚S~&|&mlUmoe߉~&gÌu-rowjlU|&mxp[gSwjmx^Xpsm^Xcbwjmoe-~&u-gœ‡nO~Sgpspqcbg
cb^ukgSwjlU~&rx^XgSwjmo^bpqrˆukrx^6|ƒmoaadm|&~ƒ^fmxge-mySu-ro^jcb^t^bcXwtmxekȑ\~U|ƒ~&‰mo|ƒ|&~\wjrx|&pqrwjgSada~&rxekm}Umx|f^bmou-monOŒ
nOge-~&r}¨©mon!u-roS ^ %„?;  ™ …›† |&~&‰mo|ƒ|&~ƒª v ~\‚~ƒp§l\D~ önO~&a^X~ƒ_fukgSpq~ƒ‰d~\Umo|fukgSwjl\~ƒro^bm0~&^bU~&‰~&UcXgd^br}|ƒgekmxad~ƒro^bm
U~~&^bade-monOnKr<yXmo—~‚S~&pek~ƒwjg^bmx^Xps~nKrx^Xr‡Ë Vb0“ Óš›–Uš›“ßgt\mxnKpsekgSyblUmoewjg^bpsmo^bmoe-m¯u-ronOpqgS^XpsmH~ƒ|^Xcbwjmoe-r
U~f~&^bpqmxek‰gS|&|&~fl\mxe!e-moa~&rx^Xm ‹ ]ßek~ƒnKcb|&psgps~U\~GpqgS|&m0Öj–oÇUÇ“•” â lUronOnKr‡^brˆ~ƒ^X_G^XmmonOnOm™e-mˆ~ƒ^XnOmxek~&ps~f~&^6cb^Xg
û u-rowjmukrxlUl\~ƒmˆU~“•” â Õ-ÊkË-Ëkɇqá pËký-“•šÂ–Gyrx‰‰dmxekrukrxwjmˆu-rolUl\~ƒym pËký-“•šÂ–\ᩓ•” â Õ-ÊkËkËOÉl\mxe#~ƒ|U~&nOl\rxnO~&pq~ƒ‰dr
uzvbmÌmoƩƕmoppscXg€~&|UlUe-rou-m™U~&wjmxpqrÌ~ƒ^X‰moe-nKr ‹

>?A@?&> ÊzZ0Fy[‡NWGFHJMVbDGT§DGRORJT\N<LORON<VXD

á!ӏUmo_b^X~ƒpqg€ukrxwjm|&Ó gS^fps~&psekgSnKÆ©roeOwjgSpqg€\~‰äXrxcbek~&mxe=\~XcX^bgH\mx^XnO~&ps’ž\~Xl\e-ro‚SgS‚~ƒ|‘~&pq’Sy\ro‰‰dmxekr¨©moÒScX~ƒŒ

‰g|ƒmo^bpqmxwjmo^bpqmxªbu-rowjmÌ~ƒ|f‰dgS|ƒroekmgSpqpsmonOr\~\˦ÌqÍ4Îœ

£Ð ¥  ÒÑ • … s— °4Ӏ£Ô š}  ¾ÕÓ×Ö’Ë  ÙØ­°4Ӟ£»Ô ¥

Ï
Î ¥ ÌqÍ4Î ¤ Ë ÌqÍÚÎ _(Ô

Ô nKnOmoe-‰d~ƒgwjruzvbmyUnKmÌgSl\lU|&~ƒukgSpqgHg|ƒ|&g¯nOrxw6wjg€U~f‰ ‹ g ‹ ~&^bU~&lUmo^b\mx^bpq~&ynK~fvbgœ

£Ð ¥   ¾ÕÓ×Ö’Ë  ¿¾ÕӋÖsË  ¿¾w‘ßÖ’Ë ¾

Ž Ü4ÝQÞ Ž Ý Ž Ý
Ï
Î
ÌqÍ$Û ¤ Ì¾Í Ë ÌqÍ ¤ ÌqÍ ¤ à„ÖBË ÌqÍ ¤   Ï Ž!£Ð ¥ Ï Ý£Ð ¥
rx‰d‰moe-rt|&g{ƕcb^XŽ<~&rx^XmEu-ge-gpspqmxek~ƒnKp~&u-g—\~ cb^bg—nKrxwjwjgZU~ ‰ ‹ g ‹ ~ƒ^XU~&lUmo^bUmo^bpq~ htlUgSek~ gS|lUekrxUr‡pqpqr
Umo|ƒ|&mÌƕcb^XŽ<~‘ro^b~fu-ge-gpspqmxeO~&nOpq~&ukvXm ‹
á!ƕƩmopspqcbg^bUr{rxekg÷|ƒÓ rxl\mxekgSŽ~ƒro^bm{~ƒ^X‰moe-nKg÷¨•pqe-gnOƕrxeOwjgpsg\~~äXrxcXe-~&mxetUmo|ƒ|&gêÆ©cX^bŽ~ƒro^bmZukgSe-gpsŒ
pqmxek~ƒnKps~&u-gê\mx|&|ƒgînKrxwjwjgª0m—e-~&ukrxekUgS^XUrZuzvbmZcb^ðl\e-roGrxpqpsrZ~&^Üƕe-moÒScbmo^bŽgîhZcb^bgiu-ro^b‰ro|ƒcXŽ<~&rx^Xm
^bmo|psmowjlUrE¨•m€‰d~ƒukmx‰dmxeknOgª nK~§ropsp[~ƒmo^bm€~&|e-~&nKcb|&psgpsrB   Ñ — Ï Î »£ Ð ¥ šEâ
° Ӟ£ Ô ¥ á   Ñ¿— Ï Ž#£ Ð ¥ Ï Ý£ Ð ¥ šž 
°–‘÷D£ ‘ $ ¥ ã ° 4 j
à £  ä ¥ k
u X
v Ì
m k
u G
~ \
l x
m k
e j
w ‡
m s
p q
p Ì
m U
 f
~ x
m X
^ b
c X
^ -
u &
~ S
g k
e U
m œ

–tàbÊk”bËk“©š åtàb“ÇÕ-É?S–S“•×©“•š åàXÊ-וש–tËkÉxÖjÖj–6àX“˜‡æ ––æ“©”Xàb“ÈÇÊk”bàbÊk”bš›“$çÇ–UÕk“–Uוו–tý-Éo”b˜‡Éoá

×pKã“•Éx”XÊ=š›Õ-–×•Ê=Õk“•Ë¿Ç§Ê-š›šÂ“›˜‡Ê!àXÊ-”XË-“•š›–Áè<àb“dÇÕ-É?S
 –S “•×©š åÖj–\Õ â “©”X–Uו“~æ
ú g¯Æ©cX^bŽ~ƒro^bmˆu-gSekgSpqpqmxek~ƒnKps~&u-g€vbg€g|ƒpqe-~UcXnO~ ‹ ‹+‹ wjg¯^bro^jgSl\lUekrxƕr‡^b\~ƒgwtrÌro|ƒpqe-m ‹
à é

 $.fC$JhZ;*+D';O%-$.+D+-' fC;*3030$">,K@4$~%-;*j4>;:>?' fC/Ñfa>; %-+-$.Hfa$.,4f`1JfC;C'*hZ/0$.+D/230;*j4j4;ê¡·ë2;*,Úì ‡í ;tî/0$ 
2'*; ;
30;*j4j4;š2;C,‰jJ30/2$.30+D,/ ¸ 1a30/0@4;*hZ;*?+D; fC/0@4;*,4%(;:;*3030$ãfC;Cc/0ka/A'C;21h$ %-'O%(+D$.ka/0$430hZ;C+D;:;*=.>/0@4$.30;*+-/-6 ¸
 oOp A ðsñzònó=ô õöÕõÃ÷ l òWøzõù$ñzù¡óönó=ô zú n Ò
ò øzõJðcû¡ü\ü$ó¡ûwýÙûtøwøzõ øwó

>?A@? @ þˆT§D L=ÿxWGTPQDn[‡NWGF0N ŠN
? D ?ßJiVbDGP"Y#NW–ŠN
DGT\N<DGYN[IqN

Åcbg^fUr0lU~-öž‰ ‹ g ‹ nK~Sukrxwj‚S~&^bg^Gr0ukrx^E|&mxada~S\~ƒ‰dmxeknOm0\gS|&|ƒgˆnOrowjwjgSyd~&|ek~ƒnKcb|&psgpsr\mx|–Œl\e-mouOmx\mx^bpqm
^bro^Ehˆl\D~ öEnKcbƕ_buk~ƒmo^bpqm0g¯Æ•roe-^b~&ekmˆcX^bgÌmonOlUekm‡nKnO~&rx^bm0l\mxe|&g ‹  ‹ l ‹ e-~&nOcX|ƒpqgS^Xpsm ‹ ][|&|ƒcXnOpqe-~&gSwrˆg|ƒ|&rxekg
~&|lUekrxuOmoU~&wjmx^XpsrHgS^bgd|&~ƒpq~ƒukr€admx^XmxekgS|&my^bmou-monOnKgSek~ƒrHgSjrxpqpsmo^bmoeOmHcX^bgmxnKlUekmxn<nK~ƒro^bm¯lUmoe|&g ‹  ‹ l ‹
U~famo^bmoe-~&uzvbmÌƕcb^XŽ<~&rx^X~f\~G‰ ‹ g ‹

    ´X½x¶Sßà º¿¹º¿¾¼\Ãß½xº2¶bà ´bÁ›¼

õ ro^bnK~ƒ\mxek~ƒgwjrcb^XgilUek~&wjgî‰ ‹ g ‹  y#mxcb^bginOmou-ro^bUg
UgîmonOnKgîUmoe-~&‰gpsgîl\mxe€wjmxŽŽ<r—Umo|&|ƒg
ekmx|&gSŽ~ƒro^bmäê  H£-‘ ¥ yuzvbmnK~ gSlUl\|ƒ~&ukgZg|ƒ|&mE\mxpqm‡e-wj~&^bgŽO~&ro^b~ U~)‘ZU~ î‹ ú g—ukgSekgSpqpsmoeO~&Ž<ŽgŽ~&rx^bm
nOpqgSpq~&nOpq~ƒukgU ~
í~ƒ^Epqmxwj~&^b~Umx|&|&gnOcbg ‹  ‹ l ‹ °Úà£ä ¥ lUcXé0rxpqpmx^XmxeknO~\glUge-pq~ƒekm0UgÒScXmx|&|ƒg̏\~  y^Xmx~
pqmxekwj~ƒ^X~G\mx|&|ƒgHÆ©cX^bŽ~ƒro^bm}U~fU~&nOpqe-~&‚ScXŽ<~&rx^XmU
~
yukrxwjm\œ

¥   ¢<—
Ý ä š0  Ý  … £-‘
  
•
àZ£ä ˆ¢ Ö ¥‡¤ ¨•Ñ ‹ @ ª

mÌukgS|&u-ro|ƒg^b\rlUro~°–à£ä ¥   Ý Û ‹
ÝQÞ

ú\Ó mxnKlUe-monOnK~&rx^bm€¨©Ñ ‹ @ ªlUcbéHU gSekm€|&cbroar¯g6ek~&nOcX|ƒpqgSpq~§l\~Dö{r€w6mx^br¯cbnKgS‚S~&|‘~§g6nKmxukrx^XUgj\mx|&|ƒgt^bgŒ

pqcbe-gjUmx|&|&gpsekgSnKƕrxeOwjgSŽ~&rx^bm¯£-‘ ¥ œß~&^î_ba ‹ Ñ ‹ ÑSgª pqe-ro‰~&gSwjrEcX^MmxnKmxwjl\~ƒr~&^îukcb~~‰g|ƒroe-~näŒÝä 
vbg^b^fr€roe-~&a~&^bm¯UgtUcXmH\~ƒ‰dmxeknO~~&^bpqmxek‰gS|&|&~U~ v ~ƒ^ZukrxeOek~&nOlUro^b\mx^bŽgU~ÒScXmxnKps~&yb|&Ó gSekmxgtnOropspqmxnKg
Ug|ƒ|&gˆ4 ° ‘÷-£ ‘ ¥ ~ƒ^XU~&‰~‘UcXg€|&gHl\e-ro‚SgS‚~ƒ|&~&ps’¯u-moe-uKgSpsg ‹

f(x) f(x) y=f(x) y

y y
y y

x x
x
{x}: y=f(x)<y X p (y)
Y

pX(x) b)

a) c)

pX (x)


x
x
FY (y)=Pr{Y<y}

!#"$&%('*) ',+.-/ 021!354/768029;: 4<=:?>@/ 0BA&0*/C: 0DE: F :?0*F G#0H>4/C: G

I J=LNMO%2PRQS?TUMO"NWVKX!YNZ*PR!%\[]QTQ^_QT%`M&$OJPaMaJT^bJScd)N',) '\egfihHjEJ$kQ=lTNNm#%2L?Q=$&JKnHpq o JPa?Pa^bJr"T
K
o uwt ^_%gL!JsM&xNJ q\y V]z_Y|{ tUo }~ q o h2J€L!%K‚'*) ƒ2fNjE"„€J=PRPaJ=$&JS$&!PRMO$&?^_^b%\MOQ[]J
PaQL?QB!TN^_J$Om#%2L?L!QsnE tv

…*†U‡ q Z y‰ˆsŠ
‹ tŒ~ V*NŽ ‡ YNZR y …, z Y y V*NŽ ‡ q Z }

M;xJhEnHJ=$&!m#%2^b%2hgjEJ=$&[]J=^^_JBnH#?"TdlJ$OJS%2L?L?%KJPajH$aJ=PRPa?QTJBnEdM&%2L?MOQL!QsnEJL!L?%B‘ † ‡ q Z+

‘ † ‡ q Z y“’ W… † ‡ q Z y“’ …,”wY ‡ YNZ ’ V NŽ ‡ q Z y ‘ ” z•V*NŽ ‡ q Z } ’ V NŽ ‡ q Z ‚'*) –2f

q’ ’ ’ q ’ q
—˜%™‚'*) –2fšjE"N„JPaPRJ=$aJ?T^bJ=$&jE$OJ›^_%2^b%™%œjH%2$&Q=L?JhQ=PRPaJ$Oml%gTnHQ]M;xJL!%|T"NQ=m#%™mž) %*) qwy V ‡ YZšjHQ=PRŸ
Pa?JnEJ "TN%]n) n) j,)BjE%g$O˜% ¡g"JL!L?% nE˜Y2hM&%2L?MOQL?%2^_%UM&Q=T¢%g$O#Q=[]JT^bQjH%2$&p%2L?L?%]£‚"T¤?Q=TJ`?Tm#J=$&Pa%
÷ 2¥¦2¥yñzònòWû
§yýJó=ð\ó ¨©BC
•N­,® ­,®
ª¬«  ä2¯i°±]²=³?´_µ?¶E³?µ?·O¸g´_¸¶E¹=ºs³?¸»H¹=º&µ!¼#¸2´b¸»Hµ½*¾ ä2¯À¿½Á˜¸»¿ »¿ ¶,¿šº&µ?Âaó?´b¸2Ä´b¹K»E¸]ÃNĸ ´_º&¸2ÂRÅi²º•Æ
±]¸2ǵ?²=Ĺ
»Eµg¼ž¿ ¸*¿#Âaµl¶Eº&¹=ÂR´_¸Sµ?IJ=³?´bºO¹È¸g»KÃÄɶHºO²·a¹=ÂRÂa²È»Hµ2·&²=Âa´bº&ÃǞµ?²Ä¹ÈÊlº&¸2ËN·O¸g°.·O²±]¹È¹=ÂR¹=±]¶H³!µ?Ë·&¸2´b²
Ĺ³!³?¸KËÊd¿gÌ,¿ ÌK·OÍ¿
ÎÐÏ=ÑHҢӘÔÖÕ
܀Ý=ÞbÝ=ß&à]á?âã2ß&ݽäHå æ?ç2èié=ê2ëãgìîí=ß&ã€ß&á!ïRëì?Þ_á#çÉðòñræ?óNè˜ðõô÷óEö ú ø í=í=âS óUù ö é Ù__∆2 ×y=f(x)=x
2

ø âSóUû ö Û4
âÝì ø ã2ïRíBá?â ø ëálädüýæ!óNèpðÿ
þ  æ?óè
x
 ïaïRÝ=ß lá?ã2à]íýá?ââNã2âžá?Þ_ëNÞ_Þbí ø
 ÝwÞbëÞbÞ_Ýì?ÝHÝ=ÞbÝ.ßOà]á?âãRá!íâáróŒù Øp
Eãgââíœì!ëNí#í¬ãëâòëNâá í#ã2ì?í=ß&Ýýç ð ÝßOÞbã2âÞbí¢ïaákíÞ_ޕá?Ý=âNÝ X(x)
ä ö å æ ö èÐð úþ  æ?çgè *Ýß ö! ç¬ø ù #"$&% ø íßOßaá?ï  í=â'öEÝ âÞ_ÝÉã ö( ó ù ú*) __Ù1∆
ïaášã + ì?á ø ã ì?ã ÞbÝ=íßaá!ãœï,#í=ì?Þ_ãgéší=ÞbÞ_ÝâÝ=â'Eí.-,å™æ?çgèð0/
21 óUù43 ç'5¢ð x

-*ü7683 ç9 é2Ý:EëâNê2ëdÝ ÚY

p (y)
∆
__
2

ädå æ?çgè½ð<; W- åUç æ?ç2è ð=; -*üwó æ?óè > ; 6?óðD3 ç9 ðFE E __
1 Ù∆1 2
__

ç; G H3 ç
2
y
; ; > >> ?A@'B C ∆
2
__
á?â ø ëá,ìJI ëì!Þbá?à]ã`Ý#ëã#ì!á?ã#âKãÞbá!ÝâÝ ø íâÞbí ø
 íÝ4 LNMPORQ ð‰äHüwæ?óèié ø
 Ý 4

lãgì!Ý þ  Ý=ß(Þ_ëNÞ_ÞbáT#ì?á8ó|âÝ=ì?ìJI áîâNÞ_Ýß#ã2ì?ì!íá?â L ?AS

ß&á!ïRëì?Þ_ãgâÞ_Ý  Ýß ê2ëNÝ=ïRÞ_í€Ý=ïRÝ=à  á?í ø áJEÝ? ß&ãžá?í=âNÝ VU+I ëì?Þ_á?à]ã ø Në ß#ã™à]í=ïaÞbß&ãœì?ã(W W 

â a
ï

XWY ZWY ZWY [ \:]'^_a`cbRdfegihjgf`ck+lR^mgi_'lR]Kdfk

܀Ýï ø ßOáJlá?ã2à]íÈêgëÝ=ïRÞbí ø ã2ïRí  Ýߝà]ÝnžíHÝ=ì+lÝÞbÞ_íßaÝEáP ão p ð æ?ó þq ó úr s s s q óutlèié#ã ø ëávkãgïaïRí ø á!ãw
ÞbãBëâãxW W  ø í=âK#á?ëâÞbã
äy¢æ?ó þ q ó úrs s s q óutgèié.ÝzHágëâ(ïaÝ ø íâKEí#Ý=ÞbÞ_í.ß&Ý ãgì!Ýã2Þbí=ß&á!íx{|Eá  ÝâKEÝâÞbÝ
Eãgì  ßOá?à]í€à]ÝmEá?ã2âNÞ_ÝBì?ãKÞ_ß&ã2ïA}iíßaà]ãáîí=âNÝ~{ ð€|æp]èié2í#Ý=ß&í
‚ƒ ç þ ð4† þ æ?ó þq ó úr
s s s q ó+t2è
ƒ
„ ç ú ð4† ú æ?ó þq ó úr
s s s q ó+t2è
ƒƒ…
çmtKð4†Ptdæ?ó þq ó úrs s s q óutlè
‡ ÝýÝïaá?ïaÞbÝýì!ãß&Ý=ì?ãá?í=âÝ á!â'lÝ=ß&ïRãDp ð aˆ þ æJ{|èié ø í=à  í=ïRޕã‰Eãgì!ìJI áîâïRá!Ýà]ÝcEá:}‚ëâ'žá?í=âNá€ó*Š™ð
† Š ˆ þ æ?ç þ q ç úr s s s q çmtgè  Ý=ß‹ð E q H q Œ Œ Œ,qŽ é(ãgì!ìîíß&ã  Ýß ì?ã7W W  Há{ ïaëïRïaá?ïaÞbÝA¬ëNâ÷ß&á?ïaëNì!Þbã2Þbí
‘’‘”“•–N—™˜zšP›’œž•AŸN—™š ¡¢›J¡¤£ ¥¡T¦§¡T˜2¡P–¤¡n›J—™˜z¡¦™—§ m¡¡T£ ¥—8–¤•~–N¡¦¨ž•©›JšTª,ž¡¨ž¡n–¤¡ œJ¡n«,¡n–T¬T—§˜2ªnšP›’œ•Aœ•›’¥¦™¦­•®A•©›’¡x–¤¡¦™¦™•
¨žš +›J—8–¤¡¤ž•AŸN—§š¤ ¡2¨f¯¡z¦™•x°±¥ ŸN—­š m¡~–N—²–¤—8›’œž—™®A¥PŸN—™š ¡³–¤—µ´¢«P¨ž•A¦™¨žš¦™•Aœ•—™ ¥m £ ¡ ¡¤ž—§¨”šzª,¥ œš:¶·(¸º¹§¶»¼i½8»¶ "”¾¿ž¿i¿ ½8»¶ ÀnÁ8«
ž•Aª,ªn”¡P›J¡ mœ•x¦™•ª,žš®A•A®—§¦­—™œÂ¨”¯m¡:´‰•Aª,ªn•AžœJ¡ £ ••A¦™¦§•ž¡¤£ —§š m¡2Ãf–Nš˜z—™ —™šPÄ+–N¡¦§—™˜z—™œ•œ•–¤•A¦ªn¥m œšx¶·«n—™ u–N—™¨ž•Aœ•¨žš 
Å ¶ ÆPÇ ÈÊÉ
¹§¶·Á¸ÌËWÍ+Τ´ÐÏѶ·ÒW¸ÓËWÍKÔÊ´DÕ Å ¶ ÆÖ
y=G(x)
D y x D
1 1 x
y y1
y
y x
2 2
y
2
¨2¨© ×سÙjÚnÛÝÜÞÜcß2¥aÙ#à³ÜáµØ³áTÚÞjÚnÛmâ³ãÙjà³Ü:×WäTåoåµÚTä2æDäçà2à³ÜÝà2Ú
ł²=º&±]¸2³?±]¹=ÄN´_¹B±]²³!´b²BÂRµ!±]µ?³?¹€¸è2ù³!³?²s¼l¸2³?µ?»E²ÐĹ=³d·&¸2Âa²€±]²=ÄN²=»Eµ?±]¹=ÄNÂaµ?²=ÄN¸2³?¹°2¹€·Oµ?²é
®Jì ìîï ð ð ð í ìmñ ¯ ­ ®Jö ¯ž÷øù ú ® ö ¯ù
ê+ë ­í «cêò4óô «€õ ¾ ôÓû
µ?ĉ·&õ ê òýüÿþ «ºõ ¾ ­R®
¯Ñ霳!¸ý»¿ »¿ ¶,¿ »Eµ ô ·&¸2³?·O²³!¸g´_¸ý·&²=Äò¸gºOÊ#²=±]¹Ä´b² »Eµ?¶E¹Ä»H¹=Ä´b¹ »H¸ ö °k¹
ù ú ® ôÓû ö ¯ ùé\µ?³  
 »E¹³!³?¸´_º&¸2ÂRÅi²ºO±]¸gǞµ?²=ÄN¹Éµ?ļ#¹=º&Âa¸ õ ¾ ­ °,²ÂaÂRµ!¸]µ?³*»E¹´_¹ºa±]µ?ĸ#Ä´b¹\»E¹³!³?¸
±]¸2´bºOµ?·&¹B·&²=Âa´bµ?´_ÃNµ!´b¸É»E¸(´_ÃN´_´b¹S³?¹€ÂRùB»E¹º&µ!¼#¸2´_¹€¶E¸2º&ǵ!¸g³îµ 
    ø ø ø   ±  "$##


 
¿¿¿
  
¿¿¿ ##
®
ú ôÌû ¯ «ö 

!
#

 

¿¿¿ 
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿¿¿
  ± ø ø ø ø ø ø    ±± %

 

Ô - ) 0Ô / ÑHÔ 12 3
²±]¹s¸g¶E¶E³?µ?·O¸gǞµî²Ä¹€»H¹=³?³?¸K´b¹=²ºOµ?¸KÂa²¶EºO¸(µ!³?³îÃÂR´bºO¸2´b¸2°g·&²=ÄÂRµ!»H¹=º&µ?¸2±]²Ð³!¸rºO¹³?¸2Æ

ǵ!²Ä¹r·4¹K³!¹Êl¸`µ?³±]²=»Hó?²65r¹(³?¸`ł¸2Âa¹87™»Eµ,ÃÄUÄNñ]¹=º&²r·O²±]¶E³?¹=ÂRÂa²89 « ª;:=< ì °N¸2³?³î¹KÂaùr¶H¸2º&´_µ
&(' )*',+ .

º&¹=¸2³?¹B¹» µ?±]±]¸lÊ#µ!ÄN¸2º&µ!¸g°g¸gÂaÂRµ!¹±]¹€¸g³!³?¹€·&²=º&ºaµ?Âa¶H²=Ä»H¹=ÄN´_µdłÃÄǵ!²ÄµEµ?ļl¹ºOÂR¹
î ìî
> 5 @« ? ª :  >
ª
ì « 5 DIJ 7 Ì*¿ N2Í
7 « ACEDFAHG 
B « 5 JKLG 7 M

OKî ¹³p·&¸2Âa²Éµ!Ĝ·OÃNµ ª ¹=»

ì Âaµ?¸2IJ(»EÃN¹É¼ž¿ ¸,¿
Êl¸gÃÂRÂaµ?¸lÄN¹\µ?Ä»Eµ?¶E¹Ä»H¹=Ä´bµ?°,¸ ±]¹»Eµ?¸]ÄÃN³!³î¸¹\¼l¸gºOµ?¸2ÄNÇR¸
°g³!¸(»¿ »¿ ¶,¿H·O²ÄÊlµ?ÃÄN´_¸K»Eµ ® ª í ì ¯,Âaµd²=´b´_µ?¹=ÄN¹S·O²±]¹B¶HºO²»E².´b´_²B»H¹=³?³!¹€»¿ »¿ ¶,¿H±]¸2º&Êlµ?ĸg³!µ?°g¹€¼#¸2³?¹
P
î ìî
® ì
ê Q ï S ª í ¯ « UV T P Xî WY,Z\[^] ª U : P `
R
î _

Á˜¸ (ê a ï b ® 5 í 7¯ÂRµE²=´b´•µ!¹Ä¹Ð·O²±]¹€»H¹=ÂR·Oº&µ!´b´•²°g¼l¸2³?ôb¸2Äd»E² cEdȵE»EÃN¹s´b¹=ºR±]µ!ÄNµ ê Q ï S ® ª ® 5 í 7¯ í ìЮ 5 í 7¯_¯¹

ù ú ® ª í ì û 5 í 7¯,ù °g¹» ²=´b´•¹=ÄN¹=Ä»H²:ègõ?Ä»Eµ
î
ï b ® 5 í 7W¯
« UV P îXWY,Z\[^] U P î,_
5 5
êa


e^fgfghjilknmii
hXo0mEp qgrEsmutv wHxsHm*y0rEo0ozq{il|}r s~ m*Hshj~qg€ mEo i
ht^v ‚ƒsmEfgf„rui
|…h!†qgru‡uxknh!fgmˆyz‰Hm*|}m oŠrEp sq‹€ h!fgrEo0muŒ,Ž6tv ‚
v
o0q i
Hf$knq(‘’”“j•–Œ—E˜ˆŽ6t(v w™›š—rEsœ!m}i
knm*|…rilq„†qgrEsqlxfghžŸX•   ˜›’= ›¡.¢‹£BŽ¤t(v w,¥¦ilq‹y0h!fgy0rEfgh§h§|}h!o0k
q„o0mu~ hf„fgh~}™¨~…™ |™

©ª •–Œ,˜nx«qgsknm pozh!knh¤i
Hf,~ rE¬§q„sHq„r­tv ‚…®

v
ž‹Ÿ*• ,  ˜R’¯ ›¡°…‡±Ž¤tv ‚²³’µ´}¶ ©}ª •–Œ˜¸ Œ
v·

¹ sºsm…xri«ilmEo0€ h!s~r.yz‰Hm ± ±

© Ÿ •„» «¼ » z½¾¾¾¼ » ± ˜’”¿
ž Ÿ •–» 0¼ » z½¾¾¾«¼ »
±
˜
»  » ,À«ÀÀ »
¿ ¿ ¿
i
q}rEk
knq„m smŠqgfo0q ilf$knh!knrŠ¬§ri
knozh!knr}™
Á ¹ fHy0hf„yzrEf„r³~mEq‘~ HmŠknmEo0¬qgsq‘ilqm}i
mEp m›y0rE¬§m

© à ½Ä
 •–ň•„Æ ¼{Ç ˜ ¼ »Š•„Æ ¼ÈÇ ˜ ˜’ É [Ð
Æ

üÒÑÓÕÔ  ÇuÖ Ô ×¨Ø

Ç  _
’ É Ð Æ


Ë Ì Í0Î!Ï
Ê — Ê Ì  ÊË‹Ì Í0Î!ϝ٠ÊÌ !Ú

æ Ð Æ æ
ÛÜ •–Å ¼ »}Ý«Æ ¼ÈÇ ˜ Û ’ßÞ
Þ
Þ ’”Þ
Þ Þ
ÑÓEÔ Ç
Ô ×¨Ø Ç
Ô ×¨Ø Ç

Æ ÑÓÕÔ Ç
Þ ’çÆ
Þ
ülÑÓEÔ  ÇÖ Ô ×¨Ø

Ç  ’èÆ
Þ Þ Þ Þ
Þà;áEâ á â Þ ÞEà Þ
á ã áEä
áEå á å
á ã áEä
 ßé–êéØ³ÙjÙ#ä§ëæ:Ún×oÚ ¨g¨2¨
Á˜¹r»¿ »W¿ ¶,¿p±]¸gºOÊ#µ!ÄN¸#³!µ ê(a ® 5l¯¹ ê b ® 7¯Âaµ,²´_´b¹=ÄNÊl²=ÄN²(ÂR¸2´bú&¸2Ä»H²}c ìs³?¸ »¿ »¿ ¶*¿W·&²=ÄNÊlµ?ÃÄ´b¸`ºOµ?Âa¶H¹=´b´•²
¸2³?
³ í ¸2³?´_º&¸É¼#¸2º&µ!‘¸ î2µî³?¹ž°2ºOµ?·&¸g¼#¸2Ä»Hî ²
® b(®
ê a 5g¯ « Xî WY,Z\[(] ,î _ ïð}ñ 58ò±ó,ô ê 7¯ « T ïð}ñõ] V÷ö 7ùø V Ì*¿ ¨ž© Í
5 5

U P UV M
P

ÁRí ¹=ÂR¶Eº&¹=ÂRÂaµ?²=ÄN¹B»Eµ ê a ® 5g¯,µ?Ä M Ì*¿ ¨ž© ͶHºO¹Ä»H¹BIJ±]¹B»Eµd»¿ »¿ ¶,¿H»EµúûRüýþ ÿ
 Ê#ºO¸gË·&¸2´b¸É¸ÉÂ=´b´g¿

мl¸
 º ]¹»Eµ¢¹
!¸ ¼l¸2º&µ?¸2ÄdǞ¸î »H¹

!¸w¼î ¿ ¸*¿@5 ¼l¸
?Ê=Ä
º&µ!ÂR¶E¹´_´bµ!¼#¸ ]¹Ä´_ ¹  a P  î ¹ P a  P ü U ]  î   ¹»7é 1.2
sigma = .5

¶ÂaÂRnµ îg µ
? ¹ =Âa´bº&¸2º&¹S · 4N¹B¶E¹º ¹ÂaÂR¸É¼l¸
! ¹
!¸(¶Eº =î ¶HºOµ?¹=´!
sigma = 1
1 sigma = 2

(
0.8

"#%$ 5'&(*)  ´+ ê a.- 5/105  WYZ [^] ,î _ Ì,3¿ 22žÍ 0.6 d.d.p. di Rayleigh

, U P M
0.4

4 ùÂa«´ í Ã
?´_µ |¼l¸
=º&¹ ¶Hà 5|ºO¸g¶E¶HºO¹ž¹=Ä´b¸2º&6 ¹
?¸¶E7º Hî2‘¸ î2µ
!µî8´ ! 0.2
»E*µ 9 
;:7<(ÃNÄ î2¹ºOÂR¸21Ê
?µ \¶E¹ºSÃÄN¸]»Eµ?Âa´b¸2ÄNǞ¸ÂaöH¹=º& µ ºO¹ ¸
(  Ä=¹


í µ!;¶ =´b¹=ÂRµ· 4¹É1Ê
?µ¹ºOº =ºRµ»Hµ¶HÃÄ´b¸ ]¹Ä8´ >=º&µ?Ǟ?Ç =ÄN´_¸
?¹
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

¹B¼#¹=º&´_µ?·O¸
!¹€Âaµ?¸2@Ä B¹Ä´bºO¸  îgµÊ#¸2ÃNÂaÂRµî¸2ĵ  µ!ÄN»Eµ?¶E¹=ÄN»E¹Ä´_µ  A ¸ ]¹»Eµ?¸ÉÄNÃ

!¸K¹=»\ÃÊlÃN¸
?¹s¼#¸2º&µ!¸gÄÇR¸*¿

&(' )*'.+ Ô -KÔCB2Ñ 3D=ÄNÂaµ?»E¹ºOµ?¸SÄNül¸]¹Ä´b¹E

!¸`´bºO¸gÂaÅF=º]¸2ǞµGĹ Ì*¿ N2Í  µ!Ä]·Oõ,ÂRµ· =ÄNÂaµ?»E¹ºO¸  ¸

¶Âa´8É»HµIH 
?¸`¼¿ ¸*¿HJ  ÂK=]¸ »Eµ,ÃÄN¸`¼¿ ¸*¿*Ê#¸2ÃÂRÂaµ?¸2Äd¸.H ¹(»Hµ,Ãĸ`M · =ÂR´b¸2Ä´b¹MLB¿N ę´_¸
,·O¸gÂK 
!¸
»¿ »¿ ¶,¿ Rê a'- 5/µé€»H¹=´b´•¸K»Eµ úuÿCO þ  ¹=»ç4N¸‘cQPȹ=ÂR¶EºO¹ÂaÂRµ=Ĺ
î î î
L 5TL
êa.- 51/  Xî WYZ\[(] î _R S Ù î Ú ·7Ä85èòßó™¹ RUS - 9T/  T ´ S  ¹1VWYX8Z[10,7 Ì*¿\2^]gÍ
5 5 :
U P UV M
P P

»¼l¹ RUS - 9T/Ké_

?¸(łÃÄNǞµ=ÄN¹`9 =acb*
dÈ»Hµfe
¹ÂaÂR¹
E»H¹
d¶Eº&µ s´_µ?¶s¹=»g=º&»Eµ?Ĺ€Ç¹=º  
?¸(·&õE¹Âa¶HºO¹.ÂRÆ
Âaµ ĹrÄÄUĹS¶E¹º7]¹´•´b¹Kµ
·&¸
?·7=
rµ?Ä ÅF=º ]¸ · 4Nµ!ÃNÂa¸  ]¸\· 4N¹(¶HÃ5S¹ÂaÂR¹=ºa¹r¸g¶E¶Eº =ÂRÂaµ]¸2´b¸`·7=]¹
R S - 9T/h j¹ i k  ¶H¹=º 9ml  ¹s7· =]¹ RS - 9T/h ¹ î i ¶H¹=º9Eo ¿
n
p€µ
?¸28´ gÂa´bºOµ?¸ T M

í ¸2Äd»E¸ ]¹=Ä8´ `»Eµ ^ê a' V- 5/½· =Ä P  T
¹ ´_º&¹ »Eµ?¼l¹ºOÂRµ½¼l¸
ºOµ˜»H%µ L  q ¹ =ÂRÂa¹ºO¼#µ?¸  · 4¹ è2ùÂa´b¹ ·OÃNº•T Æ 0.5
d.d.p. di Rice
¼l¹€¼l¸2ÄNÄ sºO¸2¶H¶ ºa´_¸g´_¹€¸Vè2Ã=¹

!¹s»E¹
NÂa¹7· Ä» rÊ#ºO¸gË7· €¶E¹r º
!¸
A=1
A=2
0.4 A=4
»¿ »¿ ¶,¿]»HXµ ú
1¸ s1
?¹=µ?—Ê 4  ´_´b¹=ÄNÃ8´  ¶E¹g º
]ÂR´_¹Âa U¼l¸
ºO¹»Eµ P ¿
Ot´_µ? ¸ е!ÄNËĹk· 4¹s¶E¹u º L  ó ÂRµE´ ºOÄN¸(¸
d·&¸2Â s»Hµ ú
¸ s
?¹=µ?Æ 0.3

Ê,4  ]¹Ä´_º&¹ ¶E¹ºS¼l¸
ºOµ·Oº&¹=ÂR·O¹.ÄN´_µW»Evµ L 

í ¸#Ä»H¸ ]¹Ä8´ `»E¹
?Æ 0.2

?¸]»¿ »¿ ¶,¿È»E›µ ú
µ!·&¹\¸g¶E¶Eº =ÂRÂaµ ]¸ ÂR¹ ]¶HºO¹`¶H µ w ègÃ=¹

É»HµÃNĸ 0.1
Êl¸gÃÂRÂaµ?¸lÄN¸*¿ 0
yx{z
Á € rEf„p qgh!¬§r›qgf}y0h!fgy0rEfgr³ilrEfgr.|}mEo^fghˆ|…o0qg¬h*o0mEfgh!†qgrEsm}®
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

 
|
© •„Æ…˜’µ´ } © | ½  •„Æ ¼ÈÇ ˜!¸ Ç ’
Æ
Ê Ë—Ì  Í0Î!ϝÙ
Ð Æ
Ê Ì  Ú
À ´ } ¸ Ç ’
Æ
Ì  Í0Î!Ï Ù
Ð Æ
ÊÌ  Ú

€U‚
Á
~} ~}
ii
m o0€ q„h¬rŠqgsshs†q„knHknknrŠyz‰Hm§~…™¨~…™ |,™Ey0rEsp qgsknhu~ q}|}ho0knmEs†h¤ilq‘i
y0o0qg€ mŠrEo0h*y0r ¬m

…m
Ð †  
„ƒ ½ Ä ü ^Å … ¼ » Ð •–Å ˜ Ö »
© Ã  É
Ë Ì Í0Î!ϝÙ
Ê — Ê Ì  Ú

qgs³œ!Hh!sknrˆÅ …Q‡ sHhƒ€E™ h™Õp h!iiLq„hsh yzrEs§¬m~qgh † m €ho0qgh!s†h Ì


™ z rilknqgknmEs~r.œ!q$sR~ q…sm f„f mi
|…rEsm sknm*Å cˆ … ’çÆ ÑÓEÔ Ç
m­»­’èÆ Ô ×¨Ø Ç x…ilq}rEknknqgmEsm

ü Å^… m
Ð † † † † †
     Ð     Ð
 Ö » ’çÆ ÑÓÕÔ ÇuÖ Ê Æ ÑÓEÔ ÇuÖ Æ Ô ×$Ø Ç ’çÆ Ö Ê Æ ÑÓEÔ Ç

‚ ‰ Š
ii
mEoz€hs~ rrEo0h›yz‰mqgf!p q„h!yzr !qgh sr*~ m f„fghŠkno0hi –rEo0¬§h!†q„rEsHm‰h›s­€ h!fgrEo0m|}h!o0qhXÆ^hsyz‰mqgsXœmi
k
ry0hilr}xÈrEknknmEsHq„h!¬§r

† †
÷
 
| ½ „ƒ ½ Ä ü Å^… •„Æ ü Å^… ¼ »…ÝÆ ó
Æ Ð Æ Ö Ê Æ ÑÓEÔ Ç
© •„Æ ¼ Ç ˜’ © à ¼ÈÇ ˜ ¼ »­’è»›•„Æ ¼ Ç ˜  Ü ¼ÈÇ  ’
Þ Þ Ë Ì Í0Î!ϝÙ
Ê — Ê Ì  Ú Í0Î!Ï ÊÌ 
Þ Þ

‹ hèilh!kno0h!†qgrEsm6~q^œ!milknhè~}™¨~…™ |™ y0rEsp qgsk
h—x,rE|…mEo0h!k
h milmEp mEsR~ r | •„Æ…˜’ Œ } © | ½  •„Æ ¼{Ç ˜!¸ Ç x~mEknmEoz¬qgsh q„f
o0q i
Hf$knh!knrŠ¬r}i
kno0hknr}™
©
~}
 22?] ×سÙjÚnÛÝÜÞÜcßéaÙ#à³ÜáµØ³áTÚÞjÚnÛmâ³ãÙjà³Ü:×WäTåoåµÚTä2æDäçà2à³ÜÝà2Ú
Žj‘%’ “•”–”j—™˜^šf›t”œ˜Ež?˜Q›uŸAž1šf˜^œD”'›A” ¡;Ÿu¢£šf¡I”
¤ H¶ ¶
?µ!·4µ?¸µš¶HºOµ?Ä·&µ?¶Eµ»E¹

?¸ »E¹·Oµ?ÂRµ Ĺ ÂR´_¸g´_µ?Âa´bµ?·O¸¬¸g»¢ÃÄN¸œ·&¸2Â¥_·U
?¸2ÂRÂaµ?·7=¦  Âa´bºO¸gÄ»]·7Æ
 ¹§
?¸¬´_¹==º&µ?¸¨ºO¸¢ÂR¼1=
!´b¸¬ÂRµ
¸2¶H¶
?µ!·4µ¸

 Âa·4¹=]¸¢»Eµš»E¹==»EÄ
!¸gǞµ=ÄN¹ µ?Ä·7¹=º&¹.Ä´b¹§=ÂR´bºO¸2´8
]
¸
`© î N,¿ ,] ¿3g2 ¿ ,] ¿ 4 ø
 ºO¸¢µ?Ä µ!ÄÊ#ºO¹ÂaÂ|  ¸

»H¹= »HÃ?
¸2´8= º&¹ ÂRµ!¸ý¶Eº&¹=ÂR¹=ÄN´_¹œÃÄ º&Ã= º&¹ »Hµ ¶ ´_¹ÄÆ
Ǹ P  ¶E¸2º&µ ¸ è2ù=
î
¸ »E¹
?
¹UÂaµ?ÄÊ?
¹ ·7=]  ¶ ĹĴ_µ ¸2ĸ
G= Ê#µ!·4¹  ¹=»¸ègù=ÂR´8  Âaµ?¸¬Â= ¼lº&¸2¶H¶ Âa´b¸
ÃÄN¸ÂRµ?ÄÃÂ= µ?»E¹K»EµW¸]  ¶Hµ!¹ǞǸL  ¶H¹=ºsµ
j »EÃ
(  »E¹


í µ?ļ›µ!
ÃN¶E¶;(  · ]  ¶;!
¹ÂaÂ^;  5  ù H - ª / ù=¼#¸?
Ê1= Ą
¹=ÂR¸2´b´_¸]  ¹=ÄN´_¹«?
¹B· = ÄNÂaµ?»E¹ºO¸gǞµ= ĵdÂR¼1?
´b¹B¶E¹º`?
¸(¼ž¿ ¸*¿g»Hµ^ú µ!·&¹g¿
Á˜¸kºOµ?·O¹Ǟµ= ÄN¹
»H¹#
Âa¹Êlĸ!
¹š»Ð ! µ?Äł¸2´b´_µ™?
à Ê1 M ¼#¹=»Eµ`©«2^,¬ ¿3g2 ¿ ]gÍ
H0
r
¸ E
» 
à Ð
¹ E
¶ º  = &
· .
¹ a
 R
 H
µ E
» E
µ &
º Ã
 
   O
º ¹
_ 
H ² - ª d/ ¹=»'H³ -ª N/ Êl¸gÃÂRÂaµ?¸lÄNµH¹=»É¹=ºÆ
0.6 Ê1 »Eµ?·Oµ  ·4¹\µ?Ä¬î ¸2ÂRÂa¹ÄǸ»HµpÂRµ!ÄNÃÂK µ?»E¹;4N¸2ÄÄ@g]  ¹»Eµ?¸ ÄÄ
î
¸
H 1 (
¹ #
¼ 2
¸ &
º !
µ g
¸ 
Ä 
Ç ¸ P  ¹ è
2 
à î
µ N
Ä E
» µ
j
!  
¸ W
» ¿ W
» ¿ ,
¶ 8
¿ E
» µ
› K
5 2
¸ R
 a
 Ã
„  ] ¹(ÃNÄ|¸gÄ»E¸gÆ
] =
¹ N
Ä ´ K E
» µ ¸ ! 
¹ !
µ Ê · ] ¹ = R
 _
´ &
º 2
¸ ´ K !
µ U
Ä 
Ë #
Ê 
à &
º `
¸ ¶E¹ºsµ,
·&¸2ÂK
0.4
®γ Pd     ú  
s
 4  
  t 
  8 
0.2
­ρ µ!ÄN»Eµ?·O¸g´Ð  ·7 ħ´>µ  ¹sºO¹=?
¸2´_µ?¼s  ¸ P  ¿2Á˜¸r·OÃNºO¼#¸M´'¶j= ÂR´bºO¸
¯ ° !
µ N
Ä l
¼ 
¹ O
· ¹
u
? S
¸ 
» ¿ 
» ¿ ,
¶ 2
¿ E
» (5kÄN¹H
µ
&
· 2
¸ ÂKk  »HµH¶Eº&T ¹=ÂR¹.ÄǸB»EµHÂR¹=ÊlÄN¸?
¹  ·7 Ä
1 2 3 4 5 6 ¸2Ä»H¸]¹Ä´8€»Eµ(ú
µ?·&¹  ¶E¹º·L ¹¸ ¹ P  ¿
P± p Pfa 

¶Hº7H î?
¹]  ¸ýĸgÂa·&¹ è2ÃN¸
G= º&¸ýµ
´ ÄT ™  Âaµ?ÄÃNÂK µ!»H¸?
¹ Ä Ä
Âaµ?¸r¶Eº&¹=ÂR¹=ÄN´_¹s·7 Ä· = ÄN´_µ?ÄÃNµ!´8!  ¹ÐÂaµH»H¹=ÂRµ!»H¹=º&µ= ¶E¹ºa¸2º&¹kÃÄN¸r»H¹=·&µ!ÂRµ= Ĺк&¹?
¸2´bµ!¼#¸K¸


í µ?¶ ´_¹ÂaµE»EµHÃNĸ
ÂaÃN¸r¶Eº&¹=Âa¹ÄǸ M µ?Ä»Hµ!·&¸2´b¸K· = Ä´ ¶ Í@= »É¸2ÂRÂa¹ÄǸ M ´ S Í¿‘OK¹=E
·O¸gÂKÐ  µ!Ä. L ¹ P ÂRµ!¸2Ąk  Ä= ´b¹  µ H
¶Hº7H î?
¹]  ¸
é î2¹ÄU¶= ÂR´  ¹KÂaµº&µ?»E÷&¹r¸`»E¹´_¹.º ]  µ!ÄN¸lº&¹KÃĸÉÂK= Ê?
µ!¸q ( · = ÄU·&õ,· = Äłº = Ä´b¸2º&¹¦5  ¹r»E¹·Oµ?»E¹›ºO¹r¶E¹º
´ S  »º´q½ ¶ ÄN¹=µ,·&¸2ÂRµ,µ!ę·&õŠ5 ö  ( ¹¦5»&¼ ( ºOµ?ÂR¶E¹=´b´•µ?¼l¸]  ¹=Ä´b¹g¿ ę´_¸
·O¸2  ¼#¹=ÄNÊ1 ÄK  »E¹=ËNĵ?´_µ,´bºO¹
¶ ÂaÂRµnîgµ ?
µ¹¼l¹Ä´bµ  ¸2ÂRÂaµ?¹] ¹K¸
?
¹SºOµ?Âa¶H¹=´•´bµ?¼l¹r¶Eº  îg¸î2µ!
µ?´8!  ·4¹K»Eµ?¶E¹Ä» Ä(  »E¸N
¼l¸
 ºO¹K¸2ÂRÂa¹Êlĸg´
¸g.( 
½¾ º7Hî2¸‘î2µ
!µî´8!É»Eµ»E¹´_¹Ǟµ=ÄN¹ "N¿  Œ , + ' ´ ¶ - 5/05
½¾ º7H î2¸‘î2µ!
µî´8É  ¸
!
¸#º7]¹ "ÁÀ   Œ + ´ S - 51/10—5
! »Eµł¸?
ÂKs
,
½¾ º7H î2¸‘î2µ!
µî´8É! »Eµ¶E¹ºO»Hµ!´b¸ "fà  Œ ,S ´'¶ - 51/10—5
µ?Ä·&õdÊ1
?µÄ
!´bµ]µd»Hùs¼l¸
=º&µdÂKÄBº&µ!ł¹ºOµ?´_µ¸2»`¹¼l¹Ä´bµ»Hµ¹ºOº .º&¹2¿
Á˜¸ Ä =]¹=ÄU·
?¸2´bú&¸¸g» =´b´_¸g´_¸ éÑègÃ=¹

?¸`´_µ?¶Eµ?·&¸»E¹µWºO¸2»H¸2º™Ägµ?ę´_¸
!¹K·7Ä´b¹=ÂR´  ¶HÃ5K¹=¼l¹º€ÂR¹=ÄNÂK
´b¹=Ä´b¸2º&¹\»Eµ*ÂR¶ Âa´b¸2º&M ¹ (µ!Å Ä =;» É»H¸]ł¸g¼ =º&µ!º&>¹

í Ã@Ä >A
ní ¸
î´b7º ɹ=¼#¹=Ä8´ \µ?\Ä î2¸2ÂR¹(¸· =ÄÂRµ!»H¹=º&¸2ǵ ĵ
Âa´bº&¸2´b¹=Êlµ?· 4…¹ cÆg‘¿ Or¹
d·O¸gK е!Ä ·&õEµH»EÃN¹s¹ºOKº ºOµEÂRµ!¸gÄ k¹ègõ?¼l¸
î¹=Ä´bµ  ¹ÐÂa ¹
!¹Ð¶Eº Hî2¸ îg µ
?µî´!K¸K¶EºOµºOµE»Eµ
´ S ¹=. » ´'¶W =„Ä BÃÊ#ø
îµ 
!¸K¶Eº î2‘¸ î2µ
!µ?8´ !(»Hµ¹ºOº =ºa¹
"jÇ  "# - ´ S / "# -FÈnû ´ S / : "# - '
´ ¶/ "# -YÈnû ´'¶/  T "NÀ Â : T "Ã M
Ì*¿\2^ÉgÍ
U U

º&µ!ÂRÃ
?´_¸t]µ!ÄNµ  µ!ÇǸ2´_¸è2ÃN¸1
ºO¸ÉÂRµE¸2»´_´bµNÃNĸr»E¹·Oµ?ÂaµÄ¹B»Hµ9 ;Ê7Ê F9 qËT< :=ʅF9 „„Ì{ Í,  ¶Ä¹ÄÆ
»g( ÄN¹
W¶EÃÄN´ ɵ!Ä|·OÃNNµ
?¹\»Hùɷ&ú&¼l¹ÉÂaµWµ!ÄN´_¹ºOÂR¹=·&¸2Ä  M · ]¹`µ?Ä ËNÊlÃNºO¸#Í  µ!ÄÅ=»;\»E¸¶Eº&¹=Å ¹ºOµ?ºO¹


í µ?¶ ´_¹Âa„µ ΄
!¸K·OÃNµ¶H7º Hî2¸ îg µ
?µ?´ !K¸É;¶ =Âa´b¹=ºR µ ºOµ "# - ´gÏ û 5/µéB¶H µ wÊlº&¸2Ä»H¹g¿
ÐKĸмl¸
!Ãd´_¸gǞµ =ÄN¹ ¸gÂaµ?Ä8´ =´bµ!·&¸Ð»E¹

?¹
¶HºO¹Âa´•¸gǞµ =ÄNµ›¶Eà 5š¹=ÂRÂa¹ºa¹šÂa¼ 
?´_¸sÄ =´b¸2ÄN»š· 4N¹
¸


í ¸lÄ]¹=ÄÆ
´b¸2ºO¹€»EµDÑ Ò  µ
E¼l¸
ºO¹s»Eµf(\ÂRµd¸g¼#¼lµ?·Oµ?Äd¸ »E¸É»H¹=ÂR´_ºa¸g͸2»ÓÑ î ж;=ĹĻ; è2ÃNµ!Äd»Eµf(  Ñ î ¹BÂ=Âa´bµ?´_ÃN¹=Ä»;
M
yÔ ¹ suh!¬`‰!qgknr›¬qgfgq„knho0m…xE|…Պh€ mEo*i
mEsRi
rŠo0q ~
Á Ho0o0m›fgh*|}o0r‰h‰!q$fgqgk Ö ~ q|}mEo~ qgknhxh i
|…mi
m§~qHHsh!¬mEsHknr~qœ!HmEfgf$h~ q
Š–h!f ilrˆh!fgfgh o0¬§m}x kno0h!ssHm*smEf‹y0h‹i
r*qgsyzqœ!milk ˆ Hf$knqg¬r­srEs |}o0r €r yz‰q,y0rEsilmEp mEs†m ~mEfknknk
r*q„ozo0mE€ mEo ilq׉q„fgq
x mÁØi‰!hÙ
p fgq„hknm Ú qgs¤y0hilru~q—mEo0o0rEozm}™1^Û hpqgrEsHh!¬mEsknqHh!sh!fgrEp ‰qH|}rii
r srƒmii
m o0m¤il€r f„k
q—q„s¤y0h!¬§|}rƒ¬m~q„yzr}xÕqgs¤y0q(ilq(~ rE€ o0mQ‰‰!m
|…o0m–Š mEo0qgo0m›s–Š h!f iÒrŠhf„fgh!o0¬§m}x|…q„Hknknrilknr.yz‰m›knozhi
y0Ho0h o0m›fcˆ q„¬§|}rEozknh!s†hu~qHHs i
qgsknr ¬r}™
ßé–êéØ³ÙjÙ#ä§ëæ:Ún×oÚ 22^É

?¹€¹Âa¶Eº&¹.ÂRÂaµ=ĵ M Ì*¿\2^¬2͹ M Ì,¿32?]2ÍN»E¹


?¹€»W¿ »W¿ ¶W¿g¸(¶=ÂR´_¹.º&µ=º&µNµ?ÄÌègù

?¸ M Ì*¿\2^ÉgÍ»E¹

?¸ j" Ç  =´b´_¹Äµ?¸
î Ü 5
î î
"IÇ  T ´ + îXWY,Z\[^] î,_ 0 5 : T ´ S
5 5 5 L
î*WY,Z\[^] : î _R S Ù 5TL î Ú —0 5 Ì*¿\2^ÝÞ
U Ü P U P U P U P P
M

¾jßàDá7â 5 á 4 ßEà â ãä åà7æ;å>â

fç à7â «è ßà   â é„ß  å çç;
âá7åé@æ  â
à â êä
è å è Yë*ì 22^Þ êKâ è à í ågá 4 ßEâ
fí å
 à ß
Œ Ü +ïÒ î  WYZ ó ] î î Ò  ÷ 05  WYZ ó ] ð Ñ Ò  ÷ ì ¾jßàâ
êKß=á  éæ gè ßà  â é„ß  
M
êêKß=à í â å  á 4 ßAâ
êä >í å
 à ß
éµî ßé ç â wç âá á =
 æ;ß
%ç à â  M êâ í ßæå
åÅñãäà å è à7åá á â å è å ç ßà L ò¸  
ßá  é„êKâæß=à7åó^â  éâ
à â ç; à è å è âé.é è å dQô?Þ  ß è äâé@æâ ç ä 5 ßêêKß=à7ß è à åêKá äà å è8 õ  à éßé„æ  âéæ;ßñé„â è â í å
î
L î_
" Ç  WYZ\[]
U
T
ö P

î
ç =ß à Ñ Ò o ì Otè âå    âéñ@é„ßAá 4 ß Ñ î  à å ç;ç à ßê^ß=é è å
å ç=è ß=éó^å'æß

åqêKâéä„ê  â æ;ß  ßtá 4 ß P A é
å
ç=è ß=éó?å.æ;T ß
à ä  à7ß ì ¾jî ßà è åé è8  â
7à âêä
è å è8mè à Tí å è 4 å'ä„éåMâ  ßæâå è åMâé è ßà ç à7ß è åó?â  éßmâ é
è ßà  â é„âfæ;âI÷Nø»ùú Ñ Ò y û 
"jÇ  T WY,Z Ù ] ÷§ ø ù
U ¸ Ú

ü š‹r ×Ö
¬m­p q Xrii
mEoz€hknr}xfgh DŠ–Hs†q$rEsm*¬§r~ qgºyzh!knh ™ý Õ
~q ^mii
mEf‹|… ˆm}i«ilmEo0m*h!|…o0rii
qg¬h!knhXy0rE¬§m rþ ÿ ü
Ü   
ü   
 
}
?
|…mEo Ü  x«m›œ!q$sR~ q}qgfilmEy0rEsR~ rŠknmEoz¬qgsm³~ q!™~ qg€ qgmEsm
ã


 É

† † m† 
÷
    Ð
ó
Æ Æ Æ •Æ ˜

Ì Æ
 †
ã
Ê
É ´
ÿ Ì 
Í0Î!ϝÙ
Ð
ÊÌ 
Ú Í0Î!ϝÙ
Ð
Ê Ì 
Ú Í0Î!Ï
Ì   Ê  Æ † ¸Æ­’
Ê
É ´
ÿ Ê—Ì
Í0Î!ϝÙ
Ê Ì 
Ú ¸Æ

rEknqgh!¬rXrEozh¤yȉm³|}mEo Ü
f q„sHknmEp o0h!s~r  cˆ ‡
kno0hily0o0h qgf„m­knozh!ssm­yȉmX|}mEo € h!fgrEo0q~ q(ƈ€qgy0qgsqh~ x…yzri
qgy0yȉ q„f ‰ † ‡


Š É
fgqg¬qgknm§qgs –m o0q„r o0m|… ³mi«ilmEo0mumilknmilrh Õ "
Ð ! xm§q„fRk
mEo0¬qgsm ? 


|} mii
mEo0m i
rilknqgknq$knr§y0rEs

# 

xrEknknmEsm s~ r
Ü =Õ
œ!qgs‘~ q!fgh›¬h!p p qgrEo0h!†qgrEsm 
  

Œ ó ~Ü ÷
   ¸ƅxzyz‰Hm f mil|}o0mii
qgrEsHm*~mEfgf qgsknmEp o0h!fgmˆ~ q!HshŠp h!i«ilq$h!sh›y0rEs ‡ }cˆ ׈ }
† %$ #

 Í0Î!Ï

 ~ã
}
¬m~qgh

Õ
xmŠyz‰Hm |… .m}i«i
m o0m›mi
|…o0mii
r.y0r ¬m  À '
ã



& ¡ (*)  
#

™ ó Ü ÷
z
m,+  x '

& Õ
¡ (*)R•-+ ˜|} Šmii
m o0mŠh!|}|…o0rii
q$¤h!knh*y0rE¤m 
 Ð +   x«rEknknmEsm s~ r
ü
É  # Í0Î!Ï i }
 Æ
 Ð m† 
Ì
† 

†
É ´ É ¸Æ  Ð
Ê  Ê —Ì Í0Î!ÏÙ Ê Ì  Ú  Ê  Í0Î!ϝ٠.EÌ …Ú
~%$
yz‰Hm}x«mii
mEs~r.|…mEoq„|…rEknmilq Ü


 É
‰
x«o0q ilfgknhƒkno0h‹i
y0ozh qgfgmŠo0q i
|…mEknknr.h

 0Í Î!Ï ó Ð /Ü
 ÷ ™
22?Ý ×سÙjÚnÛÝÜÞÜcßéaÙ#à³ÜáµØ³áTÚÞjÚnÛmâ³ãÙjà³Ü:×WäTåoåµÚTä2æDäçà2à³ÜÝà2Ú
4 ä ß=ê è8 á å ç â è8
 à åãã1à ä ç;ç å.åà7ã  ß=é è â = ãßéß=â  á 4 ß ç êê  é  ß=êKêßà ß è à7å èè å è âNå í ß=éæ  ã1â !
æß=ñé„â è8 âÁá  é„á7ß èè âÁæ;â ç à Hî å î â
â è8! é„ßá ßêêKåà â%å

 ê í â
ä çç; æß

å è ß  àKâå è äâvß=ê ç; ê è å ì10  é 
ç à ßêßTé è å è â`ârá  éá ß èè ârß
ß6à ß
åó?â  éâ`á 4 ߺæß=êKá àKâ í é º
å ç à Hî å î â
â è8! æ;â î
 á7á  é„ßârêKâê è ß  â
æâvêßà í âó?â q à âßé è å è âvå

å ç ß=à7æfâ è å  éßâvá åêâæâ ç;ç;
åó?â  éßqñé„â è å§ßæ6â é„ñfé„â è å Ä ê  é  è äâé@æâ
âé è à  æ è8è âÁâÁêKâê è ß  â  à7âßé è å è â%å
à7â è åà æ   ßæâ  ê è à7å è â%âÁà7âêKä
è å è âÁà7ß
å è â í âÁå
á åê  æâÁá  æ;å
âéñé@â è å.ßgêKß=à í ßé è ßMä„éâGá  ì éñ„éß  ê  é  õ  à éâ è ßgæ;ßñ„éâó^â  é„âIß>á  éá ß è8è âNà ß
å è â í âjå

ßAà7ß è â ç ß=à
è à7åê  âêKêâ  éßtæå è â  á  é ç åà è â á 
åà ß>à â ãäåà7æ  å

ßtà7ß è âIå ç åá á 4 ß è8è  é„ßâ è ßà  â é„â*æß=âNæ;â í ßà êKâ
 æ;âfæ;â õ ä„éó^â  é„å  ß=é è8 ß_æ;ß

ß«ã1ß=à7åà7á 4 âß«æ;â ç à =è á 

âfåæ è8è å è ß ì

243'5 6879;:=<>7?A@CBD7EGFCHJIK7FLENMO7PGQRHTSUH4<VSUENSWENQRPGBD7ENFLHTXCFL7:=P

é„â ó?âå  á  é¨â

á 4 â ß=æßà áKâ>Yäåé è ß
â é„ßßqäêá ßé è â,Z êKâåé 
éß=á7ß=êKêåà â ß6åæ ä„é¼á ßé è à å
â é  á  é ø â é è ß=à7é„â  ç ßàã1åà åé è âà7ß N ingressi M uscite
äé„å ç à  î å î â
â è8! æ;â è à Tí åà7ß è ä è8è ß
ß
âéßß  á á ä ç å è ß  â é õ ß=à7â  à ß PBX

åæAäé í å
 à ß  åêêKâ   á 4 â å  å è8\[:']a_^·a_`;Ê7< :7Ëa`cÍ`^cb ì ¾jßà è à ed Private
í åà7ßqâ
à â êä
è å è  á7å
á 
âå qç à â  å
å ç à î å î â
â è8! á 4 ß è ä èè ß Branch
eXchange

ß
â é„ßßäêKá ßé è âfêKâåé « á7á ä ç å è ß  åêKêä  ß=éæ  é =è â*ø ß=æLZ ì
f õFõ à  é è âå  â
vç à   î
ß  åÅâé è ßà  âéâvåé„á  à ç â w ãßéß=à å
â 
á âßæ;ßéæ áKgâ Yä„å ß>êKâå
å ç à  î å î â
â è8A
4 
! h"i k- j / á 4 ß'ä„ééä  ßà  jqæâ ç ßà ê  éß M êKä•ø Þ êKâåá  é d
è ß ç àKåé„ßå  ßé è ß«å
fè ß
ß õ  é  ì f êKêä  âGå  á 4 ß  ãéäé  æß=ã
âjø â é è ß=à7éâfå î‘î âå>äé„å ç à î å d
î â
â èN ! h æâ è ß
ß õ  é„åà7ß M âé  ß=æâåMá7âfêKåà åé„é  ø hgè ß
ß õ  éâ  á á ä ç å è â Þ ßEá 4 ß
ß è ß
ß õ  éå è ßmêâ åé 
âéæâ ç ß=éæ;ßé è â mì l å ç à  î å î â
â è! á 4 ßEä„é î ß=é ç à ßá â ê  ã1à ä ç;ç æ"â jtâéæ;â í âæä„â è ß
ß õ  é„â M ß=æø ] j
é =Þ = n ç åà7â@å hco*prq,sto M âé.á äâ p  T ] hÞ ì
p å è8 á 4 ߺâ
éä  ßà  æâ`æâ õFõ ß=à7ß=é è â  æâ`æ;ârêKá ßã
âßà ßuj  ãã1ß è8è â è à åÓø n ç åà â`åwv q 
otx
oRy{z-qsto'|}y å
q,y 

G à å
å ç à  î å î â
â è8! æ;â@å í ß=à7~
ß j M Yäå
êâ åêKâ ބç ßà ê  éßEå
@è ß
ß õ  é  n ç åà âfå

ø
hi -kj /  [ _ h o p qsto
j

€ ¹ f‘knm o0¬qgsm*p o0h~r ~qilmEo0€ qg†q„rˆmi
|…o0qg¬m*s y0rEsyzmEknknr~ qr‚ ƒ…„‡†‡ˆ 

‰ xm}~ ‡ ilh!knrˆqgs y0rEsknm}i
knq~ qg€ mEo ilq|}mEo.q„s~qgy0ho0m
׊\Š
~q „mEo0mEsknq(p o0h!sR~ mE††muhii
rEyzq„hknmuh!|…|}s}knr¤h!fgfghœ!hf$q„k ç~ mEq Ö ilmEo0€ qg† q ~q(knmEfgmEy0rE¬¤sq¨y0h!†qgrEsm}™ mEf(y0h‹i
ru|…o0milmEsknm}x
œ!hf$q„k Ö ‡ ‰ ‰ Ö
shˆ|…qgy0y0rEfghˆ|…o0r !h !qgf$qgk ¤~q}rEy0y0|…h!knr}™

22 ë
 22*Š ‹…ŒGŽ*>‘>’“‘•”=–—˜gŒG™;™Ž‹š‘›œ‹‘DŸž ž ˜žGŽŒ¡ŒW‹‹g¢NžG>‘

£ å ¥è ¤ á ¦ߨ§ o'q ©"ª hmiU« j=¬>­8®°¯t±å õ äé„ó^â ¤ é„ß h²iU« j=¬ n ä„éåAæ;ßé„êKâ è³ æâ ç à ¤r´ å ´ }â ± â è³ æâ í ì å ì æâêKá à7ß è 兯
é åAá ¤ éâ}±@é ¤%µ ß«æ;â í åà â å ´ â}±ß_共 ß=å 襤 à â åAæâ=¶·¹¸'º ^t»a¼k¼`g½ ì
¤=è
f ± í åà âåà ß6æâ¾j¿¯êKâ ¤è8è ßTé„ã ¤ é ¤6è ä è8è ßÀ± ß ç à ¤%´ å ´ â}± â 襳
á ßà áKå è *ß ¯%à7å ç;ç à ßTêKß=é è å è ßéßr±Î±åÅñã1ä„à7åÅå=±š± å è¤ éßr± á åê ¤ â é 0.24

ø ­ÕÔrÒCÖ ¤ êêKß=à í âå µ1¤ á ¦W ß × ¤íí âå µ ßé è ßtØ Þ

N=25, p=0.15
á äâ h ­ÐÏaÑ ®¹ÒAß§Ó 0.19

é ¤ éêâ tç ¤ êê ¤ é ¤ å í ß=à7ß ç Îâ Ù.æâø ä è ß=é è â@=å ± è %ß ±ß õ ¤ é ¤ ì 0.14

Ú ßàá ¤ é ¤ êá ßàKßÎâ ±;é„ä µ ßà ¤ æ;c â ± âéß=ß ¤ á7á ¤ à à7ß=é è âfåtã1åà åé d 0.10

è â à ß_ä„éå ç à ¤%´ å ´ }â ±â ¥è ³ æ…â Û ^ º [ ·¹Ü'Ý `k^ º_·4× ¤ æâ ´ ± ¤ á á ¤"Þ Þ\i âé õ ß d 0.05
k

à â à7ßEåæMäé åêêKâ ¯;êâfê

¤ µ ß
µ ¤ %
¤ ß
µ µ ¤ ç
åé × åà ßé„æ è á
¤ ²
à A
] à ·'ܹݸ „
] Þ 0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

â í …å ± ¤ à7âTæâ ç à ¤r´ å ´ Îâ ±â è ³Dh_iL« j=¬¯ñé„'á ¦²âDé ¤ éAäê ãTRê å cç æ%ç è å ± å cç ç'¤%d 0.11
´ å ´ ãé±}ã ¥è ³At ç ç¹æ ñêêKå è "å ê1=å ±}± ¤%ç 1 å Z êKå ç¹³tç å ç ã=å ±}±Îë å_± è 㠵ߤ ãétæ ãÎì æ 0.09
N=125, p=0.15

ì í é è¥õ åæ%çè8è ãœãé íè ¤ …å ± æ%µß

j 
D è
¤ æ ¤ ±å t ç 繤r´ å ´ ãα}ã è ³ ì¦ æ ì¹ã*äê ãåé ¤mç ã}Ù»cæ ã 0.07

Zîãé é ã@å ±
_ ç  æ ± õ é„å ç'æ n ç å ç ãfå
æ ¤ 0.04

0.02
q q ö÷ k
Þáï« jWðñZò¬­ ó hmiU« j=¬­ ó h o p q,stoGù Þgi 0.00
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32
jDø ÁÂ_à ÄŠƇǾÈ"Å¥ÉÂ_Ê-ÃË_ÌrÍ Í Å
o'©²ô¨õ"ª o©²ô¨õ"ª

lúáû }ã üRý ã å²þã

ç ´
¤%ÿ²æ   
ã ÿ_¤rµ ã ú ± æ n û æ ýý úGú ÿ ì'¦ æDà · ¼k¼ · g¸ ^ ·>¸ ` g·¹Ý » Ý· ¤ ã}ì'¦²â cå  
æ üäü ærçRæ å_ü ý
ú ú  æ%ç
ì ú ±}ì ¤ ± ú ç¹æ ± ú  ç'¤%´ ´ ã}±Îã}ý ³
ú û ãaå
ÿ ì æ%ç ý ¤ ÿ å µ1æ%ç'¤    
û ã
æ æ%ÿ ýã
ú
a¤rç¹æ a¤ ±Îã}¯ ü æ å²ãÎý ¤
ú
 æ
û ±}± ú ã 
ç æ ýã}þã ¤rÿ_æ

û
æ ±Î± ¤ üäý æ R ü ü  ¤ %
æ ²
ÿ %
¤ ß
µ r
æ _
ÿ ¤
ú ± ú ý

æ r
¤ ç ã ¤
±í  ú ± ¤rç¹æ µßæ ã ¤
û û
æ ±}±
úLû Î
ã ä
ü ý 
ç ã ´ å_þ*ã ¤%ÿ²æ ã ÿ_¤%µ ã ú ± æ n i ­ ÷ h ¯ æ ±
ú
 ç

ú ÷ ãú þ ú
 ÿ i ­ ÷ hcp
 _¤rç¹ÿ ÿ ¤
ú û ú ±\ì ú ü û ±;ì
¤ æ æ%ÿ ý ç ±}ã ÿ²¤ ¯"ãα ÿ å µWær繤Aµßæ ã ¤
ú û û ã\±}ã
ÿ²æ%樤 ì'ì¹å  ú ý
æ n h ê;ý ± æ Y=å ÿ ýã}ý ³
ú ú
ç
ú  ç¹æ ü æeÿ ý
ú ã}±šÝ¸
! ] "# Û ^ ^ ·¹¸'Ý ¯ì¦ ^ æ üRã µ ã}üRå ú ã%$&(')(*,+-
ç ÿ × ú=û æ ü %
æ µ  -. $ 0/
tã ¯ ¤ ç ± ÿ
ú ãÿ
µßæ ã ì¹ãmü ¤%ÿ_¤
û ú . 
±}ã ÿ²æ%柤 ì¹ì'å ú ý æ 12
3
ç 54786
¤rç ý ¤ :;
­ qq ­ p ù ® n å ÿ ã ÿ û ã}ì æ û ãtì ¤rµßæ ± ú  ç ´ æ æ ¤%ç ã üRã ã}üRý ç ã ´ å²ãÎüäì
í ± ú 9 8 : ú ã ú ãé± ú ± ú ý ú û ú
 476 
9 88  #<
r
¤ ¹
ç ²
ÿ ¤ ß
µ æ ¤ æ r ¹
ç _
ÿ ¤ ÿ ù ® n ç ¹
ç æ %
æ ÿ a ¤ ÿ ç d
ú ý¥ý ú ±}± ú û ãú í ±šì ú ü û ã å_±}±}ãšã ì¹å_ã ú ü ý ú ýã û ãšå ý ú

ì ¤Aà²^%¼ Û¹·R¯ ì¦ æ û ærç ã ú ûcú ±Î±}ë ã ¤ ý æ üäã û ã ¤ ¤ ± ú þã ¤rÿ_æ  =  < ÿ ã}ý ê,ã ÿ
ú  ú ý¥ý¥ãί ú ±}±Îë ú å
µßærÿ ý ç'æ
ú
æ æ
û ±}± ±}ã
ÿ²æ%æ
¤ ì'ì'å  ú
æý ¯ ã µ ã ÿ å_ãéüRì æ ±
û  ú
繤r´ ´ ãαéã}ý ³
ú û ãå ú
ÿ  ÿ å ¤
ú ì¦_ã ú
µ ÿ
ú ý ú ¯;ã Y…å ú ý û ã ã å²ãéüRì
ÿ ¤ µ ÿ %
¤ ²
ÿ ¤ ±æ
 ærç ü ¤eÿ_æ º ^ º
ú ±cý ±  >
æ æ ¤eÿ_¤

?A@>BDC 8-EGFIH
JLK2MONPN BQBSRTVU MXWY RZO[ Y B\ M7]^Y R`_SaBSR N Z Y b B NN ZOc Y vd e xgf ZORZg_a M \h\ YiKjM \h\kBml7Z NPM Rn2B KjY aRpo Y RIZO[ Y Z
CE =qsr H d ] TtBS\hTtZO\hBSo Y \ Y BSRTAU Mub BST M R K Za Z \ c BSRvwZO\hZ 2K Yyx B TVBS\ ] [zZ N ctB N Zul M cc Yhb{M c Y [ M R N Z K2Y M va YkN ZI|
f KjM N Y f f f
1
1  2 1
1 1
3} 3 1
1~ 4 6 4 ~ 1
1
1 } 5 10 10 5 } 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1

€{ [zl Zy‚ ZOvw\ BiTtBS\hTtZO\hBSc \hB=l7ctZOoSBo \ Z c BSc ZO\ B a‰ˆSŠ

\hBSRyT aRB‹[zZ2R B |Œ3a M N B
c Y a\ N B,f M lIBc YY B‹C f YI8-ƒ EGŽ"H3Y  vA’“ ‘ C “ r"” M –•j—2˜š™œ›  “ Y ™œYk›NP „” K2žY ˜Sf…›Ÿ•œf M •¡ œƒ ] Z ƒwM‡ƒwM †
c¡ƒZšaNPRMuB‹NPl7M ctf NZOoS]BSfo Y \ YhNP„K2M \h\h¢£Y3ˆKjˆ Y ]Ÿ¤‹¥ | MON f
f @>B NPM B KjY N c Y o"an Y Z2R Mux WY RZO[ Y BS\ MI] lIa¦uBSRTVU MuM M c M a B N B‹l M c
TtBS\hTtZO\hBSc M \hB=l7ctZOoSBSo Y \ YhNP„XKjYIM ctctZOc M TtZO[
lI\ M
B R-f af…Rf B ctB f [ ZOR Ra[ c TVBc BS\ njnjB B¨[ f¡f BSR af RgTtZ2\k\ vwBS[ R Z=TVZ a Z B‡l ctB TtZO\h\ vwB f…§
fK YhB‹ƒ c Y lY M2NPYkN ZOc Y N c Y v f M R YM f¡ctf B Y NPYhƒwM Y |"ª!RaRM B Y N ctB M [ Y Y Y ZORN M o Y MyRKjB"Y c Y B NP] M Y UB M ctctMZ2c M M M aNR
Ra[ f NPMYhN ctZ YhN KjY K lIBc Y Yh©-K2YIN N ctB NPNPNPNPM7M ] TtBSa M B‹aNPR M
M RctZOcVZO\ c c M l c M cša\k\ Z B‹f NPTAM U f…f Z=o CzYhNj]œ· M T Y Z J-«^Cz¬¨·  f § BSdet\kf¡\h­ ZOf #cV® B e¯V°£±’²t³¡´!° v Cd e | x C f e r dµ e ]"Y RXTta f Y C J \kBlIctZ2o^| K2fY^M ctcVZwc M l M caRB N ctf B NPN B ¶
Y N M Yf N M fM •M‡¸ •¡] « ¬¹ ¸
 {º
”=– =–ߝŸŽ D˜Ž 2» 2¼m½¾²Ž‘=¿~ž ŸŽ>“‘DŽ 2»»D‘‡¿òž,Vž
»" ‡‘ ¿~ž
¿Q¾_ŽkŒá’žÀ¿~ž‰Á"ŒAmŽyÂrŒ ÃÄÃIÅ
Æ-ÇtÈ ÉËÊyÌiÍÄÎ=ÊyÏÐÒчÊyÓmÔÒÕ×֞ÊpؖÓDÊyÌi̚ÓDÔÙÕ-ÖÛÚÀ̚ܞÓDÔÝÕ-ԞчÊyÞDß7Õ×ÔÝÕ-àDÞDÍÄÊyáDÞ
f g ± ì ç'æ üRì æ%ç'æ û æ ± ÿ å µßær繤
÷
û ã å_ý æ%ÿ ýã}¯g±Îë å_ý¥ã}±éãÎþ*þ ¤ û æ ±}± úCû ãÎüäý ç ã´ _å þ*ã ¤%ÿ²æ p ã ÿ²¤%µ ã ú ± æ tå  
æ üäü ærçRæ
 X
üRì ¤rµß¤ û ¤ ¯ æ%ç ã 1 æ
ú û ã ú ýý
¤%ç ( ( 
ã ú ±Îãé¯ æ üRã ç'æ æeç ãÎüäì æ ý ç ú ýý ú ç'æ ã}± ÿ å ß µ ær繤
û "
ã ì r
¤ ÿ a r
æ ç 
ü ú *
þ ã r
¤ ÿ ã ú ý¥ý¥ã æ 
j¾ì ¤%µßæ å ÿ ú  ç ´ æ æ
ú ã ú }ã ± ú ± ú ý
¤rç ã
ú û ã
É â‹ãtä>ä>âi* ¯…± ú ì¹å_ã û ærÿ üäãÎý ³ 7
¦ ú æ ü ç'æ üäR ü ã ¤%ÿ²æ

o
å
h 1« j=¬;­ çæ s3è‹é jëê
æ
û
n ì ç ýý æ%ç ãÎþ*þ ý
ú ú ú ú¨ûcú
 ú ± ¤%ç,µßæ û ã ¤Ÿæì ú ç ã ú ÿ þ ú  : ­ 
å ­ é 
úLú 3
Ú"¤ ã}üRü ¤%ÿ ã ÿ ¤ æ å ÿ ´ å ¤rÿ ç'¤ üäüRã µ d
lú ú ú ì üäýã}ý¥å_ã}üRì ú ú
þ*ã ¤rÿ_æ û æ ±Î± ú ûtû  û ã æ%ç'ÿ_¤ å_±}±Îã}¯ ú…û ¤ ýý ú ÿ û ¤  æ%ç ± ú  ç ã µ ú ± ¤
0.17

üRý æ üRü ¤ì ú ± ¤rç,µßæ û ã ¤ û æ ±}± ú ü æ ì ¤eÿ ûcú  å ­  i ­

Bernoulli
÷ h N=50, p=0.15
¯aì ¤%µßæ
0.14 Poisson

µß¤ üäý ç ý ¤ ã ÿ <  å ç  ÿLaærÿ_ærç ± æ ¯Y=å æ üäý æ%ÿ üRã}ý ³ n ã µ t

0.10
 ã æ%d
ú ú í ú úáû
 ú ý ú  ærç û æ üäì ç ã aæ%ç'æ ± ú  ç'¤%´ ú ´ ã}±éãÎý ³ ì¦ æ üäã a æ%ç ã_< ì¦_ã ÿ_¤ å ÿ 0.07

ÿ å µßæ%ç'¤ æaærÿ ý¥ã ` º à²` \·¹º à ·'º_Ý ` · Û ^í  ¼ ·'Ý ]3í ·Rº_Ý·>Û ] Ü »a]c¼k` 0.03
û ã
ý ¤ ü ¤ ± ¤ ã}± ÿ å µßær繤Ÿµßæ û ã ¤ é גî 12
k

n _
ÿ ¤ 0.00
û ãmì'å_ã
µß¤ æ ±Î± ¤ð,æ%ç'ÿ_¤ 岱α}ã ÿ²¤
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617

ú  ú ý ¯ ú ±“ý
£ ë ±}ý ç ç æ æ%ÿ æ%ç'æ ÷ ¤ ¤  ærç Y…å æ üäý ¤
ú û û ã ú=ûçï ¯4ã}± û ÷òñ ú ú…û ý¥ý ú ý
æ %ÿ_¤rµßæ%ÿ²¤
ú
æ±
ú
¤ý rç ã ¤  ærç æ
û

û ã ú ±}ã û ã}ý

³  í  ú ýý¥ãߜü
ÿ æ
ï ÿ
¯œãα å ß
µ %
æ '
ç ¤
û ã å
ÿ 
¤ aæ ì'¦²ã ú µ ú ý æ
º ^ º à_`#ß í ` º »` Ü'Û¹· ú ±}±éë ú å µßærÿ ý ú ç¹æ û æ ± ÿ å µßæ%ç'¤ û æ ãgì ¤ ±Î± æ ú µßærÿ ý¥ãgã ÿ ì ¤%ç ü ¤> f Y…å æ üäý ¤ üRì ¤  ¤ ¯"üäã
  ãÎüäì ¤rÿ_¤ æ üRì ç ã  æ%ç'æg ±Îã æ æ%ÿ ý¥ãÄ¥ó ã ÿ ã ærÿ ærÿ ý¥ã æ ì ¤rµ c ± æ ý µßærÿ ý æ ì üäå ±Îã’ô\ã ÿ ´ ü æ å ÿ
'
ç æ e
æ ç
 ¸¹·wõ » ·'ºö ]Dí · û à_`k]Gà_`=` º_Ý·'¸ ] ¸'¸ `#e ^Q÷ ì¦ æ û ç ú  ç'û æ ü æeÿ ý ú ± ú  æ ± ¤ ì'ã}ú ý ³ø ì ¤%ÿ ì¹å_ú ãüäãú  ç¹æ ü ærÿ ý ú ú ÿ_¤ ú…ÿ û å ¤aúæ
ì¦_ã ú µ ú ý æyù>
ÿëa  ærç ü ¤ û ã N ÷ ç ú 3 ç'æ ü æ%ÿ ý ú å ÿ ý ærµ  ¤ ¯ æ û æ ü ú ýý ú µßærÿ_d ú ú ú
l ëã
ý æ üý ­ ®Sþ ÷ n ãα e  ]c¼k^ ¸ í · à²`^ û æ ±}± ú  ú ç ã ú ´ ãé± æ ú ± æ ú ý ¤rç ã ú τa τa τa
û
üwý ì ¤ üäýã}ýå²ãÎý ú1ûcú ±}±}ë ã ÿ ý ærç ú ±}± ¤ û ãœý ærµ  ¤ ý ç ú ±Îë ú ç'ç ã  ¤ û ã û å æ
t

ì¦_ã ú µ ú ý æ>ì ÿ ¤rÿ Y=å æ üRý æ û æ < ÿ ãÎþ*ã ¤rÿ ã}¯ n  ¤ üRüäã ´ ãα æAç ãP æ%ç ã ç¹æ ± ú  ú  û ã Ú"¤ ãÎüäü ¤rÿ ú=û å ÿ ã ÿ ý ærç ú ± d
± ¤ ý ærµ  ¤rç ú ± æ û ã ¤ üäü ærç7 ú þã ¤rÿ_æ
¯ û å ç ú ÿ ý æ ãαDY=å ú ± æ üRã ç'æ ü æ%ÿ ý ú ÿ²¤ å ÿñÿ å µßæ%ç'¤Cµßæ û ã ¤ é û ã
ì¦_ã ú µ ú ý æ  ú ç ã ú é ­ ÷O=Ú"æ%ç ý ú ÿ ý ¤ ¯Ä ¤ üRüäã ú µß¤ üäì ç ã æ%ç'æ ± ú y ú …Ú"¤ ã}üRü ¤%ÿ ã ú ÿ ú ì ¤rµßæ

«!
÷ ¬o
h « ¬;­ æ s 
jëê
o

ì¦ æ ã ÿ û ã}ì ú ± ú  ç'¤%´ ú ´ ã}±Îã}ý ³ ì'¦ æ ã ÿ å ÿ ý æ%µ  ¤

üRã   æ%ç ãP²< ì'¦²ã ÿ²¤ j æ æ%ÿ ý¥ãc×ã ÿ û ãP æ%ÿ û æ%ÿ ýã æ ì ¤%µ c ± ærd
ý ú ß
µ %
æ ÿ æ 1
ý ì ú üäå ú ±Îã ± ú ì'å_ãë Y…å '
ç æ %
æ ÿ þ ú ß
µ æ
û ãú
n ÷ × 1O

  Z2RQ_Sa M f N BBSl7l7ctZ f¡f Y [zBSn Y ZOR M7] l M c N BSR N Z ] \hBlIcVZOoSBSo Y \ YhNP„ TVU M B K¨M f M [
l Y Z f Y f NPY BSRIZ f ƒ ZO\hv M R K Z  KjY
TtZOR ƒM c BSn Y ZOR Y TtZ2R NPM [zl7ZOctBSR MOMšJ l7BSc Y B=C EG˜"H qgC EP•¡H qgC EG—OH qgC EGŽœHď µ "! • q$#q &% q &(*' ) |
+, ƒwf YhM R MuM f lIc M f¡f Z Y R"- †/.10c† 32 ˆ 546 -87 †-ˆ{‰*9c†rˆ :;4| 6
{< @>B N ctB NPN BSn Y ZOR M lIa¦ b BST Y \ [ M R NPM BSl7lI\ Y TtBSc Y B ƒ BSc Y B NPM T Y ctTVZ N BRn M ‚ K BS\h\hB b c M _Sa M RnjBTtZORìTta Y Y lIc M M R N BSRZ
f f f f f
c Y TVU YkM NPM-KjY TtZO\h\ M vwBS[ M R N Z,B K aRBc M2NPM-KjY TtZO[zaR Y TVBSn Y ZOR Y] BS\h\ B b c M _Sa M Rn2B‡TtZORXTta YN cVBSR YkN B"RZ‹BSa N ZO[zZ2o Y \ Y Z NPN Z
aR
TVB ƒ f BS\hTtB ƒwY B ] BS\h\hB b c M _Sa M Rn2B‹TtZORzTta Y l7BSc NPY T M \h\ M aoSB N Z2[ Y TVU MšN ctBSR YhN B"RZ Y R
aR KjMONPM ct[ f Y RB N Z ƒ ZO\ha[ M | |Ÿ| f
=  [zl Zy‚ K B
aRgTtB ƒ BS\hTtB ƒY B
Z f¡f M c ƒwY BS[zZ  [ f MyK2Y BS[ M R NPM  ,  f Ž BSa N Z?>Ÿ[ Y Ra N Z ] R M \h\k¢ BSctTVZ K2YA@š — [ Y Ra NPY#]
cN tBSR Yhf NPM M ctBRyY RZ f {Mg R
[ BB Ba Z ac |
HIwf BSl M R K ZšTVU Y M \h¢ BSa MyN K2Z2Y oSa f†&C DTtZOEG[zFl7\ MON BSN [ ƒwM MOR NPN NPM TVM B f aBw\ MJ TVU M f NPY BS[zZuB f l MONN BSR K ZUB,aRB b c M _Sa M RnjB K2Y lIB f…f BSvwv Y Z
TV[ U MIK2R Y BB lI B KjY8K R[ Z Y Ra RmNPY#ˆS] Š
TtBS[ \hTtZOR\haBSc M | ‚LNM \kB‡l7ctZOoSBSo Y \ Y NP„mKjY RZOR ƒwMyK2M cVR M R M f…f aRyZ,l M cˆPO[ Y Ra NYMGQ M\hBlIctZOoBSo Y \ YhNP„
RM STM 7:UPV  f…:f 7Y W| I Y D=UY B , ÀY•YX[Z NPl7Y B f¡f Bwvwv Y >Ÿ[ Y Ra N Z M _Sa Y R KjY ‚LNMC ‘ EP•jOHš\ µ^]1` _  ˜S›Ÿ•j l7BSc Y BS\ˆPO ¥ ¶ Q M>C 6 EP•¡˜œHš
 aµ ]1` b E ]1` b6 H % ž˜S› —O[— c lIBSc Y B\ DPD |  ¥
 ÃÄà d ‹…ŒGŽ*>‘>’“‘•”=–—˜gŒG™;™Ž‹š‘›œ‹‘DŸž ž ˜žGŽŒ¡ŒW‹‹g¢NžG>‘

e 
g
1 f
ë å²ü ¤ û æ ±}± ú ¤ ã}üRü ¤%ÿ  ãú ÿ ú ãÿ ¥ý ã µ ú µßærÿ ý æ ± æ ú ý ¤ × µ
0.12 ÿ_¤rÿ 
ã æ%ÿ²æ on
å_ã û 㠵ߤ üäý ç ú ý
¤
ú ±èì
¤%ÿ R ü ã û ærç ú ç¹æ ã}±“ý ærµ ¤  û ã
ú
0.10 ddp exp con media=10
ÿã ý ærç ç¹ç ã ¤ ý ç
ú '

ì ¦²ã ú µ ú æý ì ¤rµßæ å ú ÿ ç ´ æ
ú ã ú ã}± ú ± ú ý
æ ¤%ç ãú
0.08
ì r
¤ µ
ú
c± ý ú 
æ ß
µ r
æ ÿ ý æ ì ú üRå ú ± æ ¯ p æ
û üRì
ç ãÎý¥ý ú•ûcú å ú•û ÿ r
æ ÿ üäãÎý ³
û ã
trq öBsut wvxt ys  t
0.06
0.04  ç'¤%´ ´ ã}±}ãéý ³ ·¹Ü eº²¹
ú
µßæ%ÿ ý æ ì ¤%µßæ
· º
{;|
¼ ·Uº²· cÝ 7
²¯ æ ü ç'æ üäü ú ú ÿ ú ±éãÎý¥ã}ì zú

«} ¬­ ÷ æ~  
0.02 t

ih Äkjr| ˲òÃ?l Å m"Í Â |

0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

 ær瀂 Ï æ¾µß¤ üRý ç ú ý ú ã ÿ <  å ç ú ÖRý ú ± æg ú  f ì ú ç ú ý¥ý ærç ã}þ*þ ú ý ú

ÁÂ_à ÄŠƇÇ

ûcú ã
µß¤%µßærÿ ý¥ã  ­ ª æ   ­
æ± 1 üäå ærç ãå ÿ
 ª ƒe ú  ç'¤%´ ú ´ ã}±}ãÎý ³ 즱}± æ ¤rç å ÿ üRåý æ%´ µ ã}ý ¤ ¤ ì û ±Îã ì ¤ú ±ýý æý ¤ ü ú ì ¤%× µßú1ûæ ã}üäý ç ã ´ å_þ*ã ¤rÿ_æ
æ ý æeç'µ 6 ã ÿ ý ¤ì ± ¤%ç'愆…
æ ü rS
¤ ÿ_ærÿ þã
ú û ú ú f ú ú
á ú ú

Þáï,« 𠆅 ¬­ˆ‡Š‰ ÷ æ~  ‹ ­ æ~   Œ ­çæ~   ‘

 Œ Œ  ‰
‘ ‘
Æ-dž ŽžÊyÌiÍÄՀ Þ ÖžÊp̚ÕXÎ=áDÊyчÊyÓ ÓmÎ,ÊyÕ-ÔÝÍÄÞDÍÄÓ m
Þ ß7ßSÞ ÜžÕ-Î=֞ÊyÍÄÞ
~ÿ &Ü skܹÝ· í t à gs Ü'·¹¸  sköBsuq f å ÿ
æ%ÿ ý ã}ý ³ ã ÿ ç – ¤
û ã ú ì¹ì

¤ ±}ã ærç¹æ ¸ kÛ k·RܹÝ· à gܹ·'¸ s ‘^s s  Gs öBsq A×ì¦ æ ü ¤rÿ_¤
 ±}ã ææ%ÿ ýãDì'¦ æ æ < ÿ ã}üäì ¤rÿ_¤ ã}± g¸ %Û'·RܹÜ
ú
ë q à q s’s 6v ú=û
kº ²¸¹·'Ü¹Ü “q 1 < ÿ_¤
ú ± ú
ç  ë ã}å ÿ ã µßærÿ ý ¤ û æ ±Î± ú  
ç'¤ ç ã

ì ú ú ì¹ã}ý ±}ã ã}ý ¯ û ý³ µ æ
û
æ e
æ ¹
ç µ ÿ
ã ú ý úAûtú ± å ÿ ß
µ %
æ •”
'
ç ¤ 
ã ¹
Ü ys
'
· ¸  R
· _
º Ý œ
ã '
ì _
å œ
ã }
㠜
± R
ü }
ã ä
ü ý r
æ µ S Î
ã ü r
¤ _
ÿ –u—Är
æ ~ÿ
ú


a¤ ±}ý ¤ ì'ì¹å

ú ý¥ã"ýå²ýý¥ãœãœü
ærç æ%ÿ ýã}¯ æ  <
û
n
ÿ ì¦_â ÿ_¤rÿ ü æNÿ_æ ±}ã ´…æ%ç ã å ±}ì¹å ÿ_¤ ¯± æ üäå_ì'ì æ üRüäã æ¨ç ã}ì'¦²ã æ üRý æ
û úWû
 ú


ú
¤ üRü ¤%ÿ²¤ æ üäü ærç¹æ 
¤ üäý æ ã ÿ ì ¤
ûcú ×ã å
ÿ ÿ üäã}üRý æ%µ
ú r¸ k·'º_Ý cÝ q &s yt yq•t &s yt q 1 ú
¼ ¸ kÝ c¸ à ¤ cå ç¹æ ç ã _å_ý ý æ ¯œì ¤%µßæ 3 <
 æã %ÿ²æ q s yt ys‚t t  s yt

æ%ç ãšüRã}üRý æ%µ ã %¸ k·Rº_Ý cÝ ™˜  
¼k¼ g·'¸ à kÝ  ì¦ æ ÿ ±}ãÎþ*þ㠵ߤߤrç ì ¤ ¤ û æ ±Î± ú
ú
ç'æ ü æeÿ ý æ
ú

ü æ þã ¤rÿ_æ ü ú ç'³  n ærç ý ÿ ý ¤ w  
å æ ±Î± ¤ û ã û æ ý ærçRµ ã ÿ ú ç¹æ ãα ÿ å µßæ%ç'¤ û ãcü æ%ç aærÿ ýã ÿ²æ ì æ üäü ú ç ã ¤ ú
ú ú ú ú
ç ÿ
ú ú ýã
ç'æ
 qštšs s y› s &s yq
ú
å ú g¸ ÿ ¼ kÝ à “¸ 
è» Ý æ
û ±Î± ú
 ç  æ
ã}ì¦_ã üRý ú•û ã“ü r
æ ç ãÎþ*ã ¤ ç
ú ã ú…û å
ÿ
ú ±
r
¤ ¹
ç æ ì¦ æ
û üäì ã
æ ç a æ ãα
v t q s  shö6s3q
_¸ à à ²Ü'·¹¸  >
Gì¦ æ üäãã ÿ ý æ%ÿ û æ ¤rç¹ÿ ã ç'æ
œ 

æ%ÿ ý ç'æ ã}± 繤 ì æ üRü ¤  f û ãã  n

ÿ aç'æ üäü ¤ í sut æ  ì÷
û üRì ã}ý¥ý ã ý
ç ¤ ÿ æ%çRµ ã ÿ ã æ ±}± ç¹æ å ærÿ þ · à û ã ú
ç¹ç ã ¤ ¯
 &q q s shö6suq f û ú ú
ã}±…ý %
æ µ è
¤ ß
µ æ  ã ¤ ã   ¤ ¹
ì '
ì å 
þ ã r
¤ _
ÿ æ 
æ t
ã 1 ü r
æ ç  %
æ ÿ 
ý t
ã k
× ã ÿ }
ã ì ý ¤ ì %
¤ ß
µ æ \ ¸ r ¹
Û '
· R
Ü Ü à c '
Ü ¹
· ¸ æ R
ü ì ç ãÎý¥ý ¤
ÿ_æ ã ý ærç¹µ ã ÿ ã æ ±Ý·í rq í suq s  shö6s3q ü?  
û û ú
· à
 Šž û
à Dܹ·'¸ Sþ ü: ,
û ú
¯ ¤ aær繤 ûcú ± üäå ¤ ã ÿ aærç ü ¤ ­ ®
4û
¯ ú ç ã ú ±}± ú
 wõ öBt í st
¸¹· » ·'º
û
 > Ÿ
· à û ã ü

ærç ãÎþ*ã ¤ z  ~æ ±}± ý ç ýý þ*ã ¤rÿ_æ ü æ å æ%ÿ ý æ üRã
ú ú ú ú ±}ë ã
¤ ý æ üRã,ì'¦ æ ærÿ ý ç µß´ ã,ã
ú
 
ç'¤ ì æ üäüRãš× ã,ã ÿ ç¹æ üRü ¤Cæ
û
 1  û ãDü
r
æ ç y  ãÎþ*ã ¤ üäã ú _
ÿ ¤ æ
û üäì ã ã ã}±Îãšã
ç ´ ÿ ý %
æ '
ç µ ÿ
ã ã û ã ú
ç ´
úÀû ã}üäý ã å_þ*ã
¤rÿ_æ
{¡ @>B KIK l M lIZOR M Rn Y Bw\ M-J l M ZB K Z NPN B N BgTtZO[ M aRs[zZ KjM \h\kZ-BSl7lIcVZ Y [zB N Z-[zB K2Yëb BST Y \ M BlIl7\ Y TtB"n Y Z2R M l M c
f f f¡f f¡f
ctBSl7lIc M M R N BSc M aR NPM [zl7Z KjY B NPNPM B ]MyK BSl7lI\ Y TtB N Z-B KM M [
l Y ZBS\h\hB K actB N B KjY aRBìTtZ2R ƒwM c BSn Y ZOR MNPM \ MOb ZOR Y TVB ]
ZOl7lIac M f BS\h\k¢ Y R NPM c ƒ BS\h\kZ N cVB K a M [
BS\ bf aRn Y ZORBS[ M R NYÄKjY aR
BSf l7lIBSctB N ZI| f
B¢ saRl7aR N Z K2YƒwY N B b ZOcV[zBS\ MI] TtZOR Y#K2M cVBSc M‰MOƒwM R NPY TVU M RZORžUBSRRIZm[ M [zZ"c Y B K2Y _SaBwR K Z Y B"RZ‰BTtTtB K a NPY
\h¢ a\ NY [
B ƒ ZO\ N B ]…MyKuY R KjY Ttf B NPY TtZ2[ M  £3:¤¥V . f A4aS :¤§¦6*:¤§ . ¦“2 7:¦6S/V ]…M _a Yhƒ B"\ M B TVc YkƒwM c M TAU M f
f
r« ¨TE @8©ª@ ‘ ªq « Xk@x©•@ ‘ Hďž«r¨ET@8© « H
M f lIc \ Y T TtYhBN Bwc R K TVZšU TtZO\h[B M \hlB,lIctl7ZOZOoR BSo RY \ n YhNP„ì"
B \ KjY cVB BSNPlINPl7M c R KjM c R M BSlI\ N cVc ZOY lI« c Y Zuf N _SBSa R NPY#] ZuB ƒTVM B R Z K ZOR M ZOv \hv Yh„ B"B [zNPNPZ M f Y6lIB@ ‘ ] B"RvwZ2v R ‚ KjY l M R K2M
K B @ ‘ | xM c
ƒwM Y­¬ M M K7K M f M Y M M f M NPY Y M f N f ] f ƒ Y Y f¡f Y
$q «P¯ •q «
«r¨
E®@x©•@ ‘ q•« XY@8©ª@ ‘ Hď «r¨ET@8r« ©ª¨@ TE ‘ @;©•@ @;H ©•@ ‘ H  «r¨
r« E­¨ë@8TE ©•@8©ª@ ‘ @ H H   µ  ° µ ± ² °Yb†² ³´3µ  µ° ´ ž«r¨
ET@8© « H
¶¸·3¹3\ YyM f M [zl Y3K BS\h\ B ƒwYhN B,c M BS\ M f Z2RZu[zZO\ NPM l7\ ‘Y T Y!]SK BS\TVB f M \h\ ZšBSa N Z f N cV‘ B K BS\ M l7c M f…f Zšb Tta Y BSctc Yhƒ BSRIZšBSa N Zuc Y TVU YkMyKjM R §
NPaYR Y \ TtZ f M  c BSƒwY\h\n ¢ YB Z c KjM Z=\>TVTVU B f M l \h\hBScR B NP‚M yºŠt
c t
c S
B E c Rac [ TVM U ctZ K2Y \hTt¢ Ba f M Z \h\ Y BS\h\kl B¨M cl NPY  ] B BS\ K2Yc f N c R Y oSa N aZOcR M TtBSZ a {|ŸN | |ŸZO|[zR B NP\Y TtTVZOZ R K2Y o MOZ ƒ BSR \hKj\ *M  f \M c TtƒwZOM [
R NPa M
R Y TtY BSn Y Z2] R Y!]tY \SM [
M Z K2M \k\hMZ Y M BSlIl7NP\ NPY M TVBiZOvwMR Y _Y aBSYhMy\ ƒ KjZOM \ N B ƒwf Y KjY BSM RIZaR‡Y f RN a[  f MM ctƒwZuM \ Y [ NPM YkN B N Z Y KjY c Y ZOc M M B K2NPY M l7f N Z Y Kjn M Y ZOR MiMINP] M TtZOM [ M B K §
M f M ¤1[zV/l  Y »Z 2:S [z¤yB‡l7c RZOR R f ZO\hZ f JR aY \RRB a[ ctBSM [zctZ B K2Y ½\ Y ¼ R MOM=Z NPM \ \7MORb ZOafR [ Y TVU ctM Z a f T Z2M l R NPctYÄB K B‡ZOc aRZOactvwR BS.R¦6Z S/S/Kj» Y. :f TtZO¤¥[
f -¥S[z|Ÿ|Ÿa|Ÿ| N BSf n Y ZOR f M7] Z KšY \yRa[ M ctZ
KjY M f M NPMšY N x ] K(Y M KjY M N YÄK2Y
 /¾
”=– =– »"Ž2»Dž’¿WŒŸŽ,»œž˜mÂgŽ2¾mŽ‘V‘š˜Ž°ž¿ß%Œ >‘LŒ¾’’ŒVž˜ŸŽ**Œ ÃÄà À
S
æ ü ¤rÿ_ærÿ þã ± æ –[–    ó  ô ó w
¯ ¤ æ%ç'¤ ì¦ æ ± æ û å ç ú ý æ û æ ±Îã æ aæ%ÿ ýã ÿ å ¤ ú ç ã}ì¦_ã æ üäý ú æ ü æ%ç aæeÿ ý æè¤ ì'ìRå ú ý ¤  ô
q í 
üRã ú ÿ ² ¤ Û yt í &t t s
ú
– >
¼  ·'Ý ·¹º²Ý· Û tÜ » ¼ ½
3 í ± ú
ç ÂÁGà Ä f ¤%ç ý ¤ s &s 3› í st ­ #< q # yq –  ã ÿ û ãÎì ú ý ¤ ì ¤rµßæ kº_Ý·¹º²Ü kÝ · à æ
û ±Dý ú _ì
ç ¤ ·¹¸'Ý æ
û üRì ã
æ 
ç æ
n 
å ú ýã,ü ÿ r
æ ç 1 &t “š6š &q
 %
æ ÿ 
ý¥ã×kã 7
ÿ ß
µ æ 
û ã ú Ü t¸¹· =·'¸
¤ ì¹ì'å ú ý¥ã ú=û æ ü t± ý ú æ ¹
ç æ ± L
æ ç ã}ì¦_ã üäý æ æ '
ç ç ã ú ý C
æ C
æ ÿ_¤%ÿ
ÿ ì ¤rçw ú ü
%
æ ç ” 
ã}ý ¯ æ < >_
ÿW
 e

æ   q 3q
#
 
±_ì ú ü ã ì'å_ã ¤  ÿ ¤ üäü ãæ ÿ ÿ ãéý ¤ ëú e æ ýýã  ¤ ·¹¸'Ý ã û ã}ì ú ãα ú ý¥ý ì¦ ¯ æ ü
ÿ
ú
¤ æ
z
ú


ü ærÿ û ¤ ã ÿ aæ ì æ
” < Áà 
ÿ ã}ý ¤ ¯ ±Îì'å ÿ²æ“ç ã}ì¦_ã æ üäý æèÿ_¤rÿ ü ¤rÿ_¤ ¤ æ æ
ú ì'ì ±Îý ¯ û
ç ãÎüäå_±}ý
úŸû ã
aæ%ç ü ¤
ûtú ±=ý ú ²ì
ç !< ¤
ÁÅ   ì¦ æ tå #  æ í t ys 3q Æe
üRü %
æ '
ç A
æ æ æ
ú
ýý¥ã ú ß
µ r
æ ÿ æ
ý Ü ¼ Ý kÝ ÿ ³
ë å ã}ý û ã µ ç
ãÎüäå úUû ±}±Îë ã ý æ ÿ %
æ ÿ ³
üRã}ý û ã\ý ú _ì ç #< f ¤
Ç &(')*¨+
±}ë  3 w   È
¯aã}±=ì'å_ã ú ± ¤%ç'æ ã ÿ û ãÎì ú¾ú cå ÿ ý ¤ ã}± ÿ å µßæ%ç'¤4µßæ û ã ¤ û ãtü æ%ç aærÿ ý¥ã ¤ ì'ì¹å ú ý¥ã Ÿà ·¹Ü'· í rsuq œê
æ
ü ú=û å ÿ ‰ ë
ì %
æ ÿ ç
ý ú ±}ã ÷ ÊÉ ²
ÿ ¤ ã}å ÿ a r
¤ _
ÿ ¤ å úÿ ß
µ æ
û ãú û ã ­ “ì¦_ã ú µ æ
ú ý ú ±
µ ÿ
ã å²ý ¯ ¤ æ ±ú û å ú ý ú ç ß
µ æ
û ãú
g
ã å ÿ  ì f Sþ ž ËÉ
¤rÿ æ%ç ü þ*ã ¤%ÿ_æ ÁÌà ÍÉÏÎÉ ÍÐ $ ë ®S ­ µ ã ÿ åmýã}¯ ±}± ¤%ç ­ L ­ ç ± ÿ ¯\ì ¤%ç'ç ãÎü ¤rÿ ærÿ ý¥ã ±

û ú
¤ ý ærÿ þ*ã ± æ ã µ  
ú
 í st À ú
æ ÿ_¤   û ã²å ú  ÿ"
1  · à û ã
ú ú
ì ærÿ ý ç ú ±Îã ÿ ã}üRý¥ãc× æ¾ÿ_¤ aæ ±}ã ÿ_æ%æ ý æ ± æ ¤%ÿ ã}ì¦ æ
ú û ú

тÒÔÓNÒ}Õ Öª×ƒØ8ÙÚ8ÙÛ[ÜkÛ[Ý6Þàßے×Û[á€â€Ý6Ø
e ú ý ær¤%ç ã ú ì¦ æ  ¤rç ý ú¨ú û æ ý ærç¹µ ã ÿ ú ç¹æ ± ú  ç'¤%´ ú ´ ã}±Îãéý ³ ì¦ æ å ÿ ú ÿ å ¤ ú ç ã}ì¦_ã æ üRý ú û ã²ü æ%çw ã}þã ¤Ÿÿ²¤%ÿ
 ¤ üRü ú æ üäü ærç¹æ ú ì¹ì ¤ ±}ý ú  ærç æ ü ú å ç ã µßæ%ÿ ý ¤ û æ ãšü æ%çwaæ%ÿ ýãDüRã ´ ú ü ú üR岱α}ë ú ÿ ú ±}ãéüRã û ãšå ÿ ì ¤ üRã ûcû æ ýý ¤
g¸ %q Û'·RÜ'Ü&q à s>º^tcÜ'Û sÝytÀ· í q%¸'Ý·R¯ì¦ æ û æ üäì ç ã æ ûcú å ÿ tå ÿ ý ¤ û ã  ã}üRý ú üRý ú ý¥ãÎüäýã}ì ¤ ±}ë æ¤ ±}å_þ*ã ¤%ÿ_æ û ã
å ÿ ú  ¤  ¤ ± ú þ*ã ¤%ÿ_æ û æ üäì ç ãÎý¥ý ú ã ÿ ý ærç¹µ ã ÿ ã û ã_å ÿ ú  ç'æn å ærÿ þ úAû ã ÿ ú üRì'ãÎý ú × ÿ å ¤ ú ì ¤%ÿ
aærç ü ú þã ¤rÿ_æ1
æ µß¤%ç ý æ ×ý æ%ç'µ ã ÿ_æ ¤rÿaærç ü þ*ã ¤rÿ_æ1O ÿ™n å æ üäýãcý æ%ç'µ ã ÿ ãίaå ÿWÿ å µßæ%ç'¤ ærçæ%ÿ ý¥ã ¤ ì'ì¹å ý¥ã
û ã û ãcì ú í û ãcü ú
ÿã å ÿ üäã}üRý æ%µ "
ã ü r
æ 
ç  Î
ã *
þ ã ¤ ì %
¤ '
ç ç }
ã S
ü  e
¤ ÿ æ ± ÿ å ß
µ r
æ ¹
ç ¤ \
ã ã ÿ ã  ã ²
å ã æ }
± ±  ¤  ¤ ± 
þ ã ¤%ÿ²æ ¯ æ ± üäå

û üRì ã}þ*ã
æ ç
úWû
¤rÿ_æ üRý ý¥ã}üRý¥ãÎì
úÏf ì
¤%ÿ ¤ ýý ì ¤%ÿ ±}ë åmüRã}±Îã ¤
û ú
û ±
æ aç  ¤
û û û
 ç û ÿú
û ãÄ< å ú ¯¿ã ì'å_ã=ã}±
aú æ%ÿ²æ%ç ãÎì ¤ üRý ú ú ý ¤ÏãAú ä
ç  ç¹æ ü æeÿ ý { ± ì'ã ç ì ¤ üäý ÿ þ ææå ü æ%çwaærÿ ý¥ãgüäã ÿm¤ ¤ ì'ì'å ýã}¯²ì¹ã ç ì ¤ üRý ÿ þ
ú û ú ú ú
¤rµ  æ ý æ å ÿ
ú ì¦ úAú ì¹å²ãœì
 ú ã}±}ãÎý
ú
'
ç %
¤ ´ ´ ³
ú ú
ä ­ Ÿ
Þ ,
ï 
« ã ä ú
¬  ú ú ú ú

ç ±}ãüRý ú ý¥ã û æ ± ç ú  ¤ ü ¤%ÿ²¤ ì ¤ ±}± æ ú ýã ûtúuú ç 즲ã æ ý¥ã z
ì¦ ýý ú ý¥ã²ì ¤%ÿ ± ú  ç'æn å æ%ÿ þ ú ÷ û æ ±Î± æ ý ç ú ÿ üäãÎþ*ã ¤%ÿ ãcý ç ú  ±}ã
æ λ λ λ λ λ

üRý ú ý¥ã}¯ ¤æ%ç'¤ ûcú ± ç ã}ý µß¤ ì ¤rÿ ì'å_ãcüäãë ú üäü ú~ûcú ã ä ú ã ä õ"ª SM−1 SM
ÿ å ¤
S0 S1 S2
ç ãÎì¦_ã æ üäý ¯œã ÿ ãP æ%ÿ æ%ÿ ý æ ×# æ%ç
ú ì ú å²ü ú1û ã"å ú
ã ý üäã ûcú ± å ¤ æ 1 ÿ
ÿ
1
µ %
æ '
ç ¤
ú ú
ærçæ%ÿ ý¥ã  㠳ߤ ì'ì'å ýã}¯ æ
û û
µ 2µ 3µ
è (M−1)µ
é Mµ
û ã\ü ûcú ±
ç ãÎý µß¤
å Î ž ì ¤%ÿ ì'å_ãtüRãtý ¤%ç'ÿ ã;ä õ"ª ú…û ã;ä ¯ ú ì ú å_ü úGû æ ±tý æ%ç'µ ã ÿ_æ û æ ±cü æ%çw ã}þã ¤4æ üSc± æ ý ú ý ¤ ûtú å ÿ_¤
ú

çý  ±Îã ;
å ê ®šü r
æ 
ç 
a r
æ ÿ ý¥ã ì¹ì'å ú ý¥ãί æ  ç'¤  ¤%ç þ*ã ¤rÿ ú ± æ
n å²ã ÿ û ã ú n å æ üäý ¤¾ÿ å µßær繤>
¤
úNûtú

ã æn å²ãα}ã ´aç ã ¤ üRý ý¥ãÎüäýã}ì ¤ ¯

ú
± µß¤ æ ±}± ¤ ã}±Î±}åmüRý ç ý ¤  ærç'µßæ ý¥ý æ ¯Ÿã ÿ ´ ü æ ì ¤rÿ üRã ærç þã ¤%ÿ ã ã
 ã}å ÿ
í ¿æ%ç'æ û– î ú=û å ÿ—ç ã}üRå²ú ±Îý { ú ý ¤ ã ÿ  ¤%ç'µ ú 즲ãÎú å²ü ° ú ú  ærç ± ú  û 繤r´ ú ú ´ ãαéã}ý ³ û ì¦ { æ ã}±üRã}üRý æ%µ ú ú üäãý 繤 ã ã û ÿ
å ÿ üäå ¤Qaærÿ_æ%ç ã}ì ¤ üRý ú ý ¤ ê ä ­ ޟïD«yã ä ¬­ ë °1ìí e ~ Ÿ ¤ ýã ú µß¤~¤%ç ú ì'¦ æ ô f ± ú  ç'¤%´ ú ´ ã}±Îã}ý ³ ì¦ æ
§oîe…­
ë [
e ì í
ý¥å_ýý¥ã;ãgü ærçæ%ÿ ýãüäã ú ÿ_¤ ¤ ì'ì¹å ú ý¥ãίu ú ç ã û å ÿ^n å ‘ æ ú ±Î± ú  繤r´ ú ´ ã}±Îã}ý ³ ì¦ æ å ÿ ú ÿ å ¤ ú ç ã}ì¦_ã æ üäý úßû ã
ü ærçw ã}þã ¤ üRã ú ç ã<_å_ý ú ý ú 3ÿ ¦²ã ú µ ã ú µß¤ ú ±}± ¤rç ú n å æ üRý ¤‰ ú ± ¤%ç'æNï ¸&qštšs ¼ ks Ýy› à _ s ¶ ¼ rq Û¹Û q ¯ à sBðñs 4» Ýyq ¤
¶¸¶ @7¢ l7Z l ct[ NPNPMDKjYƒ BS\ha N Bc M \hBìl7ctZOoSBSo Y \ YhNP„ TVU M \h¢ Y R NPM c ƒ BS\h\kZ NPM [zl7ZOctBS\ MN ctB K a M
M2ƒM R NPYiK2Y3Y Rvwc M f¡f Z f Y B
al M c YY Z2c M NPM B•f Y « ] M TtZ2[ M"Mª B [
l Z \kBìlIctZOo|‰TAU ctB a c TVU TtZORR Z2R lIc R B B aRB
T f M R N ctBS\ M‡NPM \ MOb ZOR Y TtBl7B  µ°Y ´ aR NPKzM [zM f l7M ZBS\kY [ ] M RZ‡lIBc Y BÏ«{ MX¶yBSN \h\kZ K NPM M Z¨Y [zYhZ M K f NPZ Ms] \hK2BY lIctZOoBSM o f¡Y f \ YhY NP„ M TVU MM Y \ f M M Nc ƒwNPY nM Y Z¨K BSoSo Y B
aRB K acVB N B‹[zBvv Y ZOc M
Kjf¡Yf « J lIBSc Y B  µò ´  B KM M [zl Y Z ] \kB‹lIctZOof |"TVf…U f M aRB NPM \ MOb Z2RB N B K ac Y l Yh©mKjY «:{ f |
¶Ÿ? @ lIZ l7Z BSRRyZ TAU c a\ B BšTtf a v aRv c [zZ B"RZ
TtZOR c B Z ctZ \wRa[ ctZ c R
c Y a\ NPMM c Y „ [zNPM BSf vwY v Y ZOf c NPM M(Z b K avwaf}Bó \ M BM(Y_Sa Y M f \h\kZ¨N c NPM Y BS\h[ M RY NPM Y R M T M M M BSc Y Zyf Y¶I\h¢ BS\ N ctZ¨Ttf B M Zƒ \ NPY [YhƒwY#YhNP] M¨ƒwJ ƒwM_Sa M \hY \hZ Y R‰TtM a YÄY Kj\ Y NPM f M [zƒwl7M Z KjNPYY
f c n ZiRZOR Bc B [zB TVZ BR R-_Sa ZiTtB Z RZ2f¡R f cVB B Z \hB f B R R ctB TtZilIa¦ c
v f M M ƒwNPYkY N B=Y TtZORzaR
ƒ RaY [ ] M cVZu[zJ ZO\ N f ZšN c Y#K NPZMôNP{ N MIZ KiKjY Y M c ƒM M f R N NPY { ¶¡R f M \h] \hB‹c M BSN \ NP„ NPNT Y N Yy] N ctZ ƒwf M NPMc „,f…f Y R Y YkNPN M aBwnf YhY NPZO„ìR YIKjYYR N NPM ctb/[ ¬ MyK2YhM | M f¡f M M
¶f €3I Y RZ NPY TVU MšY \yl MyKjY T M ì J aRBöPõ Z?÷ M RZORzf aRZWõYøk÷ ]…MyK(Y!KjM R NPY­¬ TVB‹BSl7f lIaR N Z\h¢ Bvv MOf NNPYkƒ Z^?ùTù/ -†¤§ ú
¶Ô 3û ZORT Y B K7K2M R N c Y BS[zZ Y RL_Sa M f N B f MyKjM R MOY TVBS\hTtZO\ Y c M \hB NPYhƒY#] RZOR`l7BSc NPY TtZO\hBw[ M R NPM TtZO[
lI\ M f…f Y [zBmTtZO[
aR_Sa M
BSoSoSZ2R K B"R NPY |‡@>Bg[ MON Z K ZO\hZOv Y B‰v M R M ctBS\ M SB c X R T M Y \h\ a N tc B N B Y RsZOTtTVB Y OZ R m \h\hB tc B BSn ZOR [
cM ƒwY n Y ZZOc YkM R N B NPY BS\Ic YhN BSc K ZI| f „ Y ƒwM  f f M K2M N PN N Y M‰K2M2Y f Y f NPM YšK2Y
f
 Ãüý þÿ
*>‘>’“‘•”=–—˜rÿG™;™þš‘›aþ‘DŸž ž ˜žG8ÿBÿ þ’þg¢NžG>‘
1e+00 1e+00
1 20
2 40
3 60
4 80
5 1e-01 100
7 120
10 140
14 160
Probabilita’ di rifiuto

Probabilita’ di rifiuto
20 180
1e-02 200
 1e-01
 220
240

1e-03

1e-04

1e-02 1e-05
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Intensita’ media del traffico offerto (Erlang) Intensita’ media del traffico offerto (Erlang)

 ã  å ç ú
 GÃ ê
ÃÈmšÂ²ÃƇË4È=Â²Í Í m•j=Ê Ë m tÅ Í Å Æ ÇŸÈ"Å =Í ËË « 8 Å ÃDÌ%Ã"ÄÅ ÄÎƇ *máË_Ê Å Â_à Æ1m=ƇË"m"Í Í m•jÂ_Ê È"Å Æ/mwm"Í:m"Ê Å m"Ê Â
È"Å &j²Ê*Å ÍÃ%ÌšÂ²Ê Ë4È\ÅÎÄÎÂ²Ê '²ÃÆťŠÃÈ"Å BmtƇËáÄÌrÍ Í Â²Ì%Ê'Â
ì
à sï ·¹¸ à kÝ ,± ú ¹ s 3t
ì å²ã æ ü '
ç æ üäüRã %
¤ ÿ²æ S  ç'æ%ÿ æ ãα ÿ²¤%µßæ
û ã
²¤%ç'µ  å_± ú û ã
$
,ç ± ÿ ë ¯ û æ ±  ç 㠵ߤ ýã  ¤ ¯ ã
¤%ç
û
ÿã æ
_ æ ̜
û ú
1
ç ¤%µßærÿ ý ¤ 
ê ÏÁ Ã û ú û

{
 ìî

Þ ô  e ­#"
 yã
«
ª$ ô
«Á Ã ¬
ô ­
§ ! ©
ô … ì
!
¬­

e ë ú ÿ ûcú ß
µ æ%ÿ ý ¤ ã Þ% ã ÿ kå ÿ þã ¤%ÿ²æ û 㠔 æ û ã Á à f aç ú <²ì ú ý ¤ ã ÿ& ã ë  {à ¯ æèµß¤ üäý ç ú × ú…û æ ü ærµ cã ¤1
ã ÿ ý æ%ÿ üäã}ý ³ û ã ý ç ú # <_ì ¤ ¤ # æeç ý ¤  ú ç ã ú(' ý $ç ± ú ÿ ¯DüRã ú ÿ²¤Cÿ_æ ì æ üRü ú ç ãztãÎÙ û ã*) ý
û
ì %
¤ ß
µ æ æ ç å ÿ
r 
ü ærç aæ%ÿ ýã æ%çNµ
ú
w = ÿ ærÿ_ærç¹æ å ÿ
ú ý ú
Þ•  µ ã ÿ²¤%ç'æ û æ ±Î±}ë Ã,+ ¯\ì¦ æ ü ú ± a¤%ÿ²¤ ú cã}Ù û ã  ý  ærç å ÿ ú Þ- ­
®'Ï /~ . 
тÒÔÓNÒ10 243:á656Û87:9<;;Ú ßrÛ*=öÛ[â9<;½Û Ø9<7
ÿ ç'æ ü æeÿ þ  ãŸå ÿ ã ÿ ý æ%ÿ üRã}ý ³ ãŸý ç ú _ì ¤u¤ % #<
æ ç ý ¤ #
¯ ü ¤ ± ¤ ã}±
G Á Ã
@? : NÎ + æ ±}± æUç ãÎ즲ã æ üRý æ f ü µ
í ú ú û
ñ û
> Ao
1−Pp
As
« ® Þ
¬ t®'ÏrÏ
iÁÅ Á à A? : ¬ 1 ¯ µßæ%ÿ ý ç'æD ã æ%ÿ_æ 
ý ³ ­ « ® Þ
û
¤ ç #
ú ±Îý¥ã}ý × ú ã ú=û å ú ã ý
æ%ç ü ¤ å ÿ ý ç ¤
ÿ ÿ ærÿ üäã
#<
ÿ æ%ÿ üäãÎý ³
z
ú _ì û ã_ã ý
Á: Á Ã : ­ Þ
˜
Pp

ë
< #<
Ap
ã cå æ ÿ ã' ç æ å ÿ ì ¤%æ _ì'ã æeÿ ý æ û ãmå_ý¥ã}±Îã}þþ ú þã ¤%ÿ²æ
û
ÁÅ Á€… «
B ­ ” ­ ” ®@? Þ
: ¬

ì¦ ¨ æ ç ç'æ ü æeÿ ý ± 3 æ%ç ì  æeÿ ¥ý å ±æ û " ã ãµ æ ÿ_¤   æ ãgü % w

æ ç aærÿ ý¥ãί æ ì¦ æ
f üäã ç æ ú <_æ ì ¯tú å ý ¤~ÿ ÿ_æa±Î¤ ± ±Îú ý  ã ë   ü
ú ± ú ãú
ç
ú
ç'æ û ã
ú ú
¯ æ%ç å ÿ ú Á Ã Ä ÞC ú
ú

üäü æ aÿ ú ý ú æ ç
ú ãú
û
 €Î ~/. Äÿ
ú Ô %®'Ï
¤rµßæ
û ú ú < ² üRü ú ý ¤
ã}±  ç ¤ 
û ã;ü
%
æ ç ã}þã ¤ ¯ ú ±}±Îë ú w å µßærÿ ý ú ¹
ç æ æ
û ± å
ÿ ß
µ æ%ç'¤
û ãgü
r
æ 
ç  %
æ ÿ ýãgãα\ý ç #< _ ì ¤ ü µ
ú ã}ý
Î
± ¥
ý ¤ ì '
ç æ üRì æ cã}Ù
ÿã
ú…û
ç¹æ ý°ý
úßû ã å ú ý  ÿ ¤~ÿ_¤rÿ n ì ç'æ üäì ú ÿ²¤ ã\ü æ%ç aærÿ ýã}¯"ì ¤ w üäãÎì'ì¦_âA× ú ç ³
ú ãÎý 
ú
û ã
Þ
:1 !<
±}ë ²ì¹ã ÿ
æ %
æ þ úWú å µUæ%ÿ z
ý ú ì ¤%ÿ ±}ë ã ÿ ý æ%ÿ üRã}ý ³ û ãšý ç ú #< _ì ¤U¤ ! æ%ç ý ¤ ¯ æ ærç å æ  ñn üRý ¤ ã>ì ¤ ±}± æ ú µßæ%ÿ  Ôv^s ö6suq xs 1
ýã × » º %º 
ã ÿ aç ú=û ¤ û ã
ü µ ú ±Îý¥ã ç¹æ å ÿ ÿ å µßær繤 cã}Ù  æ ±æ ú
¤ý
û ãgì
%
¤ ²
ÿ _
ÿ æ üäüRã ¤rÿ 
ã ú ç ú ÿ ýã}üRì ¤%ÿ²¤ å ÿ
ú
µ 
ú ã ¤r繨 æ æ ì ¤eÿ_¤rµ ãÎì'ã}ý ³
û ã æ ü æ%ç ìRã}þã ¤ >
 /¾ D» 2»Dž’¿ ÿE,»œž˜mÂC2¾F‘V‘š˜A°ž¿ßÿ
”=– =– >‘ ÿ¾’’8ÿGž˜E* ÿ Ãü(Ã

0.8 128
ro
M
0.7

Efficienza di giunzione per Pb = 2*10^-3

64
0.6

Numero serventi
0.5
32

0.4

16
0.3

0.2
8
0.1

0 4
10 20 30 40 50
Intensita’ media del traffico offerto (Erlang)

 ã  å ç ú&  ü ê ÃÈmDšÂ_Ã Æ ËGÈtÂ²Í Í H ÂI JK²Å ²Ã:lym L;ÂGÈt²ÍÃ%ÌšÂ²Ê ËGÈ"Å ÄÎÂ²Ê '²ÃÆÅj²ʿÌ%ÃmÂj=Ê Ë mC =Å Í Å Æ‡Ç¨È\ÅM =Í ËË «38
j=Ê ÂJÄÎÄm=Æ/m
тÒÔÓNÒ Ó NªÚ8ÜkÛ ßÛ[Ý6ÞàßA7ÜPO Øöß*7ÜkܓØ
eæ ì ¤rÿ üäã û æ%ç ú þã ¤rÿ ã æ üS ¤ üRý æ üRã ç ãP æ%ç ãÎüäì ¤rÿ_¤ ú=û å ÿ ú ã ¤ ý æ üäã û ãmý ç ú #<_ì ¤ ì ¤%µ t± æ ý ú µßæ%ÿ ý æ ì ú üäå ú ± æ
ì ¤%ÿ ý ærµ cã û ã ã ÿ ý æ%ç ú ç'ç ã a¤ æ û ã4ü æ%çw ã}þ*ã ¤ æ üS ¤rÿ_æ%ÿ þã ú ±}ã}¯ æ  ç'¤ ì æ üRü ¤ û ã ý ç ú #<_ì ¤ ã ÿ ì'ã û æ%ÿ ý æ û ã
Ú"¤ ã}üRü ¤%ÿ= ÿin å æ üäý æ ãP ¤ ý æ üäãί=ã}± ç 3 ¤%ç ý ¤ 4I 6  ­ò® ý ç  ç ã ÿ þ æáµßæ ã æ æ ç ´ ¤rÿ ã ã
9 ÿ ç û ú û ±}± û ã}üäý ã å_þ*ã
ý ú #<_ì Û q  ·RÝyt ·'º_Ý·,Û&ttÜ t ·
í ú ú ú ú ú û
ç  ç'æ ü æ%ÿ ý ýã a¤ í í 
Ú"¤ ã}üRü ¤%ÿ ¯
£Ÿæ ±cý¥å_ý¥ý ¤
f ú ú ú tå ý û ãmå
ÿ ¤ ¤ ¼ » ¼
aærç ü ú tå ç ã}üRå²±Îý ú ç'æ ±}ë ú ÿ ú ±}ãÎüäã}¯ ÿ_æ ±cì ú ü ¤ û ãcå ÿ ú  ãÎå ÿ þäã ¤%ÿ_æ å_ü ú ý ú ü ¤ ± ¤áÿ_æ ±cì ú ü ¤
û ã
û ãmý ú
ç …
´ ¤ ì'ì û ±ý ç ú !<²ì ¤ ûtú å ÿ ú  ã}å ÿ þã ¤%ÿ²æ tã ærÿ ú  í ÿn å æ üäý ¤ ì ú ü ¤s÷Nÿ_¤rÿ f tãÎÙWì ¤ üäý ú ÿ ý æ ¯ ú ÿ þäã
¤ æ

ú å
µßæ%ÿ ý ì ¤rÿ ±}ë å µßæ%ÿ ý ç¹æ
ú ú ú
æ æ ¤%ÿ²ÿ_æ üRüäã ¤rÿ ã  ã ³
û ±}± ì ú
 aæ%ÿ å_ý æ ¯=ý¥ãPtãÎì ¤ û ãóý ç ú #<_ì ¤ ú  ú ± ú ÿ ú ô !– ø
QSRSTUEVW XZYaÃAÃrÌšÂ²Ê Ë[šË_Í Æ ËLÂ²Í Â
:am Æ ËLÈ"ÅäÄÎË²Ê \=²ÃÆÅP"m Ã\m Í Ë\"Å ] Â^Ë_à È\Å eÅ Èt—Ì%ÃËLÄÎƇÂaÄ}ÄÎË(šÂ6lyl ËßÆÊ =m Ä_áÅ ÄÎÄÅ Ë
B\m Ê tm ƇƇÂ_Ê Å lylytm Ƈ˾ÈL m ÌrÃ:<m Bmrj:m ²Å Æ Ç<Ë"=j Í ÂÄÎÄÅ :~m È"ÅS`bac dfe j ÄKcg}ÂáÄÎË_Ê \…²ÃÆÅÄÎË_à ËfBDm "=j Å Ë_Ã:=m ƇÂ
<m IkÊ Âh
i Ì Â²Ã:lyk m j_l %—w•œ› ŽœŽnm,o l Â4Ë_èÌrÃ:m Ê Å ÄÎË²Í Ì& l Å Ë_èÈ\Åqpr` =Å ÆtsSBm "=j Š˲ÃÂumË\"ÃrÅ°ÄÎË_Ê \=²ÃƇ ÆÊ tm ÄšÂaƇƇ™=m È
Å ÄÎÆ1" m à ÆÅvB=m ÄÌ:"m Í Å j ²ÊÌ%ÃšÆ Â"j Ë6B=m ÄÌ:"m Í ÂNÂf\"Í Å'Å Ã Æ Â²Ê :"m Í Í Å È"Å'Å ÃÆ‡Â²Ê \m Ê Ê Å ¹Ë~ÂGÈ\ÅÄ}Â_Ê Å l Å Ë~Ä}Ë_ÃËGÂ_à ÆÊ Dm n =Åwxc Dm c
m È"Å ÄÎÆÊ Å =Ì: l Å Ë_à ÂNÂÄYj ˲òÃ:l Å "m Í ÂWÃÂ\6=m ÆÅ :¨m È"Åw "m Í Ë_Ê
šÂÈ"Å ËUÊ Å ÄYj ÂÆ ÆÅ :Dm šÂ_Ã Æ Â ,  —O˜ Ê Å ]%Å ÂÄÎƇÂsyáÅ Ã%Ì Æ‡ËNÂ
ò   7c › —œ áÅ Ã%Ì ÆÅ c
z|{ßÁaÂƇÂ_Ê}áÅ Ã:"m Ê Â¨Í ~ m jKÈ"ÅÌrÃ:Ÿm ÄÎË_Ê \=²ÃÆ‡Â Ã Â²Í Í Â€IÔ=m ÄÅÎÈ\Å=m ƇÆÅ eÅ Æ Ç:u
 {~È=ÂaƇ²ÊtáÅ Ã\m Ê Â¨Å ÍÃ%ÌšÂ_Ê Ë4*=m ÄÎÄÅ šËèÈ"ÅÎÄÎË_Ê \=²ÃÆÅ|Ë_ÃƇÂ"rj Ë²Ê "m ÃÂBm šÂ²ÃÆ Â=m Æ ÆÅ ¹Âu
‚ {~È=ÂaƇ²ÊtáÅ Ã\m Ê ÂUÅ Ív\œÊ =m Èt˨È"ÅÄÎÂ²Ê Å l Š˄ƒr…Ê Ë Cm =Å Í Å Æ‡Ç1È"Å¹Ê Å J*ÌÆéˆcËaÆ‡Æ Â²Ã%Å =Å Í ÂfË_þŠÍMDÂBlyl Ë~ÆÊ =m Ä_áÅ ÄÎÄÅ ËCÅ ÃÈ"Å h
Btm ƇËu
‡ˆ{ßÅ ÃÈ"Å B"m Ê Â¾Í €m Bmrj:m ²Å ƇÇèÈmÆ:m \:\œÅ Ì%Ãx\=Â²Ê Â‚\m ÍtË_Í Í Â\6Dm šÂ_Ã Æ Ë
j ²ʉ\6\m Ê \m à ÆÅ Ê Â¾Ì%Ã\œÊ =m ÈtËÈ"ŇÄÎÂ_Ê Å l Å Ë@²ÃƇË
'Ë²Í Æ Â4áÅ \"Í Å Ë_Ê Âc
Š8W RyVˆXRS‹ŒT
z|{^j_  l ³3 ²…° ²° ì ± ¬ ™ l ± ³¬ 3l ì ²…± ° ì ¯ ± ì ° –•j—u™2—w•œ› ŽœŽi™œ•…˜ “ Ý—OŽ-m jÄ|u
 {„ ÍÃ%ÌDÂ²Ê Ë‘ômtÄÎĥŠšË,È\Å-ÄÎË²Ê \…Â_à ÆÅ}Ë_Ã Æ Â"jË_Ê m"ÃÂBmDšÂ_Ã Æ ÂNm=Æ ÆÅ ¹ÂPË_Å Ãx²Å ÈtÂPË_Ã>Å ÍÃ%ÌšÂ_Ê Ë,È\ŇÄÎÂ²Ê '²ÃÆÅ
º È=Â_Í| Ë_Í Í Â6\ mDš ²ÃÆ Ë  i ÌrÅ ÃÈ"Å º  6“6“’S’ ” (w(w• • ’’‘ ‘“' – –•…˜œ˜ ÄÎÂ²Ê ' ²ÃÆÅ u
¶Ô+S— R [zl Z BS\ NPY l7Z KjYN ctB b/¬ TVZmlIZ N c M oSo MmM f¡f M c M |Ÿ|Ÿ| \h¢ a f T YkN B K BsaRZ f N B KjY Z  Z K BLaRT Y R M [zB ] aRB
[ MON ctZOlIZ"M \ Yhf N M BwRB Y] |Ÿ|Ÿ|Ô K2Y YuR
N TVa Mì
YIY \8˜ a f…f Z K2YIY R K2YhƒwYK a Y RZOR J TtB f aB"\ M7] [zB,BSa[ M R N B ¬ RZB f B N actB"c M \ M(ƒYhMKjY a f T YhN B |
 Ãüü þÿ
*>‘>’“‘•”=–—˜rÿG™;™þš‘›aþ‘DŸž ž ˜žG8ÿBÿ þ’þg¢NžG>‘
‚ {„g}HéÅ Ã Æ Â²ÃÄŠƇÇ&šÂaÈ"Å mNÈ"ÅkÆÊ m:I JK˾ËI I Â_Ê Æ‡ËAÊ Å ÄÌ%Í Æ¥mijm"Ê-Åum& ì  °  6 ‘ ŠZ" h'Ê Í m"Ãy\›ÂæjÂ_Ê Æ/m"ÃÆ ËŸÈm"Í Í Â
 Ì%Ê' ÂèÈ"Å_œ Å \›cyd
cap ÄÅÎÆÊ Ë
: m1Ì%Ã:m™j=Ê Ë m= Å Í Æ Ç¾È\ÅÊ Å RJ Ì¹Æ Ë•jm"Êò Åm
²Šʙ‰Bš m” 6“’ •¡˜ µ 6
²
‡ˆ{6ž Å°Ê Å %] Å ÂÈt i ÌrÅ ÃÈ"Å ÌrÃ:mj=Ê Ë m= Å Í Å Æ‡Ç~È\Å°Ê Å *J ̹Ƈ˟p ¡ @' Ë²Í Æ Â1Å ÃyI ²Ê-Å Ë²Ê Â ÂE² Šˢ™jm\Ê Åm •¡˜ µ š ctÁ6m"Í Í ÂE²ÌrʹÂ
p ÄÅÎËaÄ}ÄÎÂ²Ê : mf] £² Å ¤ Ê Å Dr] Å ÂÈtÂ<ԃ m jm"Ê Å Æ ÇNÈ\Åv 6† m"Í š ²ÃË¥p`¡ Eƒ²Å Ê Bm:†aÄ}Â_Ê ¹Â²ÃÆÅ `¡ áÅ ÃGj=Å ¦
È\ÅKœ Å \›c¡dc…
jm"Ê ÅumtÈ1Ì%Ãm
B mƒjm/² ŠƇÇÏm:\q"\ Å ÌrÃÆÅ : mGÈ"Å —O˜š™2—œKšŽ ™œ•¡˜ “  읛Ÿ•¡—O˜ e£ jÄKc
Æ-Çw§ ŽžÊyÌiÍÄՀ Êp֞ÊpÌiÕ-Î=áDÊyчÊyÓ ÓDÎ=ÊyÕXÔÝÍÄÞDÍÄÊpÞmßÎ=ÊyÍÄÞDÎ=֞Ó
œ æ%ÿ ý ç'æ ã²üäãÎüäý ærµ ã ¤rç ã æ%ÿ ý ý㠱α 
æ%ç ã}ý ç  ç¹æ ü ærÿ ý ÿ_¤ ã}± µß¤ ¤
û ã  ¤ æ%ç ç'æ
û ±Î±
æ æGç¹æ ýã ã²ý æ
z
æ± ì ¤%µ å ÿ ãÎì þ*ã ¤%ÿ_æ Û &q —
ú
í í » Ý
ú ú
ytöBsq r _
º ·
û ú
à s &s s yq Û k '
¸ Û
ú
»  Ý  ;
¯ ã ÿ '
ì _
å
ú
 ã ¤ a ÿ g
ã ì r
¤
û
_
ÿ _
ÿ æ R
ü ä
ü ã %
¤ _
ÿ æ
ú
  ã µ æ aÿ ã ÿÀµß¤ ¤
û

 ærç¹µ ÿ_ærÿ ý æ
ú
ú ±}ì¹å
ÿæ
ú
û ±Î±
æ æ¾ç ãÎü ¤%ç ü æ
û ã
ç¹æ ý æ ¯tì¦ æ å ÿ  ¤ ±}ý æ ü å ç ã}ý æ  ç'¤ å²ì ¤eÿ²¤ å ÿ ¸ è» Ý s yq ú
û ±
æ
û
z
ú
± ú ç ã}ì¦_ã æ üRý ú û ã>ì ¤%ÿ_ÿ²æ üäüRã ¤%ÿ²æ ¯ã>üRã}üäý ærµ ã %¸ ·Rº²Ý tÝ rq s 3t 3sNt &s yt q ú
¼ ¸ kÝ c¸ à Lü ¤%ÿ²¤Uç
ú ú
3
û
ç'æ ü æ%ÿ ý ý¥ã ã ã ç'æ ýã 
q í
Û — í » Ý ytöBsuq %º_· à srt ‘ yq tÛ¹Û ²·RÝÝ ¯gã ì¹å²ãã ÿ ß
µ æ üRü ú   ãü %
¤ ²
ÿ ¤ 
üäå ûtû ã ã}üRãgã å ã}ý ³Læ ± æ%µßæ%ÿ ý ú ç ã>× û æ ýý¥ã ÿ
ú
ÿ
ú û ú

 ú ì¹ì¦ ýýãί ú cå ý
æ  1
ÿ ¤ ± ì'å_ã ç ã}ì æ þã ¤%ÿ²æAÿ_¤rÿ
ú û
  æ æ cã}Ù   ú
aærÿ ã ç¹æ ã ÿ ý æ%µ  ¤Wç'æ ± æ ¯ æ ì¦ æ ì ¤%ÿ ã
ú û z
 ã û ¤rÿ_¤ ± æ üäý æ üRü æCç ã}ü ¤%ç ü æ ²üRã}ì'¦ æ × û æ ±}ã ¤%ç ú ÿ ã û ãDì ¤rµßµ å_ý ú þã ¤rÿ_æßæ û ã,ý ç ú ü µ ã}üäüRã ¤%ÿ_æ ì ¤%ÿ ã <  w 1
 ú ì¹ì¦ ýýã û ã ú ±Îý
æ ç¹æ ì ¤%µ å ÿ ã}ì þã ¤rÿ ã Ú"æ%ç ý ÿ ý ¤ ¯\±}ë ã ÿ ã ¤  ë û ãgå 
ÿ
ú ì¹ì¦ ý°ý cå
æ 
¤ æ üäü ærç¹æ ¸ Ý c¸ à tÝ s yt t 3q
ü æ ± ú ç¹æ ý æ f Ò 
ã ÿ aç ú=û ¤ û ã aæ üRý¥ã ç'æ û æ ±}± æ Û à · à tÝÝ·¹Ü ²¯ã ÿ ì¹å²ã ú ì'ì¹å µ å_± ú ç'æ ± æNç ãÎ즲ã æ üRý æ û ã_ü ærç
ú
&q ú
sƒt t z
 ã}þ*ã ì'¦ ¤ G
æ æ ì'ì æ û ¤%ÿ²¤ ã}± ÿ å µßæ%ç'¤ û ã²ü ærç æ%ÿ ýã ú û ã}ü ¤ üäãÎþ*ã ¤rÿ_æ ¯ æ ûcú ì'å_ã ç'æ ± æ ú ç'æ ×ì ¤%ÿLç ã}ý ú ç û ¤ ã  7   1
 ú ì¹ì¦ ýýãmüäý üRü*ã
æ æ ÿ²¤%ÿ 
æ%ÿ
ú üRã
ç¹ærÿ ÿ_¤
û ã}ü 7 ¤%ÿ ã ´ ã}±}ãc± æáç ã}ü ¤rç ü æGÿ_æ ì æ üRü ç ã æ >
ú
ÿ n ûtú
å æ üäý ¤ ì ú ü ¤ ¯Dãα aç ú ²ì ¤ ì'¦ æLµß¤ üRý ç ú ì ¤%µßæ üäã ç ã ú ç ý¥ãÎüäì ¤rÿ_¤ ã  <
ú

Pp ¨ í
å_üäüRã û ã ç ã}ì¦_ã æ üäý æ üä㠵ߤ û ã _ì ú ì ¤rµßæ ã ÿ < <  å ç ú ¯ û ¤ æ  f  æ ã ærÿ þ*ã ý ¤
λo Pr
λp
ì ¤%µßæ ± ú ç¹æ å ærÿ þ úLû ã ç ã}ì¦_ã æ üäý æ  à  n  n Ò÷ üRãgüRå ûcû ã ã û æ ý ç ú ± ú ç'æ å ærÿ þ ú
û ú

1−Pp
λ
sr
û ±}±
æ æÀç ã}ì¦_ã æ üäý æ    À÷Ū© æ%ç ü æ ÷: ¯ û ã n å æ ±}± æ ü ærç ã}ý æ ì ¤%ÿVç ã}ý ú ç û ¤ æ
û ã
å ±Î± ü n æ æ w
%
æ ç ‰÷Å ä  ã}ý ã  æ ß
µ ß
µ æ ã ý 1
µ %
æ ÿ ý æ 
¯ ã ÿ  å ÿ *
þ ã r
¤ _
ÿ æ æ }
± ± ¹
ç r
¤ ´ ´ }
ã é
± Î
ã ý ³
n Ân
1−Pr
λ si
û ã z ærç ãÎý å «‹ Þ æ
û ã ã}ý ú û
ç
û ú ú
ç ¤ Þ ÿ ý æ%ç'µ ã ÿ ã
û ã å üRý
û
æ
ú
æ
ú
å ú ÿ ý¥ãÎý ³ ¯
  ú ±
 %
¤ ²
ÿ ¤ ± G
æ ¹
ç æ ± ú þã %
¤ ÿ ãê ÷:­ Þ
:÷
û ú
Ö Ã ÷ʼn© ›© A? : ÷ à ÷AÅ ä A? ›© A? : ÷ à  ­ Þ  « ® Þ ¬ Ö ­
í
« ® Þ ¬ ® « Þ ¬ ÿ
í û ã}ì ú û
ÿ ¤
ü   w   gn
ì ¤%ÿ
 %
æ µ ¤
­
Ä
ª ãα“ý æ%µ
¤ ß
µ
¤Àµßæ ã ¤
%
æ ÿ ¤
û
1 û ãèü
æ < – 
æ%ç ã}þã ¤
ÿ !< ! æ %
¤
û ã
ß
µ
¤ aÿ ã ç ãÎì¦_ã æ üRý ¯è×kì'¦ æ—ÿ_¤%ÿ ì ¤rµ
æ ³ _
ÿ ¤ ¤
ú
ÿ ÿ %
æ ÿ ³ ç
ç'æ%ÿ æ
û
C
¤ ¤
å²ã ÿ û ã
æeç ý ¤
Á à Ä ì Á :  Ä ² Á€‰Å ©  Ä ±P´
ã}±,ý û ã ú ì¹ì ûcú ý ¯DüRã û ã}üRì ¯ì ã ý ¯ å ú ã ý üäã}ý û ãý ú ²ì
­ ­ ÷ à &ü  ¯;ì¦ æ æ  
1
æ ç ã}üRå²±Îý ú iÁ à Á : ê ÁŪ©ê Á€Å ä æn
'
ç æ ­ ¯ æ å_ã û ã ÿ ­ Ö ­ Ö
Á Å ä  Ä ±P°  ­
û

ÿ ¤%ÿ üRã ærç ÿ ¤ ã}±ì ü ¤ ã ÿ ì'å_ãa± ì ¤ ´…´ ã å ÿ

ú ±}å
 ÿ ¦ æ þþ < ÿ ã}ý æ  ú ã ú…û 4¬ ç ¯ ¤ üäü ærç ã ú µß¤7
û ú û ú ú
 ûtú¾ú
 
ú
 ú
” ú
w
1¬
ì¦ æ ÿ æ æ ç æ æ æ a æ µ æ  _
ÿ ¤ %
æ ç a r
æ ÿ r
¤ _
ÿ ¤ ¤ æ ×æ
ú ì¦ ± ã}ì'¦²ã üRý üRå²ì¹ì üäüRã ú ±}±éë ã û ã,ý¥å_ý¥ýã ±}ã ü ýã,ü ú ì'ì ±}ý
 ¤ üRý æ ã ÿ ì ¤
ûcú ¯,ì
¤rµßæ ü æ ãDü ærç æ%ÿ ýã ¤ üRü æ%ç'¤ 
 
û ã
æ%ÿ å_ý¥ã ” ê ¬  ÿ ç¹æ ±}ý ³ ±}ë ÿ ±}ãÎüäã ¤rç¹ÿ ãÎüäì æ ¨
ç ãÎüäå_±}ý ýã ã æ%ç'æeÿ ý¥ãίã ÿ
ú û P# æn å ú
ÿ ý ¤ ± 4
æ ç }
ã '
ì ²
¦ ã æ R
ü ý æ
ú '
ì ì ¤
ûcú ý æ  û
æ  %
¤ _
ÿ è
¤ æ ä
ü ü r
æ
í
¹
ç æ
ú
ú
ÿ ì ¤rç ü æ%ç ã}ý æ ¯ æ
ú
w ú ú
"n å_ã ÿ û ã

xf n
^
$ :
¤ ¤ æ Þ _
ÿ r
¤ ÿ ÿ '
ç æ æ e
æ ÿ r
¤ _
ÿ æ æ ç ¤ r
æ ÿ r
æ ç %
æ µ r
¤ ç ã ÿ ý ú ýã
%
æ
–#ù
ã}±ì ú ±}ì ± û ±Î± ú å ú4û ã ý¥ý ú üRý üäã û ã ã}üRå_±}ý ú ýã ýý å²ýã ãüRã}üRý ã
   < 
æ:Á Å
æ%ç ã}ý ë ì ¤%µ å ÿ å æ ú ´=´ ú üäý ú ÿ þ ú ü æ%µ t±Îã}ì æ æ%ç ã _ì ú ç¹æ ì¦ æ ¤rç ú ± ú Þ ç ã}üRå_±}ý ú ã ÿ æ%ç ã ¤rç¹æ
ú ±}± ú
ú ±}± ú
Þ  û ú
û ±\ì ú ü ü
æ ¤ r
æ ÿ þ ú ì ûtú ¯ ¤ æ r
æ  ç ý ú ý ±}ë ã ý ÿ ¤ ÿ r
æ ÿ üäãÎý û ã\ý ú _ì ¤ ü µ ú ±}ýã}ý ¤
³ ç #< Á ʼn© ê Á Å ä
­ ­
A? : Á Ã « ®  Þ ¬
ú å ß
µ r
æ ÿ ý ú ú ¯ ú
ç Î
ã ý ³
û ã ¤ ! e
æ ç ý ú

тÒN­ Ò}Õ ® Û8¯ â€ÜkÝ6Ú8Ý6Ø ßrÛA°„Û[ݓݓܡ7
˜ ã\ý ç ú ¥ý ý L
ú û ã;å
ÿ ç }ã üRå_±}ý ý ¤ µß¤ ±}ý ¤ aærÿ_æ%ç ± æ ¯
ú ú ú α ã û
¤ æ ç
r å ú ±}üRã ú üRã û ã}üRý ç ã ´ ²å þã ¤%ÿ²æ û æ \ ã ý ærµ cã û ã   
n 
ã ÿ ý æ%ç ú ç¹ç ã a¤¾æ û ãmü r 
æ ç ãÎþ*ã ¤ ¯=± ì¹å²ã
ú ú t±Îã}ì ú  
þ ã ¤r_
ÿ æ tå ¾ý ¤%' ç ÿ ç¹æ ²
ú å ýã}± æŸÿ_æ ±Î±}ë ú ÿ ú }± ã}üRãé¯ æ ì¦ æ¾'ç æ ì'ãÎý ê
ú  
¶¸< I M« 8 J \hB‡l7ctZOoBSo Y \ YkN„‰KjY oS\hZOTtTtZ K2M c Ykƒ BSR NPMK BS\h\hB K2R Y f l7ZO¶R B Y o Z Y \ YhNPB„gR K2Y;Zº aRf B-M c TtƒwZ M R B NY!]\hB aRc B _Sb c a M _SRa njM B RnjB \hK2\ Y c c Y TATVU U YhM f NPM
l7BSc Y B « 8 ™ , ì RZORDl7a¦ M M c M M c ƒwYhN B Y [
[ MyKjY B N BS[ M NM K NPN K K ] b M M KjM M Y YkM NPM
f ™ , J avwaBS\ M B ,
RZOR M c ƒwYhNPMšY [
x[ ³ MyKjyY ´ B N BS[ M f…R f NM
«8Q
Z NPNPYhM R M‡«   µ y´ ] TVU MuJ M [
lIc M [ ì Y RZOc MK2Y>« 8 | ì
f EG« q «±E•²Q« ² H#H#]jMyKuM vaBSvw\ Y B"R K Zš\ M
K a MšM f lIc M f¡f Y Z2R Y f f Y
µ f
 ”=–tµ:¶ »D2»P·¸’¿Ÿ-¹E=»D¸Aº‰ÂCO¾,»#»PºAK¸
¿„·ÿ ·8ÿ
¼½ºA8·ÿ‘ºA¹ » Ãü .
¾,¿ÁÀ-Âí„ÃMÄ q í„ÃMÅ suq ÷ Å s ÂƉÃMÀÆ s-Ç&q ÀƉÃí ƒq Ä t Àà t í„áÀƉà  ÄMÃbÈMÃbÀÆ s‚s À#ÂÀÉÈ s ÈMƉÃ7í t Å s
ÈbÃMÄ  shö6suq6,Ê rt Ä st ¿  Ä q Å q Æ‰Æ q ÆSÄ t KÄbà õ ÂÃbÀ ö6t í„ÃbÅ st Å s Èwí t ¿“Æ s í„ÃMÀÆ q ÅÃM¿“¿ªÃ£Ä sªÇ‘xs ÃMÈbƉÃ
÷AÅÃbÅ s ¿ÆSwà í rq í„ÃMÅ suq Å s ÃbÄwí t ÀÃbÀ ö6t ü : ÅÃM¿ª¿“ËtÂƉÃbÀÆSÃ@ÀÃM¿È s ÈbƉÃ7í t
Ì nqÍÎ}ÿ û Î}Î ÿ û Ì < ÿÎ ý Î  ú ÷ÐÏ ÷^Å Î ü : BŸ ÌÑrÑ|Ò ú  Ñ ÎÔÓ ú þ ÎrÕrÿ Ì ú Ñ Ó ú ü Õ û Î ü ÌÖ Î þ ÎÕ Ö Î Ì ÿ ý ú ý Î ú ÑrÑ ú  ÌÖ û Î ý úq×
ü ÎÙØ ú ü :
Ï ü  Ì ÿ ý ÖbÌ ÿ Ì Î ü ÌÖ Î þ Î ÓbÕ Ö Î ü Í Ñ ý ü : Ï üMÛ8ê ü  ÎÎÿÜÓbÍÎ
ü¡Û Ö  ÖbÌ ü Ì ÿ ý Î Ñ ý Ì  Õ
×:Ú Ú
Ú Ì û Î|Õ û ÎFÓbÕ ûcú 
ú ûcú ú ú ú

тÒ­NÒ10 ÝÛ8¯ Ý7:OˆÛ„Ú[5^ØößGÚÂÛK9€á9ÆÛ?Ý6ÚÞ7a߈Ú[¯q7×/߀7:9ÆÝ7„à9€Û85^Ø

á Ö Îß Ú úNû  Ö
Î Õ ÿÎ ÖMÌEÖ Î ü Í Ñ ý ú ý Î  Î|â Ì ÿ ÌÖ ú Ñ Î × ü Õ Ñ Î ú:Ú Õ Ñ|Ò ú ÿ ú Ñ Î ü Î  ÌÖ n:Í Ì üäý Õ£Ó ú ü Õ  ú Ö ý ÎrÓMÕ Ñ ú ÖMÌ × Î}ÿ
ÓMÍÎ Ñ ú  ÖbÌ n:Í Ì ÿ þ úAû Î Ö Î|ÓyØÎ Ì üRý Ì  ÌÖ ü Ì ÷ : f ÿÍ ÑrÑ ú×mûtú ý Õ6ÓyØ Ì Í²ÿ ú ÓMÕ ûtúWû Î Ñ Í_ÿØ Ì þþ ú Î}ÿ < ÿFÎ ý ú ÑrÌ
ÓMÓbÕ Ñ Î Ì ý Í ýý Ì 
ú
ã Ñ ü Î üäý Ì Úßúif~û Ì ü Ó Ö Î ý¥ý Õ ûcú Ͳÿ  Í_ÿ ý Õ û ÎÎ üäý ú üRý úz è è è è è è
íî|ï¡í_îrðbñ^ò„óô/î|õqöíó^îr÷-ôÙîrõ:øùbõqò„ò„õ½ô/î-öõqïˆðMî|íõúó„ò„ñùMíó λ

äå ä
λ λ
äæ
λ λ
äç äç
λ

ùMî|û/ñùMí_õqí_ñÜõ¥üõ:öðbñ8ýCîrö(ðbþî%ñøöîï¡í_õqí_ñúÿ

ùbõqûÙûÙùMóï¡ó
ö S0 S1 S2 Sk Sk+1

í õ ‘ùbîrð îróï¡í_ó
öó÷ï¡îrïˆíóò„õ:ý:ôÙîFðMþîþöõ6ïˆíõ~ùbîrðM ó óöô/ñ é é é é é é

ïˆó
ù î ,îrñE ó  Áï¡ñöñEõ:ðbðMñôÙõ:íó 
µ µ µ µ µ
äê ë æ çì
µ

 óùûÙùMñðMó
ôÙóùbó6öó÷r÷  õöõ:÷rîÔï¡î|ýï¡îõ:û/ûÙ÷rî|ðMõ þö û/ùbîröðMî 
Sistema 1 richiesta e 2 richieste ed k richieste
vuoto coda vuota 1 in coda in coda

ûÙîrñ*ô/îqó :þîr÷rî ùbîrñ€ï¡í_õqí_îrïˆíî|ðMñ€ð ó€õqïˆï¡óùMî|ï¡ðbó€ð ó8ýóïˆõ:þùbîríñ*î|÷í_ùMõ:öïˆîrí_ñùbîrñ€ùMó÷rõ:íîñ*õ:÷r÷rõ_õqðbðMóöïˆîrñ 

öó CôÙó÷Ùï¡î|ï¡í_óò„ õ ªð ón ñ îrõ:ò„óöíó £îröî ,îrõ÷|ò„óöí!ó þñí ñ "“ýq÷| õ #“ùbó :þóö 8õfò„óô/î|õfôÙî/íùbõqöï¡î 8î|ñöî
íùbõ
ÿ @ó4$ÿ
%'&CôÙó ó‘óøþõ:ø÷rîÔõ:ùM(ó :þó÷r÷rõ<ôÙõ^ÿ
%'&õqô¥
ÿ )+*Köô/î|ðMõ:öô/ñEðMñ- ö ,$ .0/132S4ÿ 65÷|õ<ûÙùM ñ q+õ 
:îr÷rîÔ8í 7~ð ó‘î|÷Fïˆîrïˆíóò„õ<ðbñöíó
öø9 õ 
ùbîrð îróï¡í_ó8ýF÷  ó :þîÔ÷|î :ùMîrñEï¡í_õqí_îrïˆíî|ðMñ
ï¡îíùbõqôÙþðMó
öó÷|÷  îÔöï¡î|óò„ó‘ôÙî
ó qþ+õ 8îÔñöî :
: ; ,$.=<>,$
%'& ðMñö 9.@?>AB6ADCA
E
E
E6AGF IH'KJ6"
*K ö #“õ:íí_îrý ,$3nû/õ:ùMîÙõ:÷r÷Ô õ #“ùbó :þóö 8õfò„óôÙîrõfðbñö„ðMþî/îr÷/öþò„óùMñnô/îFùMîr
ð î|óïˆíóEõqðbðMñ÷rí_ónûÙõqïˆï¡õ6ô/9 õ 
õ-MLN& 6O8î|P÷ ; #“õqí_íñEð ónî|÷/ï¡ó
ù ó
öí_ó£ïˆîrõfþöîrðMñnðMñò„û/ñùMíõf
ð óE÷r õ #ªùM ó qþóQö ,õfôÙîÙï¡ó
ù î ,îrñ£ïˆîrõ<ï¡óò„û/ùbó
<R.
U
S T
îröôÙîrûÙóöô/óöíóò„óöíóEô/õ:÷/öþò„óùMñnô/îÙùbîrð îróïˆíóEõqðbðMñô/õ:íó8ý:ónôÙþQö þó <>,+
%'&V£ûÙùMñûùMîrñn÷rõ
#“ùbó :þó ö 8õ4ò„óôÙîrõ4ðbñö„ðMþîFî|÷Fï¡î|ï¡í_óò„õ4ûÙõqïˆï¡õ4ô/W õ (L@P- õ 
ùbîrð îróï¡í_óEõ:ðbðMñ÷rí$ó 
X õ4ùMó÷r+õ 8îrñö! ó YHVZJ["Q‘ôÙîFöõ:íþùMõ<ùMîrðbñùbï¡î õ:ý:óEûÙQþ \‘óïˆûÙùMîrò„óùMïˆîðbñò„ó
:
,$.^] ; ,
`a.0b ; $, `
<R_
 óù£ôÙóí_ó ùbò„îröõ:ùMó6î|V÷ õ:÷rñùM(ó ,P`.c/!1a2‰ÿ
`d5“ýþøþõq÷|ófõq÷|÷rõ&ûÙùMñ :õ:îr÷|îÔíe7„ðó6îr÷ï¡îrïˆíóò„õÜïˆîrõþñí_ñ8ý
ùMî|ðMñùMôÙîrõ:ò„ñ>fYgðó‘ô/ó óEùbîrïˆþ÷|íõ:ùMó

M.ij h $, !.ij h ,
`Gb ; .l,$`

k ` k ` a
 m
 b ;
ôÙõ<ðbþîñí_íóöî|õqò„ñn,$`o.pomb ; ó‘ô/þöqþó
,$ .c28qmb ; 5)b ;
ðó‘ðMñùMùˆîrïˆû/ñöô/óEõqô þöõ<ô/óöï¡îrí874ô/îû/ùbñ: õ: îr÷|îrí86 7 óï¡ûÙñöóöQ,îrõ:÷róEô/î|ï¡ðMùbóíõ'
‘— ˜
rtsZuwvyxzxz{|Dvy}~z€
{‚8~zƒy„ v…|8vyxV}~I†‡ x‰ˆ{‚ˆƒŠ†~‹Œ{‡P†ƒ…|Dvyxzxz{}vyxz{‚8~zƒy„ vŽl‘“ ’ ”–• ˜I™[šP› „ƒyˆ{œƒy„9~ŒxQ„ ƒyovŠ|8~
žŸ
 U¡ Ÿ
Ÿ¢ £6¤¥Ÿ¦ ¡K§©¨ › v'€
{‚xz~|8{n†vw• ª¬« › œƒyav'~z„ ‹K{‚ˆˆ~‚}U~Y†t‡ x­ˆ{¥„ vyxd„ ƒ6†tˆ}ƒœ{†ƒ › ~z„q®‚‡{
„ ˆƒV„ vyœv6†“†{‚}U~Œ{ovy„ˆv3|DvD€BvV}~I†‡ xzˆ{}v
¯'° ’¥±D² ª´«8µG†v4~zx–†tvy}€
vy„ ˆv4¶4‡ „ ~zœƒ
~z„ ‹K{Bˆˆ~ › ‡„ {V‹K}vD®‚‡ vy„ 8{3|8~
{‚}U}~Œ€
ƒ4o{B·B·
~zƒy}vw|8~
®‚‡vyxŒxz{¸|8~–†tvy}€
~z8~zƒ
¹[}vyœºxz‡$|Dv4ƒy·
„ ~
†¹dvy}{B³ „ 8{n|D~6‹K‡ „D~‰ƒy„ {‚ovD„ ˆƒ › |8{‚ˆƒ»œU¼v»vy€
~Y|8vy„ ˆvDovy„ ˆv½~zx†~I†ˆvDo{¾„ ƒy„q¼ {¾oƒ6|8ƒa|D~†to{‚xzˆ~z}v'ˆ‡ ˆˆv»xŒv»}~zœº¼ ~zv6†ˆvd¿
 À6Á ÃÄÆÅwÇ ·-»-¼€»ÉÈ:¶(·º » ËÃ
ÄÆÊ¥ÊwÇ6à w »P¹E¸ ¸ ºA¸
· Ç4ÄÌÅÄWÃaÃ½Í ¸
··-»

Î Î Ï
Ú nÕ Õ Ö Ï~ÎÐÑ Ö Ï+Ò/Õ(ÒÙÎ
Ò ÌÓ_ÌÖ Ú Î ÐÏ bÖ Ì Ï Ñ ÓbÍQÐ Ì Ñ Ö ÏÐÒ ÌÔ6Ô8Ì Ò/ÎÎÐ ÓÌÖMÌ Õ‚ÕˆÌPÖ
× Ø–ÙÚ½ÛQÚ½ÜÝUܺÞG߬àwÜ»Ø)ÜÞÛQØ)àwÙâáäã
å Ö Î Õ Í ÑÓ Ï9æPÏ Ö ÎVÏ ÑrÑ Ï-æ Ö Õç+Ï+çqÎ Ñ Î Ó8è ÓyØ Ì Î ÑVÕ Î ÕdÓÌ Ï9ÐÕÐ Õ Î ÏWéÍÕ Ó Õ×Ì
ÓbÎr Õ êEÓMØ Ì ÓbÎ Õ ΠύÑÎ è Ï Ñ Ú Ì ÐÕnQÍ ÐÏ Ö ÎrÓyØÎ Ì Õ‚Ó ÏŠÏqÓbÓMÕ ÑÓ Ï × Ì Ò9êæPÏ Ö Î4ÏVëYì Ú
Ï íaïWð$ñAÏcíaï=ò“íaïmóMñ
ô-Ï0ónñ
á'ã î

õAÎ|ÓMÕ Ö ÒÙÎÏ ÕWÒÙÎwÏé ÌÖ ÑÎ è Ò Ìö ÐÎ Ó Õ ÑrÒ Ì÷Iö ÓbÎ Ì Ð Ô Ï¥ÓMÕ Ì Î ÑÖ Ïæ$æÙÕ ÖBÓ Õ¬ø Ïúù
ü û Ó_Ö Ï½Î Ñ¾ÓÖ Ï Y÷ ö ÓbÕ
Ú Ú
Õ Ú Ï ÑÓ Î Ó Õ Ì ÒfÎ Ñ ÐÍ Ú ÌÖ ÕoÒ Ì Î ÕˆÌÖ é Ì Ð Ó Îeý‚Ð ÌÑ ÐÕ ÕdÓÖ Õ€ÓBÏ Õ Õ þ Ïîí Ì óaÿÁÏ0ó
Ö ÒÙÍÐ:Í Ì ø Ï  ó 
á ÌÖBÓ Ï+Ð Ó Õ × Î Ñ-Ö Î Õ Í ÑÓ Ï Ó Õ¬á ã Ï ó Ï øÜÎÐQÒÙÎrÓBÏúÓbÕ Ì Ï Ñ¾ÓÌ ÐQÒ ÌÖˆÌ ÏÒ í Ò ÌÑrÑrÒ Ì÷Iö ÓbÎ Ì Ð Ô Ï Ñ Ï
æ Ö Õ ç+Ïç:Î Ñ Î Óeè ÒÙÎ Ö Î Ó Ï Ö ÒÙÕ ÓÌ ÐQÒ$ϊÏÐÓyØ Ò Ì Õ‚Õ ÏÏ+Ò í
Ú × ×

 Û$à¥Ü“ÛàwÜÙàwÛÐQÒBÏ Ó Ï!Ð " Ö#  Õ%$&Ó Ï' Õ‚Õ ' # ' Õ )' (´æ &  !'*(' Ð Ó '+ & é>Ï ' Ï Ó-,
& #-
Ó ' Õ ÆÒ' & Ð $ (' # Ò # /.' Õ‚Ó Æ
' æ # ' Õ ' Ð Ó 4Ð' &4Õ  Õ‚Ó '*(´Ï102 éé' # )ë43
ó

"6587:9%;<=5?@ > ; ð A 5 òeíqïmóBô @ > ; ó A 5 íaïmó
ACB ñ ACB ñ
' æ' # ó GF í & ÏDC ÒPÏ Ó ' ÐÒ
Ò$ÏD $  #  ÕE$&Ó ÏD/.( ' Ï+Ò $ ÐÏ &H$ ÐÑI.' Ô6Ô ÏD Ð ö Ð Ó Ï 
JKLwÙ6PàwÜÙ´àwÜKLMPØN ÛÛOÐÒ
Ï Ó
!ÐQP/R%0N' Õ C)(´æ)Ðç & 'oÐ' &H& Ï Õ *((´ÏSPTRU58P!VWSPCX
ÓT# ÏY ½ & Ó '*´( æZ( ' Ò9Ò Õ ' # é[ Ô H+'Ò\ &½Ó '*(´æZ(' ÒH9Ò]!Ò$Ï _^ ÕdÕ Ï2(Z9Ï+æPæ & H
Ï # '+ $ 
 &`#  ÕE$& Ó Ï Ó RÒa] ÓeÓT& ' b 5dc ÿ=e P-R%0
/.'Y' Õ æ # H(' & Ï # ' & Ï Ô  Ð' Ó-# ÏÉÐ $ (Z' # f(' Ò b
Ò # /.' Õ‚Ó ¬ ' æ # ' Õ )' Ð Ó 0 ÷4# '* $ ' Ð Ô ÏâÒ Õ ´ ( Ï &Ó ('Ð Ó g4 $ äæ$Ï # äÏ\ $ ' &H& ÏRÒh ÷I÷ ' #dÓ Ï2ikj%lm0h'
'Ó *´
( æ+(' Ò…Ò» æ' # ´ ( ÏÐ' Ð Ô ÏVý1 Ð ÷ Ï ÓeÓ ' Ï1C
 Ï+Ò'nC.' bo5 "0p' Ò $ Ó  &  Ô‚Ô Ï+ÐQÒn &q#  ÕE$&Ó Ï Ó
"r5 t-u ùù s s Õ v ÓeÓ ')Ð'
ó

P R 5 cb ÿ 5 c " 5 íaïló
c 5 c c íqï c Cx 5 ï c
í í í í
w w w
Ò$Ï $  Õ q ÕdÕ ' # éÏ/.'0 Õ ' & Ï ÷4# '* $ ' Ð Ô ÏÒ ÷I÷ ' #dÓ Ï Ó ' ÐÒŠ ' Ï & é>Ï & #
' Ò' &H& Ï ÷4# ') $ ' Ð Ô ÏWÒ
'Õ # é[ Ô H01
& Ó '*´
( æ_( ' Ò(Ò4 æ' # ´ ( Ï+Ð' Ð Ô Ï Ó ' ÐQÒ( ' Ï+Òy 
JKLwÙ6PàwÜÙ´àwÜK+ÙQàwÛ Õ vBÏ & C & n
Ï C)('
í í ï w W:c 5 ó
í ø
PCX58P-R ï P!Vz5 ï c
ï 5 w ò ï c ô “
ò a
í m
ï ó ô 5 q
í ï 58P!V íqï ø ø
w w w w w w ø

{ $ ' ÕdÓ #  ÕE$&Ó Ï Ó Y( ՂÓT# Ï|/.'f &oÓ '*(´æ}(' ҏÒ
!Ò$Ï ê & ' ÑÏ Ó âÏ &oÓ '*(´æ}('ÒâÒ
Õ ' # é[ Ô H_'Ï &&~ ' ÷Iö !'Ð Ô ÏÒ
Ñ $ Ð Ô HÐ'0C Ð ÷ ' # ´ ( ÏÐÒ(Ï+ÐC # ÏD #  ÕE$&Ó Ï Ó 
æ' # ø F y 
€ƒ‚…„‡†‰ˆkŠC‹k„‡ŒE`ˆK†Ž)‘*’“K”‡Œ•%Š‰ˆ—–EŒE–E„”˜„‡™Hš­]†² Ž)K„‡”1›œ„4›™H—
Œ­k›³[„‡ŒM´v²Cž*ˆ—™HˆŸ- ‹Tž)¡)¢Ež­]² £¤‘’¢Ež*´ —”˜²”Œ†ƒŽ)¥/¦¥=›„‡ŒMCž)ˆ—™ˆ§
œ¨ ›œ„©˜Œž›ˆG‹T—”‡”‡ŒŠ‰—”‡ŒEªT„‡ˆ—¡)«f­¯¬ ® ’I°!± ± «}¬­¯® ’I°!± ±Zµ «}¬­¯® ’)± ±µ ´4³ ´4³ ¶
º¯»½¼Mˆ—¡ •ž)¾›-›œ—Š‰h¿ ûKÀ ¿ s Ÿ‰•%—Š‰†ƒŽ*“G›„›œ—Š‰C„‡Š‰—–E–E—Šƒˆp•%„˜ÁhŠ‰„‡†ƒŽ)„‡µT›œ¶ ™Hh‹T„%¢Ež)ŒE¡™HG›œpµk¡)¶ •Š‰¶ ›—¡)™· ŒE¡)¶Eˆ¸˜§¹ Â!q©Ãˆ›-›œp„‡¡)C—†‰
¿ ûqÄ ¿ s Ÿ¯”‡Œ†‰ˆ‹TŒ†‰Š‰›œ†‰—Š‰k–E–E„˜¡*›ˆ—ŠƒŒE–C„‡”‡`—¡)™K ›ŒEŠ‰k–E–Eq¢Ež)„‡¡‹¯„„‡¡)ž)™H„Å”‡§
È1ÆÃÇ1ÆÈ Ç ÈGɅÊ
Ë Ç ÌÇ ÈqÊ
ÍUÎ —Ç ÏQÇÐ8Ð Í Ç
Ê ÑÉ Ä É Ç4ÄÓÒ Í Ç É Ä Í Ì+Ð À6Á2Ô

ÕGց×hÖÅØ Ù]ÚÛÜÝ1ÞßÚÓà6áâMã`àåä
æڗÜ[à:Ý\áâ…æèç`ÚkéêÛ2Ý2ëì
Ý1æÜ%Ú
õ
 æ #BÓ Ï2( Õ & í #  Õ%$&Ó Ï Ó 0äé>Ï & Ò Õ 'í' Ð ÓT# Ï1(´ç1häæ # )%' ÕdÕ ¸ÒhÐQÑ # ' ÕdÕ í'¬Ò Õ ' # é Ô H Õ Ð
' Õ æÐ'Ð Ô Ï & N!Ð ÷4# ') $ ' Ð Ô Ï_('ÒÏîc ' w 0 & ÏïC ÒPÏ(ê &$ ÐÑÏÓ"0I Õ ' # é')Ð Ó  Õ Ð þð' & ' Õ # Ñ'Ð Ó 
 Ð ö Ðv Ó ' 
× Ø–ÙÚ½ÛQÚ½ÜÝUܺÞG߬àwÜKl ñ Ø)܉1ä ܉ò Þ/+$ Ýq ò ܉ ò Þó Û
­
ù s
ð òó
ô 5?õ öô
A A%÷ ø[ù ù­ s-ú ûnü ; ü þ
­T³)þ ù s ÷ ø[ù ùs-ú þ ü ; ü þÿW|"
ý ý
­
 Ð  $ 
òó ô 5 R ’ ù t ù s ú 5 « AC ý B ñ  ù s ' ó 
AE÷ 5   s  Î V Ð Ó C)( ' æ' # ûü ; ü þ 'Ò " 5 û
Õ  ÓeÓ ' ÐÑÏ & ÕdÓ ' Õ‚Õ #  Õ%$& Ó Ï Ó !Ñ[ è ' Õ æ ÕdÓ (æ' #  Õ  ÕdÓ ')( #  ' Ð Ó Ï Ó $ Ï && Ïæ' # Ò Ó Ï201('Ð Ó-# '
æ' # þ?5 í ' Ò"r5ßy C Õ  # C ÐÒ $
 Ï…Ï &
 Ï Õ !æ # ')%' Ò' Ð Ó ')()' Ð Ó  ' ÏÐÏ &  Ô[Ô Ï Ó 
´
× Ø–ÙÚ½ÛQÚ½ÜÝUܺÞG߬àwÜ»Ø)ÜÞÛQØ)àwÙ á¾ã`5 « AC ý B ý  ð A òó
ô 5 ð ý òó
Bô t-
u   Ðî $  øî5 ùs
t-
u ý
þ
× Ø–ÙÚ½ÛQÚ½ÜÝUܺÞG߬àwÜKLM$ ؖàwÜÞÛ á R 5 ð  ý  òó ô 5 ý  ù ý s ÷  ø[ ù ùskú
JKwL Ù6P àwÜÙ´àwÜK+ ÙQàwÛêP*XM58P!V  u  ý   u þ ù s  ù ùsTú
a Ï Ñ $# Ï   /.' Õ ' Ñ $ '0 Ò' Õ  #  é' & ÏÆæ # ç+Ïç1 &  Óeè ÒP æ' # Ò Ó Ïæ' #G$ Ð Õ  ÕdÓ ')´
w ( ÏÏ Õ ' # é[ ' Ð Ó ' Õ  Ð ,
Ñ & îgIÏ Õ  Ð ÕdÓ-# Ï1lK'î!Ð À Õ ' # é[ ' Ð Ó qYg Ï9Ò' ՂÓT# Ï1l40 Ð ÷4$ Ð Ô HÐ ' Ò' &&H~  Ð Ó ' Ð Õ  Ó8è Ò ÓT# Ï ÷Iö Cn ÷Y÷ '
# Ó
'ÆÒ' && Ï &$ Ð
Ñ.' Ô[Ô Ï ÒC ÒPÏ   ' & BÏ Õ ÆÒ Ó-# Ï Õ ( ÕdÕ HÐ'(Òæ$Ï2!/.' Ó8Ó Ò &$ ÐÑ[.…' Ô6Ô Ï öÕ‚Õ Ï20Pæ' # 
 $ Ï &  & Ó ')´ ( æ Ò Õ ' # é[ Ô HÆê öQÕdÕ î'!"âÏ-Ò ՂÓT#  ç $ Ô HÐ'Ó' Õ æÐ' Ð Ô  Ï & ')i ë 0v #  Õ%$& Ó Ï Ó  ÓeÓ )' Ð $,
Ó KC Õ‚Ó  Ó-$  Õ C Ð $ ÐQÏ$#&%('*),+.-/0#&1/2&3+4%('536+Ò' &&  ' æ # ' Õ‚Ó Ï Ô  ÐQ Ò' »& Õ  Õ‚Ó '*´ ( Ïg4/. ' æ Ó-# Ï+ÐÐnCHê

' Õ‚Õ ' # 'å(Ñ &  # l a ~ ÏÐÏ &  Õ äÒ' &H& '  $# é'¬æ' # (' Ó8Ó ' Ò¸é>Ï &H$QÓ Ï # 'íC Ð:' Õ Ï Ó8Ó ' Ô[Ô Ïf & é>ÏÐ Ó Ï+Ñ>Ñ[H
Ò' &H&~  $ Õ ´Ò $ ÐÏY!Ò$Ï}Ig Ï Õ æ' Õ ' Ò' ¸& Ó '*´ ( æ¬Ò #  Ó Ï # Ò*l ,  7 Ð ÷ Ï Ó8Ó ¸0 Ï $ (' Ð Ó Ï>ÐQÒí & Ð $ (' # ´Ò
æ Õ  Ô Ð  Òp!Ò$Ï Õ p´ ( ÏÐ Ó H' Ð' $ ÐQÏ-æ # ç+Ïç1 &  Óeè ÒV ç & *!CÏ1!C' ÓeÓ Ïç1 &  ' ÏÐ/.'SC Ð $ Ð ' & ' é>Ï Ó
Ó-# Ï ÷Iö C 
8 ÒZ' Õ ')´ ( æH04æ' # á09G5 í;: ' ÒRþ 5 í 0v Õ‚Õ ' # é Ï1(QSC.'Ó!Ð $ ÐÏD!Ò$Ï-Òq" = 5 < û æ Õ  Ô HÐ
Õ ½Ñ' ÕdÓ  Õ C' $ ÐÏ ÓT# Ï ÷Iö C-Ò 
ó 5 =
#C& ÏÐ
ÑN0KC Ð ÓT# -Ñ &  ñIH JLK 5 ?û > C #C& ÏÐÑ9Ò' & BÏ Õ Õ ' Ð Ô Ï
ó 
í í
C Ò$Ï E D G FC #C#  Õ æÐÒM ' ÏÒ $ Ð-Ï $ (?û ' >AÐ@BÓ nÒC ' &H&~ ' ÷Iö CH' Ð Ô ÏÆÒ ñIH t-t N 5 M >AOP é & Ó '
 Q ~ Ï & ÓT# ÏÆæ$Ï B# Ó 'ï # Ï
 & Ó '*´
( æî( ' ÒHÒp!Ò$ÏQg4B ñIÏ H &JLCK & Ï Ó îÐ (Òî!Ð Õ ' # éÏ Ó  é[Ï+æ$æ & 
 Ï+ÐÒ & Ï # ' & Ï Ô  Ð ' æ' # C Ò$Ï
 Ð ö Ðv Ó Ï2
l êSPEX58P!V t-
u 5 t-u ñIH JLK P!Vz5 PE>AR P!V02 ' Ò-êU $ © ÐQÒ
 Ï $ ( ' Ð Ó Ï Ó _g #  Õ æ' ÓeÓ ÆÏQPCVIVl Ò… $ Ï Õ  Ô
é &Ó ' 
S5T5UVW?X Y[Z?\]\_^?`
^a`cbed\_fhg ikjlinmoi!g`pf
j(bqikr rsikjtj(d_fvu fvwxdu j5b mp² u f
yIb ^0\Iix`zb{mofp|k|!}Ii?jlj(bq`zbq`cb w~i!\_eb ^!\inw~ik`cb f`cbq€
o‚ƒ&jti iki Ld|k^0u u ik„?fzw~i0\Ij5bG|k^0\†…/i!u ^?|!b jl‡v‚
b \Ifcgˆb fŠ‰e‹ £LŒŒŽ ‚
mo i
’‘,“?ikjli0g”wab \_fzg ib uGjli0wamo^$w~ik`cb ^•`cb’’i!g …b yIb ^a`cb’^k„z\bGeb \_„E^0u ^nmof
|k|!}_ikjljt^k–
— ‘˜`
i?jli!glwab \Ifcg i.b u{jli!wmo^™w~ik`cb ^$`cbb \_jli!g fzgsg”b …&^.šœ›j(g fžmof
|k|!}_ikjtj(b|k^0gsgˆb emo^!\_`pi!\_jli$f
`žd"\Ÿj(g f
r e|k^¡`zb
b \_„¢g i?G’^x`zb£¥¤;¦;¦mof
|k|!}_ikjtj(b §5’ik|k^0\_`
^0¨©iu ª fpG’^?|!b f
jlfvb \Ijti!\_eb jl‡n« s –
º¯t¬ ¡ž)¡)Œî™HŠ‰Œ[›œ`„4›-›œ„ň—¡)UŒD•Œ!†‰†ƒŽ)k™H™HˆŸˆ—•kŠ‰ŒE™HŒDŒn©ÃŠ‰—¢Ež*—¡)ªTŒn–E„‡¡)Œ!Š‰„ÅŒ ‰‹ U†‰ˆ—¡•%ŒE†‰†ƒŽ*—™H™H„G‹T„K”‡ž)¡C­ Ž)—ªTªTŒD
o®
‹T„˜Œ ¯pM° –!„˜™TŸ%„˜”1™H—`•%ˆ±²5² ³4´ ¦D‹T„K›kŠ‰C„˜ªT„‡ˆ •—Šž)¡›„‡¡oC­ ˆ—”‡ˆ
•ŒE†‰†Ž)—™H™Hˆ
“`•%ŒEŠ‰„Œ=¢Ež)—”‡”ň
`‹T„˜ˆ
¡)—†‰›¯›Œ!Š‰„˜ˆ ŒE”‡”ÅŒD›ž)Œ
™HŠ‰Œ[›œ`„4›-›œ„ň—¡)%Ÿ-K†‰„‡ˆ—“ š{µ ¯?´ °_’ ¶ ‰e² ‹ §
ºœº_]· –;C¸ ™H•¹Kº –E„‡™TŸ"·†»¼¹a½ ·;¾L¿;)À § ¬ ”Á’»c… „‡¡ï¢!ž)›™„˜ˆ—¡*“ÃHÁ ž*¡aå » „‡¡)©Ãˆ—Šƒ`ŒE™H„‡†‰ˆT §1¼M—”[†‰Œ[›œˆ„‡¡)C—†‰„˜¡=†‰ž)„N†‰„›„
» ™Hˆ—Š‰¡*ŒŒCŒE”‡—Š‰
£LŒ² Æ ² £LŒ² ŒI/Œ §
Š‰„‡©Ã—Š‰„4›œ†‰ŒŒ[‹ž)¡)ŒC—”‡ˆ—†‰„‡™HŒ;EÄ ‹T„™Š‰Œ[›
„m›¯›„‡ˆ—¡*Ÿ‰„‡”•Š‰{Å ›-›œˆzZ
º©Ç ¬ ¡`C„˜Šƒ™HÁS‹k„¢Ež)ŒE¡™HˆK›œ•ˆ›™HˆKŒE”‡”‡ŒM¡)ˆ—™Œ•Š‰—†ƒ‹k—¡*™HŸ-„‡¡
¢Ež)›™HˆK†‰Œ[›œˆ`£LÈ £LŒÉ £©ŒIŒIŒŒIŒ/Œ §
À6Á  ÃÄÆÅwÇ É ÐÒ
Ð 1È ÆÉ…Í ÄÆÊ¥ÊwÇ6ÃhÐ Ë Ã
ÐGÌ Ê|Ê|Í
ÊÓÉ Ç4ÄÌÅÄWÃaÃ½Í ÊÓÉMÉ Ð

1 1
L=1 L=1

Probabilita’ di perdita con singolo servente

2 2

Probabilita’ di perdita con M=10 serventi

3 3
4 4
5 5
7 7
0.1 10 0.1 10
14 14
20
40 Ê 20
40

0.01 0.01

0.001 0.001
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 4 6 8 10 12

]Ñ $# Ϙ   ÖÌË g ^0‚ofc‚pb u b jt‡`cbLmoi!g `cb jlf¡mi!gd\eb ’jli0wŽff|k^?`

f \"b jlf ¯ i?` È ² £L¨k£¥¦
Intensita’ media del traffico offerto (Erlang) Intensita’ media del traffico offerto (Erlang)

Í ‘˜f
’edw~i0\I`p^Ÿ|!}_iu fx`cb w~i!\_Lb ^0\_iÎ`pi!b(mofp|k|!}Ii?jlj(b¥eb fd\_fx…Ï fzÏ_|k^0\¢`pi!\_Lb jt‡Ði?Lm^!\_i!\yIb fzu i\Ii?„?f
j(b …_fc¨
|k^?’Ñ_|k^!wÎiŠb u(jli0wamo^`cbb \_jli0g fcgsgˆb …/^j(g f,mof
|k|!}_ikjtj(b ¨_ia|!}_i¡u f.w~i!w~^0gˆb f`pi!uIw•d"u j(b m
u fpjl^0g iLb f|k^?’Ñ
„zg fz\I`piŠ`
f.fcm
m
g ^?’Lb wÃfcg iÒu iŠ|k^0\_`zb yIb \"be`cbI|k^?`
fÓb \_ \"b jlfc¨`
ikjti!g”wb \_fzg iÔb uogˆb jtfzg `p^Ôw~i?`zb ^Š`cbod\
mf
|k|!}_ikjljt^!¨^k’eb{b u(jli0wamo^Šw~ik`cb ^j(g f
’|k^0g *^j5g f˜Õzd_fz\_`
^Šd"\•mofp|k|!}Ii?jljl^eb{m
g ik’i!\_jlfhb \Ðb \_„¢g ik’’^
fcue\I^?`p^•iaÕzdIfc\I`p^n\Iixik’|kik–
Ö‘˜|kfzu |k^0u fzg i,u f$ÕzdIfc\Ij5b jl‡$`cb/w~i!w~^0gˆb fÔ\Ii?|kik’’fzgˆb f$fp`$^?em
b jlfzg i,bœ`
f
j5b©|!}_i×eb©f
|k|!d"w•d"u fz\_^.b \ad"\b \IØ
jti!g …_fzu u ^jti!wamo^0g fzu iŠmofzgˆb5fzuIgˆb jlfcg `
^vwÎik`zb ^0¨e|k^0\_Lb `pi!g fz\_`
^Šmofp|k|!}Ii?jlj(b(`zbIu d\_„¢}_iky5y(f {’’f×iŠmofzg”b
fcu u f¡w~ik`cb fzÏ
ÙX T_WYkT5ÚsU
²
’‘,Û uGjli0´ wa²vmo^n ß&àow~áâ&ikãG`câÌß&b ^aäIà`cåbG’æœi!älã g …kb yIb ^a‹é`zèsê bLd"\]² mof
´ ´ |k|!}_û ikíGë jls5jtð{^añ èÜmofzg”bq£©fzŒ_uG½{jlô i0wamo‹é^xõ©ê ^kí |k|k^0gsg i!\_‹¥jlèAi˜ê moi!gej5g f
ew~’ikikjl|kjti!– gˆu ^!Ýš©µ
Þ² ´ ² ´ ² ç ° ›©ëGë’ìLí ê”ê ² s ² ’qîxï ‹éèsê[ò çLócç ³ ² ï ° ›©ëGë’ìeí ê”ê s ò çeó ï ‹éõ©ê í òcöh÷_øø†ù
— ‘¡šœ› ú ´¥û ’4’ óIüü ù Gi?|k–"« s Þú £L½ŒIŒ ç ÷IøIø ç £©Œ É Œ;ý þ ó ÷Žÿ gˆu fc\I„
–
Í
‘ ¥iÎ|k^!\_`zb yIb ^0\"bqmo^?Gjti~|k^0gsglb emo^0\_`
^0\_^~fÐÕzdIi0u i~`zb”j5g f
r  {|k^mo^0b ’G^0\"b fz\_^Ãi Lb ’jti!wÃf]fŸeb \_„E^0u ^ÎGi0g …/i!\_jl²i
i|k´ ^?`
² f b \I \"´ b jlfz¨?²moi!gk´ b ueÕzdIfzu i.u fŠjtik^0gˆb f¡r^0g”\"b ’|ki,moi0g?b u©jli0wamo^n`cb/moi!glwŽfc\Ii0\Iy(f™b u;gˆb edu jtf
j¥^vš °
Þ ³ ú  

 ³ î 
  Æ û É ö ü w~’ik|k–
Ö
‘ ¥fvw~i!w~^0gˆb fh\Ii?|kik’’fzgˆb fÜ$mofzgˆb*fzuem
g ^?`
^?jljt^j(g fhb u’jli!wmo^$³ w~ik`zb ^a`cbemoi!° gl›©wÃë¥ëqfzì \_i!\Iy5fik`v‹¥b ueõœ\"ê í dw~i!g ^a`cb
‚pb j|!}_iŸebtfp|k|!dwxd"u fz\I^˜b \¢Õzd_i!u5mi!gˆb ^?`
^0¨(^…/…/i!g ^ ü?ç £LŒ Æ   ç £L½ŒŒ ï û í¥ë×ò ó?ç £©Œ_½eô ï ° ›©ëGë’ìòcö ½ ;ý ø
o‚ƒ&jti!Ï
 !#"$%&!%('*),+-.),),./*0132#'4!
7 ÐZ $ ' Õ‚Ó Ï Õ ' Ô  Ð'= &H&$
ÕdÓ-# Ï1( & ' æPÏ #
Ó C & Ï #  Óeèî& 'Ñ>Ï Ó 'MÏ && ']%(2/+p#/),'q#&#/'50'65!+4%('‰0'C)('ï $ ' ÕdÓ '
æ dÕ Õ Ï+Ð' ÕdÕ ' # '´é>ÏÐ Ó Ï+ÑÑ Õ Ï1('Ð Ó ' Ղ÷m#C$ÓeÓ Ï Ó 'æ' # C Ð Õ 'Ñ $  # ' & Ïh),+87970'q"2&1n1:<;Ž-/'q1&>=?+6/.'Z
Õ  Õ‚Ó '*(¾Ò Õ ' # é Ô 9ÏYC ÒPÏRæ # ' Õ '–Ð Ó ÏÐ #  Õ æ' Ó8Ó 9Ïå $ ' &&  # ' Ð Ó Ï Ó äÏ && Ϗæ' # Ò Ó Ï  aM'9æPÏ #
Ó  ,
C & Ï # Ì),85!+ ?q'*%A@í'B:.Ck>=k'*0' & 'Ñ>Ï Ó 'Ï && ' ÓT# Ï Õ ( Õ‚Õ  ÐQÒPÏ Ó  Õ Ï # ÏÐÐ_ & Ï Õ‚Õ  ö 
Ï Ó ' Õ '*!ÐÒ $ Ð
Õ /.')(´Ó Ï /.'n Ð '`!Ð Õ ' Ð Ó ' & C Ð ÷4# )Ð Ó `Ð Ó ' # (Ð>Ò>æ # ' ÕdÓ Ï Ô Ð['oéÐC &  ÕE$&& Ï # 'Ï &  Ô[Ô Ï Ô HÐ'
x

Ò' &H& Ï # ' Ó ' Ð ö  7 Ð '0»[é ' #C# ÏÐÐ ÷ # (´Ï &  Ô6Ô Ï Ó ' & 'D' Õ Ñ[' Ð Ô ' & ' ÑÏ Ó 'ŠÏ &H& Ï Õ &$Ô HÐ'ŠÒ')wæ # ç & ')(
Ò -Ó # Ï Õ ( Õ‚Õ  Ð'MÒPÏ Ó H0Ð -Ó # Ò $ C' ÐQÒ =!ÐC' ÓeÓ  & ' Ñ>Ï Ó Ï && ']+42&-ED0'q%(1/%(%FCk2/1HG†2&"%(-&8?I?*+p2'ƒ0>Ï ÕdÕ ')('
Ï+ÒŠÏ &  $  Ð ' Õ ')(´æ  # ' Ï &  
È1ÆKJ1ÆÍ
ÊÓÉ Ç¾Å Ê
ÍèÉ…Í Ä qÈ Ë Ç qÈ È Ç Ð ÑîÊ Ì¸Ä É Ç À6ÁML

aM' TÓ # Ï Õ ( ÕdÕ ÐoÒ$Ï Ó  Õ oæ # ' Õ‚Ó ÏЏç1'Ð'RÏ6!*( $ ÐBÏ Ô  Ð`Ð  $  Õ Ï+Ðvæ Õ‚Õ ç1 &  #  Ó Ï #—,
Ò Ó ')(´æ # Ï & äé>Ï # +Ï ç2 & 0¸Ï ÓeÓT$ Ï+ÐÒ $ ÐÏ ö& Õ ö ϏÒ Ó æv+N5 'q),),+87!+8=O=?'q0+4),1&0%(.+Ó2/'I?*+p0-&'5
gIPMQ6R,SUTWVUXZY[ R\SU]^VUSUYMlMç+Ï Õ Ï Ó Ï ÕE$&3Õ%$ ÒPÒéÒ' # '  & (' Õ‚Õ Ï+ÑÑíÐ $ Ð Ó8è Ð ÷ # (´Ï Ó é'í' & ' ,
(' Ð Ó Ï # QÒ ' Ð )(ÐÏ Ó 'ZGc+4-/-ED!1%(%5'ƒ0v/.'æ ÕdÕ Ðî' ÕdÕ ' # 'nÐ &Ó-# Ï Ó  Õ%$&& Ï # ' Ó ' Ò!*( $ ÐH
Ï Ô HÐ'0
Ï Õ‚Õ ')('Z Ï  $ ' &H& Væ # Ò ÓyÓ 'Ò$ÏWÏ &TÓ # ' -Ó # Ï Õ ( ÕdÕ  Ð  a ~ Ï+æPæ & H
Ï Ô  Ð'…Ò' && Ï Õ‚Ó ' ÕdÕ Ï(' Ó Ò & ÑÏ
Ï -Ó # Ï Õ ( ÕdÕ  Ð…gYÏ+ Ò ' Õ '*(´æ NlV[é )
Ï & 4 РЬê(æ ' # Ð $&& Ï Õ '*(´æ & !'0Ð $ Ï+Ð Ó & Ï æ # ' Õ ' Ð Ô ÏŠÒ $ Ð
# Ó Ï # Ò é>Ï # Ï+1ç  & ' æ ' #
& Ï -Ó # Ï Õ ( Õ‚Õ  Ð' Ò ')$æ$2Ï !/.' Ó8Ó !*(´æ #BÓ Ïæ # ç & '*($Ð Ð Ó-# Ï Õ  $# Ï+ç1 &  0>Ï
(' Ð (Ò
Ð Ð¬Ï Óe-Ó $ Ï # ' Õ æ '*!Ï & ('*!
Ï+Ð  Õ (
Ò Qæ #  #  Óeè '(æ # 'Ð Ó Ï Ô  Ð'ÆÒ' && υç+ÏÐ4ÒPÏ10 ÓT$QÓ8Ó # Ï
ÑÑ ' Ó8Ó ÆÒ # HC' # dÏ 

ÕGÖ_pÖ
` a.bhçSàMáá!cnÝ1Ü%Üârã`à…Ü%Ú
Q  Õ  $Ó Ï2(!ç # 'é'*(' Ð Ó '0Ð Ó ' # (Ð$Ñ'Ð' # Ï & 01
æ ÕdÕ ç2 & C Ð Ó ' Ð $Ó 4Ò $ ÐæPÏ1!/.' ÓeÓ ÆÒPÏ Ó 8ý &
Õ%$ ÷ # ´ ( Ï Ó Ó' ÷I÷ ' ÓyÓ éÒæ' ÐQÒ' #
è ÒPÏ & æ$Ï #
Ó C & Ï # '(æ # Ó N! && (Ò Ó-# Ï Õ ( Õ‚Õ  Ð'!Ï+Ò ÓeÓ Ï Ó 
a υæ # ´
w ( ÏD ÕdÕ ' # é>Ï Ô  Ð( ' Ò$Ï ÷ Ï # '0Pê_C.' & Ï Õ%$ Ò$Òé[ Õ HÐ' Ò' & (' ÕdÕ Ï+Ñ>Ñ[Hïдæ$Ï2!/.' Ó8Ó C)( ,
æ B# Ó Ï $ ÐâÏ $ ( ' Ð Ó Ò' &H& 'D Ð ÷ # ´ ( Ï Ô  Ð Ò$Ï Ó-# Ï Õ (' Ó8Ó ' # '0pÐY $ Ï+Ð Ó n ÑÐ $ Ð Ò $ ' Õ‚Ó »Ò é #Bè
C Ð Ó ' Ð' # 'Z Ð ÷ # ´ ( Ï Ô HÐw ÏÒ$Ò Ô HÐÏ & ¾ æ' # !Ð Õ ' Ð Ó  # ' $ Ð Õ%$ C #C# ' Ó8Ó # ')‚Ï+æ Ó Z' & Ï ÕE$ Ï #  ,
C)(´ç1 ÐÏ Ô  Ð'Z!ÐÑ & ¥ Ï & ÓT# ¾ æ$Ï1C/.' Ó8Ó ä Ò' && Õ‚Ó ' ÕdÕ (' ÕdÕ Ï+ÑÑ e  d C! #!# 'Ð &Ó-# 'Ï ÷Y÷4# Ð Ó Ï # '
Ñ &  $& Ó ' # H #
 æ # ç & ')(0 Ó  æCP Ò $ ÐQÏÓ!*( $ ÐH
 Ï Ô  Ð' ÒP ÒPÏ Ó H0 Ï2 ö Ð+ Ò' &# '* $ æ' # !Ò ' Ñ & 2' #C# # 
Ò Ó-# Ï Õ ( ÕdÕ HÐ'P0 Ð ÐCg . f ' Ï  é[
 Ï Ïî! ' ϊÑ'  Ð ' Ò' && ' #  Õ
# Õ Æ ' Ò # ' Ó ' 
7 Ð Ó ' # ( Ð Ñ[ ' Ð' # Ï & H0 $ # Ѝ&æ$Ï2Ó !/.' Ó8&HÓ& oê
 #!$ # © Ð Ó8Ó, ÕdÓ
ÒNC)(´æ Õ‚Ó aÒPÏ $ ÐQÏ '*!%51&#&%5+8=k'501Ig iBTUVUY\TUSpl40
' ÒN(' ÕdÕ Ï+Ñ>Ñ[ /.' ÓT# Ï Õ æ B# Ó Ï=g 50+ j
Header Dati CRC
Ò$Ï &H& ÏMæ$Ï
# Ó a
%('‰l40]W ' ÒPÏ $ Ð}
 Ï1´ ( æn-&85!'*-&1k50'UG†+p2/'q%A@6mg lUSUlpl
Ð'*!' ÕdÕ Ï # HnÏ #  é' & Ï # ' &~ )C! #!# )' Ð Ô ÏÒ' #C# #  hdestinatario
Indirizzo Indirizzo
Controllo Sorgente
Numero Numero

Ò Ó-# Ï Õ ( ÕdÕ HÐ' in  a ~ D01&+ 501&2nÏ Õ%$ υé[ &Ó Ï æ $ Fï' Õ‚Õ ' # ' ÕE$ Ò$Òé[ Õ _Ð
Ï1(´æH01Ð $  ÓT# éÏ+Ðæ ,
sequenza byte

ÕdÓ Ug Ó-# Ï & ! ' Ï & ÓT# '_C Õ ')l Ñ &

 'qo5!'*2&'p=q=k'»Ò' & Ò' ÕdÓ  ÐQÏ Ó Ï # Hï'Ò' && Ï Õ # Ñ[)' Ð Ó '0 $ Ð$-&850'q-&1r50'!-&"0%(2&8?I?5
/.'=B Ï $ Õ Ïî ÐQC. & # HC ' é[' &~ ' Õ '* $ Ô  Ð! ' Ò $ ÐQÏÆæ # *%' Ò $# Ï Õ æ'*! ö
 Ï10 $ Ðn(Ck),1/2&50'Ì#&1tsUC?1/9=?+
/.'Ó Ò' Ð Ó  ö B Ïz & æ$Ï1C/.' ÓDÓ ÆÏ &&~  Ð Ó ' # ÐÆÒ' & (' Õ‚Õ ÏÑ>Ñ[HU #  Ñ[ ÐQÏ & '0v ' Ò $ ÐíB Ï2´ ( æU/.'S ÐÒH
 Ï & Ï
?C?>7gD01=q=k+9Ò' & æPÏ1!/.' ÓeÓ E  Ð Õ‚Ó ÏÐ Ó ' & Ïæ # ' Õ 'Ð Ô Ï Ò' && '=Ð ÷ # (´Ï Ô HÐ+ÏÑ>Ñ $ Ð Ó é['*iu%0 & Ï Ó-# Ï ,
Õ ( Õ‚Õ  Ð( ' υæPÏ1!/.' ÓeÓ UC Ð Õ ' Ñ $ ' $ ÐQÏn' ÷Yö ! ' Ð Ô ÏD´ ( Ï+Ñ>Ñ[ #  ' Òv $ ' &H& υÏn! #  $  Ó 0 Ð $ ÏÐ Ó Æê
Ï ÓeÓT$ Ï Ó ÏD(' Ò Ï+Ð Ó ' Õ  Õ‚Ó '*(
 ÏD!Ò$Ï 
^ $ F Õ ')(´ç # Ï # 'éÏ+Ð Ó ÏÑ>Ñ[H Õ ï(´Ï+Ð Ó ' Ð' # '_' & 'é>Ï Ó Ï & ύÒ(' Ð Õ  Ð'!Ò')$æ$Ï2!/.' Ó8Ó H0>æ' #
# Ò $#k,
# ' & Ï #  & ' éÏ+Ð Ô Ï Ò' && '_ Ð ÷ # ´ ( Ï Ô HÐ$ Ï+ÑÑ $ Ð Ó  é'01´ ( Ï Õ 4 é[' #  ö B ÏÐï!Ð ÓT# NÐÒ
 Ï Ô  Ð E 7 Ð ÷ Ï ÓeÓ H0
Õ%$ Ò$Ò é[ Ò' # 'S(' Õ‚Õ Ï+ÑÑ &H$ ÐÑI. ЬæPÏ1!/.' ÓeÓ V  æm v¬æHC! &  Ñ>Ï # Ï+Ð Ó  Õ C' &~  Ð & ÓT# ÆÒIg Ï & Ó-# '*lK!*( $,
Ð
 Ï Ô  Ð'  æ
 vç # ' é' Ò $# Ï+Ð Ó ' & Ï ÓT# Ï Õ ( Õ‚Õ  Ð… ' ÒK(' ÕdÕ Ï+ÑÑ &H$ Ð
Ñ.0C.… ' Ï & Ó-# ( ' Ð Ó ' ç & *!/.' ,
'# ç+ç2' # ï Õ  ÕdÓ ')(PÒ2!Ò$Ï Õ ' # ' Ï &  Ô6Ô Ï Ó '=C Ð $ Ð $ Ð!weæ$Ï2!/.' Ó8Ó Ð'yx ? 7 Ð &ÓT# '0+Ï &H&~ Ï $ (' Ð Ó Ï # '
Ò' &H& Ï &$ ÐQÑ.v' Ô[Ô Ï Ò $ Ð æ$Ï1C/.' ÓeÓ 0qÏ $ (' Ð Ó Ïlæ # æ B# Ô HÐÏ & (Q ' Ð Ó ' & Ïmæ # ç+Ïç1 &  Óeè Ò $ Ðíg4
æ
 v4
l ç2 Ó ' #C# Ï Ó 01 ' Ò $ Ð $ ' &H~ $ Õ Ò$ Ò( ' Ð Õ  Ð #  Ò Ó8Ó ' #  Ò $ !' & ' Ð'*!' ÕdÕ  Óeè Ò #  ÓT# Ï Õ ( Õ‚Õ  Ð' 

º z{2ŒU›ˆ„ ­C”‡^Œ |I\‚ |Q›œˆ„ ­!¡*A„ Å)†‰Œ }~.€l´K€M‚0²5³ ƒ)_¥ ³8„8¥ €~r}…"²F€‡†rˆÃ†‰ˆ—¡)™HŠƒˆ—”‡”˜ˆM†‰„‡†ƒ”‡„˜†ƒˆ‹T„NŠ‰„m‹Tˆ—¡‹TŒE¡ªT9Œ ‰%‹]„‡¡‹k„†‰Œ
ž)¡*Œ •%ŒEŠ‰ˆ—”‡Œ
–E„‡¡)Œ/Š‰„‡ŒG„)†‰ž)„)–E„‡™q›ˆk¡)ˆM†ƒŒE”˜†ƒˆ—”‡ŒE™H„)„‡¡
–EŒ[›½Œ[‹qˆ—•—ŠƒŒEªT„˜ˆk¡)„)ŒE”ˆ­C—–EŠ‰„‡†Ž)Mˆ—•%—Š‰Œ!™H›œž)„*–E„‡™q‹k„)†‰ž)„)„‡”)Šƒ›™Hˆ
‹kk”)`›¯›Œ;­&­C„‡ˆ
“=†‰ˆ—`•%ˆ›œ™Hˆ^ § ŠKŒE”…”˜Œ!™Hˆ
Š‰„‡†‰—C—¡)™z›œˆ—¡)ˆ=›œ ­Cž)„‡™H”˜n›œ™H›¯›ˆ—•%—Š‰ŒEªT„‡ˆ—¡)„4ŸI‹
„‡”vŠ‰„4›ž)”‡™HŒ/™Hˆ=†‰ˆ—¡)©ÃŠ‰ˆk¡)™HŒE™Hˆ=†‰ˆ—¡z¢!ž)—”‡”˜ˆ
•%Š‰›k¡)™HK¡)—!” |N\‚ |1Ÿ¯„‡¡

ˆ‹kˆ
‹TŒ†‰ˆ—¡)™HŠƒˆ—”˜”‡ŒEŠƒK”˜Œ•%Š‰›œ—¡)ªTŒ‹T„—Š‰Š‰ˆ—Š‰„‹k„™HŠ‰ŒN›`„4›¯› „‡ˆ—¡*§
º ‹{Ä —¡)™H„‡™HšQ‹T—”˜”‡
„˜¡*©Ãˆ—Š‰`Œ!ªk„‡ˆ—¡*„v/Œ ­/­C„‡ž)¡*™H„˜C
Š‰„4›•%—™H™HˆŒ_¢Ež*—”‡”˜S‹k—”v`›¯›/Œ ­/­C„‡ˆ
•%ž)¾
CŒEŠ‰„‡ŒEŠ‰
`ˆ—”‡™Hˆ•%—ŠG„M‹T„‡C—{Š ®
›„•Šƒˆ—™Hˆ—†‰ˆ—”‡”‡„4Ÿ‹kŒS•%ˆ—†ƒŽ)„p–!„˜™MŒS•Œ!†‰†ƒŽ)—™™H ˆ Å*¡)ˆïŒN‹ž)Ô ¡ ·;¾;® ¿k¾FŒ ‹k—”‡ˆ” Ä „˜¡*™H—Š‰ˆ=•ŒE†ƒ†ƒŽ)—™™H
ˆ ˆÃ•%—Š`”‡ž)¡ ­CŽ—ªTªTUŠƒ„m‹Tˆ—™H™Hz‹k„
¢Ež)›’™ Ä ž)”‡™H„ō`Žˆ ‰Ã§
 À6ÁM ÃÄÆÅwÇ É ÐÒ
Ð 1È ÆÉ…Í ÄÆÊ¥ÊwÇ6ÃhÐ Ë Ã
ÐGÌ Ê|Ê|Í
ÊÓÉ Ç4ÄÌÅÄWÃaÃ½Í ÊÓÉMÉ Ð
ÕGÖ_p֑ ê ’ âMã
ârã]Ú
Ü%ëKàMێ“*Ý1ëÚkÞ Ý1æÜârã`Ý!bbEÝZڗæ“*â…ëÞ à\”IÚâ…æÚ
• Ò' ö Ð Ó QÐNç+Ï Õ '-Ï && Ï Õ æ'*! ö 
Ï Ô HÐ'9Ò  
Ï # Ï ÓeÓ ' #  ÕdÓ H/.'/.' & QC Ð ÓT# Ï+Ò$Ò ÕdÓ ÐQÑ $ Ð Ö ?q
#&-ED01/),+–50'!)—C>?q%5'pG˜?q+8=k'q01%01 & Gc2/'q0-&'pG†'q*50'!-/),)—C?%(+8=k'*01'?<™ +p2/-ED0'q%(1/%(%FCk2/+*Gc2/%5-/?I?q+42&1 
š˜› œ˜› ˜›Kž Ÿ 2 ÛàwÜ] ¾ÝUÞGܯL»ÝºÛ>ÜÙ
• ÕdÓ Ï Ó mÑ è  &H&$ՂÓT# Ï Ó $ Ð Õ C.')(´ÏÉÏNÒé Õ  Ð' Ó ')(´æf/.'æ # ' é[')Ò' &~ $QÕ RÒ $ ÐÏ %(2/+p),+0
Ðr $  Ó-# é>Ï+дæ Õ‚Ó Òé' #BÕ 'C)( $ ÐH
Ï Ô HÐ'Wé*BÏ & g ^D¡  Ó ' & ' ÷ ÐC)lƒ0M'/.'Ð'*!' ÕdÕ  Ó ÏâÒ
$ Ð 4÷ $ Ð Ô  ÐQÏ1('Ð Ó Õ Ð # Ð Ô[Ô Ï Ó mÒ'*oÐÒnÒ # ' Ó '  awÏ ÓT# Ï Õ ( Õ‚Õ Ð'RÏÉæPÏ1C/.' ÓeÓ `Ðé[')C'
ÐÐ æ # ' [é ' Ò' &~ $QÕ Ó' Õ  &$Õ é[Ò #  Õ #
Õ 'Ò$Ï-æPÏ #
Ó 'Ò' &H& ' Õ ÐÑ[ & 'Ó!*( $ ÐH
Ï Ô HÐ0'0¢:+£C?#&
Ò $ ÐÏ Õ‚TÓ #C$ÓeÓT$# ϏÒ Ó-# Ï1(ÏY'Wæ' #BÓ ÏÐ Ó Q)C! #C# Ð Õ &H$QÔ  Ðwæ$Ï #BÓ HC & Ï # äæ' # æ' # (' ÓyÓ ' # ' & Ï
501¤?q'*),'q%(+8=?'q01nÒ '*
æ$Ï1C/.' ÓeÓ  
8 D Ò ' Õ '*(´æ0+æ # Ó *! &H& !¥ Q a D ' Ò¦  Á1Ô
Flag Flag æ # ' Õ '–Ð Ó Ï Ð Mæ$2Ï !/.' Ó8Ó $ÒPÒH('Ð Õ HÐPé>Ï # Ï ,
01111110 Packet 01111110 1ç  & 0N' ÷ Ï+ÐQÐ $Õ MÒ $ Ð-!ç § Ó 'nÒ O¨Ã+y7Z! ÕdÓ  -Ó $  ,
Ó (ÒPÏ && Ï Õ '* $ ' Ð Ô 4 Ï ©Uª!ª9ª!ª!ªMª.©zÐ Ó ' ÕdÓ n Ï ' Q Ò Ð
!Ò$1Ï 0¾æ ' # Õ ' æ$Ï # Ï # ' TÓ # Ï & # äæP1Ï CC.' ÓeÓ ¾Ò 
Flag Flag Flag

!*( $ Ð 
Ï Ô  Ð$Ò  ÷Y÷ ' # 'Ð Ó  
^ ' # 'é  Ó Ï # '/.'+ÒPÏ Ó !w8æ # æ # mx½Ò ' & æP1Ï !/.' ÓeÓ æ ÕdÕ Ï+Ð Õ H( $& Ï # ' $ ¬ Ð «ÏNÑ 0IÐ TÓ # Ï Õ ( Õ‚Õ  Ð'
é 'Ð '=Ð Õ ' #  Ó $ ÐW1ç  Ó ©ŠÒ æ­ $ Ð PÒ  ö & 1Ï 0/.'ïg Õ '(æ # ' Õ ' Ð Ó '*lV[é H'Ð ' # ( Õ‚Õ !Ï &# C' é  Ó # '  Î '
Ò æ®­ $ Ð v ~ ê(Ï+Ð ! # Ï $ ¯ Ð ª)0PÏ &H& # ϊê $ # Ð «Ï+Ñ 
 ' & BÏ Õ DY Ð  $  & æ$1Ï C/.' ÓeÓ +ÐQé '*!' Ï+ç ,
° ² ± ç 1 
 Ï $ Q
Ð Ï – 5
! *
' ,
) &
1 0
 #&'*01³;Ž#/#&+i´%0q! Õ  TÓ # éϬÏ+Ò
æ' # Ï # 'îÐ $ ÐÏ Õ  -Ó $ Ï Ô  Ð' Õ H( & ' Z Ï  $ ' && Ï
1 2 1 vuoto 3 1

Ðlæ # ' Õ ')Ð Ô Ï´Ò  TÓ # 1Ï (´1Ï 0 -Ó # ÏÐÐ 'DC.' œÃ & Ï TÓ # 1Ï (´Ï Ð Ð} ~ )ê 0]'-Ò $ Ð  $ ' &H~ # Ò Ð 'ŠÒ '*wæ$2Ï !/.' ÓyÓ ¥ê
 $ Ï &©Õ Ï Õ 01(´Ïé ' Ð 'U(' Ð &~ ' Õ [Ñ ' Ð Ô ÏÒ ')6«ÏэÒ 4Ò ' & H( Ó Ï Ô  Ð' 
7 Ð:' Ð Ó-# Ï1(´ç2Gh
Ï Õ hg &H$ ÐÑ[.' Ô[Ô ÏÒ3æ$Ï1 ,
con organizzazione C
 
. ' ÓeÓ öÕ‚Õ Ï éÏ # Ïç1 & ')laÐ ÒaÒ' &H& Ï # ' Ó '
РЅÐ')C' Õ‚Õ  Ó Ï+ÐoÒ2æ' # Ï # 'Ð Õ Ð # Ð Õ (
Schema di di Trama Dimensione Fissa
Multiplazione senza organizzazione

ÓT# Ï & # $ý & Õ /.'*(´ÏÒ[( $&Ó æ & Ï Ô  Ð'3ê

 $ Ð ,
di Trama Dimensione
(con etichetta)
 Ò' Ó8Ó ¡+µ5!'*36'*#&'q01450'Ž%51&)kG†v#/1&>=k+Ó2¶7!+ j
Variabile
(a pacchetto) (con delimitatori)
Ò¾
0'p=O=?+8=k'q"0145!'Ã%(2/+4),+y·]+4#&'*!-/2&0·]-/ 1&%5'q-ED01&%(%5+ 7 ½& Ó ' # ( Ð'z' Ó /.' ÓDÓ Ï  ÐÒ
 Ï/.'Q ÑÐw æPÏ1 ,
/.' Ó8Ó -Ò'é' # ')
Ï # '+!Ð Õ f & 'zÐ ÷ # (´Ï Ô  ÐpÒ Ð')Š ' Ï # !*(´ç1 ÐÏ #!& …Ï ÕdÕ H'*(… ' ÏÑ & » Ï & Ó-# ½ Ò' &&
ÕdÓ ' ÕdÕ U(' Õ‚Õ Ï+ÑÑ 
š˜› œ˜› ˜›  × Ø–Ü¯+܉LwܓÙàwÜK+Ù\ äÞÛ>ÜÙ
• Ò' ö Ð Ó Óдç+Ï Õ 'ÆÏzC)(' Õ Ð # ' Ï &  Ô6Ô Ï Ó ' & Æ' Ò $ ' 4÷ $ Ð Ô  Ð4ÒÌ'q0#&%52&+ 50+p),1/!%5ng4C)('SÐÒé ,
Ò $ Ï # ' $ Ðâæ' # C #BÕ ŠÐ' && Ï # ' Ó '*l˜ ' +p%5%(2/+p31&2_#+4),1&0%(Qg4!*('-æ' # (' ÓyÓ ' # ' &H~ Ð &Ó-# Ò' & (' Õ‚Õ ÏÑ ,
Ñ*l 
Î ¡ ' ?I™ '*!#/%(2/+N50+4),1&0%(ïgISUR,¸ZQ ¹¶X¡ºMlN»[H'y¼'r½'8¾-' # (
¼o¿M¾T $ ¼o¿» & ¾¿À' # ¾ $ ¾¾T'¿ &&~ m¼mÁ ½' & C &,
'& 8Ã9¿1(8' ¼g¾T02 & (8½®½N ¾ # ¿MÄqÅ4' # H(y' ¼o¾-»[8' ¼ ' ½'y¾Æ¾-•-&"v-&"0!1/#&#/'q01>ÇMÈp'®¿ & C8¼o¾ # ¿ #  &~ 
¼ÉÄO¾ # ¿ ,
½ ¿2(8' ¼g¾T¿M»9»8' ¼'ï
 ¼Q(8½ï
¼o½
 Ày' ¼o½y' ¼o¾-' À' # 8Ã9¼N À ¿2!/.y' ¾Æ¾k02 & ! &H& 8' Ã9¿1('y¼o¾-^Ê®½'8¾¾-•#&1/>=k+
-&"0!1/#&#/'q01
8' ½+8Ã9¼6 À ¿1C/.8' ¾¾-*½ $ ¼®Äq¾-8' ÄOÄ%Ó(y' ÄqÄO¿!Ã>Ã[^À $ F^ÄE8' à $  # ' À' # ! # Ä%6 ½
 ÅIÅm' # y' ¼o¾-Æ Ç
¶º ˇÌM¡
ˆ‹kˆ‹T„q™HŠ‰Œ[›œ©Ã—Š‰„‡`—¡*™HˆÓ†‰ˆ—¡•ŒE†‰†Ž)—™H™H„ ‹T„G‹k„‡`—¡›„‡ˆ—¡) Å›-›½Œz“Óˆ” Ä Í6ÎMÏЈÍÒÑÓ!Ô ÕÖ6×Ø9Ô Ø!Ù!Ñ4ÎU×tÚ6Ô!ÑOÛ.ÜÝ×
ÏÞØ9ß!Ü9‰ó†Ž)C„˜—¡*G‹k›†‰Š‰„‡™H™Hˆ ›œˆ—`
ŒEŠ‰„‡ŒE`—¡*™H]„‡¡
Œ!••%—¡‹k„†‰§
à ÆKJ1ÆÍ
ÊÓÉ6áÒâ]Ê
ÍèɅÍäã_ÈqËåákÈqÈUá Ð ÑîÊ Ì ã+ÉÉá æ.çMè
a ~ +4%(%52&+431&2_#/+p),10%(é½ $ ¼&¼8½—½ # 'y¾T'
C8¼oÄEmÄO¾-'
¼o»I')C'
¼' & 501&)—C>?q%('ìGä?*+p2/1 & '
¼oÅ4 #—, una volta per tutte

(
¿!Á8¼q
 ¼f
 ¼oà # y' ÄqÄEz'z( $& ¾-mÀ & ¿ #C& '–½˜¼ $ ,
(con Connessione)
Instradamento

»^Ä $$ Ä%C

 ¾T®' ½
 »' # ÄE ' íC’ FÀ $ F®¿M»9»y' ¼ # 'ï(' , per ogni pacchetto
(senza Connessione)

½
 ¿!¼g¾T' $ ¼ -&8?I?q1Æ70+p),1/0%(î5!'*2&1/%(%(\îÀ' # '*)
j Principio di

ë
Commutazione
),+87!+8=O=?'q0+p),1/!%51 2/'I?q+4!-/'5ÉÇ
collegamento diretto

ê (impegno permanente

È $&& ¿ïM¿!ÄE'¡½9ðMñoòyÄq¾ò³ó¤ô8¼gÄqõ
½ ò8ö¤¿!ÁŽõ
ô8¼oõ
÷y½ ò8ø
di risorse fisiche)
Attraversamento
immagazzinamento
ù ¼gõm¿9ú
ôNí e rilancio
(impegno risorse logiche)

û^üoý—ýµþ(ÿ
ü
 !þÿEü  õ¼oÄO¾Æö¤¿!½N¿!ú
òy¼o¾Æô¿>»>»9õ
ò8¼oò¡ño¼o¿®»>ô  ¾¿À òyö(¾ño¾Æ¾òÂÀ ö¤õ
ú
¿½ ò  ¿
ó¤ô8ú
ño¼gõmó¤¿!ÁŽõmôy¼oòŽ÷\ò  ¿!¾¾Æö¤¿M»9ò8ö¤Äq¿!ú
òy¼o¾ô$õ
ú
ÀNò8Ã>¼g¿¯õ
ž ¼ ),85!4Gc1/2&),+4!1/!%51  $ò 2&'*#&"2_#1ÂÃ; #&'*-E!D 1Þ½Nò8õ
¼oôy½ õ6½ ò  ¿¢ö¤ò8¾ò yʍõ  ó¤¿!ÄOô½ ò  ¿¢¾ò  òyÅ<ôy¼oõ
¿!÷NÄOõ
¿  d  È1ó oò  D¡!   #" Ç
û^üoý—ýµþ(
ÿ ü $ &% ')( ÿEÿF* ü +û ,-Mþ ÿF/ ü .0,ÿEþ 123546 õ¼oÄq¾ö¤¿!½ ¿Mú
ò8¼o¾ô¯¿M»9»>õ
ò8¼gòé)C 78
9-: ? < 2
;

8 G 3 ?
= @
> E
; C  A
; 2
; ¬
= ¿ 
 B
 

õ o
¼ m
õ Ž
Á 
õ #
ô
½ ò 
  ¿ Æ
¾ ¤
ö !
¿ O
Ä

ú m
õ O
Ä q
Ä

õ 8
ô g
¼ .
ò Ò
÷ ó gò$ÀNötòy»>òy½ òîñg¼o¿1À ö¤õ
ú
¿¯ÅI¿!ÄOò#½ õÒö¤õmó oõ
ò8ÄO¾Æ¿¯½ õ
C
ó¤ô8¼o¼gò8ÄOÄqõ
ô8¼gò.÷½ ñoö¤¿!¼o¾ò  ¿^ð!ñg¿  òÂÄOõM½Nò8¾ò8öqú
õ
¼o¿¿!À ÀNño¼g¾Æô  õm¼gÄq¾öt¿M½ ¿!ú
òy¼o¾ôr¾öt¿õ>¼oôy½ õM½Nò  ¿^ötòy¾ÆòMÇ
DÀN¿!ót ó gò8¾¾Æõ\½Nõ\ño¼gô¬Äq¾ò8ÄOÄqôÞú
òyÄqÄO¿!Ã9Ã>õ
ô–ÄqòyÃ>ñoôy¼oô–ðMñoõ¼o½Nõ,¾ño¾¾Æõ\ñg¼oô¬ÄO¾ÆòyÄqÄ.ô–ÀNò8ö¤ótôyöqÄOô.÷˜ò  ¿!¾¾Æö¤¿!ø
»>òyötÄO¿!ú
òy¼o¾ôeÄOõHï!¿!ÄO¿–Äqñ  õú
À òyÃ>¼oôk½ Eõ >CF<G : >GC=^? : 7 FIHE D = KJ ò8½
¿>»>»>õ
òy¼oò4À òyLö F<MNMN88 7 88=q)= F<78MN=C7; :
=O>CF<<? 87 H?F : Ç 4 ¿µ¾Æö¤¿!ÄOú
õmÄOÄqõ
ô8¼gP ò o¿  ñoôyÃ>ôî½Nô8ÀNô ¿M»>òyö¬ó¤ô8¼g¾Æö¤¿!ÄOÄqòyÃ>¼o¿M¾Æô1ôyÃ>¼gõ¡À ¿Mótó oòy¾Æ¾ôîótôy¼ ño¼
FI 5 =C7;AFì; H?8;AF 9-: 5 FH : 77 =?GCG?F : 7=LQ,R)S0THó oò*õ
½ ò8¼g¾Æõ ù 󤿬ñoO¼ H?8678 <? = 9 F<>C;F)C 8 <? = KU ¾öt¿–ó¤ô8À ÀNõmò4½Nõg¼gô8½ õɽ õ
ö¤ò8¾ò8÷!ò^ó oò¼gòõ
¼o½ õ
»Ýõm½Nño¿  ¿9À À ¿Möt¾ò8¼gò8¼oÁŽ¿¢¿M½–ño¼gô^½Nò8õgó¤ô  ò8Ã9¿!ú
ò8¼g¾Æõ6õ
¼$¾öt¿M¼oÄqõ
¾ôMÇ
46 õm¼6¾ò8Äq¾¿!ÁŽõmôy¼oò^½Nò  À ¿!ó¤ ó oòy¾Æ¾ô4À 0ñ FòyÄqÄOò8ö¤ò*ö¤õm½Nô8¾¾¿!÷
¿ V õmú
õ
¾òŽ÷H¿$ó¤ô8¼g¾Æòy¼oòyöqò¢õ  Äqô  Wô R)S½ ò  ó¤¿!¼o¿  ò¬»>õ
ö¤¾Æñg¿!ø Tabella di Routing

 ò!Ç 46 ¿>¾¾ÆöO¿M»9ò8ö¤Äq¿!ú
òy¼o¾ô1¿M»9»>õ

ò8¼gòîótôy¼oÄOñ  ¾Æ¿M¼o½ ô1¿MÀ ÀNô8ø P.I. C.V. P.U. C.V.

Äqõ
¾ò$¾¿!ïMò  Xò QI½ òy¾Æ¾ò#½ Yõ > : C ;2F<7>V7 TI÷ÒÃ>òy¼oòyöt¿M¾Æò$¼oò  ¿1Å<¿MÄqò A 1 C 3

½ õÉõm¼gÄq¾öt¿M½ ¿!ú$ò8¼o¾ôõ
¼oõÁŽõm¿  òŽ÷!õm¼$ótñgõgʍõ
¼o½Nõmó¤¿!¾ôõ  ö¤¿!ú
ô A 2 B 1

½ õUñgÄqó¤õm¾¿ÞÀ òyö®¾ño¾¾ÆõUõUÀN¿!ó¤ó oò8¾¾õU¿!ÀNÀ ¿Möt¾ò8¼oòy¼o¾õU¿!½$ño¼gô

2 2
A B 1 1

Äq¾òyÄqÄqôú
ò8ÄOÄq¿!Ã9Ã>õ
ôMÇ 1 1 1

Zg¿Mótó¤õm¿Mú
ô¬ño¼µò8ÄOò8ú
À õ
ôNíBñg¼o¿$ÄOô8ö¤Ã>ò¼g¾ÆòŽ÷ä¿îÄOò8Ã9ñoõ
¾Æô
Sorg.
C
3
½ ò  ¿¯Å<¿MÄqò$½ õ(õm¼gÄq¾öt¿M½ ¿Mú
ò8¼o¾ôŽ÷Zõm¼g»>õ¿¯õ(À ¿!ó¤ó oò8¾¾Æõ(ó¤ô8¼ 3 2

õ
½ ò8¼g¾Æõ ù ó¤¿!¾õm»9[ô R)S]\_^,¿  ÀNötõ
ú
ô¼oôy½ ôõ
¼o½ õ
»Ýõm½Nño¿M¾Æô½N¿ 
2
3
2
ö¤ñoô8¾õ
¼oÃ6* Ç `³ôy¼oÄOñ  ¾Æ¿M¼É½Nô  ¿ ÀNötôyÀÉötõ
¿ ¾¿!ïMò  ¿M÷õ  ¼oôy½ ô
A 2
B
2 C
¾ötôy»>¿^ó oò³õ  ó¤¿!¼g¿  ò¡»9õmö¤¾Æñg¿  òª¡Äqñ  ¿,G : >C;A8*5 FF<7>7 >C=CG?G :
2
Dest.

Q<aNÇ ¹qbÇ Tdc ÄOõZó¤ôy¼o¼oòy¾Æ¾ò
¿  óyÇ ». Ç e—ÄOñ  ¿¢G : >C;28 5 F^C G?HCF<;28 Tabella di Routing

Q<aNÇ ¸rfÇ TgSkÇ d öt¿îõ,À ¿!ó¤ó oòy¾Æ¾õ\ò8ÄOótô¼gô¬½ ! ¿ S ó¤ô8h ¼ R)Si\kj P.I. C.V. P.U. C.V.

ò8½¯ñg¼o¿
»9ô  ¾¿
Ã>õ
ño¼g¾Æõä¿  ¼oôy½ ô–ÄOò8Ã>ñgò8¼g¾Æò–ÄOñ  l¿ aNÇ ¹q
Ç c³÷ A 3 B 2

ò8ÄOó¤ô8¼oô*½N¿  &¿ aNÇ ¸r Ç m ótôyn ¼ R)S]\*oÂò®Ã>õ

ño¼oÃ9ô8¼gô ù ¼g¿  ú
òy¼o¾Æò^¿¢½ òyÄq¾õ
¼o¿!ÁŽõmôy¼oòMÇ
A 2 C 2

pkô8¾õ
¿!ú
ô^ ó oò®Äqñ#½ õ ñg¼#ó¤ô  ò8Ã>¿Mú
ò8¼g¾Æ0ô ;2>C8–5ÒC =q7 : 5 F÷Mõ ¼oñgú#òyötõ6½ òyõÉó¤¿!¼o¿  õM»>õ
öt¾ño¿  õNõ
½ òy¼o¾õ ù ø
ó¤¿!¼oô^õm¼îú
ôy½ ô4ño¼gõ»>ôyótô4õ  ó¤ô  òyÃ>¿Mú
ò8¼o¾ô*¿¬ó¤ñoõÉ¿!À ÀN¿!ö¤¾Æòy¼oÃ>ôy¼oô*õÉÀ ¿!ó¤ó oò8¾¾Æõ
÷ ú
òy¼o¾Æö¤ò*ño¼gôÄO¾ÆòyÄqÄ.ô
rs  { t[uwvyx?z{t|~} ~Î €3zy tƒ‚,„,…#†‡vyˆ‰…‹Š#vƒŒ~ Ž‘“’3 ”&•
–C –B—˜‡™š–E›–œ,‘žŸ–~ ‘¡ƒ¢‡…K†“£C¤K‚2‚2¥‡vy…“u¤K„2£?vy¦§vy…3¨¤Kzy¤K©‘…K†ªv«‚,…­¬‘®¤“uv¯„,vy©‘¤K„2vI°
u‚2¤tƒzyz± ¤K„,t+Š#¤#z«zyt²¨¤Kzy¤K©‘…K†ªv«t²³tƒ†ªtCzy…KxCvy‚,tƒ´§®§vy†L‚2¢‡vuwv‡‚,„,¤#t?£Ct‹¢‡†0£C¤K„2…¤¶µ­„,…#µ­„,vy…¶‚,vy„,‚,¢‡vy¨…Y¤Kzy¤K¨¨„,vy‚,…¯·‡¸¤„,v<uw…K„Cuw¤¹uwv±‚2¥ª¤
vyˆ‰µ¯¤KxC†‡tƒ¨¤²vy†+ºƒ¢‡¤­u¨…²‚,t)uw…»u…#†‡…²xCz«v)…K„,xCtƒ†ªvŠ§v‚,¤K†‡¨„,t?z«¤¤­Š²v)‚,…Kzyz«¤#x?t?ˆ‰¤K†‡¨v¨„,t0‚,¤#†‡¨„,tƒzyv<®Ct)u¼uw¤KxC†‡t¨vµ¯¤K„Y¨¢‡¨¨t0zyt
Ï
Š§¢‡„,tƒ¨t
Š§¤Kzyzyt0‚,…Kˆ‰¢‡†ªv«‚2tƒ¦§v«…K†ª¤²v«†»¤šu‚Az«¢6uvy£Ct‰tƒzyzy¤»Š#¢‡¤²µ¯tƒ„,¨vvy†‚,…Kzyz«…#ºƒ¢‡v±…­·~½¤Kz‚,t)u…»Š§¤Kz'|¾ O®zy¤q„,v<u…K„u¤²tƒzyz±…K‚2tƒ¨¤
‚,tƒˆ“¡ƒvytƒ†š…†‡tƒ¨¢‡„2t3 «t)Š¿¤šuw¤Kˆ‰µ¯v«…‚,…K†uwv<u¨…K†‡…Etƒ†ª‚2¥‡¤ †‡¤Kzyzy vy†­¨¤K„,£Ctƒzyzy…¨¤#ˆ‰µ­…#„,tƒzy¤t)uu¤#x?†ªtƒ¨…Etƒz?‚,tƒ†ªtƒzy¤ t?z«z± vy†‡¨¤K„2†‡…Š§¤Kz<°
zyt‹¨„2tƒˆ‰t)¬ƒˆ‰t‰‚,vy…K†‡…šuw¨tƒ†‡¨¤‚,vEuwv-‚,…K†‡¨vy†‡¢ªt‹t“„2v«©«¤K„,vy„,¤¢‡xC¢ªtƒz«ˆ“¤K†‡¨¤tƒzyz«t²‚,…šuwt“‚,…#ˆ‰¤²t)Š¶¢‡†‡tq„,¤K¨¤t[žB™šÀ‰À“Á‡ÂfŽ¯Ãƒ ™­–
¤Î
”‡ž,‘œ2ž,Á‡‘ ™·CÄI†‡¹ª†‡¤­®¼„,vy‚,…K„Š#vytƒˆ‰…3‚A¥‡¤3zyt„,¤K¨¤Y¨¤Kzy¤K©‘…K†ªv«‚,tµ­¢‡¡?¡ƒz±vy‚,t€Ytƒ†‡‚2¥ª¤3v«†6Š#v±‚,t?¨t‚,…Kˆ‰¤Y|~ ½Å bŒ~Á‡Æƒb‘ž)›~Ç3‘ŸžŸ˜ª–,”
•
–C –B—˜‡™š–EÈ–ÂBÇ6™šœ‘É'¬‘·
rwÊ ¸¤Y„,v<uw…K„Cu¤3vyˆ‰µ¯¤KxC†‡tƒ¨¤‹uw…K†‡…“Š§¤K¨¨¤² ™Kˏ‘žŸ˜ª–~v«†‰º?¢‡tC†ª¨…¶‚2…K„,„,v<uµ¯…K†Š§…K†‡…3t)Š~¤K†‡¨vy¨Ì‚,…K†ª‚,¤K¨¨¢‡t?z«v­ ‘v)žBŽŽ‘‡
‘œ,ŸÁŽ«
Š§¤šu‚,„2v«¨¨vš†ª¤Kz'uw¤KxC¢‡vy¨…š¬‘·
rÍ Ä<z'¨¤K„2ˆ‰vy†‡¤LÎ-Ž
Ž –“Ï)‘œ,ŸÁŽ –»uwvyˆ‰¡ƒ…Kzy¤KxCxCvyt‰vyz©‘tƒ¨¨…²‚2¥‡¤¯®¯†‡…K†ª…šu¨t?†‡¨¤²vµ¯tƒ‚,‚A¥‡¤K¨¨v~Š#vµ­vyЂ,…Kˆ“¢‡†‡vy‚,tƒ¦§vy…K†‡v)£Cvytƒx°
xCvy†‡…²³„,vyˆ‰¤šuw‚,…Kzytƒ¨vy´uw¢XŠ#v)¢‡†‡…»uw¨¤šuu…²ˆ‰¤K¦§¦§…¯®¯ºƒ¢‡¤­u¨v-µ¯…šu¼uw…K†‡…²¤šuu¤K„2¤Š§v<u¨v±†ª¨vvy†+¡ƒt-u¤tƒzyzyt‰‚,…Kˆ“¢‡†‡vy‚,tƒ¦§vy…K†‡¤t0‚2¢‡v
tƒµ¯µ­tƒ„2¨¤K†‡xC…K†‡…¯®ƒxC„,t?¦#vy¤tƒvŠ§v«©‘©«¤K„,¤K†‡¨v¿ÑƒÒW ‘†‡¢ªˆ‰¤K„,v<¬š‚,…K†‚,¢ªv~uw…K†‡…²¤K¨vy‚A¥‡¤K¨¨tƒ¨v<Ӄµ­¤K„2¨tƒ†‡¨…¯®¯€²‚,…Kˆ“¤&uw¤²vµ¯tƒ‚,‚A¥‡¤K¨¨v~Š#v
¢‡†‡t0u¨¤šuut¶‚,…Kˆ‰¢ª†‡vy‚,tƒ¦§v«…#†‡¤quw¤KxC¢‡vIuu¤#„,…V¢‡†“µ¯„,…Kµ¯„,vy…²žBŽ
Ž –¶
‘œ,ŸÁŽ –~vy†Š§v±µ¯¤K†Š§¤K†‡¨¤‹Š§tƒxCz«v­tƒzy¨„,v·
æšÔÕ Mã*â\á­×ØÙ0Ø à'Ú ×Eۘã&ܶÜ\ášÖ²ØÝ~֓ØqÞ+ßhßhۓß&×ÉáÉãâ9ãW֓ÖYà
ß&××Ø
Ö

¼oñgú
ò8ö¤ô½ õgót¿M¼o¿  ò*»9õmö¤¾Æñg¿  òÀ ñ áò8ÄOÄqòyöqòö¤õ

ño¾Æõ  õmÁŽÁ.¿9¾ô*ÄqñîÀNô8ö¤¾ò½NõmÅIÅIò8öqòy¼o¾õŸâ#ã>Ç 4 ¿¬ó¤ô8¼oó¤¿!¾ò8¼g¿!ÁŽõmôyø
¼oòe½ òyõ˜ó¤¿!¼g¿  õä»>õ
öt¾ño¿  õU¿!¾¾öt¿>»>òyötÄO¿!¾õ˜»9õmòy¼oò¢õ
¼ ù ¼6ò¬õm¼g½ õ
ót¿M¾Æ¿Þó¤ô8¼åõ  ¾Æòyöqú
õ
¼oòä“F<>?HåF<; :çæ FI>C;
å8è<=
À òyöÄqõ
ú
õ  õm¾ño½Nõm¼gòótôy¼1õ  ót¿MÄqô*½Nõoótôyú
ú
ño¾¿!ÁŽõmôy¼oò½Nõoó¤õmö¤ótñgõm¾ôŽ÷6ótôy¼  ¿¢½ õ
Å<ÅIò8ö¤ò8¼gÁ.¿–óoò*ôyöt¿–õ  ÀNò8öø
ó¤ô8ö¤Äqôõ
¼o½ õ
»>õ½Nño¿!¾ôÂÊr½Nò ù ¼oõm¾ôÂÄOô  ôrõ
¼¬¾Æòyötú
õ
¼oõ>½ õ>¾Æ¿!ïMò  ò³ò½ õ>ò8¾õ
Có gò8¾¾òŽ÷9ò¼oôy¼¢½ õ>ötõ
ÄqôyötÄOò ù ÄOõmóoò
QI¾Æö¤¿!¼o¼gò^ ó oò^À ò8ö  ¿kú
ò8ú
ôyötõ
¿¢½Nò  ¿e¾Æ¿Mï!ò  '¿ TÇ
é& ¾Æòyötú
õ
¼oò¢½ ò  ¿
ó¤ô8ú
ño¼gõmó¤¿!ÁŽõô8¼gò.÷HÄqñ  ó¤õmö¤ótñgõm¾ô¬»9õmö¤¾Æñg¿  òe»9õmòy¼oò¬õ
¼o»9õ¿!¾ô¬ño¼¯¿!ÀNÀ ô8ÄOõ
¾Æô–ÀN¿!ótø
óoòy¾Æ¾ô*½ õ6ótôy¼o¾ötô  ô.÷Mó oòÀNötôy»>ôó¤¿  ¿eö¤õ
ú
ô8ÁŽõmôy¼oò½Nò  ötôyño¾õm¼gÃk½N¿  ò®¾Æ¿!ïMò  ò!Ç
û^ü êëyÿ ü Nl! ü (
ÿ ü 1A1P ü ¶ì(þëªë8ü í ñgöt¿!¼6¾ò  ¿–ÅI¿!ÄOò*½ õUõ
¼oÄq¾ö¤¿!½ ¿Mú
ò8¼g¾ÆôŽ÷6õ  À òyötóqôyötÄOô
¼oò  ¿*ö¤ò8¾ò®Ê½ òy¾òötú
õ
¼o¿9¾Æôõ
¼–ï!¿!ÄOò¿  òÂótôy¼o½ õ
Á.õ
ôy¼oõ!½NõN¾Æö¤¿!Å ù ó¤ô½Nò  ú
ôyú
ò8¼g¾ÆôŽ÷Mò8½¢ò8»9ò8¼o¾ño¿  ú
òy¼oø
¾ò  ¿kó¤ô8¼g¼oòyÄqÄOõmôy¼oò^ÀNñ á®ò8ÄOÄqòyötòö¤õ ù ño¾¿!¾¿kõ
¼Þót¿MÄqô®õm¼Þó¤ñoõ  ¿4ú
òyú
ô8ö¤õm¿e½ õ ótôy½ ¿k¼oòyõ6¼gô8½Nõ6ó¤ôyõm¼o»9ô  ¾õ
Äqõ
¿¢ðMño¿9Äqõ6ò8ÄO¿!ñgötõ
¾Æ¿M÷!òy»>òy¼o¾ô*õm¼g½ õ
ót¿M¾Æô®ótôy¼
õ  ¾ò8ö¤ú
õ
¼oò½Nõ6H : 7)î=CG?;AF : 7=>Ç
í+ ¿  ¾Æö¤¿åÀN¿!öt¾òŽ÷¡Äqò1¿  ó¤ño¼oò$ÄqôyötÃ9ò8¼o¾õ³ôyötõ
Ã>õ
¼oò
½ ò8q õ `³¿!¼g¿  Võ ï^õ
öt¾ño¿  õZÃ>õ ðå¿MÄqÄOò8Ã9¼o¿!¾õBò
Có gò1Äqõ
õ
¼oó¤ötôyótõ
¿!¼oôîõm¼ ñg¼oô1ÄO¾ÆòyÄqÄOô ¼oô8½Nô1õm¼g¾Æòyötú
òy½ õ
ôŽ÷rõ
¼oõ
Á.õ¿M¼oô1¿!½—ò8ú
òy¾Æ¾òyötò1ÀN¿!ó¤Có gò8¾¾õ¡¿—ÅIö¤ò8ð!ñgò8¼gÁ.¿
À õ ñ ò  ò8»9¿!¾Æ¿é½ ò  ÀNötòy»>õ
Äq¾ôŽ÷^õ  ¼gô8½ ôµõm¼g¾Æòyötú
òy½ õ
ôåÄOõó¤ô8¼gÃ>òyÄq¾õmôy¼oò ¿ Q<ôyÄqÄOõm¿ ò8ÄO¿!ñoö¤õ
Äqó¤ò  ¿ ú
ò8ú
ô8ø
ö¤õm¿—½Nõr¾Æö¤¿!¼oÄOõ
¾Æªô T®òy½ õm¼gõmÁŽõ¿ X¿ óY=?>Cô=C>?=
óY86H?H
õ =?;A;2FL÷ öN‡ò ÷ø  õ ùƒùšø÷úNü ô ûñ û¼ûÆõr‹õ `“ø'÷ ø  ¶õ ï®õmCö ûÆ ñ ø  õ¡ó oò
ø'û¼ûÆC ö øý>ò8Cö þƒø'÷oôõ  ÷oªô ú ô ÿ
Hò8ö®ð!ñoª ò þ¯ûô¬ú
ªô ûÆõ ý>ôŽV÷ þO‡ô ÷gô¬õ ÷ú õ þ¯öN‡ò ÷ þ¯ø
Mõ  3õ þƒûÆCö ø'ûò >õ
ò úN~õ H : 7 ;2> : è<è : ôF[åGCG : ó oò öNò8ö¤ú
‡ò ûKû¼ø!ø
÷o» ô ø!õ ÷oªô ú ¿õ ú õ6ötò >ô  øMötò  ò8ú
õ þ¯þOõ
‡ô ÷o»ò ú ò  +ò þOô8ö >ªò ÷û§õ ÿD  ótªô ÷ûötô  »ô úN õ gñ þƒþqô
+ø'û¼ûÆ ñ ø'ûÆ»ô ø'÷gCó   ªò þ¯þOô
ú
‡ò úNõ ø÷û0ò öøMótó oªò û§û6õ QIúNõ!ó¤‡ô ÷ûö¤ô  ªô T<÷ öNötõ ý>õ ú ò  ?ó øMNú ö 0ô ú õ úøûÆõ
÷9Nú øó¤‡ô ÷û‡ò ÷g‡ò ÷ ûÆõNñ ÷¢ótªô ú õ
ótòõ ú ªò ÷ûÆõ
ø
ù Có ø'ûõ ý9ô úNò  ó¤ô8Nú ø÷úNô*Có gò?ö øööNöt-ò þO‡ò ÷ û§ø'÷gô ÿ é úއò þOò8Nú öNõmôŽ÷6 ñ ÷N÷oªô ú &ô ÷g‡ô ÷
õ ÷ý9õ ø÷oñoªô ý>¿õ öøMótó oªò û§ûõ
ú õÒ ñ ÷ ótõ
ötó¤ñoõ ûÆWô ý>õ
Cö ûÆ ñ ø  ò ù ÷oó  W÷oªô ÷éö¤õ
ótªò ý>ò#ñ ÷WóY86H?H
õ=C;A; : ôFq>?F<GCH : 7;A> : ötò  øûÆõ ý>Wô ø!õ ö6ø!ó¤Có g‡ò û¼ûÆõ
ö ö¤ò8ó¤- ò ú ªò ÷û§õ ÿ í+ ø  ûÆCö ø
öø!Cö ûÆòŽ'÷ ÷oò  ?ó øþq+ô úNõ ñ ÷ø4ö¤‡ò ûò^ó¤‡ô ÷>‡ò þƒûÆõ
-ô ÷øû§øM÷  ø
öNò8Cö úÉõ û¼ø
ú õ öø!ó¤ó oªò û§ûõNCó ø!ñgø
þ¯ø4õ N  ú ø'÷g?ó øûÆôõ ÷ý9õ»ô úNò8õNö¤õ þOótªô ÷ûöqõ!ö¤ò  ø'ûõ ý9õm÷>Lò ú ñ ÷oðMñÉò6õ ÷oªô ú 6õ ø*ú
ªô ÷ûò®ó¤‡ò þƒþ¯ø÷oô  õ ÷Eý9õmLô úN6õ ÷oñoªô ý>õ
öøMót ó oªò û§ûõ â ÿ í ªô ö ôñ ÷–ó¤ò8Cö ûLô ö òyötõ
‡ô úN[ô ú 6õ ûÆòyNú ö [ô QTÉõ  ó¤ô  ò )ø!ú
‡ò ÷ ûÆô
>õ
ñ úNõmCó ø'ûôõ ÷ ûÆòyöø
ö¤‡ô û¼ûô4@ò ý9õ
‡ò ÷oò 9‡ò ÷oòy?ö øûÆôkñ ÷Pö6ø!ó¤Có g‡ò û¼ûÆô ú !õ @=CGC=¯;úø–õ ÷ý>õ ø9öt@ò þOñ  Có ø'÷ø  &ò ý9õ
?ö ûñ ø  òŽ÷Éò4Có gòeCó ø! ñ þ¯ø!÷
÷oòy6 õ ÷oªô ú 6õ ø'û¼û?ö øý>òy?ö þƒø'ûÆõ
÷Mõ  ötõ  øþqó¤õ
[ô úNò  òö¤õ þOô8Cö þqò  ô >õ
ó oLò Q<û§ø
Mò  ‡ò TÉötò  ø'ûÆõ ý9»ò ø  `“ø'÷ ø  ò ï^õ
Cö ûÆñ ø  ò ÿ
í õ þqó¤ ñ ûõ øMú
ô®ôy?ö ø¢õ ÷ ý>ò8ó¤ò úNõÉ ñ ÷$ñ  ûò8ö¤õmôyöt&ò öN‡ô þƒþq"õ !õ  »ò ö ö¤õ ÷oótõ ö õ
»ô ú õ6ótôyú
ú
ñ û¼ø'ù.õ
‡ô ÷gò #
û^üoý—ýµþ(ÿ
ü 0% ''( ÿFÿEüò%$çoÿ
¿ê-gý—ýg é ÷góoò
õ÷ ð!ñoòªþ¯ûô
óCø'þOôŽ÷  86;2;A>?8 9 =C>CGƒ8&
MN=C7; : ú ò8[ õ ÷oªô ú +õ øýý9õò‡÷oò ö ò8öNF<MNMN8‡î 8'('F<786MN=?7 ; : =P>CF<èI867HCF : ÷*ú
ò‡÷ ûÆö¤ò  ø*)<ñ ÷ùŽõmôª÷oò úNõ0F<7 &
GC;2>C8ô86MN=?7 ; :
Pþƒý>ô  û¼ø£õ ÷ ú
ô‡úNôPú õþ¯ûö¤õ+!ñgõûôÅûö?øåõ‹÷oôªú õqú õ³ö¤ò‡ûò
óY=C> : î 7F¶ó38HCH
õ=C;2; : ÷Bõ¡ðMñø  õ
QIC ó gõ øMN ú ø'ûõ!ô8Cö ø&ô 8;A8‡î >?86MNMNF,T¿úNò‡ý9ô‡÷oô[÷oòyótòªþ¯þƒø!ö¤õøMú
ò‡÷ ûÆòótôª÷ûò‡÷gò8ö¤ò  õ÷¿ú õ
ötõùšùŽôótôyúNö  ò‡ûô+úNò  ø
ú ª ò þ¯ûõ ÷ø'ùŽõmªô ÷oò ÿ DK÷)Iøû§ûõm÷rõ ÷ ðMño‡ò þƒûÆô¯Có ø'þOô¯Nú ø÷oCó ø ú ò  ûñ û¼ûÆô  ø,)Iøþqò¯õ ÷gBõ ù.õ ø  n ò ú ò  ótô  ò)ø!ú
òª÷oø
ûô.÷Zõ ÷éótñg² õ öNötªò ÷oªô ûKø!ö¤ò  õNú ö ò )÷olô ú ò  ò
ö¤õ þOô8Cö þqNò Q ù þqõ
ó oò
ô  ô >õ
ó oªò T³ó olò þ¯øM?ö ø÷÷oô#ñ ûõ  õùšùƒø'ûò â ÿ
- òyN ú ö  õmó¤ò8ú
ªò ÷ûòŽ~÷ ÷oªô ÷.

öNötªò ý>õ þ¯ûçô ø  ó¤ñ ÷ õ

Nú ö ò )÷o
ô øXö ö¤õmôyötõ
÷g‡ò úîô ÷gõ öøMótó oªò ûKûôeó¤‡ô þƒûÆõ ûÆñgõ þOó¤ò¢ñ ÷
ó¤ô  ò øMú
‡ò ÷ûô¬õ ÷úNõ ýÝõ ú ñ ø  òkó oò¬õ
Nú ö ò ÷ ø$3õ ÷oªô ú Võ ú õäötªò ûÆOò þOô  çô öNò8ö  ølú ñoCö ø'û¼ølúNò  ö ö¤‡ô öNöqõmô öøþqø
þ¯ø/09õm ô ÿ 46 õ ÷¿þ¯û?ö øúø!ú
ªò ÷ûXô øýý9õ
‡ò ÷oò¢ú
‡ò ú õ ø'÷ ûÆOò û¼ø
Mò  Oò öNötªò þq-ò ÷ ûÆYõ ÷oòyõ ÷oªô ú õ
¶÷ þOõ øPú ¶õ ûõ ö Xô þ¯û¼ø'ûõmó¤ô
ó oWò ú õ ÷ø!ú
õ‡ótlô QI÷gò  ð! ñ ø  Có ø'þOXô ûƪò ÷ >ªô ÷oô#ótªô ÷ûNô úNò  ò#ó¤‡ô ÷úNõ ùŽõ
‡ô ÷o¶õ ú õÒCó ø!ötõ
ó¤ô
Xò ú õ(ó¤‡ô ú6ø!ú òyõ ÷oªô ú õ

132ŸÄ3†‡¢ªˆ‰¤K„,v3Š§v'‚
· £
·“uw…K†‡…q†‡¤KxC…K¦§vytƒ¨v¨„,tL‚,vyt)u‚2¢‡†štL‚,…Kµ¯µ¯v«tŠ§v'†‡…šŠ§vVŠ§¢‡„,tƒ†ª¨¤‹zytL©‘t)uw¤»Š#vv«†6u¨„,t)Š§tˆ‰¤K†‡¨…¯®š¤&uw‚,¤Kzy¨v
¨„,tLºƒ¢‡¤#z«z{v'†‡…K†¢‡¨v«zyv±¦§¦§tƒ¨vŠ#t0tƒzy¨„2¤‹‚,…#ˆ‰¢‡†‡vy‚,tƒ¦§vy…K†‡v)xCvyÌ0vy†‚,…K„Cuw…­·54Ezy‚,¢ª†‡v†ª¢‡ˆ‰¤K„2v~Š§v‚
· £
·~v«†ª…Kzy¨„,¤qµ­…šuu…#†‡…q¤šu¼uw¤K„,¤
„,v<u¤#„,£Ctƒ¨v<®¤šŠV¢‡¨v«z±vy¦§¦§tƒ¨v­µ¯¤K„Eµ­„,…#µ­tƒxCtƒ„,¤3ˆ“¤šu¼uwtƒxCxCv'Š§vu¤KxC†‡t?z«t¦§vy…K†‡¤3vy†‡¤K„,¤K†ª¨všvyz­‚,…K†ª¨„,…Kzyzy…‹Š#v­„,¤K¨¤¯·
136 Ä<†@„2¤Ktƒzy¨Ì[£C¤K†ªxC…K†‡…‰µ¯„,vyˆ‰tL©‘tƒ¨¨v~Š#¤Kv'¨¤K†‡¨tƒ¨vy£CvVŠ§v'vy†‡£CvytC„2¤‰†‡¢‡…#£?t?ˆ‰¤K†‡¨¤‹v'µ¯tƒ‚,‚A¥‡¤K¨¨v6³£C¤K‚2‚2¥‡vy´§8 · 76¢‡¤šuw¨v'¢ªz«¨vyˆ“v
vy†‡©‘tƒ¨¨v-u…#†‡…~‚,…K†6u¤K„2£?t?¨vŠ#t‚A¥‡vƒzyv¯vy†‡£Cv±t ‘‚A¥‡¤Vµ¯ ¢ 9~tƒ†ª‚2¥‡¤¤šu¼uw¤K„,¤¢‡†‹†‡…­Š#…~vy†‡¨¤K„,ˆ‰¤šŠ§vy…š¬‘®,¹‡†ª‚2¥‡€†‡…K†uw…K†‡…„,v<u‚,…K†ª¨„,tƒ¨v
Š§tƒzš„2v«‚2¤K£C¤K†‡¨¤­! · 7'¢‡¤šu¨ ¢‡zy¨vyˆ‰…3©«tƒ¨¨…Vµ¯
¢ 93‚,tƒ¢uwtƒ„,¤V¢ªz«¨¤#„,vy…K„,¤3‚,…K†‡xC¤šuw¨vy…K†‡¤¯®§vy†“º?¢‡tƒ†­¨…3„,¤šu¨tƒ†‡…3vyˆ‰µ¯¤KxC†‡tƒ¨¤3„,v<u…#„Cu¤‹Š§v
ˆ‰¤Kˆ“…„,v«t³tˆ‰…K†ª¨¤K´VŠ#¤Kzyzyt‚,…K†ªxC¤šu¨vy…K†‡¤3‚A¥‡¤Y‚,…š3u :(;2—~œB™I—Ž­ËCŽ6·
1{r2|¤K„ ºƒ¢‡¤šuw¨…Vˆ“…K¨vy£?…¯®¼v«z­‚,…#z«zy¤KxCtƒˆ“¤K†‡¨…3€“Š#¤K¨¨ … ;,–CÃŽ»žB™­‡– ;; ™š=– <
 >'Ú@?'Ú Û“ß&×ACB¶ß“Û]×EÛ5DEGFHA=EGEAšØJI@ß ÞDO× A KšÔK

 û mõ ú
õ Æö¤ô ù ,ó gò¢õ õ

ó oô ò ô Oõ !õ õ ôyö ò õäñ Oótõ Nò8ööCø
L>õ
ñ÷>òyötò  øWú òªþ¯ûõ÷ ø'ù.õ
ôª÷oòçþOótö¤õûÆø
T C ÷ú Cø'÷  çö ªþ¯þ "  Vö ?û Oú þ û¼ølö
qñ !ó¤ó oò ô
û¼øOþ  öø  ‡û¼û ÿMNO‡þƒû  N  û Æõ
ú
ô oõ õ >õ
QP/N ÷ú Eý "O‡÷O)Iøû§û Nþ(R ô tõ
öSO+GC=?7L'8l7=CG?Gå7 8W8è<;2=C>?8''F : 7=»ú6ø  ø
ôyö õ ¤õ
ö ?û¼ø ú Nþ(R û¼V
ø ÿ
T@÷oL ô úOyõNNú ø
L>õ
ô8ö¤õ6ýø÷Eû¼ø
L>õ6úUO8õ6úøû§ø/>öCø!ú
ú
õ!ö¤õþƒöOªû§ûô[ø!õUR¤õmöRSNgõûõ6ý>õ
ö?ûVNø  õU
WN ÷øú
õ"  õ
ô8öO
öO‡þOõ þƒûXOª÷ù­ønøMõYLNøþ¯ûõZO¬úNø  )N÷ ùOõmôª÷ø!ú[Oª÷ûõX#Òõ÷\P/N O‡þƒûÆô]R?ø'þOô¬õ÷ )<ø'û¼ûÆõ
÷3øÅö6ø!ö?ûVO^N÷ ø[Oªý0O‡÷ ûXN ø  O
÷ ORSOªþ¯þOõ û¼ðçúNõ ötõ ûÆC ö ø'þO[ú O‡û¼û_O8ö Oõ öø/RSR Oªû§û õ öUO8Cö þqõ
÷Mõ  R¤ô  OøM[ú O‡÷û+ô öNötªô þ`OaLN O[ø'û¼ûÆCö øýLO8Cö þq+ô öO8ö R¤ôö?þOõ
ø  ûVO8C ö ÷ø'ûõ ý9¼õ .õ ÷oô  ûSö O  O  O‡ý)ø'û+ô ÷ Ng[ú O8ö¤&ô ú ¿õ öOySö ROô8Cö þq õ ø  ûVO8Cö ÷øûÆõ ý>õ
÷ öNá+öO8ö¤[ú O-û¼ûXOySö O&QIõ ÷bRtªô ÷ú õ ùŽõmôyø
÷oE õ ú õ RCø!ö¤"õ Rtô  O0LO8ö¤‡ô TYúN õ þO‡ô úúNõ þ()<ø!Sö Oc!öO‡ý9õoö¤+õ Ro"õ Oªþ¯ûVO@úNõ û?ö øþqú
õ þ¯þOõmªô ÷ O&øOý0O  ô R¤õ û¼ð^O  O‡ý)ø'ûVO'ÿ é ô
þ¯ûVOªþ¯þqX ô ûVO8Nú öNôŽ÷\õ ÷göNSö Oªþ`O-÷ ùšøNúNõ,[ú Oªþ¯þƒø
09õ,ú
ô  û^ô !öO‡ý9õm÷  Bõ ÷ý9õmçô ú Zõ N ÷ þqõ ÷ 9ô  ô ú6ø'û§ø/>Cö ø!ú
Nú ød

ö õ ñeR O&þ(N ) ù R¤+õ Oª÷ûVO.÷É[ ú Oª÷ûSö O

÷ O  RCø'þO@ô øfRtõ
Sö RNoõ ûÆ
ô ý9õmCö ûXN ø  O  O)<øþqõ úNõoõ ÷ þ¯û¼ø
N6Cö ø'ù.õ
ªô ÷ OO‡úlø
/'ø)ûÆø
ûõm[ ú Oª÷û@ô þƒø!ö O/
O8ö¤
ô þ¯û¼ø'ûVON÷  øý9ô8ö¤ôkõ ÷ÅöNõ ñPú6øOþ¯ý>ô  0O8ö O
QIû¼ø'÷ ûÆô R O
ø'úgOªþÿ  h ÿ i
jM÷ R O

÷øûÆô
øfRªÿ ýšÿ ' ÷ ö ö O‡ýLO‡ú O+ø÷ R O®õ  )N÷ùŽõ
‡ô ÷ø9[ú Oª÷ûÆ+ô øçúøû§ø/>Cö ø!ú
Nú ø)TKÿ
û^ü ü 6ÿ !ü 8ÿ ¶ü
ë‡ê   , $ò ê6ë
 ¿ T@÷ ÅúUO lø
0 oô 8õ¡ú 9õmôyötõ ö¤ô yú
õ õ
²ö   O  O)ø'û qø  Nþ Åú Oô Nõ
úøû§ø/ Cø >ö !ú
ú
õ ôyö Nõ Nõ Mötö¤õ 9ô 8õ õ
C
bR O  ?ú ÷Olú qø ý NúUO ²öø
RR Oªû§û ‹öUNá[Oªþ¯þ(O OÅú ý0O Cþ Åú6ø.P/N O  lú qö6ø8ö õ yö qô ô Nõ !öø
!÷ ô ô õ oõ
ö 8ö tôö qõ õ yö Æõ yö
ûVO‡÷ù­ø ö ªûXO-÷ ú fP/N O‡þƒû Yþ(OLN SO öUO R Cþ 3ú "))kO SO-÷ û ¼ÿq5O P/N Oªþ¯û ‡û ý 3÷ O Yú6ø'û¼ø
 Cø ô¬ú
ô õ 9ôŽ÷ yõ
G
>ö !ú
ú
õ
öö O‡( qõoõ ¤ö 8ú #ô oõ
þ O-÷ûVON÷O7åMN=C> : ô F~GC=Sl~å=C70')8bRCO&þ ÷ R O [O‡÷ û§ø øú )÷ ö6ø
RR O‡û¼û @û ?øþ [Oªþ¯þ Oªúlø  ø Æô ö qú Oô.÷
õ Žõmô Oô gô ö Nõ ô õ yõ
úOªþ¯û ÷ø'ù ª ÷ O‰þ ‡÷ 0ö O‡ú þƒö ªþ¯û )úO LmVå(nkn#=?> â#â ú [O õ>ú 8ú
ôyötõ yõ õ>ötõ ¤ô Æö oõ
ö ôyö Nõ
ø÷ O /P/Nø  "R ‡þƒû N SO  ?ú ÷ OoOªþ¯ø'û¼û ô
yõ
úO ö6
ø RRC
 O‡û¼û ¼ÿ Æõ
pcO  RCø'þql ô ú põ N÷òöø/RSR Oªû§ûô
úNø'÷RCø'÷ûVOŽ÷Zõ  ö¤õ"RSOªý0O‡÷ ûXON÷oô‡÷òþ¯ø!þ`OdP
N Oªþ¯ûô[
lþ`OyúNö  õ+RO8ú[Oª÷ûVO
ö¤õû¼ø!Cö úø'ûôk‡ô ööUNoö Oq
@ø'÷ úø'û
ô öOy?ö þOôŽ÷Uö O‡÷úUO‡÷ ú ô@ö ö¤ô  OyúNø'ûÆõ"R¤ôeõ  R¤ô‡÷ ûÆö¤ô  ô
ú õNþ¯þOôÿYD#÷rP
NO‡þ¯ûô
RCø'þq& ô þO õ öNötªô ú N RON÷
õ
Nú öO÷g&ô ø'÷oôyNú ø  &ô úUO8 õ /N ))kOyö0ú õgõ÷>öO‡þƒþqôŽ÷R O&÷gô‡÷Åö ôªþ¯þOô‡÷gôO‡þƒþ`O8öOkötõ  ø!ø
þ`R¤õ ø'û õ öOySö R?
4õ ÷RtôyNú ö  O‡ûõm ÷ OR¤õ á
öUNáR?ø/Nþƒø!ö Okõ  ö¤õ ù Nû
ô úO  ø/RSRO‡û¼û§øù.õ
‡ô ÷O
ú ~õ ÷ Ng‡ô ý9õ öø/RSR Oªû§ûõm÷
ö ö¤‡ ô ý9ô R¯ø÷úNs ô N ÷ õ
Nú öO÷g! ô ø÷oôyNú ø  ü ô ø÷ R OüöOyö
8õ
N)k)Oylö úN8õ Nþ`R¤õ û§øòú 0õ ø  ûÆö¤‰õ ÷oªô ú õ
÷ R?ø/Nþƒø'÷¿ú ô
R¤‡ô ÷ LO‡þƒûÆõ
‡ô ÷O â_t ÿ
\ö¤õmN ú øXú Gõ O)k)O-û¼ûXN ø!Sö OqN÷nû?ö ø'þ()O8ö¤õm[ú Oª÷ûô ølú6ø'û¼ø
9?ö ø!ú
Nú ø9 ÷
eªô ööNô8¯ö ûVN÷o@ô Q<ølö6ø!Cö ûXOeõ  RCø'þq@ô úNõ
ú[O‡þƒþ¯ø/09Lõ R¤ô8lú ö -ô þ¯û)õ úøuN÷þOõ ÷ >ô  ‹ô úøû§ø/>Cö ø!ú
Nú ø'TýLO8ö¤õ ù R?ø!ö O  ø[ú õ þ¯öN‡ô ÷o"õ !õ  õ û¼ð»úUO  úOªþ¯ûõ ÷ ø'û¼ø!ötõ
ô
ù ÷ ø  OŽp÷ OWö ö O‡øýý9õ þƒø!ö  Wô ú õÒö¤õ þ`Oy?ö ý)ø!Sö OdN÷ øPø'úO0Nøû§øeP/Nø'÷ ûÆõ û§ðPúNõ([ú O8ú
ôyötõ øVÿ é ú.O‡þ(O8Nú ö õ
ô8÷\õ ÷
D#÷ûVO8C ö ÷ O‡ûøý)ý>"õ O‡÷O+ö ö¤‡ô öNöqõ
ô P
NO‡þƒûÆô Q<ýLO‡ú ¿õ öø/¿ÿKšÔ/v'T#ÿ
\ö¤‡ ô þ(O0Ngõ øMú
ô  øXúOªþ`R¤ötõ ùŽõmªô ÷ O@úO  Oeö O‡ûVõ öOy»ö ú6ø'ûõ Rtªô ÷  N  ûõmNú øwRCø!Cö ø'û§ûVOyöqõ þƒûÆ"õ RCøOú Gõ N÷1ú
‡ô úNô
ú ¿
õ û?ö ø'þ()O8öqõ
[ú O‡÷ ûÆUô #
xYy zYy {Yy | } ÿ ÿFÿEþÅ%ügÿFü¿!ü 121A
'(


í O ù ÷oõþ`RO  ø+þƒûÆöCø'ûõ ù R?øù.õ

‡ ô ÷O“úO  Oo)N÷ ù.õ
ô‡÷gõúNõ0R¤ô8ú[N ÷oõ"R?øù.õ
ô‡÷O.÷þqõø+öUO8öp  õ)ø'ö6öø!öCø'ûõûVO8ö¤ú
õ÷ø  õ
R OÅöUO8ö¢õq÷gô‡ú q õ ú ²õ ûÆCö ø'÷ þqõ ûÆôŽJ÷ Olú õ Rtôy[ú OeP
N Oªþ¯ûVOîõ ÷ûVO8Cö ø
>õ þ(Rtªô ÷oô
ö OR¤õ ö öqô R?ø!dú O‡÷ûVOÅþOõ ø!ûÆCö øg÷oªô ú õ
ú õý0Oyö?þOõ
÷R O
÷ O  ø>[ú Mõû&ô ú õ N÷gô þ¯ûVO‡þƒþq
ô ÷oªô ú ô ÿ é RN÷Oú õ P
N Oªþ¯ûVO&þqªô ÷oô >õ ðçþƒû§øûXO4õ ÷ûötªô ú ªô û§ûVO8÷O
 OR¤õûõøMú
+ô öUO80ö öNötõ
[ú OŽ6÷ þ(OLNoõ ûXOú6øfP
NO  O»öNõ ñ$ötõ  Oªýø÷ûõ6õ  N þ¯û?ö øûXO»ú ¿õ þ`O0Noõ ûô #
~ õ H : 7;A> : è<è : ô F0LåGCG : ÷ R Oõ
úNöOªú õþ`RO  øçþƒø'ûVNoö?øù.õ
ô‡÷O»úUO8õ
N ))O8ö
U

~  øH : 7GC=î 78 : >?ô FI7 8;A8g÷öOyö³ö¤õøþ¯þ(O8ú[  øMöSOú[O‡þƒþ¯ø/0>õ)Iö?øMú
ú[O‡÷ û§øûÆõþ`NXöNõñWúøû§ø
9ö?øMú
ú
õ§

131 Ä<z¨¤K„,ˆ‰vy†‡¤[ƃ€Á @«–CœV¥ªt[¨„2t)Š#¢ª¦#vy…K†ª¤“zy¤K¨¨¤K„2tƒzy¤“³„,¤­uµ¯v«†ªx?¤#†‡¨¤­®¯µ­tƒ„,t?‚,…Kzyµ­v<®­‚,¢6u‚,vy†­¤K¨¨…K´V¤šŠ‹€“t[£C…Kz«¨¤‰¤šuwµ­„,¤šuu…‹vy†
vy¨tƒzyv±tƒ†‡…‹Š§tƒzyz±tzy…K‚,¢‡¦§vy…K†‡¤ÀY–CÀ¶™šœ, ŽÂfŽÀ¿—™š–¯·
1‚2¸t‹uw…Kzy¢‡¦§v±…K†‡¤ tVºƒ¢‡¤šuw¨tV³§uµ¯vy„,tCzy¤E†‡¤KxCtƒ¨vy£Ctƒ´6uwvC¡ƒt)uwt~tƒ†‡‚2…K„,tqu¢ªz«zy ¢uŸ…Š#vC¢‡†tƒzyz±tƒ„,ˆ“¤tV¨¤Kˆ“µ­…  ‘¨vyˆ‰¤K…K¢ª¨§¬‘®uw‚,t)Š§¢‡¨…
vyz­ºƒ¢‡tƒz±¤‹uwvšxCvy¢Š§vy‚,tvy†‡¨¤K„,„2…K¨¨…Yvyzš‚2…Kz«zy¤KxCtƒˆ“¤K†‡¨…¯®§¤‹uw…K†‡…Vzyvy¡ƒ¤K„,t?¨v¯vª¡ƒ¢ª©‘©‘¤K„2·
KšÔ/i Ö/DBA­×ØÙ0Ø >'Ú ×EÛYD&ܶÜAšÖ²ØÝ~֓ØqÞ+ßhßhۓß&× A DƒBLDW֓ÖYà
ß&××Ø

~ 0 ÷
ø G?=,îMN=C7;A8')F : 7 ==>CF<8GCG?=CM[m'è<8‡îî F : aR O‰úUO ÷ þ(RSO  O ù gõ ³Sö O>ô  O0öUO8öp)Iö?øMú
ú[O‡÷ û§øMöSOoN ÷¢ú[Oªþqø
þ¯ø
L >õ
ôåõ
÷ öø
RR O‡û¼û 8O õ £ö¤õ ¤ô8ú Nô8ö õ
÷
+R Nö  Lø'ú*O‡þ`O Nö ÷„R yú õ
ô£õ ¤ô8öOötõþ¯öNô‡÷úUO‡÷ ùšøòúOyõW…VRtôª÷ ù ÷gõ+†ûÆöCø
qô ôyö Æõ tô õ yö
þ ªû§û SOªû R ª÷Åú "))kO SOª÷ûVO N ÷ Oªùšù­øçú ¿öø/RSR Oªû§û E
 õ ô
~ õ  H : 7;A> : è2è : ôFH : 7 7=CG?GCF : 7=q0÷ RCO0ö ö¤ô‡ý)ý0O‡ú O0øú4õ÷þ¯û¼ø
Ngö?øMöSO  øQR¤ô‡÷ ÷ O‡þƒþqõ
ô‡÷OŽ÷0O‡þ`O0NgõmöO  õ÷oø
þ¯û? ö øúø![ú Oª÷ûôŽ÷HõmNú öUO)÷ø!ö O  Oeötõ þqôy?ö þ(OŽV÷ þ(NöOy?ö ý9õ þOõmªô ÷øMSö Oeõ  R¤ô‡÷ ûÆö¤ô  ô@ú õG N þ¯þOôŽ÷~ø
/øû§ûVO8ö(O
 øqRtª ô ÷÷ Oªþ¯þOõmªô ÷ Oø  þ`No»ô ûXOyöqú
õ ÷ O6
~ õ  H : 7;A> : è2è : ôF=?>C> : >¯=qU÷ R O+ö ö¤‡ô ýýLO‡ú O+ø¢ötõ þ(Rtªô ÷ûÆCö ø!ö O  OQN÷gõ û¼ðeõ ÷ )Iô8ö¤Nú ø'ûõ ý0OŽ÷ ø¢ö¤õ  OªýøMSö OQ  õ
O8ö¤ötôö¤E õ úNEõ ûCö ø'þqú
õ þƒþqõ
‡ô ÷ OŽ'÷ øfLO‡þƒûÆõ
Sö O  O^ö¤"õ RCg+õ Oªþ¯ûVOúN õ û?ö ø'þOú
õ þ¯þOõmªô ÷ O
~  F<7HC8‡óYGåè<8MN=C7; :  ÷ R O
ø/0>"õ N÷LO@øM õ ö6ø
RRCO‡û¼û õ úNõ úøûÆõ ú6øOûÆCö ø'þO[ú O‡û¼û_O8ö O  O*õ ÷ )IôyötNú øù.õ
‡ô ÷oõ
ú ¿ õ ö ö¤‡ô ûô Rtô  Qô R¤ô8[ú O   Oªø'úOyöA
÷   õ õ ÷ ú õ
ötõ ùšùOõ
÷Nõ  Rtªô ÷ûötô  +ô ú ¿õ öøMötõ û¼ðVÿ‘ÿŸÿ
‡É
ÿ -oÿ
‰ˆ ü ‹ŠXŒŽŒŠ é& ôgþ`R¤ôªö ô ú õ)Iô8öC÷oõ
öSO\N ÷*øMõ+N ûÆô!ø  ø þ(RCO8úNø'ûõùšù­ø'ùŽõmôª÷ OgúUO  O
õ÷ûVO8öCø'ù.õ
ôª÷oõ6ûÆöCø  Ou)N÷ùŽõô‡÷gõ6õ  N¿þƒûÆöCø'ûVO8÷  ‘ 7;A=?>C786;2F : 7 8è ’;A87 ô8>Côw“+>î 87F”')8;AF : 7PQ+–•/T ø)Iô8öø
úNø  õ ùƒùšø'û—ô N ÷¢ú
ôªúO  ô—R¤ô‡÷RSOªûKûXN ø  O‹öUO8öþOõþ¯ûVO8ú
õú õaRtôyú[N÷gõ+RCø'ùŽõmôª÷ OqúOª÷oô8ú
õ÷øûÆôJ“²óY=C7q’ ˜6G?;A=CM
‘ 7;A=?>CH : 77=CHC;2F : 7nQZ•/T â_™ U ÷ R O*õ ÷úNõ ý9Bõ úN ø]N÷økö O  ø'ùŽõmªô ÷ OQLO8Cö ø!ö RCg+õ RCø û?ö ø¬¿õ ö ö¤‡ô ûô R¤ô  ¼õ ÿ6D#÷Åöø!Cö ûõmø
R¤ô  ø!ö O+þO‡ô ÷o[ ô úO ù ÷oõ û6õ þ`Oªû§û_O‰GC;2>C8;AFä‰ô è<F 9 =?èAèIF~Qš›
œ  •'Tgô ÷ N ÷oLô úOyõ P
Nø  õ!Cö ø
L>ö Nöö6øN÷Þõ ÷ þq"õ O8[ ú O
ú  õ )N÷ùŽõ
‡ô ÷oõ ø/) ù ÷o¼õ ÿ/ž  õ þ¯û?ö øûÆEõ ö õ ñ[O  O‡ý)ø'ûEõ QŸ!ø  'T þO‡ô ÷oô^õ ÷ ú "õ R?øûÆ¿õ ø'÷ ROR¤ô8[ú O[GC;A>?8;AFVô Få);2=C7;A=Ž÷!õ ÷
P
N ø'÷¿ûÆô  O)ø'û¶ õ øb)N÷ ù.õ
‡ô ÷gõ˜ö O  ø'ûõ ý0OOø!Yõ þqô  Yõ ø'ö6öø!Cö ø'û¶õ ûVO8ö¤ú
õ ÷ ø  §õ   õ GC;2>C8;AF²ôF;2>C87GCF<; : õ ÷ýLORO
Q=K.<ø Ô'Tgöt"õ 0N ø!C ö úø'÷gWô )N÷ ù.õ
‡ô ÷gõ ROúOªý>ªô ÷oQô Oªþ¯þ(O8`ö O»ö ö O‡þ¡Oª÷ûEõ ø'÷R O+÷O8¿õ ÷oªô ú õ6õ ÷ ûXOyöt[ú Oªú ¼õ ÿ
4 øÞS ö O  øù.õ
‡ô ÷OqLO8Cö ø!ö Ro+õ RCø#õ ÷ ú õ ýõ úN ø'û¼øWþƒû§ø/!õ  Bõ þ(ROçû?ö øWúN O@þƒûÆCö ø'û5õ R¤‡ô ÷ ûÆ"õ 0Ngõ N÷ ?ö øööNô8Cö ûÆô ú õ
ûõ öN
ô å);2=C7;A=S&<GC=?> 9 F¢')F : Ž‡ô ý)ý0Oyötô  Lô þƒý>ô  9õm[ú Oª÷û0ô úO  OW)N÷ ù.õªô ÷o6õ úN'õ þ¯û?ö øûÆ[ô þ(NöOyötõ
ô8ö O[÷ ORO‡þƒþqõ û¼øúUO8õ
þ`OyC ö ý>õ ù.õ6ô ))O8¯ö ûEõ ú6ø  »ô þ¯û?ö øûÆô^õ ÷)kOyötõ
ô8ö Oÿ
é ûÆõ ûÆô  ô ú õ Oªþ`OyNú ö õ
ôŽV÷ þq~õ öUO‡÷ þqVõ ø  õ ÷ ý>õ

ô ú Gõ N÷
LAYER Entità A úU£RN ¤[Oª÷ûV£b¤[O‡úU¥ø÷ûVOgN ÷¦R£§§S¥"O§SObOªþ¯öU§SOªþšþ`£U#8RS¥
Entità B

7 Applicazione þ(¥¶/ ø )k¨ úøÅ/ ø ©+©"£§CøNør ú N ÷ £çþ¯Vû §?øXû £X ú ¥YXû §Cø'þƒ ö £§?_û £fRC  O

6 Presentazione

£ 
) k
) `
§ @

O ø ©"©"ª NVû O‡÷Vû OQIþƒXû §Cø'Vû £çU ú ¥GC=CG?GCF : 7 =­Y T N÷n( þ O§C0 ý ¥¡ ù ¥"£
Q<ø'ö6 ö N ÷Xû £ªTE ú ¥);A>C8Gó : >?; : R  OL ø ¥"©URS£¤N ö ¥Xû £[ ú ¥/…X)<
ø §
5 Sessione
øöö6
ø §S¥"§O†8¥"©3 ú £RN ¤[Oª÷Vû £O ö §O‡þƒ` þ £^¥"©YU ú O‡þƒXû ¥÷øû§/ ø §S¥"£ÿ
4 ø( þ O‡U ú O©"£RC
ø ©"O+ ú O©RS£§S§`¥"O§SO»` þ ¥
ø )¨ú6c ø P/N ¥÷ ú ¥6/ ø ©+©Ÿø
4 Trasporto

3 Rete öU§S£ª ö §S¥ø U ú ¥L ý ¥( þ ¥+£ª ÷ Oe¥÷Vû O§C÷, ø R  Or0Oªþ¯Vû ¥` þ ROs©ø!>C=?;A=
2 Collegamento RETE úUO¥R£§`§¥þƒ ö £ª÷U ú O‡÷Vû ¥"«/© ø P
N/ ø ©+OL( þ ¥
ø )¨úø&ø@` þ N ø@L ý £©"¬
1 Fisico û¼ø&
ø ¥LRS£§S§¥þ¯U ö £-÷ ú Oª÷Vû ¥þƒXû Oªþ¯( þ ¥+«LR  O0 ø'÷ ÷ £8¥"©LRS£¤N ö ¥"¬
ûV£
 ú ¥~øþ¯( þ ¥þƒXû O§SO

ø ©"©] ø RS£ª÷( þ O)÷^ ø O‡úl
ø ©"©­ª
ø §§S¥0 ý £&QwH : è &
è<=î 8MN=C7; : TúUO©úU£RN ¤[Oª÷ûX£ÿ[D_©YûX§Cø'þ()kO§`¥"¤[O‡÷ Xû £8®G?F<H : U ú O©"©+£ þ¯Vû O‡þƒ` þ £O ö N ^ á P
N¥÷¿ ú ¥Yøý)0 ý Oª ÷ ¥"§SO]¤[O¬
ú¥ø'÷ ûXOfN÷.N©ûV¥"¤[£ þ¯ûV§?øûX£^)N÷ ù¡¥"£‡÷ øL©+O Q<ûV§SOª÷ £«Y÷ø0 ý O«3
ø O§SO£«Y
ø NVû £ÿŸÿ‘ÿ g T RC  OO ö §£‡ý)0 ý O‡U ú O^O‡( þ R€©+N ` þ ¥ý
ø ¬
¤[O‡÷ ûXO+ø
©§SOR¯ø'öU¥ûV£¥÷g'ø'þ(O+ø/©+©"O¥÷ )£§¤Nø'ù ¥+£ª ÷ ¥§¥+RO‡L ý NVû Oú/ ø ©+©"£+þƒXû §Cø'Vû £U ú ¥ R£©"©+O/ ø ¤[O‡÷Vû £ÿ
¯GO§»ûXO§`¤[¥÷ øL§SO]©"ª O‡þ(O¤NöU¥+£«G)<ø
RRS¥ø
¤[£ ÷ £ªû§/ ø §SO]R£¤dO^¥s ÷ £) ÷ ¥G©+¥0 ý O©"©+£øý)0 ý Oª ÷ ø) ÷ £
ôå=Vû ¥U ö ¥YU ú ¥
R£©"©+£P
N ¥Qk§OL£©ø'ûV¥'úø&ø/©ûV§SOªû§û¼ø'÷ Xû ¥6U ö §S£ªXû £aR£©"©"¥=T #LN ÷ £8
: >?”F '¡' : 7;A8è<` = « ú O‡û¼Vû £»ø ÷ R  O‹;A>?8LóY86>?FQ a Y¬
 p¬Aa~Tk«R£¤[O[
Åø'H ú O‡( þ O¤NU ö ¥+£b¥"©RS£ª÷Vû O‡ ÷ N Xû £N ú O©² ú £RSN¤[O‡÷ Xû £bR  OÅþ¯U ö O‡U ú ¥/ ø ¤[£¡«£ª, ú ¥§?øöU ö £§CXû ¥
ûV§?øeR£§§`¥þƒ ö £ª÷Uú O‡÷Vû ¥©"£RC

ø ©"¥¶Q R  OX ÷ O©R?ø` þ £X ú ¥YN÷ ( þ ¥þƒXû O¤NøP ú ¥YRS£¤[N ÷ ¥"RCø'¡ ù ¥"£ª ÷ O^RS£§§S¥þ¯U ö £‡÷U ú Ol/ ø ©+©"£
þ¯Vû §Cø'Vû £  ú ¥5RS£©+©"O
ø ¤[Oª÷Vû £«G§SO©øXû ¥0 ý £ç
ø ¥V ö §£R£a©"©+¥VVû §?øN( þ ¥ ÷ 0£©+OqRS£ªöU ö ¥+Oç ú ¥3 ÷ £‡U ú ¥YU ú ¥Y§O‡Vû O‡=T °¥"©3( þ OR£-÷U ú £
Vû ¥Uö £ç ú ¥GR£©"©"£P
N¥+£øý)0 ý ¥­Oª ÷ Of¥÷L ý OROf¥s ÷ )k£§S¤Nø 9 =C>?;AFIHC8èA = « £
;A>?8 å;A=?7;A=[=+GC=C> 9 ”F ')F : « ¥s ÷ P
N ø÷ Xû £ ö O§
§O‡
ø ©"¥ùšù­
ø §O[©"O[)N÷ ¡ù ¥"£‡ ÷ ¥ ú ¥N ÷ £lþ¯Vû §?øXû £gå);2=C7;Aw = R¥²` þ ¥²
ø )¨ú6ø!ø'\ ú N÷ G?=C> 9 ”F ')F : U ú ¥JR£¤[N ÷ ¥"R?ø¡ ù ¥"£‡ ÷ O

1‚±2Ä<†q£Cvy„,¨Ð[Š§¤Kzyz« vy†‡¨„,¤K‚2‚,vy…Š§v-uwv«xCz±¤¯®2vyz?ˆ“…šŠ#¤#z«zy…Š#vC„,vy©‘¤K„,vyˆ‰¤K†ª¨…µ¯„,¤K†Š§¤ v«z†‡…Kˆ“¤ ‘µ¯tƒzyv«†6Š„,…Kˆ‰…‡¬ƒŠ#vCˆ‰…šŠ§¤Kzyz«…²I›’5³‘’6›/²·

>'Ú@?'Ú Û“ß&×ACB¶ß“Û]×EÛ5DEGFHA=EGEAšØJI@ß ÞDO× A KšÔÔ

£))O§¯ûV£Xúø/©+©"£ þƒûX§Cø'ûV£d¥÷ )O§¥"£§OWQR€´ OXøPþ(NøÅý0£©û§øPöN áOøý)ýø/©­O§Cþ`¥úUO¥þ(O§Cý0¥ù¡¥¶úOL©+¥¶ø
©ûX§¥þ¯ûV§Cø'ûV¥

ø'÷RS£?§ øq¥ ÷)kO§S¥"£§¥T â_µ ÿ

¶·p¸
¹º ë»1 ¹ ¼,½U·p¾À¿ é §¥+LNø
§Cú£&úUO©"©øf¤[£‡úø/©+¥û¼ðwR£ª÷rRN ¥ N÷ÅöU§S£ªû_£R£©"©"£&ûX§CøXöø
§¥ úU¥þ¯ûV§?øûX£fÁ

ø
) ¨ úU¥Y¥3þ(N £¥3úøûX¥3ø'úbN÷gþ(O§Cý0¥ù¡¥"£çúU¥¶þƒûX§Cø'ûV£gÁà^_«5P
NO‡þƒûX£ øýýL¥+Oª÷ O@Q<÷ O©"©ø[R£¤[¤[Nû¼ø'ù¥+£ª÷ Oú¥
öø/RSR€´ ª O û§û=‡£ T/¤[‡O úU¥ ø÷ûXOJ© øW) N ÷ ù¡¥­ª£ ÷ “O úUª¥ FI7 H?8ªóYGåè<8MN=¯7 ; : «‡úU¥0RN ¥-ý0¥"Oª÷ Oqúø'û¼øWN ÷ø¥÷ ûXO§?öU§SOªûKø'ù¥+£ª÷ O
0C§ ø
¨?R ø@ø
©"© øc¨ LN C§ øþ(OLN ‡O ÷ ûXO ÿ
D‹úøûX¥R€´ O©"
£ þ¯ûV?§ øûX£]ÁÅÄ ^“ý0N £ © ûV?§ ø'þ(¤[‡O û¼ûVOa§SO
ø
3 © þ`N£ öø/§S¥"«G¥ ÷úU¥+CR ø'ûVY ¥ ø÷ R€´ OqRS£¤[Oq ’ =C> 9 F<HC=oO Æ 8;A8 Strato Pacchetto
Ç 7F<;¶Q•/Ȳ
0  Tk6 « þ`ª£ ÷ & £ ö§O ¨ þ¯þ(E ¥ ú6ø
©"©+O¥ ÷)k£§SN ¤ øù¡¥"‡£ ÷ ¥ ú¥ Dati N + 1 SDU
N+1
ö§‡ £ ûV£aR£©"©++ £ ÷ OR‡O þƒþ¯ø/§S¥"& O ø
©"© øqL‡O þ¯ûV¥"‡£ ÷ + O úO©R£©"©+O ø/¬
¤[‡O ÷ ûX £ ûXC§ øg‡O ÷ûV¥ û§ðXø
©"©+@ £ þƒûXC§ ø'ûV£wÁ ÿZMN ªO þ¯û¼øl÷N ‡£ ý)ø N Protoc. N Dati N + 1 PDU
N ÷¥ û¼ðr¥ ÷)k£§SN
 ¤ øûX¥ ýønö§‡O ÷ úOd¥+ © ÷£¤[l O ú¥0 É >: ;: H: è N−1 Protoc. N − 1 Protoc. N Dati N + 1
ÆO86;28ʉ Ç 7F<;‹Q<aÈZq  TöO§Q©"ç £ þ¯ûVC§ ø'ûV£gÁ[« O ý0¥"‡O ÷ç O ö6ø'þ`¬
þ¯øû§øs¥ ÷Ê)£§N ¤ øgúU¥p•/ÈZ ø
 © þ(OC§ ý0¥ ù¡¥"l
£ ú¥pRS£©+©"O ø
¤[ªO ÷ûV£[£)k)Oƒ§ ûXl £ úø
©"©"l£ þƒûXC§ ø'ûV£rÁË ^_«R€´ Od§S¥ öªO ûXO
©"ª ª£ öO?§ øù¡¥"‡£ ÷O ú¥¥ ÷ CR ø'ö6þ`NB© ø
¤[‡O ÷ ûX£^R‡£ ÷,©"O öU§Sª£ ö §S¥"O^¥ ÷)k£§N ¤ ø'ù¡¥"‡£ ÷Y ¥ úU¶¥ öU§Sª£ ûX£aR£©"©"£¡«YL‡O ÷OC§ ø'ú£^ N ÷ø
÷ N‡ £ ý)ø&aÈ Q<ú6 ¥ þƒûXC§ ø'ûV£ÁÌP  ^KT#ÿ/¯GO?§ û¼ø'÷ ûX£«0©"[ £ þƒûXC§ ø'ûV£u¨ þ`¥"R0
£ ö§‡£ ýýL‡O úUOa?§ ð&ø
ûV?§ øþ`¤[‡O û¼ûVO§`L O öø/RSR€´ ªO û§ûV¥
R‡£ ÷ûV‡O ÷‡O ÷ ûXE ¥ ûX N û¼ûVOQ©+O¥ ÷)k£§SN ¤ øù¡¥"‡£ ÷¥ ú¿ ¥ ö§‡£ ûV£aRS£©+©"+
£ úUOL©+¿¥ þ¯ûV?§ øûXE
¥ þ`
N öO§¥"£§§¥ ÿ

¶·pÍκ½·Cͽ·pÏL¹¦ÍZ½Î ë ½UÐaÑ ÎÏLÎu¾ÀÐa¹Êº¹ Ð!ÎÐ!Î ë º½U¾€¾À¿¦¹ 1“ë ½ÐaÑΖÏLο¦ÍÎ8¸
¿ 121 ½ ê ¹ ¼,½U·p¾À¿ MNø÷ ¬
ú£d N ÷l£ þƒûXC§ ø'ûVN £ ø/)k ¨ úø.¥"©pRS£©"©+Oø
¤[Oª÷ûV£[R£‡÷ÊN÷òþ`N£lö6ø
§¥²ø/©+©"£Wþ¯ûV§?øûX£b¥÷ )O§S¥"£§O«P
N Oªþ¯ûVª N ©ûX¥"¤[£
¤ ø'þ(R€´ OC§ øçø/E
N © þ(N öUO§¥+£§SO© øq¤[ª£ úø/©+¥ û§ðqRSª£ ÷[RN ¿ ¥ ý0¥"‡O ÷O§‡O ø
©"¥ ùšù­ø'ûV£¥" © ûXC§ ø'þ()kOa§¥+¤[ªO ÷ûV£ ÿ
DK÷ ö6ø
? § ûV¥"RS£© ø/§SO « þ`OgRS¥C§¥+)O§S¥ ø
¤[X £ ø
©"©"ª B¥ ÷ ûXO§S<) ø
RR`¥ øPûXC§ ønþ¯ûV?§ øûXW £ ú ¥ ûV?§ øþ¯ö£C§ û_£wl O þƒûXC§ ø'ûVl
£ úU¥C§SªO ûXO«
P
N‡O þƒûXª N © ûX¥"¤[q £ ö N ᗧ‡O ø
©"¥ ùšù­ø
§O—R‡£ ÷f¥"-© þ`N“£ ö6ø
§S¥LR£©"©+O ø/¤[‡O ÷ûV¥LRSª£ ÷f“ £ þ(‡O ÷ ùšøWRSª£ ÷÷ ªO þ¯þ(¥+ª£ ÷ O«a£)k)§-O ÷ú£
ø
©"©"W
£ þƒûV‡O þ¯þ(W £ ûXON ¤ öN £ QN ¤ ør¥ ÷,¤[‡£ ú£d¥ ÷ ú¥ öªO ÷úªO ÷ûV‡O T²ø/©+©"X £ þ¯ûV?§ øûXW £ ú ¥ ûV?§ øþ¯ö£C§ ûX£d N ÷ þ`O?§ ýL¥ ù¥"£dR‡£ ÷Ê£
þ`ª
O ÷ù­øfR‡£ ÷ ÷ ‡O þƒþ`¥"‡£ ÷O6 « úø÷úU£©"N £L £ ø
©"©­
O þ(OLN ªO ÷ûX¥ç Ÿ öU‡£ þƒþ`¥"
¥"©+¥ û¼ðG#
Ò`ÓXԀÕ!Ö ×Ö Ø]ÙLÖ_Ú+ÔÛLÜ–Ý€Ø ÔSÚ3Ø
_Þ ßLàâáSã äÀã åWæUãXàçßLè@ß éoÖ Ôê
ëÖ Ú3Øcì5Ö ÔÚ+ë(ÛLí+Ó îUÛÚâÛ!ï ÔÛLðYðÛ
ñã àóòLôã è@å]õã à”è3ôö
÷ ß Ò¡øLùCúVûü ý(þ ÿ 
   

ö
è@ö /àóö  uö ù ‰ú 
 é €ÿ  î 


‡"! }$# •/œ•U&%('^*)*›,+,-J–*+,.C

]N ÷øNø/§SR€´ ¥ûVO‡û¼ûXN§?øÅöU§S£ªö§¥+O-û¼ø
§¥ø0/2143H«¥÷.RN ¥
¥+q © ûXC§ ø'þ()kO§`¥"¤[‡O ÷ûVÅ £ øýýL¥+ªO ÷ Ob¥ ÷*¤[ª£ ú£r£C§ ú¥ ÷ø'ûV£«§S¥"R€´ ¥"‡O úªO ÷úUü £ ø/©©"¥ ýLO©"©"Å £ úq ¥ ûXC§ ø'þƒö£C§ û_£e N ÷
RS¥"§SRN ¥ ûX‰ £ ý0¥"?§ ûVN ø
©"O«!R€´ Oo
o§SªO ø
©"¥ ù­ùšø)ûV0
£ úøWN ÷ø[þ`O§S¥"0 O ú¥0?R ø÷ø
©­)¥ ýL¥+C§ ûX N ø
©"¥ ûV?§ ø¥ ÷ ª£ ú)¥ ú¥0§SªO ûXO ÿ5¶ø
þ¯ûV‡ O þƒþ¯ø&ø
§R€´ ¥ ûXªO û§ûVN C§ ø‰
ø'úU‡£ û¼û§øû§øø÷ R€´ ‰O ú6ø
©"©+ª h ÿ iLj
«aR€´ OoRSª£ þ¯ûV¥ ûVN ¥ þ`RO8©"ª ¥ ÷¿þ`¥"O¤[0 O úU¥ öU§Sª£ û_£R£©"©"¥
R´! O úU‡O þ(RS§¥ ýL‡£ ÷£.¥"©—) N ÷ ù¡¥"‡£ ÷ ø0¤[ªO ÷ûVn£ ú¥o§SªO ûVL ¥ öUN
L©"¥+R€´ü O ø,R£¤[¤[ N û§øù¡¥"‡£ ÷ü O úU“ ¥ öø/RSR€´ ªO ûKûV£«
ö§‡O þ`O ÷ûX¥¥ ÷lûV N û¼ûX£¥+©¤[‡£ ÷ ú£#/P
N O©"© øc¥ û¼ø
©"B¥ ø'÷ øöU§SªO ÷úO¥"© ÷ £¤[ O ú¥–U › a0* › +qÿ
176 Ä<zˆ“…šŠ#…+Š§v¨„2t)u©‘¤#„,vyˆ‰¤K†‡¨…²€²‚,…#ˆ‰µ­zy¤K¨t?ˆ‰¤K†‡¨¤+Š§¤K¹‡†‡vy¨…[Š§…Kµ¯…²‚2¥‡¤»uwv«tu¨tƒ¨…»uµ¯¤K‚,vy¹‡‚,tƒ¨…v«†»ºƒ¢‡tCzy¤»uw¨„,tƒ¨…[uwvytƒ†‡…
u£C…#z«¨¤qzy¤²©‘¢‡†‡¦§vy…K†‡v Š§v‚,…#ˆ‰ˆL¢‡¨tƒ¦§vy…K†‡¤²¤qˆ‰¢ªz«¨vyµ¯z±tƒ¦§vy…K†‡¤­·~ÄI†&¢‡†ªt‰„,¤K¨¤‹t0‚,…Kˆ‰ˆ“¢‡¨tƒ¦§vy…K†‡¤+Š§v‚,vy„,‚,¢ªv«¨…­®¯ºƒ¢ª¤šu¨¤»uw…K†‡…
„,¤Kt?z«vy¦§¦§tƒ¨¤“Š#tƒzyzy…“u¨„2tƒ¨…¹6uvy‚,…Y‚2¥‡¤¯®
¤šuwtƒ¢‡„,vy¨t²zytq©«t)u¤“Š#v‡v«†6uB¨„,t)Š#t?ˆ‰¤K†‡¨…¤šŠYvyˆ‰µ­¤#x?†ª…0Š§v„,v<u…#„Cu¤¶¹uv{‚2¥‡¤¯®
‚,…Kzyzy¤KxCt‹vy†
ˆ‰…šŠ§…²¨„,t)uwµ­t?„,¤K†‡¨¤0u…K„,xC¤#†‡¨¤²¤[Š§¤šu¨vy†‡tƒ¦§v±…#†‡¤­·6½¤Kzyz«t‹‚,…Kˆ‰ˆ“¢‡¨tƒ¦§vy…K†‡¤[Š§v)µ­tƒ‚,‚A¥‡¤K¨¨…¯®Cv«†ª£?¤#‚,¤­®Czy¤©‘¢ª†‡¦§v«…#†‡vEŠ#v-ˆ‰¢ªz«¨vI°
µ¯z«tƒ¦§v±…#†‡¤¤Y‚,…#ˆ‰ˆ‰¢‡¨t?¦#vy…K†ª¤¶‚2…Kv«†ª£C…Kz«xC…#†‡…¶ «µ­¤K„¨¢‡¨¨vªvšµ­tƒ‚,‚A¥‡¤K¨¨v6Š#¤#z‡ˆ‰¤šuutƒxCxCvy…š¬¨¢‡¨¨vªvª†‡…šŠ#v'Š§vª„,¤K¨¤vy†‡¨¤K„2¤šu¼uwtƒ¨v<Ӄuv
Š§v«‚,¤Yµ¯¤K„,¨tƒ†ª¨…3‚2¥‡¤Yv‡µ¯„,…K¨…#‚,…Kzyz«v'Š§vª‚,…Kzyzy¤KxCtƒˆ‰¤#†‡¨…Y¤“Š#vš„,¤K¨¤‰Š#¤K£C…K†ª…V– ;;,–CœB–Âf–œ,À‰‘ŽÂB¯ ‘†‡¤#z6uw¤K†u…‹Š§všx?¤­u¨vy¨v<¬‡Š#t¨¢ª¨¨v
v­†‡…šŠ§v6Š§v­„,¤K¨¤­·

8 8
Commutazione di circuito Commutazione di pacchetto

RETE
RETE
KšÔ/Ÿ Ö/DBA­×ØÙ0Ø >'Ú ×EÛYD&ܶÜAšÖ²ØÝ~֓ØqÞ+ßhßhۓß&× A DƒBLDW֓ÖYà
ß&××Ø

} Ð!º¹ ·p½U¾\
©"ª øL§SR€´ ¥ûXO-û¼ûVN §?øçú¥/#÷ûVO§C÷ OªûX«¥÷bRN ¥Eþ`O/
Oª÷ OQ©"£þƒûX§Cø'ûV£
ú¥§O‡ûVO£‡öUO§¥ RS£ª÷Pö§¥÷RS¥ö¥"£
ú¥UR£¤[¤[ N û¼ø'ù¥+ª£ ÷ 0 O ø&ú6ø'û¼ø
0C§ ø
¤[N ¤ ø/«a¤[‡O úU¥ ø÷ûVO¥+' © öU§Sª£ ûX£aR£©"©"£ ‘ É # 9 %,  %  aC:  +( š .«
©+& £ þƒûXC§ ø'ûV&£ ú ¥ ûVC§ ø'þ¯öU£C§ ûX£ #<; äYÉu«U, › %>• =?  +@  %l š a:  A ›B  .G£)k)& O ø]P/N O©"©"E ¥ þ(
N öUO§¥+£§S¥
N ÷nþ`O?§ ýL¥ ù¥+£cR‡£ ÷sRSª£ ÷÷ ªO þ¯þ(¥+ª£ ÷ O
 « ø'û§ûVN øûX£c¤[‡O úU¥ ø÷ûVOqR¥"§SRN ¥ ûX~ ¥ ýL¥+C§ ûX
N ø
©"¥+« ¥ ÷r¤[‡£ ú@ £ ú6ød ø/?§ ø÷ ¬
ûX¥"§SOW¥+©UR£§S§`ª O û§ûV+£ þ(OP/N ‡O ÷ ù¡¥ ø
¤w‡O ÷ûV+ £ úUO©"©"OW N ÷ ¥ û§ð¥ ÷)£§N¤ ø'ûX¥ ýLO¡«0ªO ú^£)k)§S¥"§OQ?R ø÷ø
©â¿ ¥ úU¥URS£¤[ N ÷¥+¬
R øù¡¥"‡£ ÷ Ou)£§N
? ¤ ø
©"¤[‡O ÷ ûX» O þ`¥"¤[¥+©­
¥ ø/¥U¨ ©"‡O þ“ö§‡O þ(‡O ÷ ûX¥©+£?R ø/©+¤[ªO ÷ûV» O þ(l N úU¥ þ(RS£ ÿ>/_©UN ¤ øþ`R€´ O?§ ø/¤[‡O ÷ûV£
úO‹ © þ`O?§ ýL¥ ù¥+N£ ú¥§‡O û=Ob¥ ÷ûXO?§ ÷ ø ø úøû§ø/0C§ ø
¤[N ¤ øH¥ ÷% N ÷dþ(OC§ ý0¥ ù¡¥"£eRSª£ ÷*R‡£ ÷÷‡O þƒþ`¥"‡£ ÷P O øý)ý0¥"O¬
÷
O øw?R ø
§¥"RS
£ úO©"©+@ £ þ¯ûV?§ øûX£ ; ä5] É úU~ ¥ ûXC§ ø'þƒö£¯§ ûX

£ öU§SªO þ`-O ÷ûV

O ÷ O~ ¥ ÷ ª£ ú~ ¥ ûXO§¤[¥ ÷ ø
©+¥"«R€´ O øöö N ÷ûV£
ø
))k§‡
£ ÷ û§ø]¥"©§S¥ ø'þƒþ`O¤[
©ø
L0¥­£Q£?§ úU¥ ÷ ø'ûV £ úO ¥ úøû§ø/0C§ ø
¤[¤[¥U§¥+R‡O ýL N ûV ¥ ú6ø
©+©"» £ þ¯ûV?§ øûX£ úU¥ §‡O ûVO ÿ
$ ½U¸
·p½U¾\
# £¤[OL©"¥+£WO§Cø.G©"ª ø
§R´¥ûVO‡û¼ûXN§?ø í ¥+L¥Bû§ø/©+«
¥÷dRSN¥ ¥"©R£‡÷ ûX§£©"©"£&ú¥O§§S£a§O«©øçþ`OP
NO‡÷ù¥ø
¬
©+¥ùšù­ø'ù(¥"£‡÷O¡«
O‡ú^¥+©RS£ª÷ûV§S£©+©"£úU¥ Nþƒþ`£+þ(£‡÷£Q§O‡ø
©"¥ùšù­ø'ûV¥¿ú6ø
©©+¥ýLO©"©+£[ú¥¿ûX§Cø'þƒö£§¯ûX£ÿ
‡ ¿C » ÏLο ·C½gΖ· ë ¿*C‰Î–¾À¹ ÷ £‡÷r
@ö§Cø'ûV¥+RCø'û¼ølöUO§R´fOP
N ¥ýøL©"Oøw)£§C÷ ¥"§SOø
©"©ø^§O‡ûVOçö6ø
RR€´ O‡û¼ûX¥VúU¥þ(£§_¬
ú¥ ÷ø'ûV¥"«a)Iø/§S©"¥LRS£ª÷þ`O÷ ø
§O0÷ O©"©"£‰þ¯ûVOªþ¯þ`£¥úOª÷ûV¥+R£0ú¥þ`£§Cú¥÷ O0ø+úUO‡þƒû_¥÷ øù¥"£‡÷ O«)úU£‡ýLO0ö£¥þ`£ª÷ £
§S¥ ø'þƒþ`O¤[
©ø'ûX¼¥ ÿ ¯ N áøý0O§SO N ÷Åþ`ªO ÷þ(@£ þ(O© ø^RS£¤[ N ÷ ¥"?R øù¡¥­ª£ ÷ O&

þƒö£C§ ø'úU¥+CR ø
«N ¤ øOþ(ON¤ öU§S
O öO§
© øþ¯ûV‡
O þƒþ¯ø úU‡O þƒûX¥ ÷ø'ù¥"‡£ ÷ O« ÷ O© P/
N ø
©CR ø'þ(+
£ þ(£¤[¥"0©"¥ ø@ø'ú] N ÷[R¥"§SRN ¥ ûX
£ ýL¥"?§ ûV
N ø
©­+
O öO§N
¤ ø'÷‡O ÷ ûXO ÿ

DFE9D GIHJHJKFLNMJOPO

/#÷sP/O‡þƒû§øXþ`Oªù¡¥"£ª÷ O@þ`£‡÷£q§Cø
RRS£©ûXOq©+O
úOªþ`R(§S¥ù¡¥"£‡÷¥ú¥~þ(¥þ¯ûVO¤[¥VûXO©"O¤Nø'ûV¥"RS¥R€´ OcRS£ªþ¯û=¥ûVN ¥þ`R£‡÷£c©"ª ¥"¤[¬
¤[O‡U ú ¥øû§ø$øö ö ©"¥"R?ø¡ ù ¥"£‡ ÷ O  ú O¥+ ö §S¥ ÷ R¥ ö ¥Oªþ¯U ö £‡þƒXû ¥& ÷ O©RCø' ö ¥Xû £©"£'ÿQ=/ ©+ ÷ N¤[O§£  ú ¥Oª` þ O¤N ö ¥Vû §?ø'û¼û¼ø'Xû ¥
R§SOª`þ R`O§?q ð RS£ªb ÷ ©+ª Oª0 ý £©Lý O§O ú O©+©"OOª ú ¥¡ ù ¥"£‡ ÷ ¥EU ú O©EXû Oªþ¯Vû £ÿ
/K
÷ ¥
ù ¥0ø ¤[£!` þ N
¥Xû £.RS£ª÷ ¥"©LU ú ¥+§OHR€´O\¥+©8¤[£ª ú O©+©"£gøòþ¯Vû §Cø'Xû ¥F/ -R ¬  R - ] /
\N÷ øòøþ¯Vû §?ø¡ ù ¥"£‡ ÷ O.R£‡ ÷ ¬
RO‡û¼_û N
ø ©­OrN Xû ¥"©"OÅ ö O§w¥÷  ú ¥0ý ¥ú N¿
ø §Or§?
ø L0§Cø'ö6ö
ø ¤[Oª÷Vû ¥‹ ú ¥J)N÷ ù ¥+£ª ÷ ¥"«JOP` þ O§?Lý Or£‡û¼Xû ¥"¤N
ø ¤[Oª÷Vû OsR£¤[O
¤[£‡U ú O©"©"£lU ö O§þ¯Vû ¥+¤[£©/ ø §SOd©+ª ¥B÷ Xû O§S£-U ö O§C
ø
¥"©"¥û¼ðP ú ¥ø'ö6ö
ø §Cø'Vû ¥ ú ¥ ú ¥Lý O§C` þ ¥pRS£ªþ¯Vû §Nû§=û £§¥§ÿ í ª / ø ©Vû §Cøüö6
ø §_¬
ûVO¡«¶
ø ©"RN ÷ OO ú O©+©"O^§O‡
ø ©"¥ùšù­ø' ù ¥­£‡ ÷ ¥YO‡( þ ¥þƒXû O-÷ Xû ¥ # R£¤[OWør ú O‡( þ O¤NU ö ¥+£^<p % , % (.²` þ ¥Y`þ £ª ÷ £Xþ¯L ý ¥+©"N¿ööøXû O
ö§ORO- ú Oª÷Vû O¤[Oª÷Vû OW/ ø ©+©øNU ú O¨ ÷ ¥¡ ù ¥"£‡ ÷ O  ú O©C¤[£‡U ú O©"©+£«Y¤[O‡÷ Xû §OX
ø ©Xû §O # RS£¤[Ow›S.` þ O0N£‡ ÷ £w¨©+£ª` þ £¬
¨ OuR€´ O»`þ £©+£[`þ NRSRO‡þƒ`þ ¥ý/ø ¤[O‡÷Vû O+(þ £‡ ÷ £»þƒû§øXû OW¥ ÷ RS£§?U ö £§Cø'Vû O+ ÷ O©¤[£‡U ú O©"©+£[ ú ¥§¥+)O§S¥"¤[O‡÷ Xû £6/ ÿ ¯GO§Cû§ø÷Vû £«
NVû ¥"©+¥ùš(ù O§SOa¤[£8©"O8R€©ø'þ¯(þ ¥+¨R?ø¡ù ¥"£‡ ÷ ¥>/ -R ¬  R - Y / R£¤[OLö6
ø §C

ø ¤[O‡Vû §£»U ú ¥
§S¥")O§¥+¤[Oª÷Vû £«
¤[Oª ú ¥ø'÷Vû O8¥"©/P
N
ø ©"O
ø'÷
ø ©­¥ùšù­
ø §O©"O)N÷ ¡ ù ¥"£‡ ÷ ¥¿Uú O©"©+O§SOªXû ¥ §SOª
ø ©"¥§ÿ

TVUWTXUZY [0\N]_^`^0abF`^]bc^>`

xYy xYyedyed ‡ ¾À¿ Ð!Ζ¹

pcO©K¡vf/Ÿg50ÿ*h©"O¥÷ §£Ri # T
`45 é .‰ö§S£ªö£-÷OeN÷ ¤[£ªúO©"©"£üúU¥o§SOªûXOü÷ £ª÷ 0O§?ø
§R€´ ¥"R?ø OrRS£ª÷/öø
§=¬
ûV¥§¥ ú £‡÷ úø÷Xû ¥"«8R€´ O!ø'û¼Xû N ø'þƒþ`OrN÷ øʤ[£ªúø/©+¥û§ð ú¥0ûV§?øþ`)O§¥"¤[O‡÷ûV£gþ(O‡÷ ùšøÊRS£ª÷÷O‡þ¯þ(¥"£‡÷ OsO!þ`O‡÷ ùšø
/ø §?ø÷ù ¥­O ú ¥ P
N/ ø ©­¥û¼ðçU ú O©E` þ O§C0 ý ¥ù ¥+£«§¥"¤Nø'÷ú6ø'÷¿ú£P/N O‡þƒûXON ©ûX¥"¤[O+ø/¥ ©"¥ý0O©"©"¥þ`NöUO§¥+£§S¥EúO©+©"ª ø
§R´¥+¬
ûVO‡û¼_û N §CøU ö §S£ª_û £R£©"©
ø §SOÿ>j
ø ©"O+Vû ¥U ö £©"£L¥ø ú ¥¿` þ O§?Lý ¥
ù ¥+£W
Q£00¥¥÷ ú ¥"RCø'û¼q ø R£‡d ÷ ¥+©¿Xû O§S¤[¥ ÷ O8mkmlon–k nnqpsrtn âvu ÿ
pcO©ª
f vN( þ £‡ ÷ £^£‡ ö O§?øXû ¥0 ý ¥ZRS¥ ÷ P/N OO ÷ £‡ ú ¥Y ÷ O©+©"O]N ÷ ¥0ý O§C(þ ¥û¼ðÅ
ø ¤[O§S¥"R?ø ÷ O«5OO ÷ O©Zª  
iløý)0 ý ¥"O‡÷ O]©øN ö §¥+¬
¤NøW ú ¥"¤[£‡þƒXû §Cø' ù ¥+£ª ÷ OçU ö N /
©+¥"RCøWU ú ¥ éxw ¯ é pzyX0 j « ø'þ¯øû§øX( þ Ngp@— ` ¯ÿ-c p O©5ª  ÔJh+/ ø ´r÷ O — ` O§S)Z¥ ÷ ¥¡
ù ¥Bø ÷ £
ø U ú O¨ ÷ ¥+§O{j— ` ¯0«¶ú\ ø RN ¥‹L ý ¥+Oª ÷ OP( þ N RRSOªþ¯( þ ¥ý)
ø ¤[Oª÷Xû OÅ` þ O‡ö6
ø §Cø'Vû £e©+ª =/ ¯  ö O§w©H ø RS£ª÷0ý Oª ÷ ¥"O‡÷ ùšøgU ú ¥‹ ÷ £‡÷
ú£ª0ý O§» ÷ ORO‡þƒþ¯/ ø §S¥
ø ¤[Oª÷Vû Oø ö §S¥"§O
` þ O¤l ö §SOcN÷ ^ ø RS£ª÷ ÷ Oªþ¯( þ ¥"£‡ ÷ Oÿ3Z Z ¥ ÷ £&/ ø ©+©"ª |'/Õ «¥+© í £ í â2} ` þ £ªýLý O‡÷ ù ¥"£¬
÷d
ø ©+O^N ÷ ¥! ý O§C`þ ¥û§ðPU ö O§¥"¤N ö ©"O¤[Oª÷û§/ ø §SOf¥÷ / ø ¤[
¥­Oª÷Vû OgT@pB/ h ¥Y ö §£‡_û £RS£©+©"¥"«5R´OO ÷ O©Z)§?øû§Vû O¤NU ö £W( þ ¥

1ws ~»v«xCzyvy…K„,¤quw©‘…K„,¦§…­®¼…šuuvyt¶z«t„2¤K¨¤“Š#Ìvyz­ˆ‰t)uuvyˆ‰…¯®?u¤K†ª¦§tµ­¤K„93x?t?„,tƒ†‡¨vy„,¤V†ª¢‡zyz±t)·
1{ʀ3¤#µ­tƒ„,¨ˆ‰¤K†‡¨'…K©s3¤#©‘¤K†uw¤­·
>'Ú@>'Ú DBB¶ß—I@ÞA­ÖGA K­Ô
j

ýø÷÷£&ø
§§S¥"RR´O‡÷úU£
ú¥Eþ`O§Cý0¥ù¥+«
¤[O‡÷ ûX§O©øçûX§Cø'þ`¤d¥þƒþ`¥"£‡÷Oxy“ûV´ O§C÷ Oªû # úO©CK¡v
 Ô.
ø'úU£‡û¼û§øû§øOöUO§
§O‡
ø ©"¥ùšù­
ø §O5 é pçÿ
p O©—K¡v|d
c Ô ¥"© í £ í U ú OR§SO-û¼b
ø R€´ O Vû Nû¼Xû ¥Y¥ZRC

ø ©"RS£©øXû £§S¥YRS£ª÷ ÷ Oªþ¯(
þ ¥¶ø éSw ¯ é pzyVj øú£ªû§ûV¥÷£]¥¶öU§S£¬
ûV£R£a©+©"¥4j ` ¯"‚ƒ_/ ¯0«O!(
þ O‡ö6
ø §C¦
ø ©Ê ø §O‡Vû O\¥÷/ ú N Oüö/ ø §?Vû ¥V#]N÷ø R¥L ý ¥+©"O # éxw ¯ é pBy4j:.Oªú*N÷ ø ¤[¥+©"¥Bû§ø/§SO
# 3„/v5¶pzy4j:.#ÿpcOL©+¥~ø÷÷¥þ`O0N Oª÷ûV¥G¥¨÷ø÷Eù¥ø
¤[O‡÷ ûX¥ úO©"©ølp@øûX¥"£‡÷ ø
© - RS¥"O‡÷RSOZ £N ÷úøûX¥"£‡÷PöUO§_¬
¤[O‡û¼Vû £‡ ÷ £s©"£Pþ¯L ý ¥+©"Nö6ö £P ú ¥—N÷\ ø §O‡Vû Oü ú ¥“Vû §?øþ¯U ö £§C_û £n, ø ©+N ÷ )ø  ú ¥þ¯û¼ø'÷ù­ø\Onú¥§SOªûX¥o§OL¥+£ª÷ø
©"¥"«—R€´ O
¥÷Vû O§RS£ª÷ ÷ Oªû§Vû £- ÷ £?5 é p U ú ¥“
ø ©Xû §OrN ÷ ¥L ý O§C`
þ ¥û§, ð On ú ¥O‡÷ Xû ¥‰U ú ¥—§S¥"RO§R¯ø
ø ©"©\ø §O‡Vû O éSw ¯ é pzyV0 j «²
ø ©"©Bø
P
N
ø ©­O(þ ¥ R£©"©"O)ø' ÷ £» ö £¥ ø' ÷ R´O©"OR£¤[N ÷ ¥û§ð` þ R¥+Oª÷Vû ¥+¨R´O+ ÷ £‡÷N/ ø ¤[O§¥+RCø' ÷ Oÿ
p O©K¡v/vÕ éSw ¯ é pzy…¦
c j RO‡þƒþ¯[ ø ©"O@` þ NOøû§Vû ¥L ý ¥û¼

ð «O†1‹
ø §C ÷ O§C`þ ¬‡
5 OO # `4y w pz.Y ú O¨
÷ ¥`
þ ROq¥"©ˆ‰ˆ‰w ˆ «
¤[O‡÷ Xû §On ÷ O©—ª v'Ô é ÷  ú §OOªþ¯` þ Oª÷ # p@` -'é .0þƒ0 ý ¥"©"Nöö6\ ø ¥"©‹ ö §¥"¤[£bm>rop‹ŠlokmrŒˆ‰ˆ‰ˆ!ÿ í
ø ©K¡v/vLj,©+ª p - Z
÷ £ª[ ÷ ¨÷ ø'÷¿¡ ù ¥øçU ö ¥g
ñ ©fø §O‡Vû O& ú ¥¥÷Vû O§R£‡÷ ÷ O‡þƒ` þ ¥"£‡ ÷ O¡«UO‡w ú ¥"©¿Xû §C
ø )¨ R£Q¥ ÷ ¥`
ù ¥øçø^ ú Oªþ¯(þ O§`OVû §Cø'þ¯Uö £§Cû§øXû £&ú6ø
£‡U
ö O§Cø'Vû £a§S¥¿ ö §¥ýø'Vû ¥¼ÿ

xYy xYyedy {  ½^¸
¹ Ð!¹ ¾À¾€½Ð!Î ë €¾ Ή¸>Žp½

5ø»öø
§£©ø ‘ nƒkor  kmn ¥÷f§O‡ø
©û¼ðQ
oR£¤Nö£ªþšû¼ø+úøúUN O‰ö6ø
§£©"O«/%wOLpq«L¥÷fP
N ø)÷ûX£o©+OoRCø
§Cø'û¼ûXO¬
§¥þƒXû ¥"R€´ O& ú O©"©øq§SOªûXOB/#÷ûXO§?÷O‡ûþ(£‡÷£P
N O©"©­O&ú¥)£ª÷úO§SO¥÷[N ÷øfN ÷ ¥"R?øø
§R´¥ûVO‡û¼ûXN§?ø^N ÷øc¥÷¨÷¥û¼ð
ú¥3( þ ¥ ÷ L£©"Of§O‡Vû ¥5©+£R?/ ø ©+¥"«~U ö £‡Vû O-÷ ù ¥L ø ©"¤[O‡÷ Xû O U ú ¥( þ £¤[£0Oª ÷ OO¡«5O ö O§S¤[O-û¼Xû O§O^©g ø RS£¤[N ÷ ¥"RCø' ù ¥+£ª ÷ O@Xû §C[ ø ¥
R£¤N ö N Xû O§0 ú O©+©"O» ú ¥0 ý O§C` þ O` þ £‡û¼Vû £§`OªXû ¥¼ÿ
R  ÷ ¥ ÷ £ª ú £NU ú O©"©r ø §O‡Vû Ob
gRS£ª÷ ÷ Oªþ¯( þ £Nø\ ú N ÷r ø §SOªXû Od©+£R?/ ø ©+O # 5 é p+â2‘’k. «Z©s ø P/N
ø ©­Oløn` þ Nøü0 ý £©û¼s ø

¥÷Vû O§RS£ª÷ ÷ Oªþ¯þƒøhøú“/#÷Vû O§C ÷ Oªf û ¤[Oª ú ¥ø'÷Vû Oü ú O¥‰ ÷ £‡Uú ¥0 ú O‡û¼Vû ¥4rmpån€kmr t#ã R€´ Oü` þ £ª ÷ £.RS£©+©"O)ø'Vû ¥‰ø'¦ ú N÷ø
£ÅU ö ¥ñ”5 é p OPø'úg/K÷ Xû O§? ÷ O‡Vû «—OPþƒ0 ý £©+L£‡ ÷ £b©. ø )N÷ ù ¥+£ª ÷ OÅU ú ¥J¥÷þƒXû §Cø'ú6
ø §Ob©"OeRS£¤[N ÷ ¥"RCø'¡ ù ¥­£ª ÷ ¥q0 ý O§?(þ £
©"ª Oªþ¯Vû O§C ÷ £ÿ_U 5 ª ¥B÷þ¯Vû §Cø'ú/ ø ¤[O‡÷Vû £´^ ø ©"N £0£¥e ÷ 'ø'( þ O&ø'd ú N÷–• ô*•‡ro”• '`'p É
 ‘ 
t  «R€´ Oc¥÷  ú ¥a ý ¥
ú N ^ ø ¥` þ ¥ ÷ L£©"¥
÷ £ª ú ¥¥d ÷ ¤[£‡U ú £QN ÷ ¥B0 ý £RS£&( þ NN` þ RC
ø ©c ø ¤[£‡÷U ú ¥/ø ©+Oÿ
` £¤dOhø÷Xû ¥"R¥ö6ø'Vû £¡«c©"£ þ¯Vû §?øXû £h
— ú ¥§O‡Vû O # £
þ¯Vû §Cø'Vû £4=/ ¯:
. §Oª
ø ©+¥ù­ùš ø N ÷ ¤[£‡U ú £“U ú ¥-Xû §Cø'( þ )kO§`¥+¤[Oª ÷ ¬
ûV£çøXúø'û¼
ø L§?/ ø ¤[¤N^ ø O ÷ £‡r ÷ )£§C ÷ ¥` þ ROf)
ø §?ø÷ ù ¥­O NodoX NodoY

þ`N©+©c ø P
NL ø ©"¥û¼ðçU ú ¥E( þ O§C0 ý ¥¡ ù ¥"£ # M£ - «MQC›šœe LAN A œ Connessione
- , ž < + c . ¥÷ Xû O§`¤[¥ ÷ ¥»U ú ¥§¥û¼
ø §C ú ¥"«O§§£a§S¥O Router  ad Internet —(˜†™tš,›(˜†š,™
LAN B
ö/ ø RSR€´ Oªû§=û ¥‰ ö O§C( þ ¥§ÿŸ5ø ` þ ¥Xû N ø' ù ¥­£‡ ÷ OH
H¤[¥Vû ¥+)
ø ¬
û¼ø ú
ø ©"©ø!þƒXû §Cø'Vû £P ú ¥qXû §Cø'þƒ ö £§C_û £ # j:   ¯/«¡C j ›,— % ¬
NodoW NodoZ

•/–•0•/–¡%¢8   : %  š„¯p C @ + š(W . R€´O.£)k¬

)§SO/ø ¥EU ö §S£RSO-þƒ` þ ¥¿ø'ö6 ö ©"¥+RCø'Vû ¥0 ý ¥N÷W` þ O§?L ý ¥ ù ¥+£»f ø R¥+§RN ¥Xû £L ý ¥+§CVû N
ø ©"Oÿ
/“ ö §£‡_û £RS£©+©"¥V ú ¥/#÷Xû O§? ÷ O‡û‹` þ £ª ÷ £q§SOª
ø ©"¥ù­ùšøXû ¥¥÷n` þ £)Iûv£L
ø §OqO` þ £ª ÷ £ ö N /L©+¥"RS¥V°/L©"¥NXû Oª÷Vû ¥YþƒVû O‡þ¯( þ ¥5O
¤[£©Vû O(þ £‡û¼Xû £a§O‡Vû ¥V ö §¥ý)ø'Vû ORS£ª÷Vû §S¥"
N ¥( þ RS£ª ÷ £@` þ ¥" ÷ ¥"¨R?øXû ¥ý/ ø ¤[O‡÷ Xû O

ø ©~Vû §?øþ¯U ö £§CXû £«/ ø ©+©­ª ¥÷U ú ¥+§¥ù­ùƒ
ø ¤[Oª ÷ ¬
Vû £¡«‹
ø ©"©B\ ø R£¤[¤[N û§ø¡ ù ¥"£‡ ÷ O[O‡ú
ø ©"©øü ÷ £ªXû ¥"¨ RCøg ú O©"©+Ob¥ ÷ )£§S¤Nø' ù ¥"£‡
÷ ¥¼g ÿ MN O‡þƒXû ON` þ £ª ÷ £Å/ ø ©+RN ÷ O[§C
ø 0¥"£‡ ÷ ¥
)£‡÷ú6
ø ¤[Oª÷û¼
ø ©"¥¿U ö O§8RN ¥(/#÷Vû O§C ÷ O‡û  p J¤ ô•  kolml-å  c p Oªw ú
N ÷Nö6ø'Xû §¥"¤[£‡ ÷ ¥"£» ú O©"©"ª N¤Nø ÷ ¥û¼ðVÿ

1wÍ ¸¥>¦m§©8
¨ 4ª¬«m§X½F«¬­®:¥ª°¯®t±²²7³µ´
œB–Âf–» ™­žBŽ –ƒ·»¾¬±v¶@ºƒ¢‡¤²w¨±“¨¤v·9¸³µ¶‡¤S²Z³³µ¶(¹q³µº9´[¢‹¶zº9±2»»y¤v¼m´’¸“¤v¶‡¨±ºA¥‡¤½¶s±2¶Œ²7³
¤²w¨¤v¶(¹§¤_±v»y¨·,¤3 e´ƒµ¯µ·9±²²7³¸4´ƒ¨³±£m´’¸‰¤v¶ª¨¤š¬C¢s¶“¤¹q³y¹sº9³µ±­·
–2 ¸>´²©‘¢s¶ª¦q³±2¶‡¤¹q³º9±v¶‡£C¤v·m²7³µ±v¶‡¤¹2³‡µt·9±K¨±2º9±v»µ»±¶¨·9´X·,¤K¨Z³(¹2³‡²7±v¸±v¼C¤v¶ª¤K¤¾4¹#¤#¨¨´¹2³­ËCŽÂf–CÇ'Ž¿®2¸‰¤v¶ª¨·,¤»µÀ ³¶ª¨¤v·9º9±2¶s¶‡¤²°
²Z³µ±v¶ª¤¿¨·9´_·,¤K¨³o»µ±vº€´’»µ³m¾:²£m±v»y¨´V¹q´V¹2³‡²µt±²7³«¨³{£o³šÆƒœ, ”ªË?–±#µ­µ¯¢s·,¤:¹2´œ, —–CŸ‘Âf™šœ,²w¤»y¤"·,¤K¨³°²Z±2¶s±±2¸±v¼C¤v¶‡¤#¤‡·š¾¬±v¶³µ»¨¤v·9¸³µ¶‡¤
œB™šÁªÂf–Cœ¡²Z³³µ¶(¹q³º9´“µ³yÐ+µt·9±Kµt·9³µ´’¸‰¤v¶‡¨¤V³µ»º9´²Z±X³µ¶xº,¢s³³µ»¶s±¹2±²w£m±v»µ¼?¤²©‘¢‹¶‡¦q³µ±v¶s³¹2³³µ¶(²¨·€´¹<´’¸‰¤v¶‡¨Z±­®tºA¥‡¤q¨³yµ³µº9´’¸“¤v¶‡¨¤
´?£C£m³y¤v¶‡¤*¶‡¤v»µ» ± ;CÂBœŸŽ ™V”šœŸ–CÂf–¯·{·½¤2»tº9´²Z±*³¶Vº,¢s³’³µ¶‡£C¤vº2¤X²Z³t±#µ­¤v·€³­¢‹¶…³µ¶(²w¨·9´°¹q´’¸‰¤2¶‡¨±´:»µ³y£C¤v»µ»Á±V¹§¤v»»µ ± ;CÂBœBŽÂf™~”šžB™š« –,ËC/
Ž ³
À¶–CªÂf™®±²<²Z³µ´:¶ª¤v»µ»À ´¸‰¡’³y¨±V¹q³²w¤K¦q³µ±v¶s³¹2³y£C¤v·m²w¤V eº9±2»»y¤v¼m´ƒ¨¤X¹2´¡o·9³‡¹2¼C¤±·9³yµ¯¤K¨³y¨±v·9³<¬‹¹q³¯¢s¶s´½²w¨¤²<²Z´¶/ ¸ 4E½²®9³µ»>¹2³‡²µo±²7³y¨³y£o±
£m³y¤v¶‡¤Â¹§¤K¨¨±¹§¤K¨¨Z ± ;CÇV‘ÂBž‘˜ ·涇¹s¶‡¤¯®¢s¶½Ã6œB–CÇ6Ž‘s±Kµ¯¤v·9´´4»³y£C¤v»µ»Á±¹2³-¨Z·9´²µt±v·,¨±¯®C¤µ­¤v·€¸‰¤K¨¨¤¹q³³¸“µ±²w¨´’·,¤‰œŸ–,ËC™š –3”
žB™šªÂBœB™š« ™²µ¯¤v··,¤²w¨·9³µ¶s¼C¤v·,¤Ä»µÀ ´’º€º,¤²²7±Ä´’»µ»Á´X·,¤K¨¤Ä³µ¶‡¨¤v·9¶s´¡³µ¶‰¡’´²w¤_´’»µ»µÀ ³Á¶¹2³µ·9³y¦§¦q±…¹2(
³ ;,™šœBËC–C‡Â –š®´’»ª¨³yµt±¹q³¼—~œB™šÂ ™šžB™‡‘ ™®§¤vÅW±
´F¹§¤K¨¤v·9¸F³µ¶s´¨` ³ ;2–Cœ, Ï-·
–6ŸÄ‡Æ–ǶÄȶª¨¤v·9¶‡¤#¨Æ·9±K¨±vº€±v»I·
KšÔ>f Ö/DBA­×ØÙ0Ø >'Ú ×EÛYD&ܶÜAšÖ²ØÝ~֓ØqÞ+ßhßhۓß&× A DƒBLDW֓ÖYà
ß&××Ø

xYy xYyedy | É C‰ÎZηpÍÎÐaÎÏLÏ0Î

/# ÷ ¥( ù ¥

ø ¤d£]©+ª
ø §0£¤[O‡÷ Xû £OU ú ¥(þ RSN Xû Oª÷Uú £O` þ N /¥Vû £]©ø
Ò2€ e ÿ Ê µ ˃˃
þƒûX§Cø'ûV¥"¨ R?øù¡¥"£‡÷OXúOL©"¥¥÷úU¥+§¥ù¯ù¥CR£¥÷ý0£©ûX¥p¥÷,N÷ø
ù  Ë  ÌGàóå0èeÍ Î€ÎÏå0æ
åЂæ
å Wã Ïã åÐ è@÷ æ
2 
‹   ÑXå0¬ ò ÒXß0‹è Ӊ: ñ ԅÕs֋×:ÌGàóåLè R£¤[N ÷ ¥"R?ø¡ ù ¥"£‡
÷ OçL ý ¥øŒ/#÷Vû O§C ÷ Oªûšÿ R ) ÷ ¥5©+¥0ý O©+©"£f)N ÷ ¬
ù¥"£‡÷/ ø ©+Og¥ ÷ )<ø'û¼Xû ¥pNVû ¥"©+¥ùƒùšsø ©+Ol ö §£‡Uö §S¥"ObR£‡÷L ý O‡÷ ¡ ù ¥"£‡ ÷ ¥
Ø e Ù Ïæ
ã à”ã ä‰äÀ å Ù Ô_ÚtÐWÛÈÐWÜÐ ä
úU¥¥÷U ú ¥+§¥ù­ùšL ø ¤[Oª÷Vû £¡«RS£¤[O¥+©"©"NEþƒXû §Cø'Vû £& ÷ O©+©øçû¼
ø /O©"¬
é:  ÝÞXve ö ÍWß͂ò ͂æ ͂ß ÍWàá7â è ãß0à Ïß!è ä

©øòÊ ø ¨ ø' ÷ R£ÿ - O!øhU ö §S¥"¤NøhL ý ¥þƒû§ø P
NO‡þƒû§øò
ø /
£‡ ÷ ¬
úø÷ù­ø$ú¥Q¥÷ú¥"§¥ù­ù(¥öNáòø'ö6öø
§¥"§SOÊO‡þƒø
LO§Cø'û¼
ø «
ò ö §£‡ ö §¥"£%¥ƒ ÷ P
N Oªþ¯Vû £¦¤d£‡ ú £ÊR€´ Oò` þ ¥Q§O‡/ ø ©+¥ùšù­ø
©"ª ¥÷¿ûXO§`£‡öUO§Cø

¥"©"¥û¼ð@ûX§Cø ø
¤[
¥âO‡÷ûV¥ úU¥ §O‡ûVO&ú¥"))kO§SOª÷Vû ¥§ÿ

¶må*½UÍ{æu¾ŽC½Ða·C½¾ /GRS£¤NöNûVO§JR£‡÷ ÷ Oªþ¯þ(¥ø'úS/K÷ ûXO§?÷ Oªû # úOªû§û_¥  pªô*•€.þ(£‡÷ £—©+O‰þ(£§0O-÷ ûX¥LO8©"O‰úOªþ¯ûV¥+¬

÷øù¡¥­ª £ ÷ ¿ ¥ úO©+©"ª ¥ ÷)k£§S¤Nøù¡¥"£‡÷O¡«/Oþ(£‡÷£¥÷ý0¥úN ø)ûX¥¿úøWå  •  ô•Èrm•¢'('p ‘ Éu«
R€´ ORS£ª÷þ`¥þƒûXOQ¥÷gN÷dL§SN ööU£
ú¥Ÿ^>çûVO vt è OR€´
O þ(~¥ þ`R§S¥ ý0VO éê ‹˜ êëŠVê 'gRSª£ ÷s£ ÷ N ÷ø úUO©"©"OcŸXý)ø
§S¥øL
¥"©+¥ öø
§¥øú[N ÷Å÷ N¤[O§£@ûV§CøWÕwO
i
j/V j ÿ
/[÷ ª £ ú¥ þ(‡£ ÷£wRSª£ ÷÷ ªO þ¯þ( ¥ ø
©"© ød§SªO û_O^¤[‡O úU¥ ø÷ûVO^ N ÷ø[¥ ÷ ûXO§S<) ø
RRS¥ ønøPý0£© ûVO^¥ ÷ ú¥"?R øû§øeR£¤[– O 3 é  
# 3, È› é +,+ •/ì •  8@  %—Z© š .#ÿ[¯§‡O ÷ úªO ÷ú£[RS£¤[Ob‡O þ(ON ¤ öU¥+£ #t â ² ¥ ÷ ª£ ú¥RSª£ ÷÷‡O þƒþ`‹ ¥ øú, N ÷øí5 éSî
y“ûV´ O? § ÷‡O ûV«a©+ª ¥ ÷¿ûXO§S2) ø/RSR¥ ø»ú¥a§‡O ûVOo
¥ ÷ ú¥ ý0¥ ú¿N ø'û¼ø+ø[þ` N øLýL£© û§ø»úøW N ÷S•  ô•Èrm•”'`' pÄïSnAõ*kmr  kon RS£N ¤ öª£ þ¯û_£
úøìfÊçûV O ÿ%MN‡O þƒûXª N © ûX¥"¤g£.
s N ÷ ¥­R£H¥ ÷/ûX N û§ûV£.¥"©o¤[ª£ ÷ú£«ªO ú ¥"N ¤ ö§‡O þƒþ`ü £ úø
©oR‡£ þƒû_§ N û¼ûX£§S! O ÷ O©"© ø
þ`R€´‡ O úøgú¥¥ ÷ûVO§<) ø
RRS¥ øVÿŒ5Uª ¥ ÷úU¥+§¥ ùƒùN £ y“ûV´ O?§ ÷‡O ûýL¥+ªO ÷ Å O öUOC§ áe N ûV¥+©"¥ ùšùƒøûXÅ
£ þ(£©"P
£ ÷ O©+©"ª øL¤[
¥ûXÅ £ úUO©"© ø
5 éSî úU¥RSN¥¥"¶ © ÷ ª£ ú£w<) øPöø
C§ ûVO¡«‡£ þƒþ`¥ øPúª£ ö£wR€´ Og¶ ¥ ö6ø
RSR€´‡O ûKûV¥ þ`ª£ ÷ X£ þƒû§ø'ûV¥¥ ÷þƒûXC§ ø'ú6ø'ûV ¥ úø
¥Y§S£ N ûVO§«
öO§o¤[ª O ùšù £ úO©+©"ª ¥ ÷¿úU¥+§¥ ù­ù¡
£ /=¯/« ý0O?§ þ(£© øz5 S
é î ÿ

‡ ¿¾€¾À¿ Ð!½¾ÀÎ R )÷ ¥¿÷ £‡úU£RS£ª÷ £‡þ(RO«£©ûV§SO

ø/© öU§S£ªö §S¥"£¥÷ ú¥"§S¥ùšù(£B/=¯/«'ø'÷ R€´ON÷øSðŒñ(lmò
õ*kmroñlô*•lmpsn‰&
nƒpsrmkonƒk—RS£N ¤ ö£ªþ¯û¼ø&úøQN÷ ø»þ(O§¥"O0ú¥/N ÷ ¥)þ`O0N ¥û¼ø+úø+ù¡O§¥"«a¥÷ ÷ N ¤[O§S£—RS£¤Nö©"O‡þƒþ`¥ý0£0úU¥Ô
iW
¥ûX«û§ø÷ûX¥
P
N ø'÷¿ûX ¥ ÷ &O þ`ª£ ÷ & £ öU§SªO þ¡‡O ÷ ûXE
¥ ÷ O©"©"ª ¥ ÷¿ú¥"§S¥ ù­ù¡S
£ /=~
¯ ÿ/_
© ûVO§S¤[¥ ÷ 
O ðŒñ(lmò
õ*kmroñe
&úU£‡ý0N ûX£
ø/©+©"ª £‡öUOa§?øù¡¥"£‡÷Oú¥
éSî@í
¥÷ø
§¥"£ # ý0ª O úE
¥ û§ø
/O©"© ø. ‡£ öUOC§ ø'û¼øçûXC§ ø]© øqN ¤ øþ`R€´ O?§ øqOQ0©"¥¥ ÷ ú¥"§S¥ ùƒù¡©
¥ /=¯/« öO‰ § úU‡O ûVOa§S¤[¥ ÷ø/§S[
O þ`O
P
N‡O þƒûX¿
¥ ø'ö6öø
C§ ûXªO ÷ ) ø'÷ »£ ø
©"© ø
öU§Sª£ ö §S¥ øþƒûXªO þ¯þƒøó5 éSî ª£ ööUN §OQ§S¥ þ(¥+ªO úø'÷ £ ø
© ûV§Sª£ ý0O ÿ
ÿ Ê µ ˃˃]ÿ  ô
õ Òvee*   ÿ Ê  ˀ˃
Z e* e
ö þ ö ü öZ÷÷ ü øaü ù’ù ý(þ(þ/ü ý(þ(þaü ý(þ(þaü ÷ ö þ ö ü ö7÷÷ ü øLü ÷

î O©? R ø'þ(£b¥ ÷*RN ¥© øgþ(‡£ û¼ûX£a§‡O ûVn O ú¥JN÷d÷£‡úU£†úiýLO§Cþ`£eRN ¥J¥+©q÷ £ªú£ h úOªý0Oe¥÷ýL¥øL§OeN÷ ö6ø
R¬
R€´ Oªû§ûV£q
©øçþƒûXOªþ¯þƒøXþ`NbRN ¥
RS£ª÷÷ Oªþ¯þ(£ h «ø
©"©­£§?ø^P
NO‡þƒûX¥ öNá¥÷ ú¥ý0¥úNøL§Oc©"ª ¥B÷úU¥+§¥ù­ù£xy“ûV´ O§C÷ Oªû
úOY © ö6ø
RR´O‡û¼û_£çúU¥+§O‡û¼û¼ø
¤[O‡÷ ûXO6ÿ…/#÷.RCø'þ(£]R£‡÷ûV§?ø/§S¥"£« h ¥÷ýL¥­O§Cðb¥+©
© úU‡O þƒûX¥ ÷øû§ø/§S¥"£ t_t ªO úr¥ ÷ ý0¥ øL§SL©+¥5¥"3
öø/RSR€´ ªO û§û=+£ ø
¿© ö§‡£ öU§S¥"²
£ î*ñn€kmŠñN ˜ ý0O?§ þ(x£ /#÷ûXO?§ ÷‡O ûƒÿ

¶·p¾€Ð!¹ ·p½U¾ é ©"RN÷ ¥CL§SN öö¥úU¥C¥÷ ú¥"§S¥ùšù¥/_¯ # RS£¤[ObP
NO©"©+¥oK¡v
i~ÿâKf|Vÿ é(ê ˜%£‡ö6öN §O\KšÕVÿ é(ê ˜‹ê 'g.q÷ £ª÷
ý0ª
O ÷ L‡£ ÷ £H¥÷ þ¯ûV§?øúø'ûV¥0úø
¥§£NûVO§–«uOgö£‡þƒþ`£ª÷ £,Oªþ¯þ(O§O,§S¥"NûV¥"©+¥ùƒùšøûX¥L÷ O©+©"O?rmkonƒ•“ó_ro•‡û¬ñn€k!úU¥[ûVNû¼ûV£
7 ü ¾¬±2¶4ý¡’þC¨¤¡²Z³t³µ¶(¹q³·€³±¦§¦2´o¶s±~ e³µ¶V»³µ¶‡¤v´4¹2³¯µt·9³µ¶sº9³yµt³Á±š¬‹ÿ
  ÿ
¹q³«£C¤v·m²7³t¶s±¹q³¯ ‘µ³yй2³tý@¸³µ»³µ´’·¹2³<¬y·©À§¨¢‡¨¨±v·9´
³µ¶x²w£m³»y¢­µ­µt±³µ»tº9±²Z³‡¹t¹#¤K¨¨±VÄÈÆ£?®9º2¥‡¤3¤²¨¤v¶¹#¤v·,Ì@»µÀ ³µ¶(¹q³·€³±¦§¦q±VÄÈÆ´E¡’þC¨¤¯®,µt±v·,¨´’¶(¹q±»µ´:º9´?µ´’º9³{¨Ì´   ·¸tÀ ÄÈÆ£
µt·,¤K£C¤¹#¤:³µ¶s±v»y¨·,¤¶µ´’·,¨Z³º€±v»´o·9³(²7±v»y¢‡¦q³±2¶s³(¹q³(²w¢(¹¹q³y£o³7²Z³µ±v¶‡¤¹#¤v»µ»µÀ ³¶¹2³Á·€³«¦§¦q±­®v´’»µ»Á±F²7º9±Kµ±½¹2³‹º9±v´¹q³y¢‡£m´’·,¤:»y¤@±Kµ¯¤v·9´ƒ¦q³µ±v¶s³©¹q³
œB™šÁªÂB‘Ë·
–1 E£m³‡¹§¤v¶‡¨¤v¸“¤v¶‡¨¤‹¤²Z³‡²w¨±v¶s±X¸±v»y¨¤¹q³«£C¤v·²¤qµ±²²7³±¡’³µ»³y¨ÌB¹q³>º€±v»µ»«¤2¼o´’¸“¤v¶‡¨±V´¹Äȶ‡¨¤2·9¶‡¤K¨§®’º9±v¸‰¤‹£m³µ´‰¨¤v»y¤K©e±v¶s±q ‘¨·€´)°
¸³y¨¤Lµt·9±K£m³‡¹#¤v·¬‘®°º€±v»»y¤v¼m´’¸“¤v¶‡¨±c²7´ƒ¨¤v»µ»µ³±¨´’·,¤¯ ® !·9´’¸‰#
¤ "E¤2»´mþ
®s»µ³µ¶š¤v´ ¹#¤¹q³µº9´ƒ¨´)®‡Ä $m3½²·{·{·½¸4´–²Z³¿µt·,¤K©‘¤v·9³‡²7º,¤z²w£o±2»¼C¤v·2¤
¢s¶0¢s¶s³µº9±3¤²¤v¸‰µt³µ±µ¯¤v·*¶s±v¶½´ƒµ¯µ­¤²7´’¶‡¨³Á·2¤¤vº9º2¤²²7³y£o´o¸‰¤v¶‡¨¤@»µÀ ¤²µt±²Z³y¦q³Á±v¶‡¤¯·ª¸>´¡º9±v¶(²7´ƒµ­¤#£m±v»«¤#¦#¦q´¹§¤v»µ»«¤Ä¸±2»«¨¤#µ»µ³µº9³s´’»<°
¨¤v·9¶‹´ƒ¨³y£C¤4º9±v¶²¤v¶ª¨¤4´¹V±2¼o¶‹³¸±¹q±B¹q³º9±v¸“µ·,¤2¶(¹#¤v·2¤»µ´¶ª¤vº,¤²<²Z³y¨Ìz¹2³²¤Kµt´’·9´’·,¤V¼m»µ³_²¨Z·9´ƒ¨³¹q³'¨·€´²µt±v·,¨±‹¤B¹q³·,¤K¨¤
¹q´’»»µÀ ¤K©‘©‘¤#¨¨³y£o´@¸±¹q´’»µ³«¨̽¹2³­¨·9´²7¸³‡²²7³Á±v¶‡¤¯·
3€~±²¨·€³´’¸4±_³¶x²¤v¼C¢s³y¨±ºA¥‡¤Yºƒ¢‡¤²w¨±´?£C£m³y¤v¶‡¤_¸“¤¹2³µ´’¶‡¨¤,³»­µt·9±K¨±vº€±m»µ»µG ± 4%"©Æ-·
>'Ú@>'Ú DBB¶ß—I@ÞA­ÖGA K­Ô
 

¥"©¤[£ª÷ú£nöUO§w§SOªø
©"¥ùšù­ø0§Or©+OeR£‡þ(¥úúOªûKûVOJrokmn€•F•  nƒrmñ  kmnQ£ªöOa§Cø'÷ûV¥R£‡÷ L©+¥qþ¯ûVO‡þƒþ`¥‰öU§S£ªûX£aR£©"©"¥O‡ú

ø'ö6ö©"¥+C
R ø'ûV¥ ýL¥R€´ OQ)
N ÷ù¥"‡£ ÷ø)÷+
£ ý0¥ ø†/#÷ûVOC§ ÷ ªO û¯ÿ

$†!e‡ 5
ª N ûXOª÷ûVOú¥ N÷ø øööU©+¥"R?øù(¥+£ª÷ O¥÷ûVO§C÷ Oªûp¥÷b§O‡ø/©û¼ð ÷£‡÷b

&ø]R£‡÷£‡þ(RSO-÷ ùšøçúUOL©+¥ ¥÷ ú¥"§S¥ù­ù`¥
/=Å ¯ úO¥ú¥ý0O§?þ(¥'÷ £ªú¥"«a¤NøW©+¥0¥úUO‡÷ûV¥"¨ RCø+öO§p¤[O‡ù­ù¡£“ú¥÷£¤[¥þ`¥"¤[
£©+¥"R¥úUO©ûV¥ö£  pªô*pmêŸôpsðŒ•  •‡poêën2è<ô5«
úª O û§ûV¶ ¥ ø÷ R€´ z O •  ô•Èrm•”'`' • ‘  nƒkor  kmnƒÿ…/_3 © ö§£R‡O þšþ(ç £ úU¥Z§¥ þ(£©" N ù¥+ª£ ÷ OcR€´ O^¥ ÷ú¥ ý!¥ ú N ød©+ª ¥B÷úU¥+§¥ùšù£†/=¯dø'þ(¬
þ`£R¥ ø'ûVÅ £ ø/² © ÷£¤[N O øý)ý0¥"‡O ÷ Og¥ ÷ûVO§§S£ ø'÷ ú£b N ÷hö6ø
C§ ûX¥"RS£© ø/§SN O ÷ ‡£ úU£«¥"© í ›9 % î › - *  ž
# lokmroûk  nƒkqô*km•  psðŒ•Eô*•EôpsðŒ•  •‡p.#ÿ5ø
þƒûX§ N û¼ûXN?§ øúO ¥ ÷£¤[¥"« þ`CR ø'÷úU¥ û¼ø
úø
 ¥ öU N ÷ûV¥+«0¥ ÷úU¥ ý!¥ ú N øc N ÷ø
0O?§ ø/§SR€´ ¥ øNúUY ¥ ø/ N ûV£§¥ û¼ðNöUO§Q3 ¥ ú¥ ýLOC§ þ`¥5?R ø/N ¤ ö¼¥ ÿ…/=©YCR ø
N ¤ öUB £ nAèIô,
]R€´ ¥ ø
N ¤ ø'ûV
£ ôpsðŒ•  •‡pçô•Eó_ro•‡ðŒp 臕&
û¬kCè<èÈp # '  &.š,  ž š.ÈZ›9 % t=™ .k«Y¤[ªO ÷ûV§SOw¥"©ZCR ø
N ¤ ö £ ôpsðŒ•  •‡pd¥ ÷\0ªO ÷ O§OwO
þ¯û¼ø'ûV£w§SO0¥ þ¯ûV?§ øûXX £ ú6ø
P
N ø
©­R€´ OQ£§S) ø'÷¥ ù­ùƒø'ù¥+ª£ ÷ OuR´OQ©"£0¥" N úU¥­?R øq?§ øöö§‡O þ(-O ÷û¼ø'ûV¥ ýL[ £ úO©"© øöU§Sª£ ö§`¥ ø£))kOaC§ û¼øf¥ ÷ )£§N ¤ ø'ûX¥ ý)øVÿ
/=©C R ø
N ¤ ö£  p‡ôpcC§ ø'ööU§SªO þ¡‡O ÷ û§ø]¥ ÷ýLOROQ N ÷ øf
Oª÷NúU‡O ûVOa§S¤[¥ ÷øû§øfN ¤ ø/RSR€´ ¥ ÷ø/«
¥"© RSN ¥¥ ÷ú¥"§¥ ù­ù¡ £ /K÷ ûXO§_¬
÷ ª O ûCR£N ¤ öU©+ªO û_£Q
 pªô*pmêŸôpsðŒ•  •‡poêenAè2ô5«
OQR€´ & O ÷‡£ ÷Å÷ ORSªO þ¯þƒø
§¥ ø/¤[‡O ÷ ûXOQ
R£©+©"O) ø'ûV& £ ø
©"B© ø þ¯ûV‡O þƒþ¯ø 5 éxî
øfRN ¿ ¥ þ`ª£ ÷ £WRSª£ ÷÷ ªO þ¯þ(¥L©+ ¥ ø
© ûV§S¿
¥ ÷ ª£ ú¥RSª£ ÷b¥ ÷ ú¥"§S¥ ù­ù`£R€´  O ûVO§¤[¥ ÷ øçöOq § ôpsðŒ•  •‡poêen2èAô‹ÿ
M N ø÷EúU£Q N ÷  pªô*p( L‡O ÷O§¥+R £ úªO ý0OQR£¤[ N ÷ ¥"?R ø/§SOWRSª£ ÷  pªô*p
)©êŸôpsðŒ•  •‡poêën2è<ô5«/¥ ÷ûVO§§S£ øf¥"¿ © ö§£¬
ö§¥"£ íîc- t=µ öUO§dRSª £ ÷ ‡£ þ(R`O?§ ÷ Os©"ª /= ¯ ÿ î O©"© ø §‡O ûVO þ`ª£ ÷ ü £ ö§‡O þ(-O ÷ûV¥o¤[£© ûX¥ íî- q « ø/©+R N ÷0 ¥ úO¥P/ N ø
©â¥
úª O ûXªO ÷ L‡£ ÷ £w¥ ÷ )£§N ¤ ø'ù¥+ª£ ÷ * ¥ ñYån€p‹rokmû¬p-臕+2t uq§¥+L N ø
C§ úç £ ø
¶ ¥ ÷‡£ úY ¥ ú¥Z N ÷ £]£ ö¥ ñ ú£¤[¥ ÷¥+V « ø/© ûV§¥ # ¥ íîc-
rmñô*•‡òmk«0£ C©  .¿úU‡O ûV‡O ÷0ª£ ÷ £©+O¥ ÷ )£§N ¤ ø'ù¥+ª£ ÷ ¥0§SO© øûX¥ ý0L O øP
N øL©+¥ íîc- þ(¥ ø'÷ 0 £ ø/ N ûV£§‡O ýL£©"6 ¥ öO§¥ ú£¬
¤[¥ ÷ ¥ úU ¥ ö§¥"¤[£©+¥ ý0O©+©"£«‡O úlø
© ûV§S¥ <) ø'÷ ÷  £ ú6øXûXC§ ø
¤[¥ ûX& O ûV?§ øw ¥ öU§S¥"¤[ ¥ úUN O‡O úd© ¥ òC臕Èk npR€´ O§¥+R€´ ¥"‡O úU‡£ ÷£

N ÷ øb§S¥ þ(£©"
 N ù¡¥"ª£ ÷ O O ú¥Z¥ ÷ ú¥"§S¥ ùšù£ ÿ - Og¥"© íîc- ú¥  p‡ôp( ÷‡£ ÷,X
ø
N ûX£§SªO ý0£©+X O öUO§  pªô*p*)J3 « ø
©"©+£?§ ø 2t }
ö§‡ £ ý)ý0ªO úW O ø'ú.¥ ÷£© ûXC§ ø
§Ow© øe§¥"R´¥+ªO þ¯û¼ø
«Z¥ ÷ûXO§S§£) ø'÷ úX £ ö§¥+N ¤ øe N ÷ íîc- ?§ ø'úU¥+RX O öO§¥ ÷ ú¥ ý0¥ ú N øL§O
R€´ ¥ 
ø
 N ûV£§SªO ý0£©"& O öO… § êen2è<ô5«
P
N¥ ÷¿ú¥ ¥ ÷ ûXO§S§£) ø]P
N‡O þƒûX& £ öUO‰ § ûV§S£ ýø
§OQR€´ ¥&
ø
N ûX£§SªO ý0£©+& O öUOV § ê‘ô*p‹ðŒ•&
 •‡poêenAèIôG« OcP/N ¥ ÷¿ú¥ N þƒø^© øf§S¥ þ¯öU‡£ þƒû§øg‡£ û¼ûXªO ÷  N û¼øXöOL § ú¥"§S¥"0O§SOc© øf§S¥"R€´ ¥"‡O þ¯û¼øXú¥§¥ þ(£©" N ù¥"‡£ ÷ O£§S¥"0¥ ÷ø/¬
§¥ ø~ÿ - O© ø]RSª£ þ¯øOöU N á
þ`O¤[
§Cø
§& O ûX§-£ ööU£cN ¤ ø/RSR€´ ¥ ÷ ª£ þ¯øçöO§) N ÷ ù¡¥"‡£ ÷ ø0§O
Oª÷ O« &
öO§SR(´
© ø þ¯ûV‡O þƒþ¯ø
þ`OP
N‡ O ÷ù­øÅú¥Z‡£ öUO¯§ øù¡¥­ª£ ÷ ¥  p  ô*kmû¬kfªO þ¯þ(O§OdO)k)‡O û¼û_ N ø'û§øNþ`ON ¤ ö§O#—¥"© íî- N ûX¥"©"¥ ù­ùšø)ûVW £ ú6ø  pªô*p(
§¥+R‡O ýLO¥ ÷ <) ø'û¼ûX¥")« ø'þƒþ`¥"O¤[[ O ø
©"©"ª /_n ¯ ú¥  p‡ô*p
)« ø'÷R´O N ÷ø¥ ÷ )£§N ¤ ø'ù¥+ª£ ÷ L O úU‡O û¼ûKø[sš9 ž # š
£ nƒkoð@ó_pô*•û¬•‡nƒñ. R´
 O úªO þ`R§S¥ ý0O© øþ`CR ø'úªO ÷ù­øçúUO©"© øcRSª£ ööU¥ ø  psðŒk& ‘ Ʉª£ û§ûV-O ÷ N û§ø~ÿ0žªO ÷ O§S¥"?R ø/¤[‡O ÷ûVO
¥"©Gšb
ú¥GP
N ø
©­R€´ Of0¥"£C§ ÷ £«Oq ¨ ÷ @ £ ø
©"© øWþ( N øWþ`CR ø'úU‡O ÷ù­ød¥"© íîc- rm•‡òop‹r¯ô*ñ vt ‘ © øgRS£§S§¥ þƒö-£ ÷ ú‡O ÷ ùšø/«
¥ ÷¦¤[ª £ úÅ £ ú6ø.)£C§ ÷ ¥"§SO[© øüö§‡£ öU§S¥ øHR‡£ öU¥ ø.¥ ÷ÊRS£§S§¥ þ¯ö-£ ÷ úªO ÷ù­ø!úO©"©+Od§S¥"R€´ ¥"‡O þƒûXOb) N ûVN §O«O[§¥ úUN §§SO
þ`ª O ÷þ(¥+/¥+©"¤gªO ÷ûVOw¥+Y © ûXC§ ø
)¨ R£w©+O øûXO £ ø
©"© ø[§¥ þ(£©" N ù¥+ª£ ÷ O úUOL©+¥Z¥ ÷ ú¥"§S¥ ùšù(: ¥ /#÷ûVOC§ ÷ ªO û¯ÿ5Uª ¥ ÷¿þ`¥"O¤[X O úUO©"©+O
§¥ þ(£©" N ù¥+ª£ ÷  ¥ ø'ö6ö§‡O þ(O+
úªO ÷ £¤[¥ ÷ ø'û¼øBòmñ(ò
õ*k“ô*k?è0, Æ +[’C#™ ã)ÿ

3± Ä ¨±Kµ»«¤#£C¤v»"¹2±v¸4´’³µ¶[µt±²²7±v¶s±¤²²w¤v·,¤µt´’·9³°´¬¹Y¢s¶³‡¹#¤2¶‡¨³y¹º€´ƒ¨³y£o±:¼C¤v±v¼m·9´ƒ¹sº€± A· ³y¨§®š·W²w¤­®ª· ´ƒ¢·{·{·{¬±¹¢‹¶s´¹#¤v»µ»y¤F²7³¼m»y¤

· º9±v¸&®ƒ· ±v·9¼ª®ƒ· ¶‡¤#¨§®ƒ· ¸³µ»I®C· ¤¹#¢6®<º2¥‡¤…²7±v¶s±3ºƒ¢‡¤2»»y¤V¢‡¨Z³»µ³±¦§¦q´ƒ¨¤3ºƒ¢‹´m¶(¹q±_³µ¶‡¨¤v·9¶ª¤K¨¤v·9´Â²Z±2»±´o¸‰¤v·9³µº9´’¶‹´)·
<6ŸÄ‡»³µt·9±Kµ·€³±#´(3- ½ $£m³y¤v¶‡¤@º9±v¶‡¹‹¼C¢s·9´ƒ¨±Yµ­¤2·,»µÀ ¥s±²w¨³µ¶¸±¹2±¹²²7±­®±Kµ¯µ­¢s·2¤:³µ¶½¸±¹q±½¹q³¶‹´’¸³µº9±4¹2´X´’»µº,¢s¶³.$C¤v·,£m³µº,¤
Æ>·9±#£o³‡¹§¤v·X·9´’¼m¼m³y¢s¶s¼m³±¡’³µ»µ³6µ¯¤v·²£m³µ´+¨¤v»y¤K©e±v¶‹³º€´)®ª¤½º9±v¶‡£C¤v¶‹³«¤2¶‡¨¤v¸‰¤2¶‡¨¤½º9±v·€·9³‡²µt±v¶(¹#¤´¹“¢‹¶c¶s±¹2±z²7³«¨¢´ƒ¨±‰³£m³º€³¶‹±K´_´’»
¶s±¹q±_º2¥‡¤_»µ±_³µ¶‡¨¤v·€·9±v¼m´)·
/ ¾-¥‹³¬·,¤v¼m³‡²¨·9´4³»"¹q±v¸³µ¶s³µ±F¹§¤K£C¤¹2³‡²wµ±v·€·,¤¡¶‡¤vº,¤²²7´’·9³µ´m¸“¤v¶‡¨¤¹q³)¢‹¶3- ½ $…³µ¶º,¢s³¬³µ¶(²w¤v·9³µ·,¤»y¤¡³µ¶‡©e±2·9¸´ƒ¦q³µ±v¶s³©²w¢s»µ»y¤
º9±v·€·9³È²wµt±v¶(¹#¤2¶‡¦§¤¶¨Z·9´¡³s¶s±v¸4³¹§¤v³s¶‹±¹2³¹#¤2»‡µ·€±Kµ·9³µ±4¹q±v¸³µ¶s³µ±3¤¹_³s»µ±v·9±Äº9±2·9·9³‡²µt±v¶(¹§¤v¶‡¨³³¶¹2³Á·€³«¦§¦q³šÄÈÆ-·§Äȶ0¨´’»º9´¬²Z±Yºƒ¢‡¤v»
3- ½ $F²7³>¹2³µº,¤_´ƒ¢ª¨±v·,¤K£m±v»y¤3µ­¤2·"³»>¹q±v¸³µ¶s³µ±V¤¹,¾@·,¤²µt±v¶(²7´ƒ¡m³µ»y¤V¹2³¹q³«©‘©±v¶(¹#¤2·,¤V¨´’»µ³³µ¶‡©e±v·9¸4´ƒ¦q³±v¶‹³t´’»·,¤²¨Z±4¹§¤v»µ»µ´·,¤K¨¤¯·
wÊ Ä‡¶4·,¤v´’»y¨ÌY¤²7³È²w¨¤*´o¶sº2¥‡¤¢s¶s´4¹2³y£C¤v·m²7´@¸4±¹2´’»µ³y¨ÌıKµ­¤v·€´ƒ¨³y£m´)®€ºA¥‡¤º9±v¶²Z³‡²¨¤¶‡¤v»¹§¤v»y¤v¼m´’·,¤,»µ´Ä·9³µº,¤v·9º9´@´¹ ¢s¶¹q³y£C¤v·m²Z±
3- ½ $¶ ƒ¹#¤#¨¨ ± «™šœ,Ç'ŽœB”ª–Cœ§¬‘®³µ»­ºƒ¢s´’»±¤_´ƒ¨¨¢s´:»y¢s³t³­µ´²<²Z³¹§¤²7º9·9³y¨¨³t´ƒµ¯µ·,¤²<²Z±¯®¤3µ·€±K£C£?¤¹#¤3µ¯¤v·Eµ·€±Kµ·9³µ±_º9±2¶‡¨±_´’»µ»Á´·9³‡²Z±2»«¢6°
¦q³µ±v¶‡¤­®€³»tº2¢s³¯¤²Z³y¨±*¾Vµ±v³tº€±v¸‰¢s¶‹³º9´?¨±´’»ƒµt·9³µ¸±3- ½ $¶¤V¹q´ºƒ¢‡¤²w¨³’´¹˜‡_™ ;1 0·ć»­£m´’¶ª¨´’¼m¼m³±¡¹2³¯¨´o»«¤µ·9±2º,¤¹#¢‹·9´·9³‡²Z³{¤¹#¤
¶‡¤v»µ»µ´:¸4´’¼m¼o³µ±v·,¤Ä·9³µº9ºA¥‡¤K¦§¦q´Â¹#¤2»»µ´‹žŸŽž‘˜‡–~ ƒ¹#¤²Zº9·9³y¨¨´:´ƒµ­µt·,¤²<²Z±š¬‹¹q³­¢s¶43- ½ $¢‡¨³µ»³{¦§¦2´?¨±_³¶ª¨¤v¶(²7³±£m´’¸‰¤v¶‡¨¤­·
Í ć»(3- ½ $·9³º€±v·m¹q´´’¶sºA¥‡¤»y¤´o»«¨·2¤º9±v·€·9³È²wµ±2¶(¹#¤2¶‡¦§¤±K¨¨¤2¶‡¢‡¨¤¯®sº€±v¸‰¤½³µ»3- ½ $´ƒ¢‡¨±2·,¤K£m±v»y¤‰µ¯¤v8 · <{Ÿ ” ¤0µ¯¤v—
· < ”‡™šÀ‰@ ³
‡  ™ <{Ÿ ” Ӓ¶‡¤v»º9´²7±X³¶ª¹¶‡¤X³µ¶º2¢s³²Z³²Z³µ´‰¢‡¨³µ»µ³±¦§¦q´ƒ¨±²¢s¶»©e±v3· 2´o·m¹#¤2·,®¬²Z´’·2̓ºƒ¢‡¤²w¨À ¢s»y¨³Á¸±V´¸4´’¶‡¨¤v¶‡¤2·,¤V¸‰¤v¸±v·€³´z¹§¤v»µ»y¤
º9±v·€·9³È²wµt±v¶(¹#¤2¶‡¦§¤3µ­¤v·"³3- ½ $:³¶ª¨¤v·9¸‰¤¹q³<·
±–2¾¬§©¦ 4©«:¾V¢s¶q¨¤v·9¸³µ¶‡¤¼C¤v¶ª¤v·9³µº9±­®<ºA¥‡¤»y¤K¨¨¤2·9´’»µ¸‰¤v¶‡¨¤…²7³ƒ¨·9´¹§¢sº,¤Ž ;žB™š” ˍ‘ ™~”‡–Cš‘A–Cœ,w®,¤,º2¥‡¤V£m³y¤v¶‡¤´¬¹2±K¨¨Z´ƒ¨±
±v¼m¶s³­£m±v»y¨´Â²Z³>¹§¤K¡ƒ¡’´:³µ¶(¹q³µº9´’·,¤V¢‹¶s´¸‰¤v¸4±v·9³µ´¡º2¥‡¤Äº9±v¶ª¨³y¤v¶‡¤_º9±Kµt³y¤…¹2³·9³‡²¤v·2£o´-®<±…¹2³>²Zº€±v·,¨´)·{·{·
KšÔ>| Ö/DBA­×ØÙ0Ø >'Ú ×EÛYD&ܶÜAšÖ²ØÝ~֓ØqÞ+ßhßhۓß&× A DƒBLDW֓ÖYà
ß&××Ø

¶·pÍÎÐaÎÏ0ÏLÎ6587å - ¥5
çúUO‡û¼û_£fR€´ Of£÷¥V÷ £‡úU£f
]¥÷úU¥ýL¥BúN ø'ûV£f¥÷í/#÷ûVO§C÷ Oªûo¤[O‡úU¥ø÷ûVOf¥"©Vö§S£ªö §S¥"£
¥ ÷ú¥"§¥ ù­ù(– £ /_¯0«GN ¤ øeP
N Oªþ¯ûV£X÷ £ª÷,
Wþ(N )¨ R¥+Oª÷ûVOXø'ús¥÷ú¥"RCø
§OgR£‡÷,P/Nø
©"OOöø/§?ûV¥"RS£©ø/§SOXö§£L§?ø/¤[¤Nø
# R´ O öU N ác‡O þƒþ`O§`O N ÷
£ þƒöOR`¥+¨RS£ lmkormû¬ktrR£¤[ O ÷ O©?R øþ`@ £ úO© íîc- .Yþ`~ ¥ ýLN £©+O‡O ÷ ûXC§ ø
§Of¥ ÷eRS£¤[ N ÷¥+¬
R ø'ù¡¥"ª£ ÷ O ÿ>/ö§£L?§ ø/¤[¤[¥R´»
C O þ(‡£ ÷»£ öU§Sª£ ÷ûVE ¥ ø§¥+R‡O ýLO§OQRSª£ ÷÷‡O þƒþ`¥"‡£ ÷ ' ¥ þ` ¥ öª£ ÷ 0ª£ ÷ £ •  ñloòmp-è‡n€pþ`Nw
Oª÷
úª O ûXO§`¤[¥ ÷ø)ûX‹ O óÄp‹ronƒk # x £ lmpsò:9kmn ™¡ .« ¥ úU‡O ÷ûV¥"¨ ?R øûX

O ú6øO÷ N ¤[O§S¥ v™ è «OcR´

O þ`ª£ ÷ £c§SO)kO§S-O ÷ ù¡¥ ø)ûX¥¥ ÷e¤[‡£ úU£
þ`¥"¤[
£©"¥+R£ # ‡ O þÿ[õ*nƒnŸó<;:==¡«
2n nŸó<;= =.²ú6ø
0©"¶ ¥ øöö©"¥"?R øûX¥ ý0Y
¥ ú¥ N ûXªO ÷ûVOgR€´l O þ(¥§¥ ýL£©"0ª£ ÷ O £ ø
©"©"O
£ þ¯ûV?§ øûXX £ ú¥
ûV? § ø'þƒö£?§ û=£ # ¥+: © j: —: ¯ .öO § þ¯û¼ø
/¥+©­¥"§Od N ÷ÊR£©"©"O ø/¤[‡O ÷ ûX£gRSª£ ÷¦ N ÷ þ`O?§ ýLO § ö§‡O þ(-O ÷ûXW O þ(ò
N úU¥C N ÷ ÷ ª£ ú£
§O¤[‡£ ûV6 £ ÿ
é ©"RS N ÷ ‰
¥ þ`O?§ ýL¥ ù¡¥§S¥ þ¯öU‡£ ÷ ú‡£ ÷g £ øú ¥ ÷ú¥"§S¥ ù­ù(¥o>m k   psnƒ•«u ¨ þ¯þ(0
¥ öOÅ § ûV N û§ûV¥L¥ ÷‡£ úU¥+«u¥ ÷„P/ N ø'÷¿ûV£\¥"©
R€´ ¥ ø
N ¤ ø'÷¿ûV» O úU‡O ýL» O þƒø'öUO§+ O ø&ö§¥"£§¿ ¥ øP
N øL©+LO ö£?§ û#øcR‡£ ÷ ÷ ªO û§ûVOC§ þ¡§¥ ÿ/=6 © ÷ ª£ ú£uRSª£ ÷û§øû§û¼ø'ûV£u¥ ÷ ý0ORO« ø'ö§O
R‡£ ÷*¥"©R€´ ¥ ø
N ¤ ø)÷ûVOe N ÷ ø.R‡£ ÷ ÷ ‡O þƒþ`¥"ª£ ÷ P O ú¥J§S¥ ûV£C§ ÷ £“ « þ(N ú¥J N ÷h÷ N ¤[O§SN £ ú‹ ¥ öU£C§ û§ø úU¥ ýLOC§ þ`£«R´Oe

þ¯û¼ø'ûV£uRS£¤[ N ÷ ¥"CR ø'ûXL

£ ú6ø
©
R€´ ¥ ø
N ¤ ø÷EûV[ O ø
©
¤[£¤[‡O ÷ ûXL £ úO©+© ø§S¥"R€´ ¥"‡O þƒû§ø
ú¥UR‡£ ÷ ÷ ªO þ¯þ(¥+ª£ ÷ O«0L O öO§J¥"©
P
N ø
©"O
¥"© R€´ ¥ ø
N ¤ ø)÷ûV O ÷‡£ ÷[ ´ øqL¥ ð@ø'öUOC§ ûX& £ ø/© ûV§SORSª£ ÷÷ ªO þ¯þ(¥+ª£ ÷ ¿ ¥ ú¥"))kO§SªO ÷ûV§¥ ÿ

xYy xYyedy > 587å

í ¥ þ`RNûV¥ø/¤[£r£§CøòúUO©½j: —¯Z™#â(«R€´ Os£))k§(O!ø/¥“ö§£RO-þ¯þ(¥‰ø'ö6ö©"¥+RCø'ûV¥ýL¥—N÷$þ(O§Cý0¥ù¡¥"£üú¥‰ûV§?øþ¯ö£§?û=£üø
R¥+§RSN¥Vû £O0ý ¥"§CXû N/ø ©+O«*ñn€nƒñ(òmòoñ"nƒpWøs ú N÷øl ö £§Cû¼ø ™_t  ú ¥ZN ÷ ÷ £ªú £^§O¤[£ª_û £^¥÷  ú ¥!
ý ¥U
ú Nø'Vû £Oú/ ø ©+©"ª ¥÷Uú ¥+§¥ù­¡
ù £
/=¯~ÿ©_/ ©( þ N £[R£¤NU ö ¥Vû £e
dP
N O©+©"£W ú ¥§S¥"RSOª0ý O§`ONú6
ø ¥²ö §£RO‡þƒ`þ ¥qø'öU ö ©+¥"RCø'Xû ¥0
ý ¥U
ú O¥²úøXû ¥"«` þ N úUú ¥Lý ¥Uú O§©+¥¥÷
ö/
ø RSR€´ Oªû§=û ¥+«/O‡^ú ¥÷ 0 ý ¥B
ø §©"¥E

ø ©(
þ N £ö6
ø §¥ R€´ O+þ¯L ý £©"0OW¥+©¿ ö §£RO‡þš( þ £¥÷L ý O§C` þ £ÿ

¶mC5º¹¸
¸ŽC½¾€¾À¿?5@7å
5¶ø»þƒXû §Nû¼Xû N§?ø» ú ¥aN÷
ö/ ø RSR€´ Oªû§_û £Vj:   ¯g
¤[£¬
A B AC DFE þ¯ûV§?øû§ø¥÷]¨ 0N§?ø/«LO8RS£¤Nö§`Oª÷úUOuN ÷øQ¥÷ûVO‡þƒû§ø/¬
GIHKJMLON6P3HKJ Q
R SLMR GTHKJULON,V RKW LOX SYN*ZTX HKSR ù¡¥"£‡ ÷ OHR£¤N ö £ªþšû¼ødúø % f 0§Nö6 ö ¥ # £! ö ¥ñ*.» ú ¥Ÿ
[ \Y]^RKJ H^_
X`P3R a*\YRKSZTN6bdcTegf çVû OL ö O§N ] ÷ ¤[¥ ÷ ¥"¤[£0 ú ¥GKv
iQ
¥Vû «) ø RSN¥6` þ OLN O
[ \]^R J H^_*Xh3X W i HjSYLOJ Hkbgh3egf N÷O ÷ N¤[O§£[ý)
ø §¥L
ø /¥+©"O0 ú ¥UL§SN ö ö ¥ ú ¥
Ÿ>çXû OLU ú ¥
í ø'Vû ¥+«‰ ö §S£ª0 ý O- ÷ ¥+Oª÷Vû ¥‰ú/ø 0©"¥‰þ¯Vû §?øXû ¥0ø'ö6 ö ©"¥+RCø'Vû ¥Lý ¥
lnm m W R L hX W R JUo p%HKSLOJUo qrX SRKW LOJ N
þ`NU
ö O§¥+£§S¥¼ÿ
p%sYRKit3W \] G`\YSLON
LOHjJ1RuFJ Q
R SLOR
jZ§Sª £ ý0¥ ø
¤[0£ þ(N
¥ûV£8' ¥ ÷ N ¤dO§' ¥ úO©+©"0
O ö£?§ û_‰O ø
lnv ZTX HKSX hX R ] v X ]^R SLOH
V N
LOX
RSN¥¶þ`¥5§¥+)O§¥þ`R`Of©ø[R£ª÷÷ Oªþ¯þ(¥+£ª÷ O«Y¤[O‡÷ ûX§O^0©"¥
¥÷ ú¥"§S¥ ùšù¡ ¥ /_* ¯ þ`‡£ ÷P£ ø
L0¥­ N ÷ ûX²
¥ úø/©+©"N £ þƒûXC§ ø'ûVP £ ú¥
V N
LOX
§SªO ûX6
O ÿí/&÷ N ¤[O§S ¥ ô*•8@ ’ kSVl åk  ' ñ%P O úU¥ z•‡lmòtp  &
ooo
n€rmpçþ`O? § ýL‡£ ÷ £§¥ þƒöªO û§ûV¥ ý)ø
¤[ªO ÷ûV& O øO÷ N ¤wOC§ ø
§O¥
ç)ûXOªþ‰úUO¥¿öø/RSR€´ Oªû§ûV¥Nþ`RO‡÷ ûX¥"«0O‡ú ø÷£‡ûV¥+¨R?ø
§Ou©+ª ø
©BûV§£Q© øûX[ £ úO©RS£©+©"O) ø
¤[ªO ÷ûV+ £ úO© ÷ N ¤[O§S[ £ ú ¥ þ(O¬
P
NO‡÷ù­ø
úO©¿öU§S£ªþ¯þ(¥+¤[£çûVOuR´O+þ(¥ø'þ¯öUO‡û¼û§øú¥§¥+R‡O ýLO§`O ™=™ «
§¥ þ`R‡£ ÷ ûXC§ ø'÷úU£¥"N ¤ ö©"¥+R¥ û§ø/¤[‡O ÷ûVOuRS£¤[O
±–6 ›™­žŸÉƒ–CÂt¾Y¢‹¶‰¨¤v·9¸³µ¶‡¤_ºA¥‡¤_º9±v·€·9³È²wµt±v¶(¹#¤_´o»»µ´)· ·{·Cµ·,¤²Z´µ¯¤v·"»µÀ ¤v¶ª¤v·9¼m³µ´¤v»y¤K¨¨·9³µº9´º9´¬²Z´’»µ³Á¶s¼m´)®¤¹³µ¶“ºƒ¢‡¤²w¨±º9±2¶‡¨¤²w¨±
¥s´³µ»>²Z³µ¼m¶s³±¹‹º9´ƒ¨±…¹q³š¢s¶‹´—~œŸ–;,Ž´º2¢s³>²Z³­³´ƒ¨¨´’º€º9´ƒ´³µ»­µ·9±2º,¤²²7±_º2¥‡¤Ä·9³µºA¥s³y¤¹#¤_»µ´:º9±2¸‰¢s¶s³µº9´ƒ¦q³µ±v¶‡¤¯·
±7ü $Cµ­¤²<²Z±"¼m»µ³m³µ¶(¹q³Á·9³y¦§¦q³mºA¥‡¤"³È¹§¤v¶‡¨³y¹sº€´’¶±"³?µ¯¢s¶‡¨Z³s¹q³mº€±v¶‡¨´ƒ¨¨±:¹q³°²w¤v·,£m³y¦q³°²wµ­¤vº€³«¹‹º9³£C¤2¶s¼m±v¶s±"³¶¹2³µº9´ƒ¨³º9±2¸‰¤6$¬«¬ªYw%xZ¦¬«
4¦¬¦°« yy,Æz¥ xT{­3g  $4"Æ~¬‘®´’¶‹º2¥‡¤Vµ¯¤v·:²7³«¨¢s´ƒ¦q³Á±v¶s³¹2³y©‘©‘¤2·,¤v¶‡¨³>¹q´’»tº9´²7±4²wµ­¤2º9³y¹sº9±V¹§¤v»µ»«¤3µt±v·,¨¤…¹§¤vj» |}¬Æ ~
±–1 |}°Æ 6 Ç € ƒ‚€; „ƒ…j€`†ˆ‡…j‚*† €‰…jŠ‹€‰…j† …jŒ‰…*Š~
±3`Ž‡»°*¶ s8 ¸ v·9±4¹2
³ ‘±v3· ’Z´Vº€±T² ’“³ ’Is³‡²73º Ä³¶ ‘t·9 ´ ’³µº9´¡»µÀ ” •*–Y‚*† ” .à Œ‰—†‰”d˜`…k•.”*Œ‰…j‚
‚–;;Y” …K‚–4™¹ v»‹º9³·€3º s“³ ’k ± šm³3· ’Ts´’U»  ~j›œv»sº9´²7±Ä³¶
º3sˆ ³ s¶–² v3· šYv·4™¹ ’´º€±v ¸ s¶s³µº9´o3· Xº9±vž ¶ ‘td³ Ÿº€»µd³ 2* ¶ ’™ ¬¹2± ‘t±V ´ šYv3· X´’º€3º ’I’ ´ ’±V»µ´º9±v
¶ ²²7³µ±v*¶ ¡¼m“³ s*¶ ’´B²  ¹qƒ ³ s¶‹ ´ „—…j€3†1
¡ –Y‚@‚…j†1¢ ´ ‘`· _º9±v¶³º€»µ“³ v* ¶ ’*¹qd³ šYv·²Z³º9´’¶s´o»³¹q³·9“³ ’±v·9¶s ±  t¹q“³ £r£rv3· 2*
¶ ¤q³ ´ ’³¹2´’»µ»µÀ ²7±…¹2K ³ ‘±23· ’I4¹2³·9³‡T² ‘t±² ’´F¹2“³ £r£r23· v*
¶ ’³ ~
¥ ´Ä»³‡² ’´@º€±v¸ ‘td» F’´FF¹ v³² v3· šm“³ ¤q³T² ’Z´’¶(¹2´·m¹qd³ ¤™¤q ´ ’³ VF¹ v¼m»µ³t³µ¶(¹q³Á·9“³ ¤™¤2 ³ 2¶…¶s± ’Z ³ ¦ç;3…jŒr§–Y†I¨‘3· ²<²Z±* ³ ©s´’»Á³t³² v3· šYv* ¶ ’Z³>²7±v¶s±
³µ¶4 ´ ’I’I²Z´F¹q³·€³gº ªs“³ T² ’T…¹2³º9±v¶s
¶ ²²7³±2*¶ K €' ¾ ‘t3· ² v*¶ ’I_³µ8 ¶ ’I*’T’I_d» X¹2³‡T² ’·€d³ j¤q³µ±v¶s³ ¥ ³µ* ¶ *«@* ¶ 2j» ¬‹d» #­g–Y† ŒY­–;3–€3˜”rŒ –; ~
±3±`Ž‡»"
¶ s ¸ v·€±z¹2³Ä² ©*v
¶ ¤2´†²7³³¶‹º93· v ¸ 2*
¶ ’´x´¹V±v¼m¶s® ³ ‘t´’º9`º ª
’I’±z¹q. ³ s¶s¯ ´ ©s´* ¶ ’“³ ’I°,‘t´’·9³´’»µ»µ´ó² s´†¹2³µ ¸ v¶²Z³µ±v* ¶ 4³¶
’Yþ ’I`²  - ¹ ªs´»±c²7º9± ‘t±c¹2® ³ ‘K2·9 ¸ ’I’Iv3· F“» F± ‘ v·9 ´ ¤q³µ±v¶s³@¹q³º9±2* ¶ ’·9±v»µ»µ±c¹2® ³ ±*(²<²Z ± ~#Ž‡ » šm´’»µ±v3· F³µ¶s“³ ¤q³Á´’“» z™¹ v»* ¶ ‹¸ v·9±†¹q³
>z²@>z² DBB'³—Iµ´AK¶GA KK·
v

R£§§`O‡û¼û§ø/¤[O‡÷ûVOø/§S§¥ý)ø'ûV¥ ¥¿öø/RSR€´ Oªû§ûV¥R£‡÷N÷ N ¤[O§S£»ú¥¿þ`OP
N Oª÷ù­øöU¥I¸d'ø'þƒþ`£ÿ

“Jnvn lmkon # Ÿ.
¥ûq.—RSª£ ú¥"¨ CR øH¥"q © ÷N ¤[O§Å £ úU‹ ¥ öø/§S£©+N O úøHŸHçûVN O úUO©"©+ª ¥ ÷ûV‡O þƒû§øù¡¥"£‡÷O¡«J¤[Oª÷ûV§SOÅ÷O¥Xf

¥ûZz•‡lokmrtû¬ñn€•0÷ ª£ ÷¦
dN ¤ ø
 ¥ þƒû§øûXl £ þ`R§S¥ û§ûVÅ£ ÷N ©+© ø ÿ /f.
¥û[úO©JCR ø
N ¤ öUº £ ¹4p  nƒrop
»»‡ps ´ ø'÷¿÷ £d£ ÷ N ÷ £
N÷ò÷ £¤[O[ªO ú  N ÷òþ`¥" ÷¥+¨CR ø'ûXN £ ö§OR¥ þ(£«JP
 N ø/©+£?§ øüöª£ þ¯ûV‹ ¥ ø'úH N ÷£ ÿJ/=² © öU§S¥"¤[£ # ,  AX.u¥ ÷úU¥+CR ø.R€´ O[¥+©
RCø
N ¤ ö£gN §0ªO ÷ûLö£¥ ÷ûXO§cRSª£ ÷ûV¥+ªO ÷ Og N ÷ ýø/©+£§SX O þ(¥+) ÷ ¥"¨ ?R ø)ûV¥ ýL£° , › +,)„¥ ÷úU¥+CR øeR€´ W O þ` ¥ þƒû§ør N þƒø'÷úU£w¥+©
î N ¤[O§S+ £ ú¥ w ¥ þ`R‡£ ÷ ûX§£j° &• -*¥ ÷úU¥+CR ø N ÷lö6ø
RR´‡O ûKûV£N§SL‡O ÷ ûXOQR€´+ O ÷ ª£ ÷NöU N ¼§¥ þ¯öªO û§û¼ø
§OQ© øqR‡£ ú6ø]¥ ÷
§¥+R‡O ù¥+ª£ ÷ OU°a•0Å  þ(O) ÷ø
© øf N ÷eN ¤ ø
©")k¿ N ÷ù¥"‡£ ÷ø/¤[‡O ÷ ûX£O¥"N ¤ öª£ ÷ O¥"©§‡O þ`ªO ûqúO©+© ø]R‡£ ÷÷‡O þƒþ`¥"‡£ ÷O°a•0 œ %*

öø/§S¿ ¥ ø'ú] N ÷ » £ þ`£©++ £ öO§—¥+¿ © ö§¥"¤[ £ öø/RSR€´ ªO û§ûV£¥ ÷ý0¥ ø)ûX& £ öUO§—§S¥"R€´ ¥"‡O úO§S& O úU¥ R§‡O ø
§O N ÷ øqR‡£ ÷ ÷ ‡O þƒþ`¥"‡£ ÷O°
=09 %¦¥ ÷úU¥+C R øqR€´OQ© ø@þ`£§0‡O ÷ ûXO ´ øqªO þ¯ø/N §S¥ ûV£Q¿ ¥ úø'ûVE
¥ ú6øçûV?§ øþ`¤[ªO û§ûVOa§SO ÿ
/o K fQ/¥ûVúU¥ ½•  kolmn€rmñ^?§ ø'ö6ö§-O þ`ªO ÷û¼ø'÷ £8¥"' © ÷N ¤[O§S0 £ úU¥
ç)ûXOR€´ O« ø&öø
C§ ûV¥+§» O ú6ø
© ÷ N ¤[O§S£ªO þ¯ö§-O þ(¬
þ` £ úø

© +¿¾ðŒkmrop&ô•
z•‡loòmp  n€rmp/«¥" © ûV?§ øþ`¤[¥ û§ûV‡O ÷ ûXO
¥ ÷bL?§ ø'úU& £ ú¥ §S¥"RSªO ý0O§SO«ªO ú[¥"¿ © þ`N £ N ûX¥"©"¥ ù­ù(&
£ þ¯ø/§ À
¤[OL©"¥+£W¥+©"©"E N þƒûXC§ ø'ûV& £ ûXC§ øf/§SªO ý0 O ÷O©RSª£ ÷ûV‡O þƒû_+ £ úUO© RSª£ ÷ûX§£©+©" £ ú¥ N þ¯þ(£ ÿ/_ƒ© ¹‹õ*koò:9>l¾ðiþ`O?§ ýL& O ø
©§S¥"RO¬
ý0ª O ÷ûVL O öO² § ýLO§¥"¨ ?R ø/§SL O þ(LO þ`'¥ þ(¥ ø&ýLO§¥+¨?R øûX£ N ÷fO§§S£a§O«/¥"©(Á É ¾  n€ñn€p‹rok½ Ç r3Â*k  nƒk—RSª£ ÷ûV¥+ªO ÷ O¥+© ÷ N ¤[O§S£
ú ¥ þ`OP
N ªO ÷ù­ø úO©+©"ª N B© ûV¥+¤[£ç)ûX& O úU¥  N ÷ øçþ(OP
N‡O ÷ ùšø úU ¥ úøûX¥ N§SL‡O ÷ûV¥"«O©+OWÄ “ Ã' •‡p  • # ú¥©+ N ÷0´‡O ù­ùƒø
ýø/§S¥ ø
L¥"©+‹ O .Yþ`ª£ ÷ @ £ ö§‡O þ¡ªO ÷ûX~ ¥ þ(£©"£q?§ ø
C§ ø
¤[ªO ÷ûVO« ªO úe N ûV¥"©+B¥ ù­ùšøûX@O øw ¨ ÷ ~ ¥ úU¥RSª£ ÷ûV§S£a©"©"£¡ « øú[ªO þ`ON ¤ ö¥"ç £ öUO§
ýø/§S¥ ø
§O© ø ú¥"¤[‡ O ÷ þ`¥"‡£ ÷ 
O úO©"© ø^ ¨ ÷ ªO þ¯ûV?§ ø~ÿ,/K÷ ¨ ÷O« ¥+©z•ÈkmðµÃĕƒðŒk  n€pqR‡£ ÷R©" N úUO©+ª N © ûV¥+N¤ øöø
§£© øOúø
·
ic
¥û¯ÿ
T ÷ X
@ £ þƒûXªO þ¯þ(W £ ö6ø
RR´‡O ûKûV– £ j: —¯ öU N ¼Oþƒý0£©+LO§l O þ(£©"£w)k N ÷ù¥­‡£ ÷ ¶ ¥ ú¥ þ(O) ÷ø
© ø'ù¥­‡£ ÷O«CO £ ú¶ ¥ þ`£© øPûV?§ ø/¬
þ`¤d¥ þƒþ`¥"‡ £ ÷+ O úøûX¥"«/‡£ úwªO ÷ûV?§ ø/¤[
Oÿ

}  º ½UÐa¾ » Ða¹^½c¸>ŽpÎ ^ » Å» Ða¹wͽ(CƒC‰¹]¸
¿ ·C·p½ Å
Šο ·p½ /_©j@ —¯[£)k)§OuN ÷ þ`O§?ýL¥ù¥"£‰ú¥
R¥"§SRN ¥ûX£0ýL¥+§CûVNø
©"O«
OP/N ¥÷¿ú¥¿ö§S¥"¤Nø@ú¥¥÷ý0¥øL§SO+úø'ûV¥+«úUO‡ýLOQO))O‡ûKûVNø
§OuN÷gRS£©+©"£P/N ¥"£W¥÷ ¥ù¡¥øL©+OWR£‡÷[¥"©÷ £ªú£§O¤[£ªûX£+ú¥
úª O þ¯ûV¥ ÷ø'ù¥+ª£ ÷ O ÿ:/#÷nöø
C§ ûV¥+R£© ø
§O«¥"©RS£©+©"£P/N ¥"£q ´ ø^©+@ £ þ(RSª£ öç
£ úUV¥ ø
RSRO?§ û¼ø
§Of© øWúU¥ þƒöª£ ÷ ¥"
¥"©+¥ ûÀXúUOV © úUO¬
þ¯ûV¥ ÷ø'û¼ø
§¥+“ £ ø'ú@ø
RR‡O û¼û§ø
§O© øQRSª£ ÷÷ ªO þ¯þ(¥+ª£ ÷ O«00 O öO§S¤[ªO û§û=0 O ø
©"©+“
O úN 0O ö6ø
C§ ûX¥ ú'
¥ þ(?R ø/¤[
¥ø0C§ þ`¥/¥/§¥ þƒöªO ûKûX¥ ý0¥
÷ N¤[O§E ¥ úUE ¥ þ(OP/N ‡O ÷ ùšø@úªO þ`R§S¥ û¼û_E
¥ ø/©+B© ø÷ ª£ û§øfj/V j ÿ
Æ+ø'ûV£R€´ » O ø'÷R´OW¥"©U…VR´¥ ø/N ¤ ø'÷ûVO¶ † úªO ý0OW§S¥ þ`R‡£ ÷¬ Ç Ç
Ë § Ì
Y§ Í¥" © ÎÏ Ð ¤ ͧSž£ Ñ ´ Í¥+%© Ñ´I¥ Ì/Ф Ì Ë £ ´ ÌÓÒ£Y§ Î ¥ Ë £«*£ Ѭ Applicativo A TCP A TCP B Applicativo B

Ñ£§§`* £ Σ Ë Y§ ÍÕÔ¢ÌzÑYÑ ´ Í ËË 

¥ Ԣͧ Ë Í§¤[I¥ Î Ì
Y§ Í¥+% © ÖT¥ Ì
T© ×*ؗ×KÙ
É Active É Passive
р
´ ÍÕÔ.ÚYÍ*ÎÖ¢ÍÕÛTÜnÎ×
ÝÐÍÕÖ¢ÛÞ(-6ßààí'žá¢âí-@á*%Äãœä-@ákå Open Open

)œàæFç—è/FÜ.Ö.ÛTÌzؗÚYÌzÝÐÝÐÌÁÌéÜTÌ Ë ×,ÝÐ×
ê Ë ÚÌéÜIë Í*ìˆ×*ÜTÏíKۉ×*Î Í

È SYN (NS=x)
Ë* Í ÝÐÔ.×
Ú ÌzÜTͯÖ.Í
Ü ÑY×*ÜTÜI×
îzÏÛT× Ë ÚYÌÓÔ.ÚY×*ÑYÍê ê×,̃Ô.Ô¢ÜIÛTÑÌ Ë ÛTå
ì—×µÑï͵ÛIÎ Ë Í
Î֢͵ÑY×*ÝÐÏ ÎÛTÑ̃ÚÍ #“ð .Ù%Í
ÖñÏ Îòê Í
Ñ×
ÎÖ.×
È SYN (ACK, NS=y, NR=x+1)
ÑïÍóêÛ'Ô.×
ÎÍéÛIÎỗê ÑY×*Ü Ë × # 14.ÙÝÐ×
ê Ë ÚYÌzÎÖ¢×óÑ×
ÝÐÍóÌzÜ
Ê ACK (ACK, NS=x+1, NR=y+1)
Ô.ÚYÛTÝÐ×õäƒ â %öÑïÍõÔ.×
ÎÍô÷ùø.úüûþýzÙÎÍõê Í
ؗÏÌÿÏÎ È Succcess
ÌzÜ Ë Ú×?ÑYï ÍñÔ.×
ÎÍõ÷õ
ø û ÙÄêÍ*Ø—Ï Û Ë ×ÐÌùê Ï Ìùìˆ×*Ü Ë Ì
 É Open Id
È Succcess
Ö.̃ÜIÜTë *
á +,)¿Ö¢ÛÑYï ÛïÌÓÛTÎÛTíjÛTÌ Ë × æ uƒ è 5œÌóÑïÛTÏêÏÚYÌÓÔ.ϼ É Open Id
̗ì—ì—Í
ÎÛTÚÍéÔ.Í*ڞÖ.ÛTì—Í
ÚêÍÓÑ̃Ïê Í  ×óÔ¢Í*ÚYÑYï  Ë Í
ÚÝÐÛTå
T² F©*v* ¶ ¤q#´ z¹q³·9³‡²Zº9±2* ¶ ’·9±4¾B¹2“³ šYv·m²7 ± ‘ v·¡±2¼o¶‹³(º9±v¶s* ¶ ²²Z³µ±v
¶ K K4¼ 2*¶ v·9 ´ ’Z±½³¶B¸±¹q- ± ‘T² ¹2
± º€´T² ´’“» B¹q´ v
¶ ’·9´’ ¸ 
»“œ‘t´’·3’³°³µ¶-’´²:´o³*‘·€±‘·€³±2·9±v»µ±v¼m³°³µ¶*’Iv·9¶‹³ 2´’»µ»±²7º9±‘±¹q³°¸³µ¶s³µ¸³“¤™¤2´o·3:³
‘·9±F’»“v¸³"¹2±FšY*’³°´’»µ»ÁÀ ³µ¶s´£r¬(¹q´Y’³µ»µ³U’I°¹F2»»µ±
T² ’Z·9´ ’±Â¹q³¬3· ’IÄ¦e»µÀ ŽÈ Æ ¨’`º ª*Ä‘ œ‘Kv·m™¹ v3· X±¡·€d³ ’´o·m¹2´o3· ¡³"¹2 ´ ’´’¼m·9´’¸¸4³  
¶ v » ©s´’»°º€´²Z±¡³µ » |}°µ Æ ’·9´²7¸“³ ’I’Iv
¶ ’I¡·9 ³ ³µj
¶ šm³µ´4³
‘t´’º9`º ª*F’I’z ³ ‘t3· v3º ™¹ v*¶ ’Z³¹2F± ‘6 ± sž ¶ ’³µ ¸ 
± *’™~z*T² ’Z±…º€±v ¸ ‘t±v3· ’´’¸ * ¶ ’Z@± ‘ ™¹ ’Iv·9¸F³µ¶s´3· 4»µÀ ´’·9·9“³ šm±X´’»» ´ ’±X·9³µ3º šYv* ¶ ’I
¹q*
³ s# ¶ ‘´’º€`º ª*’I’Z±½™¹ *‘»µ³µº9 ´ ’
±  F@º9±v¶T² v¼m¶s ´ ’Z±:´¹t¹2³µ·9“³ ’I’I·9´¹2± ‘t±gº ª*:»µ´Xº9±v¶‹* ¶ ²²7³µ±v*
¶ k’·9´V³©F¹ 
:¶s±¹2³s¾T² ’Z ´ ’´X`º ªs“³ (²76 ´ 
·9³µ ´ ‘ v3· ’ˆ ´ ~ƒŽ‡¶ ’´’»¬º9´¬²Z± ‘ v· »´…* ¶ s± šm´4º€±v¶s* ¶ ²<²Z³µ±v*
¶ @´¹q± ’I’8 ´ ‹¶ó¹qd³ šYv·²Z±
¶ s¸ v·€±¹2³©² ©*v
¶ ¤2´…³µ¶sU³ ¤q³µ´’d»   º9±²7³µº9`º ª‹¾¡³»
‘t´’º9`º ª*F’I’±4F¹ *‘t»µ³Áº9´ ’< ± _·9“³ ’´’·¹2 ´ ’±,·9³‡T² s“» ’œ
´ £ds±v·9³>T² F©*v* ¶ ¤qˆ ´  _¶‹±v8¶ šm“³ v* ¶ _´’º9`º ’I’´ ’
± ~
<6 4¬®§ {ƒyY4°§"¯ « Y† €‰–Y†‰†U^•.”'—‚…
/ Æ v·º9³ "gº ª*,·9³µY¼ s´’·¹2´³ šm´’»µ±v·€³¬F¹ 2³’*¶ s ¸ 2·9³¬¹q³o·9³‡²7º9±v* ¶ ’·9± ' g©*² ’³s²Z±v¶s±³µ¶sº93· v8 ¸ v*¶ ’
´ ’Z³¬¹2— ³ ™ 3‘ v·9gº ªs¾»´*. à ‚– Y†‰€‰
¦ƒ™¹ ²Zº€·9d³ ’T’´Â
¶ v»² vY¼ s“³ ’j± ¨s³¶sM³ ¤q³´c¹q´’z ³ ’Y
þ ’I²™¹ v¢ » ‘t·9±²<²Z³µ¸@ ± ‘´’º€`º ª*’T’K±  ´F3º s³º9±v ¸ ‘ ’Iv·9´o¶s¶s±… ´ ‘K‘ s* ¶ ’6 ± šm´’»µ±v·9³,¹2 ³ !
³µ¶sº93· 2 ¸ v*¶ ’´ ’Z³¹q
³ ‹¶sK ± ~
"
#%$ ¶%&(')+*-,-./,10 ² *
23&(454)j¶6,7¶8,6´,³ ³928³(*
)
&:';&¶8¶3<Á³(**-,

ÎÌ Ë ×,ÛIÜ%ÝÐÍ*êê Ìz؈ؗÛT×KÙ¢êÍ*؈ÎÌzÜTÌ Ë ×žÖ.̃Ü=ƒÛ Ë5>;?@ Ù®×,Ô.Í*Úê Û Ë Ï ÌzíKÛI×
ÎÛ®ÌzÎ×
ÝÐÌz܉ÍKÙ®ÑïÍ ÛTÜA: 8BôÛTÎÖ.ÛTÑYÌéÑ×
Î

ÛT

Ü =ƒÛ Ë ßäƒÞ'è

åCEDGFHDIJDK KLDNMNOQPQR Å FHCEM ð ÜTÜI×Ðê ÑY×*Ô%×òÖ¢Û8ÚÍ
ÌzÜTÛIíKíj̃ÚÍòÏ Î Ñ×
Î Ë Ú ×*ÜTÜT×òÖ.Û8S Ïêê ×KÙÛTÜA@ 8B Ô.ÚYÍ*ìˆÍå
Ö.ÍÐÜIë Ïê×ÐÖ¢Í*ÜTÜIëM÷UT ÛIÎ ì—ÛTÌ Ë ×òÖ.̃Ü6ÚYÛTÑÍ
ì—Í*Î Ë ÍòÔ¢Í*ÚéÖ.×*êÌzÚYÍòÛTÜ6ÚYÛ Ë ÝÐ×ñÑY×*Î ÑYÏÛ Ë ÚYÌzêÝÐÍ ËË Í
ÚÍòÛÄÔ.ÚY×*Ô¢ÚÛ
Ô.̃ÑÑïÍ Ë™Ë Û™è
VœÌôÜTÏÎ ØïÍ*íKíjÌ Ö.Û½8WYXZ\[] ^mñ Ñ×
ÝÐÏÎÛTÑYÌ Ë ÌÿÑY×*Î
bytes
Finestra scorrevole W=4 T
Û 
Ü ƒ
ä â @ Ö.Í
ÜnÚÛTÑÍ
ì—Í
Î Ë Í*Ù Ö.Í Ë ÍÚYÝÐÛIÎ ÌóÜI̺îzÏ ÌzÎ Ë Û Ë À?Ö¢Û
ÝÐÍ
ÝÐ×*ÚYÛTÌ ÚYÛIêÍ*ÚYì—Ì Ë Ì Ô.Í
ÚõÛf=zÏ ÒÒÍ*ÚõÖ¢Í*Ö.ÛTÑYÌ Ë Û,ÌzÜT܉Ì
1
_2 `3 a4 b5 c6 ÑY×*Î ÎÍ
ê êÛI×
ÎÍKÙ@ÑYï Íñì—ÛTÍ*Î ÍÐ؈Í*ê Ë Û Ë ÌôÑY×*ÝÐÍÐÏÎÌõÝÐÍ*å
d trasmesso eda trasmettere
ÝÐ×
ÚÛTÌ¯Ì êÑ×
Ú ÚÛTÝÐÍ
Î Ë ×6G × gQXGZ[\]L^h([\ij^^kZlmj
»YZ6nä%o ? ã ?@6p
limite inferiore limite superiore q ?r@  ã s qut wè v,Ï Í*ê Ë ÌµÝÐÍ*ÝÐ×
ÚÛTx Ì  Ô.ÚYÍ*êÍ*Î Ë ÍžÔ¢Í*Ú@ؗÍ
å
ê Ë ÛTÚÍ?Û Ñ̃ê Û^Ö.Û Ô¢ÌzÑYÑYï Í ËË Û ÚYÛ Ë ÌzÚYÖ.Ì Ë Û^×?ÒÏ×
ÚYÛÄêÍ*îƒÏÍ*Î íj̃٠ÍÑ×
Î Ë ÛIÍ
ÎÍQ Û =Jy Ë Í*êé؈ÛIÀ Ë ÚYÌzêÝÐÍ*êê Ûu è zFÜ
Ë ÚÌzêÝÐÛ Ë™Ë Í*Î Ë Í{nì—Í
Ö.Û|؈ÏÚYÌ t Î×
Î?ÒÌÕ̗ì—̃ÎíÌzÚYÍ,ÛTÜ.ÜIÛTÝÐÛ Ë Í ÛIÎ ÒÍ
ÚÛT×
Ú Í |ÎÑG ï  Î×
Î?ÚYÛIÑYÍ*ìˆÍžÏκÚYÛIêÑ×
Îå
Ë Ú× ÑY×*Îõ÷UT ÝÐÌzؗ؈ÛI×
ÚÍ,Ö.Û Ë ÌzÜTÍ,ÜTÛTÝÐÛ Ë Íƒ è zÎ?îzÏÍ
ê Ë × ÝÐ×*Ö¢× Î×
ÎÐ×*ÑYÑY×ÚÚYÍ Ì ËË Í
ÎÖ.Í
ÚÍ ÛTÜ%ÚÛTê ÑY×*Î Ë ÚY× Ö.Û
Ë Ï Ë™Ë ÛnÛ}=Jy Ë Í*êYÙ ×ÕÖ.Û Ë Ï Ë™Ë ÛnÛ<Ô¢ÌzÑYÑYï Í ËË ~ Û nÑYï ÍéÖ¢Í*ìˆ×*Î×ÕÑ×
ÝÐÏÎ îzÏÍÁÍ
ê êÍ*Ú ÍµÖ.ÛnÖ.ÛTÝÐÍ*Î ê ÛT×*Î ÍÕÛTÎÒÍ
ÚÛT×*ÚYÍ
ÌzÜTÜTÌx| ÎÍ*ê Ë ÚYÌ t كÝÐÌéÑYÛ%ԢϼžÌ—ì—ìˆÌzÎ Ë ÌƒØ—Ø—ÛTÌzÚYÍ Ë ÚYÌzê ÝÐÍ Ë™Ë ÍÎÖ¢×,ÜTë ÛIÎ Ë Í
Ú× Ñ×
Î Ë ÍÎÏ Ë ×,Ö¢Í*ÜTÜIx Ì |ÎÍ
ê Ë ÚÌè
µÎ( Ì | ÎÍ*ê Ë ÚYÌÁÖ.Í
Ü Ë Ï ËË ×¯ÌzΠ̗ÜT×
ؗ€ Ì #Ï Ë ÛIÜTÛIíKíjÌ Ë ÌÁÖ.ÌzÜzÚYÛTÑÍ
ì—Í
Î Ë Í
ٗÌzÜTÜI×-êÑY×*Ô.× Ö.Û¢ÚYÛIÑY×*ÝÐÔ¢×*ÚYÚ Í#ÜTë ×
Úå
Ö.ÛTÎͺ×
ÚÛTؗÛTÎ̃ÚÛT×óÖ.Í
Û Ô.ÌzÑYÑïÍ Ë™Ë Û^Ñ×
Îê Í
Ø—Î Ì Ë ÛœÖ.ÛTê ×
ÚÖ¢ÛIÎ Ì Ë ÌzÝÐÍ*Î Ë ÍºÖ¢ÌzÜTÜI×óê Ë ÚYÌ Ë  × z‚B Ö.Û ÚYÍ Ë Í.( è ƒµ×
Î
ÌzÔ¢Ô.Í
ÎÌéÛTÜ.ÚÛTÑÍ
ì—Í
Î Ë Í Ñ×
ÝÐÔ.ÜTÍ Ë ÌÓÏÎê Í
ؗÝÐÍ
Î Ë ×žÑ×
Î Ë ÛI؈Ïמ̃Ü.ÜIÛTÝÐÛ Ë Í ÛIÎ ÒÍ
ÚÛT×*ÚYÍKÙ.êÔ.×*ê Ë ÌéîzÏÍ
ê Ë ë ÏÜ Ë ÛTå
ÝÐ×µÛIΠ̗ì—ÌzÎ Ë ÛnÖ.Û Ë ÌƒÎ Ë  Û =Jy Ë Í
êžîƒÏÌzÎ Ë Û<Î x Í µÚYÛIÏ ê ÑYÛ Ë ×µÌÜTÍ*؈ؗÍ
Ú͵ÛTÎõÝÐ×
Ö.×ÕÑ×
Î Ë ÛI؈Ï×KÙÍ
ÖñÛTÎìˆÛTÌºÏ Î
ÚYÛIêÑ×
Î Ë Ú× ÑY×*ÎõU ÷ T Ô.̃ÚÛ®ÌzÜ®Ô.ÛT„ ¸ =ƒÌzê ê×,Î ÏݺÍ*ÚY× Ö. Û =Jy Ë ÍžÑïÍ,ÌzÎÑY×*ÚYÌéÎ ×*… Î žÔ.Í
ÚìˆÍ*ÎÏ Ë × ‡æ † è
ƒµÍ*܃ÑÌzê×ÛTÎÓÑYÏۈê ÛT̞ê Í Ë™Ë Ì Ë ×#ÛI;Ü =zÛ G Ë ˆ ß p ‚æ ‰ Ùêۃê Ë ÌƒÎÎ×8ÛIÎ ì—ÛT̈ÎÖ.×8Ö.Ì Ë ÛƒÏ Ú؈Í*Î Ë ÛƒÒÏ×
Úۃê Í
îzÏÍ
ÎíKÌzÙ
ÍÓÑïÍéÎ×*ÎùÖ.Í
ì—×*Î ×ÓÚYÛIêÔ.Í Ë™Ë ÌzÚYÍóÛIÜnÔ¢Ú× Ë ×*ÑY×*ÜTÜI×é„ Ì |Î Í*ê Ë ÚYÌzÙÑ×
ÝÐÍóÌzÖòÍ
ê Í
ÝÐÔ.ÛT×ÓÔ¢Í*ڞÚYÍ*ÑÌzÔ.Û Ë ÌƒÚÍÕÏÎ
ê Í
ؗΠÌzÜTÍ Ö¢Û¯ÛTÎ Ë Í*ÚYÚÏ Ô Ë ÚYÍ*ÜTÌ Ë ÛTì—×ôÌƒÖ ÏÎ Ì êÍ*êê ÛT×*Î Š Í AÍ
ÜIÎ Í Ë Ô¢Í*Ú Ë Í
ÚÝÐÛTÎÌzÚYÍôÏ ÎÌ ÌzÔ.Ô¢ÜIÛTÑ̃íjÛT×*Î Í
ÚYÍ*ÝÐ× Ë Ìnè

‹ DGP-FHCmDK KLDŒŽRwCmCEDGCmR A'Ú̃ê ÑY×*ÚYê ×ôÏ Î ÑÍ
Ú Ë × Ë Í
ÝÐÔ.אnÖ¢Í ËË ×‘]LW ’„Z\j¢¾“] t Î Í*ÜTÜIë Ì ËË Í
ê Ì Ö¢Û-ÏÎ
ÚYÛIêÑ×
Î Ë Ú×
ٜÛTÜ Ë Ú̃ê ÝÐÛ Ë™Ë Í*Î Ë ÍÚYÛ Ë ÛIÍ
ÎÍÑïͺÌzÜTÑÏ ÎÛ'Ô¢ÌzÑYÑYï Í ËË Ûœê×*Î ×?̃ÎÖ.Ì Ë Û Ô.Í*ÚYêÛIٜÍÜTۜÚYÍ*ågÛIÎ ì—Û‰Ì燗 ” è
zFÜ<ìˆÌzÜT×*ÚY͵Ö.Í*Ü]LWY’„Zj.¾;]@ìˆÛIÍ
Î͵ÑYÌzÜIÑY×
ÜIÌ Ë ×µÖ.ÛTÎÌzÝÐÛTÑYÌzÝÍ
Î Ë ÍéÖ¢ÌzÜ}A•8ÿ B ÛTΑƒ= Ìzê ͵ÌzÜTÜTÍÁê Ï͵ÝÐÛTê Ï Ú͵Ö.Û
^j.¾“X–G— ] ^W“Ø–GZ» hš™¢ç
F› Ùk×*êê ÛTÌñÖ.Í
Ü Ë Í*ÝÐÔ.׺ÑïͺÛTÎ Ë Í*ÚYÑ×
ÚÚYÍÛIÎùÝÐÍ*Ö.ÛTÌ Ë ÚÌòÛTÎì—ۉ׺֢Û'Ï ÎôÔ.ÌzÑYÑïÍ Ë™Ë ×?Í
ÚYÛIÑYÍ*íKÛI×
ÎÍòÖ¢Í*Ü6ê Ï×ÐÚÛTê ÑY×*Î Ë Ú ×ƒèœFz Î îzÏ Í*ê Ë ×òÝÐ×
Ö.×òÛTܝA5•8B ê Û6ÌzÖ¢Ì ËË ÌỗÜIÜTÍÐÑY×*Î Ö.ÛTíjÛT×*Î ÍñÖ.Û6Ñ̃ÚÛTÑ×
Ö.Í
ÜIÜTÌÚÍ Ë ÍÕÍ*ÖñÍ*ì—Û Ë Ì?Ö¢Û<ÚYÛTåêÔ.Í
Ö.ÛTÚÍÓÔ¢ÌzÑYÑYï Í ËË Û Ë Ú×
Ô.Ô%×µÔ.ÚYÍ*ê Ë ×Õ×ÕÖ.ÛnÍ*ÒÒÍ ËË Ï̃ÚÍµÌ ËË Í
ê ÍÕÛIÎ Ï Ë ÛIÜTÛ3è-Fz Î
Ô.ÌƒÚ Ë ÛIÑY×
ÜIÌzÚYÍKÙ Î Í*Ü ÑYÌzê×Ö¢Û ÚÍ Ë Í?Ñ×
Î؈Í*ê Ë ÛT×*Î Ì Ë Ìõ̃ÏÝÐÍ*Î Ë ÌòÜTÌòÒÚÍ
îzÏÍ
ÎíKÌòÖ.Í*Û^Ô¢ÌzÑYÑYï Í ËË Û^Ô.Í
ÚêÛTÙ Í
ì—̃ÜI×
ÚÛ®Ö.ÛJ]LWY’„Zj.¾;] Ë Ú×
Ô.Ô.מÚÛTÖ.× Ë™Ë Û Ô¢× Ë ÚÍm=J=ƒÍ*ÚYמÔ.Í
ؗ؈ÛI×
Ú̃ÚÍ,ÜI̵ê Û Ë Ï ÌzíKÛI×
Î̓è

Ÿ`ž Ž  E¡¢ £¥¤¦‚*§ ’¨¡' ¦ ‘Kk  š¢ª©¬««¢©\3¡ 8T£ ­‚
¢ - § ‘+©¬¤ `¤ ª*’T’¨¦-«¢“°Q¢§/®I‘k©¬¡3’I‡§
¤¯©¬°w¤ ¦‡§¯š§±¤ ©¬¡¢ª¤¦œ
’¨¢ª U/­¯¢­¯©’¨¢*²­F+£T’¨¢ª§©’¨¦3©¬ 
§¦
­¯¦3©Q¤3¢J£¥¢J­FšY5¢ª§*š¢³©¬¡33¢ª š¡¢ £Ÿ¤¦‡§*’¨¡¦ ~ Ž §-’¨©¬ š¤ ©;£¥¦<©

£T’¨´  “’¨¢³µ8¦œ‘k¡3‡§­™3¢ 
§¦‡µ8²­¯¢%¶
·¥¸%¸¬¹ºH»
¼E½@¦I€3”¾'…j€`ŒÀ¿.” …*¨r ‡¦
€3”  Œ‰…j‚*† €‰…€`”¾'  …j€3Œ¾.¿ ” —†1…~
rÁ Ž § ’¨©¬ ±¤©;£ŸK¦  ¢ª /¤©¬8 µ ‘+?¦ ‹
 ‚*†1—†1…j€ –Äœ à €ÆYÅ –Y‚*† –„¤¦‡*§ ’¥d¢ ‡
§ œ¢ 8*§  µ ‡¡ ¦9­‚¢£ ©*‡*§ ¤¯©ÇF­ ‡#   ¬YÈ ’IUg¤ ª*1™­ ‡ ª¢µ8d¢ ’¥©
T£ 
‘K‡¡ ¢¦‚¡ µ ‡*§ ’T3¢J­¯© ’¨¢k`¤ ª*8™­ š¦‡§< ¦ 
£rT£ ‡`¡ 5¤ ¦‡§T£ ‚«\§š© ’¨ ¢ ¡Y« ‡*§ ’T‡
µ H*§ ’I ~
ÉŸÊ Ž  ¬µ²©¬§š¤© ’¨¦¢
§ š\¢ª¦F­ ‚ ¬¡¢ £¥¤¦‚*§ ’¨¡ ¦ ‘K©¬§g¤ ª*+£Ë£ ‡3¡ ¤© £ŸY© ’¨¦Q­‚©¬Y  šY‡¡“¢ ¬¤©¬¡£Ÿ¢E­¯¢  § Œ‰–Œ §¬Â?
 ‡¡¡ © ’¨¦6­¯©¬ H © ’¥¦G¡¢ª3¤ 

šY‡* § ’I  L
§ ‡  ©š© \¤ ©;£¥®¦ ©

T£ ’¨´ “  ’¨¢³µ8¦Q£ ‡ µ ‘k ¢ª3¤ ‡8
µ ‡*§ ’I%š“¢ ’¨©­‚¢H¢ª*§ š¢ª©¬3¡ ¢ª ¡¢ £Ÿ¤¦‡*§ ’¨¡ ¦  Y¤¦‡*§ ¬­¯©¬§­¯¦*§ ‡ ª ª©¡“¢ ’¨¡©;£Ÿµ²¢ £ £¥¢ª¦‡*§ 
‘ ‡% ¡ ’¨¢ª µ ‡¦ *’~
ɟ`Ì }m¦‚§ ª¢ª3¤ ‡*§ ¤¯#© ‘+F¦ ’¨¢ª¤©;nÍ ”rŠ.€3”r† ƒ€‰•
…8•*–ŠEÅ ”r€‰…K†1…j‚•
… 
`¤ ª*@©¢%¡© £r¬Y« ¡ - © § ‘K‡¡ ¤¦‡¡¬£¥¦f­‚¢J©¬§­¯Y© ’¨¯ © 8¡ d¢ ’¨¦‚¡§¦{T£ ‡*§ ¤¯©
£¥¦+£T’I ~
0 ² 0 ² &('''³8ε´f)K¶}) "+#}"

‹ DGP-FHCmDK KLDό5ŽÐQÑ Å*Å D zÜ-ÝÐÍ
ÑÑYÌzÎÛTê ÝÐ×ù9 Ì | ÎÍ
ê Ë ÚÌ ê ÑY×*ÚYÚ Í*ìˆ×*ÜTÍ Ö¢Í Ë ÍÚÝÐÛTÎ̃Ù-ÛTê Ë ÌzÎ Ë Í Ô¢Í*Ú
ÛTê Ë ÌzÎ Ë ÍKÙzÛTÜ¢ÎÏ ÝÍ
Ú× ÝÐÌzêê ÛTÝÐ× Ö¢Ûw=Jy Ë Í
êÑïͯÔ.×
ê ê×Î×#Í
ê êÍ*Ú Í Ë ÚYÌzêÝÐÍ*êê Û.ì—Í
ÚYê ×,ÛTÜ¢Ö¢Í*ê Ë ÛTÎÌ Ë ÌzÚYÛI×KكÍ
Ô.Í
Ú Ë ÌzÎ Ë ×#ÑY×*ÎêÍ*Î Ë Í#ÌzܗÎ×
Ö.×#ÝÐÍ*Î ×-ì—Í
ÜI×
ÑÍ#Ö¢ÛzÌzÖ¢Í*Ø—Ï ÌzÚYÍÜTÌ ì—Í*ÜT×*ÑYÛ Ë À Ö¢Û Ë ÚÌzÝ?ÛIêê ÛT×*Î Í-ÌzÜTÜIÍÔ¢Ú×
Ô%ÚÛTÍ
ÑYÌzÔ.̃ÑÛ Ë Àè“V'Ì,Ö.ÛTÝÐÍ*Î ê ÛT×*Î ÍÖ.Í
ÜIÜTÌ{| ÎÍ*ê Ë ÚY̞ԢϼÍ
ê êÍ*ÚYͯìˆÌzÚYÛIÌ Ë ÌnêÏÓÛTÎÛTíÛIÌ Ë ÛTì—Ì,Ö¢Í*܃ÚÛTÑÍ
ì—Í
Î Ë Í t Î Í*Ü
ÑY×*ÚYê מ֢Í*ÜTÜI̵ÑY×*ÎÎ Í*êê ÛT×*Î ÍjكÛTÎ?̃ÑÑY×*ÚYÖ.מ̃ܢì—̃ÜI×
ÚÍ Ô.ÚYÍ*êÍ*Î Ë ÍžÎ Í*Ü.Ñ̃ÝÐÔ.×'½²W XGZ[\]L^h?Ö.Í
ÜIÜTë ÛIÎ Ë Í
ê Ë ÌzíKÛI×
å
α Í A•Bè ð ÖéÍ
ê Í
ÝÐÔ.ÛT×KÙ¢Ï ÎÌ Ñ×
ÎÎ Í*ê êÛT×*ÎÍ#Ԣϼ¯ÛIÎ ÛIíÛTÌzÚYÍ ÑY×*κÏκ֢ÛIÝÐÍ
ÎêÛI×
ÎÍ#Ö.w Û | ÎÍ*ê Ë ÚYÌÁÚÛTÖ.× Ë™Ë ÌzÙ
ÍÁÔ.×
ÛÌzÏ ÝÐÍ*Î Ë ÌzÚYÜTÌÓÎÍ*Ü Ñ̃ê × ÛTÎòÑÏ Û Î×
Îòê Û ì—Í*ÚY¥Û |ÑïÛTÎ× Í
ÚÚY×ÚÛTÙ®ÜTÌÓÚÍ Ë Íµê×*Ô.Ô¢×*Ú Ë ÛÛTÜ Ë Ú̃YÒ | Ñ×KÙ Í*ÖÛ
Î×
Ö.Û®J
Ì =%=zۉÌzÎ ×,ÝÐÍ
ÝÐ×*ÚYÛIÌÓÖ¢ÛIêÔ.×
Î¥Û =zۉÜT̓è

‹ DGP-FHCmDK KLDŒŽ(IJDGP-ÒGR Å FHŽDPQR zFܲA•8B Ô.ϼ Ï ê ÌzÚYÍõÜIÌÿêÏÌÿÝÐÛIêÏÚYÌ¿Ö.Û^\j¢¾“X–G— ] ^WdÃ:–GZY» h™

ÑY×*ÝÐÍžÏ ÎÐÛTÎÖ.ÛTÑYÌ Ë ×
ÚÍ,Ö.Û®Ñ×
Î؈Í*ê Ë ÛT×*Î͞Ö.Í*ÜTÜTÌÕÚYÍ Ë ÍKÙz͞ÜT×,êÑÌzÖ¢Í*ÚYÍ Ö.Û®ÏÎ] W ’„Z\¢ j ¾“'
] Ñ×
ÝÐ͞ÏÎê Í
ؗΠÌzÜTÍ
Ö.Í
ÜzÔ.Í
ؗ؈ÛI×
Ú̃ÝÐÍ*Î Ë ×-Ö¢Í*ÜTÜI̞ÑY×*ΠؗÍ
ê Ë ÛI×
Î̓è%Fz Î Ë ÌzܗÑÌzê×-îzÏ ÛIήÖ.ÛTوԢϼÍ
ê êÍ*Ú ÍÚYÛTÖ.× Ë™Ë ÌžÜTÌ,Ö¢ÛIÝÐÍ
ÎêÛI×
ÎÍ
Ö.Í
ÜIÜTÌu| ÎÍ
ê Ë ÚÌÕÖ.Û Ë ÚYÌzêÝÐÛIêê ÛT×*Î ÍjÙzÑYÌzÚÛTÑYÌzÎÖ¢×,ÑY×*ê¬
Ó Ö.Û®ÝÐÍ
ÎמÜTÌÕÚYÍ Ë Í.è

ÔuÕuÖ V'… × ×/[Z^Øhw] h
ÂG^h’ÚÙ²^\jš] jšikj*»-µÌzÎ Ñ×
Ú̺ÏÎ Ô.ÚY× Ë ×*Ñ×*ÜTÜI×µÖ.Û Ë Ú̃ê Ô¢×*Ú Ë ×KÙÑï ÍÕ×
Ô.Í*ÚÌêÍ*Î íjÌ
ÑY×*ÎÎ Í*êê ÛT×*Î ÍjÙÍÁê ×
ê Ë Û Ë ÏÛTê ÑYÍéÛTÜA•BÿÔ¢Í*Ú ÛIÎ ì—ۉ̃Ú͵Ô.̃ÑÑïÍ Ë™Ë ÛÛTê×*ÜTÌ Ë ÛIÙ%×Áê Í
ÚÛTÍÕÖ.ÛÔ.̃ÑÑïÍ Ë™Ë ÛÜIÌóÑYÏÛ
ÚYÛ Ë Ú̃ê ÝÐÛTê êÛI×
Îx
Í nêÍÓÔ.Í
ÚYÖ.Ï Ë Û t ê ̃Ú͚=J=zÍÕÛTÎÏ Ë ÛTÜI̓è ð ÖñÍ
ê Í
ÝÐÔ.ÛT×KÙ~ÓÏ Ë ÛTÜIۉíKíjÌ Ë ×ÕÎÍ*ÜTÜTÌ Ë Ú̃ê ÝÐÛTê êÛT×*ÎÍ
Ö.Û®Ö.Ì Ë Û®ÛTÎ Ë Í
ÝÐÔ.×,ÚÍ
ÌzÜTÍjÙz×*Ô¢Ô.ÏÚYÍ Ô.Í
ÚÔ¢Ú× Ë ×*ÑY×*ÜTÜTÛ%Ö¢Û%ÛTÎ Ë Í*ÚYÚ×
ؗ̃íjÛT×*Π͞Í,ÑY×*Î Ë Ú ×
ÜIÜT× Ñ×
ÝÐ͞ÛIÜ.ã @ äè

Û3Ü Û3ܾÝÜ Þ ßÖ
àá â+X] Z^\XZ\]“Ù/^j]LjikjšãÑ×
ê Ë Û Ë ÏÛTêÑͯÜIë ×
ê êÌ Ë Ï ÚÌÁÖ.Í
ÜTÜIÌÁÚYÍ Ë Í,ÛTÎ Ë Í*ÚYÎÍ Ë Ù—ÚÍ
ÌzÜTÛIíKíj̃ÎÖ¢×*ÎÍ#Û¢êÍ*ÚYì—ÛTíjÛ¢Ö¢Û¢ÚÍ
å
Ë ÍžÍ*ÖºÛTÎ Ë Í*ÚYÒÌzÑYÑÛTÌzÎ֢מÜTÍ,Ö¢ÛIìˆÍ*ÚYê ͞ê× ËË ×
ÚÍ Ë Û%ÌéÑÏ Û%ê×*ΠמÑY×*ÎÎ Í*êê Û®Û%Î ×*֢ۙè%œ V Í,êÏÍ,Ô¢ÚÛTÎÑYÛTÔ.ÌzÜTÛ.ÒÏ Îå
íKÛI×
ÎÛ.ê ×
ÎמԢÍ*Ú Ë ÌzÎ Ë × ÜIë ÛTÎ%Ö¢ÛIÚYÛTíjíKÌzÝÐÍ*Î Ë ×KÙzÜIë ۉÎê Ë ÚÌzÖ¢ÌzÝÐÍ
Î Ë ×žÍžÜTÌÕìˆÌzÚYÛĨíjÛT×*Î Í Ö¢Í*ÜTÜIÌÕÖ.ÛTÝÐÍ*ÎêÛT×*ÎÍç‡ä
Ö.Í
ÛkÔ¢ÌzÑYÑïÍ ËË Û<Ô.ÚY×*Ö¢× Ë™Ë Û<Ö.ÌzÜA5•8B ×ÕÖ.ÌÌzÜ Ë ÚYÛnÔ.ÚY× Ë ×Ñ×
ÜIÜTÛnÖ.Í
ؗÜTÛnê Ë ÚÌ Ë Û<ê Ï Ô.Í*ÚYÛT×*ÚYۙèQ, å ؈ÎÛnÔ.̃ÑÑïÍ Ë å
Ë ×(ž  ÛTÎì—ÛTÌ Ë × ÑY×*ÝÐÍ Ï ÎÐÝÐÍ
ê êÌzؗ؈ÛI×,ÛIÎ Ö.ÛTÔ.Í*Î Ö.Í
Î Ë ÍjÙ¢ÛIÎ?ÝÐ×*Ö.̃ÜIÛ ËËæ Ö.Ì Ë Ìz؈Ú̃ÝÐÝÐÌ*ç ÜIÌÕÑ×
ÎêÍ*؈ÎÌÓÖ.Í
Û
Ö.Ì Ë ÌƒØ—ÚYÌzÝÐÝÐۈÎ×*Î-  ؈ÌzÚYÌzÎ Ë Û Ë Ì¢ç‚è وÍ-îzÏ Í*ê Ë Û—Ô.×
ê ê×Î×-Í*êê Í
ÚÍ#Ô¢Í*ÚYê ÛTٗÖ.ÏÔ¢ÜIÛTÑYÌ Ë Ûƒ×-ÑY×*ÎêÍ*؈ÎÌ Ë ÛzÒÏ×
ÚÛ
ê Í
îzÏ Í*ÎíKÌnè
ÜIë z‚B ÚYÛIÑYÍ*ìˆÍ Ö¢ÌzÜTÜI×ùê Ë ÚÌ Ë ×ùê Ï Ô.Í*ÚYÛT×*Ú ÍÄnÛTÜ/A•8B ×*Ö ÏÎ ÌƒÜ Ë ÚY× Ô.ÚY× Ë ×ÑY×*ÜTÜI× t Ï ÎéS Ïêê ×õÖ.Û±=Jy Ë Í
ê Ï Ö.Ö¢ÛIìˆÛIêÛnÛIÎùÔ.ÌzÑYÑïÍ ËË ÛTÙnÌÐÑYÏÛ<ê ÛkÌz؈ؗۉÏΠؗÍÕÜIë ÛTÎÖ.ÛTÚYÛIííK×êz‚B Ö.ÛkÖ.Í*ê Ë ÛIÎ ÌzíjÛT×*Î Íç Ë ÌzÜTÍêSÏ ê ê×uéÏ Ë ÛTå
ÜTÛIíKíjÌ Ë ×ÐÔ.Í
ÚµÚÛTÍ*ÝÐÔ¢ÛIÚYÍÐÏ Î Ô¢Ú×
Ô.ÚYÛIׁ=zÏ ÒÒÍ*ÚµÖ¢ÛÄÖ¢ÛIÝÐÍ
ÎêÛI×
Îͺ×*Ô¢Ô.×Ú Ë Ï ÎÌzÙ'ÑïÍ?îzÏ̈ÎÖ¢×Ô.ÛTÍ*Îׅn×*Ö
ÌzÜ Ë Í
ÚÝÐÛTÎ͵Ö.Í
ÜÔ.ÌzÑYÑïÍ Ë™Ë ×ÁÚYÛIÑYÍ*ìˆÏ Ë ( × –hã ãYá hwãY]Lj t {WYXi\hšë3[Eì“ã h]Ljó̃ؗ؈ÛIÏ®Î؈Í*ÎÖ¢×µÏÎÌÓÛTÎ Ë Í*ê Ë ÌƒíjÛT×*Î Í
nŸãYá íGZh–Z\^ t ÑïÍ,Ñ×
Ö.¥Û |ÑYÌéÜTÌéê Í
ؗΠÌzÜT̗íKÛT×*ÎÍ,Ö.Í*ÜTÜT×,ê Ë ÚYÌ Ë × Ö.Û®ÚÍ Ë Í ÚYÍ*̃ÜIÛTíKíjÌ Ë ×,Ö.ÌzÜ®Ô.ÚY× Ë ×ÑY×*ÜTÜIf
× z‡Bè

îﳎrP-FHRwðFñMGò“ŽLDPQR ß Ö Ñ×
Î Ë ÛTÍ
Î͞ÜTÍ,ÛTÎÒ×*ÚYÝÐÌzíKÛI×
ÎÛ.ÝÐ×
ê Ë ÚÌ Ë Í ÌzÜTÜTÌx| ؗϮÚÌÓêÏÑYÑÍ
ê êÛTì—Ìnè

z Ü Ñ̃ÝÐÔ.×ó}ô8õ ÛTÎÖ¢ÛIÑYÌÓîzÏ Ì—ÜTÍ ì—Í
ÚêÛT×*ÎÍÁêÛê Ë ÌóÏ Ë ÛTÜIۉíKíj̃ÎÖ.×KÙ.ÍÁÔ¢Í*ÚYÝÐÍ ËË Í ê Ô¢Í*ÚYÛIÝ?Í*Î Ë ÌzíKÛI×
ÎÛÍ
ÝÐÛTؗÜTÛI×
Ú̃ÝÐÍ*Î Ë Û%ê Í*Î íjÌóÛTÎ Ë Í*ÚYÚ×ÝÐÔ¢Í*ÚY͵ÛIÜêÍ*ÚYì—ÛTíKÛI׃è;öuàô8÷ Íø“à5ô8þ ÷ ÛIÎ Ö.ÛTÑ̃Î× ÚYÛIêÔ.Í ËË ÛIìˆÌzÝÐÍ*Î Ë Í
ÜTÌÜTÏή؈ïÍ*íKíjÌóÖ¢Í*ÜTÜIë ï Í*ÌzÖ¢Í*گ͵Ö.Û Ë Ï Ë™Ë ×µÛIÜÔ¢ÌzÑYÑYï Í ËË ×
Ù%ÝÐÍ*Î Ë ÚÝø}ùfú Ñ×
Ö.Û¥ | ÑYÌ?Ï ÎŠø
™ëZ±jñû8úZ\^lmW ikZ
Éýü þ ´
ÿ š¨¡ ¦ ©¬¡£¥¢
©…­¯¦ 
‡¡²¢ª§¦‡ ¨¡©\¡
±¢k©¬¤¤
¨¢-£U£Ÿ¦ ¨¦‡¡
¨¢¤
¦
‡¡©\§¦¤¦‡§‘­‚¢ªµ
‡§w£¥¢ª¦‡§¢5­¯¢k©¬¤¤
¨¦
¢ª§
‡¡¢ª¦‡¡ ¢

‡¡

£¨¦ 
­!

"

£r£
‡¡
-¢ª§«¡©;­¯¦±­¯¢¾¡©\µ²µ
‡§¨©¬¡
-¢ª k©¬¤¤
¨¦-¢§#k¢%$x­¯©¨©¬«¡©¬µ²µ8¢

±­¯¢E¡¢ª¤¦‡µ&+¦‡¡ ª¢
§
‡ ª ª´ §¢'(Q¢ª§¾¦‚¡µ²©¨¢©¦‡¡ ¢«¢ª§©¬¡ ¢©5©¬ ª ´ ©¬ '¨¡ ¦)

£¨¡
‡µ²¦²­
‡ +¤¦‡ ª 
‡«©¬µ
‚§¨¦
+É *,¢w+£  +¦‡ §
~¢ª§ © ¨¢
¤ 
3 
£¥¦¨¦‡¡
¨¢š©Q¤ ¢%£¥¦‚§¦~¤¦‡§§

£Ë£Ÿ¢
¢
§¦
­¯¢
§¦‡§²«©¬¡©¬§¥¢¥£¥¤©\§¦~©-­¯©.¬¢ª ª¢'(/10m¢ª~¤¦‡§w£
‡§

­¯2¢ k ¦ 
‡ ¡ £Ÿ©¬ ¡
£Ÿ ¦ ¨¦‡¡
¨¢š 
)k%¢ $3«
‚§
‡¡¢ª¤ 
)4¾¢§š¤   £
5
‡ ª 
}© -­¯© .\¢ ª¢ Ë ¦ ¢ª©¬
µ
ठ
26
"
#87 9 &(')+*-,-./,10;: *
23&(454) 9 
, 7 9 ,=<?>@>92&>(*
)
&:';& 9&9 A> < (**-,

Ô.Í
ÚÖ¢ÛIÒÒÍ*ÚYÍÎíKۉÌzÚÍ,ÌzÖéÍ*êÍ*ÝÐÔ.ÛTמÜT̏v,×B çC ÚYÛTÑYï ÛIÍ
ê Ë ÌnèJVzë W –GZX] WªgQihD;WYjmXZ-ÚYÛTÔ.×
Ú Ë ÌµÜI× ê Ë Í*êê ×FEˆÌzÜT×*ÚYÍ
Ô.Í
Ú Ë Ï Ë™Ë ÛÛ%ÒÚYÌzÝÐÝÐÍ
Î Ë Û Ö¢Û ÏΠמê Ë Í*êê × Ö¢Ì Ë ÌzؗÚYÌzÝÐÝÐ̃٢ÝÐÍ
Î Ë ÚÍ ÜTë ùûYû‚[Z\]}–GWJû‚^\hw’„’„Z\X] jÕÛTÎÖ¢ÛIÑYÌéÜTÌ
Ô.×
ê ÛTíjÛT×
ÎÍóÖ.Í
Ü ÒÚÌzÝÐÝÐÍ
Î Ë ×ºÎÍ*Ü'Ö.Ì Ë Ìz؈Ú̃ÝÐÝÐÌ nÑ×
οÒÚYÌzÝÐÝÐÍ
Î Ë ÛœÖ.֢ۜÛIÝÐÍ
Îê ÛT×
ÎÍóÝÐÏÜ Ë ÛIÔ¢ÜIÌ?Ö.ÛHG
=Jy Ë Í t è
Bn×
ÜI× 7 Ö.Í*Û Ë ÚYÍ =zÛ Ë Ö.ÛJI/ã hK ê×*Î×¿Ï ê Ì Ë ÛTÙ ã >
L M N LPO QR S Q
nýØjšXGá ]2IQ^\hKG’„ZXG] t Ô.Í*ڜÚÛTÑïÛTÍ*Ö¢Í*ÚYÍÌzÜTÜIÌ-ÚYÍ Ë Í@֢ۈΠ×*Î
TVUXW YZ
U![ \^]_ \XZ
U![
ÒÚYÌzÝÐÝÐÍ*Î Ë ÌƒÚÍ@ÛIÜÖ¢Ì Ë ÌzؗÚYÌzÝÐÝÐ̈Ù‚ Í ƒ > n+„j^ZIQ^hK—
` ab c3dfe gh ije kcb l^m ino l^p inrq!]s sto^bd
’„ZXG]ê t Ô¢Í*Ú6ÛTÎÖ.ÛTÑYÌzÚYÍ-ÑYï Í êÍ*؈ÏÛTÚ̃Îή×#ÌzÜ Ë ÚYÛ¢ÒÚYÌzÝÐå
\\XZ up kdfkhkm m k vVw3bhx o^y3z
ÝÐÍ
Î Ë Û™: è zFÜ ø-ø“à n AœÛIÝА Í AŠ × VœÛ EˆÍ t Ö¢Í Ë ÍÚÝÐÛTÎÌ ÜIÌ
` ur{|aap}bo^o2_ kp nbcdtb ÝÐ̃ê êÛIÝÐÌõÔ.Í
ÚÝÐ̃ÎÍ
ÎíjÌõÖ.Í
Ü6Ô¢ÌzÑYÑYï Í ËË ×ÐÎ Í*ÜTÜTÌùÚYÍ*å
` ur{|aaap}bo^or~ bo^dfe cije k2cb
Ë Í çFæ كÛT¬Ü ë~^\jš] jšikjã ã j ÛTÎÖ¢ÛIÑYÌ Ì ÑïÛ¢ÑY×*ÎêÍ*؈ÎÌzÚYÍ#ÛI܃Ö.Ìzå
]je kc3e W€e b ze z‚b c3dfk Ë Ìz؈Ú̃ÝÐÝÐÌ ÌzÜTÜTë ÌzÚYÚÛ E— × nÌƒÖ Í*êÏ è A5•8B Š × †…B t Ù8Í
‡ íZ\i‰ˆJ[E쓒 êÍ*Ú E—Í,Ô.Í* Ú E—Í*ÚY¥Û |ÑYÌzÚÍ ÜTë ̃ê êÍ*ÎíKÌÕÖ¢Û®Í*ÚYÚ×ÚYÛ%Î Í*ÜTÜIë ï®Í*̃Ö.Í
Ú çFç è
Š ÜT Û â+XG–GW ^W%DD“W3â‡ÙüÖ¢ÛÄê ×*ÚY| Ø ‹1Œ!‹Ž‹ñ Ö ‹
ê Û ŒzíKÛI× Œ‘‹ñ ï ;ŒVŒ×ñÜTë ‹EˆÛIr Ö ‹Œ‘X‹ñÒ‘Ï Œ íjÛT× Œ‹ÐÖ.Û63Ú ‹
3Ñ ƒÔ.Û !ƒ3Ú ‹
ÑY×*ÚYÚ ‹X!ƒŽ Ý ‹Œ‘X‹ÛIÜ'Ž Ý ‹*êê z؈ؗÛT×KٜŽ Ý ‹Œ‘3Ú ‹ÛTܜ3Ñ ƒÝÐÔ.u × ùërD“W jXGW@‘ ï ò‘ Ï Œ ÜT‘ Ï Œ Ø‘ï ‹*íK2í ’E/zÚYÛ %=zۉÜ ‹KÙ Ô.Ï “
‹*êê ‹
3 Ú ‹é×*Ž Ý ‹
ê ê×j5 Ù ‹ÕÑY × Œ ê ‹Œ‘X‹”zŽ Ö ‹*ê ‹*ÝÐÔ¢ÛI×µÖ.ÛnÚYÛTÑYï Û ‹
 Ö ‹
Ú ‹ÕÛT5 Ü 3Ú ƒÑÑYÛ ƒŽ
Ý ‹Œ‘×ér Ö ‹*ÜTÜ ê ‹*ÚYÛ ‹ÕÖ.ÛÚY×*Ï !‹Ú
;X™ Ú |E|‹*ÚYê ;™Ûè

ß PQŒŽCmŽò“ò;M‘•RwPQFHD R”–DGÑQFñŽPQÒ ð˜— 8™|šŒ‘ "›;œ êšw;Œ‘Xšžš — /!AŸF 3‹Ÿƒí2š¡Œ‹#žYŸ‹™|FŸ — ; X‹

šŒ‘šTí2š¢8Ÿ‹¤£‹ŸŸTë šŒ£š¢ šIíKí2¡‘z‚¥
B ;£§¦‘Œ¨£‹X‹1 ©ŽšŒ;X ꡍX!¡  ‹X‹ª«šŒ˜©Ž¡£r¡¬£r — ; !šTí2š¡Œ; ‹¬š?­®X¯
šŒ‘£š šIíKíšœê ¦¨£ršJ¦‘Œ™|‹ 38 3ž’£r¦‘‹°ŸšE/‹ŸŸš±‹°£‹Ÿ‹™|8 3‹²Ÿž3¡Œê‹™|Œ;ŸŸTë ïV¡
ê ±‘ | Œ;Ÿ¢‹²;£³¦Œ‘¡
¡ — š´¨ 3¡¦‘X‹ † ‹*ê — ¡1ŒêJ/ = šŸšH£ršœê ‹ 3E/š 3‹µŸòꡍX!¡1 ‹X‹Y綃è€z Œ¨ ‹;Ÿ æ Ÿ’™/‹ ; 3žïš —  ‹*ê‹Œ!³¦‘Œ
¦‘ŸX‹ š¡ 3‹ ꦑ££ršE|šTê š¢¡Œ‘‹ª£‹!X;XÓꚐ†£”‹
ê š™|‹Œí‹·;©Ž©ŽšŒVšIê! ;XšE|‹·ž?¸
¦Œíš¢¡Œ‘8Ÿšè
z/=8š êš™/Œ‘šÆ|ž3;XšE|š)£‹ŸŸTë šŒV£š šIíKí2¡xz‡B@š£r‹Œ‘Xš¥|‘ž38Œ‘¡†¹Ž£ršE/‹ Yê š±™| ¦ —— š~nP¡iã h[k[W
— š´ t £š)šŒ‘£šTå
 šIíKí2šª8£‹*êž3 š!Xš£r;ŸŸµê ‹™|¦‘‹Œ‘X‹·XJ=;‹ŸŸ}

º »¼ ½‰¼ ¾¿º À)ÁrÂ;Âà Ä#Å Á;ÆÆÇ Èr¼ ÉVà Ç/É^Ç/ÊË» ¾/Âr¾ ̑Íà Ç|ɼ Ìͻ˾/Â)¼XÎ2ÇÃà Ç|ÉÇ
Ï Ð Ñ ÊÒÓ ÔÒ3Õ ÔÖ ÑÑ3Ñ ÒÔÖ
Ô Ï × ÔÓÊÔÖ ÔÖ"ØÕÓ ÖÙ"ÙØÖ
ÔÔ Ï Ä ÒÔ+ÊÕ Ò Ï3Ú/Ñ ÔÙÒ ÒÙÖ
ÔÔÔ Ï Û Ò3Õ«È;¼ ɼ!¼ »Ë¼ Ã%¼ ½½¾ÝÜ«ÞŠɼ ß/ÁrÆÉVÎ2Çà Ò3ÖÕàÓØ3ÙàÓÙÖàß/Á»ËÁÅ ¼
ÔÔÔ3Ô Ï á Ò Ñ È;¼ ÉVÎ2ÇÃÞËÆ!¼âPÞËÉÞÃ^¼Ç¿Ã%¼ ß8Çà ß/Á

v?¦‘8Œã£r¡·¦‘Œ†¡ 3™/;ŒšIíKí2ƒí2š¢¡Œ‘‹?£r‹žš£r‹F£š‹
ê ê‹  ‹ —  ‹*ê‹Œ‘X‹FšŒäšŒ‘X‹ Œ‘‹Xª; 3šžYïš‹£‹ŸIë zêê ‹™|Œzå

tÉ å þ ©êr  ©¬ ª'¢ (ê­

‡±   ,
‡ ¡ ¢ 毢¦8¡¢ª¤ ¢

+£ ¨?
© 
‡¡Q¢ª  k©¬ ¡ ¨¢ª¤¦‡ ª©¡
­‚©3¨©¬«¡©¬µ²µ8©?š

£++¡¢ªµ
‚¡
/§
‡¤

£Ë£Ÿ¢%(k©¬¡ ¨¢ª¤¦‡ ª©¬¡¢
¤¦‡µ&
5©m­5

£+
‡µk¢¦3¢ª +¡¢¨©¬¡­¯¦}µ²©;£r£¥¢ªµ²¦­¯¢+¤¦‡§£+
‡«§©/ þ ©"k¦
£r£¥¢.¬¢³ ª¢(±­‚¢

£++¡ ¢µ&
‡¡
±

£+¨©H

£Ÿ¢ª«
‡§毩-©Q ª¢%
‡ ª ³¦~ÿP·¾©
k©¬ ¡ 
­
‚  ª¦+£ ¨©¬§%­‚©¬¡­ ˵² © 
‡¡
%  š§« 
¢
©¬§§š¢+§š¦‡§€£
~§
±ç)©¨¦)£Ÿ¦ þ ´ ©3
‚§¨¦­
‚  
}¤ ¦‡µ§¢ª¤©毢ª¦‡§¢+µ& ¨¢µ&

­‚¢ª©¬ ³¢
©-¡ ¢Y+£ 
‡« ¢ªË © ¨¦3 ´ ¢ª§ 
‡¡

£Ë+£

‚¡
¢ +¤©¬& µ +à ¦ èé;ê3
Éý þ ¦£Ÿ¤ ¦ k¦­
‡/  è2è2ëç­¯¢
%¢ ¥©¬ ¡
}¤ 
£¥¢ 
‡¡¢ -¤ š¢§š ¦ 
‡§¦‚ µ
‡§¢J­‚¢k ª¦‡ ¦ 6¢§ -§
¢ ¨¦ r§
‡¢ ©¬ ª¢ š& § +©¬¤ ¤ 
¨¦~®¨¡¢ª
µ .¬©¬ 
毩¬8 ° ¨¡©!­ 
3§¦
­‚2¢ 
‡5 ¡ k¡ ¦ .¬ 
‡µ8¢w­¯¢¤¦‡§ -« ¡© 毢³¦‡§

‡‘ ¡ 

+£ ¨¦ è2è2ë±ç3¢ª§¢ ær¢ª©¬ ¢ æ!毩 ¥¦5©\ šµ²©m£Ë£¥¢ªµ8¦5§  µ

‡¡¦8­¯¢§¦
­¯¢
¤
¢ª  k©¬¤¤ 
¨H ¦ 3© ¨¡3© 
‡¡£Ÿ©¬ ¡

J%¢
‚§
8­
‡¤¡
‡ µ
H§ ¨© ¨¦8­¯©6¦‡«§¢§¦+­‚¦3¤ 
5 ª¦¡ ¢ ¤
3
J4
3¡¢ ¨¡©;£Ÿ µ

26wr ©¬§w­‚¦
è2è2ë}©¬¡ ¡¢ \©à © æ!
‚¡¦ Ë¢ª2  k©¬¤¤ 
¨) ¦ 磟¤©¬ ¡ ¨3© ¨¦ 
ɟÉÀÿ « § k ¡

+£
‡§ 毩­‚¢  § ¾¡©\µ² µ
‡§ ¥¦¡¢ª ¤
¨¦¤¦‚ §
‚¡¡¦‡¡Ë¢š§
‡ ª ´ 
‡©m­
‡¡ X%¢
‚§
8£¥¤©¬¡ ¨© ¨± ¦ ¨¦3¢ª ­¯© ¨©¬«¡©¬µ8µ²©­‚¢š ¤ ¢
¢ª  ¾¡©¬µ²& µ
‡§ ¨± ¦ ¾"
© k©¬ ¡ 
­
‡ 
‡«©¬§­¯¦}©¬ ª ª¦£ ¥¡© ¨¦£ 
‡¡ ¢¦‡¡
~% 
5+¡¦‡¤

­ š ¡
±
‡¡
 ª´

‡§ ©\% 
}¡
‡ ¤ 
‡¡¦8­
‚  ª´
‡¡¡¦‚ ¡

+É ì^E¦
£r£¥¢ª©¬µ²& ¦ +¦‡¡ ¨©¬ ¡
²¤ ¦‡ µ
±©¬§©H ª¦‡«¢« © §€¢ª§­‚¢ª¡¢ æ!毦8¤ %¢ ¢ª¤¦ +©f ¤ ¢w¢ªr  k¦
+£ ¨¢§š¦8¤¦‚§£
‡«§š© ª©¤ ¦‡¡¡¢ £ k¦‡§!­
‡§ æ¯/© 
¤ 

¢
‡ §
«+¦‡¢Q£¥µ²¢ +£ ¨© ¨©©¬¢£¥¢ª§«¦‡ ª¢¤ ¦‡§­¯¦‡µ²¢ª§¢Q­¯©¬ã  +¦‡ ¡ ¥%¢
‚ ¡
!­
‡ ª ¦u+£ ¨© .¢ª 
ÿ  Q+£
‡ ¡ ¢ 毢 ¦ +¦+£ ¨©¬ 
m¤¦
+£ íG¤¦‡&
µ
{ ª©( ¡


ÿ § 
‡¡§
!%§¦‡² § ©€¢§ 
‡ ¡

£r£
ꭂ¢-£¥© 
‡ ¡
¤¦‡ µ
£¥¦‡§š¦+£ ­+­¯'¢ ¢ £
% 
꣟ ¦ ¨¦‡ ¡
¥¢6­
‡ ª 
ꭂ¢ 
‡¡+£
f¦‡¡«©¬§š%¢ æ!毩 毢³¦‡§š
¢ /

­¢
¡ ¦ 
‡¡6¢ª§+£ ¨¡©E­¯©¬§¦8r¢ +©¬¤ ¤ 
¨¢
ÿ ¢ªA § .¬©;£
©¬ ª ª« © k©¬ ¡ 
8®¨ ¡

‚°8­
‡ ª ª´ ¢§w­‚¢ª¡'¢ æ!毦 w!­
‡ 
‡«©¬§­¯¦²©¬¢w¡¦ 
‡¡!­
‡ ª ª© ¡

­‚¢
­

£ ¨¢ª§© 毢³¦‚§
~¢ª 
¤ ¦‡
! µ + 
¥©¬ µ
‡§ ¨¦8!­
‡ ª ´ ¢ª§^£ ¨¡©;­¯©¬
µ
‚§ ¨¦ 
 0;:¾0;:&(''J>8Ά<f) 9 ) "+#;›

íš¡Œ‘‹?£ršã¦ŒŽŸ¡X!¡?£ššŒ‘£rš šTíí2šz‡B¬;£° ¥=
—— ¡
ê Xš¡ 3™/;Œ‘šTê©Žšª|š®î;¦‘8Ÿš8!X 3š ;¦šIêž3¡Œ‘¡;ŸŸIë ¡ 3™/;Œ‘šTíKí2zå
íš¡Œ‘‹?¦ŒŽ™/ 3¦ —r— ¡·£ršãšŒ‘£rš šTíjí š£šVžŸzêê ‹ ð ªrî@¡ {•§šŒ„=;8ï ‹;ŸVŒ‘¦‘©²‹ ¡F£šãŒ‘¡£ršãžËð‹·Ÿñ ¡ 3™/;Œ‘šòò28ó
òš¡Œ‘‹ w
—  ‹E/‹£ã‹£š©Ž‹!X‹ ‹?šŒ² 3‹!‹8ô †ŒA ‹!‹šŒ²žËŸ8ï ï‹îõ;£¿‹ï ‹© — š¡«ö«šŒ£šE|š¢£r¦‘;XA£ä÷2ø(; = š
nP¡ïï ~=
š;ª)8ï ï š‹©Ž‹°;š ;š£š±žËŸ8ï ï‹2ª±£r;š —  3š©ŽšJ£r¦‘‹ ê=%y|X‹r‹ŸŸñ šŒV£š 3šò2ò¡êz‚B t ª‹°ù;¦š¢Œ‘£š±‹ïšï!¡Œ‘¡
­1ú
û#üþý3ÿ

·£ršE/‹ ï ‹· ‹XššŒµžŸ;ïï ‹?îàª8¡™|Œ‘¦Œ‘†ž3¡ŒŽ¦‘Œ¿ž — 8ž3š æ £š5­8úü ÿ


ÿ«£šE|‹ ïšãŒ¡£šXô
•&ðšöAšŒ‘!‹ï X;X; š¡A£rš‘¦‘Œ’™/ 3¦ —r— ¡A£ššŒ£š 3šò2òš¢ª —  ¡E/E|‹£‹†;£µ;ïï ‹™|Œ‘8 3Ÿš8š‘™|¡ŸšŒ¡£rš5£‹ŸŸ
—  ¡ —   š¿ï¡X!¡1 ‹X‹8ô

Ñ 3PQRFñFñŽrPQ҅R  

Ñ RCEPQRwFHFñŽrPQÒ å ï ï‹ E|š;©Ž¡«¡ ”žËð‘‹ŸA©Ž8ï žËð‘‹ 3†£šï ¡!¡ ‹X‹ —  ‹ï‹1Œ‘X;X
?
 — ;™Vô±÷ ›;œ XGjX’ž3¡šŒž3š£‹Fž¡Œ’šŸV™| ¦ —— ¡F£š
=;š"žËð‘‹Fš£‹Œ‘!š¥|‘žÝŸ”žËŸ;ï ï‹F‹FŸ” ‹X‹ ršŒ¸
8!Xšª;Ÿñ šŒ‘ó
ï š‹©Ž‹Ý£š±šŒ£š 3šòò2š‚÷2¹5÷;ô÷ô ‘ô ä y ž¡  3šï — ¡1Œ‘£r‹”;£’¦‘Œ‘µ 3‹!‹°šŒ žËŸ;ïï ‹Ý©Ž‹Œ! ‹°Ÿä©Ž;ïžð‹ 
£š)X ¡ ‹X‹ 7 ¹;¹5ô 7 ¹/¹ô 7 ¹;¹5ô µšŒ£šE|š¢£r¦‘Ž¦Œ‘µï ¡!X¡1 3‹!‹°šŒ žËŸ;ïï ‹ê« • ô;HB  ;Xšž;©Ž‹Œ‘!‹ª5Ÿä 3‹!‹°šŒ
žËŸ8ï ï‹Žî öŽï!8!¤¦‘Ÿ!‹ 3š¡ ©Ž‹Œ!‹Žï ¦‘£r£šE|šï œnŸ[m ì JXGZ]L] hw] h t šŒ 7 ¹ œ X!¡1 ‹Xšà£šžËŸ8ï  • ª — ‹  ó
©Ž‹XX‹Œ‘£r¡¿£rš‘ ‹;Ÿšò2ò| ‹A¦‘Œ’šŒ‘ï! ;£r;©Ž‹Œ!¡F™/‹ ; žðšž¡Aï ¦’£r¦‘‹FŸšE/‹ŸŸšãŒ‘‹ŸŸñ |©„8 = šX¡F£‹ŸŸñ ¡ ™|8ó
Œ‘šòò2/ò2š¡Œ‹¿šŒ‘X‹ï!8 3š²£‹ŸŸ² 3‹!‹¿šŒ’žËŸ;ï ï‹”î‡/† ômrV ñ ¡ — ‹ ;òš¡Œ‘‹AšŒ‘E|‹ 3ï
n £r‹ Xu[mì¬ë3Z^\XGZ]L] W |X K t ª
¡ïï š°ù;¦‹ŸŸ”£š8™|™/ 3‹™|; ‹ — š´ ‹ šã£š‘£rš©Ž‹Œ‘ïš¡Œ‘‹F š£r¡X ÝšŒ³¦Œ‘Ý£rš£rš©Ž‹Œ‘ï š¡Œ‘‹F©Ž;™/™|š¡ ‹ª
Y|
ð‘†ï ‹Œ‘ï¡?;ŸŸñ šŒ‘!‹ 3Œ¡·£‹Ÿ 3¡¦‘X‹1 &žËð‘‹šŒï X 38£†šŸX 38¸ ž3¡·E/‹ ï ¡?Ÿñ ¡ 3™|8ŒVšòò28ò2š¢¡Œ‘‹·šŒ‘X‹ï!8!8 3š
£‹ŸŸ‹Aï ¡!X¡ ‹XšªVšŒ’ù;¦|Œ!¡ J=
— ‹ ©Ž‹ X‹A£š‘ š£r¦‘  3‹AŸ°£š©Ž‹Œï š¡Œ‘‹·£‹ŸŸ‹A! 8‹ŸŸ‹·£š‘ ¡¦!šŒ‘™ªžËð‘‹
kÓ
ž¡Œ‘X‹Œ™|¡Œ‘¡Až3¡ï 5¦Œï ¡Ÿ¡A‹Ÿ‹©Ž‹Œ!¡† 3‹Ÿ;!šE|¡·;ŸŸÝï¦ — ‹  óP 3‹!‹ªV;Œò2šžËð‘öF¦‘Œ‹Ÿ‹©Ž‹Œ!¡ — ‹ «¡™/Œ‘š
ï šŒ‘™/¡Ÿ†ï ¡XX¡1 3‹!‹8ô

‹ KLMGðšðKLRðð ß PQFñRCEŒD‘• MGŽP’–DÑQFñŽrP-Ò ƒ†‹ŸŸ —  3š©Ž?©Ž‹ æ £‹™/Ÿš/;ŒŒ‘š1ñ ! —r— ; E|‹‹E|šó
£‹Œ‘X‹·žË𑋷šŸ — ; !šòš¡Œ‘;©Ž‹Œ‘X¡?£r‹™/ŸšVšŒ£š 3šòò2šrŒ‘‹ŸŸ‹·X ‹·žËŸ8ï ïš#"Fª8 f•§Œ‘¡ŒŽ‹ Ý šï — ¡Œ‘£‹Œ‘X‹
ç
;ŸŸ‹¿ šžËðš‹ï X‹”£r‹ŸŸñ ¦‘X‹Œò2 8;žž;£‹E|µšŒ¸
8!Xšžð‹”Ÿ‹† 3‹!š)šŒ¤žËŸ8ï ï‹ u•˜‹ ;Œ‘¡¿! ¡ —r— ¡%$ — šž3ž¡Ÿ‹
& ª
©Ž‹Œ! ‹µù;¦‘‹ŸŸ‹²šŒõžËŸ;ïï ‹µî  3šï žË𑚐|E|;Œ¡²£šH‹ï 8¦‘ 3šïš" ‘=8 3‹E|‹ª — ¦‘ A‹ï ï‹Œ‘£r¡Žï¸
 ¦‘X!8!‹µ©Ž¡ŸX¡
— ¡ž3¡' 8ô ‡‰ 1B‹ ²ù;¦‘‹ï X¡³©Ž¡XšE/¡ª#ö³ï X;Xõ 3š©Ž¡ïï õŸ¨ï ¦‘£r£šE|šï šŒV‹³ 3š™|š£¨Œ‘‹ŸŸ‹³X 3‹¤žËŸ8ï &‹³ï š
öݐ —— Ÿšž38!¡¿ï šï X‹©Ž8!šž38©Ž‹Œ‘X‹ÝšŸ —  šŒž3š — š¡Ý£r‹Ÿ)ï ¦ — ‹ Œ‘‹! šŒ‘™Vô6 z Œ —  ;Xšž;ª5ï š)ö” š£r‹|‘ŒšXŽŸ
©Ž;ïžËð‘‹ ?£rš8X!¡  ‹X‹ª/ž3¡©Ž‹¦‘Œï‹ù8¦‘‹Œò2£š ì“XGWr8ŸŸšŒV‹;X·ïšŒšï! ;ª — ‹ 3©Ž‹1X!‹Œ‘£r¡ž3¡ïkÓ|£š
£‹š|‘Œš ‹· ‹Xš‘£šã£š©Ž‹Œ‘ïš¡Œ‘‹ — ; šVÝ¦‘Œ‘ — ¡!‹Œ‘ò2”£š£r¦‘‹·ù8¦‘/Ÿïš;ï šXôw& • ¡©Ž‹· šï¦‘Ÿ!8!¡ª¡ 3”¦‘Œ‘
ï ¡X!¡1 ‹X‹Fö·š£‹Œ!š¥|‘ž;X”£r”¦‘Œ¿ž¡ —r— šÝšŒ£š 3šò2ò¡)(©Ž;ï žËð‘‹  ”£r‹ŸV!š — ¡{
n 8£°‹ïô t ý'*2­+^ý-,­+/.0+/.21/ý3­ª
žË𑋝  ——  3‹1ï‹Œ!FX¦‘X!š­ ¯43JšŒ£š 3šò2òš8žË𑋝E/;Œ‘Œ¡#£äý'*2­+^ý-,­+/.0+/.?äý'*2­+'­.2*#+'­

+'­

ªžË𑋝ð‘8Œ‘ŒV¡š
÷ 7 =;š — š´Ý‹Ÿ‹E|8!š|¦‘™|¦;Ÿ¢š8²ý5.8ý5.8ýý5.
.8ýý5.
.0 ãù8¦‘‹ï!?ï ‹ù;¦‘‹Œ‘ò —  ‹Œ£‹#šŸ8Œ¡©Ž‹#£š ë3^Zrg-[\[j?£‹ŸŸ
Gz š|
 ‹X‹ô Œ’£‹ ‘Œ‘šXšE/”ù;¦šŒ£š¢ªVŸ°©Ž;ïžð‹ °öF‹ï —  ‹1ï ž3¡©Ž‹†šŸãŒ‘¦‘©Ž‹ 3¡F£rš ;š G= ¥|
— š´ïš™/Œ‘š ‘ž;XšEš
šŒäž¡©Ž¦Œ‘‹·¿!¦‘XXšãšVŒ‘¡£šV£‹ŸŸ”X!¡1 ‹X‹8ô

î8DPQÒGRwðF761MGFHI8 †Œ¬ ¡¦!‹ F£‹ž3š£‹”ï ¦¬žð‹ — ¡ 3XšŒ‘ï X ;£8 3‹¿¦‘Œ — ;žžË𑋍X ¡ xz‡B§šŒ‘=;;ï‹”8Ÿ
| %=
ž¡Œ‘¸P ¡Œ‘X¡?X ¿Ÿñ šŒV£š 3šòò2¡£šr£r‹ï!šŒ‘8ò2š¡Œ‹«‹«X¦‘X!šš —  ‹ ï ïš —  ‹ï2‹Œ‘XšrŒ‘‹ŸŸF! ;‹ŸŸF£šr ¡¦‘XšŒ‘™ª
;ïï ¡ž3š;Xšž3š;ïž3¦Œ‘¡A;ŸŸ9$X©Žš™|Ÿš¡ 3‹
& š| |
— ¡ !µ£š¦‘ïžšXµE/‹ ï ¡”Ÿ²ï¡X!¡  ‹X‹”£r‹ ‘ŒšX²£;Ÿ —  3‹ ‘ïï ¡8ô
ƒ†‹Ÿ‘ž38ï ¨|
¡FšŒž¦‘š‘ïšE/‹ š žðš — š´£šã¦‘ŒÝ¦‘™|¦/™|Ÿš8Œ‘ò;ªïš‘ïž3‹™|Ÿš‹FŸñ šŒVï! ;£r;©Ž‹Œ!¡Až; ;X!‹ 3šò2ó
ò;!¡†£8Ÿ’„hK|KW j^XQ쓒„Z^\jÝ£š}=8š=ž¡šŒ‘žš£r‹Œ‘Xšª5¡ï µ 3‹Ÿ8!šE|¡¿;Ÿ —  3‹š|‘ï ï¡/ë~W;:ã‡ì;X|Kjô-zŒ‘¸P;X!šª
šŒ’!;Ÿ©Ž¡£r¡¿E/š‹Œ‘‹ —  ‹¸P‹1 šX°Ÿ°£rš ‹òš¡Œ‘‹ë3
W :u[ë3ZikWg-i\h’E|‹ 3Ÿ°£r‹ï!šŒ‘;òš¡Œ‘‹(|Œ‘;Ÿ‹8ô}z Œ’8ï ó
Éýž ÿ §

£+¨¦~¤©;£Ÿ¦r ª´ <-§š¢'
‡¡£Ÿ¢%(­¯¢=
¦‡µ²©Q® þ ©,\©k¢
‡§毩¬°/ç3¢ª§

£+¨©H¡¢ª©±­
‡ ª ª©-¡

?>'@->/>'A-A
ɟÁCB­J

£+
‡µk¢ª¦H¦‡¡«©¬§š¢%æ!毩毢³¦‡§š¢m¤¦‡§k¦‡¤¦k¢$u­¯¢§µ²¢ª« ¢ª©H¢¦/­‚¢m§¦+­‚¢
‡¡ ©¬§¦-¤ ¦
£¨¡

6©¡ ¢¤¢

­!
‡¡
§©¢ª§
‡¡©
¤  ª©;£r£
EDx¤ ¦‡§²¤© k©¬¤¢ (/­¯¢ F'@'@'GHFG§¦
­‚P¢ 
 ÷2ø8ø 9IKJLM
N . N 0;: M 2 I 454 L29ON 7 
9 N <?>@> 92&> MLIPJIµ9&9 <A> MM
N

ï ‹Œ‘ò³£š¦‘™/¦ã8™|Ÿš8Œãò‹µšŒE|‹ž‹ªšŸ — 8ž3žË𑋍!X¡Žö䚌¡Ÿ! ;X¡äšŒ =;8ï ‹²;£¬¦‘Œ –Zrû‚h3ì;ãY]^jì;] Z ªžËð‘‹

Xš — šž;©Ž‹Œ‘X‹· 3š©Ž;Œ£†Ÿ†£‹ž3šï š¡Œ‹·;£Ý¦‘Œµ 3¡¦‘X‹1 $X™|‹ 38 3žðšž;©Ž‹Œ‘X‹ — š´ä‹Ÿ‹E|8!¡
& ¶ 8ô ‚”

 ŽðFñR• ŽOQÑQFñDGPQD• ŽRRfDGCmŒ5RCTSuMFHRVU„MW Xš)ï ¡Œ‘¡Ý ¡¦!‹ ·ž¡ŸŸ‹™|8!š±£š 3‹!X;©Ž‹Œ‘!‹”ž3¡Œ Ÿ‹

V"(ƒªr‹Fž¡ŒG|™|¦ 3;Xš — ‹ «šŒ‘ïX 3;£r; ‹·ž¡   ‹X!8©Ž‹Œ‘X‹Fš — ;žžË𑋍!šã£š 3‹!Xš‘Ý£‹ï XšŒ‘;òš¡Œ‘šVŸ¡ž;Ÿš!ô
Xš|ï¡Œ¡ 6hëë~^\ZXG–jXGj™|Ÿš|šŒ‘ï! ;£r;©Ž‹Œ!š1E/‹ ï ¡#Ÿ‹
— ¡š8 ¡¦‘X‹ "ž3¡ŸŸ‹™/;Xš|ï¡Ÿ¡8£A;Ÿ! š| ¡¦!‹ ª/žËð‘‹
Eë3^j]Ljijmã ãYW~–W^jì;] W X|K¬žËð‘‹Až¡Œï ‹Œ‘!¡Œ‘¡A;šã 3¡¦‘X‹ £rš —  š©Ž¡·!š — ¡
 ‹Xš5Ÿ¡ž38Ÿšã©Ž‹£rš8Œ‘!‹F —— ¡ïšXš
£š+ëì0%ã WYiW%DD“hw^\Z/nZY\[^]\_\`\a ?cb _ t Ÿ‹« ‹ šr ;™/™|š¦‘ŒV™|š¥=;šŸš8£š 3‹!X;©Ž‹Œ‘X‹ª|‹£Ý;šr ¡¦‘X‹ &£‹Ÿï ‹ž3¡1Œ£¡
Xš — ¡·£šV¸P; 3‹?;Ÿ! ‹X!8Œ‘X¡·Œ‘‹šãž¡Œ¸
 ¡1Œ‘Xš£‹šŸ¡ ¡ — 8 3šXô
Vrñ šŒVï š‹©Ž‹ nP‹  3¡¦‘X‹ 
ª?Œ¡£rš«‹d[ @Ob t ™/‹ï!š!‹ £§¦Œ‘ ï X‹ïï  ¡ 3™/;Œ‘šòò2/ò2š¡Œ‹
£šï ¡!X¡1 ‹Xš
—  ‹Œ£‹’šŸ‚Œ¡©Ž‹£rš\e xì“] jšXGjš’„jì;[êú
™w[\]LZ\’ nZY b t ª&‹’Œ‹Ÿ=ï ¦¡;©„=;šX¡ï ¡Œ‘¡’8!XšE/š —  3¡ ¡ž¡ŸŸš‚£rš
 ¡¦‘XšŒ‘™†£r‹X!ššâ
X] Z^\W jšg ^ ffh]LZ-hfhš™{Ù/^j]Ljijmã [n ?pi t ª;žË𑋷£ršï! š¥=;¦‘šï ž¡Œ¡?Ÿ‹·šŒ‘¸P¡ ©Ž;òš¡Œ‘š£šV 38™|ó
™|š¦‘Œ™š¨=8šŸš¢ æ šŒ‘X‹ Œ‘5ô2"·Ÿž¦‘Œšã ¡¦!‹ #£š‘¦Œ‘¡·ï!‹ï ï¡jY b ï E/¡Ÿ™|¡Œ‘¡FšŸã ¡¦Ÿ¡·£šlkj^–GZg ^ ffh]L-Z hfhš™
nZm p t ªà‹Žž¡©Ž¦Œ‘šž38Œ‘¡µž3¡Œ šm p £ršà8ŸX 3šY b ©Ž‹£š;Œ!‹ä —— ¡ïšXš
 ô n]LZ\^W jo^ ffh]L-Z hfhš™ Ù/^j]LjijãL[
nZ_ ppi t ª — ¦=J=/Ÿšžšòò28Œã£r¡F;ŸŸñ ‹ï X‹ Œ‘¡FŸ‹ —  ¡ —  š‹Fï ¡!X¡  ‹!šª ——  ‹Œ£‹Œ‘£¡A£8™|ŸšV;Ÿ! šm p ŸÝ ;™|ó
™|š¦‘Œ™š¨=8šŸš¢ æ £r‹ŸŸ‹ï¡X ¡ ‹Xš‹ï!‹ 3Œ‹2ª8‹«£šï X 3š¥; = ¦‹Œ‘£r¡#!8Ÿš8šŒ¸
¡ 3©Ž8ò2š¡Œš;;š8 3¡¦‘!‹ =šŒ!‹ 3Œš!ô;†  Œ
ž¡© — šX¡ — ; !šž¡Ÿ; ‹«£r‹ŸŸñ _  p i 8
ª 
ö ;
ù 
¦ 
‹ 
Ÿ 
Ÿ &
¡ 
£ ;
š ;
 X
 X
 ‘
¦ ;
 
  
‹ ;
ù ‘
¦ /
 
Ÿ Ë
ž ‘
ð ‹ — 
¡ 
Ÿ 
š !
 
š 
ž F
 ‘
Π
‹ |
š 3
ž 
¡ ‘
ΠP
¸ 3
  1
¡ 
Π!
 |
š 
£ 
‹ “
Ÿ ] 
^ 
h
û Q
g ij
–GW]L^\hwXG[\W ]L¿ j ! ”£r¦‘‹qY b £ršE/‹ ï šV£8ŸŸñ Y b £ršãž¦‘šVšŸlm p ¸
 — ; !‹V ršŒŽ!8Ÿž38ï ¡ªšŸ —  3¡!¡1ž¡Ÿ¡ —  3‹Œ‘£r‹
šŸãŒ¡©Ž‹£š!k8j^–GZ? ^ ffhw] 5Z hfh™fÙ/^\jš] jši\jmã}Zn m  p i tô
V ñ  —— Ÿš¢ž;òš¡Œ‘‹³£‹Ÿgrs[ ? ` ž¡© — ¡  ;ª — ‹ ä¡™|Œšï ž;©„;= š¡³£ššŒ‘¸P¡ ©Ž;òš¡Œ‘š‚£š 3¡¦‘XšŒ™ª#Ÿ
r
Œ‘‹ž3‹ï  æ £rš;™|™/ 3‹™|8 3‹µ¡Ž£ršï;™|™/ 3‹™|8 3‹µš —  ‹‘ | ïï šà£šï¡X!¡1 ‹X‹ªàšŒ@©Ž¡£¡Ž£r¬©Ž8Œ‘X‹Œ‘‹ 3‹ä;Ÿ
©ŽšŒ‘š©µ¡·Ÿ”£rš©Ž‹Œ‘ïš¡Œ‘‹£‹ŸŸ‹?XJ; = ‹ŸŸ‹£šVšŒï X 3;£r;©Ž‹Œ‘X¡;ô

61ÑQKLFHŽIJMðF A‘¡ Œ‘8Œ‘£¡¿;ŸŸñ ‹ï;©Ž‹Ý£r‹ŸŸµ!%=;‹ŸŸä£rš — ;™Vô÷2ø 7 ª‘šŒ¬ž¦‘š)ŸäžËŸ;ï ï‹%t ž¡ï!šX¦‘šï ž‹

‹E/š£‹Œ!‹©Ž‹Œ!‹Ý¦Œ‘T$! šï ‹ E|&&£rššŒ£š 3šò2òš — ‹  — ¡X‹ ?‹¸P¸
‹ !¦; ‹¿ï — ‹ 3š©Ž‹Œ!8ò2š¡ŒšªŸµžËŸ;ïï ‹
… šŒ‘£ršE/š£r¦V 3’ ì“ã ] W ih[\]X¶
›ôv?¦‘;Œ£¡µ¦‘Œ Œ‘¡£¡Ž£r‹žš£r‹  ‹ä£š;£r‹ š ‹8£ ¦Œ
šŒE|‹ž3‹µ£‹š=ž;Œ;Ÿš
ž;Œ‘8Ÿ‹¤©Ž¦‘Ÿ!šž;ï XªšŒ‘E/š¢§¦‘Œ ©Ž‹ïï 8™|™/š¡ ¶‡ä šŒ X;Ÿ#ï ‹Œ‘ï¡ 8Ÿ —  3¡ —   š¡  ¡¦!‹  — š´˜E|šž3šŒ‘¡ªžËð‘‹
²ï ¦µE/¡Ÿ!µï š¡ž3ž¦ — ä£rš5šŒ¸
¡ 3©Ž8 3‹¿™|Ÿš5;Ÿ! š5 3¡¦‘X‹  ô6v ¦‘‹ï!š5¦ŸXš©Žš —  ¡E/E|‹£r‹  8Œ‘ŒV¡”ù8¦‘š¢Œ‘£ršª
ù;¦;Ÿ¢¡ 3?¡ï ï‹1 3E/šŒ‘¡=! ;Œ‘X; ‹&¦Œ — ;žžð‹X ¡&|E|‹Œ‘X‹&ž¡©Ž‹£r‹ï!šŒ‘8ò2š¡Œ‹&¦‘ŒAž;Œ‘8Ÿ‹=©Ž¦‘ŸXšž;ï!ª
;£ šŒ‘ï X ;£8 3Ÿ¡äE/‹ ï ¡ŽŸñ ð‘¡ï «;£r‹ ‹Œ!‹rô z Œ —  ‹ï‹1Œ‘ò2³£rš — š´ Œ‘¡£šàŒ‘‹ŸŸ³ï X‹ïï  XX¡1 3‹!‹šŒ
;ïž3¡ŸX¡A£‹ŸŸ¡Aï X‹ïï ¡†ž;Œ‘8Ÿ‹ªVï¡Ÿ¡A¦‘Œ‘Ýž¡ — š°£r‹š — ;žžð‹X š‘;XX 3|E|‹ 3ï‹  æ šŸ‘ ¡¦!‹ 0 㚟‘X 38¸ ‘ž3¡ |
©Ž¦‘ŸXšž;ï ¶ ‚è ‹E|šXÝšŒ¸
8!Xš£rš —  3š ‹F¦‘Œ‘¿ž3¡Œ‘Œ‘‹ï ïš¡Œ‘‹F£r‹£ršž;X — ‹ #¡™/Œ‘š£r‹ï!šŒ‘8!; š¡ªV©Ž”ï š
ï ¦££ršE/š£r‹?E/š†E|š”Œ‘‹ŸŸ† 3‹!‹Fï¡Ÿ¡?ù8¦‘;Œ£¡šV£r‹ï šŒ‘/!8 3šVï ¡Œ‘¡· ;™/™|š¦‘Œ‘™š ;šŸš£r”E|š‹£šE|‹ ï‹;ô ¥=

Û3Ü Û3ܾÝÜ Û u )F 8QRwCmPQRwF

•&šã¡žž3¦ — š;©Ž¡Fù;¦š£rš¦‘Œž;ï¡ — ; Xšž¡Ÿ; ‹F£š‘ ‹8Ÿšòò2;òš¡Œ‘‹F£‹š —  š©Žš‘£¦‹FŸšE|‹ŸŸ¢š£‹Ÿ©Ž¡£r‹Ÿ¡
zB}? å ó ? å B}zôE•&¡©Ž‹†;Œ!šžš — ;!¡· — ;™Vô=÷ ›;œ ªã©Ž¡ŸXš5Œ‘¡£š5£šz Œ!‹ 3Œ‘‹=ï ¡Œ‘¡†¦‘Œ‘šE¡ž;©Ž‹Œ‘!‹†šŒ‘£ršE/šó
£¦;Xš5£µ¦‘Œ¬šŒ‘£rš šòò2¡xvn t‚!ð‘‹ 3Œ‹ t £rš œ =%y|X‹¿žË𑋪ï‹=%=;‹Œ‘‹†ï šä¦Œ‘š¢ž¡”;Ÿ©Ž¡Œ‘£¡ª‘E|š‹Œ‹¿¦ï ;X¡

ìŸ Ê ,
..
‡§
 5 © ¥ ¦ +¦‡ ª¦‡«¢ª©­‚¢ñÿ § 
‡¡§
k¦
£r£¥©

£Ë£+
‡¡
ã©¬ 'š§
¨§
‡ ª ª©5+¡©3¨¢¤ ©‘

£Ÿ¢Y£+¨¦‡§¦5­!
‡¢xwzy0{c{c| }5{¢ª§
‡¡ §©毢³¦‡§©¬ ª¢
¤
£ ¦‡ ª«¦‡§¦6 ª © § 悢ý¦‡§
­‚l¢ ~4y0wC~€‚H}"4L+£ +¢ª§©{­‚¦‚¡£¥©¬ 
26%!­
‡ ª ª©8 ¡

¬¢ª§ 
‡¡¤¦‡§§

‡§w­‚à ¦ ¨¡©/ ª¦‡¡¦-¢%¤¦‡§ ¨¢ª§
‡§ ¨1¢
6 

§© 毢ª¦‡§+¢ 
ìŸÌÀÿ    
‚¡µ²¢ª§
Oƒ²… „‡†C|‡wzyxˆ5†ç~¢ £ k¢ª¡© ¥¦5©¬ ª' 
)¨¡ ©;£¥µ8¢Y£r£¥¢³¦‚§0¢ ~-{z€;y‰VwzyˆH†

© 
­¯©¬ ª' 
)
‡µ²¢ 
‡§ ¨¢
¡©;­¯¢ª ¦ 
‡ 
¢ £¥¢ 

ìý ü Š

­‚¢ª©¬§ 
~¢ª2  +¡ ¦ ¨¦‡¤¦‡ ª ª¦3;ÿ ‹ Š F4Œ;‚…† }5{c‚H}H†Ž{z€
Â q‘qy‚)y+5Å }5ƒ^}5‚…†'’\{z€†“€wz€„+6¬¤ 
3 ¦ 
‡¡ ©f£Ÿ ¦ k¡©Q ¦8+£ ¨¡© ¨¦3Pÿ 1¯µ8= © 4©
­¯%¢ %
‡ ¡
‡§ 毩±!­
‡  ”50156‰" © £¥¦6­‚¢J­‚© ¨©\«\¡ ©µ²µ8¢§¦‡§¡¢ £¥¤¦‡§ ¨¡© ¨P¢ £Ÿ¢ªµ²¢ª & µ
ठ
~©¬ ª ³´ <•)?

­©¬  ª´ ÿ 0 Š 1
ì+*C•~3 © ¨© ª´ ¢ª
µ +¦+£Ë£Ÿ%¢ .H¢ª ¢ (Q©+£ ¨© .¬¢ª ³¢ª ¡
±§/¤¦‡§ ¨¡ ¦‡ ª ¦8­¯…¢ –£r£À¦¤ ¦‡#
§ ¨¢¢J!­

£ ¨¢ª§© ¥©¬¡¢ ¯¢ª  ¨¡© -š¤¦3

µ   ¨¢ª¤©;^£ ;¢©¬««¢ª©
©¬ ª ª´ ¢ý§ 
‡¡§¦­¯¢ k©¬¤¤ 
¨¢ <•)1
0;:¾0;: IKJJ 
> —†< L9EL ÷ø;¹

ï ¡Ÿ;©Ž‹Œ!‹³Œ‹ŸŸñ /© „=;š!¡³£r‹ŸŸ V"{ƒ  ž¦‘š&šŸ=Œ‘¡£r¡¬ö³ž¡ŒŒ‘‹ïï ¡ª#šŒ ¥=

ù;¦/Œ‘!¡³Ÿ¨£šï X 3š ;¦ò2š¡Œ‹
©Ž¡Œ£š;Ÿ‹¿£r‹™/Ÿš)šŒ‘£š šòò2šEt&Xð‘‹ 3Œ‹ö¿ž38ï ¦;Ÿ‹¶C Hï ‹¿šŒ¸
8!Xš)ù;¦‘‹ï Xš±¸P¡ï ï‹ ¡°¦‘ï 8!šž¡©Ž‹°šŒ‘£ršó
J= š=J=;‹ 3¡‹ï ï‹ ‹«?ž3¡Œ‘¡ïž ‹Œ‘ò2?£šm]ñì“]L] WVš
 šòò2š|·ŸšE/‹ŸŸ¡&£š8 ‹X‹ª/Ÿ‹X 8‹ŸŸ‹#£rš8šŒ‘ï! ;£r;©Ž‹Œ!¡#£r¡E/ 3‹
;B %z
Œ‘¡£š|‹ïšï!‹Œ‘Xš¢¶;˜8ô H¦‘Œ!¦V;Ÿšò2òš¢;©Ž¡šŒ‘¡ŸX 3‹#žËð‹#¦‘Œ”Œ¡£r¡#£š Œ‘X‹ Œ‘‹ — ¦“‹ïï ‹1 ‹ž¡ŒŒ‘‹ïï ¡8ŸŸ¢
 ‹X‹¿8Œ‘žË𑋠— ‹ E|šÝX‹Ÿ‹¸P¡Œšž;ªV¡Až¡Œ’ïE|; š;!šã;Ÿ! š‘©Ž‹!¡£šË1ç ž3š‘Ÿš©ŽšXš;©µ¡Aù8¦‘šÝ£r‹ïž  šE/‹ ‹†šŸ
ž;ï ¡?£‹ŸŸ‹fV"{™
ƒ t&Xð‘‹ Œ‘‹!ª — ‹ 38ŸX 3¡ — ; !šž3¡Ÿ8 3©Ž‹Œ‘X‹·£š¸P¸
¦ï ¡8ô
t Xð‘‹ Œ‘‹šŒ‘£šE|š¢£r¦‘Ý¦Œ — 8 3Xšž¡Ÿ; ‹FXš — ¡F£š — ;žžË𑋍X ¡
&
›lœŸž¡ Oœ!›V¢…4ŸœŸ¢ž¡£sž¡¤'ž¥œ¦¥§©¨
£s4¨©›Vœ!¦¡¦¥œ9ªq¨…«5¢…¬ ­œ!›lœŸ4¢©œ›®ž¥£°¯ Livelli superiori
± œ!²l³'´s¦¡œ!«5¨o›Vœ!Ÿž^²l«5¢…µ¨…£sž¡¨
£s¨…4ž›Vœ©²l«5¢…;¢ ± ¢
¦¡¦¥ž›lž¡µ0¨
«-³'žŸ¶g·\´ ± ¯ š Trasporto
LCC 802.2
± ¨…³'³xž¡µ0œ!§©¨
£s4¨ #ž¡¦2¸v¢
«-§©œŸ¢?¹­³x4œ!4¢³'Ÿœ£s›lœ«-›Vž¥¤¤œ4¢›Vœ!¦¡¦¥º »¼¼¼­  Rete MAC 802.3
¨K²l¨
« ± ž¥½ ±5¾ ¨ ± žsž¡£s4¨…«5¨…³'³xœo¦¥¨K³'²l¨ ± ž¡¿ ±H¾ ¨K³'¢…£°¢KÀ!´s¨
¦¥¦C¨Kž¥›V¨…£s¯
Collegamento Codifica di linea
4ž¥¿ ± œ!4¨›Vœ!¦¡¦¥¨O³'ž¥Á¦¡¨­ÂÃ!ÄE¶ Ä7ŁÆÇpÈÉcÊsË\ÌÍÆ
ÉÏÎOÐÑgÇÎOÒlÓsÇÌÔ 2ÆÑÑÕ
Fisico
¨qÂÃ!ÖE¶ ÖףÑË\Ó\Ó\ÉcØ\ÓÙ·Ø\έÚØÙÛÝÜOÌ#ÒlÉcÞlÌlØTß×Ê\Ê\Ø\ÚÚ%¯Ñ?ÇÌlÌlɟ¯
ÚÉÏÇpÎáàKØsÒlØ\Ê\ÒÔ °Ñ·\ÛâßãÑ­àqÕ;¶
ÆœT¿sÁ´«5œT§©¢…³'Ÿ«5œäž¡¦s¦¡¨…Áœ!§©¨ Mezzo trasmissivo

4«-œTÀ!´°¨…³'Ÿ¨×›l´°¨×³xž¡Á0¦¡¨K¨×Á0¦¡žs³x4«5œ!Ÿž\›V¨…¦\§©¢
›l¨
¦¥¦¡¢l妡¢K³x4«-œŸ¢æÛâßKÑ瞡£ ± ´sž°³xžs«5¨…œ¦¥ž¡¤¤œ9ž¡¦°Ê\ÚèKËlãcÊ\é
ž¡£s›lž¡µ0žz›V´sœÍž¥¦sÛêØ\éÉcË9ßæÊsÊ\Ø\ÚÚâÑgÇpÎOÒlÓ\ÇÌ^¶
»;¦0§©¨…¤¤¢Ÿ«5œ!³'§©ž¥³'³xž¡µ0¢¹?´s£ ± œµ¢  ± ¢
œ!³'³xž¡œ!¦¡¨?¢ ± ¢…²V²lž¡œj³xž¡§©§©¨…4«5ž ± œ! #³'´s¦0À!´sœ¦¡¨g³x¢
£s¢ ± ¢…¦¡¦¡¨…Á0œŸž
4´sŸ4žE£s¢
›lž\›l¨
¦¡¦¥œTÆßKë7  ±H¾ ¨æ³'žì-í
îsïð-î°ñsí…î°í9ž¡¦\§©¨…¤¤¢Í4«-œ³x§©ž¡³x³'ž¥µ¢ sž¡£À!´°œ!£s4¢×µ0ž\²V´s½æŸ«5œ!³'§©¨…4¯
4¨…«5¨ä³'¢…¦¡¢T´s£Ý£s¢
›l¢T²l¨
«×µ0¢
¦¥4œE¶j»£s¢
¦¥4«-¨ Ÿ´°Ÿ4ž
ž£s¢
›lžp³x¢…£°¢Tž¥£Ýœ³ ± ¢…¦¡Ÿ¢T³'´s¦¡¦¥¢9³'Ÿ¨
³x³'¢ä§©¨
¤¤¢T²l¨
«
«5ž ± ¨…µ¨…«5¨ž²Vœ ±5±5¾ ¨…4;žœd¦¡¢…«5¢ò›l¨
³x4ž¡£sœ!4ž¥ «-ž ± ¢
£s¢
³ ± ž¥óž¥¦¡ž²V¨…«o¦¥œÙ²l«5¨…³'¨#£s¤œô›V¨…¦O²l«5¢…²l«'ž¥¢äž¥£°›lž¡«-ž¡¤¤¢
¼ ¾ ¨
«-£°¨…£s¨
¦ ± œ§©²l¢æ›l¨
³x4ž¥£°œ!¤ž¡¢
£s¨¶Eõæ£Ù²Vœ ±5±H¾ ¨…4Ÿ¢Í¼ ¾ ¨
«-£s¨
O²l´°½Íž¡£s¢
¦¥4«-¨×«5ž¥²V¢…«5Ÿœ«-¨Í´s£ž¡£s›lž¡¯
«5ž¥¤¤¢7›lž›l¨
³x;ž¡£sœ¤ž¡¢
£s¨7²lœ!«54ž ± ¢…¦¡œ!«5¨ !›V¨…4Ÿ¢ö›lž÷­ø-í
ùlñsì5ùlú5ï4  ±H¾ ¨û¢…óó!¦¡žzÁ0œqïHüïïý°žV£°¢…›VžV²l«5¨…³x¨
£s4žlœ!¦¡¦zœ
«5ž ± ¨…¤ž¥¢
£s¨j›V¨…¦Ô²lœ ±-±H¾ ¨
;Ÿ¢¶

þûÿÿ
 




!#" $ ´°œ!£s›V¢9´s£ê²Vœ ±-±H¾ ¨…4;¢T»&%çÁ0ž¡´s£ÔÁ¨âœ›Ù´s£ê«5¢…´°Ÿ¨
«c 
¨ê¦¡º žz£s›lž¡«5ž¥¤¤¢ô&» %™ž¥£°›lž ± œ ±H¾ ¨êž¡¦g›l¨
³x4ž¥£°œ!4œ!«-ž¡¢ê¹ ± ¢
£s£s¨
³x³'¢êœ›ç´s£°œ ›V¨…¦¡¦¥¨ôÆßKë ›Vž¥«5¨…4;œ§©¨…£s4¨
«5œ!Á0Áž¥´°£Áž¡ó!ž¡¦¥ž
›Vœ!¦«-¢
´s4¨#(« '&)x OÀ´s¨…³'Ÿ¢äž¡£sµ0ž¡œ ³x´ À!´s¨
¦¥¦¡œ ÆßKë ´°£ ²Vœ ±5±5¾ ¨…4;¢+*ø-í
ùlñsì5ùlú5ïÏ ­³'´ ± ´sž
µ0ž¡œ!ÁÁ0žzœj´°£sœq«5ž ±5¾ ž¥¨
³x4œ­ ß ,#%©ÅZË\épéÓ\Ø\ÚÚKÓ\Ø\Ú0ÇÌlÜOÒlÉcÇÎêÞlÓsÇ
ÒÔÇÊ\ÇÌlÕv 2œ!¦¡¦¥¢³ ± ¢…²l¢g›Vžž¡£s›Vž¥µž¥›V´sœ«-¨
¦¡º ž¡£Ô›lž¡«-ž¡¤¤¢?¼­ ¾ ¨
«-£°¨…E›V¨…¦0£s¢…›V¢gœ ± ´sž0¹?œ!³'³x¨
Á0£sœŸ¢¦¥º ž¡£s›lž¡«5ž¥¤'¤¢g&» %ä›lž›V¨…³'Ÿž¡£sœ¤ž¡¢…£°¨?›l¨
¦²lœ ±-±H¾ ¨
Ÿ¢
œ!«5«-ž¡µœ!Ÿ¢Ùœ!¦?«5¢…´°Ÿ¨
«)¶ ·\¨d4œ!¦¡¨ô£°¢…›l¢Ù¹Ù²l«5¨…³'¨#£s4¨ô¨
› ¢
²l¨
«xœ!4ž¥µ¢ g«-ž ± ¢…£s¢
³ ± ¨ ±H¾ ¨Ù¦¡œ «5ž ±H¾ ž¥¨
³x4œ ¹
›lž¡«5¨…4ŸœKœj¦¡´sž¡ 2¨
›æž¥£°µ0ž¡œö´°£%²lœ ±-±H¾ ¨
Ÿ4¢7›lž0«-ž¡³x²V¢…³'Ÿœ ± ¢…§©´s£°ž ± œ!£°›l¢?ž¡¦²l«5¢…²l«'ž¥¢?ž¡£s›Vž¥«5ž¡¤¤'¢g¼ ¾ ¨
«-£°¨…4 
±H¾ ¨jµž¥¨
£s¨ö§©¨…§©¢
«-ž¡¤¤œ!4¢j›lœ¦l«-¢
´s4¨#«ž¡£©´s£°œÍœ²l²l¢
³xž¡4œo4œ!ó!¨
¦¥¦¡ œ '-'¶
. ²l¨
«-œ¤ž¡¢…£°ž³'ž¡§©ž¥¦zžE³'¢…£s¢Í³xµ¢…¦¡Ÿ¨Í›lœâ¢…Á£s´s£°¢×›l¨…ž£s¢
›lžE›l¨
¦¡¦¥œTÆßKëû ¢
Á0£°žµ¢…¦¡Ÿœ ±H¾ ¨Í›l¨…óó!œ!£°¢
ž¡£sµ0ž¡œ«-¨æ´s£ ²lœ ±-±H¾ ¨
4;¢×œ!›ò´°£œ!¦¡Ÿ«5¢æ£s¢…›V¢Í›Vž¥«5¨…4;œ!§©¨
£s4¨ ± ¢
£s£s¨
³x³'¢oœ¦¥¦zœT³'Ÿ¨
³x³œT«-¨
Ÿ¨Í¦¡¢ ± œ!¦¡¨!¶^·E¨

/102435768693:<;=:&>?@5A(BCD>EFC9GCIHJGK:MLNCI:&>:#EF:&?@?@OJB>OPRQTS9U(V WYXVV[ZX\V[]V UU(VQV S_^R^`WbadcNe-fgfihThjkl(ll(mnfokqp[r

/1stiu GO&>?@35(3CDO9vwC u 68573?@CIxFCyO&>5(z!:&>?@OEF: uIuD{ CI>TE-CI3CIxFx-O
|d} CI>3:&?@:<~7>O8E-Ob68:&3z!:&?@?@:EFCB?@C u CIx-xF53:?€5((: uIu :‚EFC3O&B?@CI>ƒ
EFCEFCIz„:&>;=CDO->C8ƒ7:8;€?@CI(C u Cdr
/=… t EYO&ƒN>C69O&3?@5†E-: u 3O&B?@:&3ˆ‡M5q;n;€O-GCD57?@5B>5‰GO-6869CD5†;=O&?@?@O&3:-?@:&Š1z„5q;=GK:-35#aDL7:8E-C695(ƒr_‹(Œ((pGK:„EF:<;=G3CILN: uI{ CD>\;RCI:<Ž
z„:EF:&ƒ u CqCI>EFCD3CDxFxFCiEFCD3:&?@?@5(z„:->?@:GO&>>:8;‘;=C_5 uIu 5‚69O&3?@5qr ’_5“LN:-3CD”G5•EFCT35(ƒNƒNCIB>ƒNCy(C u Cy?@–‚a[ObS9XV S_—R˜NZUnSp9‡#5(?€?@B5N?€5
z„:&?€?@:&>EFO‰CI>‚fi™h uI{1š m“EFCEF:<;€?@CI>5(xFCIO&>:
GO&> u :z„5q;=GK:-3:8v:bGO&>›[3O&>?@5(>EFOC u 3Cd;=B u ?@5(?@ObGO&>A(B: uIu O!hke<e { fi™h“?@35
u :Jz„5q;=GK:&3:J:Jƒ u C8CI>E-CI3CIxFxFC_E-: uDu :;=O&?@?@O&3:-?@CGO uIu :&ƒN5(?@:9r
/=/œJ57?@OGžK:iC7>O<EFC769O<;‘;=O&>Oi:<;n;€:&3:;=68O8;€?@5(?@Cdvd69O<;‘;=O&>OiG5(z!(CD573:b;€GK:<E-5#EFCN3:-?@:: 68O<;n;€O->OiG5(z„(CI53:CI>EFCI3CyxFxFO|d}
5q;n;€:&ƒN>5?@O&ƒ u Cdv u 5
GO&33Cd;=68O&>\E-:&>x-5
|Ÿ}ˆŽ 2i?@K:&3>:&?T‡Y?@B?@? { 5 u ?@3OYGK:EFB357?@B35qv:<EˆO&ƒN>C83CIƒN5‚EF: uIu 5b?@5((: uIu 5 ti  }†CI>EFCyG5
5(>GžK:A(B5>E-O¡;=C;=CD55768693:<;€5 u 5¢GO-33Cd;€69O&>EF:&>xF5qvqCI>£z„O8E-O£E-569O&?@:&3;€?@57(C u CD3:†B>5+;€G5qE-:&>xF5qvq:<E“:&›D›[:&?@?@B5(3:
>BO-L757z„:&>?@: u 53CIGžKCI:<;€?@569:&3iLN:&3CI”G5(3:#;€:#;=O&>OYCI>?@:-3LN:&>B?@C8G5(z!(CI5(z„:&>?€C<?@O-68O u O&ƒNCIGCdr
¤ :YC u >O<EFOYK5bG57z„(CI5(?@Oˆ|d}vz„5b>O&>#C u >O-z„:8v7;=5(3–MC u9¥_¥ ’¡EF: u œJ¦ ¤ aDz„5(>?@:->B?@Oˆ57ƒ7ƒNCIO&3>5(?@Oˆ69:&3C u E-O-z„CI>CIO§E-: u
>O<EFO<p5693O&LNO&G5(3:
C u 3CI>>O&LNO#EF: uIu 5
3CIGKCI:<;=?@5“EF: uIuD{ CI>E-C13CIx-xFO9r
÷2ø œ 9IKJLM
N ¨gNª© : Mi«^I¬
¬L29ONb­59N <?>@> « > MLIPJIµ9&9M® > MM
N

;Ÿ5ž¡Œ!  8 3š¡†Ÿñ ¯-° £rš£‹ï!šŒ‘8ò2š¡Œ‹¿Œ¡Œ¤¸
 — 8 3X‹”£r‹ŸŸµï X‹ïï ²±"³«ªãšŸ — 8ž3žË𑋍 !¡¿ö”šŒ‘E/š¢;X¡”;Ÿ
´µ û-¶3ì“ãd·8K¶· µ h ¶¸Hô

¹bº »1•½¼¾ºÀ¿
Á^b¼ ÂÂ!8þw¾-º ¯ Ÿ — 8ž3žË𑋍!X¡Kt&Xð‘‹ 3Œ‹"ö?™|‹Œ‹ ;X¡·£8ŸŸñ ±M±
ħ‹·£8ŸÅâ"āª;¡™|Œ¦‘Œ‘¡

£‹šù8¦‘/ŸšVšŒ‘ž — 撚Ÿ¢”šŸ — ;žžË𑋍!X¡ ¯&°¬ž3¡ŒŽŸ‹ —  ¡ —  3š‹FšŒ‘¸P¡ ©Ž;ò2š¡Œ‘š£š —  ¡X¡1ž3¡ŸŸ¡8ô
³†‹ŸŸÇÆ™|¦‘ ³ö©Ž¡ï! ;X¡šŸ 3šó
ÈCRC ï ¦ŸX;X¡‘ Æ Œ‘8Ÿ¢‹&£r‹ŸŸ‹‚¡ — ‹ ;ò2š¡Œ‘š!ô¯ Œ
É7 byte
Preambolo Delimitatore Ê6 byte
Ind. Dest. Ê6 byte
Ind. Sorg. Ë2 byte
Lunghezza Dati LLC Ì4 byte
1 byte
X‹ï! X 3¡E|š;©Ž¡ÀÎÇÏ/ Ð !‹£ršÑJÒ µ ¶ÓÕÔ
Í SSAP ÈControllo Öן1 Ö ªàŒ‘‹ž3‹ï ï; š¡Ž — ‹ ©Ž‹X ‹ ‹Ÿ
DSAP Pacchetto IP
1 byte 1 byte 1 o 2 byte N byte ï šŒ‘ž ¡Œ‘šòò2/ò2š¡Œ‹?£r‹ŸŸñ ¡ 3¡Ÿ¡™|š¡?£r‹Ÿ
Ø Ù
 šž‹ /‹Œ‘X‹?ž¡Œäù;¦‹ŸŸ¢¡?šŒµX ;ï ©Žšïï š¡Œ‹ £;X¡«žð‹?ŸAï šŒ‘ž 3¡Œ‘šò2ò;òš¡Œ‘‹« šžËð‘š‹£r‹?¦ŒµX‹© — ¡?Œ¡Œ
Œ‘¡!¡F —  š¡ 3šª¦ŒÕÏ/ Ð !‹?£šÚ¶’ Û ï ‹™/Œ‘8Ÿ†Ÿñ šŒ‘š¢òš¡?£‹Ÿ — 8ž3žË𑋍! ¡8ôH Ü  ¡/Ø š8©Ž¡?ù8¦‘šŒ‘£š™/ŸšÝdÞ ´ ÝdÒ7ÝIß(ß_Ý
à·žá µ Ò7Þ µ ·£ršHï¡ ™_âã äFââ°£âï9äXš€ãå;òš¡ãâªJ£¦â£ÏÐ_ä‘â°žËðⲚ€ã‘£šž7åT㑡ݟ€å²×-æ_Þ_Û á µ ß(ß_¶¨£âŸŸ€å’ 7âï9ä‘åã äFâ
— 8 å  7ä‘âA£âŸ — å8ž3žËðâäFäX¡ªâAù8¦‘šR㑣ršŸñ š@ãž7å — ï ¦ŸRå;©Õâãä!¡·£âš£åäXš —  3¡£¡ä-ä!šã£å;ŸŸñ ±
±MÄ«ô¯-㒸P¡㑣r¡ªVï ¡㑡
—  N â ï(âãXä šø¡ÏÐqäFâ?žð â· Nâå;Ÿšò2ò8å_ã¡·šŸçNÖÞ·ÒNÖ×ž×ŸÖ ´ Ý µ ÒNÒ7ÖÒ µ ô
± ñ ±b±MÄ š€‘ã ï(â  šïž7·
r ⠚@ã Ø_⠞Nâ ªVš€ãÀäFâ ï9ä‘åè;å Ÿ — ;å žžËðâä‘!ä ¡•¯-8° ªr£¦? ⠚@ã £š 3šò2òš\Ôé eêìë b _s`\]ˆcí r\_ Y\r\r\_ b0b
iî íO ï a ð £ršJï¡ ™_âãäFâè” â £â ï9Xä š@ã ;å ò2š¡ãâ ªžËð°
â  Nå ——  7â ï91â ï(âã äFåT!ä ¡ÝšŸ)ž3¡£šž7° â £\⠟ —  ¡™| (;å ©Ž©Õµ å £Ž å ž¦‘š
—  ¡/ Ø š@âãâ‚â £ · å ž3¦š8ö#š€‘ã £rš šòò8å_Xä ¡šŸ — 8å ž3žËðâä&Xä ¡Ù ö#ù;¦š8žËð# â ïš8ï — ⠞3š€‘Æ žNF å ù;¦/å Ÿ€â —  ¡Xä ¡1ž3¡ŸŸ¡#£rš8ï(!ä  NåXä ¡
ï ¦ —  â  3š¡ N·
â ö«š@㠞7å — 撚Ÿ€å_Xä ¡ëd;å £¡â ïô ª\¯-³ ° ¡£q"¢ñ!°bð ô9³ ⠟žN;å © — ¡«£šTçNÖÞ ·ÒNÖ×d×ŸÖ — ¡ï ï ¡‘ã ¡†â ïï9â  9â†åT‘ã žËðâ
¡ï — š€ä‘å! ä š§‘ã ¦©Õâ  š£šï9â ù;¦â‘ã ò8å — â  ”šàžN;å žð  ⠟¡ — ¡ïï9åã ¡Ž šžËðš@â £â  (â ª§â £¨š€ãÆ ãiâÕ!ä  ¡/Ø š@8å ©Ž¡ŽšŸ
— 8å ž3žËðâäFä ¡¯-° ¡ š™|š€ã;å  š¡8ô

ò º óžóžÁnôÁnº õ‰Ã Ä#ö÷Õâ•åã äFø€ù7ø€úåTäFö8ûiø€üˆ÷Õâòò<ö•ä‘ý7å8ï9÷Õøï ï(ø@ØqöAö4ø€ãþù7ö÷Õÿã â ùNöã ä‘ÿäFä‘øˆøˆãö
ø€ûiâ
ÿãó
ùÿ âäï(øöŽï(äFÿ
ø€åäFå ÿ ãå úåýNäFø€ùNöü€åýNâï9öü€ÿ‘ò<ø€öã â²ø€üùNÿø‰ãö÷ÕâÕĈÅâ"(žÄ ø€ã
ø@ùNå ùð âÀüñ e†ç7ç µ Ö
 æ_×d·žÝDÑJןÖ4å_Ø_Øqø@âãâ¢ø€ã
ÿâ
då;ï(øŸ úýNø€÷Õå
øiäFýNå;ï(÷Õâä‘äFâýNâ8ûVï9øå8ï9ùNöü€ä‘åÝï9âã öãÀØqøï(ø@åqø ÝùTÿåqü€ù7ÿã ö
ù ðâä‘ý78å ï9÷ÕâäFä&âëž?
Ë Ä Y\`s`ˆíc_\`^_ˆï b _ˆðŸûâ
ÿýNåãä‘â¢ü€å£ä‘ý7å8ï9÷Õøï ï(ø@öãâ8ûVï(øØ_âý7ø€ÆùNå£ùËðâ•ãâï ï(ÿãÀåü€ä‘ý7ö
ï9ä‘ø€å£äFýN; å ï(÷Õâä‘ä&âã
öùNöã äFâ÷ÕúöýNåãâå÷Õâãä‘âëÄ î  í b í î  ï K_\al_sr\að ô°YâýNä‘åãä‘ö8ûö qãø ã ö
öù ð â

âÏÏTå äFýN;å ï(÷Õâä‘ä&âýN’ â ï(ø#úöãâþú\ý7ø€÷Õå ø€ã ;å ï(ù7öü@ä‘ö8û#’ â ï9âÀö ï ï(âý7Øqå Ëù ð
â qø ÇØ_= ø ï9öãöþä‘ý7;å ï(÷Õø ï ï(ø@öãø
ø€ã½ù7ö3ý ï(öû
åä‘äFâã
âÿã½ä‘â÷Õú\ö²ùN;å ï(ÿåTü@âèâ+ýNø@ú\ý7öØ_å ôÿ åã
öäFýNöØqå ø€üb÷Õâ ò2ò8T ö $Fü€ø€ÏâýN…ö &‘ûø€ãø ò(ø€åþå
ä‘ý7;å ï(÷Õâä‘ä‘âý7â8û÷Õå+ùNöã äFâ÷ÕúöýNåã âå÷Õâãä‘â•Ø_âýNø€ÆùNå²Ëù ðâ ãâ ï ï(ÿã åü€äFýNö•ø@ã ø ò8ø² å ï9ÿ åØqöü€ä‘åü€åèäFýN;å ó
ï9÷²ø ïï9ø€öã l ö ŸåTäFä‘ö¡ú\ÿ  åù7ùNå
âýNâ8ûYø€ã Øqø@ýNä 
âüYäFâ÷Õúö
øˆúýNöúiå q;å ò(ø€öã â  ¢ãöãÇãÿ ü@üö<ûˆâ
â ùÿ â ï(äF

âäFâý9÷Õø€ãå¢ÿ ã£úâýNø€ö
ö†ë
âäFä&ö
øqç7ÖÞ· µ  ¶ û_â“Ëù ðâ
ø€úâã
â
åü€ü@å÷Õ;å ï ï(ø€÷Õå¢ü@ÿ ã ðâ ò2ò8å
âüù7å_Ø_öð
âã äFýNö¢ø€ãü ùTÿåüâ¢ÿããö
ö¢ú!ÿ ¢âý7ýNöãâå÷Õâãä‘âù7ýNâ
âý7âù ð â¢ãâ ï ï(ÿãåü€äFýN· ö ï9ä‘ø€å¡ä‘ý7;å ï(÷Õâä‘ä‘âã
8ö ô
ÿåTü@öý7å ï9ø€åýNø@ü€âØqåä‘å¢ÿã åù7öãä‘â ï(åûqø
ÿ â‚ãö
8ø ï(÷Õâä‘äFöãö
øTä‘ý7;å ï(÷Õâä‘ä&âý7â8ûqâ‚ýNø@ú\ý7öØ_åTã ö ï(öü€ö

öúöÿ ãå•åä‘äFâ ï9å
ø
ÿýNåäFå4ù78å ï9ÿ åü€;â ô

"§»¼ô$#½ÁnôôÁºõà ¯&üï9â$_ã åü€â ýNâü€åä‘ø@Øqö åTü“ú\åùNùð âä&ä‘öêt!äXðâý7ã âä¡Ø_ø€âãâÇäFýNå;ï(÷Õâïï9ö å
öäFä‘åã
ö
ÿã å£ù7ö
ø€ÆùNå
øiü@ø€ãâå
øä‘ø€úöÅ åã ùð âï(äFâý
ø% & dâý7âãò<ø€å_ü€â8ô±bå¡ù7öãÆqÿýNå;ò8ø@öãâ¢ùNöãþä‘ÿä‘äFøˆøiãö
ø
ùNöü€ü@â$_ åTäFø#ï9ÿ
ø‚ÿã ö¬ï(äFâï ï(ö ùNåTØqö ö
âä‘äF彶çˆæ  û„â ï(öãö¬ï9ä‘åä‘â ùNöãø€åä‘â åúú\öï(ø@ä‘â ï(øqü@â úâý
ø
âã äFø€ÆùNåýNâþø€ü#ä‘ø@ú\ö
ø!ùNöã ãâïï9ø€öã â8û„ùNö÷Õâ å
âï9â÷Õúø€ö ÷#ãî?Y b _(' â§÷#îY b _()û!ý7âü@åTäFø€Ø_âþåTü
*,+.-/0 12/3547689:479;6=<><%1?6.@?A †z|‡wC 0 6 @'ACBD @E68A;@?9;471?FGH0 1JI2K79;I26ML6MN1E9 3AOK71P<%/$@QF6H01R SMT!U T>V=WYXZA;FK71?[\<\A;479;309J]-/0 1
/36:@?/3L^A N N6501`_MaMaXZA;FK71 D 9 47479;K7K>9;39bRc,TedOf`gh>iI2A;K74j^$kO/3l<%A;L36M@?Ab<%1IJK79;I26ML^1`06/$3mAn<\FK7A;X9O6M@?@?o 6.@?FK79J].pO6MF9
4j^$Ak:I2A;K7XAq<e<%9m01n479;3L1?/3LA;K7A(r3$9O6s_t<%A;LXZA 3F1u01nK7A;FA(IJA;K!XA;NN 901$Kj1EI2A;F1?F9;K71 D A:4j^$A6M3$4j^o An<e<%1J1?3FK79n0/479;3$9
/3vK71?F6MK09 D <\1Mkm<\F6MwM1Q@?1?F9x4y^AO@?6X1E3$1EX6@?/3L^A NN 60 12/$3mI26M474y^A;FF9Oz{F^A;K73A F!0 A wMwM6AJ<><\A;K7Am01}|>~wMFA D 4j^$AO6M@?@Q6
8A;@?9;471?FG€0 1=FK76=<%XZ1P<e<1?9;3$AH0 1‚Ma:ƒlwM1QF[\<\A;4O479 K7K71P<%I29;30Ab6`0(/3$6„0/K76MF6l01!…†2c †tf`g>h>i D L6K76M3FA;3u0 9479n<\‡=4j^AH<\AH<\1qk
8A;K71?r476F6b/36b4j9;@E@?1P<ˆ1?9;3A D @?A50/A:IJ6K7F1J1E35476M/<\6CI29n<><\6M39O6M4j479;K7LA;K<\A;3A2]
©‰[©‰‹Š
ŒCŒŽ‹€J‘O ’J“ Î
ùNöü€ü@â$_åT÷Õâãä‘ö
ø‰Ïåã
åþÏåY”9â+å ’n• Å Ïúu”7û”(ÿªùNåTØqö£·Ýd痖 ⣷á ÝŸÞ ;˜ ûbù7öã â$”9ä‘âã!”9ø€öãâ÷Õå”M”9ø€÷Õå
' •Y• „ â ) •• ÷Õâä‘ý7ø% ™Yš

›(œ ›(œžœžŸ J¹ ¼ô¾#á ¡Á7¢¼!£MÁž¾5¤¾—¥‰Ã\»õ‰Ã\¾

Å âã äFýN⡔9øMúýNöú\öãâØq姦¨© ù7ö÷Õâ+ÿã 委9öü@ÿ!ª<ø€öã â£ø
öã âåþú\âý
«Tÿå”(øMä‘ÿä‘äFø_ü€ø
å÷²ÏøRäFø€ûMü€åÀäFâù¬
ä ¯åèø€ãùNý7â÷Õâãä‘åä‘ö•ü@åèØqâü€öùNø€ä +äFýNå ”(÷Õø”M”9ø€Øqå
øˆÿ㧠ŸåTäFä‘öý9â•ú\åý7ø åè÷Õø@ü€ü€â<û⋔(ø
ãöü@ö$_ø€å®­!>ä ¯âýNãâv
úýNöú\öãl⠔9â÷ÕúýNâú%ø ²ùNö÷Õ
⠔(öü€ÿ ª8ø@öãs
â _âãâýNåü€%ø ªnª8åä‘Oå š

¹J¼ô¾5¤¾.¥Ã»õþ ³ âü ’n°Y° '²±€”9ä‘åä‘ö
âÆ ãø€äFöü@ö

”(äFåTã
åTý
í7³x³x³µ´ • )!š ¶Tÿ
âäFä‘öm·‰¶  ·à·žá µ Ò7Þ µ ·nû
.ù ¯â4âü€âØqå²ü€åØqâü€öùNø€ä
øYäFýNå”(÷Õø”M”9ø€öã â4å ’J•• Å Ïú”â
ø€÷Õúø€â_å
ÿâ
ø€Ø_âý”(øJùNåTØqøO¸v¨¹!Jº!úâý
ü€â
ÿâ
ø€ýNâ ª8ø@öãø
øTäFýNå”(÷Õø”M”9ø€öã â8ûýNâã
âã
öü€å•ùNö÷Õÿ ãø€ù7åYª<øRöãâ»<æqן×dÔ ´ æ9ÑJ× µe¼ š¯&㮫Tÿâ$”9ä>½ åT÷ÕÏøRä‘ö
”9öã
âÆãø€äFøˆxø ”(%ø ”9ä‘â÷Õø ’`•¿¾ ¦xÀY³(Á ⠒=•!•¿¾ ¦xÀY³(ÁûˆýNâü€åä‘ø€Ø_øˆåü€ü½ ÿ”(ö
âüYùNåTØqö¸v¨¹Àåãª8ø€ù¯!±
øˆÿã
ùNöå ”M”9ø€åü€â8ûâ„ú\ý7âØ_â
öãö!ÿãåäFöúöü€ö qø@傶  · µ ן×d¶£úâý‰ü€å¿± ¢³ûýNâåTü@ø%ªnª8åä‘å†ÿ äFø€ü€øªJª(åã
ö„ÿã å†ÿ ãø€ä
ùNâãä‘ý7åTü@â£ë
âä‘ä&§ å Ã5¸vÄxÅÓÕÖß(ß_Ö ´ ÝbÒæqÖ·ž¶ ð
åÀù7ÿ ø ”(ø
ø€ú\åý7ä‘öã öèäFåTãä‘ø
ùNåTØqø@ûˆö _ã ÿãö¡ù ¯ âèù7öü€ü@$â _å
ÿã+ÿã ø@ùNöãö
Yö š³ âüùNå ”(ö
øÿ ¡ ã Ãm¸vÄþâù7öã ö÷Õø€ù7ö8Yû «ÿ ⠔(äFl
ö ”9Ø_ö%ü _s â dÿã ª8ø@öãø
øý7ø€úâäFø€äFöý9â
⠔9öü@ö†ü@s
ëdý7ø€äFýNå ”(÷Õâä‘ä&âä‘ÿä‘ä‘
⠔9ÿ â¢úöý7ä‘âð â
ÿ ã «ÿâ¢ü€âùNöü€ü€ø ”(ø@öãøú$ö ”2”(öãöåãùNöýNå¡ØqâýNø@Æ ù7Yå ”9>ø š
ö ”9ÿÕä‘ÿä‘äFâü@l

ÆÇsÈÊÉ{ËÕÁn¾wÂ`¥ €½ åTü@ä‘ýNåÕúåTý7ä‘â8ûJø
ø”(úö$”9ø€äFø€Ø_ø
âäFä‘ø(Äẍí7ÍCγ ö  ¦ˆïÏÀYÐèí7¨Ñxà ¶Ñ\ÑMÒ µ Þ ´ ÖÞÖ
åTø

úåTù7ù.¯ âäFä-ø“ø€ã äFýNåã!”9ø€äFöÒ_ü€ø„ø@ã
ø€ý7ø%ªJª<ø„âä¯ âýNãâä
âø“ã ö
øùNöü€ü@â$_åTäFø‚åü€ü€âÇú\öýNäFâ8û†â
âØqø@ä‘åãö
ø
ýNø@ä‘ý7åY9” ÷ÕâäFä‘âý7â!øqú\åùNù.¯âä‘ä&ø=”9ÿ ü@ü€â!ú\öýNäFâ
öØ_âÞ ÖÞ  ÝT·ÒNÖÓ¶£ø@ü
â$”9ä‘ø€ãåä‘åýNø@öYš`åä‘ö!ù.¯â_ýNåã úåýNäFâ

âü‰äFýNåd ÆùNöÔ ± ø€ãØ_ø€åqäFöØ_âý(” öÕø€üÛ ¶· µÕ ¶¸
âü€ü@å ±¿Â¢³ûJü@ö¡ÀYСí7¨Ñxà åTúúýNâã
â²ø@ãÖ dý7âä&ä‘åµ”(ÿ ù¯ â
úöý7ä‘宫 ÿ â(” äFö„(” ø ä‘ý7öØ_ø€ûùNö(” ø@ùNù.¯ ± ä‘ÿä‘äFøiø úåTù7ù.¯ âäFä‘ø
â”(äFø€ãåä‘ø åTü@ü%½ â$”9ä‘âý9ã ö¢ãö㧔(öãöýNø€äFýNå”(÷Õâ”M”9ø
9” ÿ!_ ü€øˆåü€äFýNøˆýNå÷Õø âü€ü@å+±¿
 ³ûiâ
ø€üˆä‘ý7åYŸ Æ ù7ö4äFýNå²øˆã ö
øYùNöã ãâ”M9” øYåTü@ü€öÀ}¡ Ð í7¨Ñx
à ãöãµ(” øYúýNöú\å_ å
åüýNâ(” ä&ö
âü€ü@å4±¿  ³²š
±båü@ÿ ã¿`¯ â$ªn8ª å÷ÕåY”2(” ø@÷Õå
âøJù7öü@ü€âq å÷ÕâãäFøO4 ± öýNå²ýNø
öä‘ä&åå ’J•• ÷Õâä‘ý7ø€ûYú\âý†ø@üˆ÷ÕöäFø€Ø_ö4ù.¯ â
ÿã+úåTù7ù.¯ âä‘äFö
ø
ø€÷Õâã!9” ø€öã â÷Õø€ãø€÷Õå
øu× “ ÏTÐ_ä‘â†ä‘ýNå9” ÷Õâ$”2(” öå ’n•Y• Å ÏúN” ûqø€÷Õúø€â$_ å•ÿã+äFâ÷Õúö
ù.¯ âH±ÙØ
ø« ÿ âü€ü@ö!ý7âü@åTäFø€Ø_ö“åTü@ü€åØqâü€öùNø@ä>
ø ’J• Å ÏúN” ûâsT« ÿøRã
øú\âý§ùNöã(” âã äFø€ý7â“ü€å
âäFâ$<ª ø€öã â
ø
ùNöü€ü@ø%”9ø€öØyÚ ãâ8ûu”(ø¿±
öØqÿä‘å¡ýNø
ÿýNý7â
øiú\åýNøi÷Õø%”9ÿ ý7å ü€å¡÷Õå”M”9ø€÷Õå
ø”(ä‘åãª8å ä‘ýNå£ãö
øäFýNå”(÷Õø@ä‘äFâãä‘øš

 ¡Á7¢¼{£MÁ¾€¤¾—¥‰Ã»õ‰Ã¾ ³ âü(_ø€ÿ_ãö ’J°° ´ÀØ_ø€âã Ⲕ(äFåTã
åTý
øªJª<åTäFö4ü½ íe³x³³Ö´ • )Oš ¶ª8ûˆù.¯âèú\öýNäFåÕå

’Û Ïúu¡ ” ü€å Ø_âü@öù7ø€ä>
øäFýNå”(÷Õø”M”9ø€öã â
âü€ü@âä‘ý7å÷²âÔ­!ä>¯âý7ã âä‘û‰ýNø@÷Õú\ø@åYªnª8å_ã
öü@öܔ(äFýNåä‘ö
ø§ùNö¬

ø€ÆùNå
ø#ü@ø€ãâå
âü@ü%½ ´ • )!š ¶½ù7öã ø
ÿ â”9ä‘ý7åTäFø„ø€ã dâýNø€öýNø
âü@ü%½ ¦ïvÀTí„ÝO¶¨ ’¿’ ·!Ý&Þ µ Ò®ß#á¶Þ Þ µ ך ¯&ã
« ÿ â(” äFö•÷Õö
ö8û(” ø÷ÕåTãäFø€âãâü€åèù7ö÷Õúåä‘ø@ÏTø@ü€øRä> ùNöãàqü@ø¿”9ä‘ý7åTäFø  ÑÇâ©
¦xÑ
ø­!ä>¯âýNãâäFûi÷Õâãä‘ý7â
ü€å4ä‘ý7åY9” ÷Õø%”2(” ø@öãâ¢å_Ø_Øqø@âãâs9” ÿ²ÆÏýNå¡öäFä‘ø€ù7å£öl9” ÿ²ù7å_Ø_ö¢ø€ãåù7ùNöý
öåTü@ü€å äFåTÏâü€ü€å”(âqÿâã äFâYš
ávâ`ãOä å ãOä æçžå:è—éyå ávâ`éyéyê æ êë ìâ!è.çžâ
íyîî$î=ï;ð`ñ7òeó&ñ7ô õîMî á ˆö ÷ ê÷ásø$ù çjä ámê`ãuê²úCûMü=÷ ý fqþ ù åæâë ÿý î èá
ýMý î á öˆ÷ ê÷$ásøù çyä ávê}ãêúCý î fqþ ù å æâ!ë ÿMý î è$á
íyîî$î=ï;ð`ñ7òeó
yô ýý î á öˆ÷ ê÷áHøù çyä ávê}ãuê²úCý î êlûMü`÷ ý fqþ ù å æâ!ë í%õMîî è$á
õMîMîî á ö÷ ê÷ávêè—êávê}ãêú  f=þ ù åu%æ âë í%õîMî èá
íyîî$î=ï;ð`ñ7òeó
ô üýlá ` å .ê ñ 



 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 !
 " %
# $
íyîî$î=ï;ð`ñ7òe
ó  üMý ó—í\îMî á &'`) ê ("(ä âHã:ä `"å .+ ê * ,

*.-./1032547698;:=<?>A@ELKj9n<><\9CB DEDCF 03GH61IJ>CK?K3LM NM]=O=1Y<%1JK71QPžA;K71P<\47A:6M@Y0 1?6MXZA FK7950 A @n4j689J]

+ RS A5<\1?L@?AO1?301?476M3J91?3=Pž6.FF1n@?6C8A;@?9;471?FG D <%Ax1E35wM6M306CwM6`<\AO9:XZA;3$9 D A:@?6b@E/$3L^A;NN6 0A;@?@E6CFK76MFF6`]
+ T.U G;V F 03WYXCZ[WYZ\/1]'03V D WYZ_^=`a03b@ U /[^9B D 9n<><\1E6@?6b479;I2IJ1?6bK71?F9;K7F%6t39;3
<\4j^A;KjXZ6MF6`]
’n“ ´ ‘YŠ
ŒCdcef_ehg‰icaj(Š7klkCn‘meAnx‘\em€ oj7c¿¿Š Œ`ŠÜ‘‘qp7cAce
rtsvu"wAxy ‹q£ z{ô=y}|õt¢   åTäFöÀù.¯ âþöýNå ü@å Ø_âü@öù7ø€ä>
øäFýNå”9÷²ø”M”9ø€öã â ± ’n• Ø_öü@ä‘â«ÿ âü€ü€å
âü5 då”(ä
­!ä>¯âý7ã âä‘ûü€å•ù7ö÷Õúåä‘ø3~ø€ü@ø€ä •ùNöãø@üu©
¦xѧÑxÀ}©¦eÑÎ ýNø€ù¯ ø@â
âý9â=~[~â
ø\ýNø
ÿý7ýNâü€å•÷Õå”M”9ø€÷Õå•ü@ÿ ã¬
} ¯ âªJ<ª å
âüMùNöü@ü€âq å÷Õâã äFö å ’n• ÷Õâä‘ý7ø>šx  üˆù7öãä‘ý7åTý7ø€ö8ûO±²”(ä‘åäFååÿ ÷Õâãä‘åä‘å+ü@å
ÿ ý7åTäFå÷Õø@ã ø@÷+å

øÿ ãåäFýNå÷Õå úöý7ä‘åã
öü€å å' ’ 7 ) ~"€qäFâ8ûTø@ã÷Õö
ö
å4åTÿ÷Õâã äFåTý7âü@å
ÿýNåäFå
âü€ü@å äFýNå”(÷Õø”M”9ø€öãâ
âH_ åTý7åTãäFø€ýNâü€å
âäFâq<ª ø€öãâ
ø\ùNöü€ü@ø%9” ø€öã âY[š -ãâ$ PŸ âä&äFø€ûqø€üu©
¦x² Ñ âä ¯ âýNãâä
ùNöã äFø€ãÿ åå ú\ý7ö
ÿýNýNâúåTù¬
ù.¯ âäFä‘ø
ø
ÿý7åTäFå÷Õø€ãøR÷Õå
× “ ~"€_ä‘â8ûqâH« ÿâ$9” ä‘ø(” öãö“ýNø@â÷Õúø€ä‘ø\ëP¹`¦xÎCÎC³ Î ðƒ‚ ãö‚å
' ’  ) ~"€qäFâ“ùNöãèÿã å
煄;†…†7ÝJ‡…†\‡ ;¼ ˆ ‡NÞ  ݟÖÞ
ø(” ø@÷‰~Töü€øu9” ú\âùNø@åTü@ø>šY  ÿ â(” äFå öú\âýNå8ª ø@öã  ± úåTý7ä‘ø@ùNöü€åýN÷Õâã äFâø@ã â, ‚ùNø@âãä‘âl(” â
øbú\åùNù ¯ âä‘äFø
å× “ ~"€qäFâ¡(” öã öÜd ýNâ« ÿ âã äFø‘Ù ø€ã ä‘åübùNå(” ö®9” øbåTäFä‘ÿåþåü€ü€öýNåÀø€üŠq„\ç—"– ‡ ˆ ˆÞ æ† ‹ ˆ ÝdÞ_Û ù.¯ â8û
â(” åÿ ý7ø€äFø
øb' ’ ‰ ) ~"€_ä‘â+÷Õø@ã ø@÷ÕøMý7âåü€øªJ<ª åTäFø
ù7ö÷Õâ²ø€ã
ø@ùNåä‘ö8ûbåTù7ùNö
åµq ü@ø
ÿü€äFâý7ø€öýNøúåTù7ù.¯ âäFä&ø
ãâü@ü€ö
9” ä‘â$”29” ö~ÿý9” ä
äFýNå(” ÷Õø”M9” ø€Øqö<û"‚ã öå
ÿãå ü€ÿã{}¯ â$ªn8ª å
ø ’ ' •Y• ~"€qäFâYš

nj{5u¥'|yExyEy}z'{Ys bå _ÿ ý7勔9â$_ÿ âãä‘â¢÷Õö$”9ä‘ý9å4ü€å¡ú\ø@ü€å úý7öä‘öù7öü@ü€åýNâ¢úâý Û ø%_å[~_ø€ä­!ä¯ âýNãâä2š

Ž ‚

Žb å ÍC©ííú\âýN÷Õâä‘ä&â
ø!ÿ!”9åTý7âþü€ö”9ä‘ý7åTäFö੦Ñ

Strati superiori
ùNöã «ÿ åü€ÿi!ã «ÿ⠔(äFýNå䑐 ö ‚!”9ø€ù7ö8û â
öúâý(Ï å ”(ø@å ø€ã
LLC dÿü€%ü ¬
ÿúü€⠑+.ù ¯â¡ø@µ ã ¯å%ü P¬
ÿú\ü@⠑_û åü€ü@ ⠒_âü@öù7ø€>ä
ø
’J• û ’n•• ⠒J••`•”“ ~ú ”Nû÷Õâ
ø@åTãäFâ
ÿâ ú\âýNù7ö;ý ¬
Data Link
Layer MAC
Reconciliation Sublayer ”(ø
åTäFøyë ÁtÝ âÀZ ñ Ýð
à å ´•~ø€äFû
ú%ø 
ÿ¡ ⠔(â qãåü€ø
ø
”(äFýNåä‘ö£ú\âý†ø@ã
ø€ù7åqý7â4úýN⠔(âã ª8å
øˆúöý7ä&åTãä‘â4â
$â ¬
ä‘â ª8ø€öãâ
øJù7öü@ü€%ø ”9ø€öã â<û.ù ¯ ⠔(öãö4÷Õåú\úåä‘ø
åT:ü ÌxÀ
GMII − Gigabit Media
Independent Interface

 ” ø@ÿä‘â
åTü@ü€ö ”(äFýNåä‘à ö ©

¦xÑ
Physical
layer
PCS − Phisical Coding Sublayer
ã 
⠀
ü @
ü À
â 
ú 7
ý €
ø Õ
÷ €
ø F
ä ø 3 _
’ þ
â N
ý €
ø 7
ù 
ö 
ã ö ( N
ù
PMA − Physical Medium Attachment ú\ý7â=⠔9%ø ”9ä‘âã äFY⠚
PMD − Physical Medium Dependent ŽbZ ö ”(ä‘ý7å䑖 ö ‚”(ø@ùNö ± ”(ÿ

ø ’qø ”(ö‚ø@ã¡äFýNH ⠔9öäFä‘öü@3ø ’_â%ü ¬
MDI − Media Dependent €
ü ø > š
A -
 ü O 
¹ x
Ñ Ü
À
d 
ö N
ý 
ã ø % ”
9 N
ù ¡
â
ÿ 
ã +
å @
ø
ã F
ä 
â ý 
d 
å N
ù 7
ù €
ø ²
å
ÿ ã%ø ŸöýN÷Õâ4åTü
Interface
ÌxÀúâýäFÿ äFä‘øˆø÷Õâ
ø@xå š1—bý7ö ’’˜
˜š™Tü@3ü ™èù7ö ›)’˜ý ”9ø€ö ¬
Mezzo fisico 1000 Mbps ›v˜§´uÄ; ’`• Äoœ‘ø€úø€‹ ù ™
˜ü · PÞ"‡…†ß\ž)„Ÿ)Ÿv‡‹ ûb.ù ¯v˜²…ý ™ú ¬
ú\‹ý ˜$”¡˜Y›vœ™Ô_ýNÿúú\ø
(ø ´¢~3ø œ!‰ ÷ ˜
3ø ™"›)œ£˜H¤…¥=¦v‡\§)†…¥;¨©Š

™ ’n• ~ø3œF[û ™ü€ù7vÿ ›iø
˜{ø «)ÿ ™TüRøi…ý ™ú\ú…ý ˜”¡˜5›)œ™[›ö¿ø ”(ø€‰ ÷ ~öü€ø€û ˜
™Tü œ‘ý7{ø ”(=ö ›öù7ö
ø€ù7ø
øù7ö ›)œ‘ý7öü€ü€ö8ûùNö‰ ÷ ˜
«ÿv˜ü€ü@øJÿ ”©™"œ‘øMú ˜ý3ü ™+¤…„;†…†‹,‡¡†‡ ¼ˆ ‡…Ÿ  J¥=Ÿmš_&(ü ¹ÑxÀ§˜›)˜…ý ™þ3ø ›ö3ü œ‘‹ý ˜è3ü ˜£3ø ›
ø€…ù ™ª8øR=ö ›(ø ”9ÿ ü@3ü ™Õú\ö…ý œ™[›)œ˜
˜Ü”9ÿü€3ü ™þù7öü@ü€%ø ”9ø€= û ˜Ô˜”©œF%ø ”9…ù ˜Õ3ü ™•™)ÿ œ‘$ö ¬
›v˜_$ö ª<3ø ™ª8ø€=ö ›)˜¡”(ÿü€ü ™ª’˜ü€öùNø œ>
'
ö ›v˜< ø œF…ý ™”(÷Õø ”M”9ø€=ö ›v˜«˜§”(ÿü€?ü ™
~ø
ø€… ý ˜ª8ø@ö ›)™üR3ø œ>
˜ü ‰ ÷ ˜
3ø ™Oš
&ü ¹©¦ÀúýN=ö ’’˜
˜¬™Tü@3ü ™4ùN=ö ›v’˜ý ”(ø@ö ›)˜;ú ™T‹ý ™Tü@?ü ˜ü€ö ¬P”¡˜ýNø ˜¬˜¬’qø@…ù ˜=’˜ý ”¡™û‰ ÷ ˜=›vœF…ý ˜ø€ü ¹©
Î
˜=‚)› ø ”(…ù ˜
ü%½ ©
ÎA­nû$ö ”2”(ø ™è3ü ™®”¡˜$›v™3ü ™ª(ø@ö ›)˜
!ø ”¡œ‘‹ý ™[œF ö ‚”(ø@ùNHö ›)˜‹ù ˜$”2”©™ýNø ™®™ø
3ø ’˜ý ”(øˆ‰ ÷ ˜
ø ™ûù7$ö ”¡¯ˆùNö‰ ÷ ˜ ø@aü œFø€úö

øùN=ö ›)›v˜=œ£œFö…ý ˜Yš

°|±Ax;y}|yE²ƒ{Yx‰³z óó}´¶µlz'±bó·x;¸•x¢u"²õyE{5²óžóJ²ªµA|l¹'z‰ôôY² ÿ)™Tü@öý‹™ºœFÿ)œ£œ£˜4ü3˜úöý‹œ»˜
øÿv› ýNø€ú;˜œFø3œFöý¡˜

”9ø3™"› ö
ø;œFø€úös dÿü€ü¬
ÿ úü3˜=‘qû›ö=›+ú\ÿ)¼úø%¢’˜ýNø‚ù…™ý”9ø\ùNö›)œ˜$”C™
ø;™ùNù‹˜$”2”(ö¬™Tü\÷‰˜ªJª<ö8û[˜†ü3™•ù7ö›)œ£˜”©™
™’’_ø3˜=›v˜\™Tü@ü%½ ø3›)œ£˜… ý ›ö
˜üTýNø€;ú ˜œF3ø œFö…ý ˜8ûq.ù ¯)˜ ½,›ö ›¾˜”M”¡˜›
ö‚vÿ ›ÀYК­e¨Ñxÿ\ù7öúø3™œFÿvœœ£˜‚ü3˜\œ‘ý‹™÷‰˜„ø›¡ø3›¬
_ý…˜”M”9ö¬½
˜=~Tø œ£™‰ ÷ ˜›)œ˜¬~ÿ P ,˜ýNø ªJªC™[œ˜3ø ›¢™Túú$ö ”93ø œ˜ù7ö
˜Y¿ ø ›+œ‘)ÿ œœ£˜¢3ü ˜ùNö
˜™”M”9öù73ø ™"œ£˜¬™Tü@3ü ˜ú\ö…ý œ˜
ø
ÿ”(ù7ø3œ£™Oš!—!˜‹ý œ£™"›vœFö8û ü ™+ü€)ÿ ›!=¯v˜ªJªC™+‰ ÷ ™
˜øˆù7öü@3ü ˜$™‰
÷ ™”M”9ø€‰ ÷ ˜›)œ‘9ø ›=ö ›à± ú%ø 
˜=œ£œ£™"œ£™
™Tü@3ü ™®›)˜‹ù ˜$”2¬
”93ø œ>
øˆý7ø€3ü ˜=’™‹ý ˜ ùNöü€ü@%ø ”(ø@ö ›ø€û‰ ÷ ™
™ü€ü ˜•…ù ™…ý ™"œ£œ˜ý7%ø ”¡œ‘ø€ù ¯v˜
˜üY‰
÷ ˜ªJª<H ö œ‘‹ý ™Y”9÷Õ%ø ”2”(ø ’qYö š€½ ™3ü œ‘‹ý ™èú ™‹ý œ£˜8û
ú$ö ”2”(=ö › ¾ ö ’˜ý73ø ‚…ù ™ý ”9Oø ”(ø œ‘)ÿ ™ª8øR=ö › ø
ø À'¥=¥¦),Ÿ§
˜ü@3ü ˜¡ùNö
˜
øJ3ø ›q‹ý ˜$”2”(;ö Áø€üYùNö÷Õ3ø œ™[œFš ö ­7³x³x³ ´ • )š ¶"‘
¯)™‹«ÿ ø ›
ø
˜‚)›3ø œ‘ö)ÿ ›‰ ÷ ˜ùN‹ù ™[›%ø ”9÷Õö
øù7ö ›)œ‘ý7öü€ü€ö
ƒø Â!ÿ ”2”(ö8û.ù ¯)˜‰ ÷ ˜=œ£œ˜3ø ›Ôq‹ý ™
ö¢øýNø@ú ˜=œ‘ø œ‘öýNvø ½,˜
_ü€ø ”¡Ã†ø œ‘ù ¯v¿
øiýNø€ù ¯ ø ˜
˜‹ý ˜7™Taø ›ö
øùN=ö ›)›v˜”M”9øü ™”9$ö ”9ú ˜=›”(ø@ö ›)˜¬œ˜÷Õúö©ý ™"›)˜™
˜ü€ü ™šœF…ý ™”(÷Õø ”M”9ø€=ö ›v˜Yš
‰ ‰‹Š
ŒCŒŽ‹€J‘O
g g ’J“°
=Ä  º|e¢vs¿£!| yv¤Œy—¥'x;{'õ x;y ÅH˜ü{) •• )º’qø˜›)˜
˜‚)›ø3œFö†ü€ö€”¡œ£™"›
™ý
­7³x³x³ ´ • )Oš ¶"™˜8û\ù.¯)˜„”©œ™[~ø€üRø”(ù‹˜
ü3˜4÷Õö
™ü€ø3œ öú˜ý…™"œ‘ø’˜
øJÿv› ùNöü€ü3˜™÷‰˜=›vœFö­\œ>¯)˜ý…›)˜œ!öú;˜ý‹™[›)œ˜”9öü@ö4ø3›µ dÿü€ü
ÿ úü3˜=‘®”9ÿƂ)~Tý‹™
ö=œ£œ‘ø@…ù ™Oš"Ž
ö„”¡œ£™"›
™ý
ú\ý‹˜’˜
˜
øø3›)œ£˜ýNöú;˜ý¡™ý…˜ùNö=›Õü™šœFý…™”(÷Õø”M”9ø€ö=›v˜lÀ[ÇAÈv³x¨>ÀYÎCĚ

ÉtÊÉmÊÌË ÍÏÎ[Ð΢ÑÓÒ7Ô

ŽA™ µ”9%ø _3ü ™®Â€Á “ ”¡œ£™ ;ú ˜_ ý Õ Ö Ÿv¤}ž)†…¥=Ÿ)¥¨ ª× †‹„Ÿ  »Ø‡©†²Ù¥¦)‡9ûm˜
ø
˜›)œ‘ø‚ ù‹™ ÿ)›v™Çú™ý‹œ‘ø€ù7öü™Tý‹˜²ý‹˜œØ˜
úýNö˜=œØœ£™"œ£™Õú˜ýœ‘ý…™”9ú\öý…œØ™ý…˜¡ø3›
ø P ,˜ý…˜=›vœ˜÷‰˜Y›)œ£˜ºœ‘ý‹™ ,‚ùNö
ø
ø’˜ý”¡™¢›)™"œ‘ÿý…™û”9ø3™
øqœ‘ø@ú\ö
™[œFø
ù.¯)˜‹ý ˜™%ü ¬
œ‘ø€‰ ý «T)ÿ ˜”©œFö÷ÕöœFø3’_öܱ²ø3›
ø@ù…™"œ£™ª™"› ù¯v˜+ù7ö÷‰˜ÔÄ(¬·­eÀ}ÎAÈ ØÛ š&üb”(ÿöÜ Ÿÿv›ª8øRö¬
÷ ˜ »Ú û
.ù ¯)˜²;ú ˜‹
÷ ˜=›vœF

›)™T‰ ö ”()ø ~"™Y”¡™”(ÿüú\ý73ø ›ùNø@ú\ø@ö
˜ü€3ü ™š¤‹¥܉Üi¨ ˆ „=ݝ,¥Ÿ)‡–¦)1¤…‡… 
 ,„ƽÑx³9Þ;ÞÜÀYК­e¨ÑxÃt­ÈvÍA¿,ßvàá=’˜Hâ;˜=ã

”
ä ˜=å3å™ ©ææ3›)œ£˜=›và;˜ªç)›oâ;™ ‹ ¯
ä ä )˜œœØá‰à;æ\å3ç)›ƒè v˜ C™é‚ }¯ ªJª ”2” ¶
©™êà;ætë ê~[€œ£˜ Ɓ7â;ã…æì‰ætëê~"€œ˜ªà˜=å3å˜ ä ˜åå3˜ Yš
”M” !”
ä á=›)œ£˜=›vèá›)áç)›•æà˜=›vœæ3‚ ä ™"œ£æ’áàæ ä á›)›v˜ ¡æ3á=›)˜dß)˜=à‰æå9å3áã‹áæ› ¡œ£ã‹™[à;™"쉘›)œ£áH™[’’æ3˜=›v˜ì‰˜à;æ3™"›vœ˜
>š ª
à;˜æ ä æ3ã ä ç)æ3œ£æ!’æㅜ£ç)™"å3æ AŽA™ ä áì‰ì‰ç)œ£™ Cæ3á›)˜Hà;˜åå3˜ ä ˜=å3å3˜ºœ£ã‹™+æ1›)á=àæ1à;æ1㋘œ˜ )™+åçvá=èášæ3›•ì‰™"›)æ3˜=ㅙ ¯
â;™[㋜£æ ä áå™"ã…쉘›)œ˜¬˜=í,‚ ä 昛)œ£˜dß;˜„«"çv˜©
” œ™±ç)›v™šà˜=å3å˜ %” ¯
ä ™[㋙[œœ£˜=ã¡æ ¡œ£æ ä v˜¬âæî¢ã‹æ3嘒™[›)œæ;à˜=å3å ½ ÂlÁ “ š

nj{5u¥'|yExyEy}z'{Ys ŽA™¬ã…˜=œ£˜ b€Á ¯

’æ3˜=›v˜ æ›và;æ ä ™[œ™Ó™"› ä )˜ ä á쉘_ç)›)™_ï Y‡…†‹ ,„ ֌ð
“ €Ó ‡ ˆyÕ ¥=†—–;ß曫"ç)™[›aœ£á
á=â˜=ㅙ"œ£æ’™"쉘›)œ£˜ „” $Ó
¡æ"ñ‹¥ Y†¡„Š;Š!¥=Ÿ)‡–™"æ;å3æ’˜=å3åæ;æ3›)í,˜=ã…æ3á=ã…ævà;æƒç)›v™šã…˜=œ£˜7˜ ©œ˜㋛v™ ” Oš
ò¬™"å ä ™[›)œ£á”¡çváCß:ÂlÁ “ ±”©œã…ç)œ£œçv㋙"œ£™Ö”¡çvætœ£ã…˜
”¡œ£ã…™"œ£æí,ç)›!Cª æ?á›)™"å3æ5à;æ™"à™"œ£œ™"쉘›)œ£át½EÂÂŽA¿,ßàæ ä á짬 ó strati ó strati
ì‰ç)œ£™ªdæá›)˜5¦!¨H © ßY˜ ‚!¡” æ ä áYš “ ˜=›vœㅘ_æ[›vá=à;æ™"æ~"áã‹àæ ó superiori ó superiori
ó strato ó strato
à;˜åå3™7ㅘ=œ£˜Œà˜=’á=›váÓㅘ=™[åæ%ªnd ª ™㋘–œ£ç)œ£œæ˜_œ£ã‹˜Œèå3æY©” œ£ã‹™¬
Rete ATM
ô ô
AAL AAL
œ£æß'æ'›vá=à;æ'æ3›)œ£˜=ㅛ)æt© ” ’á=å3èá›)áÜ¡” áå3á‰å3˜‰í,ç)›dª æ?á=›væ'™"œ>¬ ó strato ó strato ó strato ó strato
ô ô ô ô
œ£ç)™"œ£˜Óà™" « ç)˜åå?ææ3›)í,˜ã‹æ3á=ã…æ[š ŽA™7œ™[~"˜åå3™
×Oš ’ ã‹æ3â;á㋜£™
ATM ATM ATM ATM
ó strato ó strato ó strato ó strato

å3˜ â;ã…æ› ä æ3â;™[åæí,ç)›d ª æ3á=›)æ=©” ’á圣˜_à;™[æ[œ£ã‹˜ ©” œㅙ"œ£æß5˜_â;ᬠfisico fisico fisico fisico

›)˜Œæ3›+˜’æ3à;˜›d ª ™ ä á=쉘Œæ3›+çv›)áH¡” œ£˜”M¡” အ” œ£ã‹™[œás¡” æ3™"›vá

æ3à;˜=›vœæ3‚ ä ™"~[æ?åæƒà;æ3’˜ã© ” ˜„©” á=œ£œØá,¬ í,ç)›dª æá›)æ>š

É y}{Ys)y}²õö=|u"² »å'쉘ªJªCá‰â;ã…æ쉙[ã‹æ3á‰àæmœ£ã…™”¡ì‰æ%”M”¡æ3á=›)˜¢½ ä áY› ä çvæm±¢æ› ä á=›)œ£™"œ£œáªæ3åt”¡áœœ£á=¬P”¡œ£ã‹™[œá

a
¹©H¿1â;˜ãCÂlÁ “ ±å3™¾‚)~"ㅙºáœœ£æ ä ™[ß;曉™ ä‹ä áã‹à;áH™[åå?™”©œ£ã‹ç)œ£œ£ç)㋙®àævœ£ã‹™[쉙¾à;˜åå%½ À}ÎCÃA7À[Çlȳ¨ƒß;â˜=ã_å3™
« çv™"å?˜¡” á=›vᔩœ£™"œ˜”¡œ£™"›và;™"ã…à;æ%ªnªd™œ˜šå˜’˜å3á ä 朣÷¢àæ ’ š ë+˜ø “ ~"┬½PÎÀ ’ >³ ’ ¿,ß ’ ë"ë “ ~"âu”¬½,ÇCÑ(¶;¿l˜
"
× ø[ø “ ~"âu'” ½ÇCÑ ’ ø ä ¿ "š ŽA™Ó’˜=å3á ä æ3œ÷àæ ’ ë"ë “ ~"â”t± à;æ%”¡âá=›væ~[æå3˜\™[› ä ¯)˜Z”©ç«ù'­7ÄxÌx³¢ú Ãm¦9ÈmÈ5³9ރß5˜Z”¡ç
"

ä ™[’á7ã‹æ3œá㋜»áC߃쉘›)œ£ã‹˜Hå3™¾’˜å3á ä 朣÷«à;æ ’J•¾ • “ ~[â”s7 ± à;æ%©” â;á=›væ~[æå3˜„©” çªûÎAÎ ­2!š »›)‚v›)˜dß©” á=›)áHâ㋘’æ%¡” œ£˜
™"› ä v ¯ ˜¬’˜=å3á ä 朣÷¾àæaæ3›)œ£˜=ã ä á›)›)˜$”2©” æá›)˜¬à;æ ’ ¶ ° ß[ë[ø"ß “ ë[߶ “ ˜ø[ë “ ~[â”qš
Ø›Æí,ç)›d ª æá›)˜à;˜å1쉘ªJCª ᚜ㅙ©” ì‰æ”M¡” æ3’ádß)â;ç)¼š’™[ã‹æ3™"ㅘšå3™ºñ ˆ †Y¨ ˆJˆ ¨†…„ª¦v ˆ †‹„܉„aü»ýæ› ä ç)æ1’™"›v›)á
æ3›¡ ” ˜ã‹æ3œ£˜šå3˜ ä ˜=å3å3˜Yš ØåO"« çvæ?›)œ£áº~[€œ£˜šà˜=å3噫æ3›)œ£˜©” œ™dª æ3á=›)˜à;æ ä ˜=å3å3™"ß ä á›)œ£æ˜›)˜šå½ þª‡…„;¦)‡…†'ÿ7†…†‹¥†€\ß ¥¦)‡
½PÃm³x9 Ñ ¿ ä ™"å ä áå™[œás¡” çvæ “ ~[€œ£˜Óâ㋘ ä ˜àa˜=›vœæ3ß ä v¯ ˜¬’昛)˜Œç©” ™"œá–æ3›+ã‹æ ä ˜$Cª æ3á=›v˜Óâ˜=ãã‹æ3’˜å™[㋘Œà;çv˜Ó˜ã‹ã©á=ã…æ

J^;K!F K ©PEr  :K 
 F ?
X ?3F ;3 
 (F 
ØP! ;3  D C"I #$?3%L ;3 ;K &'
 (J3 MF $K b X ?F ?
X ) J]
+*-,  X .Or'3 /;%L %M33 1o 0a D 2$;r'3 EN  ;3 43(5=K N65<87K NJ8:9[N…<-;EL!<?N>=&7K?7A@AN…KCB>C<!D'@,03V©Z"GBK QP!;-K E2FG3 
K;F H?35LK I( :n"I ;K7$ X ;FEF ;K  D (EF-K JJ'3 ;K7
X :F-K F%"I ;K7F :
K(MF  D M'3 j^ ;K L%?N >JK ;F 2] S bK ;F t03V©ZGM K bI  K N
? X ?F MF F3 L%

?FGH X F+Q$X –@žIJK O ?o F ;3$F CB4(QP ƒ€wMQI  D 5"I ;JK )\F L%;33 y^  X MF R5S7<<?>)BUT!VO7K5}8
03V©Z"G@
G. 03V…Z"GƒBž ] WX)%F  D LK  wMw  P!MF%F Y;%L ?F $YV©<?>
7¡8T!VO7Q5E8 03V©ZG¾@Z> 03V…Z[GaBy^ Z^ sI (H(MF $ ;%L  
;r3 ?N  ;3 
Eo ` D[ ]
\ , ; 3 ;r'3 EF F ?"I IL!5=K N…<8]!7Q<<L 7_:K N%5=K N%T!5ENEK8B>C<!D'@^;G;0,B!_(
tV©Z F 3[ V`G;W D$D ?3 -.-
 ;'3 .?3 ;K ?F 
3
aK7"bCM >
7¡8X
 FK M X HV©Z F{D $'
72YW5XCXI ZE`aV©WYZ D j'^ ZIJ-K 
L%)(:d 3 c+ - ;3F ?3  e>
J]e ƒ  3FK m3 

I2K E$ X F /=w EFK MF  ;%K  / ;XIJK .3  M!f >);JNE<8g=N7¡8h}F-K M X  D 3 
i
 ;43 (  ;XIJK  3 (I2K );3N YI
j
F?I /k)a[N…<C7[KL >)5J7K5}8$le7L!5=K NS5S7K5<?N1@`C` [ BE]
 ’ë• ‘YŠ
ŒCdcef_ehg‰icaj(Š7klkCn‘meAnx‘\em€ oj7c¿¿Š Œ`ŠÜ‘‘qp7cAce

æçyë åçˆê æê}çžçˆê ó æçyë åçˆê Pö øè.é—ä ê!èä

mnpoqm ãåq(nç\åçyä êè r&sCêèØâ{ë ìYâ!è.éyå  sAt $ u F â vJèä æ3`â²ä ùæâ!ë `ä é—ä êsê}ö ö â!ë çˆê€åìxù äPæ%çjë åuçyäæø=(nâ!ë?ä êë?ä
å .âë
w 4x ym2m/w.$ rUt;â`ìOávâ!è.çžåé.ä ê!è.â â tJø. ã ã:ä ä ãuâäãuåçjä7ä èmávê`ãuê_`êáÓ(nåuçyä zä ù â_`êèvù ålãOä ávâè—æä êè.â
{ ä åææâ!já zù åììxä ê  t m{E$ ãOä`âù ù åU|eâù äë?ä `ê}æç7ëEø$ä æ`â²ä èZë?ä `â}é—ä ê!è.â
mnpo ù å4x—âë o øù çyä (ù åué—ä ê!è.âHâsãâ!ásøù çyä (ù åé—ä êè.âHãâù ù â–`â!ù ù â

n ë åæù åé—ä êè—âHãâ!ù ù âHâ}çyä 2}.â`çžçˆ â ~H€) ‚-~sƒ

„ âè—âë åué—ä ê!è. ⠂jâ`æçjë åué—ä ê!è.â ãuâ!ù ù …C†4‡ mu ‡ { ãuâ!ù ù ¬ å `â!ù ù å
„ â}æ%çjä êè—âHãuâ! ù `êè.çyë êù ù êHã:ä ˆ2ø.ææ%ê „d‰ s
€)}(x æä `åOù w å>x.â!ë rGsê} è â{ë ìYâ!è.éyå u âù ä álä çžåé—ä êè.â ãâ!ù ù Œ â `â!ù ù â
 € w3$ ãOäPçyë åæálä ææ>ä êè.â s 
y n $  è—æâ!ëEä ávâ!è.çžÓ ê `â!ù ù Š
⠁ u2w ‡q(nâ!ë åãuåçˆçžåOávâè—çˆÓ ê â!ù ê !ä !ç ‹
„ âè—âë åué—ä ê!è.⠖ â â!ë?ä v»`åãâ!ù ù …8†>‡s  `êè—çjë ê!ù ù êlã:ä%â!ë ë ê!ë â $
„ âè—âë åué—ä ê!è.â ãuâ!ù ù å€çyë åOátå
ãOäçjë åæálä æ%æä êè.â

r o â`éjéyê ‰ ä æ>ä `ê  € o$ n âÓ á (nêë?ä éyéyåé—ä êè.âHâHæä Eè !ë êèä éyéyåé—ä êè â
„ â}æ%çjä êè—âHãuâ!ùávâ}éyéyê

Á ™[~"˜åå3™×xš K’ Œ t çjë åuçyä v}`åé—ä êè.âHãâù ù â öPø$è.é—ä êèää è5øè—åÜë â`çˆâ mnpo
)

˜ Yš
ä áã¡ã…˜=èè˜=ㅛ)˜Œç)›vá©ü( ŏ˜å ä ™ ©á–æ› ”
”
ä ç)æå3™ ¡áã‹è˜=›vœ˜Óâ;ã…á=à;ç ä ™Hà;™[œæ™H’˜å3á ä 朣÷Hæ›ví
˜ã‹æ3á=ㅘŒ™ [ç)˜=å3å?™ ‹«
l”
à;˜å ä á=å3å3˜=è™[쉘=›vœádß ¡á›)áêæ3› ©˜=ã…朣˜ ” 7Î ³ ”M”
ä ˜=å3å3˜ê™"èèæ3ç)›ƒœæ3’˜Ùà;斜æ3â;áÙ­ AÞ 9ߌã‹æ3ì‰á ¡˜Ù™"åŒã…æ ä ˜’æ3œá㋘ ü
Ž š
¡±«™"œ£œ£ç)™"œ£™•æ›iã…æ ä ˜ªdæ3á=›)˜+æ3›i~"™”©˜«™"å3å™
»›)‚)›v˜Cßlå3™¢¦)‡… 
,܉ ˆ „ݝ,¥YŸ)‡H¦v‡‹ , 
‡¤…‡‹ , ,‡ ª
ä á=ã…㋘Yå3™ dæ?á=›v˜¢œ£ã…™Ææ
â;ã…æ3ì‰æ¿«[ç)™"œ£œã…á¬~[€œ£˜à;˜åå%½ ¯)˜™"à;˜ã·ß[˜=à®æå ä ™[ì‰â;álÃm³x•Ñ à˜=å3åál”¡œ£˜”M”¡áuš

É y}{Ys)y}²àǏ$ “ ˜=›vœㅘºå3ዔ¡œ£ã‹™[œᚂ”¡æ ä ᔩæ9á ä…ä ç)♫à;æ9œ£ã‹™”©ì‰˜=œ£œØ˜㋘š˜šã…æ ä ˜=’˜=㡘 ä ˜=å3å˜dß)åዔ©œㅙ"œ£á

a
ÂlÁ “ ”©æá ä…ä ç)♏à惘å3™"~"á㋙[ã‹å3˜Yš[ŏ˜æa›vá=àæƒàæ;í
ã…á=›vœæ3˜=ㅙ"ß[å˜ ä ˜=å3å˜s”¡á›)áÓì‰ç)å3œæ3â;å3™œ˜Ó˜¬à;˜ì‰ç)å3œæ3â;å3™¬
œ£˜Cß쉘=›vœㅘà;˜›)œ£ã‹á7å3™šã…˜=œ£˜=ß¡ ” á›)á ä áì‰ì‰ç)œ£™"œ£˜œㅙ¾èåæ;æ3›)èㅘ”M”¡æƒ˜å3˜¬ç!” ä 朣˜Yš
ŏ˜æâ;ã…æ3ì‰æ" « çv™œ£œã…á•~"€œ˜ªà˜=å3å½ )¯ ˜™"à˜=ã®àæ ä ˜=å%¬
›v˜ ä ˜°"°©™"ã…æ3™™oㅘ=™[åæ%ªJ¬
‘ ’ “ ” •
å3™œ£ã…á=’™oâ;á'°¡œ£áé E± ‡ ˆ ,¤}ž)‡ ˆJˆ „
–:—!˜i™šG›Sœ šG›Sœ
ª d ™"ㅘ¢æ3åAœ£ã‹™K°¡í,˜=ã…æ3쉘=›)œ£á‰™ ä æã ä ç)æ3œ᫒æ3ㅜç)™[å˜Á[ « ç)˜¬
šG›Sœ š˜Aœ
°©œ™‰˜=œ£æ ä ) ¯ ˜Yœ£œ£™ ² ± °¡çvà;àæ’æ°©™‰æ3›êà;çv˜ ä ™[ì‰â;æ3ß1æ3å´³!
†Oµ

ˆ ¨„ ¶'„ ˆ že·d¦)‡…Ÿ ˆ ¸‡‹†½¹x; ¹ ­ ¿ƒ˜=àæ3åF³q,† ˆ ¨„; {\ß žv„;Ÿ)Ÿƒ‡… 

š˜Aœ

·d¦)‡…Ÿ ˆ ¸'‡‹†Œ½¹x9 Ñ ­ ¿ü(ºƒš

š˜Aœ › ˜AžE›
Øåaì‰á=œ£æ3’áHà;˜åå3™²°©ç)à;àæ’æ°©æ3á=›)˜
ã…æ°¡æ3˜=à˜¬›)˜åå3™7â;á'°"°©æ~[æå3æ3œ÷Hà;æㅙ"èèã…ç)ââ;™"ㅘÓå3áèæ ä ™Y¬
Ÿ'  ˜

쉘›)œ£˜¬àæ’˜=ã%°¡æ ä æã ä çv朣æ;’æ3㋜£ç)™[åæ ä v ¯ ˜ ä á=›)àæ’æàá=›vá

å3á²°©œ˜'°"°©á¾â;˜ã ä áYã%°¡á¾›v˜=å3å™+ㅘ=œ£˜ š ÅH˜=æ ä áåå3˜=è™"쉘›¬
’(•2¡)¢O£1¤

œ£æ!à;æ ä çvæ:± ä áì‰â;á°©œ£á®æå1â;˜ã ä áYã%°¡á ä áì‰ç)›)˜dß1’æ3˜=›)˜

¥¦§'¨¢O© ª¨¥

ç2°¡™[œáHç)›vád°¡œ£˜°°¡á’âæ)â;˜㖜çvœœ£˜Hå˜ ä ˜=å3å˜dßa쉘›)œ£ã‹˜

— ª«1¬A¨£1ªA¥¤© © ¨:­¤© © ¨:® O¯
å3˜êàæ’˜=ã%°¡˜ ä 
á )
› )
› ˜
' "
° ©
° 
æ 
á )
› æ
M ¡
° ç " )
ç 
˜ _
å «;
⠘=ã ä áã°©á»°¡á›)á
æ3à;˜=›vœæ3‚ ä ™"œ£˜쉘à;æ3™"›)œ£˜à;æ3’˜=ã%°¡æƒ’ ä æ Ž š u½ æ3›G°¡œ£ã‹™"à™"쉘›)œ£á ä á›)èæ3ç)›vœáÓà;˜åå3˜ ä ˜=å3å˜ ä á› ç)èçv™å˜’â;æ ¿±
;3 ;3 3
4
 3( J?3
Á¿ÁA
¿¿
ÁEÁÀ$;3Á"à S ¾¿-);3'Ä(¾"#
¼-½A
'¾¿À JF H/(/L% $-¿ÁÁFÂOÀ$ Á¿
$3 E3
>&
¿¿-
¿ÂO¾¿
L%
- $
¿¿Á & '
Á¿ :(
A-
FÃ
+Å S 
 03Z[XCWR ;3 A¿ ;3 )Æ'E3ÆFAFJ'
3 :¾"¿Á
¿A ;3ÇÈ%'¿Ä ;3
I¾"¿ÀIÉ$ÆÊ%Áƒ(
Ë Ì
F
¿Â
 )Í"
À&%L%L;3'U¾
¿.
`d` [ Ây3 ;3ÎÌÏU¾(¿GÁ¿"Á¾¾¿Á-
¿F("-
FÂ--ÌUÁ¿F¾"
¿Á
3 ´ƒ
È3 %Ä ;3 

È%KÁ¿ÁK'¾
¿
¿-EÃ
+ÐCÑ ;3Á¿J¾(¿2Òa2504 ;3 H¿
¿L%ÁÓÔ.ÆÁOÂ(¾"
¿2ÒGÕC04)M 3 $ÓOÖ/ÆÁ4yË ?3 Á(¿73 ƒ
/¿
ÁÂ(×UÆÁ>>
'Æ
¿%Â
¿(¿L%M3 UÉÆÁQ?3(Á"
ÀØN%5}N…<L!<IÙ9M >BÛÚY>)5=K<?>CM¡@Ü>Ý©2B%¾"
¿i¿(È (¿-J"c4O (

¿È%; 3 ÁÃ
g>Þg>ÞàßdáAáJâ$ãàäeåæUå ç ë ç

¯ ¯
˜=í,í,˜=œØœ£ç)™[œá›v˜=惛)áà;惽
’âq°©Ã¬æœ ä )¿,ß ä )˜R°©ævá ä‹ä ç)â™"›)áe°¡áåá üØü à;æG° ä ™"ì‰~[æ™[㋘ÓæåG¹ ;­là;˜=å3å3˜ ä ˜=å3å˜dß;˜¬à;æ ¹
â;áã‹å3R
˜ °©ç)å3噏â;á㋜£™¾à;æƒ.ç ° ä æ3œ£™ ä á=ã…㡘=œ£œ™[ß ä á=쉘æ3›)àæ ä ™"œ£á¬à™"å3å˜Óœ™[~"˜åå3˜¬àæaæ3›.°©œㅙ"à™"쉘=›vœá Yš
« !ª
ŽA™è°©˜ [ç)˜=› C™Æà;˜æ›vá=à;æm™"œ£œㅙ’˜=ã%°¡™[œætà;™[åå æ3› %½ ¬
°¡œ£ã…™"à;™[쉘=›vœá 5±\æ3›)à;æ ä ™"œ™ ä á=쉘/³q,† ˆ ¨„; )¶'„ ˆ žß\¥Ÿ.µ é switch VC
Ÿ)‡…¤ ˆ ,¥=Ÿ”½-¹¹Ñq¿»ßv± ä á=ì‰âá°©œØ™ª™Æà™ªC˜ã‹á+á«â;æ3îë¹x¹
°¡ÃÓæœ ä ¯)ß5˜à
t ± à;˜åæ3ì‰æ3œ™[œ™ŒœㅙÓàç)˜›)á=àæ[½Î¹x¾ Ñ á:¹x¹ ¹xÑ ê vci 2 ê vci 1 ê vci 7 ê vci 7

°¡ÃÓæœ ä a ¯ ü
ì¡¿ ä )¯ ˜Ù˜å3™"~"á㋙[›)ᕙ"› ä v¯ ˜éæ¹x9Ñ ­2š Žl™í°©˜¬
«"çv˜=›dª ™êà˜=惹î Ñ °¡Ã¬æ3œ ä ¯ ä )¯ ˜•˜=å3™"~[á=ㅙ"›)á•æ$¹x9Ñ ­ ß\˜
¯ä ˜h°¡æ'˜°©œ˜Y›và;˜+œㅙÙàç)˜+›)á=àæ ä v¯ ˜‰œ£˜=ã¡ì‰æ3›)™›vá‰å3á
) ê vci 7

°¡œ£ã…™"œ£á7à;æv™[à;™"œ£œ£™"쉘=›vœádß7 ± æ›và;æ ä ™œ£™¾æ›v’˜ ä ˜ ä á=›‰æå vpi 12

vci 2
œ£˜=ã…ì‰æ›v˜ï³!
† ˆ ¨„; s\ ß žv„;Ÿ)Ÿƒ‡… H\ ß ¥=ŸvŸ)‡…¤ ˆ ,¥=Ÿ ½Î¹xÑqÑ ¿ì(ð ê vpi 8 ê vci 7
ê vpi 10
˜ ä á=ì‰â;ㅘY›)à˜ç)›váá7â;æ3îñ¹x¹9 Ñ ß ä áæ3› ä æ3à;˜›)àáà°©â;˜'°2¬ ê vci 1 é switch VP
°¡á ìnº ä á=›
ê vci 5 ê vci 5
æ3åâ;˜=ã ä áYã°©áoœ£ã‹™ æ3›)è㋘'°"°©áo˜à ç2° ä 朣™ ì»Ú
à;˜åå3™ºã…˜=œ£˜ÂlÁ “ š
ê vpi 6 ê vpi 8

ŽA™ ä ㋘Y™YC ª æ3á=›)˜à;˜=å3å3˜šœ£™"~[˜=å3å˜7àæ9æ›2°¡œ£ã‹™[à;™"쉘›¬ ê vci 3 ê vci 3

œ£áâ;çv¼˜°°¡˜㋘7àævœ£æâá쉙"›ƒç)™[å˜dß"à;™"›và;áÓåçvá=èᬙ"à®çv›)™:¶'‡…†‹Ü‰„;Ÿv‡‹Ÿ ˆ ³!
† ˆ ¨„;  ¥=Ÿ)Ÿv‡‹¤ ˆ ,¥Ÿ•½ ¹ 9¿,ßP¹ xÑ Oß
á=ââ;çv㋘â;çv¼˜'°"°©˜=ㅘšæ3å)ã…æ°¡ç)å3œ£™"œáà;æ9ç)›v™¾ã‹æ ä ¯)æ3˜°©œ™«˜°©œ£˜=ì‰â;áYㅙ"›v˜=™"ß;à;™"›và;á7å3ç)á=èáH™"à+ç)›v™àò Õ  ˆ µ
¤}ž)‡…¦»³q,† ˆ ¨„ bß\¥Ÿ)Ÿv‡‹¤ ˆ ,¥=ŸÏ½PÀK¹xÑ9¿ìØÛ[ÁÞq½ ÇCÍÍC³x¨¨ƒÇ ÎC³9Þ;Þ¦Ì9­7Ñxí7³xÀY¨u¦Ö¹¸/ó³ÀYÀY³xÌx³Ö¸'Èví ¦ ¹ÑxÑ
á=àªç)›)™Û¹¹Ñ1ß9˜=à•æ3›«"çv˜°©œáô°¡˜ ä á›)à;á ä ™>°©áºå3™h¹x¹Ñê’˜=ã…ã…÷ ç.°©™"œ™¢â;˜ãœ£ç)œœ£˜®å3˜Š¹xÑxi Ñ í
çvœç)ㅘ¾œ£ã‹™¢æ
à;çv˜¬›vá=à;æ>š

õeö s)öö=|–µA|Œy}{Ysv³õu"²xë÷šz's Éax;{ù)|ú|²üûE÷þýHÉ/ÿ ŏ˜åå3™Æí
™K°¡˜¢à;ælñ‹‡ ˆ ¨¡Šß°©á=›v቙"œ£œ£ç)™"œ£˜

ö | ypøhµAx ö

¯ ®ß
à;˜åå3˜«’˜ã‹æ3‚ ä )˜+à˜=œ£œ˜ \¥=ŸvŸ)‡…ñ‹ñ…
¥Ÿ•ÕÓ¦)܉,ñ‹ñ…
¥Ÿ \¥=Ÿ ˆ †…¥=  ½ß PÑ!¦xÑ9¿â˜=㏙>°°¡æ ä ç)㋙[ã°©æ ä ¯)˜+噪›vç)á’™
ä á=›)›v ª «
˜ °°¡æ3á=›v˜¬›)᛫à;˜=è㋙[à;æƒå˜Œâ;ㅘ°©œ£™ Cæ3á=›væ;à;æ "çv˜=å3嘖èæ÷æ› ä á=ã%°¡áß"›v˜=åu«[ç)™"å ä ™>°©áÓå3™ ä ¯væ™[쉙"œ™±
ã…æ‚vç)œ™[œ™xšŽA™ô°©ç)™š™ ä‹ä ˜=œ£œ£™ªCæ3á›)˜7à;˜œ˜ã¡ì‰æ3›)™æ›v’˜ ä ˜å3™²°¡œ£æ3â;ç)å3™ºœ£ã…™¾ç)œ£˜=›)œ£˜7˜ㅘ=œ£˜Hà;æƒç)› × †…„» ¸'¤
ß\¥Ÿ ˆ †‹„¤ ˆ ™ ä ç)æ'å3™ °©á=ã…蘛)œ£˜ï°¡æ'à;˜’˜‰™"œ£œ˜›)˜=ㅘY¢ š ŏ˜å ä áã"°¡á¢à;˜åå3™éœ£ã…™>°¡ì‰æ°"°©æ3á=›)˜dßæm›vá=àæOÂlÁ “
’˜ã‹æ3‚ ä ™"›vá ä ¯)˜‰å˜ ä ™[㋙[œœ£˜=ã…æ°©œæ ä ) ¯ ˜ à˜=åmœㅙ"í,‚ ä á æ3›oœ£ã…™"›.°©æœ£á‰›v˜=å3å˜q¹xÑxÑ °¡æ3™"›)á ä á=›ví
áã¡ì‰æ'™"å'ã‹æ%¬
°¡â˜=œ£œæ3’á ä á=›vœㅙ"œ£œáßG°¡’á=å3蘛)à;áHç)›
_ñ‹„§)‡/¶'„;†…„;܉‡ ˆ ‡‹†H\ ß ¥Ÿ ˆ †‹¥ A½P¸v¹9Ñ ¿qà;˜=œ£œ£áš™[› ä )¯ ˜tŠq¥ 
,¤…
Ÿ§ ìØý š
—Aã…æ쉙à;æƒâ;ã…á°©˜Yèçvæㅘdßí,á=ㅛ)æ3™"ì‰áÓâ;˜㋼7™[å ä ç)›ƒ˜à;˜‚)›væd ª æá›)æ7š
ú\á=좘™"›)œ£æ ä æ3â;™[œádßÂlÁ “ °©æ!R
± °©’æ3å3ç)â;â™"œ£™ºâ;˜ã_œㅙ>°©â;á㋜ؙ[㋘¬à;æ3’˜=ã%°©ævœ£æâævà;æaœㅙ"í,‚ ä ádß ä å™K°"°©æ‚!¬
ä ™"~"æ3å3æ ä á=쉘e°¡˜èç)˜dß"›)˜=惜£˜=ã…ì‰æ›væaà˜=æaâ;™"ㅙ"쉘œã…æaæ3›)àæ ä ™"œ£æƒà;æG°¡˜èç)æ3œ£á Œ

 3
')Áh
À¾"Ç-Ä ô(
2%L%
¿ ?3 ;3 M3 ;3 3 ;3
. Á¿F%À$ Á ÂK > j =P!¿ ÁÁY q( ¿
ÁL% FM  3
?3 ;3 3
g7<B87<?N$(
I¿'Ái( (ÀÀMÁÄ ;3"Ã&Ë Á¿$¾"¿Á"ÂpÀ;3'Á¿¾
¿m0ÕË ?3Á¿-F(SÀ;3'Á L%L% 3À
ÀM;3Á
¿
Á0Õ'Â)Ï$ Ë (¿È d(
ML%
Ä ]7dI…KYI%B1LK8<!g;L!5S6 
¿(ÁƒWƒ/ Ñ Ã‹^I(¿4¾#¾"
¿À$
ÁÁƒ¿
Ä(ÄSÄ 


/Á¿IÀ+C ;3'ÂE3` D)[ L%L%;3'¿3Á&¡INEK8T:-añ
/ ;33O 3ÂOM34+ AHÁÆ
 ()? 3 Á¿-F(SÀ;'3 Á
 3 &?3 ÄÄÄ(ÁÃ
- ½A
)F &E3)L%;3È%?3L%
:ÀÆÁ 
 U"҃2Y0Â
ÁÁ;3H' 3 &ÁÎÌÒa2/¾¿- Ã
-.R S $¿
ÁWƒ/ Ñ F+¿ƒ$ ;3
È3Y

M(F3RÁ)+:҃2Y2Z 3 
 ÁO /
¿%E'3 / ;R3 '. ;3 ÁÁ
Á¿FÀ)+"Â+À;3Á¿(3 ;3$F+ -¿/Ë (¿%(?3À$;3Á U¾"
¿2U
:( 3 ƒÁ)+HÒGÕC2FÃ
-.T ^K'NA-F((¿A?3=P!SÁÁG'?3- ;3Á¿¿-A3'  &Á-Ì$Òa2¾¿- Â
?ƒ 3 'Ï$À$ÆÁ $
 H'҃2Y0Â(JSAP!33
-y

3' )(K)?3È%¿)+ ´)UÁM 3 U?
¾" :('(L%
¿%U҃2Y2FÃ
3 Á"
ÀmL!5S65<NII´)vN-6Y<NIIO3 
AÁ
¿-À?3

È%/W;/ Ñ Ã
-* ½A
/¿-Ì)Á('3_VOÒa2FÂOË Á; 3 ÁH?3 L%AÀ)+È%È%>(©IN…K:-aïY'$3 /¾¿-Á
¿!@BNEMMDI5E>)B&5B%
¾"¾"
ÒiÕC0 yÒa2Y0·6Ã
P3È%;3
¿"Â+&¾¿ÀOÖJ҃2Y0>
È 3 "ÒGÕC0K ;3 &¿
¿L%Á&¾"
¿i¾¿ (¾ )Á> ;3 Á¿-
 "Ã
3Á 3ÁA(
2À)+È%È%/
È3 Ä ;'3 eF
¿- ;3 Š¾(Ç-Ì  à ÖÓÂI-ÌÓP!M33 j¾¿Á²aINE<J@AN…KCT
B>C<!Dƒ3
5=K N…<8]!7Q<?N'@^ƒG;0BÃyÓÂe ; 3 $R 3 F(ÁÁ%À 3 Á e(  à ÓO¾"
¿G. 03VEZ"Già S e¾
-Ç'-ÌM^ƒG;0IÉFÃJ¾¿-
L%)( .3 
3 
È%
ÄÄ ;3 
  , ÂO&¾"Áƒ)¿ÎÌ)
¿&3  VOÒa2A¾"
¿23 HÒGÕC2FÃ
3 Á)_Õ`"X©0‹0` D©D ` [ WYG D `4Ã
'- ;3 Á¿
 &¾'N&M3 -Ì'U)O
¿HØPP
ÁÁÁ :d)$3 A?3 Á
¿-ÒGÕC2FÃ

-y\JS (ÁÁ
¿À 
ç ë[ø æKßdáAådcef_ehg>ÞicajHß7klkAå)æmeAn´æ\eäeâ âoj$â7ciåiß áFßÛæ$æqpYâ7cAce

 ß\¥=Ÿvñ ˆ „;Ÿ ˆ! #"  ˆ „ ˆ ‡\½ PÑÄxÌ1¿æà˜=›)œ£æ3‚ %¬

ä ™æåœㅙ"í,‚ ä á_㋘™"å ,œæ3쉘 ä á쉘_噬’á ä ˜ ì
 ˜àæå’æ3à;˜á_›)á›

ä áà;æ3‚ ä ™"œáÁ

 Þ
³1„†‹,„ [ 
‡  ˆ" „ ˆ ‡Œ½¹ xÄxÌ9¿)âç)¼¬˜'°"°©˜=㩘¬à;惜£æâá㋘™"僜æ3쉘ӽ
˜'°qš"’æ3à;˜ဩ¹³Í¿vá=ââ;çv㋘7›)ádß[˜=à
ª
™"å3åá㋙ªâç)¼«œáåå3˜㋙"ㅘ«’™[ã‹æ3™ dæá›)æqà;æAã…朣™"ã…à;᫽ PÑJÎ ¹9¿m쉙ª›)á=›iå%½ ˜ ä…ä ˜'°"°©æ’™•â;˜=ã…à;æ3œ£™ÆàæAà;™[œæ
PÑ Ì
½ 9Þ 9¿ØÁ

 ÕsÓ5„;, J„Þ[ 
‡  ˆ$"
P¦xÄÌ1¿Aœ˜›)œ£™‰à;æ&°¡í,ã…ç)œ£œ™"ㅘ®™"å1쉘èå3æášå3™¢~"™[›)à;™+à;æ°©â;á=›væ~[æå3˜Yš»å ä ᛬
„ ˆ ‡½
œㅙ"œ£œáéâ;ㅘ=’˜àa˜•å™Ïí,á=ㅛ)æ3œçv㋙Ïà;æ_çv› ©
ÑxÌ à;™Ïâ;™[㋜£˜Æà;˜=å3å3™hㅘ=œ£˜dߌ˜•å˜ °¡áã‹è˜=›vœ惰©á=›)áÆæ3›
èㅙ"à;á«àæAã‹æ°¡âá=›và;˜=ㅘ+™"àÆç)›v™ æ3›)à;æ ä ™YC ª æ?á›)˜«à;æ ä á›)è˜'°¡œ£æ3áY›)˜dßqã‹æ3à;ç ä ˜›)à;á«àæ ä á›.°©˜=èç)˜=›!Cª ™
å½ ™"œ£œæ3’朣÷1Á


_Ÿ)ñŠq‡…¤‹¸'‡…¦  ˆ%" „ ˆ ‡–½P¸vÄx9Ì ¿ ä á=›)àæ’æà˜¬å3™º~[™"›ƒà;™ºã…æ3쉙"›)˜›)œ£˜ ä á=›§¦xÄx9Ì ß쉙š›)ᛢèåæ{± ã…æ¬
ä á›)á° ä æ3œáÓç)›¡©
Äx9 Ì ß[›$&€Ó ± â;ㅘ=’æ°©œᬛ)˜'°"°¡çv› ä á=›vœã…áYå3åáŒà;æ ä á=›)蘰©œæ3á=›v˜Yš ŽA˜ ä ˜=å3å3˜¬æ3›¢˜ ä‹ä ˜°°Cá
°¡á›)á$° ä ™[㋜£™"œ£˜Y[
š »à;á›)˜=™Óâ;˜ãAœ£ã‹™K°¡ì‰æ°"°©æá›)æYæ3›.°¡˜›.°©æ~æ3åæY™Œã‹æ3œ£™"ã‹àæY˜=å3˜=’™"œ£æß=˜ ä )¯ ˜à;æ°¡âá=›)èá=›vá
à;æƒì‰˜ ä…ä ™[›)æ°¡ì‰æƒà;æ ä á›)œ£ã‹áYå3å3á¬à;æƒÂ)ç2°"°©á¬æ3›)à;æ3â˜=›)à˜=›)œ£æì
Ž`š

ŽA˜ ä å3™>°°¡æƒà;惜£ã‹™[í
‚ ä ád°©á=›)áÓà;˜'° ä ã…æ3’æ3~"æ?å3æa쉘à;æ3™"›vœ˜Óæaâ™"㋙[쉘=œ£ã‹æ

 ¶'‡‹„%'²ß \‡… ,  "P¹ÑxÌ9¿9™"ââ;å3æ ä ™"~[æ?嘬™ºœ£ç)œœ£˜å3˜ ä å3™>°°¡æ3ß쉙‹±å%½ çv›ƒæ ä áâ;™[㋙[쉘=œ£ã‹áâ˜=ãÑxÄÌtÁ

„ ˆ ‡–½

 ò_¨ñ ˆ „
Ÿv„Þ" ,‡lß\‡… 
  " „ ˆ ‡š½PÀYÑ1Ì ¿A™>°°¡æ3˜=쉘š™"æ!œㅘ²°¡˜èçv˜=›)œ£æ3ß1à;˜'° ä ã‹æ3’˜¾å˜ ä ™[㋙"œ£œ£˜=ã…æ°©œØæ ä ¯v˜ºà;æ

¹xÄÌ Œ ’˜=å3á ä 朣÷ ä á=ì‰â㋘I°©˜œㅙ²ÀYÑxª Ì ˜
¹Ñxþ Ì °¡á›)á›vá=›¬ ä á=›ví
áã‹ì‰æ3ß°©˜à;æaà;ç)ㅙ"œ£™ºì‰™[èèæ3á㋘àæ
©
Äx9À Á
)( 
Ÿv
Üi¨ÜÙ\ß ‡‹ ,  " „ ˆ ‡½P©
Ñx9Ì ¿ ä ™"ㅙ"œ£œ˜ã¡æªJdª ™Óå3™¬è™[㋙[›©ª æ3™¬à;æ~"™[›)à;™Œá=í,í,˜=㡜£™¬™"å3å3™ ä å3™>°°¡˜Z¦xÄxmÌ Á
)( „ ¼ ,Üi¨Ü ¨†Eñ ˆ òAQ݇¢½P©
Äx[À ¿_à˜° ä ã…æ’˜ªå3™Ùà;çv㋙[œ™êà˜=ætâ;æ ä‹ä )¯ ætà;朣ㅙ"í,‚ ä áªâ;˜=ã²°¡áã‹è˜=›)œ£æ
¹xÄÌmš

»å ä á›)œ£ã‹™[œœ£áÓàæ"œ£ã‹™[í
‚ ä ádß쉘=›vœㅘ–æì‰â˜=è›)™7å™e°¡áã‹è˜=›)œ£˜Œ™ã‹æ°¡â˜=œØœ£™"ㅘ_æ"â™"㋙[쉘=œ£ã‹æàæ"œ£ã‹™[í
‚ ä á–à;æ %¬

¯ %ªJª ª +* .» Ó
ä )æ3™"ㅙ"œ£æßY’æ3› ä áå3™¬å3™¬ã‹˜œ˜–™[åå?™ㅘ=™[åæ C™ ©æ3á›)˜ à;æç)›v™ ®¨„ 
 ˆÖ ¥ UòA‡…† Y,¤¡‡m½ 7Ç l¿·ß5ㅙ"ââ;㋘'°¡˜Y›vœ™[œ™ , .-
à;™[åå3˜¬è㋙[›)à˜ ªnªd˜¬½,œ£ã‹™¾å3˜Ó™"圣ㅘ=¿
 ß\‡‹ ,  × e»
„;Ÿvñ »‡‹† 0/ ®‡… 
„ Ö PÑx¨ÎA¿m™>°°¡æ3˜=쉘®™[åå3™ï°©˜=èç)˜=›vœ˜dß±«ì‰á=å3œá«æ3ì‰â;á㋜£™"›)œ£˜«â;˜ãHå™
½ ä å3™>°°¡˜
ÑxÄÌtÁ
 ß\‡‹ , 1/®‡… ,„ Ö ³1„†‹,„ ˆ J¥=Ÿ ÑxÎJ¹9¿–ã…™"â;â㋘'°¡˜Y›vœ™iå3™i’™"ã…æ3™"~æå3æ3œ÷i›v˜=å3å™ ä á=›2°¡˜è›)™Ïà˜=å3å˜ ä ˜=å3å˜dß
½
à;™"›v›)á°©™¾â;˜ã–å3˜™"ââ;å3æ ä ™ªdæá›)æƒã‹˜™"å%¬
œ£æ3쉘švŽA™¾â;ㅘ°©˜=›!ªC™®àævç)›v™²ÑxÎJ¹ª˜=å3˜=’™"œ™®âç)¼7æ3›)á圣㋘
â;ã…á=’á ä ™"ㅘ¬í,˜›)á=쉘›)æƒà;æƒì‰á=쉘›)œ£™"›)˜™ ä á=›vè˜'°¡œ£æáY›v˜Ó™[åå%½ æ?›)œ£˜=ㅛ)áà˜=å3噏㋘œØ˜dߘÓâ;çv¼¬˜'°"°¡˜㡘
ã‹æ3à;᜜ؙ+™"àá=œ£œ™[›)à;áºà;˜=èåæ)ñ…ž)„=Š!‡‹†pì
ºdß ä ) ¯ ˜ºã‹æ3à;ç ä á›)á¾å3™¢’™"ã…æ™[~æ3å3朣÷¢àæqã…æ3œ™[ã‹àᾙñ°©â;˜°©˜¾çv›
™"ç)쉘›)œ£á¬àæ{Ñx¨_ Î Á
 ß\‡‹ , 2_¥=ñ…ñ " „ ˆ ,¥š½P)Ñ Þ{9Ì ¿)㋙"ââ;ㅘ°©˜=›vœ™¾æ3å;œ™K°"°©áà;æG° ä ™"ㅜá7àæ ä ˜åå3˜à;˜å ä áåå3˜=è™"쉘=›vœáYš
-y¼ S ÎF+t2IZ5be)¾"¿)ÁÆ  3 A/Á¿-F¾"
¿Á¿-AÁ¿-©P!Ç HÁ
ØP! ;'3 - $ÕC2 [ Ã3
&M
3 )Á HF ¾NHÁ¿I¾"
¿Á¿$

È%)?3Á(¿L% 'Á(À¾ (¿)¿-
À; 3 ÁH
-¾"ÁÃ
-Å S dÎIOY^Z5bdÏM¾"¿Á
¿À$; 3 ÁƒI(ÁÁRGÁ¿F¾
¿Á Š(GÁ¿©P!Ç' 70ÕÂ?ô3 M3 Á )Á ƒÏMô 3 ¾"¿
Á
 S
 3Ä ;3' 3 )O ;3 Â+&È%KÁ¿-ÁK¾"
¿
¿d@!F.)-Ã% D 2Õ=B) ;3 &?$3 È%¿I( :)È%)Á¿&
¿¿-
ÁÁEÀ;3 Á&d
3 (¿L%Ä :


È%À;' 3 Á & ;
3 ¾"
¿%Áƒ(>(ÁEÃ
3 I76…>54H7[K >C<3NÛÏh
À$¾ )Á ï?3 ¾¿À$ ¾"¾¿ O ÀÄ ;3 »(X3 Æ=P¶P!
¿X$À$
À S¿FÂA::¿ÁÀ ë
3 Á /5E>)57684H7[LF¾(¿ (¿&F´$$
-ÐU Ù
L%'
ÁÀ;' 3 L%
¿& )ÁM3 Á"Ã
 g>Þg>ÞàßdáAáJâ$ãàäeåæUå ç ë¶
¯
ŏ˜å ä ™>°©á«æ› ä ç)ælæåAâá=å3æ ä æ3›)è‰ã…æå3˜=’æ ä )˜«ç)›v™ ä á›)›v˜°°¡æ3á=›)˜+’æáå™ å3˜ ä á›)àæ dæá›)æ ä á=›vœㅙ"œ£œçv™"å3æ ìØü ß ª
â;çv¼éæ3›)œ£ã‹™[â;ㅘ=›và;˜=ㅘ谩’™[ã‹æ3™"œ£˜é™ Cæ3á=›væß\˜ °¡˜Ùâç)¼Æ›)á› Yª
° ä ™[㋜£™"ㅘÙæ3ì‰ì‰˜=àæ™[œ™[쉘=›vœ˜Æç)›)™ ä ˜=å3å3™"ß
â;ã…á=’’˜à;˜ « %½
ä á=ì‰çv› "烘š™Û°©˜=è›)™"å3™"ㅛƒ˜ºå ™›vá=쉙"å3æ3™"ßaâ;á›)˜›)à;áâ;™[ã‹æ1™"à¢çv›)áæå9~[æœ \‡… ,  _¥=ñ…ñ¶ †‹,¥µ Cß 92
†… ˆÖ PÑ ¹ %½ ¯ ;š ¯
½ 9Þ ;¿mà;˜=å3å v˜=™[à;˜=ã Óúæ¼®í,™þ°¡æ ä )˜«å™ ä ˜åå3™ªà;æ3’˜›)è™ñ° ä ™"㋜£™"~[æå3˜ì(ìHæ› ä ™>°©á®à;æ ä á=›v
è ˜°©œ£æá›)˜
æ3›o™[圣ã‹æm›)áà;æ >š;:›hç)å3œ˜ã‹æ3á㋘ ä ™"ì‰â;á¢à;˜åå%½ ¯)˜™"à;˜ã·ßmæ3åG¶'„ Ö  
„¦ ×CÖ Šq‡+½¹¨ƒ¿,ßtâ;ç)¼¢æ›v‚)›ƒ˜ á'°¡â;æ3œ£™"ㅘ
ç)›v™Æñ‹‡§)Ÿv„; ,„=ݝ
¥Ÿ)‡«,Ÿ”„Y Ó „Ÿ ˆ ß ä )¯ ˜•ì‰™"›væ?í,˜°¡œ£™Ïæåtí,™"œœ£á ä )¯ ˜•å™ ä ˜åå3™êæ3› «"çv˜°¡œ£æ3á=›)˜ ¯)™»°¡çv~"æ3œá
ä =
á )
› 
è ˜
 ©
° 
œ 3
æ =
á v
› Y
˜ š
<>= 'µA|{Y|úQús Ùx 'yE² $? %= '›vá=à;æaà;æƒç)›v™šã…˜=œ£˜
¦!¨©
°¡á›)áæ3à;˜›)œ£æ‚ ä ™[œæƒà;™šç)›+æ›và;æ3ã‹æ dáÓàævø š~"€œ˜dß"à;æ %ªnª @
à;æ3’˜ã°©áM°¡æ3è›væ‚ ä " ¯
™ œ£áŒ›v˜=æ ä ™>°©æ[àæ"㋘œæ"â;ç)~[~"å?æ ä v˜–á_â;ã…æ’™"œ£˜Cß ä á=쉘–æ3›)àæ ä ™"œ£á_à;™"åâ;ã…æì‰á_~[€œ£˜–½ 9û­ ¿ P¦ š
ŏ˜=åâã‹æ3ì‰á ä K ™ °¡ádßà;˜œœ£á ¥†‹Ü‰„ ˆ ¥ b» A B
vÀY¦x¹ ºð(ð vÎCÑxєá å%½ ­7ÑxÎ °¡á›)á ™K°2¬ 8C DC
¤£1¤ › « ¦ +¨£1¨

A EGI F C3H H H
È ßtæ3å
°¡˜è›v™"œ£æ9à;™"å3å%½ P-RQ–߃˜å%½ 曃à;æ3ã‹æ%ªJªCáHà;˜å
® —Îœ œ˜ ™ ˜G˜ Ÿ %›   %œ   ž

›)áà;á ±Ïà;æ°¡âá°©œáh›)˜æ ç @”~"€œ˜Ïæ3›¬

¤"£1¤ › ¡'¡'© ¦ ­"¨

à;æ ä ™"œæ ä á쉘¬þªQ§)ž2µ
ïӆ‹¦)‡…† ®¥܉„;,Ÿ S/ ® —Îœ KJ ML

  ‘ (’ ENF COH
Ÿ S› H
  %œ H   ž

òaŠ!‡‹¤…¸¤A¶'„† ˆ ½ Ç à v¬7ÎCÀY¹ ;š
;¿ a°©˜=æ)~[€œ£˜7à;˜åå ÿ7Ÿ)¦ñò Ö ñ ˆ ‡…Ü %½ ·C¦)‡…Ÿ P³xÀ[­ ¿U°¡á=›vá7í,á=ㅛ)æ3œæ)à™"åaà;æ°¡â;á$¬
ˆ ¸'‡…†Ó½
°¡æ3œ£æ’áä á=›v›)˜°°¡á¬™"æ;~"áã‹àæaà˜=å3噚㋘œ˜dß;˜ ä áæ› ä æ3à;á›)á ä á=›¢æå°©ç)áÓæ›và;æ3ã‹æ%ªnd
ª áAÿ ˆ žv‡‹†…Ÿ)‡ ˆ Œ 曢œ™[åƒì‰áà;á
å3™šã…˜=œØ˜ ä áì‰ç)›væ ä ™ºç)›+â;ㅘ=2‚ °"°©á ä )˜æ3à;˜›)œ£æ‚ ä š ¯
™ æå;›)áà;á¬à;æƒæ›vè㋘'°"°©ádߘà«æ3åƒàæ°©â;á'°¡æ3œæ3’á¬åáә>°°¡á ä æ3™
™"å'âã‹áâ;ã…æá §³xÀ
[­–â;˜=ãºí
áã‹èæ™[㋘‰æå'â;ã…á=âã‹æ3á æ3›)àæã…æ ©á ä á=ì‰âå˜œá ‰»›)‚v›a˜dßmæ3å'~"€œ˜ ÔÀY³ %ªnª
)ÞÏâ;çv¼‰' ˜ °¡˜㡘 Yš
ç.°©™"œ£á¬â˜=ã_ì‰çv圣æâå?™"ㅘâ;æ3›)œ£æœ£÷ºâ㋘'°"°©á7æå;œ£˜=ã…ì‰æ›v™"å3˜dߘࡱæ3è›)á㋙[œáÓà;™"å3å3™šã…˜=œ£˜Yš
ŏ˜=å ä ™>°©áàæ1㋘œ˜šâ;ç)~[~åæ ä ™[ßaæå ä ™"ì‰âá‹ÃtÇv¬yÎCÀu¹§±šã…æ°©œ£ã‹˜œœØᏙUT«~"€œ£˜dß)˜èåæ« ´ ~"€œ˜àæx³š ç ×VT
ä á=›)œ£˜=›vèá›)áçv›‰æ3›)à;æ3ã‹æ%ªMªdá™"ââ;™"ㅜ˜›)˜›)œ£˜™"å3噏›)çv쉘=ㅙªdæ?á=›)˜¬œ˜å˜í
áY›væ ä ™ì‰á=›)àæ™[å˜Yš

Éay}{Ys)y}² µA|s)µls)yEy}s ix 'y}² W? 9= š ×xš ç ß å%½ ¦x9¦ Þ ± °©ç)à;àæ’æ°©á•æ›”àç)˜ ä á짬
ú\á쉘Æì‰á°©œㅙ"œ£áéæ3›”œ™[~
â;á›)˜›)œ£æßGòA‡ §v܉‡‹Ÿ ˆ ,Ÿ§Æ„;Ÿv¦ "
§Þ"  Ö ½ ÀY¦xÌ9¿˜
ß\¥=Ÿ!ÓY‡…† §v‡‹Ÿ)¤…‡Rò ¨}Þ" ,„ Ö ‡‹†7½PÑxÀ[¿»Á嘚í,ç)›ªdæá›)æ9àæ
‡…„;ñ©ñ‹‡…Ü
«"çv˜°©œ½ ç)å3œæ3ì‰áh°¡á›)áªç)å3œ˜ã…æáã‹ì‰˜›)œ£˜ªã‹æ3â;™[㋜£æœ£˜ªœㅙiç)›v™\ß ¥܉܉¥=Ÿ ¶'„;† ˆ ½PÑx¹ÑÀ"¿_˜àÏç)› òA‡…†Ó5
¤¡‡
òaŠ!‡‹¤…¸¤ ä °–½PÀYÀ}ÑxÀ[¿;š

Øå ä á=ì‰â朣áÓà;æ¦9 ¦ Þ±s"« çv˜=å3å3áŒàæ蘛)˜㋙"ㅘ¬æ%TYH ´ ~"€œ£˜Œà;˜=åâ™[€åá™"àºâ;˜ãå3˜ ä ˜åå3˜s¦!¨H © ß™â™"ㅜæ3㋘
à;™[åå3˜mÀYÎÆ ¸ ã…æ ä ˜=’ç)œ£˜dßY˜\àæYã‹æ ä áì‰â;áã¡ã‹˜5"« çv˜°¡œ£˜ç)圣æ3쉘m曏ã‹æ ä ˜Cª æ3á›)˜dßY™–â;™[㋜£æㅘ à;™[å5ã‹æ°©ç)å3œ™"œ£á\à˜=å3å3™
å3á=ã…áHà;˜=ì‰çv圣æ3â;å3™C ª æ?á›)˜Háâ;˜=ㅙ"œ£™«½
æ3› ~"™K°¡˜7™[åå3˜˜œæ ä )¯ ˜Yœ£œ˜d¹x;¹ ­,¹9Ñ ­ ¿!à;™[åå3ád°¡œ£ã…™"œá
¦¨© ã…æ ä ˜=’˜=›vœ˜Yš
“ ˜=›vœㅘ¬æ3åÀ}¦xþ Ì °©æ;æ›vœ˜ã‹í,™ ä…ä æ™ ä ᛉå3áe°©œㅙ"œ£ál¦¨H© ß[æ3åÑxš À æ3›)œ˜㋙[èæ° ä ˜ ä ᛉæ;â;ã…á=œ£á ä áåå3æ°¡çvâ;˜ã‹æ3á=ã…æß
˜®å3˜«˜°¡™[œœ£˜«á=â˜=ㅙd ª æá›)æA°©’á圣˜«à;æ3â;˜=›và;á›)á®à;™[åå3™ ›v™"œçv㋙‰à;˜=ålœㅙ"í,‚ ä ᫜ㅙ>°¡âá=ㅜؙ"œ£á Œ å3™ œ™[~"˜åå3™
¯ ˜R°©˜=èç)˜ì‰á'°¡œ£ã‹™²"« ç)™œ£œã…á7à;æ3’˜ã°©˜R°¡æ3œ£ç)™dª æá›)æ7š
ä )

3 3
-y WA.)
À¾" "Â+ 2ZYbƒ¾(¿A"¾¿-
¾¿- /ÕC25bF ). &ÒGZYbA
Á¿
¾"F+AÕC25bA¾
¿¾#:Á(À¾ : [ ZYV"Â
¾"¾¿-
;3 3 b3 3$¾N&O
¿&?3Á¿-F+Á &¾"
¿iË )¿À 3Á :((AÆM3(Ã
3 È% ;3 \25X)Õ6'Ó.ÈX?3M¾"¿Á 3ÄFÂ¾
¿23'-¾-Á/?3 ¾";3;3Á(¿-E
L%
¿
Á¿©P!Ç- UÈ% 
¿Á  ^ZYb
-.- Wi$3H-FO4Á¿-©P!Ç H¾" ;
Á'%Ä ;32(F¾"
¿%Ád(2(ÁEÂ$¾(¿Hd(L%
¿%Z 3 Á¿-d((.ÁF-Ì'¾" )+ ;'3 E3 L%S¿Â
À$:FA)
À¾" $3 
 )Ç(È3'H?3''$ 3 >Á)¾ O J)+(¿A?3 Á(¿¾ (ÁÂ(À$;3 Á¿JÁ¿n3 Ã"Wi'- ;3 Á¿¿- "Â($3 : (¿È%;3 Á
 ;3'Ç(M3' &À
Á 3
'¿-E¾(ÁÁ $(
'¾¿ (¾¿ 25X)Õ6YÂO
ÀJF&)
À¾" ' 3 
F &?M3 -')ÁH?3 L%?)3 J¾"-Ì(ÁÁ
ÁÆ;3¾"#/È%¿M34(I
2-
ƒ` D)[ ÂδÎÌ/ ; 3 ( ;3 
È%;3 Ä!P!¿À$À;3 ÁÁ?3 À$
Á´3 ÁÂ)i?/3 ¾¿-);'3 Ä($
3
J
JÀM 3 -M3 ÁÂS(
L% ;'3 &¿Á¿FÀ
ÁÁ
¿-&Ë ?3 Á
¿ ´¾ÎÌ
ÁÁ Ã>
&$3 )ÁË 'ÁyÀ &F Â ;3 ÁÁU
ÆS
¿Á
Á¿Á
È%ƒdI%<C7[<K >2a)<?N%<?>)<Nl@,W‹`ƒbYX[ZHZ"03V©2E`abZBIÁÁÁAJ
ƒ 3 ¾"-Ì(ÁÁ Â
¾
¿.yM'ÏAÈ%XL%
¿ÇÁ
 :¿Á '' 3 A

À$¾ ;3  3 ÁÃ
T3R.R
‹P!
¿-ÀÁ lG;V£`GÕHS¾"¿´@AN…K8B">C<CD&9[N…<-;EL!<?N\H<<NII]=>CL!5=K
Ë_^ ,
(ÂEJ¿ 3 J(QPP!(¿;3 Ä´¾(¿>%L%
¿[P! GpÀ$¾
`ÆF>C:=%K?ÁL5S6Jd=!>5)4J$7$3 L!5A¾¿-!
\lÇ<ON7 UEÀ3 (Æj3 "
Â+E U:3 ÀÀ$ )¾  F À`i Z´VÕ'Â-2Y¾"Z[
¿G03bƒ(('Ë0/Õ'à "ÏUF( (ÁÁÁH3 HÈ(¿¿Î̃("?3 Á¿F%À$;3 Á
 ç ëT æKßdáAådcef_ehg>ÞicajHß7klkAå)æmeAn´æ\eäeâ âoj$â7ciåiß áFßÛæ$æqpYâ7cAce

® a ˜ C
b _ B c b  d
¤« (¦ ¦ ª/¦ ª­« ª ª «y¦ £1¨«?¥'ª 1B Od b Od
O¨'« ¦ ¨¡I¦ © ¤­ª ¤ %£y¦ £1ª

¡¦ £« ¨£1¤A­ª b ed£?¨ %£1¤ ¡'¦ £« ¨£1¤ 8BO¨«y¦ ¨¡I¦ © ¤

Od Odfd bgb 5d
­ª U­ª p¤ ¦ ª %¤ b Od>c Odfd bgb 5d
¤ ¨­ª %¤ ¦ ª %¤

®Q® ž ‘ 3h ®Q® ž ®Q® i

ž
™ ’2ª“ ®Q® 3iž (™ ’2ª“

ŽA™ ä å3™>°"°©˜Z ± ç)› ä å3™>°°¡æ ä á ä ™>°©á

ÑxÄ1Ì ßƒ˜à+æ› œ£™"å ä ™>°©ád°©æ)™"à;ᜣœ™®ç)›§¦x¦9Þ¢àæ)œ£æâá ç ß;æ3› ä ç)æ)å3á
H
°¡œ£ã…™"œ£á ÑxÀܱš™K°"°©˜=›)œ£˜dß)˜à‰æåÀY¦xÌÙç)œ£æ3åæ%ªMªC™«æ3å9â;ã…æì‰áà;˜æNT´®~"€œ˜à;æ ä ˜=å3å3™¢â˜=ãŒæ›2°¡˜ã‹æ3㋘æ3›)í,á=ã…쉙¬
ªdæá›)æ1à;æ ä á=›)œ£ã…á=å3åá²°©ç)å3å%½ á=ã…à;æ3›)˜šà;æ ä á›.°¡˜è›v™"ßv˜ºàæq™[ç.°¡æ?å3æ3ẙ"å9ㅘ ä ç)â˜Yã‹ášà;˜åå3™+œ˜ì‰â;á=ã©æªJªC™`ªdæá›)˜
à;æG°©á=ã…è˜=›vœ˜7â㋘'°"°©á7噏à;˜'°¡œ£æ3›)™d ª æá›)˜Yš
ŽA™ ä å3™>°°¡˜ ¾ ½P¦x9 ¦ Þ7ø"¿æ3›)àæ’5æ3à;çv™e°¡áã‹è˜=›vœæì‰ç)å3œæ3쉘=àæ™[å?æ™Óâ;™ ä…ä )¯ ˜œœØádßY좘=›)œ£ã‹˜_â˜=ãAå™ÓúÙ½P¦x)¦ Þ
¶CTHá–ë"¿G°©æ™[ì‰áŒâæ£æ3â;æ ä ™"쉘›)œ£˜Œæ›®â;ㅘ°©˜Y›dª ™7à;æçv›)™ ä á›)›v˜°°¡æ3á=›)˜–à™"œ£æ™ ä æ3ã ä ç)æ3œጒæ3ㅜç)™[å˜Yš »›
«"çv˜°©œ™ ä ™"œ˜èáã¡æ3™+ã…昛)œ£ã‹™+æ3å9œㅙ>°©â;á=㩜ášà;æ ä á=å3å˜è™[쉘=›)œ£ækj®š ø"뫘Z»» †‹„܉‡¬†…‡… 
„ Ö ß´°©æ3™¢àæ9œæ3â;á¦xÄÌ
ä ) ¯ ˜ ¸vÄxÌmš ŽAáM°¡œ£˜°°¡áŒœ£æâá–à;æY¦x9¦ ޚ½PC¶ T7á–ë"¿– ± æ3›)‚)›ƒ˜–ç.°©™"œ£á_™"› ä v¯ ˜Œâ˜=ãmå3™ ä å™K°"°©˜–ò–ß5æ› ä ç)æ"ã…æ3˜=›)œ£ã…™
â;æ3˜=›v™"쉘›)œ£˜¬æ3åaœ£ã‹™K°¡âá=ㅜØá¬àæaœ£ã‹™[í
‚ ä á­7q ¹ °©ç§¦!¨©Ôš
,¬ç)™[›aàá7æåÑx®À à;æ¦x9¦ ÞÜd¶ T¾ã…æ ä ˜’˜7ç)›v™‹ÀYÎC¸ ½,à;æaà;æ3쉘=›2°¡æ3á=›v˜¬ì‰™>°°¡æ3쉙ml Ø nporq ¿1à;™[èå3æi°©œ£ã‹™"œ£æ
°¡çvâ;˜ã‹æ3á=ã…æ3ßvå3™®™"å3å3曃˜=™«™[à+ç)›ªì‰ç)å3œæ3â;å3á7à;æ!" ¶ ø®~"€œ˜dßa˜H’æv™"èèæçv›aè˜"¶ ø®~"€œ˜Hæ3›ªœ˜'°¡œ£™«˜=à‰æ› ä á=à™
=
á «
› 
æ v
›

í 
á ‹
㠉
ì Y
™ ª C 3
æ =
á v
› "
æ ;
à 
æ 3
å )
ç v
› }
è ¯ ƒ 
˜ J
ª ª C H
™ –
˜ ;
à æ =
á v
› 
œ ã…áYå3åá–à;æ[æ›vœ˜èã…朣÷O
š ŽA™„ÑxÀ¬y¹Îtê¸ ã‹æ°¡çv圣™"›)œ£˜HŒ ± â;™>°°¡™[œ™
Ì ß ä )¯ ˜ å3™e°©ç)àà;æ3’æ3à;˜æ›š~"åá ä…ä v¯ æàæTTÓ~[€œ˜dß5™ ä ç)æ›)˜\™[èèæ3ç)›ƒè˜ ø¬æ3›šœ£˜°©œØ™Œ˜ à;çv˜ æ3› ä á=à;™ º ðJº ß
ä ä
™"åqÀY¦x9
˜ ä á=ì‰âå3˜=œØ™ ä á'°¡¯å™j°¡˜ã‹æ3˜\àæTYÓ ´ ~[€œ£˜\à;™Óâ;™K°"°©™"㋘™"å3å3á:°©œㅙ"œ£á¦¨© šn7  å ä á=›)œ£ã¡™[ã‹æ3ádß5æ3å=ÀY¦« Ì à;˜åå%½ ¦9¦ Þ
ëe°©ç)àà;æ3’æ3à;˜\å3™sÑxÀu¬y¹ÎCÙ ¸ æ3›º~"å3á ä…ä )¯ æà;™sTYÓ ´ ~[€œ£˜ ˜\›vá=›º™[èèæ烛)è˜\æ3›)í,á=ã…쉙dª æá›)æ º ð»Ú ß5à;˜쉙"›)à™"›ƒà;á
æ3åã‹æ ä á›)á'° ä æ쉘›)œ£á¬à˜=å3å½ ç)å3œ£æ쫙 ä ˜=å3å3™šàæç)›)™d°©œ˜'°"°©™‹ÑxÀ¬y¹Îti ¸ ™"àšç)›«~"æ3œ!à;˜å ä ™[ì‰â;ás¹º ¨ â;ㅘ°©˜Y›)œ£˜
›)˜åå%½ ƒ ¯ ˜=™"à˜=ã–àæ ä ˜=å3å™¦¨©Ôƒš ò€½ ™"å3œ£ã‹™¾â™"ㅜ˜d߃å3™¾åçv›)è`a¯ ˜$ªndª ™¾à;˜åå3™²ÑxÀ¬7¹ÎC ¸ à;˜åå%½ ¦9¦ Þ+ë®7 ± ì‰ç)å3œ£æâå?™
à;æNTY¢ ´ ~"€œ˜dß9™"èèæ?ç)›)è˜=›và;á›)˜ºçv›Æ›vç)쉘ã‹áš™"â;âã‹áâ;ã…æ™[œádß!á圣㋘š™"æOk× T+~"€œ˜šà;æ1æ3›)œ˜'°¡œ£™dª æá›)˜½,á=ㅙ
â;á'°¡œ£™¾æ3› ä á=à™"¿,ß;æ3› ä ç)æƒá=ㅙ²°¡á›)áÓâ;㋘'°C˜=›vœ惙"› ä v ¯ ˜€š
´ ~"æ3œAàæaæ3›)í,á=ã…쉙dª æá›)˜Œà;™šç)œ˜›)œ£˜™"à¾ç)œ£˜=›vœ˜Yš
<
…±höz Ç : u ö s)öö=|u"² 7
  å3åád°©œ˜'°"°©áHœ˜ì‰â;áæ› ä ç)æaà;æ)àæí,í,á=›và;˜Hå½ ç2°¡á7à;æ!¦!¨© œ£ã…™®èå3æváâ;˜=㩙"œáã‹æ
à;æ ;Þ 9ßqæå ¨ Ñ (¨Ñ¹ ­7¹Ù˜=쉘ã¡è˜ ä á=쉘º ,¥ñ°¡œ£™"à™"ã…à ä áì‰ç)›)˜«â;˜ãHå%½ æ3›ƒœ˜ã ä á›)›v˜°"°©æ3á=›)˜®œ£ã…™ª˜=å3™"~"á㋙[œá$¬
ã…æt š -9˜=~"~[˜=›)˜¾æå¨Ñx¹­7¹è°¡æ™"ââ;áèèæl™"àšÿ ˆ ž)‡…†‹Ÿv‡ ˆ æ3›ê™[㋘™Æå3á ä ™"å3˜dßAâ˜=ãHæ ä áåå3˜=è™"쉘›)œæl™ªåçv›)è5™
à;æ°©œ™"›!C ª ™xº ð£Û–å%½ ¦!¨© â㋘'°¡˜›)œ™šæ›và;ç)~~[惒™"›vœ™"èè5æ ä á=쉘Ó噏à;æ°¡âá=›væ~[æå?æ3œ£÷šà;æ;~[™"›)à™à°©ç¢ã…æ ä ¯væ˜'°¡œ£™"ß
å3™ ä á=˜I°©æ°©œ˜›d ª ™ ä á=›oæåmœ£ã‹™"í,‚ ä á àætœ£æâá‰àæ’˜=ã%°¡ádßtå%½ ˜å˜’™[œ™é˜=í,‚ ä 昛ªd™éà˜=å3å™ ä áì‰ì‰ç)œ£™ªCæ3á›)˜dßm˜
å3™®â;á°°¡æ3~"æ3å3œ÷®àæ)㋙[èèæçv›aè˜=ㅘšàæ’˜=ã%°¡˜à;˜'°¡œ£æ›v™d ª æá›)æ7Nš :›)™®âã‹æ3쉙 °¡áå3çCª æ3á›)˜dßG°¡çv~"æ3œáY° ä ™"ㅜ£™"œ™[ß
í,ç " « çv˜=å3噕›vá=œ£™ ä á쉘7Š!‡‹‡…†¾Ü‰¥¦)‡‹ Jßmæ3› ä ç)æmæ'›)áà;æv¦!¨© â;á'°"°©æ˜à;á›)á ç)›hæ3›)à;æ3ã…æªJCª á«­e¹ ߘ=àÏç2°¡™Y¬
›)áºælâ;ã…á=œ£á ä á=å3åæ!à;æqã‹áç)œ£æ›vè+­e¹(štÂ
¨© ã‹æ°©ç)å3œ™ ä á'°¡¯!„Š;Šq„
„ ˆ „ê™[åå3™‰ã…˜=œ£˜¾­e; ¹ ß!쉙 ä æ¼ ä á=ì‰âåæ ä ™ å™
ㅘ=™"å3æ%ªnd ª ™©ª æ3á=›)˜¬à;˜=惛)áà;榨H © ß"˜=à«æ3å;쉘=œ£á=àaáӛ)á=›h°¡æƒè˜›)˜㋙[åæ%ªndª ™šâ˜=ã\â;ã…á=œ£á ä áåå3æƒà;æ3’˜=ã%°¡æƒà;™š­7¹(š
Žu½ ™"å?œ£˜=㡛)™[œæ3’5™²°¡˜èçv朣™"ß[à;˜œœ£™š¥5 Ó ‡‹†… 
„ Ö Ü‰¥=¦v‡‹ Jß;’˜=à;˜€¦!¨© ä á쉘ç)›váR°¡œ£™"œ£áàæ ä á=å3å3˜=è™[쉘=›vœá
°¡ç ä çvævá=â˜Y㋙ºå½ ­e; ¹ ß ä )¯ ˜d°©æ ä á=ì‰â;á㡜£™ ä á쉘Y°¡˜d°©æ)œã…á=’™>°°¡˜d°©çªà;æaç)›)™šÞ9¦ Èl)š »› â;™[㋜£æ ä á=å3™"ㅘdßG°¡áåá
æ;›)áà;æƒà;æƒí
ã…á=›vœæ3˜=ㅙ¾œ£ã‹™š­7« ¹ ˜à¦¨© â㋘›)à;á›)áçv›¢àá=ââ;æ3áæ›và;æ3ã‹æ%ªMCª ádß"˜=à«æ3›)àæ’5æ3à;çv™"›)áŒç)›v™p2_¥}§)µ
¤…„; ò ¨} Þ Ÿ)‡ ˆ ½Þ;­e[À ¿à˜=‚)›v朣™+à;™‰çv›)áà°¡œ£˜°°¡á¾â㋘‚.°°¡áº­7• ¹ ˜=àªç)›)™q°©œ˜'°"°©™‰ì‰™>° ä )¯ ˜=ㅙ‰àæH°©á=œ£œáYㅘ=œ£˜Yš
ú\ᛪã‹æ3í,˜=ã¡æ3쉘=›vœáH™"å3å3™¾‚)èç)㋙[ß" « çv™"›)àá7æ3å)ã‹áç)œ£˜=ãÓà;æ)â™"ㅜ˜›Cª ™«’ç)á=å3˜ ä á=›)œ£™"œ£œ™[㋘æ3å)›)áà;áHà;æ9à˜¬
°¡œ£æ3›)™d ª æ3á=›)˜dßqœ£ã‹á’™•½ ç ¿'â;ã…æ3쉙ªå½ ­e• ¹ à;˜=åã…á=çvœ˜ãà;æAà˜°¡œ£æ3›)™dª æ3á=›)˜dßq˜¡"« çv曃à;ælæ›v’æ3™ ç)›)™‰ã‹æ ä )¯ æ3˜°©œ™
T3R.T ')Á)ÁÀ)É/ÆÊ%Á& ; 3 Á 3 È% ;3 JË ?3  Ä ;3 !@!Ö/ÆÁB:)Á¿ÁÁ>((/¾"¿À$FÂOÁ À )&?3 Á(¿À)/

F$ 3 dÁ)+¬2YV' !Õ¡ZK^iÂS$3 È%Ì(Ä(Äe((.ÁIL%(G/ÏË 'ÁyÀ @ÎÔJÆÁBÂp3€3 'À
¿ 2
;3 Ät@!ÉÆÁB!ÂS3
 ;' 3 Á¿
 RK(¿¿
¿\@ÎÓJÆÁB!Â)'3 
Á-Ì
ÁÁŒ@EÓAÆÁB)-Ì¿;43 (:¾ )+ÆS?3 Á
¿-S¿Á
À$¾
¿-À$;3 Á:
T3Ry

P 3 )Á GÀ ) Ap¿¾"¿À.3 GÉUÆÊ%ÁG
È3 pÉF×ÃO^4¿U¾"
¿NiÏGE43 (C¾ 3 Æ GÎÌiG
4¿¿L%E'3 ?M

:(KL%
¿Sm2YV' CÕ©ZK^QÃ
3 
';3 ÄÂ
: 3 ; 3 Ï&¾"#$¾ OÆSUÁ
¿73 ¿(L%
¿%t25V' CÕCZF^iÃ
T3R*  'M 3  2:(ÁM)3 ÄHÁ¿&'3 )( (Á¿-
¾F+À;3  ;3 ($3 (Ç Â
¾¿$'ÚI74Ga):EIK@AN…K8B">C<DJ /eu–L 8N
\q<?N7A@AN…KCB>C<!D'@,]ƒ`ƒGaB!ÂE)2HL%
Á.Ï.Á 2%Á
¿À$E3 Gl¬N…K<?>Ea)MLK?7Q5R\l<N7A@AN…K8B">C<CD@ [ `aGaB¾"
¿4)Á;3  ;3 2ÁÁFE3 Ã
^
¿i)Á; 3  3 )3 
¿AÀÈ%È% (¿4¾¿(Y<?N…KLYL5H7[<N76…N>
65<873v<874Ã
g>Þg>ÞàßdáAáJâ$ãàäeåæUå ç ë"ë

¦xÌx¹•™[åU°¡˜=ㅒ˜ㄦ¨©
¦xÌx¹ªâ;ㅘ°©˜=›)œ£˜®›)˜åå3™«Þ;­7À ºðØý ß ä ¯)˜ºã‹æ°¡âá=›và;˜ ä á=ì‰çv›)æ ä ™"›ƒàá¾å½ æ3›ƒà;æ3ã‹æ%ªnªdáxw"ß1æ3å
« çv™"å?˜Ô± ä á°©¯tã…æ°¡á=å3œ£á‰½,ø"¿ šs "« ç)˜'°¡œ£á¢âç)›)œ£áÛ°¡æ'â;çv¼¢æ3›.°©œ™[ç)ㅙ"ㅘ¢çv›)™þ¹ÑxÑ ä á›zy 쉘=à;æ3™"›vœ˜+å3™
"
°¡˜è›v™"å3™© ª æ3á=›)˜
¦¨© ½P"¶ ¿,߃˜=࢘í
í,˜Yœœ£ç)™[㋘7å3™ ä áì‰ç)›væ ä ™dª æá›)˜½MT"¿ Rš ,¬çv˜°©œ™ °©á=å3çªdæá›)˜
±H›)᜙ ä á=쉘
¹xo Ñ Üi¨  ˆ QŠq ,‡ ¼ JŸ§O{˜àÏæ'à;™"œ£æ°©á=›vá æ3› ä ™"â°©ç)å?™[œæmà;æ3㋘œœ£™"쉘›)œ£˜ª›)˜=å3å3™àÑx¹ÑxÀu¬e¹ÎC¸ à;æb¦x9¦ Þvë(š¢»›
ã…æ ä ˜d ª æá›)˜dßqå%½ ˜œæ ä )¯ ˜œœ£™þ¹x;¹ ­¹x9Ñ ­®
± ç.°©™"œ£™‰â˜=ã ä á=›.°©˜=è›)™[㋘®æ3ålâ™ ä…ä v¯ ˜=œ£œ᫙"å!â;ã…á=œ»á ä á=å3åá®àæJ°©œㅙ"œ£á
°¡çvâ;˜ã‹æ3á=ㅘ ä ) ¯ ˜„v¯ ™ºã…˜=™"å3æ%ªndª ™"œ£á¬å3™ ä á=›)›v˜°°¡æ3á=›v˜„¦!¨©Ôš ò€½ ™åœ£ã…™¾â;™"ㅜ£˜Cßu"« ç)˜'°¡œ£™º˜å™[~"á=ㅙdª æ3á=›)˜Óà;˜’˜
™’’˜›)æ3㋘¬™H¦),†…‡ ˆ·ˆ ¥7¤…¥=Ÿ ˆ „ ˆJˆ ¥ ä á=›§¦x9 ¦ Þvë;ß;˜ ä æ3¼â;ㅘ ä åçvà;˜å3™ºâá°°¡æ3~"æ3åæ3œ£÷ºà;æƒæ3›)œ£˜=ã…å™’áã‹á ä á=› ›vá=àæ
˜°©œ£˜=㡛)æ;™[åå3™šã…˜=œ£˜„¦¨©Ôš

ŏ˜å ä ™>°©áæ› ä ç)æ´°¡æ3™«™"›vœæ3˜¬

144.254.23.X
|>}e~V}e€|f}‚|fƒ>„e…ƒf„‚†$~ˆ‡ƒ>…k~ˆ~$†V‰
„Yƒf})Š9€p‹RŒRS}Ž„Ž3€pŠ%€Ž9}Y~$„
Tavola di Routing 1
144.254.10.X diretto
144.254.23.X
144.254.45.X
via 144.254.10.2
via 144.254.10.3 †V~$€|f…„e~$‘D„ˆŠ9€.†$~“’9‹RŒ”–•—31€˜
Server ATMARP

144.254.67.X via 144.254.10.3

β
144.254.10.2
%…k|>|>™V„e‘P‘D}›š[’œ€„e~V„›€~$|>…k9Ž†$‰
Nodo di

˜…k‘D}€~ž†$~Ÿ™V„e…Š9„eƒ¡ 9 9Œ¢š¤£$£R£
destinazione
Risoluzione Indirizzi 2
144.254.10.2 β
144.254.10.3 γ ¥!¦V§8¨_§ 9ƒ>€…zŠ%€t„eŽŽ3„Yƒf„ž|f}Y~$‰
3 Rete ATM
Ž„e‡~$…k‘D}©…k˜˜ª «R«R V¬ ¨7­ ~®‘D…k˜$}Y‰
144.254.45.9

Š%}O€˜ƒ>}e†$‘D„eƒ8ƒf€|f„Yœ„Y~$‘D„0„eŽ…k€‰
Router di partenza α

144.254.10.1
~V…x˜ª ™W„e…Š9„Yƒ+ 9 9Œ®Š9„e˜V9…k|>|™$„Y‘K‰
‘D}¯ƒ>€|>„eœ†$‘D}Š%…k˜.~$}YŠ9}«$°9±²Š9€
144.254.45.X
4 γ
Destinazione 144.254.45.9

³[´$µ>³>¶3¶· 9„Yƒ8|>}e~$Ž„e‡~$…ƒf„€˜¸9…|f‰
144.254.10.3 144.254.67.X

|™$„Y‘K‘D}¹…k˜W9ƒ>}e‘D}e|3}Y˜˜}s…9%ƒf}Y9ƒ3€…k‘D}Okƒ>„e…˜€º5ºO…k~VŠ9}s|>}eŽ»W†$~ˆ¼ µf½%¶¤¾G¿eµ ¼ ¿sÀ“Á ¼à ¾7µ>¿ ¼ ¿¸Äf¿YÂM–¿ Ž†;«$°9± ¨

ÅpÆÈÇÊÉÈË9ÇÍÌmΡÏÑÐ;ҞÏÈÓÍÆ Ô €Ž3|>†$‘D€…km}¹Õ†$€!Ökƒf„Yœ„Y„e~V‘K„¹†V˜‘D„eƒ>€}Yƒf€V9}YŽ3Ž3€Ök€˜€‘D×xŠ9€!†$‘D€˜€ºº5}¹Š%€
«$°9±Ø|>}e„¹‘Dƒf…Ž3%}eƒ>‘K}tš[’W%…¡…Í|>†$€Wœ„Yƒf}YŽ3€€˜„Y~$‘D„tŽ3…ƒf×ʐ9ƒ>„eÙM„eƒ3€‘K}‚˜ª ±¹’9 9Ú ¨
Û „e~V‘Kƒ>„¹˜ª …99ƒ>}e|>|f€}¹|˜…kŽ3Ž€|>}t…‡‡€†$~W‡„¹†$~Ž†$ÖŽ3‘Dƒf…‘K}t‘Dƒf…Íš[’;„eŠU«R«$ $¬9%9„Yƒ0|f}YŽ3»!Š9€ƒf„ ³>¶ ¼ ³>µKÜ
Ý$¿ …˜˜…¯ƒ>„e‘D„m«$°9±©˜ª …9%ƒf}Y|f|>€}U 9«RÞߣràM 9«RÞâá À“Á–½ ¼à ¿eÝNã ~$„ˆ…‡‡€†W~$‡„ˆ†V~$} ³>¶ ¼ ³fµÝ$¿ …k˜˜…¯ƒf„Y‘P„
š¤’90|™$„ Äfµ>³fäV³ Š%€S…œ„eƒ>„…â|™$„)ÙM…kƒf„)|>}e~å†$~$…æ 9«RÞç„e‘D™$„Yƒf~$„Y‘ ¨r­ ~Õk†V„eŽ‘K})|>…kŽ3})…k~Vº5€è|™$é)†$~V…
 9š¤Ú!Ž3€$Š%„eêV~$€Ž3|>„©†$~$…0á À“ÁÂM½ ¼ ³fä  9«RÞ¢àM£R 9«RÞ ã W€˜$|>†$€$„YŽ3…‘K‘D}ÊÙM†$~Vº5€}e~V…„Y~$‘D}©9ƒ>„eœ„#Š9„©Š9€œ„YƒfŽ€
9…Ž3Ž…k‡‡€D”M•Pë ¨
ì €…æ~$„Y˜|>…kŽ3}¯|>˜…kŽŽ3€|f}|>™V„®€~¢Õk†$„Y˜˜}; 9«RÞߣRSŽ„¯Š%†$„®ƒ>}e†$‘D„eƒUš[’žŽ3}Y~$}®Ž†¢Š9†V„¯ 9«$Þçà 9š¤Úæ}
£R 9«RÞ ã Š9€ÙMٖ„Yƒf„¸~V‘K€àM|f}Y~x9ƒ>„eê$ŽŽ3€Š9€ÙMٖ„Yƒf„#~$‘K€ 㠘…È|>}e†$~V€|>…kºO€}Y~$„í‘Kƒ>…t€Š9†$„Š9„Yœ„S~V„e|>„eŽŽ3…ƒf€…k„Y~$‘D„
îïðñòYóóôOôYõeöO÷ô÷øùúùXûSü5ýþVÿeûõeõY
ö [öPõ fò [ûó
ö pûõeòeûù SøPõYóøNù ôXõ9÷Kô [ô

[ ö ¯÷KøPù  ø >ø 
îï ! #õ "$&%3ø pûõeøPõeó'ø öPùúùXø >(û öPùX)û Søõeóø.òeõY&û [ö%*%OôXû¹÷Kô¸õeö5÷K,ô +ø5÷.ôXõ‚óûfù [û-/ö .0%Oö 1 3ô 2fô ùúø1ûõ ÿY0ø 4 )û [ø.5û SøPõeö
÷KøP6ù  ø >ø '7+ôX9õ 8òYûõeóö0òe:õ "$;.<[öPõ >ò ûó<ö SûõYòeû=ù SøPõYóø ?>8øPô 4 ûóó,ô +8òYø ó@ö .‚ù ò  Aö %Oô B®÷K3ô 434 ò ö
÷KøPùVCó -û D%3ö [óö¡Dý ‚ö >ø E6+#ø5<÷ .Èóô %Oô [û)pøPõeóø+òeóôúùXô
F
Kû>ó#ö %Oø &öPùXùúø >)û Gø  ø5÷Kô1÷KHô  óûõeóô8÷ô!òeõeIû óø 1 Jö ,ô óø Sû
ûòeóöõeö S*ö +DøPùúô pôúõYû>õ9÷KöGùXû1õeø [øKôXCó LS÷ô D>ôXù ò %*%O)û øGôú5õ %[ö %*[ôXöGòeõpô @%3ôXûõ5óöp÷KMô Oü $1Có [û1ùX5ø øO÷,ô 
îOï NQPû.ø SòeùX)û
KôXöPõeøí÷Kô5òYõeûSü R¹÷0û %3)û [óøí÷KøPùXùX6û [øPó
ø J. %3ö Kô 2ô ùXø÷ö %3öGSû >ø 1÷Kø eõeôXó
ö %3ø !ö >õeUô T#ü RSòeõsü R
V/W&XY ZU[Q\ ]^
_U`bacd`ba-e ü T#þ fKg û [òYô3ö >õeôü R ü T7$Mf*Sô [ô fö3ù >
ø %3ø öPõeö O[ø[øNù ôXõ9÷ô [=ô
F
Kjö ;÷Kô3òeõ
ûùXCó [ö7ü T$-+kû %3)û [óô [ø8÷K&û  òeö!ôXõ9÷ô [ô
F
Kgö V/$ W@e ùúûGXYCó ZU[û¸[Q\ ]÷ò ^5
KhôXöPYiõe\ `bø8^÷K[Sûíe Dý $'û $k.lfô LGSû b>øPõeòYóû7Dó [)û SôXóø $ûGùXô >øPùúùXö7Dý fi
m õpòeõe5 û T#ü Rt÷Kø >øNôúõYöPùXCó [øRø Kø [
ø %*[ø øõeóøNòeõs÷,ô D%3ö  ô óô >lö n Sþ fÿeø÷K3ô 434 öPõ9÷Kø
ûSóòeóóôô!ü T$S-ô %3)û ÿeøóó-ô 2)[öPûF÷ [û- ó z!óÿeø [õeøPó e [öSøíû÷1ø !!aoùX]'ø Z*p[ô qoÿZ*Yrbôúø[bZMó^s6ø put/7^sv-fi+>^s'ø ]w
ÿe^ 'ø _U>`bôúa!øc!õe`bøßa-òeHx7 yûóöÈ÷KûôWü T$@ÿeø
÷Kø >öPõeößôXõ >ôúSû [ø.òe?õ 2S[öPûF÷ [û-1ó  m õ eõeø +>ö ![ö[øíòeõÍü R V/W&XY ZU[Q\ ]^?h7]^s{|7XaQZU[Q\ ]^5_U`bacd`bale ü T7$¸Sþ fÿe'ø [öõeö O[ø+
%3ø !ö >õeUô T¸ü R¹÷øPùXùX6 û [øPó}ø 6+D3ù øPùXøPõ [ö÷øPôü T$-+f÷KøPùü T¸þ$ø÷øPù x7y )þ 
~ ùXù Sû [øPõ gôXöPõeøs÷KôòeõÍü T$-+S8òeø  ó' ö [öPõeóûfóóû0ôúùWü T7$¸þ [öPõeö O[øPõ9÷KöPõeøíù ôXõ9÷Kô [=ô
F
K'ö 6+fö %%3ò [?ø  òU÷ôòeõe5û "$$
2øPõSõYöPó-û +KöDó [)û SôXó& ø ø >õYûùúSû
¤ôXöPõe ø 6fb%Oø $Sû %%*[øPõ9÷Kø [e kø >ùXôYôXõ9÷K3ô =ô
F
ô ®÷KøPù %*[ö %*[ôúöíü T#þNøp÷øPù x7y þ MkòeôXõ9÷Oô +
[ø >,ô Dó [/ û %*[ø 1 öNôXùü T¸þVùX/û [öHô O%Oöõ9÷øõ
Kû8Có [û1*ô %*[ö %*[ôOôXõ9÷ô [=ô
F
KMô $1ø5l÷ 6%òeûõ9÷KöRòYõtü T$0÷Kø ôM÷Kø [û8ôXõ >ôXbû ø
÷Kûóôeû÷GòYõ+ûfùúCó öü T7$-+5÷Kö %OöSû >ø [õY/ø [,ô  öPùXóöù ôXõ9÷ô [ô

Kkö UôúõYóø [ö fûfõ9÷ö7ôXùkü T#þ +Kôúõ [û)%UgòYùúûßùXø7Có [)û SøpOý 6[öPõ+òeõ
ÿeøPû¸÷ø 7ü5ü $SDý T7TT#€)1‚7 ‚0%*[ö %*[ôX ö [öSø7õeøù û- ö ùú-û Kgô [ö
 ƒU„
ç …Kßdá/†‡6ˆ6‰Aˆ‹Š>ތ‡Hß;ŽgŽ/†…'ˆ/}…&ˆäe⠐
⠍$â;‡†iß áFßI…&…k‘Yâ;‡/‡6ˆ

’“1“F”b’M•M–”b—)’”S–™˜lš›“F–”Sœ™”S˜j“1–”AžKŸ ’šl¡b¢l–(—*–;–—*£D—*“1–™˜jš›¡b¤D¤D–¥-’¦:–šl“F;§¨£C”b–“1“1J“1”S’©£ª”b£C¦:£§˜j– 
“1˜j“F“1(£Dšj“1–”bšj(’U¤C¤D’«”S–“F–(¬j­®°¯M±/’«—*£D“F˜l’œ£Cšj–u²?£D¤C¤D˜j—)“F”b’“1’J£Dš:³l¥M˜j”b’ Mª¨–”@£D¤¡S’U—*(¡s¤D’—)—*£D¡SU¯
´ ¦°–#ª¨—)—*£D’¦:Ašl“1’”b– M£”b˜l“F–”E§£ª¨’”µ
“1–šjœ’¶–I§¨£6§–—*“1£Cšl’œ£Cšj–·ª“F”b–¸¸U–”b·§£D’¤Dµ Server NHRP Server
ATMARP 2
¥M’U”S–5§£D”S–“F“’¦:–šl“F–5“F”b’¦:£D“F–&¤C’#”S–“F–&¬l­®™ §¨£Cµ ATMARP 1
+ NHRP1 + NHRP2
¦:£Dšj˜j–šj§¨¹£D¤@¡S’U”S£D¡bº§£A“1”S’U»H³l¡Sº§–¤D¤D’—)“F–—*µ Router di
—*’U U–?”b£C—)ª’”b¦:£D’šj§¨?’¤”b˜l“F–”A£Cšl“F–”S¦:–§£D(£D¤ destinazione

¡b¦:ª£D“1›§£0”b£C’U—*—)–¦:¸¤D’”b–I–:§£D—)’—*—)–¦:¸U¤C’U”S–
£gª¨’¡b¡b¢l–“1“£kžŸ¼£Dšº“F”b’šl—*£D“F k¤C“1”S–·’›”b£D¡b¤D’—)—*£Dµ Rete ATM
³j¡b’”b¤C£g’£/³lšj£/§¨–¤0”S˜j“1£Cšl¥¯™½}–°£6—)–”b•M–”J¬j­7µ LIS 1 LIS 2
®™¬j¾}Ÿ·§¨–¤D¤C–u§˜j–?¿žÀJª—)—*šj(—)¡b’¦:¸£D’”b—*£¤D–
ª”bª¨”*£D–5£Dšj»,”b¦:’œ£Cšj£D £C¤”b˜j“1–”6§£ª’U”S“1–šjœ’ di partenza Router
ª˜lÁ¹’U”S”b£C•-’”b–¶’‹¡bšl—)¡*–”b–¼¤C £Dšj§£D”b£Cœ)œ¼¬j­®
§£
ÃU˜j–¤D¤DJ§¨£
§–—)“F£Dšj’Uœ£Dšl– j–J¡S”b–’U”S–G˜lš¶¡S¤Cµ
¤D–¥-’¦:–šl“FÄ§¨£C”b–“1“F¨¯¹±gÄ—*¡b’¦:¸£DÄ§¨–¤D¤C–Ä¡b”b”S£Dª7šj§–šjœ–IÅlÆHÇlÈjÉʞŸË<Æ,ÇjÈlÉʬj­®©ÌŒ’U•-•M£D–šl–›ª–”
¦:–œœ°§¨–¤Í:ÎÏÐgÑÄÒsÓÕÔ«ÎSÖbÒ×ÙØMÐ!Æ,ÒÇÄÚ@ÛSÒÐ!ÒÜ*Ò×@Ý,Þ0ß@¾}ŸàE“1”S’¼–šl“F£D“Fá¼£Cšl§£D¡S’U“F–I¡b¦:–°Þ'ßE¾}Ÿºâ/ÎbÛbãÎbÛ
Ý,Þ'ßEÀà, M¡b¢l–?ª¨—)—*šl?’Uªª’U”S“1–šl–”b–(¥-šj˜jšl<’«ª¨£Cä·¿žKÀU U–u¡s¢j–u£Cšl—*“1’˜”S’Ušj#“F”b’9§¨£¨¤C”Su˜jš·¦:–¡b¡S’Uµ
šj£D—*¦:#§¨£*ÓkåÖbÖSåæÓkå¨ÛSÒ×,åkçHèéêkª¨–”5”S£D—)ªšl§–”S–(’U¤C¤D–<£Dšj“F–”S”b¥-’œ£Cšj£¡s¢j–#”S£D¡b–•MšlU¯U±¨Â ’ª¨ª¤D£o¡S’Uœ£Dšl–
§£g˜jšÕ¦:–¡S¡b’šj£D—)¦:©£CšÕª¨’”b“F–·—)£C¦:£D¤D–  ª¨”b“’›šj–¤/¡b’—)©§–¤D¤D–·ë}¿¬jÞì’¤D¤C’›§¨–³lšj£Dœ£ošj–·§–¤ íîØM×,ÐdÆ
ÚAÛbÒÐdÒÜbÒ×lÒãÎbÛ/ï«ðjíñÝC®;Ÿò/¬gçHèó*à¯

ô‹õ#ö;÷ ø ¤ íùØM×,Ð!ÆjÚ@ÛSÒÐ!ÒÜSÒ×lúAåûUÎS×0âgü?ÆHÐdÜÙýjÆ,ÇMþÝC®™Ÿ¿ÀUà'²·˜jšl’:¦:–“F§¨©§£/”b–’U¤C£Dœœ’”b–©˜jšl’:“F”b’µ
—*¦°£C—)—*£Dšl–:’º¡b£D”S¡b˜j£D“F›•-£D”S“1˜j’¤D–I—*˜ÿ”b–“F£EžŸ '¤D’º¡b˜j£0’”b¡s¢j£D“F–“F“˜l”S’¼²›§–—*¡b”b£C“1“’ºšl–¤D¤C’¼¾


§–¤C¤D žë}­ –;¡s¢j–;•-–”b”Sᩖ—*ª—*“;¦:–¥-¤C£D(£Dš›˜jšl’9ª”b—)—*£D¦:’G–§£Dœ£Dšj–U¯?˜j££C¤D¤D˜—)“F”b£D’¦:;£l¤D–¥M’¦:£
¡s¢j–?®;Ÿ¿ÀGª¨”S–—*–šj“F’9¡Sš›¬l­®°¯
±/#—*•-£C¤D˜ªªu§£®;Ÿ¿ÀJ¢l’™”b£C¥-£Cšl–#§¨’¤D¤C–<£Dšj£Dœ£Q’“F£D•M–#£Dšj§˜l—*“1”S£D’¤o£“1–—)–u’™”b–’U¤C£Dœœ’”b–<”S˜j“1–”5£Dšjµ
“1–”bšj–“k–¡Sšl¦:£D¡S£§¨£ª”b–—)“’œ£Dšj£M–¤D–•-’“1– –<¡b’ª’U¡S£U§£¨¥M–—*“1£D”S–#¤C’?¸’šl§’;£DšG¦:§¨u’Uªª”bª¨”S£D’“1U¯
±/&žë}­«¢j’u”S£D¡b–•M˜l“FA£D¤M¡S¦:ª£D“FA§¨£U’”b¦:šl£Cœœ’-”b–A£CšJ˜jšj’u’”b¡b¢l£C“1–“1“1˜j”b’™—)“1’šj§¨’”S§¨£Dœœ’M“1’(£U§¨£C•-–”µ
—*£’ª¨ª”b¡b¡S£D ¸’U—*’U“F£—*˜l¤ª¨”S£Dšj¡b£Cª¨£C?§££Cšj¤D“F”b’”b–(£lª¨’¡b¡b¢l–“1“F£l£Cš°¸’—)–(’§G˜jšj’J–“1£C¡s¢j–““1’9Ý,¿¬ jë}¿à
£D¦:ª—)“1’“F’9§’¤ª”b£C¦:;”b˜l“F–”<§–¤C¤D’G”b–“1– ª¨”Sª”b£C™¡b¦:–;’M•M•-£C–šj–(£Dš:¬j­®°¯?’“1(¡s¢j–;–”S’Ušj;¥-£Cá
§£D—)ªšl£C¸U£C¤D£
£k§¨£C—)ª—*£D“F£D•-£g¢j’U”S§#’”b–Gª¨–”(”b–’U¤C£Dœœ’U”S–G£ šj§£ §£k—?£D“F¡s¢l£Cšl¥·¬j­®™ 
£kª”b£C¦:£ ª”b“1µ
“1£Cª¨£j¢j’Ušjš«—)–¦:ª¨¤C£D¡b–¦:–šj“F–«˜j“1£D¤C£Dœ)œ’U“F™“1’¤D£l—?£C“1¡s¢¼—)“1“1J£D¤l§¨£C”b–“1“;¡bšj“1”b¤C¤D;§£l˜jšÄ”S˜j“1–” ø  
¡b¤D¤C–¥M’U“F©’§Ä’¤D“F”b£g—)£C¦:£D¤o£g“1”b’¦:£D“F–©¤D’:”b–“1–·¬l­®°¯u±l®;Ÿ¿ÀIJG“F˜j“1“1’U•-£C’°ª£DäÕ¥M–šj–”b’¤D–  —*£D’›•-–”b—*
¤D ’U¤o“F«Ý,²ŒØ-×HÐdÆÓkÛbÒÐdÒÜSÒ×H×,Ò·£DšÄØl’šj“1™—*£}’Uªª¨¤C£D¡S’©¤C“1”b–9¡s¢j–«’§°žŸ l’·Ã˜l’¤o˜lšjØ–«’¤D“F”bJ—)“F”b’“1«§£
!"#%$'&)(&+*-,.0/1.2(34,5&)(6.7(&+89&;:<&>=@?>*A(.0/>.CB/>=@?>*C$'.03>89*0$EDF>G*E=@?>*CH3>&;/,5&>IJB/>89*0/>K<.0/1.EBK<K<&;.0$'/>BL89*CM;*C89BN*0M;M;*
,5&1&;/(89$'BO,5BIA*/>89.!=P?>*!&;/,5&Q='BR/>.!&;M-6-$'.7(S(&;IA.T(BM;89.VU9WRX'Y-Z[>\^]V_<:<*0$R(.J,*-(89&;/>BR`5&Q./>&DF1abc*V$'&Q=@?>&;*7(8*A,5&-$'&)(.0M;3>`5&;.0/>*
de-fdg F
6*0$3>/h=P*0$'89.&;/,5&;$'&+`5`5.iDFj(.0/>.&;/(89$'Bk,B89*
IA*7,5&;B/>89*
H3>*7(89*j(89*7(S(*89BN*MQM;*-G^K<&;3>/>K<*0/,5.i,&k(BM;89.
&;/l(BMQ8.
m />.BM<$'.03>89*$0n;"#B66B$'89*0/>*/>89*
BLMQM+BJ(89*7(o(Bqp-D#C,*0M;M;rsDFi,&k,5*7(89&;/>B`5&+.0/>*GP=@?>*='.0/1.7(=P*
M;BV$'&)(6.7(89Bta-u3>*-(89r 3>M;89&;IAB
$'&;6-*$'='.0$'$P*vBM;MQr &;/,5&;*089$'.J&QM6-*0$'=P.0$<(.AwxB8989.,BM;M+By$P&Q=@?>&;*7(8BtG m />.JBM;M+Bz(.0$'K<*0/>89*ah!$'.03>89*0$iB8989$'B<:<*0$<(BL89&V,BM]{|'|'{
]c{}~\7 {-€t}'x‚~\-}~ƒ>{cWR\EUx6-*$3>/J6„7_RMQ*$'&)(6.7(89*V89$PBt(6.0$'89B8*-GS$'&),31='*0/,5.%&;M78$'Bw m ='.q" g F-a
s…P)M7IJ*089.7,5.h(&LNBt(BJ(3†,5&-31/hIJ*0='='B/1&^(IA.&;/,5&;='B89.
='.0IA*
‡1\7ˆyƒ>XRZ‰X<‚'Z \7WtGSBL89893>B89.i,BLM$'3>.089*$!DFOn de7f 6$'.7(S(&;IA.
BM;M;Bh(.0$'K<*0/189*-G@=P?>*
Š
&;/jK<$'Bt,5.i,5&LB=P='.0$'K<*0$(&O,5&L89$'Bw m ='.
/>.0/l(6.0$'Bt,5&;='.E,&;$'*08989.
:<*0$<(.
3>/1B%IA*7,5*7(&;IABJ,*-(89&;/>B`5&+.0/1*-a
u3>*-(89.q$'.3>89*0$E&QIJ6-*0$R(.0/>BJBM;MQ.0$PBv3>/ f F7‹ dzŒ x X<W1ZtU f F7t_xGL*7,q&;/>89*$'$'.0K<Bv3>/ f F-‹ d |'X<}'Ž@X<}
U f F7#_-6*0$E=P.0/>.7(='*0$'*
M;r &;/,5&+$'&;`5`5. de7f ,5*0MQM;B,5*7(89&Q/1B`5&+.0/>*G&;/yIA.-,.y,Bv='$P*0B$'*h3>/y=P.0MQM;*0K<BIJ*0/>89.y,5&Q$'*8989.-ajK</>& f F7#2(*0$':<*q3>/1BA.h6-&;‘
’ p d G'*VK<M;& f F7#=P.0IA3>/>&;='BL/>.V89$'BiM;.0$'.VIJ*7,&;B/>89*V&;Mt" g F-a
br f F-‹ d $P*0BM;&Q`5`5B“M;B”(*06B$'B`5&;.0/>*8$'B•&;M%='BM;='.0M;.–,*MQM;r &;/(89$'Bt,5BIA*0/189.*M;r &;/>.0M;89$'.—,*0&T,5B89&)a™˜š,5&;wxwx*0$'*0/1`5B›,&
3>/4$'3>.089*0$j89$'Bt,5&Q`5&+./>BM;*-G1=P?1*4(:<.0M;K<*A*0/189$'BIANL&&='.0IA6&;89&^G1M;r f F7z(:<.0MQK<*(.0M;.vM;r &;/>.0M+89$'.A:L*$<(.vM;r &;/,&;$'&+`5`5. de7f ,5&
,5*7(89&;/>B`5&+./>*-GoIA*/>89$'*VH3>*-(89r 3>M;89&;IA.%ŠVwx.0$P/>&;89.T,BM;M;r f F7#LG5=P?>*T(&7=P.0IA6.0$58BiH3>&;/,5&7='.0IA*!3>/†}\7œ>Z‰X|PX<}'ŽPXR}5a
ŠiŠ4žŸEŸC J¡4¢y£-¤%£ ƒ¥

”b–“1–à¡b¢l–(•M–”S—)?£D¤¸’—)—*#Ý,»H˜lšjœ£Cšj’™£Cšl§£D»H»,–”S–šj“1–¦:–šj“1–#§’¤D¤D £D¦Iª¨¤C–¦:–šl“F’Uœ£Dšl–?§–¤D¤Cu—*“1”S’U“Fu§£
¡b¤D¤C–¥M’U¦:–šj“1 ¨—)£C’J¬l­®™ ÎSÐdýjÎbÛSÇlÎSÐg§·’¤D“1”Sà¯
±/’(×Hå¨ûÎb×k’ª¨ª—*“1’9§’U¤ª”S£D¦:u®;Ÿ¿ÀAԙÒØMÐdÎbÛ#Ý,¿ÀU¾}àl§£Dª–šj§–(§¨’¤D¤C’™§¨–—)“F£Dšj’œ£Dšj–užŸ©§–¤ª’U¡Sµ
¡s¢j–“F“1¦E§¨£C•-–”b—*–¹§–—*“1£Cšl’œ£Cšj£@ª—*—)šl¹¡b£Dšj¡b£D§–”b–Õ¡bš ˜jšj’Œ—)¤D’–§0ÒÛbü?åÛbÈjÆ,ÇMþ©¨ª}ØÆ,ãå¨×HÎ)ÇjÜbÎ
« ×,åÖbÖ&Ý)ë}àFç,謠-£D§–šj“1£C³l¡S’U“F’;§’;˜lšj’(—)£Cšl¥M¤C’u×,åûUÎS×s¯­/˜l“F“1££ª¨’¡b¡b¢l–““1£§¨£˜jšl’;—*“1–—)—*’ë
I—*šj
£Dšj¤D“1”S’U“F£
•M–”S—)G£D¤}¦:–§¨–—)£C¦:™ÇjÎKϨÐ/ýjÒsÓ/ }£Dšj§¨£C¡b’“19§¨’¤D¤C’·“1’¸–¤C¤D’·§£
”b˜j“1£Dšj¥7 j£Dšj§¨£C¡b£Dœœ’M“1’°§¨’¤D¤C’
×,åûÎb×çç,è¯v®«–¤C¤D’›—)“F–—*—)’¶“1’¸U–¤D¤C’U 
—)£g“1”S•M’Ä’šl¡b¢l–G¤D’›šj˜j•M’©×Hå¨ûÎb×5§’›’U—*—)–¥-šj’”b–©’¤ ª’U¡S¡s¢j–““1 
ª”b£D¦:’¼§¨£6¡Sšj—)–¥Mšl’”b¤C·’U¤C¤D ¿ÀU¾ —*–¥M˜j–šj“1–U¯ ø š “1˜j“1“F£6£/¿ÀU¾ÿ—*˜l¡S¡b–—)—*£D•M£D g£C¤6ª¨’¡b¡b¢l–“1“F°šjš‹²I”S£Dµ
¡s¤C’U—*—)£C³l¡S’U“F ¦:’©—*¤C«£Dšj¤C“1”S’U“F™•M–”b—*«£C¤ÇjÎKϨÐgýjÒÙӐ¡bš¶˜lšj’Gšj˜l•-’J×Hå¨ûÎb×/¡S¦:–J”S§¨£Cšl’“1«§¨’¤D¤C’
“1’¸–¤C¤D’¼§£0”S˜j“1£Cšl¥¯  –”b“1’šj“1 E²:£D¤'ª¨”S£D¦::¿ÀU¾ù’º§–¡S£D§–”b–Ä“F˜j“1“1›£C¤0“1”S’U¥M£D“F“1 E–§Õ£Eª¨’¡S¡s¢l–“1“F£
§£0˜lšj’¶—*“1–—)—*’¯ëÿ—)–¥-˜jšl:“1˜j“1“F£0¤D°—)“F–—*—);úAå¨ûÎb×Eâ/ü?Æ,Ð!ÜÙýjÎbÈÄÚ0åÐdýÿÝ,¿ÀUŸà¯ ø š“1’¤6¦:§ '¥M¤D£
—u£C“1¡s¢‹ª¨—)—*šlI–—*—)–”*–·ª¨£Cä —)–¦:ª¤D£D¡S£D 6—)£6ª—*—)šl°—)“F’U¸£D¤C£D”S–·£Dšj—)“F”b’§¨’¦:–šl“F£g§£D•M–”b—*£0ª¨–”«˜jšl’
—*“1–—*—*’¶§¨–—)“F£Dšj’œ£Dšj– ççç £Cšº¸’—)–©’¤/ª¨˜jšj“1©§£g£Cšl¥M”b–—)—* g¡S—°6¡b¦:–·¤D–—ë ª—)—*·–—*—)–”S–·”b–—)–
§£Dª–šj§¨–šj“1£gšlšÕ—)¤D©§’U¤C¤D’:§¨–—)“F£Dšj’Uœ£Dšj–  ¦:’°’šj¡s¢l–G§’›’U¤C“1”S£kª’U”S’U¦:–“1”S£D  ¡S¦:–©¤D’:¡s¤C’U—*—)–©§£
—*–”b•M£Dœ£D?”b£C¡s¢j£D–—*“1’
¯
±¨Â ’—*—)¡b£D’œ£ošj–Ä“1”S’¹×,åûUÎS×?–”ëîÝH—*—)£C’Œ£D¤0ÇlÎKϨÐ#ýjÒÙÓ ª–”·£5ª’U¡S¡s¢j–“F“£5¡bšîØl–¤D¤C’Ä×Hå¨ûÎb×à<²
—*“1’¸U£C¤D£o“1’º§’U¤0¿ÀU¾î§£gÈjÎbÖSÐdÆ,Çjå>±-Æ,ÒÇjÎUçç)² '–:¡b£C²›˜jš ¿ÀU¾î£Dšj§¨£C¡b’¹’U¥M¤D£6¿ÀM¾î§¨’£'Øj’-¤D£gÖSÆ&åÖÓkÎSÐdÐdå
ÈjÆEÛbÆHÜbÎ*ã7ÎSÛbη“1”S’U»H³l¡S 'ÃU˜j’¤D–G×Hå¨ûÎb×<˜l—*’”b–I£Cš‹¡S”S”b£D—*ªšl§–šjœ’¼§¨–¤D¤C–³ë
ùª¨–”J¤C–°Ã˜l’¤o£0¡Sšj—*¡*–
¤D £Dš—*“1”S’U§’¦:–šj“1U¯
?’“1;¡s¢j–™¤D’9¡bšj—*¡*–šjœ’G§£˜jš›£D—*“1”b’§’U¦:–šj“1;²;’šl¡s¢j–;£D¤lª”b–”b–ÃU˜j£D—*£D“F;—)˜j¤Dµ
¤D’›¡S˜l£/¸’U—*–G—)šl·’šjš˜jšl¡S£D’“1–©¤C–©£Dšj»,”S¦:’Uœ£Dšj£k§£k”S˜j“1£Cšl¥·ýjÒsÓ æ,û7´æ,ýjÒÙÓ £CšÕ£Dšj“1–”bšj–“F g£D¤úAå¨ûÎb×
µ Æ,ÖSÐdÛbÆHû}ØMÐ!Æ,ÒÇ°ÚAÛbÒÐdÒÜbÒ×'ÝC¿¶/Ÿà/ª˜lÁG–—)—*–”S–©•-’šj“1’¥-¥M£o—*’¦:–šj“1–G’—)—*¡S£D’“1G’U£kª¨”S¡S¤D¤D£ §¨£k§¨£C—)“F”b£Dµ
¸˜lœ£ošj–G§¨–¤D¤C–9£Cšl»H”S¦:’Uœ£Dšl£
§£ ”S˜j“F£Dšj¥·¥M£Dᰖ—*£D—)“F–šj“F£kÝ,–—7¯T ·/Ÿà¯5±/–9’U—*—)¡b£C’Uœ£Dšl£ “1”b’³ë
 –
×,åûÎb×6—*£lª”bª’U¥M’šl™§˜jšlØj–;³lšj™’£lšj§¨£}§£j£Dšj¥-”S–—*—) j”b–’U¤C£Dœœ’š§¨J˜lš¶”b–“1£D¡S¤CJ§£
¸1’¤D¸–”S£¹'§£
¿ÀUŸ k¡b—)“F£D“F˜l£C“1£/§¨’¥M¤D£k¿ÀUŸ¹§¨–³jšl£C“1£g§¨’Ęjšj’°—*“1–—)—*’™ë

  –·¡s¢j–©¡bšl•M–”S¥-šj·•-–”b—*·˜jšlG—*“1–—)—
ÎþjÛbÎSÖb֙’Iª’U”S“1£C”b–9§¨’I§¨£C•-–”b—*£lÆ,ÇMþlÛSÎbÖSÖM¯i®«–¤ šl§¨9£Dš¼¡b˜j£}ª¨£CäÄ¿ÀUŸ¶—)£}”S£D˜jšl£C—)¡Sšj l²Jª¨—)—*£D¸£D¤C–«–»Hµ
»,–“1“F˜l’”b–9£D¤×,åûÎb×!:ÎSÛþjÆ,ÇMþº’—)—*–¥Mšl’šj§¨™¤C’©—)“F–—*—)’©×,åûUÎS×6’£lª’¡b¡s¢j–“1“1£ ˜l—*¡b–šl“F£D j”b£D§˜j¡b–šl§™¡b—°
¤D’J§¨£C¦:–šj—)£Cšj–(§¨–¤D¤C–u“F’U¸–¤D¤D–?§¨£”b˜l“F£Dšj¥¯
±¨Â –“1£C¡s¢j–“F“1’9×Hå¨ûÎb×g—*˜Ä¡b˜j£j—)£l¸U’—)’G¤C ®;Ÿ¿À©ª˜jÁ0þjÎbÇjÎSÛbÆ,ÜSå:Î*ÇjÐdÎ#¡bšj—)£D—*“1–”*–;£DšÄ˜jš›£Dšj¡b’ª¨—*˜j¤Q’µ
¦:–šl“F·§¨–¤D¤C’›Ÿ¶Eº §–¤D¤C·—)“F”b’“1°§¨£/”S–“F– gª”S£D¦:’Ä¡s¢j–·Ã˜l–—)“F’Ä—)£C’Ī¨’—*—)’“1’Ä’¤D¤o·—*“1”S’U“FI§£/¡b¤C¤D–µ
¥M’U¦:–šl“FU¯?˜j’Uš§¨°£g¿ÀM¾—*šl·”S–’¤D£Cœœ’U“F£k¦:–§¨£C’Ušj“F–·—?£D“F¡s¢ ¬l­®™ k¤C’°×,åûUÎS×&²·–»H³l¡S’U¡S–¦:–šj“1–
”b–’¤D£Dœœ’“1’:˜j—)’šj§¨©¤D’›¡Sªª£D’”»}Ÿž9¼S»
}žK g”S–’¤D£Cœœ’Uš§¨·£k¿ÀUŸº¡S¦:–I§¨–¤D¤D–z»
E¯ ø šÕÃU˜j–—)“F·¡b’—)
ª–”SÁ —*”S¥-šl;ª”b¸¤D–¦:£šl–¤l¡b’—)(£Dš:¡b˜j£—*£§–¸U¸’9–»,»H–““F˜l’”b–(£D¤:ÎbÛKþlÎ#§£ª£Dä°¿ÀUŸI”b–¤D’“1£C•-–(’U§
˜jšl’Ä—*“1–—)—*’¯ë} g¡b¢l–°ª¨’—)—*’Ušj·§’¶˜jšlI—)“F–—*—)°¬j­®Jµd¿ÀU¾'¯ ø šj»,’“1“F£D g—*–I˜jš šj§·’§¨“1“F’U—*—)–:£Dš
˜j—)¡S£D“1’:˜jšl’°—)“F–—*—)’I×Hå¨ûÎb×µ9» ª¨–”;§¨£D»H»,–”b–šj“1£V»Ֆšj“F”b’šl“F£D 
¤D–9¡b–¤D¤D–G£Cš¹¡S˜l£k—)šlG—*–¥M¦:–šj“1’“1£
£0ª’U¡S¡s¢j–“F“£6žŸ 0–§ ”b’º¡bš˜j¥M˜l’M¤D–©×Hå¨ûÎS×!µ)»
j @—)£'’U¤C“1–”bšj–”S–¸¸–”S E”b–šl§–šl§›£D¦:ª—*—)£C¸U£C¤D–I£C¤
”b£C’U—*—)–¦:¸¤D’¥-¥7£CG§¨–£gª’¡b¡s¢j–“1“1£F¯  –”(ÃU˜j–—*“1G¦:“1£D•M k®;Ÿ¿ÀĪ¨˜jÁGª–”S’U”S–·’šl¡b¢l–9¡bšÕ¿ÀU¾ ¡s¢j–
šjš©ª–”S¦:–“1“Fšj#£C¤k:ÎSÛþjÆ,ÇMþ
 M–#¡s¢l–uª¨—*—)šluÃU˜j£Dš§£¨–—)—*–”S–u˜j“1£C¤D£oœœ’“1£’U—*—)£C–¦:–<’§J’¤D“F”b£¡s¢j–#šj–
—*šju¡S’Uª’¡b£o¦£Dš°“1’¤¡b’—* ¿7 ¿ÀU¾›šjšlµH¦:–”S¥-£Dšj¥uÇjÒǖ½#šl“1£C³l¡S’“1u’˜j“1¦:’U“F£D¡S’U¦:–šl“F–#§–¤C¤D–(’—)—*µ
¡b£C’Uœ£Dšl£ë
µO×,åûÎb×! ¦:’©¥M¤D£l•-£C–šj–;¡b¦:˜jšl£C¡b’“1’G˜jšl’GÝ,§£D•M–”b—*’Uà ¤D’¸-–¤}¥Mšj£•M¤C“1’©¡s¢j–™šj–;¡s¢j£D–§¨–
¾¿E*0M7$'.03>8&Q/1KE&;6h8$'Bt,&;`5&+.0/1BM;*-GS3>/>BAÀ ’ i='.0&;/>='&),5*%='.0/AM;r &Q/(89$'B>,BLIA*0/>89.V&;/>:<&),31B<89.J,5BMO \7WRÁ<X'|<ZtÂ!{Z‚[
a
 ¿E*0M-$'.03189&Q/1KqDF%='.0/>:<*0/>`5&;.0/>BM;*G'6-*$.0K</>&$'.3>89*0$PGSMQB!89BN*MQM;BJ,&$P.03>89&;/>KJ,5*0:<*%*7(o(*0$'*%*-(BIJ&Q/>BL89BV6-*0$&;/>89*$'.%6*0$
.0K</>&-6B='=P?>*8989.-GoBM;M;BE$'&;='*0$P='Bl,*0Mt \7WÃÁLXP|<ZkÂC{cZ~‚x[l89$'BjM;*%$'*0K<.0M;*!6-$'*-(*0/189&^a
 )M1$'.3>89&;/>KADFV89$'Bt,5&;`5&Q.0/1BM+*V.06*0$'B†(3,5&-3>/>BiNBk(*
[1\^]ÄxÅSÆ7Ä [>\^]VGS*V6-*0$
H31*7(89./>.0/A6-31„V89*0/>*0$P*V='.0/>89.J,5*0MQM;Bi6$'.7n
:<*0/>&;*0/>`5Btaku31B/,S.J,3>*V6B='=@?>*08989&16-*0$
3>/>BEIA*7,5*7(&;IABl,5*7(8&Q/1B`5&Q.0/1*%6-Bk(o(B/7.J,5Bj3>/>.T(8*7(o(.V$'.03>89*0$PGo6-$P.7(*KL31.0/>.
6*0$MQ.T(89*7(S(.%6*0$'='.$<(.a
sÇP)/>wxB8989&)GŠEM;Bv {ÅSX<c,*0MO6B='=@?>*08989.T}'x‚~X<ŽÃœ>Z‰\j=P?1*2,5*089*0$'IA&;/>Bq&;MWÃX'Y7Z-[>\^]!G*EHL3>&;/,S&OŠEHL3>*7(8r 31MQ89&sIA.iB†,* m />&;$'*CMQB
(*IAB/>89&;='Bv,*0M;M;BT {cÅoX<L6$'*7(S(.V&-6-$P.06-$'&7:<&;='&;/>&)a
 ƒÈ ¤žŸE£‡6ˆ6‰Aˆ‹ŠŒ‡!ž;ŽgŽE£7¤'ˆ/¤&ˆh¢y É J ;‡£žÊŸtž–¤J¤k‘ ;‡/‡6ˆ

˜jšl’©ÝH§¨’©’—*—)¡b£D’”b–J’U§:˜lšj’“ë}àH ˜j—)’šl§;¡b—° ª¨£Cä°×,åûUÎS×6§¨–¤}šj–¡S–—*—)’”b£CU¯!Ë«šj’©’¤D“1–”bšj’“1£D•M’ ²
Øl–¤D¤C’:§£/¡b§¨£C³l¡S’”b–I¤C’Ì됦:–§£D’šj“1–©£D¤/—*¤Cz»}ŸžK g–§¹˜j—)’”b–©£D¤E»
}žAª¨–”™£Dšj§£D¡b’”b–©£C¤/šl§¨I§¨£
ª’U”S“1–šlœ’}¯ ø šÕØl–—)“F©¦:§ k£C¤:ÎSÛþjÆ,ÇMþ ²©ª–”;¡S—°/§¨£C”b–9åkØ-Ð!Ò1:åÐdÆHÜbÒ- k—)–šlœ’›ª¨”S¸¤D–¦:£g§¨£/’¤Dµ
“1–”bšj’šlœ’©“1–¦:ª¨”*’¤D–;§¨–¤D¤C–«¡S–¤D¤C–™§£}§¨£D•M–”b—*£}ª¨’¡b¡s¢j–“1“£lžŸ –§:£D¤j¦:–“1§™ª˜lÁ™–—)—*–”*–™’ªª¨¤C£D¡b’“F
—*–?²?ª¨—)—*£D¸£D¤C–u¡S”b§£Cšl’M”b–(¤D ’—)—*–¥-šj’-œ£Dšj–?§¨–£»
}žg“F”b’9—)”b¥M–šj“F£§£D•M–”S—)– ¨–(—)–?£D¤šj˜l¦:–”b(§–¤C¤D–
×,åûÎb×kšlš°¤D“F”b–ª¨’—*—)’G¤D’J¡b’ª¨’¡S£D“1á9§££Dšj§£D”b£Cœœ’-¦:–šj“FU¯
±¨Â –—)ª—)£Cœ£Dšj–J—*•-¤D“F’I²9•-¤D˜j“1’¦:–šj“1–9—)–¦:ª¤D£D³j¡b’“1’ l–9“1”S’—)¡b˜j”S’°ª–”?¡b¦:§£D“FᛒU¤C¡b˜jš–9£D¦:µ
ª”S“1’šl“F£¡S’U”S’“1“1–”b£C—)“F£D¡s¢j–;§£®;Ÿ¿À
¯
?–—*¡b”S£D•M£D’¦::Øj£'¤C –»H»,–“1“›§¨–¤5ª’—)—*’U¥M¥M£D°§£5˜lšù—*–¥Mšl’¤D– EÄ§¨£5˜jšª”b¡b–—*—) &’U“F“1”S’M•M–”S—)¶˜jš
—*£D—)“F–¦:’›³j—)£C¡b  ¡Sšj¡b–šj“1”b’šj§¨©¤C ’“1“1–šjœ£Dšj–J—*˜l¤C¤D–9¦:§£D³j¡s¢j–©—)˜j¸U£o“F–©§¨’¤D¤CJ—*ª¨–“1“”S9§£g§¨–šl—*£D“Fá
§£ª¨“1–šjœ’M U?§¨£–šj–”S¥-£D’
¯ͺ–šj“1”S–uª–”&£—*–¥Mšl’¤D£¨ª–”S£D§¨£C¡b£–u§£–šj–”b¥M£D’J—)£D’¦:#¥M£Dá«£DšI¥M”b’§#§£
§–“F–”*¦:£Dšj’-”S–«¤D«—)ª–“F“1”*™§£}’U¦:ª£D–œœ’G§¨–¤D¤D ˜l—*¡b£C“1’©¡S¦:–zÎÐÏ^Ñ
ÒhÓÕÔÖÏ^Ñ
ÒO×ÖÏ)Ñ
ÒH –«§¨’·Ã˜j–—*“1™“1µ
“1–šj–”S–?ÝH’U§G–—7¯ à6¤C#—*ª¨–“1“F”*#§£§¨–šj—)£D“F᫧£ª“F–šlœ’™¡b¦:–ÙØ%ÚqÏ)Ñ
ÒCÓÜÛ ÎÐÏ^Ñ
ÒRÛ Ý šl–¤¡b’—)u£Dš°¡b˜j£ޏÏ9ß5Ò
”b’ªª¨”S–—*–šl“F£˜lšj’(¥-–šj–”S£D¡b’«”b–’U¤C£Dœœ’œ)£Dšl–<§£¨˜jš9ª”b¡*–—*—) Uª”b£D¦:’;§£¥-£C˜lšj¥M–”S–<’U§«˜jš©”S£D—)˜j¤D“F’“1
’šl’¤o¥M?¡S¡b”)”S–#Øl’šj“1¦:–šj#§–³jšj£D”S–#¤Du—)ª–“F“1”S?§£¨ª“F–7šjœ’;§¨–¤¥M–šj–”S£D¡Su£Dšj¥M”b–—)—*ÙØ%àJÏ)Ñ
Ò0¦²
–—)’“1“F’U¦:–šl“F–;ÃU˜j–—)“F?¤C?—*¡bª;§¨–¤D¤D’Gª”b£C¦:’Jª’”b“1–;§–¤¡S’Uª£D“F¤C ¨£Cš°¡S˜j££¡Sšj¡S–“F“£—)“F’U“F£D—*“1£D¡S£¥M£Dá
§–³jšl£C“1£k•-–šl¥MšlG–—*“1–—£ ª–”;¥M£D˜jš¥M–”S–©’U¤C¤D’:§¨–³lšj£Dœ£ošj–©§–¤C¤D’ÙáØMÇt±MÆ,ÒÇlÎ(ÈjÆgåkØ-Ð!ÒÜSÒÛ*ÛbÎS×,å>±-ÆHÒÇlΠ
¤D’J¡b˜j£“F”b’—)»H”*¦:’“1’J§¨£âl˜l”S£D–”&²(ª’U”S£’ªª¨˜jšl“Fu’¤D¤C’«§–šj—*£D“1á9¡S–”S¡b’“1’GÝ,“F–”*–¦:’9§¨£ã9žë}Þ5ë}¾}à¯
ø ¤”b–—)“F?§–¤¡b’ª¨£C“1¤D?ª¨”S¡*–§¨–?’ª¨ª¤D£D¡S’šl§<’§9–—)–¦:ª¨£ª¨”S’U“F£D¡S£¤D’«“1–”*£D’«³lš·Ã˜j£¨—)•M£D¤C˜lªª¨’“F’U 
ª”b–—)–šj“1’šl§:’U¤C¡b˜jš£5¡b’—)£E“1£Dª£D¡S£'§£E§–“F–”*¦:£Cšl’Mœ£Dšj–:§£'˜jšj°—*ª¨–“1“”S:§£E§–šl—*£D“Fṧ£'ª“F–šlœ’ 
§–—*¡b”S£D•-–šj§¨Jª¨—)—*£D¸£D¤C£’”b¡s¢j£D“F–“F“1˜j”b–«§¨–£}³l¤C“1”S£D ³lšj;’§I–¤C–šj¡b’”b–;£CšÄ¦:§™—)£C—)“F–¦:’“1£C¡b™¤C–;’U¤C“1–µ
”b’œ£Dšj£§–¤D¤C–<§£D•-–”b—*–#¥M”b’šj§¨–œœ–A§¨–—)¡S”*£D“1“F£D•M–<§–£¨—*–¥Mšl’¤D£o U£Dš©¡bšj—)–¥-˜j–šjœ’;§¨–¤¨¤D”b#ª’—)—*’U¥M¥M£D
’“1“F”b’M•M–”b—);˜jšj£o“1áG–¤D–¦:–šj“1’”b£§¨£–¤D’¸”S’Uœ£Dšl–¯
ø ¤k¡S’Uª£D“F¤C9“F–”S¦:£Dšj’›¡bšº˜jšj’I’ª¨ª–šl§£D¡S–©£Dšº¡b˜j£ —*šj©”b£C»,–”S£D“F£k˜j¤D“F–”S£D”b£/”b£C—)˜j¤D“F’U“F£D }–G§£D¦:µ
—*“1”b’“1–(’¤D¡S˜lšj–?”b–¤D’œ£Dšj£˜l—*’“1–?³lš:ÃU˜j£šj–¤“1–—)“FU¯

ä2å<æ çÐèéiéjê2ëìíhî7èï”êðêðçÐèñìéiî1ìï”íhì

ò U¸ ¸£o’¦:#¥M£D᫝—)—*–”b•M’U“F?¡S¦:–?¤D’«¡b’”b’“1“F–”*£Dœœ’Mœ£Dšj–#—)“F’U“F£D—*“1£C¡b’9§¨–¤ª”b£D¦:?”b§£Dšj–JóôõÏÞ
Òj§¨£˜lš
ª”b¡b–—)—*³öޏÏßÃ÷5økÒù<—)“1’œ£Dšl’”b£C™–”S¥-§£D¡b l¡Sšj—)–šj“1’I£C¤}¡b’¤D¡S¤C«§£
•-’¤D”<¦:–§£Dzú“àu–J•-’”b£C’Ušjœ)’
û ô Ý  šjšl¡s¢
ü?§¨–¤D¤C’Jª“F–šjœ’zØ ô Óþý ôõÿ Þ
Ý Ó û  ôÝ  Ïú à Ò Ý  U•M’¤D£D§’«ª–”&˜jšl’«ÃU˜j’¤D˜šjØl–u”b–’U¤C£Dœµ
œ’œ£Dšl–“ø;§–¤ ª¨”S¡*–—)—*U¯q?–³lšj£o’U¦:J”S’°˜jšj’·—)“F’“1£D—*“1£C¡b’©ÈlÎS×gÖbÎSÜbÒÇjÈlÒ9ÒÛSÈlÆHÇlΙ¡s¢j–Jª–”S¦:–“F“–”Sá
§£§–“F–”b¦:£Dšj’-”S–;’Ušj¡s¢j–u¤Cu—*ª¨–“1“F”*?§£§–šl—*£D“1á9§£ª“F–šjœ’9§–¤C¤D–(”b–’U¤C£Dœœ’œ)£Dšl£§¨–¤ª”b¡*–—*—)U¯
±/’#—*“1’“1£C—)“F£D¡S’#§£—)–¡bšl§@”S§¨£Cšl–&—*£¸U’—*’<—)˜j¤D¤C’A¡bšlµ
—*£D§¨–”b’œ£Dšl–:§¨ £ ¼£C—)“1’šj“1£J ß <–”ß Ý  0£Dš¡b”*”b£D—*ª¨šj§¨–šjœ’
−
x(t, θ )

§–£0Øj’-¤D£6–—)“F”*’U£C’-¦: 0§¨’¼˜lšj’Ä”b–’¤D£Dœœ’œ£ošj– øG§¨£6˜jš x 1=x(t 1) t t

ª”b¡b–—)—* Þ4Ïß0÷5økÒH §˜j–(•M’”b£C’U¸£D¤o£j’¤D–’“F”S£D–
Þ JÓ ÞÏ)ß 0ÒH 
2
t
Þ Ý Ó Þ4Ï9ß Ý Ò¯ ò ¤
•M’U”S£D’M”b–G§¨–¤D¤C’·”b–’¤D£Dœœ’œ£ošl–9¡b’¦:ª£Dµ x2 =x(t 2 )
1

šj’U“F’U 
“F˜l“F“1–©¤D–©¡Sªª£D–©§¨£g•M’U¤C”S£k–—)“F”b’“1“£g—)šlG’¤D“F”b–“1µ
“1’šj“1–A§–“F–”b¦:£Dšj’œ)£Dšl£U§£U˜jšj’(•-’”b£C’U¸-£C¤D–A’¤D–’U“F”S£D’(¸£D§£D¦:–šl—*£Dšl’-¤C– M§–—*¡b”S£D“1“’(§’;˜lšj’?§¨–šj—)£D“Fá
ƒ 
 „  ¤žŸC£‡6ˆ6‰Aˆ7Ì¢y J¡£‡%ŸC ;‡/‡ž;‰E É ŽE£‰g‡!ži£ˆ

§£ ª”b¸U’¸£D¤D£o“Fá°¡Sšj¥M£D˜jšl“F’ ó
ô)ô!ÏÞ
5Þ Ý ß5ß Ý ÒH }¡s¢j–9£Cš¼¤C£Dšj–’°§¨£
ª”b£Cšl¡S£Dª£D9§¨£Cª¨–šj§¨–G’šl¡s¢j–«§’¥-¤C£
£D—*“1’šj“1£ ß k–ß Ý ¯
±/’¼³j¥M˜l”S’¼’¤D¤C’¼ª’U¥M£Dšj’¶ª”b–¡*–§–šj“1–›¦:µ
—*“1”b’?¤D ª–”S’Uœ£Dšl–5§¨£-¡b’¦:ª¨£Cšj’¦:–šj“1E§£˜jšj’ 1/pi*exp(-(x1**2+x2**2))

”b–’¤D£Dœœ’œ)£Dšj– 7¦:–šj“1”S–5Øl–¤D¤C’A’#³j’Ušj¡SE–—*–¦°µ 0.35

ª¤D£D³j¡b’?¡S¦:–@¤D’?§¨–šj—)£C“1á?¡bšl¥M£D˜jšl“F’?—)“1“F–7šj§’
0.3
0.25
0.2

˜jšÕ•-¤D˜j¦:–9˜jšj£D“1’”S£D  –©§–—*¡b”S£D•-’¶¡bš £D¤k—*˜j

0.15
0.1

’šl§’¦:–šj“1@¤D–@”b–¥M£Dšl£U§¨–¤ª¨£C’Ušj2Þ oÞ Ý £Dš9¡b˜j£

0.05
0

¡b’§šj«˜jš¶¦:’¥-¥M£o”ušl˜j¦:–”b«§£}¡bªª£D–™Ý,•-µ -2

•M–”S?§•M–;¤D’Jª¨”S¸’¸U£C¤D£D“F᫲?ª£Dä:§¨–šl—*’à¯
-1
0 2
1
1 0
-1
2 -2

"!$#!%# &('*)+), -/.1032'*45,

?˜j–—*“1’©¥M”b’šl§–œœ’©§¨£Cª¨–šl§–™§’U¤C¤D’G§–³jšl£Cœ£ošl–«§¨£}˜jš›•-’¤D”b–™’“F“1–—* l»H”S¦:’U¤C¦:–šj“1–«’Ušj’¤Q¥M™’
Øl’š“FI¥M£DáĕM£D—)“FIª–”J£D¤/¡b’—)°˜lšj£o§£D¦:–šj—*£Dšl’¤D– /¡s¢j–Iª”b–šl§–I£C¤gšj¦:–°§¨£!:Ò>:ÎbÇjÐdҖ:Æ,ÖbÐ!ÒIÈjÆ
ÒÛbÈjÆ,ÇjΕ%Ï 658÷ 7tÒ
–(¡s¢j–(”b£D—*˜j¤D“1"
’ 9

ú;ô @  Ó ýJô  ô
:=<%> )? ô A Þ < Þ ? ÓDEDþÞ <  Þ ? ó ô  ô  ÏÞ
5Þ
Ý ß 5ß Ý ÒGF>ÞHFOÞ Ý
ÝCB Ý
–(¡s¢j–?šj–¤¡b’—*u£Dš:¡S˜l£
6VÓI74ÓKJ'ª”b–šl§–(£D¤šj¦°–?§£ÜbÒÛ*ÛbÎS×,å>±-Æ,ÒÇjÎ<–u—*££Dšj§£D¡b’9¡b¦:–
 
L ô ÏޏÏ9ß  Ò ÷oޏÏ9ß Ý oÒ ÒEÓú;ôM
: ^> ôN@ 

 b” £C¦:’°§£kª”b—)–¥M˜j£D”b–  —)»,»,–”b¦:£C’U¦:¡b£/˜jš¹£C—)“F’Ušj“1–Gª–”;¦:–¥-¤C£DG¡b¦:ª¨”S–šl§–”S–©£D¤k—)£D¥Mšj£D³¡S’U“F©§¨£
 
ú ô : > ô @  ¯M±/’J¡b”b”b–¤C’Uœ£ošj–?»,”b’9§˜l–u•-’”b£C’U¸£o¤D£’¤D–’“1”b£D–u£Dšj§¨£C¡b’J£D¤¨¤D–¥-’¦:–#¡b¢l–?–—*£D—*“1–(“1”S’«¤C–#§˜l–ç 
;
šj–¤6—*–šj—)°§¨£6Øj’Uš“1:¤D ˜šj’¶¢j’Ęjš •-’¤C”b–I—)£C¦°£C¤D–·’¤D¤C ’U¤C“1”b’ 6–§Õ¢l’Ęjš •M’U¤C”S–·’—)—*¤C˜l“FI“1’šj“1
ª£D伖¤D–•-’“F9Øj’Uš“1Gª¨£Cä¼£k•-’¤D”b£
§£CN Þ '–zÞ —*šjJ¤C–¥M’U“F£ £Cš¼¦:§¨G§–“F–”*¦:£Dšj£o—)“F£D¡S ² 9k£Cš¼–»,»,–“F“1£
Ý
ª–”SÁ k—*–¥M˜j–šj§¨G¥M¤D£ –—)–¦:ª£g”S£Dª”S“1’“1£/šj–¤C¤D’I šj“1’  šlšº—)–¦:ª¨”S–©ÃU˜j–—*“1©’¡b¡S’§¨–  –Gª–”S“’šj“1G²
ª¨ª”*“F˜lšju¸’—)’”b—*£—*˜l¤C¤D ˜l—*(§¨£¦:¦:–šl“F£¡S–šj“1”S’U“F£¡S¦:–(§–—*¡*”b£D“F“1(’¤ª¨˜jšj“1(—)˜j¡S¡b–—*—*£D•-¯
 )/>89*7(*%H3>&/1*0Mc(*0/(.6&;‘TK<*0/>*$'BM;*-G'6*0$*-(*0IA6&;.%='.0IJ*V89*0IA6*0$'B8931$'Bi*6$'*7(S(&;.0/>*
&Q/h3>/q6-3>/189.N*0/h6-$P*0='&)(.h,5&
3>/q='&;M;&Q/,$'.i,&31/TIA.89.0$'*%BA(='.066-&;.GP.066-31$'*='.0IJ*V6-$'*-(o(&Q.0/1*
*
:L*MQ.='&;8POE&;/h31/h='&;$'=P3>&Q8.&),$'BL3>M+&;='.-GP.6-/1*03>IABL89&Q=P.-asasa
Bt(89$'B*0/,5.%='&;.0ŠT,5BM-='Bt(.%6-B$P89&Q=P.0M;B$'*h,5&,53>*%:0a BtaR*7(89$'B8989*T,5Bi3>/>Bv(89*7(S(BCwx.0$'IABl,5r .0/,5Bta
8Ç Q31„89.0$'/1B$'*3189&QMs*6*0/(BL$'1 * RTXZS VYPU $X W [ ='.0IJ*%3>/>BVIA*7,5&;BC6*7(BL89BA,5*0&6.7(o(&;N<&;M;&L:<BM;.0$'&t,5*0M6$'.7,5.08989M
. \  \ ^] &L89*0$'IA&;/>&
,5&-*K<3>BM;*BIA6&;*0`5`5BE*h(*0K</>..066-.-(89.%6.7(S(.0/>.*0M;&^,5*0$<(&t(**0H3>&;6-$P.0NB<NL&QM;&)aÿE*0K<M;&*7(*IA6-&=@?>*T(*KL31.0/>.-GP$'&;6-.0$'8&QBLIA.
,5*0&kƒ {-ÁO}~{cÂAÂA1ƒ7|<‚{ZZ‰X<}'QWRÁ†6*0$J(*&,5&Q:<*0$R(&c='Bt(&
,5&,5&)(89$'&sN3>`5&;.0/>*†,*MQM;*q='.066-&;*†,5&:<BM;.0$'*& \  _ * \  GLBt(o(&+*0IA*TB&
:<BM;.0$'&,a& `cb Y b [ eU daf
g=g+_xiG h
b Y b [ eU daf3jk_xG'M * k%lU g f
_ÃUx:<*7,5+& m8U nLa ota p_R6*0$H3>*-(89r 3>M+89&;IA.!6B$'BIJ*089$'.7_
qsrlt t ulv wyx{z rl|Vu}ulv u8~wy€ w qirlt t ulv w^xz ry|Vu3‚3ulƒ^z w qirlt t ulv w^xz rl|„u}|V…„v v w
1 1
x2 x2 corr = .001 x2
corr = .143
corr = .338 cov = .001
cov = .143
cov = .338 1
ro = .792 ro = .016
ro = .998

x1 x1 x1

-1 1 -1 1 -1 1

-1

†‡ -1 ˆP‡ q ‡ -1
78‰7©¤&ˆE&T E‰ž‹Š
£ˆh¡4 É  ¤&ˆ_Œ1ž;J£)ž†¡Šcž „

"!$#!{ &('*Ž.*)2.*450*.‘,“’
45”N2•‹,Z45”c, 450–.˜—™G.*™š2›™/2
œ.

®«–¤'¡b’—)°£Dš S¡ ˜l£0¤C–I§˜l–°•¯ ’
¯J—)£C’Ušj·—)“F’“1£D—*“1£C¡b’¦:–šj“1–:£Dšj§£Dª–šj§¨–šj“1£D 6–I¡S£D²°—*£6ª¨—)—*’¼—*¡b”S£D•M–”*–

ó M ô )ôN Ï9Þ  ÷oÞ ß  ÷oß ÒhÓ óÏÞ  ÒóÏ)Þ ÒHÝ%žàH ¤C £Dšj“F–¥M”b’¤D–;¡s¢j–™§–³jšj£D—)¡S–™¤D’G¡S”*”b–¤D’œ£Dšj–;—*£l»H’U“F“1”b£Cœœ’
–(ª¨–”b“F’Ušj“F Ý  Ý Ý

ô ÏÞ  o÷ Þ Ò Ó DEDþÞ  Þ Ý
ó ÏÞ  Ò óÏÞ Ý aÒ FOÞ  F>Þ Ý ÓDšÞ  
ó Ï9Þ  aÒ FOÞ 1Ÿ DšÞ
Ý óÏ)Þ Ý ÒGF>Þ Ý Ó
L
Ý
Ó ý öÞ
Rù%ý öÞ Ý ùlÐ Ó ú³ô  ³ ú ô 

½
–?’9Øl–—)“F(ª¨˜jšj“1?§¨–³lšj£D’¦:@ÜSÒãåÛbÆHå¨Çc±MåI£C¤¦:¦:–šj“1(¦:£D—*“1(¡b–šl“F”b’“1
û ÏÞR÷oÞ Ý E
Ò Ó ý ötÏÞ
  ú³ôMÒ
ÏÞ Ý  ú³ôRÒ0ù2Ó ý öLÞ
5Þ Ý ù  ú³ôMoú³ôNTÓ L ôõÏ9Þ<÷oÞ Ý Ò  ú³ôMoú³ôN
“1“1–šj£D’M¦:š #£D¤”b£D—*˜l¤C“1’“1?¡s¢j–

â/Î'È0ØMÎ'ã7åÛbÆHå¨ûÆ,×,Æjå¨×HÎbåÐdÒÛ*Æ,Î2ÞZÎbÈ™Þ Ý ÖbÒÇlÒuÖbÐdåÐdÆHÖbÐ!Æ,Ü*å:ÎSÇlÐ!Î'Æ,ÇjÈjÆÓ ÎSÇjÈlÎSÇlÐ!Æê
ª
Ø-ÎSÖbÐ!Î'ÖbÆ

ÈjÆ,ÜSÒÇjҙžÞq}ò/¾}¾}ëj¿¬j­ëê Æ,ǔª
Ø-åÇÐ!Ò?×Hå·ÜbÒã7åÛbÆ!åÇt±Må û Ï)Þ¡SÞ Ý Ò½&Ç0ØM×,×,喢bÉ

±/’¶ª”bª¨”S£D–“἖—*ª¨—)“F’¼¢j’¶•M’U¤C”S–·£Dš‹˜lšj’Ä—)¤D’¼§¨£C”b–œ£Dšj– 6£CšŒÃ˜l’šl“F·—*–I§˜l–·•¯ ’
¯«–—)£C¸U£C—)¡Sšj

û Ï9
Þ R÷oÞ Òi¤ Ó £@ÇjÒǔ½AÈjÎbÐ!ÐdÒ«¡s¢j–;—)£D’šj?—*“1’“F£D—)“F£D¡S’U¦:–šl“F–;£Dšj§¨£Cª¨–šj§¨–šl“F£ ¥-¯±¨Â ˜jš£D¡S;¡b’—);£Cš:¡S˜l£l¡b£CÁ
—*£•-–”b£C³lÝ ¡S’ U²(ÃU˜j–¤C¤D?”b–¤D’“1£C•-?’U¤C¤D–?•-’”b£C’U¸M£D¤D£’¤D–’“1”b£D–(–—)“F”b’“1“–?§¨’9˜jš°ª”b¡b–—)—?¥-’˜j—)—*£D’šU¯

1
x2 corr = -.333 x2 corr = .25 x2 corr = .003
cov = -.333 cov = 0 cov = .003
1 ro = .003
ro = -.979 ro = .75
1

x1 x1

-1 1 -1 1
x1

1 -1

¦‡ -1 §‡ ¨©‡
qsrlt t ulv wyx{z rl|Vu}ulv u8~wy€ w qirlt t ulv w^xz ry|Vu3‚3ulƒ^z w qirlt t ulv w^xz rl|„u}|V…„v v w
)/l˜E_ * ªT_LM;*i='.066-&;*v,&O:<BM;.0$'&(.0/1.i6-$PB89&;='BIA*0/189*EM;*0K<B89*v,Bh3>/>BqM;*0K<K<*l,*89*0$'IA&;/>&)(89&Q=PBy,5&O89&;6-.CM;&;/>*0B$'
* «0&Q­ / ¬E_
*7,®E_='r Ši6-&;‘†:<B$'&;BNR&;MQ&;8POqIAB(&O/>.89BJB/>=P.0$'BT31/>BT=P*0$'89B,5&;6-*0/,5*0/>`5Bh89$'BJM;*v,3>*ac¿E*0&k='Bt(&–¯_*-,1°_QGÃ.7(S(*0$':<&;BIA.
,53>*i:0a Bta6-*$VM;*iH3>BMs&k$'&^(3>M;89_ B ` ± \  \ y³"´¶µ G<&;/†H31B</>89.iMQ*E='.066-&;*l,5&k:LBLMQ.$'&(&,5&)(89$'&;NR3>&)(='./>.i&;/l*K<3>BMkIA&)(31$'B
&;/893>8989*TMQ*Ù,5&Q$P*0`5&Q.0/1&^aA%(o(*0$':<&;BX² IA.h&Q/ m />*h='.0IJT * ¯_>*7 , ®E_(&;B</1.J='Bk(&&;/='3>& \  · * \  $'&)(3>M;89B</>.j|<Z {Z |<Z~Q‚~{ÂiX<W1Z‰X
xWRƒ ]X<WÃ7X<W1Z~G,5B89.V=P?1N * ¸ XZYVX [–± \ ^¹ \ ^³ ŠVwxB889.0$'&;`5`5BN&+M;*V='.0IAN* ¸ XZY+± \ „³ ¸ X [Z± \ ^³ a
º IJ*0898^&QBLIA.%6*0$N$'*0:<&;P8 O2,5&1&;/,5&+='B$'*VM;Bi:<B$P&QBNL&+MQ*VBLMQ*B89.0$'&;BEBj6*7,&;='*T,5*0M;M;Bv,*/(&;P8 O2,5&-6-$'.NBN&+M;&;P8 Ota
»@br 3>K<3>BK<M;&+B/>`5BCBL6-6*0/>B!IA.7(89$'B89Bv(&.08989&;*0/>*
$'&;='.0$<,5B/,5.=@?>*%3>/h:LBLMQ.0$P*B8989*-(.Š&Q/q$'*0BM;P8 OC3>/q&Q/189*0K<$'BM;*-G'*
=P?>*
M;Bi6-$P.06-$P&Q*0%8 Ol,&)(89$P&+N3>89&;:<B2,5&7H31*7(89r 3>M+8&QIJ.C6*0$'IJ*08989*J,&(='$'&;:<*0$'*
¼5½ ± \  ¾ R XZY ³ ± \ ¾ R X [ ³„¿N´ ¼²½ \  \ H¿"¾ ¼5½ \  R X [ ¿¾ ¼²½ R XZY \ H¿À ¼5½ R XZY R X [ ¿
=P?1*Vwx.0$'/>&)(='*V&QM-$'&)(3>M+89B89.V*-(6.7(89.a
Á@¿E.089&;BIJ.Ù&;IAIA*7,5&;B89BIA*/>89*†=P?>*y&QM8*0$'IA&;/>*y6-&;‘z='.0$'$'*8989.–(BL$'*0NN*_Â9&;/>='.0:<B$P&QBL/>`5B<89*ÃH«MQr 3(.yUQ.0$'IAB&q(89.0$'&;='.
*v='./(.0M;&),BR89.7_
,5*0M;M;r *-(6$'*7(o(&+.0/>*yxW>‚~\7}'}X< {cZ‰X,5*0$'&;:<By6$'.0NBN&+M;IJ*0/>89*4,5BM='.0/(&),*$'B$'*A3(3>BLM+IA*0/>89*AKL$PB/,5*0`5`*JB
IA*7,5&;Bj/>3>M+M;BtGS6*0$M;*VH3>BM+&-M;*T,31*V*7(6$'*7(S(&;.0/>&='.&Q/>=P&^,5.0/>.a
ÄÆÅk*7,&>Bt,!*7(*0IJ6-&;.C&QM1='Bt(1. °_O,5*0MQM;Bq/>.089BqÆU Çk_xG0&;/v='3>&>M;*C:<B$'&;BN<&;M;&>BM;*0BL89.0$'&;*!$'&^(3>M+89BL/>.E&;/>=P.0$'$'*0M;B89*CIABh/>.0/4(./>.
6*0$
/13>M;MQBE&Q/,&;6-*/,*0/189&G5&Q/AHL3>B/>89.VM;r 3>/>Bl,5&Q6*0/,5*T(89$P*08989&)(o(&QIJBIA*0/189*T,BM;M;r BM+89$'BtG,5B89.!=P?>*!M;*C=P.06-6&;*A,5&>:<BM;.0$'&(&
,5&^(6-.0/1K<.0/>.h(3,&-3>/T='*0$'=P?k&;.-a

Ȑ ¤žŸC£
ÉÊˏÊ7Ì¢y J¡£
É%ŸC ‹É1É*Ìž‹ËE É IÍE£ËÉ*Ì!ži£Ê

"!$#!{Î —™G.*™š2›™š2œGÏ5,Дc, 2ÒÑ5)¡'1œ

,››2

®«–¤¡b’—)(£Cš°¡S˜l££C¤ª”b¡b–—*—)(§’J¡S˜l£—)£–—*“1”b’¥M¥-šlÞjÎSÈ Þ —)£C’;ÖSÐdå>±-ÆHÒÇjå¨ÛSÆ,ÒU U—*£“1“£C–šj–u¡b¢l–
Ý
L ôõÏ)ޏÏßÒ÷oޏÏ9ß ÒoÒEÓ L ôÉÏޏÏßÃÒ÷oޏÏ)ß Ð
Ý Ó ß"ӑÔÒoÒEÓ
L ôõÏVÔÒ
Ý
–:¡b£D²°¤C’¶¡b”b”*–¤D’œ£Cšj–9ÈjÆÓkÎbÇjÈlÎJÖbÒ×,қÈlå×,×„Õ Æ,ÇjÐdÎSÛbãå¨×H×,Ð Ò Ô Ó ß Ý  ß S¯ ø šj»,’“1“F£0—*–°˜jš ª”b¡b–—)—*:²
—*“1’œ£Dšj’U”S£D ¤D–(ª¨”Sª”b£C–“áJ—)“1’“F£D—)“F£D¡s¢j–;šjš°§¨£Cª¨–šj§¨šl(§’J“F”b’—)¤C’Uœ£Dšl£“1–¦:ª¨”*’U¤C£¯
®«–¤E¡S’U—*›£Dšÿ¡b˜j£'£D¤Eª¨”S¡S–—)—*›—)£D’º’šl¡b¢l–IÎbÛKþlÒÈjÆ,ÜbÒK꫒¤D¤C”S’¹¤C–:¦:–§£D–›§¨£E£Dšj—)£C–¦:–›¢l’ššj›¤D
—*“1–—*—*·•-’¤D”b–©§–¤C¤D–·¡S”S”b£D—*ªšl§–šj“1£g¦:–§¨£D–©“F–¦:ª”b’¤D£C  –©§¨˜jšjÃU˜–I¤D’›¡b”b”S–¤D’œ£ošl–©ÝH¦:–§£D’ħ£
£Dšj—*£D–¦:–ઘlÁu–—*—)–”*–#¡b’¤D¡S¤C’U“F’«£Cš·¸’U—*–<’¤D¤D’«—)˜j’™¦:–§¨£D’J“1–¦:ª”S’U¤C–u–ÃU˜j£D•M’-¤D–šj“1– ¨’™ª’U”S“1£C”b–?§¨’
˜jšl’JÃU˜j’¤o˜lšjØ–(”b–’U¤C£Dœœ’œ)£Dšl–(§–¤ª¨”S¡*–—)—*
Ý  J Ù+Þ
L àJÏVÔÒCÓ Þ Ïß5ÒtޏÏß
ӑÔÒGFOß
eÖ ×eØ
Ý
D
ٖÚÜÛ
ß Ù+Þ Ý
à •-•M£D’¦I–šj“1–J²™•-–”bJ’Ušj¡s¢j–;¤D £Cš•M–”S—) –™¡b£C²Z9j£D¤j•-’¤D”A¦:–§£D™§–¤}ª”S§“1“1J“1”S’·§˜l–™¡S’U¦:ª£Dšj£D 
–—)“1”S’“1“£Ý,’™¡S’U—*à’«§¨£C—)“F’Ušjœ’5Ô?’;ª’U”S“1£C”b–#§’™˜jšj’;—)ª–¡S£D³j¡b’™”S–’¤D£Cœœ’Uœ£ošj– é  M¢j’;˜jš©•-’¤D”b–u¡s¢j–#²
¡b’¤D¡S¤C’U¸£D¤o–u¡b¦:–u¦:–§¨£C’«§£¨£Dšj—)£C–¦:–<’Jª¨’”S“1£D”S–#§’U¤C¤D’;¡Sšj—*¡*–šjœ’;§–¤D¤D’J§¨–šj—)£D“Fᙧ£ª”b¸U’¸£D¤o£D“Fá
¡bšj¥-£C˜lšj“1’yóôM)ôN!Ï9Þ<÷oÞ Ý
 ßL÷oß"ӑÔÒÙ¯
"!$#!{á â²ã­™G'1œ'*)Z)¡,-/.10}2'*45,

± ’I¦:–§¨£C’°“F–¦:ª”b’¤D– L àJÏPÔÒ6’ª¨ª–šj’°£Dšj“1”b§“F“’°ª¨”S–šj§–9£C¤ šj¦:–9§£jÆ,ÇjÐdÎKþlÛSå¨×HÎ?ÈjÆgåkØMÐdÒÜbÒÛbÛbÎ*æ

/
×,å>±-ÆHÒÇjÎHêg–§·²?§–³lšj£D“Fu’šj¡s¢l–(ª–”@—*–¥Mšl’¤D£§£–šj–”S¥-£C’U ¡b¦:–
Û
L àJÏPÔÒEÓD Þ*äVÏ)ßoÒkÞ4Ïß
ÓåÔҐF>ß
ß Û
£DšJ¡b˜j£¤D ª–”S’U“F”S–@§¨£M¡bšl£C˜l¥M’-“F&¥M–šj–”b’¤D£Dœœ’#¤D ª¨–”b’œ£Dšj–E’šj¡s¢j–5’¤7¡b’—)&§£-—)–¥Mšl’¤D£7¡S¦:ª¤D–—)—*£1¯
½
£D¦:£D¤C– ¦:’?§£D•M–”S—)’ ²5¤D’?§–³jšj£Dœ£Cšj–E§£-£Cšl“F–¥M”b’¤D–@§£Æ,ÇjÐdÎSÛbÜSÒÛSÛ*Îb×,å>±-ÆHÒÇjÎ* -¡b¢l–@–—)ª”b£D¦:–@¤C5—*“1–—)—
¡b’¤D¡S¤C ¦:’9”S–¤D’“F£D•-(’J§¨˜j–(—)–¥-šj’¤D£Þ4ÏßoÒ}–“ § ælÏß5Òjª”b¡)–—)—*£§£D•M–”S—)ç£ 9
Û
L à Ú ÏPÔÒEÓD Þ ä ÏßoÒaæ†Ïß
ӑÔÒGF>ß Ý ¥ ¯x à
ß Û
±¨Â ÆHÇlÐ!ÎþjÛbå×,Î9§£g’˜j“1¡b”b”*–¤D’œ£Dšj–©²·’Ušj¡s¢j–©§¨–“1“F†áØ-Çc±-ÆHÒÇjÎ9§£g’˜j“1¡b”)”S–¤C’Uœ£Dšl– k£DšŒÃ˜l’š“FI£D¤
—*˜l:’U”S¥-¦:–šj“F›²›˜jš‹“F–¦:ªÄÝ,¤C £Dš“F–”*•M’U¤C¤o›“1”b’Õ§˜j–°¡S’U¦:ª£Dšl£Cà5–›§¨˜jšjÃU˜– L àJVÏ ÔÒ@ª˜lÁ:–—)—*–”*–
•M£D—)“FJ¡S¦:–9˜jš¼—*–¥Mšl’¤D–JÝ,»,˜jšjœ£Cšj–«§ £ ÔG’Ušjœ£C¡s¢j²«§£!ßHà¯j®«–¤C¤D9—)“F˜l§£DJ’U¸¸U£C’-¦:9¥-£Cá·£Dšj¡bšl“F”b’“1
˜jš¹£Cšl“F–¥M”b’¤D–9Ý,§£k¡Sšj•M¤C˜lœ£Dšl–àg£D¤k¡b˜j£ ”S£D—*˜l¤C“1’“1G²G˜lšj’I»H˜lšjœ£Cšj–9§¨–¤k“F–¦:ª¦¤D’:—)¦:£D¥M¤D£C’-šlœ’
“1”S’G£§˜l–(²(ª¨£CäIª”b»dšj§¨’9§£˜jšl’J—)–¦:ª¨¤C£D¡b–?’šl’¤D¥-£C’- ¨£DšIØj’Uš“1(—)£ª¨˜jÁ(—)¡S”b£D•M–”b–
Û
L à ÏPÔÒEÓD Þ ä ÏßoÒtÞ4ÏߝÓIÔÒGF>ßEÓÐÞ ä Ï  ßoÒèiÞ4ÏßoÒ
ß Û
£Dš°¡b˜j£Nè5²(£C¤¡bšl—*˜j–“F(—*£D¦:¸¤Du§£¡Sšj•M¤C˜lœ£Dšl–óM¯
8 é &1$'ë& ê>*8989B2(31MQMsBl,*7(='$'&;`5&Q./>*%.0$'Bl,5B89BiBi6B$'.0M;*T,5*0M;MQr .06*0$'B`5&;.0/>*q,&-IA*7,5&;Bj89*0IA6.0$'BM;*T(=P$'&Q889B2(.6-$'Bta
… )M1$'&)(3>M;89B<89.!.0889*0/>3>89.T(&-NBt(Bl(3>M=PBIAN&;.T,&-:<B$'&;BNR&;MQ * ì ´îí}À5ï =@?>*V6-*$'IA*0898^*T,5&(='$'&;:<*0$'*
` b ± ï³ ´ Dñð C \ ó ± ì ¾‹ï³ \ ± ì ³/ô ì ´ õ
D ð \3ó ± ¾ ± ïö¾ ì ³V³ \ ± ì ³sô ì ´ \3ó ± ¾í„³3÷ \ ± íV³
ò ò
ð ð
78‰7©¤ÒÊÌÒÌT Ëž‹Š
£Êh¡4 É  ¤ÒÊ_Œ1ž‹ÌJ£)ž†¡Šcž
È

ø š©¸U’—)–A’«ÃU˜j–—)“1 ˜l¤o“F£D¦:’;—)—*–”*•M’Uœ£ošj–<“1“–šl£C’U¦:A¡s¢j–<¤C’;¡bµ ø x(t)

—*“1”b˜jœ£Dšj–:¥-”S’U³j¡b’ 0¡s¢j–:»H”Sšl£C—)¡S–:£C¤'”S£D—)˜j¤D“F’“1:§¨–¤D¤D £Dš“F–¥M”b’¤D–›§£ út
’˜l“F¡S”S”b–¤D’œ£ošj– E²›§¨–¤E“F˜j“1“1›—*£D¦:£D¤C–°’ºÃ˜l–¤D¤C’¼¥M£Dá¼£C¤D¤C˜l—*“1”S’U“F’ −T ø x(t+Tù τ )
ª–”«¤C’Ä¡bšl•M¤D˜jœ£Dšj– k¡bš‹¤C’›§¨£C»,»,–”*–šjœ’Ä¡b¢l–·”b’¼šlšŒ—)£6–»,»H–“µ út
“1˜j’šlu”b£C¸U’¤D“F’U¦I–šj“F£§£’U—*—)–U¯±/’«³j¥M˜l”S’™’«¤C’U“Fušj–#£C¤D¤C˜l—*“1”S’«¤D ’-ªµ
ª¤D£D¡S’Uœ£Dšl–u’U§G˜jšI¡b’—*ušj“F ª–”5£D¤ÃU˜j’¤o–Þ4ÏßoÒCÓÐÞ ä Ï  ßoÒH –u¡b¢l– −τ
x(t)x(t+ τ )
ù
»,”bšj£D—*¡b–(Øl£Cšl§£¤D?—*“1–—)—*(”S£D—*˜l¤C“1’“1?§£
ޏÏ9ß5Ò èiÞ4ÏßoÒ¯ út
ù
Rø x (τ ) Area
ùτ
ûZüÆýZü þNüÆý õ_ÿ
1ÿ

 
–ÿ}ÿ −2T
ùτ 2T

¤D–šl¡b¢l£C’U¦:u”S’9’¤D¡S˜jšl–AÜbåÛbåÐdÐdÎ*ÛSÆ,ÖbÐ!Æ,ÜÙýjÎu§¨–¤D¤C’J»H˜lšjœ£ošj–?§£’˜j“1¡b”b”*–¤C’Uœ£Dšl–Z9
!öÿ"#$
%&
ÿ
' ü ½
–;¡bšl—*£D§–”S£D’¦:;£—*–¥Mšl’¤D£ޏÏß5Ò
T – æ†Ï9ß5ÒiӚޏÏ9
ß Ó økÒ, ¤D–;”b£C—)ª–“F“1£C•-–
’˜l“F¡S”S”b–¤D’œ£ošj£ L àJÏVÔÒ/–§ L Ú ÏPÔÒ/—)šj9£C§¨–šl“F£D¡s¢j–-¬U¯T?˜l–—)“F9”S£D—*˜l¤C“1’“19¦:—*“1”S’°¡S¦:–©¤C ’-˜j“1µ
¡b”b”*–¤D’œ£Cšj–#šjš:“1–šj¥-’9¡bšj“1(§¨–¤D¤C £Dšj»,”b¦:’œ£Cšj–u¤C–¥M’“1’«’¤D¤C’«»H’U—*–u§–£—*–¥Mšl’¤D£ç9-£Dšj»,’“F“1£
Þ4ÏßoÒ
–
æ†ÏßoÒj¢j’šlš?¤D’J—)“F–—*—)’G§–šj—)£C“1áJ—)ª–“F“”b’¤D– ’«¦:–šl?§¨£˜lšI¡bšl“F”b£C¸U˜j“1(§£»,’—)–?¤D£Cšl–’U”S– U–§©¢l’šlšj
˜j¥-˜j’-¤C–?’˜j“1¡b”b”b–¤C’Uœ£ošj–U¯
()Mÿ
*ÿö+%&*,
 ü ±/’¼»,˜jšjœ£Cšj–I§£'’˜l“F¡S”*”S–¤C’Uœ£Dšl–:§¨£E˜lš—)–¥Mšl’¤D–:§¨£E§¨˜j”b’“F’¼¤D£C¦:£D“F’U“F’
²Ä’šl¡s¢j –—)—*’Œ’¹§˜j”b’“1’Õ¤D£C¦:£D“1’M“1’ E–ħ¨£5–—)“F–šj—)£Cšj–ħ¨ªª¨£C’º”S£D—*ª¨–“1“›’¤D¤D’º§˜l”S’U“F’¹§–¤E—*–¥Mšl’¤D–
”b£D¥M£Dšj’”b£D¯
÷ -õ.Zÿ
 / ü ±¨Â ’-˜j“1¡b”*”b–¤D’œ£Cšj–A§¨£U˜jšG—)–¥-šj’U¤C–Aª¨–”b£C§£D¡S<§¨£ª–”S£D§¨ Ý ²A’šj¡s¢l –—*—)’
'
ª–”S£D§¨£D¡S’ 7¡Sš9¤D5—)“F–—*—)@ª–”S£D§¯ ø šj»,’“1“F£ª–”öÔzÓ10 Ý £D¤—*–¡Sšj§&»H’U“F“1”b–@£Dšj“1–¥M”b’šl§5²&“1”S’—)¤D’“1
§£˜jšIšj˜l¦:–”b(£Dšj“F–”S?§£ª–”S£D§¨£F¯
ø ¤D¤D˜j—)“F”b£C’U¦:u”S’G£Dšj•-–¡b–(§¨˜j–?ª¨”Sª”*£D–“1áAáFÒÇjÈjå:ÎSÇlÐ!å¨×HÆ 9

ô2"#"3%&45ÿ- ü ±g’ L àTτÔÒA¡b’¤D¡S¤C’U“F’Õ£Dš ÔšÓ £I»,”bšj£D—*¡b–¶£C¤'•M’U¤C”S–Ħ:’U—*—)£C¦::§£

L à PÏ ÔÒ6ª–”uØl’¤D˜šlØj–«’¤D“1”SJ•M’¤D”S–J§£Ô¯ ø šºª¨’”b“F£D¡S¤D’”S–  L à PÏ Ô—Ó £OÒ/²J˜j¥M˜l’¤o–G’U¤C¤o’°ª“F–šjœ’
§–¤l—)–¥-šj’¤D–yÞ4Ï9ß5ÒH §G’¤D¤C –šj–”b¥M£D’«—*–ÞÏß5Ò}²u§£–šj–”S¥-£C’}¯
7
89 : Û Þ4ÏßoÒLÛ Ý FOßEÓ ;tà=<ÊÛ L àJÏPÔ?Ó > £OÒ<ÛA@CB
Þ4ÏßoÒF36BD0EBGFCH36I
£)6 L àTÏP£OÒiÓ  
Öe×eØ Ù–ÚÜÛ Ù .: ßJ  Û Þ4ÏßoÒLÛ Ý*FOßEÓ Øqà=KÊÛ L àJÏVÔLÓ > O£ ÒÛM@CB
Þ4ÏßoÒF36<óN-ßOBD0P3I
J
£Dš°¡b˜j£¤C ˜j¤D“1£C¦·(—*–¥MšlQK ”S£D—*˜l¤C“1’—Ó–”­Ô—Ó10 Ý —)–Þ4Ï9ßoÒj²(ª–”S£D§¨£C¡bU¯
÷'%&%? ÿR/-,*S
²Äª—)—*£D¸£D¤D–›•M–”S£D³j¡b’”b–Ä¡s¢j–Ä”b£C—)˜j¤D“F’ L àTÏ  ÔÒ—Ó L àä ÏPÔÒd E§’º¡S˜l£ T
—)—*–”S•-£D’¦:«—*˜j¸U£C“1;¡s¢j= – Uþö L àJVÏ ÔÒù<²™”b–’U¤C–U¯!®«–¤}¡b’—)J£DšÄ¡S˜l£%ޏÏ)ßoÒk² Rx (τ )
”b–’¤D– 6—)£6“1“£D–šj– L àJÏ  ÔÒ4Ó L àAPÏ ÔÒH 6•M•-–”b°¤D ’˜l“F¡S”S”b–¤C’Uœ)£Cšj–I§£ Tτ
˜jšI—*–¥Mšl’¤D–?”b–’¤D–(²<ÛSÎbå×,ÎgÓkå¨ÛSÆs¯
¾x)/>wxB8989&-.0898*0/>&;BIA.WV
`+X ± 
ï ³ ´ Dñð ± í„³ D ð \ ±[Z ³ \ ±\Z À5ï³iô Z ´ ` b ± ï
³
± í3À5ï³iô í+´ Dñð \ ± í}À ì ³ \ ± í}À ì À5ï³iô í+´ ñ
ò ò ò
ð)Y Y ð ð

È/] ¤žŸC£
ÉÊˏÊ7Ì¢y J¡£
É%ŸC ‹É1É*Ìž‹ËE É IÍE£ËÉ*Ì!ži£Ê

ä2å^ _ ê2ïa`!îWbcedQf³êgbbéiìëê

h+i#jlknmoprqtsGqtumvpOinmwRqxoqxyCqzinsDmuqtpOi3{tiC|}jli3~pr€Dqxm/jli)qt{$jk3pOi3wisDi3oLsG‚q$wk3pOk€Gjlqtomv€Dkn{tin~ƒuk3pOpr€ƒi
wq$wk#o~ƒqtp á wq$ui#prk#oyCmlok#{„sDm~inwq}u€Di3sƒk#~ƒ~qr…+† mlsDi3~mRwk#sGqt~ƒm/jlk3opOk‡v€Gmwk3ˆvi3{tkn‰ns
Šk à ‚k#~ƒpOi
~ƒpOk#~ƒ~ƒi‹~ƒpO€G‚jlk3opOi‹‰‹ˆvm{tqzwi‹m/os
ŠkŒuk#€‡{tqm{tpr€Dq'pOqtuq,wq,~ƒk#‡om/{xk/…

"!ö!%# ŽÜ,"'*)¡, . ”2+2, 45,)

úAÒ°ÖÓkÎbÐdÐ!Û*ÒIÈjÆEÈlÎSÇjÖbÆ,БºÈjÆ
Ó ÒÐdÎSÇc±-å Ø à Ï)Ñ
Ò’,ÒIÈjÆEÎSÇlÎSÛþjÆ,å“; à Ï)Ñ
Ò”(ÈlÆ2Þ4Ï9ß5Òi½›Ø)þ0Ø-å×,Î

å×,×HåGÐ!ÛbåÖ'áFÒÛL:å¨Ð!å9ÈjÆk§0Ò¨ØMÛbÆHÎbÛ5ÈjÎS×,×,å©Ö7ØMåláØ-Çc±MÆ,ÒÇjÎEÈjÆåkØ-Ð!ÒÜSÒÛSÛ*Îb×,å>±-ÆHÒÇjÎgUþö L àJÏVÔÒùÉ
† m•wqtjli3~pr€DmyCqxi#ok–wk#{'pOk3i€Dk3jlm•‰—~pr€Dmi#€Gw'qtomv€Dqxm/jlk3opOkŒ~ƒk3jlu{xqtsDkC|k—uk3€˜~ƒk#‡om{tq,wqk3ok#€G‡vqxm•~q
~ƒsD€Dqxˆvk
Û Û
L àJÏVÔÒ Ó D Þ ä ÏßoÒcޏÏß
ӑÔÒGF>ßEÓD × ä Ï)Ñ
Òk×ÖÏ)Ñ
ÒB ? Ý ™#š
› PF ÑÌÓ
ß Û ß Û
Ó U ß Ï)Ñ
Òk×ÖÏ)Ñ
Òù2Ó4U ß ö; à Ï)Ñ
Òù
öL× ä
qtoQsD‚qm/œœvqxm/jligu€Dqxjlmmuu{tqxsDmpOiŒqt{pOk3i#€Gkjlmwq  m/€G~k3ˆvm{t|vui3q{tmu€Di3u€ƒqxk#p á wq,pO€Dm~ƒ{tmyCqzi3okŒok3{
pOk3jluiC|k à ‚qto,wq,k3~u€Dk~ƒ~i × ä Ï)Ñ
Òk×ÖÏ)Ñ
Ò sGi#jlk ;OàJÏ)Ñ
Ò …
 k3€ž~k3‡om{tq+wqŸui3pOk3oyWm {tm2wqxjli#~ƒpO€Gm/yWqti3ok¡‰Lwk3{
£ di energia ¢ X(f) ¨O©¨r¨Oª+«¬t­l¬x®t¯C°3¯˜±²/®x¬t³²g²´µ
¶¯.·¯3¸„¸G¯#²®t¬t¹W¹C²¹¬tª3´¬³¬v·¸Gª#º
¢X ¤2
F{ } n µD¯3««ƒ¬O»l¼½´¾·²/¸G¨O¬xµDª3®t²¸D¯C°.«ƒ¯R¬t®¿·¸Dª3µD¯«ƒ«ªRÀR¯#¸GÁvª3³¬tµDªW°˜®t²
| |
Serie F ­l¯3³¬x²)³¬¬t´«¬x¯#­l¯•ÂLÉ ÃÅÄOÊËÆÇÄÉ$È Ì ¸G¬t«ƒ©®x¨O²n©Áv©²®z¯²/®x®t²)­l¯#³¬t²
periodico E§ x(f) ¨O¯3­l·ª#¸G²/®x¯—µG²/®xµDª3®t²¨O²=·¯3¸+ª3Á´¬¸G¯#²®t¬x¹C¹W²/¹W¬zª#´¯‹³¯3®,·¸Dª3º
P§ x (f)
x(t)
£ di energia µD¯3««ƒªC°/¯Œ·¯3¸D¨r²´¨rªŒ®xªg«·¯#¨r¨O¸ƒªg³¬³¯#´«¬x¨O͝³¬·ª#¨r¯#´¹C²³¬
£ di potenza ©´R·¸Gª#µG¯
«ƒ«ƒª‹«ƒ¬ª#¨r¨O¬x¯#´¯•¨O¸G²«Î˪3¸D­l²´³ª®x²nÎË©´¹W¬tª3´¯‹³¬
processo
¦
Rx (τ ) F{ } ²©¨rª#µGª#¸G¸D¯®t²¹¬xª#´¯µD²®tµGª#®x²/¨r²µDª3­l¯­l¯#³¬t²ž³¬E¬t´«ƒ¬t¯3­l¯C°
¥(1,1) ¦
mx ( ) τ ª3··©¸G¯=¨r¸D²«ÎϪ#¸G­l²/´³ª=Щ¯#®t®x²žµD²®xµDª#®x²¨O²žµGª#­l¯)­l¯#³¬t²
¨O¯3­l·ª#¸G²/®x¯—·¯#¸Ÿ©´²=³¯#®t®x¯‹«©¯Œ¸G¯#²®t¬x¹C¹W²/¹W¬zª#´¬O»
Ñ
¯3¸D¨r²/´¨rªC°Á¸D²¹C¬x¯–²®Ò¯3ª3¸D¯­l²³¬Ó&¬t¯#´¯3¸Ï°ÀŒ·ª3««ƒ¬tÔ¬t®t¯Œª#¨r¨O¯´¯#¸G¯‹Õ$Ö+×ÏØEÙ'²´µD¶¯Œ·¯3¸˜·¸Dª3µD¯«ƒ«¬x°
ª3··©¸G¯‹Î˲¸D¯‹ÚO®x²=·¸Dª3±v²n³¯#®'´ª3±¯#Û·¯3¸«¯3Áv´²®t¬³¬,¯3´¯3¸DÁ¬t²)ª—·¯3¸D¬xª
³¬tµG¬O»
ÜÞÝàß¿Ýß áaâ/ã/äæå+ç
è–é
êëìí3í#êRîéï&êðñëêòôó+õ
³¯3ö´¬t¨rª‹¬t´QÔ²«¯—²/³©´²=«©²)Áv¯3´¯3¸D¬xµD²)¸D¯3²®t¬t¹W¹C²¹¬tª3´¯
÷ ×tøúùrûلü1ýaþ
ÿ
}×  Ø*ø2ûvÙ
 
µ
¶¯C°¿«¯¬t®·²¸D²­l¯#¨r¸Dª¡û)Àl©´²a±²¸D¬t²Ô¬z®t¯l²/®x¯#²¨Oª3¸D¬x²¡©´¬xÎ˪#¸G­l¯#­l¯3´¨O¯l³¬t«ƒ¨O¸G¬tÔ©¬t¨O² ¨O¸D²  ¯

ª3««ƒ¬t² Q×ËûvÙ$ü Ä 
 ø  ×xûvÙÏ°³¯#«ƒµD¸G¬t±¯—©´l·¸Gª#µG¯««ƒªŒ¯3¸DÁª³¬xµDª/»



²/··¬t²­lªQµ
¶¯R©´²¡Ì «ƒ©²L¸D¯3²/®x¬t¹W¹C²v¹W¬tª3´¯ ²³&¯#«ƒ¯#­l·¬tªlÐ/©¯#®x®t²¡µGª#´1û ü+¶²¡©´²L³¯#´«¬x¨OÍ ³¬
Ñ õ
·ª#¨r¯#´¹C²žÕÖ+×ËØEلü !#" ×ËØ$ ØGÙ " ×ËØ%2ØÙ'&Ï» ª#«ƒ«¬x²/­lªŒÐ/©¬t´³¬ª#¨r¨O¯3´¯3¸ƒ¯—® ²v©¨Oª3µDª3¸ƒ¸D¯3®t²¹C¬xª#´¯
õ
«ƒ¯#´¹C²=³ª3±v¯3¸«±ª#®xÁv¯3¸D¯‹® ¬t´¨O¯3Áv¸G²/®x¯)(
Rx (t)
A
2
_=P *  
2 x
ý 87:9<; 87<9<;>= ý 
t Ö+×tø½Ù„ü,+$- Ä/. ÕÖ+×ËØEÙ10Œü 243 65   - 5 ü  @?8A × Ø
ø½Ù
õ
¼½®Þ¸G¬t«ƒ©®x¨O²¨Oª=¨O¸Dª3±²/¨rª=µGª#´Î˯3¸ƒ­l²žµ
¶¯=® ²/©¨rª#µGª#¸G¸D¯®t²¹¬tª3´¯=³¬Þ©´¡«¯3º
*
Á´²®t¯=·¯3¸D¬xª#³¬tµGªnÀ)·¯#¸G¬tª³¬tµD²CB¸D¬>D¯3¨O¨r¬t²­lª=³©´Ð©¯=«©®t®x²QµG¬t¸DµGª#«ƒ¨O²´¹C²lµ
¶¯)²´µ
¶¯=©´ «ƒ¯#´ªC°Þª#³
õ
©´LµGª#«ƒ¯#´ªµDª3´ Ð/©²®t©,´Ð©¯)²®t¨O¸G²Îϲ/«ƒ¯C°$²/±v¸G¯#ÔÔ¯=²/±v©¨Oªn®t²l«¨r¯#«ƒ«² Ö+×xø½Ù½»FE˜¬>GnÀ)³ ²®t¨r¸D²l·²¸D¨r¯
¯3±v¬t³¯3´¨r¯C°²±¯#´³ª—¨O©¨r¨O¬Ð/©¯#«ƒ¨O¬'«¯3Áv´²®t¬©Áv©²v®x¬,³¯#´«¬x¨ÓÕ+֘×ËØEÙ½»
HIKJLINMPORQTSVU
É8WXSCYZO\[][^V_\`]O acbLd

egfihjLk)l
l8hnmo/pql8l
r<osqhutvr<osqjwhux:r<yzr{|o{@hurs}tvo/sq~]oq€ {Eu€Di3sDk~ƒ~i%‚%ƒ…„‡†$‰•s
ŠqtmjlmpOiPˆL‰ŠŒ‹Ž
uk#€Gs
Š/ sGi#~ƒpOmopOk‹qtoN‘Ë€Gk8’‚k3oyCm|/k‹wk#~ƒsD€DqxpOpri wm)‚om=wk3o~ƒqtp1“=wq,ui3pOkoyCm=um€Dq'm

– P n (f)
 N
_0
Õq™Œ×ËØEلüš  8› ø 1œ ×ØEÙ 2 •
f
−W W
õ Rn(t) ˜ —
¬t´ µG©¬ž À® ª3µDµG©·²¹C¬zª3´¯³¬ Ô/²´,³²a²RÎ˸G¯#Щ¯3´¹C¯n·ª3«ƒ¬t¨O¬x±v¯/»Œ¼½´ ¨r²/®x¬ σn2=N 0W
t¬ ·ª3¨O¯3«¬ª#¨r¨O¯´¬t²v­lª ”t
*

™g×Ëørلü,+ - Ä . ՟™–×ËØEÙ10–ü  «ƒ¬t´µ×  ørÙ 1 −__
−__ 1 1 __
__ 1
š W 2W 2W W

¼½´“·²¸D¨O¬xµDª3®t²¸D¯C°µG²/­l·¬tª3´¬.·¸G¯#«W¬˜² ³¬x«¨r²/´¹C²z ¡Rü£¢¤  «ƒª#´ªa¬t´º

µDª3¸D¸ƒ¯3®t²¨O¬ ¯#³¡¯3««ƒ¯#´³ªn¬x®Þ·¸Gª#µG¯#«ƒ«Wª=Á²©«ƒ«¬z²´ª)²´µD¶¯=«¨r²/¨r¬t«¨r¬tµG²/­l¯3´¨O¯n¬t´³¬x·¯3´³¯3´¨r¬…¥B/Щ¯#«ƒ¨Oª
¸D¬x«©®t¨r²/¨rªLÁ¬t©«ƒ¨O¬töµD²°g²®t­l¯3´ª?³²¾©´ ·©´¨Oª?³¬g±¬t«¨r²¾¨O¯3ª#¸ƒ¬tµGªC°Œ©´² ¬t·ª#¨r¯#«ƒ¬Œµ
¶¯ ±¬t¯3´¯?«·¯3«º
«ƒªQÎ˲¨O¨r²V(ŸÐ©¯#®x®t²a³¬¨O¸Dª3±²/¸G¯«ƒª#±¸D²··ª3«¨r¬²/¬µG²/­l·¬tª3´¬³¬«ƒ¯#Á´²®t¯W°„³¯#¬µG²/­l·¬tª3´¬³¬¸G©­lª3¸D¯
¦§:¨)§:©¦§ª©«¨Œ¬N­®§ª­R©®¯/©±°²­®/¯* ­®§:© »
³\´…´ õ µw¶·N¸ µ ¸ ¸ ¸\µ ¸ µ µL·N¸ ¸ ´ ¶· ¸ ·Nµ
´¹ ¸ ³Œºv¼» ™–×tørÙC¹ ´³ ¹ ¸½ ·Œº…¾l¸ ·)ºx³ ´/¹ »µ½
¿›ºtµGµG¶Àº ¸ ½#¸ ¿›º ´º
¸ ¸ ¸ ´µ ¸ ¶ ¸
· ¸
· ¸· ¸ ¸ ¶¸ µL· ¸ µ µ ¶ µ ¸ µ
¹‡º ´ µ½3¸D¸ ¹1½–· ¸ ´$¹ ·)½P¿ ·¸ ºt´½#¸ »À½
ÁwÁ ¸½Œ³ µ ·Œº…½3´/º ¿›¹r¸ ¹‡¹1º ³ ´ ¿›¹ ¿¿
µ µ µ ¶ µ ¸ ´µ ¸ ¸
· * ¸$· ¸ ¶ ´ µ · ´ ¸ µ ´ ¸Äµ ¸
³Œº…¿›¹ ´¹ ø.¶ ´´½ ´ µ½3¸D¸ ¹›º…½3´ ¿ ·¸ ºt´½3¸ »Ã•´ ¸º>¿ ¹ ¹1½Ä¿›º º Á ´µ
¶ ·)º>¾
¸ ¸ µ ´¸ ¶µ ´ õ µL¶ ¸ ´µ ¸ ¶ ¶/µ ´ µ ¸
µ ¸ ¸ ´ µ
ºt´Á ´ ¸ »Lºx´Ð ´¹‡½ ¹1½#µ½¸D¸ ¹cº>½#´ Ö+×xø½Ù³Œº ´QÐ ¿º ¿›º,·¸½3µ ¿¿›½ ¹r¸ ´´ ´ µ ¿›½
¸ ¶ ´ ¸µ ¶ µ · µ ¸ ¸ µ · ¸ ¸\µÆÅ
· ¸º…½3³)ºtµ½8»¸ºxµ½3´³ µºxÔÀº ³ ´ µ½ ÔÀºx´ ¹›º>½#´ ³)º·¸½#µ ¿›¿º ¸ ½3´/ºxµº>¹ ´³ µ½3´ øÈÇ£ÉÊ»
¸ µÆ¶ ¸ ´µ ¸ ´µ ¸ µ ¶ µ ´¸
½
ÁwÁ ¸½ ³ ´Qµ ¸¹¥½ øºx´·Œ½
º µ½3¸D¸ ¹cºË½3´ À¹O¸ ¿ƒµ ¸ ÔLº »

Ì qð ̈́îèÈÎgÏ ò ³ µw· ¸ ¶Ô
¸ Ô¸ ¸ Ô/µ ´ ¸ÕÔ/¶·N¸ ·N¸¶Ô/µ ·N·Öµ
Ô ÔLº
/ ½—ÁкtÍÒÑ ¿ÓD¸º…¹1¹‡½ Á ¸º…ӏ½¿ Á ¸ º…Ó½gÓ½ ¿ ½ Ñ º
Œ
¸ ´ ¸ ¶/Ôµ ¶/Ô Ô¸ÙØ ÔÚµÀ· ¸ ¸ÜÛ µ ¸
¸ Ô µ ¸ ¸ µ ´ µ µ N · ¸ ¸ ¸
¸ · º…Ó× ьº Î ¹ ºË½ ×tø½Ù»wӏ½ ·Œº ¹C¹ ™ ¸ ··¸ ¿
 ¹ ‡¹ º>Á Ñ À º Á ½#¸ºÐÑ ¹O¸ ¿ ¹1¹ ¸ (

÷ ×xø½Ù„ü Þ Û Ø
Ý ™ ×xøvnà á ûvÙ
™8ß
-
Ý
â]µ ¸ ¸ãÔ µ ¸ ´…´ µ µ µ ´ ¸Õµ ¸8µ ´ µ µ ¶ Ô/¸g¶/Ô ·N¸ µÖäæå
¸ ¶
·¸ ¿ ¹ Ñ Á ¸º ÔLº ¹‡½3¸º û ьº…¿¹O¸ºtÔ ¹º…½ ºtÎ'½#¸ ¹O¸  · ¸FÓ ºã ×xûvلü
¸
Ô ¸ ÷ ¶Ô ¸ ¸
å Ä 
 ø å ×xûvÙ»¸ Ñ ×tø½Ù ·¸½
Ó ¿¿›½ ¸GÁw½
ьº…ӏ½»
 · ¸ Ôçµ ¸
Ô ¸éè ¸ Ô¸ ´…´ ¸ ¸ Ô ¶ ´ ¸æµÀ· ¸ ¸éÛ µLÔ ¸ ¸ ·
º ½
¿›¹r¸ ¸ƒÍnº ·· ьº…Ó » êE» ënÓ× » ºx·)½
¹ ¿›ºRº Ó º ·Œº ¹C¹ ™æ¿›º ½ÖÑ ¹ ¸ ºxº
Ôµ Ô µ µ ´ µ ´ ¸
µ ¸ ©'®/¯©ì°v­®¯­®§ª© ¸ * ©¯­®§ª©'«¨Œ¬N­®§ª­Õ¯/©'¦§ªí©îCïw*Ö ø
©'§ª­'ð Ú
µ N
· ¸ Ä
µ Ô¶ ´>´ µÚ¸
¹ºË½ ºVьºÁ ¸º ÔLº º ¹1½#¸º Ñ ÑŒº
µ µLÔ µ$ñ  ´ õ µL¶ ¸ ´µ Ô¸ µ ´¸ ñ  Ô ¶ ´ õ µw¶ ¸
Á ¸º ¹ » ¹‡½
ӏ½¸G¸ ¹cº…½ ьº ÷ ×tø½ÙÁ Ö+×>òÙü å È º Ó º ×>òÙÀ ¹‡½
ӏ½¸G¸ º
´µ Ô¸ Ø ¸ ¶Ô ¶¸ ø R
 È
ó /
ô ÷
õ ö
¹cº>½ ьº ×tørÙª» Ñ Ð
ñ  ×ËØEÙ
Õ Ö ×ØEلü
Fù  
ú ¸ µÀ· Ô/ÔµLÔ ¶ ¸ ¸ ¶¸ µ µ ¸ Ô µ µ ¸ µ ¸ ´ ¸ ¸
Ô
¿›¿ ¸Áwº ½æº ¹cº>¹ ¹‡¹1½éÓ@× Àa· ¸Ð ¿¹ Áк Ó@× ¿ºR¿›½ ½æÓ ¸ ¹1¹ ¸ºt¹C¹ ¹ Ñ ¿›º>¹OÍûÑ)º
¸8Ô ø µ ¸ ¸ ´ Ô¸8µ â · µLÔ µ ´¸ Ô ¸ ¸ µ ¸ ´ ¶ ´ µ Ô µÀ·
·Œ½8¹ ¹ ·¸½3·¸º Ñ ºŒÓ½
ьº…ӏºÑ)º º » º ºË¹ ь½
ӏº Áw½ ¸žº ¹ ¸G·¸ ¹ ¸ º ¸º…¿ ¹ ¹‡½c» ½
¹‡º ½
¸ ´µ ¸
Ô ¸8Ô¸ µ ¶Ôµ Ô ´µ ¸ ´ µ Ø âZµ ¶µ ¸ Ô¸
Ó@× ×ØEÙgÀ Ñ ¿º…¹rÍáьº ¸DÁк Ñ)º ¿º Áw½ ¸ · º>Ó 7 Ñ)º ×xø½Ù½» ¿ ¸ºt· ¹1ºt¹º…½ »
Ô ¸ Ô ¸é¶Ô/µ ¸
Ô ¸8Ô µ  ¸ Ô ¸ ´ µ Ø
ӏ½ · ù ¸º…½
Ñ)½u R».ν3¸ º…¿›Ó Ñ ¿›º>¹OÍzьº.·Œ½8¹ ¹ ¬N­¯/©'¨ýü å È » ½#Á º.¸ · º… Ó ÑŒº ×tørٍÀ
· ´ ´ µ µ ¸ ¶/Ôµ µ Ô ¸8Ô ¸8Ô ¸PµT·N¸ µTÔ¶ ´>´ µÒ¸ µ ô õ µLÔ µ
¸ãÔ µ ñ ´ µ ¸
Ô
½ ¹‡ºx· º…Ó ¹ · ¸ Á#» »wº ьºt· Ñ ¹ Ñ)º Á ¸º ¹ ·Œ½8¹ ¹  » Ñ ¿º…¹OÍ
¸
Ô µ µÀ¶·N¸8Ô µ ¸ ¶/µ ´ · ¶ µ Ôõ ¶ ´ ·NµÆµ ¸ ¸
Ô µ ¶µ µ  ´ µ ¸
ьº·Œ½
¹ ¹ Õ֟×ËØEÙ ¹ ьº Á º…¿ ¸ » ¹‡º ÁÐÁ ¸¹ ¹ ¸ºxÁ ¸Ñ º Î ¹1¹‡½ÒÓ× »
¸ ´ Û Ô Ô Ô Ô ¸8Ô ¸8Ô ´ ¶ ´ µ · ´¸
¸ µ ¸
Ô ¸Õè
¿ Á º ™ ½ ¿›½ ½º ьºt· Ñ ¹‡º>»Àº ¸º…¿ ¹ ¹‡½—À‹·)º>¾$Ó½ · ¿›¿½ Á ьº ·· ьº…Ó » êÞ» ëL½»
abÀb þÀ_\YZU[ÈÿÈ`Üÿ HINMPORQTSVU[8WXSCYZO\[][^V_\`]OçO
U6`Z[^v_ ÈUcÿ
 
 
€!#"%$'&("*),+.-0/213/4"'52"'&67/2+/489:+ ’ 8!+;<$%&7+=-0/!->"'?/<->"'&@/967$%5!$'?6@"%&7"4+.-0"%5!?@/4 “ -0/!A>$':"*5!BC+.A0"%&825
A0&($'6("*??@$CDE-0/E678!/F?/<+;),$,/45HGI&(+->$J-0/F?@:/4),+&("J$JA>$'?@:8!4+&("J825LKNUMPO:QROTS ƒ<V)†XWZY U ƒ[V)†]\^ A0"%?@?$
A0"%&7_`?@/2a!+X+b6(a2" ‘ +&("c67$%5d?"'Ge5!+4/!->/f6782/<D9A>8!&&7/46($'&(&@"'52-0$<"c/4A0$%#"%?@/g-0/2+A0A>+&(#"%5!"'52B+X+-8!5
A0&($'6("*??@$h"%&7GI$%-0/46($'De?//<Ge5!$%&7+;59$4"i?#+:/4?@:/<6ja!"->//45!?@/4"')," \ek 5.+;<:&7$h6(+?$#/4A0/467$il ’ 8!"%<4$i->/8!5
?@"%GI52+4"6ja!"CDmA>8!&i?"n&(+A0A>&7"*?"'52#+;#/4oI$n->/9),$%4#/9+<:&(/<D5!$%5JA0&("'?"'5!:+b67+;&7+;#:"'&(/<?:/<6ja!"p?A0"%#]&(+4/
6($'?#+52#/E5!"%q:"'),A0$CDq"J?$'5!$JA0&7$%A0&(/4$N<"Joe+&(/<+;B/r$%5!/E-0/ ’ 8!"%?@:"J8!4#/4),"+-s/45!:"'&("'??@+&("*tvu \ €5
’ 82"'?#/h6(+?@/4D:8!#:$w6(/4_w6ja!"x?/hA082_ ‘ +&("wlx->/:"'52#+;&7"w8!5!+s?@:/4),+y->"'4<$z?@A>"':]&7$z-0/A0$%#"%5!BC+
-0"%?"'Ge5!+;<"CD+{A0+&(#/4&("x-0+{8!5|?@82$w?"'GI),"%5!:$w:"'),A>$*&7+;<" \~} ?/<?#$%5!$w+;i&7/4GI82+&(-0$z#"%675!/46ja!"
-0/ ‘‘ "%&7"*52#/4D;-0/m6782/96(/<:/4+),$?$'4$ ’ 8!"'4r+=6ja2"n?@"%GI82" \
g €‚F€4ƒ „b…†>‡ˆŠ‰‹ˆ9ŒŠ†Ž9‘
’"%“!5!/4+e),$”8!5L/<52#"%&7oe+4<$”•‘/<5L6(8!/‹/4?$'4/<+;),$N8!5L?@"%GI52+4"d–g— ƒ>„1†,W – ƒ…„]˜#™w†*š%›œ|„ — ƒ…„1† ->+38!5!+
&("'+4/4BBC+B/4$'5!"`– — ƒ…„˜#㙠†]\Ÿž 8!"%?@:$?@"'Ge),"'52#$c-0/f?"'Ge5!+4"l-0/f"%5!"'&(GI/4+D96($'5z '¡7¢ ƒv£†qW¥¤ ¦ — ƒv£†(¤ § D
"n+; ’ 8!+¨"n?@/mA082_n+:#&(/4©8!/4&7"ª8!52+`->"'5!?/< “ ->/9A>$':"'52B+
« ¡ ¢ ƒv£ †W ¤ ¦ — • ƒv£ †(¤ §
6ja!"`oI/4"'5!"`-0"%#:+n¬Ÿ­7® ‰:Ž'/¯ Žj° ® Š>±,N ± Š t]t \f² g#"%¢ 5!-0"%&(".-0/Ž•|+-w³3D2/4Ÿ&(/4?@8!4:+:$=:&7$%oI+:$.:"'52-0".+;<r+
-0"%5!?/< “ ->/hA0$':"'52B+ « ¡ ƒv£ †NWµ´¨¶¨· —m¸n¹‘º U M¼— »(Q ½#S º ¾ ->"'4<+s&("'+4/4BBC+B/4$'5!"w–m— ƒ>„˜#㙠† "CD?" ’ 8!"%?@:+
+A>A0+&(:/<"%5!"n+;-b8!5A0&($'6("*?@?$n"%&7Ge$'-0/46($D>+ ’ 82"'44+`-0/m8!5 ’ 82+r8!5 ’ 8!"+4:&7$n),"%),©&($ \
¿c"'Ÿ6(+?@$=A0/4Àzoe"'&($*?@/4),/<¨"./<5d6(8!/•Á52$'5d#"%5!-0"=+-N/45!“259/4:$Dg#"%5!#/4+),$`-0/ŸoI+;<82#+e&(".< "%&7&($'&@"
6ja!"J?/Ã67$%),),"']:",+;-38!?+&(" « ¡ ¢ ƒv£ † 6($'),",8!5!+d?@:/4),+ÅÄ« ¡ ƒ[£ † -0"%<4+woe"'&(+w-0"%5!?/< “ « ¡ ƒv£ † ->"'
A0&($'6("*??@$ \Æ "%&8!5!+b->"':"*&7),/45!+;#+ ‘ &7" ’ 8!"%5!BC+ £@Ç D!/4!oe+4$'&(" º U ¢ — M¼» È#S º ¾ l8!5!+boe+&(/<+;©/r4"c+;<"%+:$'&(/<+
É -0/4A0"%5!-0"/<5 ‘ +;#:/Ã-0+ ™CÊ D6ja!"oI$%&7&("*),),$,+IoI"%?@?",825{oe+4$'&(",+;#:"'?$”K=— WÌË ½fÍ « ¡ ¢ ƒv£ Ç †Î A>+&(/
+44+c->"'52?@/4 “ -0"'mA0&($'6("*??@$ É Kb— W « ¡ ƒv£ Ç †[Ê "'-X825!+oI+;&7/4+5!B+bÏ — § W|Ë ½Ð ƒ « ¡ ¢ ƒv£ Ç †ŽÑ K— † §'Ò 6ja!"
-0/4),/45!8m/<?67"c4+6(&("'?6@"'&("`->/Ÿ• tvÓ \Æ "%&oI"'&(/4“!6(+&7"c?"`:+4/!A0&($'A9&(/4"' “ ?/<+;5!$?$'-0->/<? ‘ +#:"'D2oe+489:/<+;Ô
),$b/4oe+4$'&("b+:#"%?@$b-0"%ŠA>"'&(/<$%-9$'Ge&7+),),+;Dg+JA>+&(#/4&7"X->+<4".&("'4+BC/4$'5!/ ‘ $%&752/<:"b-0+;:"'$%&@"'),+J->/
13/4"'52"'&[D>+A>A04/<6(+:$n+;- ¦ — ƒv£ † D>"ª67/4$'l ¤ ¦ — ƒ[£ †j¤ § W   ¡ ¢ ƒv£ †WLÕ Í Y ¡ ¢ ƒ<)V †Î'Ö
¹
Ë ½fÍ « ¡ ¢ ƒ[£ †#Î W Ë ½× Õ ×X|ؕ Ù ¹ – ƒ…„1†*š%›|œ „ — ƒ…„1† – ƒ„2Û{)V †*š'›¥œ „ — ƒ>„!Û{)V †e
Ü „@ÝFÝW
¹ Ú
W Õ × Áؕ Ù ¹ Ë ½gÍ – ƒ…„‡† – ƒ…„2Ûy)V †Îfš'›7|œ „ — ƒ„‡†*š'›7|œ „ — ƒ…„fÛs)V †I
Ü „ Ý W
Ú ¹
W Õ × Y ¡ ƒv)V † ؕ Ù ¹ š'›7|œ „ — ƒ>„1†*š%›|œ „ — ƒ>„!Ûs)V †IiÜ „ Ý WLÕ Í Y ¡ ƒ<)V †ŸÞ #&(/ § — ƒ<)V †ÎW
W « ¡ ƒv£ †fß • ƒ ?@/45!Ú6 ƒv£ • †† §
àPá¨âŠãFäå4äæiçCèêé!çCë'ì!äå:åPä]í äfë%ãå4ä]î(ã'ïðêäå4é]ã%é]í éCñTïeò9äå4ä]æ‹çCèêé2ë'ã'ïŽó7éô äfí äô è¼õ4ïã'õ<äCñöçCäí0èêð÷ë'ïjðêäfó(é]î(ðêè¼ï7æiéÃåPõ<ë0ò#è¼ïjí ä
ðêäÃô ïí ï7õ<õ<ä]í èvå4õ4è¼ôöø'äåPçCä]õ4õ<í ïðêèmò#ä]è!ò#èêó(ä]í(å4è9åPë'é]ã'è9ò#ä]ðêðêïqðêèêã'î(ë'ïEùúè*ûúé]ã'ä]æ‹è[üúñ(ç@ä]íŸô éã'ûúí é]ã%õ<ïí ðêäÃô é]ã÷7ë'ä]ðêðýäªòè*ë%ã'þ ïðýõ<í é
èêã0ò#è¼ó(è4ò#ë'éCñ@é‹ç@ä]íŠí è[ò#ë'í íTä‹ðêï÷ë'ïjã'õ<èêõ<ÿ`òègò#ïõ<è;ã'ä]ô äå å4ïíTè¼ïhïõ<í ï*å4æiä]õ4õ<ä]í äièêðfå4ä]î(ã'ïðêäEèêãpûúé]í æiïã'ë'æ‹ä]í èêô ïeñCéqçCäí
í ä]ï7ð¼è

ïí ägë'ãnòèvå4ç@éåPõ<èýó(é‹òèCí èêô é]ã'éCå4ô èêæiä]ã%õ<éŸó(é]ô ïðêä 
àPà  ðõ4ä]í æièêã'äŸç@ä]í èêéò#é]î(í ïæiæiïÃø%ïŠé]í èêî(èêã'äEò#ïðêðýþ ë>å4égôöø'äŸûúëqèêã'è
èýïðêæiä]ã%õ<ägûúïõ<õ4éEòä]ðCí èvåPë'ðýõ<ïõ<é@ñ çCä]íŽå4ô éçCí èêí äŸõ<í ï7ô ô ä
ò#èç@ä]í èêéò#è¼ôTè¼õ<ÿŠïðêð¼þ èýã'õ<äí é‹òè;å4äî7ã%ïðêèC÷7ë'ïð4åPè¼ï*å4è 
à   ë%ïã0ò#éŸè¼ðCó(ïðêé]í äŽïõ<õ<äåPéqòèë'ã'éqåPõ<èêæiïõ<éí äŸõ<ä]ã0ò#äï7ðó(ïðêé]í äŸó(ä]íTé%ñ7å4èòèêô äŸôöø'äŽð¼éqåPõ<èêæiïõ<é]íT ä
  
ù !#"%$'&)(+*%,>.ü -7å4äŽïë'æ‹ä]ã'õ<ïã;ò#éðêïò#è¼æ‹ä]ã0åPè¼é]ã%äEòäð%ô ïæ‹çCèêé]ã'äŽðêïó(ïí èêïã
ïò#ä]ðêðêïå4õ<èêæiïŠõ<ä]ã0ò#äï
ä]íTéCñ#ð¼éqåPõ<èêæiïõ<é]íTä

qò#ä]õ<õ<0 é /1 2+ 2+3+43 
 HI.5LI
U6`][^v_ UÿáMÕUqSCO n QÜ_\`]U]O}YZ^\ÿPþvOŸSCSCU acb76

6ja!"`67/Ÿ&7/4A0&($'A>$*5!"c/<g&(/<?8!4:+#$`$':#"%5!82#$.+;98;: \ <g\ :&7"%<+;#/4oI$`+fA0&($'6"'??@$`-0/= ‹ ­+>@?ö® Š ?AI® Š Df"`6ja!"

),$'?:&7+X67$%),"c<$?#/4),+:$'&("`lq¬ Ž4B'Š ® ‰DCECЊ ? Ž t F \ €5”©+;?@"p+44$p?@6($'A>$=6($'5”6782/!l67$%5!->$']:+X<+b?#/4),+
?@A>"':#&+4"D9A>H8 Gc"'??@"%&7"`$'A0A>$'&@:8!52$+-0$%#:+&("=+;!A0$%?@:$=->"'4<+X“!52"'?#&(+X&7"%#]+;5!GI$%<+e&("=825N-0/4oI"'&(?@$
+52-0+),"%5!:$JIE— ƒ…„1† D/45,),$%-0$-0+=6(+467$%<+;&7"n–— ƒ>„˜#㙠†W – ƒ…„]˜#㙠†gÞ IE— ƒ…„‡†\
€]I67+;<6($'4$h-0"%;A>"'&(/<$%-0$*Ge&7+;),),+oI/4"%5!"i?oI$'4:$h),"'->/<+;5!#"‹8!5!L ± Š ? ŠONډ >  ®(P­ ? Š/¯ ‰4QȎ AR
+ K® Š >M Ž ® N
® ‰ ­(® É T’ SVU Ê D9$=),"%GI4/4$`+;5!6($'&(+,67$%5z825!X+ WYWYU É oe"'->Z/ 8[: \ <g\ \Ê\ €5z:+g67+;?@$CDg4 +8m),"'52#$`-0/Ž•|67$%&]Ô
&(/<?A0$%5!-0"`+4< +e8!),"%5!:$=-0"%Ž528!),"%&7$c-0/Ÿ67+;),A0/4$'52/f8!:/<4/<BCBC+I:/<D!"=+;<4 +;8!),"'52#$`-0"%<4+X&7/4?@$%<82B/4$'52"
/45 ‘ &7" ’ 82"'5!BC+$':]"'52/<©;/r<" \ €5©+?"ª+ ’ 82"'?#"ª67$%5!?@/4-0"%&7+;B/4$'52/<DI?/0A0H8 Gª),$'?#&(+&("n6ja!"ª<+oI+;&7/4+52B+
-0"%<4$n?#/4),+:$'&("n52$'5,->"'6(&7"*?67"67$%5J• \

] z ÃJ_`_ acb Xd_`eJ  fa`gi

^

h (& +N6(a2"X?@/4+),$./453GI&(+->$b-0/Š->"'?67&(/<oe"'&@"b->+N8!5xA>8!5!:$X-0/ŽoI/4?@:+N?@A>"':#&@+;<"b:8!:#//Š?@"%GI52+4/rDŠ/45!Ô
-0+;GIa!/4+e),$?@8!/oI+4$'&(/&("'4+:/<oe/+4r+dGe&7+;5!->"'BCB+ji ƒ>„‡†W – ƒ>„1†Ãßdk\ƒ…„‡† 8!?67"%5!:"->+d8253“!4#&($6($'5
&(/<?A0$%?@:+b/<),A>8!4?@/roI+ k\ƒ>„1†]\ €5,A0+;&7:/467$%<+;&7"CDm6(/!6ja!/4"'-0/4+),$ ’ 8!+e5!:$poI+;<Ge+e5!$ «ml " « l ƒv£† D0$'A>A08!&("
  l "'-  l ƒv£ † ?@"– ƒ>„1† ln->/9"%5!"%&7Ge/<+ \
g€nF€4ƒ oi…ŒYp`)q:‡p‰‡p…p`…†>ŒŠ‡C
^ +;A0A0/4+),$`6ja!".A>"'&n/4Ÿ#"%$'&@"%),+,->/ Æ +&(?@"%oI+;Ÿ&(/4?@8!4:+N  l ƒ[£†Wsr¼ƒv£†trLuvƒ[£†wv ->+:$.6ja!" r ƒv£†hW
¦ ƒv£ †txƒv£ † D+;<4$%&7+
  l ƒv£ †W|¦ ƒv£ †tx ƒ[£ † ¦ u ƒ[£†tx u ƒv£†W ¤ ¦ ƒv£†(¤ § ¤ xƒ[£†j¤ § W   ¡ ƒ[£†9¤ x ƒv£†(¤ §
²X’ 8!"'?#$A08!52#$CD"'?"'GI82"'52-0$n4 +5m#/4#&(+? ‘ $'&@),+;#+c-0/W!$'82&7/4"'&‹-0/m+),©$ª/m),"'),©&(/4D?/9$%#:/4"'5!" Ö
Y l ƒ[V)†WLÕ 2Ú O Í   l ƒ[£†#ÎWLÕ Ú2O Ð   ¡ ƒv£†2¤ x ƒv£†(¤ § Ò=W~Y ¡ ƒ<V)†ŸßŠYzyRƒvV)†
€Ž&(/<?8!4#+;#$`$':#"*528!:$=l`A0$'?:$b/<5d"'oe/<->"'5!BC+,A>"'&(6(a  l=oe+4/<->$=+;5!6ja!"=A>"'&/Ž->8!"=6(+?/Ÿ?@8!6(67"%?@?/4oI/
-0/?"'GI52+4"zA>"'&(/<$%-0/467$3"z-0/hA>&7$%6@"'??@$CDª"w),$%?@:&7+ 6($'),"w<Â +e8!:$'6($'&@&("'4+BC/4$'5!"d-0"%<4Â 8!?67/4#+{-0/8!5
“!4:&7$cl`A>+&(/g+4<+b6($'5!oe$'48!BC/<$%5!":&7+< +;8!#$%67$%&7&("%<+BC/4$'5!"c-0"%4< /45!GI&("'??@$c" ’ 8!"%<4+b-0"%4<+X&7/4?A0$'?#+
/4),A08!4?/<o + \
² 67$%&7$%<4+&(/<$->/ ’ 8!+52#$i"%?@A>$*?@:$CDI?@8!??@/4?@:$'52$h/?"'GI82"'52#//45!:"'Ge&7+;</ |t { De" ’ 82/<oe+I4"%5!#/;+/;“25!/I-0"'
6(+467$%<$n->"'44Â "%5!"%&7Ge/<+c#$%#+;<" Ö
¹ ¹ ¹
  l W Ù ¹   l ƒ[£ †*ÜT£,W Ù ¹   ¡ ƒv£ †2¤ x ƒ[£ †j¤ § ÜT£,W Ù ¹ Y ¡ ƒ<)V †ezY yRƒ<)V †;Ü V.W
Ú¹ Ú Ú
W Ù ¹ Y ¡ ƒ<)V †IY yu ƒ<)V †IÜ*V.W~Y l ƒ~}i†
Ú
Æ "'&(#+;5!:$`lcA0$%?@?/<©;/<4"8!:/<4/4BB+;&7"c#82#:" ’ 8!"'?#"c6($'),"c&7"%<+;B/4$'52/f-0/f" ’ 8!/4oI+;r"'52B+D ’ 8!+52-0$?@/fa2+
5!"%67"%?@?/< “ ->/9->"':"'&@),/45!+e&7"8!5!+cGI&(+52-0"'BCBC+`+=A>+&(#/4&7"-0+=+;<:&("n5!$%#" \
€à ‚ èô é]„ 㠃4é]ðêïó(ä]í Dè …'ôTïí äŸôTø'ä@ñ çCäí †ˆ‡Š‰.ñ ðêïçCéð¼ï7í è

ï
è¼éã'äŸõ<ä]ã0ò#äŸdï ƒ4ôTé]æiç@ïí èêí ä 
à ‹‚Œ ïqõ<ä]í
ïi; ë (ë%Eï (ðýè¼ï7ã Žï ƒP#ë ƒƒ¨è ƒPõ<äèêãªó(èêí ~õ =òä]ð*õ<ä]éí äjæiïpò#‘è  ï+í ƒ4äó7ï7ð[ñ]æiä]ã'õ<íTäÃð¼ïq÷ë'ïjí õ<mï
Šó7ï7ð¼èvò#Žï ƒPmä ’z“L”.•4–‘

í ä]ï7ð¼ä@ñ é ƒƒPèêOï —f”™˜|–

Ÿè[ò#ä]ïðê
æiäã'õ<ägí ä]ï7ð¼è

Eï šèýðêäCñ ôTé]æiäŽèêð¼ðê#ë ƒ¨õ<íTïõ<éŸã'ä]ð ƒ4wä 7ë%è¼õ4é 
ab› þÀ_\Yœ[ÈÿÈ`ÜÿžŸ¡ T¢V£L¤¥œ[4¦§¤CY¢\[][^V_\`Y¢¨¢
œ6`Z[^v_ fœcÿ
g€nF€'© oi…ŒYp`)q:‡Vª…;†>‡CˆŠ‰‡¬«I‡
^ "‹/<5`/<5!Ge&7"%?@?$i+;-8!5=“2<:&7$‹liA0&("'?"'52#"8!5c?@"%GI52+4"iA0"%&7/4$'->/<6($CDI/<*?"'Ge5!+4"i/45=8!?6(/<:+li+;5!6ja! "'??@$
A0"%&7/4$'->/467$ t ­ D"A0"'&‹"'??@$plªoI+4/4-0$ª<$ª?@oe/<48!A>A0$/45,?"'&(/4"n-0¯³)/ ´W!$'82&7/4"'&
i ƒ>„1†žW ®w¯°r w› ± § ²
¯

/45.6782¯/;/I67$%" ‘ “!6(/<"%5!:/ r A0$%?@?$'5!$h"%?@A>&7/4),"'&?@/I/<5.:"'&(),/45!/;->"'/6($'" ‘ “!67/4"%5!#/;-0/W!$'82&7¯ /4"'&Ã->"'¯44 /45!Ge&7"%?@Ô

¯

?@$ ¦ "->"'/ÃoI+;<$%&7/->"'4<+”&(/<?A0$%?@:+z/45 ‘ &(" ’ 8!"%5!B+ É oI"%-0/Ã?@"%B/4$%5!" 6 \ d Ê 6($')," r W¦ x ƒ>‚Hµ\† D

$'oeoI"%&7$p/45),$'-082<$ª" ‘ +?"n67$%),"
¤ r ¤%W ¤ ¦ ¤(¤ x ƒ…‚Hµ\†(·¤ ¶ ¸¹ºÜƒ r †W»¸¹ºÙƒ4¦ †2Û¼¸¹ºgƒ~x ƒ…‚HµÒ†‡†
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

Æ "'&(#+;5!:$.?@6(&(/<oe/<+;),$=6ja!" « l ƒ[£ †h¾ W ½ ¯ ¤ r ¤ H§ ¿ ƒv£n Ñ ‚HµÒ†·v ->+:$.6ja!" ¤ r ¤ §`W ¤ x ƒ…‚Hµ\†(¤ §¤ ¦ ¤R§ Dg?@/
¯ ¯ ¯

a!+
« l ƒv£ †ž
W ® ¯ ¤ x ƒ>‚Hµ\†(¤ § ¤ ¦ ¤ § ¿Ÿƒv£Ê Ñ ‚Hµ\†W ¤ x ƒv£ †(¤ § « ¡ ƒ[£ †
¯

’/m5!8!$%oI$CD;+52#/4#&(+? ‘ $%&7),+;5!-0$?@/m$':#/4"%5!" Y l ƒ<)V †ŠW~Y ¡ ƒ<)V †gߊˆY À ƒ<)V †\

g€nF€ý „=†ŸˆY«!…¥ÁÁC‡ª…†>ŒhˆŠ‰‡¬«I‡
² 526(a2"ª/45 ’ 8!"%?@:$6(+?$CD>?/>oI"%&7/4“!6(+ É /<5+A>A0"%5!-0/46(" 6 \ <g\ \Ê 6ja2"pK ÂM4O:QROTS ƒvV)†W K UM4O:QROTS <ƒ V)†9ß K ÀMrO:QROTS <ƒ V)† D
"n->8!5 ’ 89"
« l ƒv£ †W ¤ xƒv£†(¤ § « ¡ ƒ[£†
Æ +??@/4+e),$ ’ 82/r5!-0/m+=6(+467$%<+;&7"<"ª+4#&("nGI&(+52-0"%BBC"&(+A0A>&7"%?@"%5!:+:/<oe" Ö
ÃákŒ~ZrofÄ
K W Ë Í i ƒ>„1†ÎW|Ë Í – ƒ>„1†fß0kƒ>„1†ÎW|Ë Í – ƒ…„1†΋ß0k\ƒ…„‡†W K UÆÅ Ú ¹ ¹ kƒ[V)†IÜ V
Â
W K U x ƒ~}i†
lªA>+&(/>67/4$'l+ ’ 82"'4<+p->"'4< /459Ge&7"%?@?$'DI),$%<:/<A>4/<6(+:+pA0"'&E/4>GI82+-0+eGI52$/<5X6($'5!:/45!8!+p->"'>“!4:&7$ \
e h/{@kŒsfÇÐo ċ/45Á4/45!"'+{GI"%5!"%&7+;<"CDªlx?@"%),A0&("3oI"%&7$w6(a2" « l W Ï l § Û ƒ K l † § v /<52$'4#&("CDoe+4GI$%5!$w4"
&7"%<+;B/4$'52/
« l W Y ¹ l ƒ~}i†ŠW Å Ú ¹ ¹ « l ƒv£†eÜ £,W Å Ú ¹ ¹ « ¡ ƒ[£†9¤ x ƒv£†(¤ §2ÜT£W
W Å Ú ¹ Y ¡ ƒ[)V †*ˆY À ƒ<)V †IÜ V
^ "J+-x"'?"'),A>/<$d– ƒ…„1† l8!5HA>&7$%67"*??@$,©/4+I5267$J6($'5 « ¡ ƒv£ †bÉ W È § È " Y ¡ ƒv)V †.Ê W È § È ¿ ƒ<)V † DF"%-
/<52$'4#&("– ƒ…„1† ln+c),"'->/<+=528!4<+eD+4<$%&7+c&7/4?8!4#+
¹
Ï l§ W « l WÌË Í Ç Ù ¹ ¤ x ƒv£†(¤ § Ü £,WÌË Í Ç YˆÀûƒ~}i†
Ú
),"'5!:&(" « l ƒv£ †zW È § È ¤ x ƒv£ †(¤ § Ö A0"%&7:+5!:$CD/4hA0&($'6("*?@?$w/45|8!?@6(/4#+H->+h“!4:&7$ ‹Ž
‹»Î ¬ ‰·Ï
ˆL‰ŠŒ‹Ž D "'-/45 ’ 8!"'?#$‹67+;?@$i/4eA0&($'6("*?@?$i?@/e-0/46(" Ž4BŽ ® Š ? Ž9\@²!’ 8!"'?:$ ‘ "'5!$%),"'52$h67$%&7&(/4?@A0$*52-0"
+5!6ja!"8!5!+`),$'->/<“267+.->"'4<+ ‘ 825!B/4$'52"n-0/9+82#$%67$%&7&("*<+;B/r$%5!" Ö ’ 8!"'?#+=/<5 ‘ +;#:/952$'5JlpA>/<À,8!5
/<),A>8!4?@$CD9),+boI+;<" Y l ƒ<)V †qW È § È XY Àzƒ<)V †·v ),"%5!:&7"A0&(/4),+ ’ 8!/r5!->/ É A0"%&ª/4!A>&7$%6@"'??@$c©/4+e5!6($ Ê
àÐ  ë%äƒ4õ<ïqïûúûúä]íTæiï èêé]ã'ä
ó(ä]í ïeñ]çCë'íTôTø;
èêð%…%ð¼õ<íTéV Eç@í äƒ4äã'õ<è ûúä]ã%é]æiä]ã'è9ò#è ã'é]ãðêè¼ãCä]ïíTè¼õ<ÿ‘Ñ'èêãõ<ïð ô 4éè¼ã%ûúïõ<õ<è4ñ
ó(ïðêägðêdï ƒ4é]ó(íTïçCç@é ƒ4è
èê
é]ã'äEò#·ä (ðêèäûúûúä]õ<õ<èvñ:äŸã'é]ã‹ç@é ƒƒ4é]ã%éŽç@í éò#ë'+í ƒPèCïí æié]ã%è¼ôöø'äqòèêó(ä]+í ƒPäqòïŠ÷ë'ä]ðêðêägè¼ãqè¼4㠍(í ä ƒƒPé 
Ÿ.57Ÿ
œ6`][^v_Ҝÿ¼ Óœ ¤9¢nÒ£Ü_\`YœY¢}YZ^\ÿPþZ¢0¤9¤9œ acb <

-08!"h?8!$%/oI+;<$%&7/I"'?#&(+:]/;/45./4?@:+52#/I-0/4oI"'&(?@/;"'&(+5!$h6($'),825 ’ 8!"i/45!6($'&(&7"%<+;#/4De4+n67$%<$%&@+BC/4$'5!"
/<52#&($'->$']:+-0+;I“2<:&($ia!+6(+82?@+;#$q< /45!?@$%&7Ge"'52B+-0/I8!5!+-0/4A0"%5!-0"%5!BC+?#+:/4?@:/<6(+:&7+/;oI+;<$%&7/
"'?#&@+;#:/9+;-b/45!:"'&(oI+44/ V t Ô \
ÕÆk)sql
r<{ ÖN~]rZ×Zfãht²otvrªxªr<{ Öq ² &(/<Ge8!+&(-0$-0"%4<O + Ø ƒ i † 52$'5b?@/;A0H8 G->/<&("5!8!44+n-0/Ge"'52"'&(+4"DI:&7+;5!Ô
5!"c6(a2"`"%?@?+->/<A>"'52-0"c-0+44`+ Ø U ƒ – † ->/g/<52GI&( "'??@$c"`->+4<"$%A0"'&(+BC/4$'5!/f6($'),A>/<82#"c-0+;f“!4#&($ v
<+d?@82+d"%?@A>&@"'??@/4$'52","%?@+::+zoe+zA0"%+& GJ-0"%#"*&(),/<52+:+d6(+?$,A>"'&`67+;?@$ ˆ\ Ù Â 8259/46($,6(+?$,/45{6(8!/
<+J:"'$%&7/4+ ‘ $'&(5!/4?@6("b8!5!+&7"%GI$%<+N6("'&(#+;DŽlb&7"%<+;#/4oI$=+5!6($'&(+J8!52+,oI$%4#+J+;6(+?@$=-0/ŽA0&7$%6@"%?@?/
GI+82?@?/<+;59/ Ö A>$'?@:/2/45J/45!Ge&7"%?@?$n+-X825,“!4:&7$CD0A>&7$%-08!6($*5!$/<58!?67/4#+`8!5!+`A0&($'6("*?@?$n+526(a2 "%?@Ô
?@$.Ge+8!??@/4+e5!$ \‹ž 82"'?#$=&7/4?@82<:+:$=l.825!+X-0/4&7"%#+,67$%5!?"'Ge8!"'52B+-0"%<4+,->"'“25!/<BC/4$'5!"c?#"%?@?+
-0/!A>&7$%6@"'??@$GI+;8!??@/4+e5!$CD967$%),"&7/4?@82<:+:$p-0"%<4+b?@$%),),+b-0/!/45!“m5!/4:"p67+;8!?@"/4-0"%5!:/<6(+),"%5!:"
-0/4?@:&7/4©82/<:" Ö -0+:$p6ja!"4 /45!:"'Ge&7+;<"-0/!6($'52oI$'48!BC/4$'5!"p" ‘‘ "*:#/4oI+;),"'52#"p"%?@"%GI8!"825!+.?$'),),+
#&(+p/<52“!5!/r:/oe+4$'&(/;-0/;/<52GI&("'??@$CDe/45.</45!"%+n-0/IA0&(/<5267/4A0/4$hlh4"'6(/<:$+ ‘‘ "%&7),+;&7"6ja!"h52"':&(+5!?/<:$
/<58!5“2<:&($n<+c-0"%5!?/< “ ->/9A>&7$%©+©;/<4/4 “ -0"%<4 8!?@6(/4#+c?@/ Ú#Ge+82?@?@/4+52/rBBC7+ Û \
g€nF€'n ÜÝÁ;…;†Z«e‡¬Þ ‡ˆ
ß à ádâ„á7ã.ä[à å€æPå ã‚ç ä[à è¥æwé¥ê;ç á9ë‚ìtäHè0í
 ”1î4–7ïXðñò‚˜1ó„”1î4– ‚ë áôåìõê;àà èé9ç öt÷~÷øä
þ à öõè ö[ÿä÷~ã.ä à åø÷~öté¥è á9å ö
  

” ˜|–7ï ½  
 
ð·ñò‚˜ ” ˜ ‘– á9å ìtäHå á9ç ö  û x(t) H(f)
ü
ý y(t)

  å ázÿäã.öõè ázà èVà è é¥ç öt÷~÷~ä+ë

f

  å ázÿäã.öõè ázà èVê ÷øìõà ãá  ! ë û x(t)

−1.5 1.5

"  å # öt÷ÿ7ç ö÷ø÷à äHè öOâ9à%$ ” ˜ –& ú

2 ù
t
ú
1 2

')( *+-,.*0/21
  áôå ìtäõå à á43Òä[å á530ötâ9à áJã.ö3Tÿäõç á9å ö ï7¢ 6 Å ¢)¢-8 ¾8
¾ ”D˜|–:9 ˜„ï;¢ 6 Å 6 86 <8=<  ¾ ”D˜|–:9 ˜„ï < ï=>
¾ ¾
  ß·áZÿ7ÿ7à á403 ä ì ? ö@ ! ï Å    ! ”1î4–ø9 î ë9à èTìõê;àA ! ”î4–`ïCB Dˆ”1î4–EB ¾ ëötâjáj÷êá þ äHå ã.á DX”1î4–`ï7F ”1î4– í ”1î4–
 áôå ìtäHå à á403 ä ÿ4öõç ìõà [G à è;è á9è à ã êãã.ä
F ”1î4–„ïIHKJLw ð·ñò‚˜N¥M ”D˜ –.O ½  P RQ ”D˜
4 †ô–Æ S ïw •UT ÷à è ì ”14– ¢ 6 ½  P VQXW îY ¢ Z=>
ö÷ø÷~öHèâ„ä • ï[6 ö † ï]\ ëPçDà ÷ê;å ã.á
¾ F ”1î4–7ï ÷à è ì W^ Z ½  
 Q ”1î_‘ –7ï ½  
 F  Q ”1îY`‘ – ë
ìtäHè F
 ï ÷à è ì
W  Z ba ê;ècôêöõëâ7á„ã.äd¾ ì?öOé9å àê4è;à ìõàà 3Óÿ„ê4å ÷àøì?ödìtá7â7äHè äOöõè ã‚ç ä[å á çDà ÷ÿä÷øãáˆà èed|ç ö.c9ê öõè á
í ”î4– ÷~äHèäf9 c ê öõå å ¾àÿöõç îVïgh\i)j ö \ ë÷àk? á4
D ”1î4–7ï5F ”1î4– í ”î4–„ï ½ 6 P 6 F  í ”l‘ – Q ”1îmn‘ –
3 äâ9ê;å äf9c êá„â9ç äpd äõç.è4à ÷~ìtönq! ”1î4–#ï ½ 6 P 6 B F  B ¾ B í ”l‘ –EB ¾ Q ”îYn‘ – ëö ÿöõç ãá9èãäÓ÷à
à å~ìõê;ào0

 ! ï Ù   ! ”1î4–:~9 îmïsrt&uwv  yx x ¾ ¾}| \ | rt&u~v x x ¾ ¾ ï]\ | K €4  ¾ ï]\L‚ ƒ:\\
äãã à öõè ö

 ¾{z ¾Cz
à…„  ðfæié]õ<èêó(éXò#è!÷ë%ä ƒ4õ<éªí è ƒ4ëCðêõ<ïõ<éªçCë%ìä ƒƒ4ä]íTäæiwä 7ðêèêéªô é]æiç@í ä ƒPéní èêô é]í(ò#ïã0ò#éôöø'äªð¼þ èêã'õ<·ä (í ï7ð¼ä=ò#è!ô é]ã'ó(éð¼ë èêé]ã%ä
ô ïðêô é]ðêïŽè ƒ4èê¬ã 7éð¼è@ó(ïðêé]í è7è¼ãE#ë ƒ4ôTè¼õ4ï‹ò#ïŠë'0ã …'ðêõ<í é@ñ ô é]æ‹äEòèêç@ä]ã0òäã'õ<èeò#ïŠõ<ë'õ<õ4Eè (ð¼èèê;㠍(í ¬ä ƒƒPèçCtï ƒƒ4ïjõ<èvñ ·é (ã'ë%ã'éfç@ä ƒ4ï7õ<éf
ô é]ã
èêð7ó(ïðêé]í äòä]ðêðêïŸí è ƒ4ç@é ƒ4õ<ïŸèêæiç@ë'𠃨è¼ó(ïŸí ä]ðêïõ<èêó(é2ïð7í èêõ<ïí(ò#é2õ<í ïèê;㠍(í ¬ä ƒƒPé2ç@tï ƒƒ4ïjõ<éfäò9#ë ƒPô èêõ<ïgçCíTä ƒ4ä]ã%õ<ä   ä]í õ<ï7ã'õ<éCñöïã'ôöø'ä
ƒ4ä‹ô è ƒ4èê;㠍(é]ðêè;ó7ï7ð¼éí è>èêãcèê;㠍(í ä ƒƒ4Žé ƒ4éã'é‹èêã'ôTé]í í ä]ðêïõ<èvñ÷ë'äð¼ð‚èŽòè>#ë ƒPô èêõ<ïùöòè ƒPõ<ï(ã%õ<è>æiä]ã'éòä]ðêðêï`òë'íTïõ<ï.ò#ä]ðêðêïíT|è ƒPçCé ƒPõ<ï
èêæiç@ë'ð ƒ4èýó(ïeüôTé]ã0òèêó(èvòéã'éŸë'ã'ïŠç@é]í
èêé]ã'äqò#„è ƒPõ<é]í èêïô éæië'ã'ä@ñ:äŸ÷ë'èýã0ò#èCè%ðêé]í éŸó(ïðêé]í èCã'é]Žã ƒ4é]ã%éŸçCDè ‹èêã0ò#èýçCä]ã>òä]ã%õ<è 
†6
‡
ˆn‰œ‹ŠÈÿKŒÜÿžŸ¡ T¢V£L¤¥œ‹Š4¦§¤4‰¢nŠXŠŽeˆnŒY¢¨¢
œ ŒhŠŽˆfœcÿ
þ

" $ ” ˜|–7ï ½
6 P 6 F  í ”l‘ –Pñ=‘ ¾ x ’ ï <
ï]\ | ñ ‘ x ’ | ñ ‘ x ’ ZZï]\ |
y(t)
ò%“”o ˜=• ›
– ätã‚x ¾ à á4W 30ä ¾ ìtä30ö§¾ à åæ¬å ã‚ç ä ᘗ}x —„à á å€á7÷~ìõà á}™ š
4
−
1 π

ãä ÿá7÷~÷~á9ç ö ÷~äHå á40 3 öõè ãö[å áŽìtä3ÓÿäHè öõè ã.ö

t

3 áŽá9çl30äHè4à ìtá 
1 2
ìtäHè ã à è;êáJö[å áˆÿ„çDà

4œ ~žŸ  ¡f¢£o¤¥¦¨§ª©y«Ž¤-¤P«Ž¤P¦

¬4­®q®q¯b°±²}³¯µ´q±K¶k·¸²}¹-³ºb¶o¶º»·¸ºI­°¼¹º»½.°²}¾ºI¿ÀÁoÂÃK½.º»°º»·¸²}¶k¯IÄ&²}´@º»¹º»³®Å±N¯bÆYÐ ×ÑÇ&²}Ø È¸º»°´q¯5¶o·¸²}°¹-±¶o²
·:º
­°±³®q­¾N¹¯É_ÀÁoŸ±N°­°Ëʾ¶o·¸¯µÈ:¯b°Ì·:±¹-®Å¯»¹¶o²]±³®q­¾¹-±Í.²ÏÎÑÐqÒmÀ&ÁkÂnÓ{ÔVÕLÁ˜Ö ÃXºµ´Å±X·:±ȸº»ÍPºb·-ºµ¾N¯
¹-¶kºb¹-¹-¯Ù¹º»½.á°ã× ²}ä ¾ºÚ±° ®q·¸º»¹ºÛ°Ü)²Ý´q±
·:­³¯»·¸ºp½.²}­¹-¹±N².°¯Ú²n³å ºb´q±²`°­¾N¾²nÞ ÀÁkÂ0ÃAÈ:¯b°5´Åº»°¹-±¶oßn¹®qºb¶o¶k·:²
¾Nº
àmá À&âÂhÓ
¾Û·:±ȸº»ÍP±¶k¯»·-º_´qºbÈ:±´qºY®qº»·h¾²f®Å·:ºb¹-ºb°܋²æÀ&çRèLÂ
δ(t)
Hê (f)
H R
¯ 
¾ î .
² 
¹ ¹-ºb°܋²ÀNçæï:ÂX´Åº»¾4¹º»½P°²}¾ºVÄ&Í.º»´q±˜Ê½.­·¸²PÆ&Ã
í t=T − λ Hé È:܋¯b±¯»°°Ç&·:º¯ÛÎÅ°ò ¶oÒ²
°ÀNÁo´q¯¨ÃP²}¾´ î ­­¹È:°µ±¶o±²@¹-¶k´q²}±Y°¶k­º`°ðÁhÊÓô¾¶oóY·¸¯]Ã
ȸ´q¯»±Y°5·¸­±È:°ºb² ñ
x(t) y(t) z(t) 1
H (f) >
<0
ë ê n(t)
Tx Rx

ì
g(t)
ì
h (t)
Tx
ì
h (t)
Rx
-
¹ b
¯ P
½ 
¾ N
± 
² õ ä ¬4±´Å±N³¯b¹-¶k·:²æÈöºn¾N²V®q·¸¯»÷}²
÷}±¾N±¶oßV´q± 0

ê T/2
t
ê ê
T
t
º»·¸·:¯Û·¸ºV®Å­øº»¹¹-ºb·:ºV·¸º»¹-²µ³±°±³².Ãȸ¯»¹ù4È:¯b³º
T
t

±¾Ž·¸²}®Å®q¯»·¸¶k¯ úhûªüô²}¾¾ýî ±N¹¶o²

°¶oºf´q±Ñ´qºbÈ:±¹-±¯b°º)Ãq¹º`¹-±Ñ¹-ȸº»½.¾N±º
×
ç ò ÒYÀ&âÂhÓþçgÐÅÿ Ò À&âÂh
Ó fÿhÀ&⻺  
 ¯»ÍPÍ.º»·¸¯ Î ò ÒyÀÁoÂXÓsÎqÐÅÿ Ò ÀEÖmÁoÂhÓôÔ. ÿ  ó  Ö@Á 
Y¯»°Ï¶o²
¾N±4¹È:ºb¾N¶kº ±°Ç&²}¶k¶o±Ã°º»¾4ȸ²}¹¯µçRïy±°Ïȸ­±¿ÀÁoÂR²
¹-¹º»°¶oº)Ã4·¸±N¹­¾¶o²fÀNÁkÂÚÓ
Þ ÀÁoÂÃ
º`¾²R½.·:²}°´qºb܋Ü)²V´Å±Ž´Åº»È¸±N¹±N¯b°ºyÀópÂ`­°²VÍ ä ² ä ´Åº»Ê°±¶o²È:¯b³º

x(t)

Ð
yÀ…ópÂK
Ó  Î ò  !À ÅÂpÀNóô"Ö ÅÂ$#%µÓ
 ï ¿ ÿ Àóô&Ö ÅÂÛÞ À…óôÖ'ÅÂ$#% Ó)(+* á À-,AÂ
t

 ºµ´q­/° .}­ÑºI®Å·: ºb ¹-ºb°¶k²ÏÍ.²}¾¯»·¸ºµ²}¶o¶kº»¹¯ 02143 6Ð 5 °­¾ý¾N8¯ 7!9Rº5ÍP²

·:±²}°Ñ܋:² 7<;>= 14× 3 6Ð 5 Ó á@ã× ?$AUä
h(t)=x(T−t)

¬4º`±°Í.º»È¸ºÝÄ0ç è Ʊ¾Ž¹º»½.°²}¾Bº Ý®q·¸º»¹ºÛ°¶kº‹Ã}¹-±Ñ¯b¶o¶k±Nºb°º

t

τ
Ð
h(t− )

 τ ÚÀ…ófÂX

 Ó  ï ¿ ÿ Àóô& Ö ÅÂDC ¿Àóô& Ö ÅÂ/E¼Þ À…óô& Ö ÅÂGFH# ) Ó ( * -À ,A EI( * á -À ,AÂ
τ
t

? A ×
´q²
°´q¯n¾­¯b½P¯n²
´­°¨ÍP²
¾N¯b·:Jº 0 143 6Ð 5 Ó Ã³ºb°¶k·:º®Åº»K· = 143 DÐ 5 ÍP²}¾ºn¾¯n¹-¶kº»¹¹-¯·:±¹­¾ñ
x( )

¶k²}¶o¯Ý®q·¸º»È¸ºÛ´qºb°¶oº%7!L ä
τ

OM NQPDR!SOTVUXW-Y[ZK\^] `_acbedgfih/jlkQm4nGopaqb2rs ãu t%v kxw<nzy{kxw<nz|z}~$:€V‚+ƒe„ RX…†S ‚ …SO‡ˆSOW-Y‰W-R!SŠW-R € ‡‹ŒHY‰ŽRY2‘ ‚ Ž‡’S ‚

beM—d^– y{PDkxR!w<SOn<TVoUXW-a“Yum•˜ ” \g ] a™b“šH›  kxœn^[a™fŸžikQm4n!$‚ SOY‰Œ ŒHR¡Y‰¢Ÿ‡ €`‚ef£žikQm4n¤a¥f k¦}`n%§6fŸ¨
© ªk¦}`n« ¬g­ 㯮 ‡°ŽYŽR<SOTVU¡W-Y
_ j
fŸžik¦}`na j³± ² k¦}`n%§6fŸ¨
© ª´kx}na j%± fŸã ¨
©Hª:k¦}`n ‚µ TVRx…8¶·ã R
˜ \g ] _ a†¸ ¹ f ¨ ©Hª´k¦m4n8ap¸ ¹ ˆº ½v  kxw!n ½  kxw<nz|4w8ap¸ ¹eã ¾‰¿
RX… MOµ ÃQTVÄ!…VY‰Å¦… Y‰W-W-‡ W-R ‡°½ Ž YÆkXw!ŽnR!SŠ TVYUXW-UXYÇYÀZKSŠW ‚\^] S^SOY ‚ … ‚ ŽÁzRxY ¶gR kxw!n-” » ºu¼ ¼
RX…ÇɏTVR RXU
S ɇ°…¶·‡W Ž¢ŸRX… …VTVUXU¡‡É‡·¢ ÁzRxː‡ S^S ŽÌzY‰W-‡
¢ ‚ …`W-Ž ‚ RXUHŒ ¼  ŽRX¢Ÿ‡…`‡°… ƒ Y‰U ‚ Y‰WŠ ‡°_
ŽaRX‡ bJ‚ ÌzdgY‰fiU ‚ÆhefikQ m4henÈJkQm4nfia h/jJs ã kQm•t n<vo° kXw<n t kxw!nÍ|4w‚a ¾Í¿  RX…  ‚ µ TVY‰…VW-‚ʇƒRXU$S ‚ Áz…VY‰U ‚ t ‚ kxw!n  YUXY£‚ SOW ‚ S^SOY 
‚ SŠ‡·… Ìz‚ ŽŽY‰ÁzŒ RxY¤ŒH‡¶·SOR
Rx‘g RX‡°kxw!… n!‚ ”Î%¶ ‚‚ Ž´ÁzUxÉR Rx‚ÏŦÅÉ ‚ VWŠ‚ W-R6Ž¶RXÁ͂ T`UXU Y‰‚ Žz¶·¶gTY ‚ ˜ ɏ\^Y‰] T8_ S  ‚ ‡t S¯S kx‚ w!ŽnVÌ͂ RXY‰¶ ¢Çyi‡kXw<É n!V·‚Æ‚ ‚UXY³S¯S ɏ‚ ‡°…¢Ÿ¶gŒH‡ ‡4¼ … ½ ‚ …VWkxw<‚ n Y‰UXRxU …‚ Y‰‚ W-Yz‡°Ž Ž‚HRxY UXÐ ¶T‚ SŠUXɏUXRXÐ T8W-YBSŠÉSORXR%W-Y ‡°W-ƒ W-R ¶·‚ ‡°… Ìz‚ TVɏW-‡°Y{¢ Y‰‚ U
SŠ‡·Ux‡ y³kxw<n ® Œ ‚ ŽW-Y‰…VWŠ‡  UXYÀSŠT`YÌzY‰ŽRXY‰…V‘gY ƒ UXYÀSOW ‚ S¯SŠYÉYÍUxɇ°UxYÍW-YŒ ‚ ŽDRXUɏYSŠ‡i¶gRS ‚ Áz…VY‰U ‚ YÑS¯S ‚ …VW ‚H”
ÒÓ¦ÔÓÕ֏ŒXŠÑˆ2×À×{ÖØÚÙBÖÆÛ´ÜK×{ÝڈnŒÖÜ ‰h@ؤÞÊÜ³Û´Û´Ö † ß4†

àá2âã$ä/åÍá>á2âáæ6çzèeéèVê‰ë^åÍáìŠá2íÊî íÊî ï:î{í8ðñŸòŠó ôõæö`ì-ìŠöð-ï8èVë^öVê‰ð

÷eø öVí ÷>ùú ç4ûö+åzð-ê‰äìŠëgáãÑáä/êHê‰ð-áÑæáê‰ö2üuòŠýgôÆìŠèuþî ÿèVë^ð-á
éè+ç4ûö
íáìŠìŠá>ïáåzëgðŠçzèVìŠáåz$ö # ò!ý^ôõáí8èVë^ëgá
ëgá ú p Z(z/H 1 )

æ
%Jíá

ì-ìŠá“ ê‰äá2íäåzáë^áó !ú "éáêHè`ì-èeíáìŠìŠá“ê‰äá2öVæö`åÍãÑðŠá ú ö`í[þuï8öVå
p (z/H0 )
Z No
σ= EG

& ä/öVê‰ëgèKç4û/öKð-ìâ/ì-ë^åÍè¤íð6åÍðŠçÍö 'ðŠè`æöKþKí8öVë^ëg)è (  (+*,*,(+*  î

2

-°ìÑåzáïï8èVåzë°è /ò .103> 254703< 2?6948;: 6 =ô < åÍá

ïïåzöVê‰öæë^Aá @CBÆEì DFHGI&áìŠEì D ð êHë^áæ/ëgöÇíð
z(T)
λ EG

íö`çÍðŠê‰ð-è`æö ú ö`ílð-ìê‰äKè J$áìŠè`åÍö FLGMI  OSUNQT PRN P < WV X NPT çÍè`êHë^ðŠëgäðŠê‰çÍö ZY\[ (+]^] Z[ @`_´ç4û/öÇêHðÑïäaÇè`ëgë^öVæ/öVåHö
ë^åÍáuë^äë^ëgð6âìŠëgåzð6íð6åÍðŠçÍö 'ðŠè`æcö bRdfeŸòŠýgô:íð6< öVæ/öVåzã$ðŠáeï8áåzðDá f î
g çÍè`ééöVæ/ëgè+í8öVìÊåÍðŠêHä/ì-ë^áë^è ú æèVë^ðŠáéèuðŠææ/áæ 'ðëgä/ëgë^è>ç4ûö & ä/öVê‰ëgè+þhJ$áìŠðŠíèuðŠæ&ï8åÍö`êHö`æ'áíð
åzäéèVåzhö i
ð-á
æDçzè ú éö`æë^åÍöJêHö & ä/öVê‰ëgèþeçzèVìŠèVåzáë^è ú /ì DOFHGMI íðŠéðŠæäðQêHçzö ú öVíð-ì:â/ì-ë^åzèJè`ëgë^ð-écè J$á>íö j
ë^öVåzéð-æ/áëgèÀðŠæ+áìŠëgåzè£éè`íè
fî k¤ê‰êHö`"å JÑð-á
éè ï8èVð
çzû/ö ú ê‰öÀæèVmæ l!èVê‰êHöÀï8åÍö`êöVæ/ëgöÀåzäéèVåzö ú Eì D áæ/íáÑéöVæ/ëgè
íö`ì-/ì D äê‰çÍðŠëgá’íö`ì{â/ì-ë^åzèáí8áë^ëgá
ëgè“êHáåznö i\iö“ïåzèVïDåzð-è“ïáåzðÆáìŠì-oá l!äæ ' ð èVæ/öíðÆáä/ëgè`çÍè`åÍå‰öVìŠfá ' ð-è`æö2íð
# òŠýgô ú çzû/mö J$ðŠöVæ/ö>çÍáéï8ð-è`æá
ëgáðŠæ'çzèVåzåHðŠêHïè`æí8öVæ ' áíö`ìêHä/è+éáê‰êHðŠéè
pî -·æâæ/ö ú æ/èVë^ð-á
éè+çzû/ö>ì-á
÷ dRe rò qô  ïåzöVê‰öVæë^á[éèVí8äìŠè+çÍè`êHë^áæë^ö>sö l<á
êHö+ìŠðŠæöVá
åÍö ú íá
ëgè+ç4ûö>ìŠè+êHçzèVï8è & äð nut & äö`Eì j
ìŠèíðiïåÍö`êHö`vå J$á
åÍöì-wá l!è`åÍéá +í D è`æíá'ðŠæ†ë^åzáæê‰ð-ë^è ú éá'íðié“áêHê‰ð-é/ð '`'‰áåÍöEì DFHGI áìŠ/ì D ðQêHë^áæë^öˆíð
íö`çÍðŠê‰ð-è`æö
î
xzyR{|1}~;}€,|‚yu}|1ƒQ€=„…}~;y † öVê‰ð-í8öVåzáæ/ísè J$è`ì-ö`å@íðŠêHë^ðŠæã$ä/öVåzö+ëgåzáíä/ö+ïè`êHê‰Eð i
ð-ìŠðõéö`êHê‰áãÑã$ð
‡ áípöVê ‰ú ˆ ù öVí ˆ VCŠ ú ö[í8‹ð J$è`ì-ö`å2åÍö`æíö`åÍö"éð-æ/ð éá ì-á ï8åÍè ifá i
ð-ìŠðŠ3ë Œ í8ðÇöVåzåÍèåzö ú ìŠá êHçzöVìŠëgá  *;* Z[ (
çzèVæê‰ð-ê‰ë^ö2æ/öVìŠEì D áíè`ëgë^áåzö ˆ V òŠýgô Ž ˆù ò-ýgô ú ö+í8ððŠéïðŠöVã$á
åÍöeáìõåzðŠçÍö J$ðŠëgè`åÍö2äæ"âìŠëgåzè+áí8áëgë^áë^è+áí
ˆù òŠýgô°î -·æë^áìDéèVíè ú áìŠ/ì D ðŠêHë^áæë^ö@íðDçÍá
éïðŠèVæá
éöVæ/ëgè@ê‰ð/á J$^å Œuä æ JÑáìŠèVåzö@ïè`êHðŠëg/ð J$è@èKæöVãÑáë^Eð JÑè ú á
êHö`çzèVæí8áuêHö¤êHðŠáJï8åÍö`êHöæ/ëgö ˆDù èVí ˆ V î
xzyR{|1}~;}€,|‚y‘Uƒ{|‚}~,y † nè JÑöVæ/íè’ëgåzáê‰éöVë^ë°öVåz’ ö G í/ð J$ö`åÍê‰ðÀéöVêHê‰áãÑã$ðJò ˆ "ù “ ˆ “^”9”9”9“ ˆ ô ú
áê‰êHè`çÍðŠáéèÀá
íeè`ã$æ/äæèÀíðöVêHê‰ð8äæ/•á l<è`åÍéá+í D èVæ/íá ˆz– òŠý^ô/ëgá
ì-öÀç4û•ö — ˆR– òŠý^ô ˆA˜ ò-ýgAô ™Vý ›š çzV èVæ œ‰Ÿ X ž ú
nè JAJ$ö`åÍèJð-æ[éè`íèeç4û/öeð´êHö`ã$æ/áìŠð ˆR– òŠýgôõê‰ðŠáæè   * "¡ ( YZ ‚î -°æ[ë^áì´çÍá
êHèðŠìåzðŠçÍö J$ðŠëgè`åÍöJèVë^ë°ðŠéèþJçÍè j
êHë^ðŠëgä/ð-ë^èlíáuä/æ i
áæ6çÍèlí8ðâìŠëgåzðá
íáë^ëgá
ëgð ú è`ã$æ/äæè@á
í2äæáuí8Eð JÑöVåzêHá ˆ– ò-ýgô ú öKì-á+åzð-çznö ' ð-è`æö@í8ðäæ/á
íö`ì-슢ö l<è`åÍéö“+í D è`æíá ˆf– òŠý^ôiæè`æIïåÍè`íä/çÍö“æöVê‰êHä/æáˆäê‰çzð-ë^á’ê‰äðâ/ì-ë^åÍðí8öV1ì iá
æ6çÍè“ïöVå ž   œgîeàá
íö`çÍðŠê‰ð-è`æö¤ê‰ä“ç4û/ð6ê‰ðŠáê‰ëgá
ëgèBëgåzáê‰éöVê‰êHè ú JÑð-ö`æö ïåzöVê‰há JÑáìŠäDë^áæ/íè & äá
ì ö¤í8öVðâìŠëgåzðïåzöVê‰öVæë^ð6ð-Rì JÑfá j
ìŠèVåzö£éáê‰êHðŠéèÇðŠæuçzèVåzåÍðŠêHï8èæíö`æ ' á¤íö`ìŠEì D ðŠêHë^áæ6ëgö£í8ð
çzáéïðŠè`æáéö`æë^è ú åÍö`áìŠEð '`'á
æ6íè£äæJåÍðŠçÍö J$ðŠëgè`åHö
áeçzèVåzåÍö%ì-\á 'ð è`æö ‡ J$ö`ízð £m¤f¤
¥î ¤
î ¦ Š î
§=¨¥©Zª¬«®­O¯"°­±`²´³¶µE·¸±R«/­O²´·¹3º»ª\¼;³¶½`½v·»¼´µE·¸­O°+¹3­O²´³^µE·¸½v¾n¿¸º7«=«/º»¼;º¸ÀÁº»¯^ªO­·¸Â^­Z«/¾³¶ªÃ­OÄ3ÄC³"µE·1²´·»°+«®­Z¹Cº»¼;³¶°+¹C·C°nº1ªOº¸¼´³A¹3­²;º1Ŷ¾n³AÆ
3¹ ¼´³¶µE³AÇ·7«=«/­O³ÉÈÊ,Ñ ËÃÊ;̶Ë?ÍO̶ÎZÍ ÏUÐ ÇU²,Ònº‰²´·`«/µE­OµE¾n­Z«®²´ºÁ­Oª+¼´³¶½v½`·»¼;µE·‰µE¼´³)ªÓ ¾+«®²´­OµE³)½vº»¼‰ÔÁՐÖ­O°c½v¼´º7«®º»°nÄ3³m¹3­H«/·»ªO·×«®º»¯^°n³¶ªÃºvÇUºÁª³
¹3º»Â^­³¶Ä3­O·»°nºØ«®µE³¶°+¹3³^¼^¹Ø¹3­RµE³¶ªOº‹Â^³¶ªO·»¼´º‹­O°nµE¼´·7¹3·»µEµE³$¹C³¶ª\¼´¾nÀÁ·»¼;º`ÙK©Z°c³¶ªOµE¼´ºÚ½`³¶¼;·»ªOº`Ç7ÛÁ­O°+¹3­O²´³¶µE­ÃÂ^·Ü¹3º»ªOªO³$«®º»½`³"¼´³¶Ä3­O·»°nº
µE¼´³Úªº¯^³¶¾+««®­Ã³¶°nº¼´­O½`·C¼´µE³¶µEº‚­O°±n¯^¾n¼´³AÙÝUº»¼´µ/³¶°nµE·`Ç»ÀÁ³¶¯^¯^­O·»¼´º1Û1Ŷ¾º7«/µE·¼´³¶½v½`·»¼;µE·`ÇQº1À‹­O°n·»¼´º«®³¶¼´ÞKª³K½`¼;·»ß¶³¶ß¶­OªÃ­OµEޕ¹3­
º»¼´¼;·»¼´ºÙ
§=à;áâ·C°+«/­Z¹3º»¼´­O³¶ÀÁ·L­°ã9³¶µEµE­­ª²´³A«®·­O°‰²´¾n­«®­n³¶ß¶ß"­³1¾n°³pä×åæç
èéÕoäwç
èéâ¯^º»°º»¼´­O²´³AÙn©r°½`¼´º`«/º»°nÄ3³p¹C­R«/·»ªO·Á«/º»¯^°n³"ªºvÇ
«/­`·»µ/µE­ºC°nº
ê ë çÖ!é ê < ՟ìì/í çÔZéUîzïçÔZé ê ðñ 4 ìì < Õ ììì òó í ç9õ7é"ïçÖmöÜõ7é"÷^õ ììì < Õ ììì òó äuç
èé¶øwç
èéCº^ù <Eúû 4 ÷/è ììì <
ì ôó ì ì ôó ì
­O°²;¾n­â°nº»ªOªOÓ ¾ªÃµE­OÀÁ·1½v³A««¥³¶¯^¯^­O·ü«®­UÛ1­O°nÂ^·»²´³¶µE·­ªnµEº»·»¼´º»Àü³p¹C­âÝU³¶¼^«®º»Â^³¶ªZÙAýz­O½v·»¼´µE­O³¶ÀÁ··»¼´³‹ªO³Ø¹C­Z«/ºC¯"¾³^¯^ªO­³"°nÄ3³p¹3­zþ"²,Ò+Æ
ÿ ³"µE¼´
Ä 9Â^º7¹C­ âÙ AÙ 
Ƕ²,Ònº¸³¶ã9ã9º»¼;ÀÁ³ÁªO³‹¼´º»ªO³¶Ä3­O·»°nº ììì — ô ó ó  ç é fç é"÷ ììì <  — ô ó ó ê  ç Qé ê < ÷  — 4ô ó ó ê Rç Qé ê < ÷ QÇ"²;·»°ØªOÓ ¾RÆ
¯^¾n³¶¯^ªO­O³^°nÄ3³¢«®·»ªO·c«/º  ç Qé)Õ
fç QéZÙ¢þ^º)·C¼´³×³â««®·»²´­O³^À‹·$äuç
èé³A¹  ç Qéº×øwç
èéCº ù <Eúû ³Rç éZÇâ·»µEµEº»°n­O³¶À‹·
²;Òº
  02?4768;: Ð ! <  ò ó ê äuç
èé ê < ÷/è" ò ó ê øwç
èé ê < ÷Eè
²´·»°1ªOÓ ¾n¯^¾n³¶¯^ªO­Ã³¶°nÄ3³K«/·Cª·«®ºäuç
èéR#Õ "ø Rç
èéZÇr·7«=«/­O³Kô «/ó ºLäuç
èé¶Ûz³A¹3³¶µEµE³¶ô µEó ³¬³¸øwç
èéZÙþ^²´º»¯^ªO­º»°R¹C$· Ú& Õ %3Ç,­â¹3¾nº­O°nµEº»¯^¼´³¶ªO­
³‚½v¼´·7¹3·»µEµE·HÒn³¶°n°· ª·Ú«®µEº7«=«/· Â^³¶ªO·»¼´ºvÇ=½`³"¼´­`(³ ' P Ù
¤ ß*) Þ*+-,õÖ/.Ø0£Ø
ÒÓÙ¤ÜÇÝÛ:Ö/.21 Û3,õÜ-.
.546+-0ÜpÜpÕÖ70$.548+2פא֠Ø
9;:=< >@?BA?BCDCDE;AGF/H$CDF/IJKEMLNE;FOH$F/H8CPE;QRFOSKH$F/IF
g i\ið áéèã$ð/Œ2èVê‰êHöVå^J$á
ëgèJçÍè`éöuðŠì:ì-ö`ã$á
éöT@U ˆ ò-ý^ôWV X ò-ýgôÊíöVâ/æðŠëgèðŠæ ¤î ß î9¤KëgåzáðŠæãÑåÍö`êHê‰è ˆ ò-ýgô
öVípä/êHçzð-ë^á X ò-ýgô£íðŸä/æ êHðŠê‰ëgö`éáÚâ/êHðŠçÍèˆê‰ðŠáIí8öVâ/æðŠëgè ú ðŠæ iá
êHöˆá
ì-ìŠá'çzèVæè`êHç‰öVæ' á'íö`ìŠì-á åzð-ê‰ïè`êHë^á
ðŠéïäìŠê‰ðE%J á ú íá
ì-ì/D ðŠæë^öVãÑåÍáìŠö>íðõçÍè`æ$J è`ì-ä' ðŠèVæ/ö X ò-ýgô  ˆ òŠýgôGY‰bKò!ý^ô ú ç4û/ö“í8öVê‰çÍåzðEJÑö“ðŠìåzð-ê‰äìŠë^áëgè+í8ð
äæ/á èVïö`åÍá\' ðŠèVæ/ö"í8ðŸâìŠëgåzáãÑã$ð è
î g ì-ìŠá ìŠäçzö’í8ð & äö`êHë^è’åÍðŠêHä/ì-ë^áë^è ú ëgè`åzæð-á
éè[áípáæ/áì ð/'7' áåzö’ìŠö
ïåzèVï8åHðŠöVëeŒ öVæ/äæçzðŠá$ë^ö@ðŠæw
¤ î ß î¥¤ ú á
êHê‰ð-ö`éö¤áeí8äöBáìŠëgåzö
î
Z €´|1yR}‘‴\ƒ [^] æ+êHðŠê‰ëgö`éáþÀìŠðŠæöVá
åÍöÀê‰ö ú ðŠæ+ïåzöVê‰öæ ' áKíð8ä/æáKçzèVéi ðŠæá\'ðŠèVæ/ö£ì-ðŠæö`áåzö£íð8ðŠæãÑåÍö`êHê‰ð ú
ìED äê‰çÍðŠë^áJþKìŠáçÍè`éi ðŠæáf ' ð-è`æö ìŠð-æ/öVáåzö¤í8öVìŠì-ö¤äê‰çÍðŠëgö ú èVê‰êHðŠá
T`_ba – ˆ – òŠýgôbe  a TfU ˆ – ò-ýgôWV
– c
d – c
d
°- ìì-ö`ã$á
éöeðŠæãÑåÍö`êHê‰èn!j äê‰çÍðŠëgáí8öVê‰çÍåzðŠëgë°èJíáìŠì/D ð æ/ëgö`ã$åzáìŠöuíðçzèVæÑJ èVìŠä ' ð-è`æöJþuíðë^ð-ï8èuì-ðŠæö`áåzö ú
ð-æo$J ðŠåÍëhg&í8öVìŠì-á“íðŠêHë^åÍð/i ä/ëgð/$J ð ëŒ í8öVìŠìED ðŠæë^öVãÑåÍáìŠö
î"iièVãÑì-ðŠáÑéèeì/D è`çÍçzáê‰ð-è`æöeïöVå¤æè`ëgáåzöeç4û/öuäæ
êHðŠêHë^öVéá@í8öVê‰çÍåzð-ë^ë°èŸí8á@äæáBåÍðŠêHï8èVê‰ëgá@ðŠéïä/ì-ê‰ðE%J ácKb ò-ýgôçÍè`æ+öVê‰ëgö`æêHðŠè`æö£ëgö`éïèåzáìŠöŸæ/èVæuæä/ìEj
ì-á ú þkj nM[^[n ^ 2( l³ð-æ & äá
æDë^èlð/ê‰ð-æ/ã$è`ì-ð$J á
ì-è`åÍðDíðDäêHçzðŠëgáuí8ð-ï8öVæí8èVæ/è@íáuë^äë^ëgð/ð$J á
ì-è`åÍðDíð
ð-æ/ã$åzöVê‰êHènm^åÍá
çÍçzèVìŠë^ðpoÆí8áìŠì-áåÍðŠê‰ïèVê‰ëgáeð-éï8äì êHð/ÑJ á´î
q yRs‘ rÉ}|‚y+|1At } ] æ êHðŠê‰ëgö`éá þ’ï8öVåzéáæ/öVæë^öˆêHö[ìŠá åÍðŠê‰ïèVê‰ëgá á
íÚäæ ðŠæã$åzöVê‰êHèˆåzðŠëgá
åÍí8áëgè[þ[åzðEj
ëgá
åÍíá
ëgá’áæ/çzûD ö`êHê‰á´îÿöVìÆçzáêHè2ðŠæIçÍäðìŠá[åÍðŠê‰ïèVê‰ëgá’ðŠéïäìŠêHð/ÑJ á[æ/èVæIçzáéi ðæ/öVìë^öVéï8è ú ð-ì
êHðŠêHë^öVéáuþBïö`åÍéá
æöVæ/ëgö
î
u y+}~;€´A}v!€,~;€´ƒ\[ €=…Ly+}~,yw] æ“êHðŠêHë^öVéáJþKðŠíöVá
ì-éö`æë^ö¤åzöVá
ì-ð/'7' áfiÑðŠì-öBêHö×b@ò-ýgô t‹ " ( YZ î
u y+}~;€´A}v!€,~;€´ƒ\[NxGyn€=zf} àá ïåÍè`ïåHðŠö`3ë Œ¤í8ð$è`êHê‰öV^å J$á
å͋ ö J$áìŠèVåzðÑíðÑäêHçzðŠëgá ç4ûöŸíðŠï8öVæí8èVæèÇêHè`ì-èiíá
ã$ìŠð
ð-æ/ã$åzöVê‰êHð:ïá
êHê‰áë^ð ú þáäë^èVéá
ëgðŠçÍá
éöVæ/ëgÜö J$ö`åÍðŠâçzáë^á>êHmö b@ò-ý^ô  š çzèVæ&ký { š î g i\iðŠáÑéèJãÑEð Œ
èVê‰êHöV¶å J$áë^è ‡ æè`ëg}á |†áÚïáã6@î ~D Š çzè`éö'êHðŠêHë^öVéðÀæè`æ
åzöVá
ì-/ð '7' Aá iðŠì-ð£âê‰ðŠçÍáé“öVæë^ö&ï8èVê‰êHáæ/è
öVê‰êHöVå‰ö¤áï8ïåzèVê‰êHðŠéáë^ð/í8áeêHðŠê‰ëgö`éðDåzöVá
ì-/ð '7' fá iÑðŠì-ðáçzçzöVë^ë°áæí8è¤ä/æ“åzð-ë^áåzíè¤íöVìŠ/ì D ä/êHçzð-ë^á´î
xzƒQ}vH€,~,€´ƒ\[M€ ðïä a{éè`êHë^åHáåzöiç4ûöiìŠáBïåzèVï8åÍðŠöVCë Œ í8ð$ê‰ëg\á iðŠì ð-ë Œ ö & ä/Eð JÑáì öiáìŠì-áÀçzèVæí8Eð ' ðŠèVæ•ö —‚?bKò!ý^ô ´™%ƒý {
„ ú nè JAJ$öVåzèIç4ûö b@ò-ý^ôêHðŠá ä/æ êHö`ã$æá
ì-ö'ð-éï8äìŠêH/ð J$è
î ÿè`ëgðŠáéè ç4ûö & äöVê‰ë^á)çzðŠåÍçzèVê‰ë°áæ '‰á
ã$áåzáæ/ëgðŠêHçzö¤/ì D öVê‰ð-ê‰ëgö`æ ' áeíö`ì-ìŠáêHä/áeëgåzá¶ê l<è`åzéáëgá ÷ Zò qô°î
u €=yn„ynƒQ}€´|d…3‘Uy‡†8ˆ‚y+|K}^€ öuä/æ"ê‰ð-ê‰ë^öVéá ú èVìŠëgåzöuç4ûöeêHë^fá iðŠì ö ú þuá
æç4ûöðŠíöVá
ì-éö`æë^öeåzöVá
ì-/ð '7' fá j
iðŠì-ö ú áìŠìŠèVåzá ÷ Zò qô  Š ÷ ‰ ò  qô ú ö>í8äæ & äö+þ>ê‰ä l!âçzð-ö`æë^ö+çÍè`æèVê‰çzöåÍö+ìŠáïá
åÍë^ö>Má l<åzö & äöVæ j
'ö[ïè`êHðŠë^Eð JÑö’ðŠæí8ð-çzáë^á'çzèVæ Œ ÷ ‹ Zò qô ú íá
ëgè[ç4ûö[/ì D á
ì ëgåzáIéöVë ŒÚþˆè`ëgë·öVæ/ð ið ìŠö[éöVí8ð-á
æë^öˆäæá
èVïö`åHfá ' ðŠèVæö íð6çzèVæðŠäãÑfá ' ð-è`æö
*î BäöVê‰ëgpè l<á
ëgë^èKïö`åÍéö%ëgë^öKíð6éðŠêHäåzáåzö
÷ Zò qô Ž rò q‘ô  ˜’ “"
‡ è`êHê‰ð-áIéè`íäìŠèˆ ö l!áêHö[í8ð ÷ Zò qô ú ç4ûö[ï8åÍö`æíö[ðŠìÇæ/èVéöˆíð ] ]v*,( (2leä/ëg/ð j
ì-/ð '7' áæ6íè"çÍè`éö&ðŠæãÑåÍö`êHê‰è&ä/æ’á l<Šä/æ ' ð-è`æö[êHðŠæä/êHè`ð-í8áìŠö’çzèVæ á ^é !ï8 ð-ö '7' šá Z•™ ”C ^uö –6l!á
—êH^•ö ‘˜ ›ˆæèVë^‡ö œ
ˆ ò-ýgô  ™ž\Ÿ¡ £ò ¢/¤q ø ý ¥}›ô·¸î -·ì´êHöVãÑæá
ì-öð-æ’äê‰çÍðŠë^á“ê‰á^å Œ“áæ/çÍè`åÍá2äæ/á“çzèVê‰ð-æ/äê‰èVðŠísö ¦7¦@öeá J$^å Œ
áéïðŠnö '`'§á ™@¨ Ž ,ò q ø ôØö l!áꉂö ©>rò q ø ô ¥ª›*«ï8öVåzëgá
æë^èKïè`ëgå‰öVéèKåzð-çzá J$áåzö
X òŠýg7ô ±
Ž òZq ø ô `¬‚­¯®(° ˆ ò!ý^7ô ± “ ö ©>òrq ø ô  X òŠýgô´±  ˆ òŠýgô7±
­/²³° ­/²³°
§®§ þ^Â^·»ª¯^­O³¶À‹·H­7²´³¶ªO²´·Cª­v°nºCªR¹3·»ÀÁ­O°n­O·K¹3º»ªOª³‚ã¼´º»Å¶¾nº»°Ä3³¶µ
¬‚­¯®;°
øÉç
èéf} Õ · ¸ º¹ Wù »h¼ç¥èÚöcè T é¾½ ¹ ô Wù »¼zç
追hè T é !ÁÀ
 ÒÓÂÓÄãÝÖ¯.¡1 ÙBÖÆÜÅ0Á+-Æ@؃46+-Ç/ÖØ{ÝÜ ¤ß¦
ÈÇð-ï8öVë^öVæ/íèKðŠì6ïåzèVçzöíðŠéöVæë^èKï8öVåŸí8ðEJÑöVåzêHö×q ø·ú ïè`êHêHðŠáéèkm^çÍáéï8ð-è`æá
åÍö2o ÷ òZqô°î

9;:=É ÊwËKF/CDÌÍLÎFOEÐÏ
?BÑÒ-AG?BӃF/Ò-˞E
Ô&öVæ/ëgåzöä/æÚâ/ì-ë^åÍè¢J$ðŠö`æö2íöVâ/æðŠëgè ú ð-æ’iá
êHö2áìŠì-áˆï8åÍö`çÍöâj
íö`æë^öç4ìŠáêHê‰ðŠâçÍá\'ð è`æö ú ä/æÚè`ïö`åÍá
ëgèåzö“ìŠðŠæö`áåÍö>çzèVæÚéöVéèj x(t)
åzð-á ú ïäa£öVê‰êHöVåzöÀäë^ð-ìŠöŸçzèVæ/êHðŠíö`åÍá
åÍöÀáìŠë^åÍð$èVïö`åHáë^èVåzð
ö`ì-ö`éöVæj Somma z(t)

ë^áåÍð ú ç4ûö¢l<ä/æ'ðŠè`æáæ6è2çÍè`éöNm^éáë^ëgè`æºð o íðèVï8öVåzfá ' ð-è`æðï8pð Õ

y(t)

çzèVéïìŠö`êHêHö8îÖBì-ðè`ïö`åHáë^èVåzðöVìŠöVéö`æë^áåzð ú åÍá

ïïåzöê‰öVæë^áë^ððŠæ x(t)

âãÑäåzá ú êHè`æèKìŠáeê‰èVééá ú ðŠìïåzèVíDè`ëgë^è ú öVí+ð-ì6åÍðŠë^áåzíè

î
Prodotto z(t)
y(t)

×èVåzæðŠáéèˆí8áï8ïåzð-éá ðŸåzð-ê‰äìŠëgá
ëgð{íö`ì-ìŠá çÍè` é iðŠæfá ' ðŠèVæö
íðBïåzèVçzöêHê‰ð¤öIêHö`ã$æá
ì-ð çÍö`åÍë^ðKéöVí8ðŠáæë^ö ã$ìŠð¤è`ïöVåzáë^èVåHðBð-æ j
Ritardo x(t) T x(t−T)

ë^åÍè`íèë^ëgð ú ö & ä/ð-æ6íðÆéè`êHë^åÍðŠáéè2áìŠçÍä/æö>ê‰öVéïìŠðŠçÍðåzöVá

ì-/ð '7' fá '‰ðŠèVæ/ðíðÁØ Y *  "KO¡ *,( YZ ú íö`âæðŠë^ðæöVð
ë^öVåzéð-æ/ðDí8öVã$ìŠð6èVï8öVåHá
ëgè`åÍð6öVìŠöVéö`æë^áåzðgî
Ù3ÚÛ¿ÚºÜ Ý‚Þàß
áß5âãâ‘ß
ÿö`ì çzáê‰è'ð-æ çÍä/ð£äæ l!áë^ëgè`åÍö ê‰ðŠápäæ ïåzèVçzöVê‰êè ú ö"ìED á
ì-ë^åÍè"äæ êHö`ã$æá
ì-ö"çÍö`åÍë·è ú ðŠì£åÍðŠêHä/ì-ë^áë^è ‡ ð-æ
ã$ö`æö`åÍá
ì-ö Š þiäælïåzèVçHö`êHê‰è n ]"*,( ˜Arâ (  ^r îA-°æl!á
ëgë^ðÑè`åÍáBì-ö{éö`íðŠöÇí+D ðŠæê‰ð-ö`éöií8ð-ï8öVæ/íèVæ/è ú ðŠêHë^áæë^ö
ïö`å¤ðŠê‰ëgáæ/ëgö ú íá
ì¬J$áìŠèVåzölç4ûöeðŠì:ê‰öVãÑæáìŠölçÍö`åÍë^èeá
êHê‰äéölð-æ & äöVìŠì/D ð ê‰ëgá
æë^ö ‡ ë^åÍá
ææöðŠì:çÍáê‰èð-æˆçzäð
êHðŠáeä/æálçÍè`êHë·áæë^ö Š ¦7ä$î
€ ö@äæ/èKíö`ð/í8ä• ö l!áë^ëgè`åÍð ‡ á
í>öVê ò!ý^ô þ¤äæáJçÍè`êHë°á
æë^ö ú ñŸòŠýgô´þ@äæï8åÍè`çÍöê‰êHè@í8öVìŠìŠáeêHë^öVê‰êHá
æá
ëgä/åÍáJíð ˆ òŠýgô ú çzèVæˆéö`íðŠá
 X ek¨ Xå æú ï8Xå èVŠ ë^öæ ' á ç
 ç¸ek¨ Xå V ú ö@áä/ëgè`çÍè`åÍåzöì-\á 'ð è`æéö è
£ò ê8ô 
è$eÇpò ê8àô ¨ X å V î
€ ölð l!áë^ëgè`åÍð ˆ òŠýgôöVí X òŠý^ôê‰èVæ/èlïåÍè`çzöêHê‰ðêHë^áë^ð-ê‰ëgðŠçzáéöVæ/ëgö@ðŠæí8ð-ï8öVæ/íöVæ/ëgð ú ê‰ëgfá ' ðŠèVæá
åÍðDö@çÍè`æ j
ã$ðŠäæ/ëgáÑéö`æëgö ¦´ë öVåzã$è`íDðŠçÍð ú ê‰ð6èVë^ëgðŠöVæ/‡ö œ
ì }~,‘BrÉy+…L€=

 í ñ£ò-ý^ô7± í ° ˆ ò-ý^ô X ò-ýgô7± fí ˆ ò-ýgô7± í X òŠýgô7± 
 e ¨ Nî
°Ð ° °

q ƒy+|‚}ƒQƒQ}~,y
ç
 ífï ñ V òŠý^ôð f
 ífï ˆ V Šò ýgô X V òŠýgô\ð fí@ï ˆ V ò-ýgô\ð íñïãX V òŠýgô\ð
 ç¸ek¨ç î
ì }‘‴}|‚} ò

ç èéfÕ øÉç¥èéväwç
èéfÕ · ¸3ó ç
è T é º¹,bù »¹;õù ô 2 ûpö 6 ¼ç
èÚö×è T és½ ¹ ô Wù »¹ ô =ù ô 2 ûpö 6 ¼ç¥èG½mè T é !
º!³¶°nµE­OµE¼;³A«¥ã9·»¼´ÀÁ³¶°R¹C·Ú«®­7·CµEµE­Oº»°nº ÷
çÔZéfÕ ·  ó ç
è T éøúù´ûç ¸7ü è T Ô¡½ý‹ç
è T é¾½§ Qé
§úþ;þ^ºL­Oªf«/º»¯^°³¶ªÃºH²´º»¼´µE·LÛ!½`º»¼;­·`¹C­O²´·`Ç­Oª7¼´­Z«/¾nªÃµ/³¶µE·‹¹Cº»ªOªO³‚ÀÁ·»ªOµE­O½vª­O²´³Ä3­·C°nºH½`º»¼z¾°Á½`¼´·»²;º7««®·‹«/µE³¶Ä3­O·»°n³¼´­O·Ú¹CÞ1ªO¾n·»¯^·H³A¹
¾n°‰½v¼´·»²´º7«=«/·Á¹CºCµEµE"· ÿ
ÿ  
    UÇ»­°‰Å¶¾³^°nµE·LªOº‰«®µE³¶µE­/«®µE­O²;ÒnºLÂ^³¶¼´­O³¶°`·°nºCªnµEº»À‹½`·Ç3ÀÁ³K³A««¥¾nÀ‹·»°n·Â^³¶ªO·»¼;­n­Z¹Cº»°µE­O²´­
²´·»°Á½vº»¼´­O·7¹3­²;­µ/ނ¾n¯^¾n³¶ªÃº!³1Ŷ¾º»ªª5³¹Cº»ª\«®º»¯^°n³¶ªOº ²´º»¼´µE·vÙ
§ 
 ³L½`¼´·C½`¼´­Oº»µEމ¹C­¶º»¼;¯"·`¹C­O²´­OµEÞ²;·»°n¯^­¾°nµE³²;·»¼´¼´­Z«/½v·»°+¹3º¬³LÂ"ºC¼´­O±n²´³¶¼´ºªº¬²´·»°+¹3­Ä3­O·»°n­"º»¼´¯^·7¹C­O²,Ònº ³¶°n²,Ònº¬½vº»¼²´·C½`½v­º¸¹C­
Â^³¶ªO·»¼´­`º7«®µE¼´³¶µEµE­\¹3³‚¼´º»³¶ªO­OÄ3ÄC³"ÄC­5·»°n­f¹C­\¹C¾ºÚ¹C­Oã9ã9º»¼´ºC°nµE­`½`¼´·C²´º7««®­ZÙ
 ¤ß  Þ*+-,õÖ/.Ø0£Ø
ÒÓÙ¤ÜÇÝÛ:Ö/.21 Û3,õÜ-.
.546+-0ÜpÜpÕÖ70$.548+2פא֠Ø

V  í ò-ñÀòŠý^ô u
ô V  ç
 ò
ô V 
 ç1eШç  ò e;¨ Nî ô V
  

 ˆ‚|1€´|1ym…€!}ˆ1ƒQzf‘â‘Uy+~,}A€=|1y
è
ò£ê8ô  í ñŸò-ýgôÑñŸò-ý¥ªê8ô7±  í ° ˆ òŠý^ô X òŠýgô ˆ ò-ý¥ªê8ô X ò-ý¥dê8ô± 
 ° òŠýgô ˆ òŠý¥ªê8ô± í ° X òŠý^ô X òŠý¥ªê8ô7±  èmeÇò£ê8ô3¨è î ò£ê8ô
ˆ
í °
-°æÚïáåzë^ð-çzèVìŠáåzö ú æè`ëgðŠáéè2ç4ûöì/D ð-æ6çzèVåzåHöVìŠáf' ð-è`æö2íðÆäæ/è>íöVð³íä/ö“ï8åÍè`çHö`êHêHð ú ï8öVåJäæIçÍö`åÍë·è
J$áìŠèVåzöKí8ð6ê ú ïåzènJÑèçÍáJìED ðŠæ6çÍè`åÍåHö`ì-á\' ðŠèVæ/ö¤íö`ì6ïåzèVíèë^ë^èî
xz„yRƒƒQ‘⁠…€!…y+|Gy€=ƒ[…€!„ƒyR|1}
ç
òZq ô   è
ò£ê8ô7±    ° èmÇe òpê8ôà¨è î òpê8ô´± 
 縟e òZq ô6Yç î òrq ô
°
èVê‰êHðŠáˆþ2ï8áåzðáìŠìŠáçÍè`æÑJ èVìŠä ' ð-è`æö+ë^åÍáˆìŠö+íö`æêHðŠëˆŒ êHïö`ë°ë^åÍá
ì-ðÊíöVð‚!l á
ëgë^èVåzðgîKÿè`ëgðŠáéè & äðŠæDí8ð
çzû/öÀì-á@í8öVæê‰ð-ë@Œ íð8ï8èVë^öVæ' álíö`ìïåzèVí8èëgë^è ïåÍö`êHö`æë^áläæáKè`çÍçzäï8áf ' ð-è`æöÀíðf
i áæ/íáKéáãÑã$ðŠèVåzö
íð & äö`ì-ìŠáíöVðDêHðŠæãÑèVìŠð+<l á
ëgë^èVåzðgî
 yRG | yn€´\ƒ […€H„L‘⁠v!} vH€,~,€´\ƒ [t€ ðÆçÍá
ì-çzèVìŠá[çÍè`æpìŠö“åzöVãÑèVìŠöï8öVåJð-ìÆçzáé
i ð-áÑéöVæ/ëgè“íð‚ÑJ áåÍðŠáf
i ð ì-ö ú ð-ìŠìŠäj
êHë^åÍá
ëgöláìzB£ ~´î |´î |´î6ÿöVìçzáê‰è@ðŠæçÍä/ðð/í8äö@ïåzèVç‰öVê‰êHðê‰ð-á
æèKê‰ëgá
ëgðŠêHë^ðŠçÍá
éöVæë^ö@ðŠæíðŠïö`æí8öVæë^ð ú
ð-ì6åÍðŠê‰äìŠëgáë^è¤þ
ò-ñô  — òp›ô 
!
(
"! ( (
  %$ '& *)
# !

-·æ g ïïö`æí8ð-çzö ‡ ïá

ã6 Š ú ëgåzènJÑð-á
éèJì/D áïï8ì-ðŠçzáf'‰ðŠèVæöíð & äöVê‰ëgð:åzðŠêHäìŠë^áë^ð:áìçzáìŠçÍè`ì-èíö`ìŠì-á2íö`æj
êHðŠëŒeíð6ïè`ëgö`æ ' áuíö`ì-/ì D èVæ/íá g Ô î
+-,
/.

Ù3ÚÛ¿Ú10 ß435376
2

g98": û";=< 8 &?> ;A@CBED :F @CDG%@C; > 8 BE;IHKJL< 8 ;¤þ > 8LM HD : ;I@K@D=;ONED F NPBQHD > 8 @C;AR 8SF NT; : ;AHBQDAG%N F @CDAJLJ F þ
‡ < 8 R; 8 ;IH F NP; Š > 8 @K;IR 8"F NT; 8 D 8 @KB F '<TD 8SF H<TD-U € ;V<TNW@C;AR 8"F NT; : ;IHBQDeþ : DI@KB F?8 BE;G"@K<WBQDAH 8"FXF N :F @KD
' <TD 8SF H<TD ¦Y U'.ZHD : ;A[%< F JLD9DAH F\8 ;IN :F N : DINPDO[';ANTNT;9@KDINP<TBQ;=RH F?8 [';n'`';G : D 8 NED < M DIBE;I@K< : û"; ˆ/] ýQ^_;I[
X ] ýQ^W@K< F?8 D M HD : ;A@C@K<f]"*,(+*  ]"*  j^( [" * ‹rOH^^ *  U
@KB F 

ì }~,‘âO y rÉyR…€´

 í ° /ˆ ] ýQ^6¥ X ] ýE^7± f  í ° `ˆ ] ýE^7±ƒ¥ í ° X ] ýQ^7±
 e ¥ î
q ƒy+|‚}ƒQƒQ}~,y
ç
 í  ]/` ˆ ] ýQ^¥ X ] ýE^Q^ V  f
 í ï ˆ V ] ýQ^ ð ¥ í ï X V ] ýQ^ ð ¥}¢ í ° `ˆ ] ýQ^3¨ X ] ýE^7±
 ç¸(e ¥Äç î ¥}¢ e Nî
.a;IHB F?8 BEDG/@K; F NTJL; 8 D > 8 Db[%;A<9[ > ; M HD : ;I@K@<Kþ F JL;A[%< F8 > NcN F G`NP; M DABQ; 8  ' ;b[';A<9[ > ;
M HD : ;I@K@C<4@C<4@CDAJLJ F-8 D-U

§ d áâ·CÀÁºm½vº»¼Ø­Oª½v¼´·7¹3·»µEµE·vÇK«®ºh­Oª‰«®º»¯^°n³¶ªOº×²´º»¼´µE·hÛh½vº»¼´­O·7¹3­²;·`Ǫ³«®·»ÀÁÀÁ³w«/­Á¹C­O²´ºÎÿÿ e K
C  f - o½vº»¼´²,ÒAg$ªO³
¹3­½vº»°+¹3º»°nÄ3³µEºCÀÁ½`·¼´³"ªº °·»°‹ÛH³A««¥·Cª¾µE³AÇ=ÀÁ³1½vº»¼´­O·7¹C­O²´³âÙ
 hijhiLkZl 70
.Á4mlZnOlopl¯.2+-0Zl ¤qD~
ì }‘‴}|‚}

V  í ý u
V  ç

 ]Prs] Q^ ^ 
^ V  1ç e(¥Äç
] î ¥ ¢ e Nîü ] e¥ Nî ^ V 
 ç1e  ] e^ V ¥dç ‰î  ] Nî ^ V   eV ¥  îV
tЈ1ƒQz\‘â‘Uy+~,}A€,|1y

è
] ê%^  í ru] ýE^ ru] ý¥ªê%^7± í ˆ/] ýQ^ ˆ/] ý¥}ê%^7±8¥
í ° X ] ýQ^ X ] ý¥ªê%^7±ƒ¥ í ° ˆ`] ýE^ X ] ý¥ªê%^7±"¥ í ˆ/] ý¥}ê%^ X ] ýE^7± 
 è e ° ] ê%^¥dè î ] ê%^¥}¢ e ° î °
k @K@C;AH^J < F JLD : DAJL; M ;IHÐê ›š @C< H<TBEHDnJv<"<TNJ F NTDAH;O[%;ANTN FwM DIBE; 8 ' F BEDIB F NT;-U
O

xz„yRƒƒQ‘⁠…€!…y+G| y€=ƒ […€!„ƒyR|1}

ç
] Sq ^   è
] ê%^7±
 ç¸e ° ] Sq ^¥dç î ] Sq ^¥}¢ e NîKx ] qS^
 yRG | yn€´\ƒ […€H„L‘⁠v!} vH€,~,€´\ƒ [yF-M'M NP< :F-8 ['D/NP;9H;ARvDANT;V[%;AN :F J-i < F JL; 8 BED/['<J F H< F iv<PNT;G 8 ;AN :F @KD`['<
ˆ ] ýE^S;I[ X ] ýQ^W< 8 ['< M ; 8 ['; 8 BQ<PG-@K< DABQBQ<P; 8 ;
/

  ]Pr ^  " — # ! ! %$ ] ›z^ '& ]Pr  ›z^A¾™ › {  %$ ]/ˆ ^3Y '& ] X ^
' <TD 8 ;};I@ M H<TJL;ON/D <PJ M DAHB F-8 BE;~H<P@ > NTB F BED : ûS;~N F ['; 8 @C<PBVŒ [%< M HDni F ?i <TNP<cB/Œ [';ANTN F @CDAJj
i <cNT< F NT; F BEDIH<P;þVN F j S Un7Y —ã˜Ar BEH F NT;/['; 8 @K<TB€Œ [%;A<_BQ;AHJL< 8 <W[';ANTN F @KDAJLJ F U
| F H;IN F 
J F [%<¬J F H< F ?
m@K;IJ M <TD ¦
F NTN F/8 DAB F ƒ‚ U

9;:=9 „ F/Ï
CDAGF€…F†BF/CD?BÏ
F
-Z‡SNTBEH<'['<TR<TB F Nc<'@KD 8 D > 8SF9M'F HBQ< : DAN F H; : N F @C@K;}['<'‡SNTBEH< F?8"F NcDIR< : <TG M ;AHˆ< &?> F NT<'NED < 8 BQ;ARvH F NP;}['< : D 8 j
JDIN > ' <TD 8 ;w@C<‰H<T[ > : ;\< 8 > 8SF @KDIJLJ F BEDIH< F ¦ƒŠ-Um| F ‡SR > H F @KDIBEBƒDA@KB F?8 BE;wJLDA@CBEH F > 8SF€M'F HBQ< : DIN F H;
F H :‹ <TBE;IBEB > H F ['<%‡"NPBQHD}[%<PRv<PB F NT;~['; 8 DAJL< 8SF B F Ø Y *  " *   (+] â^  ]^( YZ l M ;AHˆ<TN &?> F Nc;Bþ)l F-: <TNT;Jv;AH<T‡ :F H;
:‹ ;=N F H<T@ M DA@CB F <TJ M > NP@C<EJ FV‹"F ;I@ M H;z@C@K<TD 8 ;

X
b ]PŒ ^  a  x ]TŒ ’‘4“ ^
G þ`NED DAH['< 8
Ž4%
< 8”: > < ¦
;9[%;ANW‡"NPBQHD ƒ• UW ‹D F NPBQH;ABQB F?8 BED ×l F?: <PNT;•J;IH<T‡ :F H; :‹ ;`N F l > 8 '<cD 8 ;`['<WBQH F @vl–;AH</j
JL; 8 BED ‹SF ;A@ M H;z@C@K<TD 8 ;
X
÷ —y] qS^  b ]PŒ ^7±  a  # ˜ V™˜ “  
° 

§™š;þ^º‹ïº7¹ «/·»°·L³â¹ ¸ º7«;Ùf¹3¾nºHÂQÙ ³AÙ¶³)¹C­Z«/µ/¼´­ß¾nÄ3­O·»°nºH¾n°n­Oã·»¼´ÀÁIºŽ4µE-¼´}³  ›œKÇ3ª³1ªO·»¼;·Á«®·»ÀÁÀ‹³ÚÒn³¹3º»°+«®­µ/Þ)¹3­7½`¼´·»ß"³¶ß¶­OªÃµEÞ

µE¼´­O³¶°n¯^·»ªO³¶¼;º‹²´·»°×߶³A«¥º œKÙ¸ÝUº»¼´µE³"°nµE·`Ç°nº»ªfª³"°n²´­O·•¹3%­ žh¹C³A¹3­R­OªR¼´­Z«/¾nª5µE³¶µE·Á½v ­ Ÿ×½v¼´·»ß¶³¶ß"­ÃªOºÁ`Û ¡¶Ù1©r°n㳶µEµE­R½v¾n¿Áº7«=«/º»¼;º
·»µEµEºC°n¾nµE·1²´·CÀÁº~¢C£2¶ÇI¤C£fžAÇ¥v£A¦"ÇI¦C£f¥AÇfžv£I¤¶Ç/£A¢¶Ç»·»Â^Â^º»¼·‚­Ow° ¢!ÀÁ·7¹3­z¹C­OÂ^º»¼^«®­rÇ»·»¯^°n¾n°n·L²´·»°p½v¼´·»ß¶³"߶­ÃªO­µ/¨ Þ ©§ ?©§ ª Õ «–§ © º
¹3¾n°nŶ¾`ºm¬‰­?®¯°HÕ²± «–§ © Õ ©§ Ù
§™³ ©Z°hŶ¾nº7«®µE·×«®º»°+«®·`Ç­±nªOµE¼´­H¹C­O¯^­OµE³^ªO­+½v¼´º7«/ºC°nµE³¶°n·Ü«/µE¼´º»µ/µEºü³¶°n³ª·C¯"­Oº‰²´·C°h?­ ´'µc
" A¶A·¸ÿ‘9²;Ònºü°n·C°hµE¼´³¶µEµ/­³¶À‹/· 9Ç
²;ÒºL·C½`º»¼´³"°n·‹«/¾nªOªO³‚߶³A«¥º‹¹C­R¹C³¶µ/­7²;³¶ÀÁ½`­O·»°³¶µE­ZǶ«/Â^·»ªO¯^º»°+¹3·!ªºH·»½vº»¼´³¶Ä3­O·»°n­7º»ªOº»ÀÁº»°µE³¶¼´­f¹C­O¼´º»µEµE³"ÀÁº»°nµEºLÂ^­O³ü«/·»ãµ ÿ ³¶¼´8º 9·
ÀÁº7¹3­O³¶°nµEº!³¶½v½`·`«/­ÃµE·HÒn³¶¼¹ ÿ ³^¼´º‹¹3º7¹C­O²´³¶µ//· 9Ù
§¹ ©f²´·»º»ã9±n²;­ºC°nµEv­ º™»¬Â"ºC°n¯^·»°n· ­O°+¹3­²;³¶µE­v°nº»­vµEº`«/µE­`­O°n¯^ªº`«/­¶²´·CÀÁ¼º e E½-¼´¾n߶­O°nº»µEµE£­ C­°KŶ¾n³¶°`µE·!½`·`««®·»°n· º7«=«/º»¼;º ½`ºC°+«/³¶µ/­
¾ «®½`­OªOªÃ³¶¼´º¿âã9¼´³¶Ä3­O·»°n­A¹3º»ª«/ºC¯"°³¶ªOº`ÙQÝUº»¼ºCã9ã9º»µEµE·K¹3­¶¾n°K½`¼´·C²´º7««®·¸¹3­vµE¼´³A«®½`·7«®­OÄ3­Ã·»°nº ªO­O°7¯^¾n­Z«®µE­O²´³AÇ;¯^ªO­A«®µEº7««®­¶²´·»ºCã9±n²´­Oº»°nµE­v­O°
­OµE³¶ªO­Ã³¶°n·!Â^º»°¯"·C°n·!³‚Â^·»ªOµEº!­°R¹C­O²´³¶µE­¹3­Z«/²´·C¼^«/­OÂ^³¶ÀÁº»°µEº ²´·»À‹pº  ƒ½K½W
jÀ 9Ù
 ¤q*| Á +-,l/.ÃÂ0ÄÂ5hiLnOÅmÆ/ÇWl/.21ÈÇ3,Å-.
.546+-0ZÅÉÅÉkZl70$.548+€oOoÃlÂ

x(t)
T T T T
|H(f)|
c0 c1 c2 cË 3 cÊ 4

y(t) f
1
__ −1
__

]/8SF
2T 2T
B F NT;F H :‹ <TBE;IBEB > H FXM >SÌ ;I@K@C;AH;/H F?M%M H;A@C; 8 B F BQ<TÍ F ['< > 8 8"F B > H F NP;G;IÎÏΖ;IBBE<TÍD9Ζ; 8 DAJL; 8 D
: DAJL; F [²;A@C;AJ M <PD/N F€M H;I@K; 8SÐF 6m
[%< E; :‹ < 8 ;INS@C;AR "po 8 F NT;`H< : ;IÍ > BED-U mDIJL;`@K<WÍv;A[%;G —Ñ]–Ò ^aH<T@ > PN B F
i
M ;IH<TDA[%< :FXÓ < 8 ÎÏH;AÔ > ; S8 ÐF-ÕW: D 8”M ;AH<PDI['DVÖØ×ÚÙ U'._;IHB F?8 BQDG'NTÜ F H :‹ <TBQ;ABQB > H F\M >SÌ ;I@K@C;AH; F ['DIBEB F B F
Û
M ;IHuÝޖßSàjáàjÞ ˜ã˜
vâ'ã á > S
8 F H <P@ M DI@KB F
 < 8 ΖH;IÔ > ; 8SÐF [';I@K<T[';IH F B F < 8 > 8SF\: ;AHB F R F JLJ F ['<SΖH;AÔ > ; 8"Ð ;G
mQÔ
; ºo
> F NT@K< F @K< F NPBQHDIÍ;-U%ä 8²M%F H BE< : DIN F H;G?@K;=<TN'@K;IR 8"F NT;}[%<4< 8 RvH;I@K@CD9å ]PŒ ^SæONT<TJL<PB F BQD}< 8Lç-F?8 [ F BEH F
è Ù G?NTÜ F?Ð c< D 8 ;O‡SNTBEH F?8 BQ; ‹"F N > I D RD - F M'M > 8 Q B D 8 ;ANTN F @KDIN V F ç?F?8 [ F [';IN4@C;AR 8SF TN ;-U
é Û
˜
˜
._;AH~ÝޖßSàjáàjÞ â%ã á/<PNa‡SNTBEHD ²
F '
M F H BE<TH;\[
 F PN NTÜ 
F 8 [ F J ; 8 Q
L B D\[';I@K<T[';IH F BEDX[%< y
— ]ÏÒ ^ 8 ;ANTN F²ç-F?8 [ F [%<
< 8 BQ;AH;A@C@K;G'@C< :F N : DIN F-8 D}< : DA;IÎχ : <T; 8 BQ< JL;I['< F?8 BQ;ON F ÎÏDIHKJ > N F
ê
× “ìë
Ù
í é Û
‘
—Ñ]–Ò ^ ƒî é ˜
“ ÛWï Ò
ê
ê # Ù
í é Û
:‹ ;\æ M HD M H<PD ӖFLM%F HBE;
> 8 @C;AR 8 D Õ NTÜ ;I@ M H;I@K@C<PD 8 X ; [';I< : DA;IΖ‡ : <T; 8 BE< M ;IH9NTD\@KÍv<PN > ' M M D\< 8 @C;AH<T;\['<
×
SD > H<P;IH`['< > 8{M ;AH<PDI['D€['<Ã@C;AR 8SF TN ;'ð9ñOÍÍv< F J€; 8 E B ;G*@C; Ñ — ]–Ò ^¼æ€Ô > F Nc@C< F @K<TG‰D :: Dz H H;AH; ç?ç ;IHD > 8
8 > JL;AHDw< 8 ‡ 8 <cBED\['< : DI;AΖ‡ : <P; 8 BQ< > @ -
F 8 '
[ D 8 ; > 8 ì 8 > «
L
J ; I 
H w
D < 8 –
Î I
; 
H T
< A
D 
H ; Ó ‡ 8 T
< Q
B D Õ K
@ < M HDA[ > : ; > 8SF
F?M%M HDA@C@K<TJ F?Ð <PD 8 ;}[';ANTN F —Ñ]–Ò ^S[%;A@Cê <P[%;AH F B F ƒò?U ¦

Ù3Ú Ù6ÚºÜ ó}ôƒõ â

Þ8ßKâãÞa6Zö÷ÄøDÞaö6"õCø áuø-õnÜWù(ß5ÞàáôƒúVø
mÜW[%;A@ : HK<TBQBED’[ F NTN FûF H :‹ <TBQ;ABQB > H F < 8 ‡SR > H F G FÉ: > < : DAHH<T@ M D 8 [%;

> 8SF H<T@ M DA@CB F <TJ M > NP@C<TÍ F

x(t) y(t)

α ü ]–Œ ^× x ]TŒ ^ Éý x ]PŒaþ¥ “ ^

T
N Fw: > < BEH F @CΖDAHJ F B F æ —y]jÒ ^× ¥ à
ÿ Éý # î é ˜
“ ä
Û Ó
Õ G?;=Ô
> < 8 ['<
h(t) h(t)
 —Ñ]–Ò ^ é × ¥ B\Ÿ¡ Á¢/¤ Ò “ ^ é ¥ ] ý- Å¢/¤ Ò
] ÿ Éý “ ^ é ×
t t
× ÿG¥}¢IýB\Ÿ¡ Á¢/¤ Ò “ ¥Éý é \Ÿ¡  é ¢/¤ Ò “ ¥ª  é /¢ ¤ Ò “  ×
α>0 α<0
× ÿGÉ
¥ ý é ¥}I¢ ýB\Ÿ¡ ‡¢/¤ Ò “

 !"#%$%#'&(!!*)+(!'&,$#(-/.%$!% º(0 2121(3456#7&(#')+!(!$#89);:<(#8 º=>
:?@&@&#A$#(BC);!ED2F!@&$G:?#7);!12F$%AHI%!F%(D12KJ(LA!$122); > %!!#M)+$N%O&2.%!#P+Q)+12G)+RS);GIT)+#
)+#(#U$#-/.%$!$#(T&(!$TVXWGJYS$Q)+#U!6$I7!Z\[^]`_aT&(S$I%7:<+G#6)+!C!Ub/U:<9c > !#C º 0d)+##UI%%
)+(!C!S:< > %$%eD2%+);$CI%f.%!#M9&!(%C(!ggGh! > iO$I%TjC]kKamlonqps 0usrNt v º 0 ]kxwzy{Ua ¼
pQrt
%$7)|);+8&%I%O+Q)+!Gg#S(:<#(!S:?mK);I%RS%$N%M.@)+!$G%+C!!ggh2!!<JT}2S!%12$6[q]`_a%%~I%
@&(%#mHI%I<%HI% > %#)+<:<I%€i&!m%I!SSD2I2&(#i&<12%I%s);!d:?P<$#-/.%$(% º 0J
þ
;‚KzHI%7);#~$Q)+#[ƒ]`_a > :?I%dK)+I+2@&#O4)+!(! $#%!I%D2bK[q]_aCl„['…†]wm_aKc > BO$#:?!7)|);QJ,‡(@ˆ
0
# > E$#-/.%$! º 06#+%!h!C&(!R4!g!#% º 0‰lŠ{‹ v § rNtŒ [ƒ]`_a N tŽF ŒQ _X)+#%# > ‘%#X%$7))+Qˆ ¹
§ rtŒ
!(% :?KJ’}212#!D(@&(#@$!$#! > );@% Zº 0‘l“{8‹ v § rNtŒ µ 0
½ ¹
‘– N tŽFŒs— N tŽG ŒQ _˜l™{‹ v § rNtŒ N tŽF ŒQ _
0
¹ ¹ ½
§ rtŒz”N• § rNtŒ
¹ 0(v
– {‹ v § rNtŒ N tŽFFš §;› ŒQ _JC‚9†:<!#i!%D2!iB6%I\#:<( y™ œl W > %!m);$#@&#:?yžœl > !zHI%%#O!
§ rNtŒ •
-/I%g(!#ŸD2@&C%%#C67&(!I%!R’)+IRZ !%1!# {U¡:<%# º= l  º l –x> <)++%C$#OB
§
&.%%!S!CK);:<#7);C!:?I%K)12QJ •  •
hijhiLkZl(¢S£A¤mlZnOlopl<£¥z¢Zl ¦ q?q

ä 8 ‡SR > H F v B D~['<S§ —Ñ]ÏÒ ^G§ é M I

G æ~H< M DIHB F BQDONTÜ Fv8 [ F JL; 8 Q ; Hm[ > ;sÍ Fx¨
NTDAH<}['<9ý × 4 < ÎÏH; ¨
è ©Rª G};A[DA@C@K;zHÍ< F JLD :‹ ; 8 ;INPNTÜ < 8 BE;IHÍ F TN NTD ['s |H(f)|2
2.25
Ô > ; 8SÐ « ; § Ò § ¬ Ù M S> Ì F @C@ > JL;AH; > ¨ 8 : DAJ M zD HB F LJ ; 8 QB D ' @ @ †
M F K F ¨ α = −.5
é Û
F NTBQD{D M'M > H; M'F @K@ Fx¨–? ä
ç F @C@KD <­ U¯®`DABQ< F L
J D{< 8 DATN BEH; : ‹ ; M D 8 ; 8 ['D 1.25
α = .5
8 ; f
ýû× þ ÿp@K<WDIBEBQ<T; > 8 [%<TÎÏΖ;AH; S8 Ð < F Q
B DAH;AG4< 8 
R H F ['D`[%<SH<TJ > DIÍ;IH;
.25
−1
__ −1
__ 1
__
[ F NPNTÜ < 8 RvH;I@K@CD=@K;IR 8"F NP< M ;AH<PDI[4< : <'['< M ;AH<TDA[%D “ U
T 2T 2T

Ù3Ú Ù6Ú10 2$âKôƒ376&áuø-õQõC6 6P°;â‘ßS±ß5ÞPÞaø?õC6S²ô¯ß"ú/ø#á‰ôd°sú«³ÞàßS±SøWöx´

ö*b
ß øDÞTµ(ß
áô<±ß
|%Ü F H :‹ <PBQ;ABQB > H F H< M DIHB F B F < 8 ‡SR > H F ,
ß ¶I߸· > 8 " ‡ NPBQHD ÓÏ: Ü æ
Í <P; 8 ;X<TN ¨ º
> 8 J²DANTBE< M NT< :F BQDAH; F?8SÐ < :‹ æ
> 8 @KDIJLJ F Q B DAH; Õ J F v
x(t) ¹ 1
_
t
N > @KBQH F B F DIH F M ;IH4¼E@C<PJL<TNT<PB > % [ < 8 %; ½CU‘¾W<ÃBEH F BQB F ['< > 8 D @ :‹ ; ¨ ritardo τ T º
t−T
J F <P[%D 8 ;AD F JL<T@ > H F H; > 8"F @KBQ<PJ FÀ5 è
¿ Á ] %^[';INPN F Î > 8SÐ <PD 8 ;ê coniugato
R» x(−¹τ)
[ < F > BED : DIHHK;IN F?Ð <TD 8 ;mBQ;AJ M DAH F NP;ˆ['< > 8"F H; F NT< ÐÐF?Ð <cD 8 ;Äå ]PŒ ^
'
[ < > 8ìM HD : ;A@C@KD-E
' Oê
U Â F H< F-8 [%Dw<TN_H<TB F H[%D \@C<_DABQBE<T; 8 ; 5 ¿ Á ] %^ M I è ê
; HO[%<PÍv;AH@K<_Í F NPDIH<_[%;ANTNPÜ F HRDIJL; 8 BED-U
à > 8 Ô > ;~@ F H2Ä M DA< M DA@C@K< ç <TNP; :F N : DAN F H; ç~¿ Á ]–Ò ^×  ¿ Á
 ' è ê
] %^  G :‹ ;}H F-M'M H;I@K; 8 B F > 8SF @CBE<TJ F [';AN ¨
NTD @ M ;ABQBEHCD ['<p['; 8 @K<TBĒ['< M DABQ; 8"ÐF [%< > 8SF Ô > F N > 8 Ô > ;”H; F NP< ÐÐFvÐ <TD 8 ; [';IN M HD : ;z@C@KDGp< 8 Ív<PHBÅ
[';INPN FwM HD M H<P;IBÄw[%<4;IHRvDA[%< : <TBÄ_U

Ù3Ú Ù6ÚRÆ ó}ôƒõÇÈdÉËʝô(µZô(Ç64õKø 6ÌÈ%ôö<³’ÉZö?Ç6”ôƒ3ͳ°sõCöôƒ÷Ä6ÏÎNÐCёБÎGÒÓÀÊuø-õ8Ô ù ÉPÈUʉôúVø

|ZDs@ :‹ ;IJ F H< M DIHB F BQD F ‡ F-8S: D~æ > 8 ‡"NPBQHDs[%<%BE< M D ã Þ9Õ2¶ ã|Ö
× Ù
Ü2Ý9ޟ߉à+áqâ2ã,àSä+å ãPæâà+ç|èéTàêTë%á"é@ë'é@èxää+ëíìdî2ï2ðï?ñ"ïò"óÝfôQÜð2ÝKóïsõöSè x(t) y(t)
æ?ã"è‘÷2à+æ?ê@øæ?ç(è‘à+ù¸ê@ã,ä+æàúQè‘û"è‘é@ã"÷èxçè‘àá"ü,áAàç|èýëéXþêTè†÷àAè

ÿ  Â  
Ø
  Â T
α

 
 Û
öSèfæ?ã,èKã,á7à+ø%á,ë~éTàsç|÷èxæK ë%÷2à+ù¸ë%á,ç|ø÷2àæã,ä+ç|èfêTè†÷2àQè
  Â
  h(t)
α>0
h(t)
α<0
  
 !#"%$'& ()+* ë,E÷à+âø÷2é@è†á"é@ø5ä+è-K ø÷ù¸ã,ä+è*é@ë%ä+ä+øýæúsà+äã"ê/. Ú Ú
ê@ø8àá*æ? ë÷à+ë10sëø%ù¸ëç÷2à+âè    4

32 4 ! 5 ,xæ?àAê@ã6æ?â2÷2àúQë%÷2ë
t t

 87    9  !#"%$'&()*;:     < !#"=$'& (>*


 < 15

? øçà+è†ù¸øæ?ã†@ à+çøÌâGû,ëàäü"äç|÷2øþæçè x@ àä+ëÌ ê@ã"÷âGû,þBA ADC < ,

alfa=.1
12 alfa=.3
alfa=.5
alfa=.8

è†ä+ç|÷à+ù¸ë%á"çà~æ?à~û,èžã,á,èã,æâà+çèƒè†á,âGû,ë æ?ëá8<  èƒà+á8s0 ÷2ë%æ æ?øEi, ø%ú .

9

úsë÷ø¸ã,æâà+çèàá"ü,áAà+çèâøá«à+á8s 0 ÷2ë%ææ?ø ä+àù¸à+çèxçøxõGmF ë%÷4âà6 â2û"ë

6

0 ã,è†÷2é@èIA  87 A $ T, øçç|ëá,àèxù¸ø

3

÷2àHQ 0

A  J87 A $  <  -3

< /Q7 $SR /Q7 $ -6

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

1K)LNM/OP 1M=TVUWOP
 R< $  < /
Z äs0 ÷2è†ü"âøýæ?ø%êT÷èxæ?ç|è†á"ç ëX÷èxê@O êTX÷ëK)LNæ?ëMYá,OPçè <\[] 4
A  87 A $ U, â2ø%á   < ë'é@à+úsë÷æàSúsèxäø÷àdé@à õ_8æ.
æ?ë÷2úsà+è†ù¸øXàá"ü,áAëXâ2û"ëXàäMâè†æø  < â2ø%÷2÷à+L æ?^ êTøá,éTë*èxéèxúQë%÷2ëXã,áqà+á,çë 0s÷2è†ç|ø%÷2ë*ê@ë%÷\Këçç|øXâ2 û"ëE,Cè†é
ë%æë%ù¸êTàøET , ê@÷2ø%é@ã"âëzã"á,è4÷è†ù¸êTè‘ à+á¸ã"æ?â2àç|è x, æ?ë8àá*à+á8s0 ÷2ë%ææ?ø8âå þã,á`s0 ÷2è†éTàá"øxõ
acbVdeDf+gihHjlknmEf+jlo=gpkq)gpr f+eYs=f+tuk%eNhHoSo=e/s=v gpf+ho%jlwiosxwzy {}|~ €'y‚/jƒk%e/sxk„wpgN…NgihHjlo„ws=o%e k%oSf
s=wi†\k%j\‡cw#vNhHwigpwiˆ'ˆxwq)wieŠ‰‹v eNˆxwpo=eNk
sxk%gpgir f+e/sxf\tuk%eNhHowieu‰‹jlk%ŒvNk%eNˆxfsxk%gŽ‡k%\eNf+giksxwEwpe \jlk‡‘‡coE’
 “Ž”
¦ •x¥1–—7£ÃÂC¢Ä™˜šœ›DmÆ/Ç;—7£ žÈǟ–z£S£P¤E¥z¢n  ¡n—(¢M£P¤d¥`¢D¢S—Â

£¤l¥ ¦§¨+© ª„§1«­¬¯®°¨+±°²1§³´§

¾ Ÿµ ¶8µ·µ ¸x¸‘¹N¶º8¸x»¼œ¹N½Y»H¾ ¶¸x¹À¿µ ¼œÁ/µ ¶8¹N¶¸x»¹N¹N¸‘¸%Ã\»H¿\»¾œ¿\µ ĸ%¾Ž¶8¸x»z¿\µN¶8¿\¹N¶¸xÃ\¾ ¸‘¹G¿µ ¼œ¹·¿µ ¶8½Y¹N¶8Ä+¾ ¸‘µNÃ\»HÅ
»¶8½/º¸x¸‘µNÃ\»¹D͹ Ļĸ‘µ#Ã\»xÆ
Ç Á/ÁYÂH»¿\¾ ¶8½Yµ-¾I¸xÃ\¾ Ä+Èɵ üœ¾ ¸‘¾I½/»3Ê â Ë–Ì â Õá`¾ ÂÂH¹GI¹ Ô º8¾ŽÍ»µN¶»S½/»ÈÈɹ ͹ ¶8ÍE»H¾ŽÂH»S¿)Î8¹-½/¹ Ä¿\ûHÏ µN¶µ-¾
Ã\¹N¾ ÍE»Hµ ¶8¹D»¶8Р͹ ÄÄ+µ ¨ º8Ä+¿»¸‘¾ ÅYÄ+»µ ¸‘¸x»¹N¶¹
º8¶8¾XȺ8¶8ÍE»µN¶8¹Š½/»3¸xÃ\¾ Ä+Èɹ Í»¼œ¹ ¶8¸xµ
; ÍE»µN¶8¾ŽÂ¹
½/¹ ¸‘»Á/µ
ÑÓÒJÔEÕ × nÜn}Ö
×VØÙÚ × Ô ×
Û
î ØÙÝ î
Ôî
Ó »H¶Ü¿\º8»SÞàßâá Õ Å½/¹ ã8¶8»¸x¾-ĺä½Y»º8¶Á/»¾ ¶8µÀ¿µ ¼œÁ/¹NÄ+ĵ Ô ×æå¯çéèëêì8ízÆQ ¶8¹N¶½/µ ÔGï èëêì8íIÄ»
µN¸‘¸‘»H¹ ¶8¹À¾·Èº8¶8ÍE»µN¶8¹°½Y»;¸xÃ\¾ Ä+Èɹ û¼œ¹N¶8¸‘µX»H¶}ízð ÑæÒ í ÕWïñÑæÒÔQï è#êì8í Õ ÆòDº8¹ ĸ‘µóÁY͵ ¿¹#½Y»H¼œ¹ ¶8¸‘µóô
ϾŽÂH»½/µÄ+µNµDÄ+¹D»ÂYã8¸xÃ\µQôDÄ+¸x¾Žõ »ÂH¹EÅ¿)Î8¹D¶¹NÂ/½/µ ¼œ»¶8»µQ½Y»/ön¾ ÁYÂH¾Ž¿¹Q¹N÷Žº8»Ï¾ ÂH¹Q¾XÍ»¿)Î8»¹N½/¹ ͹D¿\ιD¸‘º8¸‘¸x»
»3Á/µN»3½/» ÑæÒÉÔÕ Ä+»H¾Ž¶8µQ¾ÀÄ+»H¶»HÄ+¸xÃ\¾À½Y¹NÂÂHø ¾ Ä+ĹŠ»¼œ¼œ¾Ð »H¶¾ Ã\»HµŽÆ
ùŸú‚ûüú+Ô ýŠþ=ÿÇÈdÉ
ÿÉnþ7±"ÉSÊË° ÿ
³’É É

X¹NÂÂH¾ ãк8Ã\¾ ¾ ã8¾Ž¶8¿\µ·ô`Ã\»Á/µNÃ\¸%¾Ž¸xµGº8¶äãÂH¸‘͵ 

­½Y»n¸x»Á/µ`ÁY¾ ÄÄ+¾
®
õŽ¾ Ä+ĵEÅüÁ/¹ ÷»Âü÷Žº8¾ŽÂ¹¯ÂH¾ Ã\¹N¾ ÍE»Hµ ¶8¹œ¸‘Ã\¾
 ÒxÕ ¹ × Ò‘Õ ô¯½/¹ Ä¿\Ã\»H¸‘¸%¾½Y¾
 v i (t)  vu (t) º¶8¾XÍ»ÄÁYµNÄ+¸x¾ »¼œÁ/ºÂHÄ+»Ï¾°¿µ ¶¯¹NÄ+Á/Ã\¹#ÄÄ+»Hµ ¶8¹
 ÒxÕnï    
öYø ¾ ¶3¾ »HÄ+»/½/¹ ¿\»HÃ\¿º»H¸‘µ
¼œµ ĸ‘;ó¿\ι
¾ÀȺ8¶8ÍE»µN¶8¹Q½/»3¸‘; Ä+ȹ#Í»¼œ¹N¶¸xµŠÃ»ÄºÂH¸‘¾
ÑÓÒ í Õï"!$#  ÒxÕ&%Qï  ç(' è) è  )  ï ç}èëê ì8í 
(' 
µNÏ Ï¹ ͵EÅ/¶¹NÂ3½/µ ¼œ»H¶»HµŠ½/»3ön¾ ÁYÂH¾Ž¿¹
ÑæÒÔEÕSï ç  *Ô 
NÃ\¸x¾Ž¶8¸‘µEÅ ÑæÒÉÔEÕ Á/Ã\¹NĹë¶8¸x¾Xº8¶-Á/µ ÂHµ
»¶ ÔQ,

ï +./1- 0 ¿)Î8¹DÈɾó*Ä 23¿\ι ÑæÒÉÔEÕ § 3 Ø
564 ï57 Æ
ön¾°ã8Ð º8;X¾XÂH¾Ž¸xµQ¼œµNÄ+¸xÃ\¾ÀÂø ¾ ¶3½/¾ ¼œ¹ ¶8¸‘µD½Y»e§ ÑÓÒÔÕ §98%Å
½/»Ä+¹Nж¾ ¸‘¾ »H¶ ½/¹ ¿»õ ¹ ÂHÅn¹œ¿\µN¶  ; ï : Æ
uµN¼œ¹-¹NÏ »H½Y¹N¶ ¨
|H(s)|^2(dB) ¸‘¹’ Å § ÑÓÒJÔEÕ § 81ÁY=º <œ¹ ÄÄ+¹Nù-Á/¹ ¶8Ä+¾ ¸x¾}¿µ ¼œ¹¯º8¶¾Ä+µNÃ\¸x¾Ü½Y»
10 ¼‘¿µ ¶8µ
Ï º8¿¾ ¶3»¿ µ ½S¾Ž¸x¸‘µNÃ\¶8µ
¾ŽÂ/Á/µNµEÅY¹D¿\º8»3Ⱦ ½/¹EÅY÷Žº8¾ ¶ ¨
5
0 ½/µä»¶8¸‘¹NÃ\Ĺ ¿\¾ ¸x¹ ½Y¾ ŠÁY»H¾Ž¶8µÜÏ ¹NÃ\¸x»¿\¾ ¹黶8ã3Ä+ĵ ĺÂHÂø ¾ŽÄ ¨
-5
Ĺ èëêì8íYÅ»H¶½/»Ï»½/º¾ ¶8µ ÂH¾ Ⱥ8¶8ÍE»µN¶8¹ ½/»n¸‘;ŽÄȹNû¼œ¹N¶¸xµ
»¶ÜÈÉÃ\¹N÷Žº8¹ ¶8; ÑÓÒ í Õ1ï ÑæÒÉÔ ï è#êì8í Õ  Æ
uµ ¼œ¹·Ä»Ï¹N½Y¹
-10
-15

½/¾ŽÂH¾Gã8Ð º8;ŽÅ Ñ Ò í Õ Ã\»HÄ+º8¸x¾`½/»Ÿ¸‘»HÁYµ Á/¾ŽÄÄ+¾-õ ¾ŽÄÄ+µEÅ;¿\µN¶

-20
-25 0.1

ã8¾Ž¶¿)λ¸‘¾ ¶8¸‘µ Á/» >ÜÃ\»HÁY»H½Y»÷Žº8¾ ¶8¸‘µ·Á/» >}»ÂÁYµNµ·ô·Ï»¿»¶8µ

-1 -0.8 0 f
-0.6 -0.4 -0.1
-0.2 0
sigma
¾ ÂÂø µNÃ\»HÐ »H¶¹ŽÆ
˜š@? š4¥1–n–AX›D—E•Ÿ— E“CB
¦

ùŸú‚ûüú9D ýÈFEHGHIECJ1„Êþ6ÇKnÿ‘þ<É
Dà ¹Nã¶8»¾ ¼`µML&NPORQHSTORUTVKWYX[Z]\^W_ Ì Z`
½Y» º8¶Àã8¸xÃ\µQ¾
ÈÃ\¹a
÷ º¹N¶8ÍE¾·cí bGÁ/¹ à ÂH¾X÷ º¾ ¹ |H(f)|

d
d ÑæÒ í*b Õ d ï h êÑ Y
Û g
e f d |Hmax|
______
2
f f
T

iX¹ ¿\¾ Ä+µ
½/¹ Âã8¸‘Íjµ 

„Å Ä+»3Î8¾ d Ñ ÛYe&f d ï ÑÓÒ këÕSï  ¹
½Yº8¶8÷ º8¹DÄ¿\ͻϻ¾ ¼œµ
d ÑæÒ í Õ d ï l  ï 
ç Ò ê8ì í 1Õ 8 m o ç nqp 8
sp rMt
»¶-¿\º8»;ícb ï -/]0 Å ÁY¾ Ã\»÷Žº8»¶8½/»/¾ ¾ÀÈÃ\¹N÷ º¹N¶Í¾ó½/»3¸x¾ Ð ÂH»µjÉw »¶8Ⱦ ¸‘¸x» d ÑæÒ íxb Õ d ï y - ï y - Æ
8vu
iXµN¸‘»¾ ¼œµ`¾ ¶8¿)Î8¹G¿)Î8¹ d ÑæÒ í*b Õ d 8 ï 8- ¹`½/º¶8÷ º3¹ d ÑæÒ í|b Õ d 8T}} ï a‚I ½]ƒ„YÁ/¹ Ãó-^zH÷Ž- º8¹NÄ+¸‘µ-8*Â{ ¾IÈÉÃ\¹a
÷ º¹N¶8ÍE¾X½/»3¸x¾ Р»HµQô
»¶8½/»¿\¾ ¸‘¾ó¾ ¶¿)Î8¹D¿\µN¼œ¹1ÈÃ\¹N÷ º¹N¶Í¾X¾…À½†ƒQÆ } ~€
ùŸú‚ûüúRÆ ‡‰ˆŠˆŠEŠJ1ÏÊþzÊþ|ˆ<ÇQÉPÈMˆþ7É þWÿ‘þ€E‹PÈYþ
òDº8¾ŽÂH»;ÁY͵ ÁÍ»¹N¸Œœ½Y¹Nϵ ¶8µÀ¹NÄÄ+¹NÃ+¹ Ϲ Í»ã8¿\¾ ¸‘¹À½Y¾œº8¶
ü,ä+ç|÷øè K ü,á,âGû[‘žä+å ã,æ?â2à+çèËá,øáoéTàHK ë%÷2àæâèÏé@èxää+å àá30s÷2ë%ææ?ø x(t) Žt 0 y(t)
ê@ë÷‰êTà’“é@àíã,á 9 èxçç|ø%÷?ëžé@àíæ?â2è†ä+è„ëé™ã,á“÷2àç|è†÷2é@ø“•”mà α
÷2àâGû,à+ë%éTëýâ2àøþ4â2û"뗖 H x 7   z 
 
,"øúsúsë÷øš™
7  8 7 
87 !#"=$'& ( œŸž ë8êTë%÷2â?à6 ‹ ˜
‹ ›  87  ™ É87   !#"%$'&(PœŸž
87
› 
é@ã"á= †ãA놡

ÿ  ‘ 7     
 
õŽFmë%÷2çèxá,ç|øíäëí÷2àâGû,à+ë%æç|ëá"ë%ä†ç|ë%ù¸êTøæàT÷à¢,ëçç|ø%á"øæã'é@àTã"á,è÷2àæê@øæ?ç|è
7
à+á-K ÷ëx xã,ëá8  èýâ2ø%á¤ £¸ßñeôT¥9ßðßÜó§¦Pò,óNïí멨€¦TÜ瘟9ÝKò,ïP¦@î2ïj« †ã,èQá,ç|ø%ù¸ëá,ø8á,ë%ä+ä+èó†@ èxá,éTè‘é@ëä"æëNQ0 á,è†ä+ë¬õ

­®s¯ °²±±³´¶µ·c¸ª·
¹Hº¼»½º¾ ¿šÀ©ÁCÃYÄKÅ|ÁCÆÇKÁÉÈÊÅË¿šÀ̆ÌFÁCÍ(ΩÏ6Å|ÀÆÁ
ZÐ]ÑÒ 0KÓ ÒCÔÕÔÕÑÖІÑØ×Ù*×ÔÕÚ]ÑÛ‰Ú Ó ×Ù(×Ü=ݍÒCݍÑÞҊßßÒàÜ[ÛÝÒ «áC¬ ÒÉÚ†Ò 01âäã|åCæ ,S@ ÒCÙ(ÒCÜ1Û¶ßÒÉçKҊßè1ÝÒ  ÑÛÜ=×ÕІÑ
  è[ÒCÜ1ÝgÛéè[Ü=ÒëêPÛچÚ]ÑÒÐ]ÑKç â Ò â ×Ð – R Ù(ÑҊÜ=ÛÞêRÛ Ó*Ó ×ßҊÝg× , Ù(è=ßTêRҊßêPÛßÛéÐ]×ߊêPÛ× ‚ì ê*Ñ×Ü=ݍתІъêPÛ ÓPÓ ×ßÒ  ÑÛÜ=×
í6îPï , êð=×ð[ÒçTÒCßÛ Ó ÑêPÛÔÕÚ Ó ×Ù*˜ ÑÝ Ó Ò < ×  < , ×Ð þ Ð†× ì Ü[ÑݍÛêPÛÔÕ×
í6îPï  ñ î îPï ï
ñ ñ
Z&ÜàݍÒCßHÔÕÛÐ†Û , Ù*ÑHÛÚ]× Ó Òè[Ü=Ò Ü=Û Ó ÔÕÒCßÑ  Ò  ÑÛÜ=×YÐ]×ßFçKÒCßÛ Ó ×…Ð†×ßßÒ¤êPÛçTÒ Ó ÑÒŠÜ  Ò ñ îPï ,=Ó ÑÙ(Ú]×ÝgÝ&ۅÒCßß×
Ð]×çKÑÒ  ÑÛÜ=цÙ(ÝgҊÜ=Ð]Ò Ó Ð ñ î × ñ ï Ð]×ßß×ëІè=×qç â Ò â ,KÓ ×Ü=І×Ü=ІÛëêPÛÙ(òÑ߆çTÒCßÛ Ó ×jÐ†Ñ í ÑÜ=ІÑچ×Ü=І×Ü[Ýg×qÐ]ҊßßÒ
×Ù(ݍ×Ü=Ù(ÑÛÜ=×І×ÑçKҊßÛ Ó Ñ1ÒCÙ(Ù*è=Ü1ݍÑ[Ð†Ò ×Ð –]â
Z€ßHêPÛ× ì êPÑ×Ü=Ý× í Ù(ÑFÚ Ó ×Ù*Ý&ÒÒCÐÕè=˜ Ü[Ò¤ÑÜ=Ý× Ó ×Ù(Ù*ҊÜ=ݍׅÑÜ=Ý× Ó Ú Ó ×xÝgÒ  ÑÛÜ[× 0 ×ÛÔÕ×Ý Ó ÑêPÒ , è=Ü[Ò¤çTÛßÝgÒ
ÑÐ]×Ü[ÝgÑ ì êPÒCÝ× « çK×Ð]ÑCó á‹â ô‹âŸã|¬ ßÒІ×çKÑÒ  ÑÛÜ=×ÞÙ*ݍÒCÜ[Ð]Ò Ó Ð ñ î êPÛÔÕ×ßÒëÜ=Û Ó ÔÕÒ¶õ õ=Ð]Ñ , תßÒjêRÛçKÒ Ó ÑÒCÜ .
˜ ˜
ö”Š÷ •Šø1–—cùûúûüéú™˜šœ›DAYý;—cù ž²ýŸ–Ëù©ùþ‹øËün  ¡n—&üÊùþMø`¢D¢S—|ú
ÍE¾Àå ¿\µN¼œ¹Q» Á/Ã\µN½YµN¸%¸‘µÄ¿\¾ ¾ Ã\¹ Ò Õ ¸xÃ\¾ ¹N½  Æ=¶G¸x¾ŽÂH¹ ¿\µN¶¸x¹#Ä+¸xµEÅÁ/µ ÄÄ+»H¾Ž¼œµ»H¶½/»¿¾ŽÃ¹½/º¹
ÏÆ ¾;ÆfP¿\ÿ µN¼œ¹Ë`NP\^`
=`U=W Ì Z„ĹXÃ\»HÄ+º8¸x¾-å fP
ÿ  ï,k żœ¹N¶¸xÃ\¹ó º¶ ϾŽÂHµ ͹ å fPÿ ï  »H¶½/»¿¾G¿)Î8¹Xº8¶¾·½/¹N¹
½/º¹ ÏÆ ¾;Æô ¿µ ĸ‘¾ ¶8¸‘¹N¼œ¹ ¶8¸‘¹Gº8к¾Â¹ ¾ŽÂHÂø ¾Â¸‘;ŽÅz¾¯¼œ¹N¶µ ½/»º8¶Ü¿\µN¹ ÈÉ㿍»¹N¶¸x¹G¿\µNÄ+¸x¾ ¶¸x¹ŽÆqiXµN¸‘»H¾Ž¼œµ
¿)Î8¹QÂHø µ ͸‘µNÐ µN¶8¾ŽÂH»¸ Œóå fPÿ ï k ¹NÄ+Á/Í»¼œ¹Qº8¶8»¿\¾ ¼œ¹ ¶8¸x¹Âø ¾Ä+Ĺ ¶8ÍE¾X½Y»Y¹NоŽ¼œ» ½/»Y¸‘»Á/µ Ì Z‚U[ORW]NPO ¸xÃ\¾ ¹ ½
Ŏ¿\µN¼œ¹1¹ Ĺ ¼œÁ/»H㿍¾ ¸‘µ
½Y¾ Â/¿¾ŽÄ µ ½/¹ ÂH¾À¶µN¸‘…
¾ w ¾ÀÁY¾ Ð3Æ öC÷ Æ

NÃ-º8¸x»¼œµ ¿»¸x»¾ ¼œµ Âø ¹ ĸ‘¹N¶Ä»µN¶¹ÈµNü-¾ ÂH¹I½Y{ ¹NÂÍ»Ä+º8ÂH¸‘¾ ¸‘µ}¶µN¸‘µ}¿\µN¼œ‰
¹ X=ZRO ÖSTW Ì ZW]UTVKW"X[Z

 W]NP\ŸV wÁ/¾ŽÐ3 Æ  ÅYº¶8¾ÀÏ µN¸x¾ ¿)ι1¾ Â3¿µ ¹#ÈÉ㿍»¹N¶¸x¹D½/»8¿\µNÃ\͹#¾ Í+»µN¶! ¹ fPÿ Ä+»¾ ĸ‘¾ ¸‘µ1¾ Ä+ĵN¿\»¾ ¸‘µ1»HÂ
¿\µN¶8¿\¹N¸=¸xµ°½/»;¿\µNÄ+¹#¶8µ°{ ¸‘; ¹N½  ð8¸x¾ŽÂH¹°ÁYµNÄ+»HÍE»Hµ ¶8¹°½/¹ Ã\»HÏ ¾`½Y¾ ÂÂHø ¹ ÄĹ Ã\¹ + " fPÿ "  ŹXÁY¹NÃ\¼œ¹N¸‘¸%¹
½/»3¾ Ä+Ĺ Í»Ã\¹
¿)Î8¹ d å fPÿ d ß å f å ÿ Æ
ùŸú$#üú9D %—&ª('q‡)
Ç ¿\¿»¶8Ð »H¾Ž¼`µ ¿»¾ÀϹ Í»ã8¿\¾ Ã\¹
¿)Î8¹
»Â/Á/Ã\µN¿+¹NÄÄ+µ
°ÒxÕn+ ï * Ú-,. ÒF+0/21 ç43 Õ
¿\µN4 ¶ 3DÏ Æ ¾ŸÆS¾ŽÂH¹ ¾ ¸‘µNÃ\»H¾`º8¶»HȵNÃ\¼œ¹N¼œ¹ ¶8¸‘¹À½Y»HÄ+¸xÃ\»HõŽº8»¸x¾G¸‘;  b Å8¹ó¿µ ¶}Ð ÂH» Ú5, Ï Æ ¾ŸÆnĸ‘¾ ¸x»Ä+¸x»¿¾Ž¼œ¹N¶¸x¹
»¶8½/»Á/¹ ¶8½Y¹N¶8¸‘»Å ¾X¼œ¹N½Y»H¾ó¶8º8¾À¹ ½G»½/¹N¶¸x»¿\¾ ¼œ¹N¶¸x¹Š½/»Ä¸‘Í»õ º8 »H¸‘¹EÅYÄ+»H¾X½/¹ Ä¿\û¸x¸‘µD½Y¾Àº8¶µDÄ+Á/¹N¸‘¸xÃ+µD½/»
½/¹ ¶8Ä+»H¸ ŒÀ½Y»ÁYµN¸‘¹#¶8ÍE¾óÁ/¾ŽÃ»3¾
6 Òf í Õï å 78 d$8 1Ò í Õ d 8
Ç ¸x¾ŽÂH¹ Ä+¿µ Á/µ Åz¾ ½YµN¸‘¸x»¾ ¼œµ·Âµ Ä+¿\ιN¼œ¾¯Èº8¶Í»µN¶¾Â¹·»¶}ã=a
:
∆(t) x(t) к;Ÿ< Æ ;X¶ Á/Ã\µN¿\¹NÄ+ĵ}õŽ»H¾ ¶8¿\µ Ú Ò xÕ ô}¼œµ ÂH¸‘»Á/»H¿\¾ ¸‘µ}ÁY¹Nﺶ
g(t)
/
Á \
à N
µ \
¿ #
¹ ÄÄ+µ »H¼œÁYº8ÂĻϵä½Y»
Á/¹ Í»µ#½/µ 1 Å°½/¾Ž¶8½/µ º8µ е ¾ ½ º8¶
µ = Ò xÕ ¿\µN¶
9π (t +φ)
a(t) T Á/Ã\µN¿\¹#ÄÄ+µ
»¼œÁ/º8ÂÄ+»Ï
>@?IBÒ AYÕnCï > u DÒ AYFÕ E> e DÒ AYÕG ï > u BÒ AYHÕ E å 7H8 I BÒ AYÕnï å 78 > u Ò këÕ I Ò AYÕ
J Ä+Ĺ ÃÏ »H¾Ž¼œµDµNÃ\¾ ¿)Î8¹D¹NÄÄ+¹N¶½/µXT ì b Ò ‘Õ Á/¹NÃ\»µN½»¿µEÅ ¾ ¶8¿)Î8¹ > u Ò AYÕ ÂHµ
Ä+¾ Pà ŒŸÆ K}¾
bNM
> Òu këÕnï 1C
  L bNM 8 I Ò ‘PÕ O6nï 1 
8
¹1½/º¶8÷ º¹ > u ÒAYՄï bR- Q I ÒBA+S/21QÕ TÆ =¶8Ⱦ ¸‘¸x»Å/ Ä+¹ > u ÒBAYÕ ô°Á/¹ Í»µ ½/»¿¾G½/»Á/¹ Í»µ#½/µ 1 Å3½/¹ Ϲ1¾ŽÄÄ+=º a
¼œ¹NÃ\¹ÀР»zÄ+¸x¹ ÄÄ+»ŸÏ¾ µ Í»Å8¼œ¹ ¶8¸‘͹óÁ/¹ à AV ï U /21 ôó¶8ºÂH¾`Á/¹ ÃD÷Žº8¾ º¶8÷ º¹°Ã¹ ¾ »HÍE;ŽÍ»µ ¶8¹ŽÆ Ç Á/¾ŽÃ¸‘¹
¿\» < ÅYÏ ¾ ¹ > u Ò këÕnï b - ÅY¹Š½/º8¶÷ º8¹
[
∆(t) Y@Z\[ N]
ñ`b_ a
y(t)
g(t) h(t) N]^
c
∆(t) €ßxÙ(×eKÜ[ÒCß× ] Ú†× Ó ÝgҊÜ=ݍÛð=Òihkj ]m^ h Z\[nl ]oqp [Dl ]ro _ ^ ñ `t_ s uFvx| wyzs { }
d
[gf [l

êRÛÔÕ×ÒCÜ[ÝgÑêR˜ ÑÚ]ҊÝgÛ â
y(t)
h(t) g(t)

~ Ñ1êð[Ñ×Ð]ÑÒCÔÕÛq[Bf Û Ó Ò…êPÛÙ(҅ÒCêPêRҊÐ]× Ù(×ëÑß]Ù*×eK[BÜ[f ÒCß×jچÒC[Ù*f Ù(Ò Ú]× Ó [gf è=Ü

*
Ù 
× R
ê 
Û =
Ü ]
Ð Û 
ß Ý Û ] « çK×Ð]Ñ ì eKè Ó Ò¶ÒÕßҊÝgÛ ¬€¡½– ] ×
∆’(t)
ì Ó }
y(t)
h(t) g(t) ]^ € ]‚
R €
a(t) W X
π T(t +φ) è  =ÑÜ1Ð]Ñ } Ý Ó ÒŠ„Ù ƒÛ Ó ÔÕÒCÜ[Ð]Û ¡ [Dl [l
˜
[l [l [l
h ï
o$p ]‡o o † ]ro
]m^ h…j ]o † ]ro ^
_ ñ `_
_
c
_


ˆ$‰zŠ„‹ ŒŽŒŽ‘“’r”•Œ–“˜—F™„“”šB›“™„™F™„œ“›œ“’r›”•ŒPž“ Ÿ¡”D¢£œ“›ŒŽN¢œ¤žn¥œ˜Ÿ¡œ…¦H—FœŸgšB›ŒšBšBŒ§¢£Œ¨˜™›“žzœ©ŸªŸ¡Fœ“›’r©¢£”•žHŒ«¬œ¢”•Œ


¨•‘ŒPn•Œ­Ÿ¡¨ŒH®rŒŽ›”•ŒŽ¯°Œ˜± ž”xž”D¢£œ2ž“˜xŒH™„“šBœ“¯£Œ²¢œPŸgœ“’rŒxœ¢£Œmž¨”—œ©ŸgšB›zŒŽšBšBŒPn«¬œ“šB›œ…Ÿgœm¦Tœ©¢´³Ÿ¡“TœŸgšB›ŒšBšBœ
{ šBœ´œ“›’r©¢£”•ž”°•Œ–ž“®rŒŽ›”•ŒŽ¯£Œ²± ªµ žz“”•ž”¢œFžz“¬•Œ–¶·¨¯£”‘“œ²¢””•šBœ“›žz“››œ“•ŒŽ¯£”•“œ˜¢£œ“¸”•šBŒ
¢£Œ§Ÿgœ“’rŒx”„ž’r”x¨šBŒ‡«¬œ“
”•­¹nºŽ»$¼Ž½™œ›…Ÿ¡œ“’rŒŽ‘”¾¢”œ“œ“›’r”•ŒP»
 @? Yø
¿©À ¾À tÁÁm !ÃiÄÅFÄ A öÆHö
ÇiÈTÉÊÌËÍrÉ(΄ÏmÏBÐÑÒÍrӪɾÐTËÔÓªÍrÉ(ÊBËÍË Ò 
ÊgÉ×Ö ÍrËÖNÍÏgÒÓ ×Ø ËÙÚÙÚÈTӪɾӪÏBÑPÉÚÛ ÒÊBÊgÉ Ø ËÐÑËÊgÈTÜÏgËÐTÒ Ø ÏmÉÎ Œ a
.Õ
Î„Ï Ø ÈTÍrÉÝÛNυËÓªÓ£Ò-ÐÒÍrÒÞÊgËR΄ӪÒΎ΄Ë×ÍrÏBΎÈTÊgÓ£ÉÓ£ËNß¤É¾Ê Ø ËÐÓ£ÍrɾÍrÏBË Î Ø ÉÙÚà¾ÏgÉÐÛ ËR۠υ֠ËÎ„ÓªË âá £ã ÒÛäÏgʖÙÚËÊ   a
Õ
ÓªÏBÖNÊBÏ Ø ÉÓ£ËÍÒ ÊgÒÔɾÍrÒÒåÛ ÒæPÊBÏ´ÏgÙÚÖ ÈTÊg΄ÏFÐËÐ0ΎËÐËçÖ Ï Ñ©è ɤè­ÏgÐTÛ ÏgÖ ÒÐTÛNÒÐTÓªÏ ÒÛ\ÏgÊ´ÍÏg΄ÈÊBÓªÉ¾ÓªË Ø É¾ÙÚà¾ÏgÉFè
Õ Õ
>
 ÐTéɾӪӣϪê
> ?Hë á ANãmìG> á ANãFE>Rí á ANã¤î…> á ANã–ìG> á ANãHEï 7 >@í á ANã
u e u [8
Ò@Û ÈÐTð¾ÈÒ@ËÍrÉ =ñ á ªãòì Qôó
, I á S/214õ  M+ 3 ã Ø ËÐ4Ï ó ÐTËÐäÖ Ï > ÏBÐTÛNÏgÖ ÒÐÛ ÒÐTÓ£Ï ÙÚÉSö # ó , ó“÷ %Úì
8
ï 7 > í á£á / Sø(ã51ùã ߎ Õ+
Î Ï2ËÓ£ÓªÏgÒÐTÒiÛ ÈTÐð¾ÈTÒ
, Õ

6
ÿ áú ãmì dq8 áDú ã d8 6 ? ë áDú ã

û ɾӪËüÖNÒÍrý Ørþ Ò 6 ? ë áú ã0ìÿï
7 6
u ánú ã¬î d áú ã d ì ï
7  Qb , I  ú

,   b î d áú ã d ì b
  î
Q , }}   ú b,  }} Õ
ÍrÏg΄ÈÊBÓªÉ


ÿ
ï

7 dq8 d }}  ú
/ }}
6 áDú ãmì
,
1
áDú ã *
}} 1 }}
û ÈTÐðPÈTÒâÉÓ£ÓªÒÐTÜÏgËÐTÒ Î„ÒÏ2ΎÏBÙÚàËÊgÏ ÐTËÐÚ΄ËÐTËâÏgÐTÛNÏBÖNÒÐÛ ÒÐÓ£Ï
Õ

$# ' KE J I ˆŠE&%'!(# )(Eü&*# +$

 "! #4&$ !
,tÊ.-  è è  ΄Ï./¬É¾ééÒÍrÙÚÉ¾ÓªË Ørþ Ò¬ÊgɁÖNËÓªÒ-ÐTÜ©ÉùÛ ÏPÈTÐ΄ÒæÐTÉÊBÒ
4
6 á87 ãmì+* á;7< /21ùã 5 G(f) 22 = 22T
fb
__ 1
__
,. T
, 9
: 3
ÏgÐ Ø ÈTÏ á=7 ã /§ÈÐTÉ Ø É¾ÍÉÓ£ÓªÒ͎ÏBÎŽÓ£Ï Ø ÉtÛNÏ ?> ð¾ÈTÏgÎ„Ó¤É Ø ËΎÒÐˁÍrÏgÉ¾Ê i a f
.
ÜÉ¾Ó£Ë Ø ËÐ×ÍËÊgÊ Ëéé<@ ÒâæPÊBÏ a
ΎËÐËâÈTÐÉå΄Òð¾ÈÒÐTÜÉÛNÏÑ©è ÉFèNÛ Ï a 00 1a
Õ
Î Ø ÍrÒÓ“Ò Î„ÓªÉ¾ÓªÏgÎ„ÓªÏ Ø É¾ÙÚÒÐTÓªÒÏg9BÐTA ÛNÏBÖNÒÐTÛNÒÐÓ£Ï ÒÛÞÈTÐÏBéËÍÙÚÒÙÚÒÐ a ∆
− __ 1a 2∆2
Õ Õ
(
∆ − __
2∆ )
? ? __
ÓªÒ¬Û Ïg΄ӪÍÏgà¾ÈÏBӪҬΎÈCÚÊgÏgÑÒÊgÊgÏ-ÏBÐÈTÐTÉùÛ ÏgÐTɾÙÞÏ Ø É 2 i
= i ___
ED D Õ L−1 2
þ É!ÑÉÊBËÍÒ 9FA
= õ I @M
6 G…ì
H  I
IKJL I 
i ÒÊBÊgÉVÖNÍÒ Ø ÒÛ2ÒÐTÓªÒüÉÖ Ö ÒÐTÛ Ï Ø Ò

ΎÏN/0ÙÚËΎӣÍrɾL ÓªË rØ þ ÒüÖ ÒÍ×ÊgË0ΎӣÒ΄ΩËS΄ÒæÐɾÊgÒ0ÍrÏBΎÈTÊg 6OG áú ãSì
bp
Õ
ï 7QP RS KT P ÒâÛNÈTÐTðÈ2Ò
Õ
6Gkì 6G áDú ã-O ú ì ï 7
dq8 áDú ã d Oú
L L 1
UFÑPËÊgæÒÐTÛ ËçÏHÍrÒÊgɾӪÏBÑPÏ Ø É¾Ê Ø ËÊBÏ Õ ÎŽÏmÖNÈTýÔÙÚË΄ӪÍÉÍÒ Ø‡þ ÒV q8 d ánú ã d O ú ì 1  I XWY  Õ
Òåð¾ÈTÏgÐTÛNÏ 6*Gòì
ï
7  I W Y  ßÍrÒΎӣÉÔÖNÒÍrÓ£ÉÐTÓªËâÛ É Ø É¾Ê Ø ËÊgɾÍrÒ ïZ7 ê

ï
ì
7
w ÉÙÚÒÛNÏBÉÐTÈTÊgÊÌÉ
{ ì ì Q`_ba öN[]\
hg E ì e w Òð¾ÈÏBÖNÍËà¾É¾àÏBÊÌÏ
{ji
F9 A 9 9 A 9FA
ì _ _"a  l b_ a
`
Q
? ?
ì n ? 
Qm_ba 
t
AF^
A
 Adc eQf
 õ Yn
 _ba A n t ì
?  Akc e
 _ Adc e S _ba  T 
ì n
_ Y  Q`_ba  l õ   m
Q b
_ a  á l ã ì
t
_ _"a  Adc e S _ba  T
w
éÉ Ø ÒÐTÛ ËâÈ΄ËiÛ ÒÊgÊgÒiÍrÒÊgɾÜÏBËÐTÏ Qpo
Adc e
/(ì o S o  T Ò Q`o z /j­ì  qT S o  T o So z z
,
 ,
c  z t {
ì
? 
_
_ Y  _ S _"a  T õ
_"a
n  "
_
 T S  S qS  
c a T _ "
_ a T T ì = n Y   õ q _ba  ì
_ba T
z t
rsrdt'u vwvwx yBv{z8|{}*~8u €|{u' ‚ƒ|…„+~.†s~…‡…‡…|F8S |‰_bˆ
a Š… ~‹vwyŒz;~‹z;<Ž'<’‘”“‰•– }—u:˜  Q`› œ ‘  ›  ‰ž |wŸ¡ ‹S y”~…ŸB z;<¢(’‘”“b£¤¥h¦{§¨“¨©£
r
¤ \ Q › œ {§&«ª”¬O“ £­˜ Q › œ  ‘H › °¯ š™ r H
® ®
^
 ö©Æ  Šø cùûúûüéú+¿©ÀÚÃiÂ*±Yý¤Äcù”²²ýFÁmÂËù©ùþ‹øËüÂ
Å tÁmÄ Â´³Ä &üÊùþMø
µnµ–Ä|ú
ì = q _ba q a _·Y ¶ ¶ ¸†_"ab¸ƒ¶ Y ì = Y _·¶ ì
? 
_.¶  è
 _" a T
S  S _ba  T  _"a 
$#¹ º»·'¼
 ½Z½O¾&)‹#'¿À$Œ !(¾0&—¾&)ƒ)†Áw»(Â&¼·$h·#V&$*»Ã!ÅÄ)†+½O
,tÊ"-”ÆFè ÇFè Èò΄Ïb/§É¾ééÒÍrÙÚÉ¾ÓªË Ø‡þ Ò Õ ð¾ÈɾÐÛ ËùÈTÐçÖNÍË Ø Ò ÎŽÎ„ËùɾӪӣÍrÉÑPÒÍr΄ÉòÈTÐÉÊBÓªÍË Ïgʾ֠ÍrË Ø Ò-΄ΎˁÛNϾÈTÎ Ø ÏBÓªÉ
Õ
/ Ø É¾ÍrɾӪӣÒÍÏgÜ©ÜɾӪËâÛ É > á=Ê ãmìG>ÌË á=Ê ã¤î…> í á¨Ê ÿ èã K ËΎӣÍrÏBÉÙÚË Ø‡þ ÒÍ/ÑÒÍËè

>
ÿ á87


7 õ Ê ã ì öÏÎ

á;7 ã

á87 õ Ê ã Чì :
ö Ñ
LÅÒ
áÔÓ ãP á;7< pÓ ãO Ó
LÅÒ
á8Õ ãP á;7 õ Ê( mÕ ãPO Õ*Ö ì

ì áÔÓ ã á;Õ ã öØÎ á;7< pÓ ãP á;7 õ Ê( mÕ ã ФO Ó O Õ ì á Î„Ò / ΄ӪɾÜÏBËÐTÉÍÏgË ã

á87 ã â
L L×Ò Ò
ì
L:Ò
á¨Ó ã
L:Ò
á;Õ ãP>Ë á¨Ê õ ÓÙ pÕ ãO Õ O Ó ì
LÅÒ
á¨Ó ãP>Ë
ÿ á;Ê õ Ó ãO Ó ìG>Ë
ÿ á;Ê ãFî
Ò
ᆠ*Ê ã

ÏgÐ Ø ÈTÏ >Ë

ÿ á;Ê ãìG>ÌË á;Ê ãFî
Ò
/ Ê8Ú ÏBÐÓ£ÒÍ Ø ËÍr̈́ÒÊgɾÜÏgËÐTÒùÓªÍÉ
á=Ê ã i á87 ã ÒÛ

á87 ã è

ÿ
U Ø ÍÏgÓ£ÓªË!ÏBÐ(ÉÊBÓªÍÉçéËÍrÙÚÉFê > á;Ê ã²ì+> ˬá;Ê ãHî =á Ê ã´î ƒá *Ê ã Õ ÒòÛNÈTÐTðÈTÒtɾÐÓ£ÏgÓ£ÍrɾΎéDËÍÙÞɾÐTÛNËt΄Ï
Ò E Þ  DáÒ ú ‰ã Þ ìàß Î >ÌË á=Ê ã¤î…> í á¨Ê ãhÐ è
ËÓªÓªÏBÒÐTÒ 6
ÿ
áDú ãmìC6ÛË áú ãFE  áú ãFE ÝÜ áú ãmìCÛ6 Ë áDú ã¤.

$#8á â̽O# Ä(¼.$â&$Q¾·¾"ãåä—$Œ

,tÖNÖ ÍrÒΎ΄Ë4΄ËÐTËüÍrÏgÖ ËÍrӓÉӣϧρæPÍÉ"É Ø Ï§Û ÏùéËÍrÙÚÉGÛbÚ ËÐTÛNÉ Û ÒÊBÊ8Ú É¾ÈÓ£Ë Ø Ë-ÍrÍrÒÊgɾܩÏgËÐTÒ ÛNÒÊgÊBÒ0Û ÒÐ΄ÏgӃæ
Õ Õ
΄ÖNÒӪӣ͎ɾÊgÒiҁ۠ÒÐ΄ÏgӃå
æ Û ÏÖ ÍËà¾Éà¾ÏgÊBÏÌӆæ Ö ÒÍ¬É¾Ê Ø ÈÐTÏNΎÒæPÐTɾÊgÏ Ó£ÏgÖ Ï Ø Ïªè
Õ

ðSegnale Forma d’onda Autocorrelazione Densita’ spettrale Densita’ di probabilita’

ðSinusoide èA T
çt èA /2
2
T
çt èA/2 èA/2
f
2
−A −A /2 _
1 −A A
T

òOnda quadra A
T
çt èA 2
T
çt
−A −A
2
_ 3
1 _ _
5
f

−A
îA
T T T

èA T
éτ ç èA éτ /T T í ï
çt 1− ∆ /T
2

ó Impulso f
îA
∆ /T

í∆
t
í
rettangolare
1
_

2∆

èA T
çt A /3
2
T
çt
sezioni
paraboliche
Triangolare 1/2A
f
2
−A −A /3 −A A
_ 3
1 _ _
5
T T T

èA çt
T
ë ç
sezioni

ñDente di sega T paraboliche

t 1/2A
f
−A _
1 −A A
T

çt ìN /2
ôRbianco
umore gaussiano N0 /2
çt
0
f

çt
çt
N0 W N0 /2

êW ìN W
Rumore gaussiano f
limitato in banda
0
1/W
õö…÷ ø­ùúûùü¡ý«þ‹ÿ


 ΎÒæPÐTɾÊgÏ

  Õ ÛNÏ Ø ÈTÏ Ë ØØ ÈTÖ Ò-ÍrÒÙÚˁËÍrÉ Õ Î„ËÐTË
ɾРØrþ ÒâÏgÐTÛ Ï Ø É¾ÓªÏ Ø ËÙÚÒtΎÒæPÐTɾÊgÏ ÏBÐ      Ö ÒÍ
Õ P (f)
ÊgÉ!ÖNɾÍrÓ£Ï Ø ËÊgɾÍÏgӆæ!ÛNÏNÒΎÏBàÏBÍrÒùÈTÐTÉtË ØØ ÈTÖNɾܩÏgËÐҁΎ֠ÒӣӪ̈́É
x

f
ÊgÒåÊgÏBÙÚÏgӪɾӣÉRɾÛ(ÈTÐTÉRà¾É¾ÐÛNÉÚÍrÏBΎӣÍrÒ-Ó£ÓªÉÚÉÓ£ÓªËÍrÐTËçÉÛ(ÈTÐÉ 
éÍÒð¾ÈTÒÐTÜÉ ú Ørþ ÏBÉÙÚÉ¾ÓªÉ !" #$&% −f 0 f0
ÇiÈTÒ΄ӪÏTΎÒ e æÐɾÊgÏT΄ËÐTËòÖ ÍrËÛNËӓӪÏTÙÚÒÛ ÏgɾÐTÓªÒtÈT' Ð !(
)($*(+ !" ,
 "-./
$ Ørþ Ò Ø ËÐT΄Ïg΄ӪÒòÐTÒÊ0
Õ
Ê8Ú ËÖ ÒÍÉÍÒtÈÐTÉÓªÍrɾ΄éËÍÙÚɾÜÏgËÐTÒi΄È×ÛNÏ2ÈÐÚΎÒæÐɾÊgÒ ø 8á 7 ã 

./ #$§ÏgÐÚÙÚËÛ ËtÛ ÉËÓªÓ£Ò-ÐÒÍrÐTÒâÈÐ
Î„Ò Ø ËÐTÛN2 Ë 1 8á 7 ã " 
./ #43¤ÏgÊ Ø ÈTÏ Ø ËÐTÓªÒ-ÐTÈӣ˲΄ÖNÒӪӣ̈́ÉÊBH Ò /­ËÍÉâÏgÛ ËÐTÒˬɾÊgÊgɁӪÍÉ΄ÙÚÏg΄ΎÏBËÐTÒ²ÙÚÒÛNÏBɾÐÓ£Ò
ÏgÊ Ø É¾ÐɾÊÌÒâÉÛ Ïg΄֠Ë΄ÏgÜÏBËÐTÒè
 ÊFΎÒæPÐTɾÊg5 Ò ()($*67
98 ;á 7 ; ã : É Ø ÈTÏ
/ÔΎËÑPÍÉÖ Ö Ë΄ӓËåÈTÐ0ÖNÍË Ø Ò΄ΩËåÛ ÏHÍÈ  m(t) x(t) y(t) r(t) d(t)
Ò < 8á 7 /ã = Û ÒÑÒbðÈTÏgÐTÛ Ï-Ò΄ΎÒ̈́>
Modulatore Canale Demodulatore
ÙÚËÍr2 Ò $(?
" ,
  : ËÖNÒ-ÍÉÜ©ÏgËÐÒ Ø‡þ Ò Î„Òiɾ Ö  n(t)
Õ
Ö ÊgÏ Ø ÉÓ£Éäɾ@ Û 1 ;á 7 ã ÍÒ΄ӪÏBÓªÈTÏgÍÒà¾àÒ ø 8á 7 /ã = Ö ÒÍÞËÓ£ÓªÒÐÒÍ„Ò O ;á 7 ã ؇þ ÒÝÍrɾÖNÖ ÍrÒ-΄ÒÐTÓªÉäÏBʭΎÒæPÐTɾÊgÒ(ÓªÍA É 
Õ Õ
΄ÙÞÒÎ„ÎŽË Ö CÏ BÚÒÑÒÐTÓ£ÈɾÊgÏ2ÛNÏBΎӪËÍrΩÏBËÐT Ï D ;á 7 ã 
è EFÒͬÒÑPÏgÛ ÒÐÜ©ÏgɾÍrÒâÊgÉåΎÏBÓªÈTɾÜÏgËÐTÒ Î Ø ÍÏgÑÏgɾÙÚËiÏBÊ΄ÒæÐ É 
Õ Õ
ÊgÒçÛ ÒÙÚËÛ ÈÊBÉÓ£Ë Ø ËÙÚÒ O ;á 7 ãiì ø 8á 7 ãmõ D ;á 7 ã ÏgÐ Ø ÈT,
Õ
Ï D ;á 7 ãâGì FIHrø Î*< 8á 7 hã ЧJ õ FIHrø Î*K 8á 7 ã 1 8á 7 hã Ð ê
ÒÑPÏgÛ ÒÐÓ£ÒÙÚÒÐÓ£Ò ÊgÒ§Û Ïg΄ӪËÍr΄ÏgËÐTÏ þ ɾÐÐˁËÍÏgæÏgÐTҧΎÏBÉtÛNɾÊNÍrÏBΎÈTÊgÓ£Éӣ˧۠ÒÊBÊgÉòÛ ÒÙÚËÛ ÈÊBÉÜ©ÏgËÐÒbÛ ÒÊ ÍÈ
Õ
ÙÚËÍrÒ!ÏBÐ\ÏgÐTæÍrÒΎ΄Ë!ɾÊÛ ÒÙÚËÛ ÈÊBÉÓ£ËÍÒ Î„ÏgÉ@۠ɾæPÊBÏÒééDÒ-ÓªÓªÏ Ørþ ÒÊgÉ@Û ÒÙÚËÛ ÈÊBÉÜ©ÏgËÐÒ þ Éç΄ÈæÊgÏTÒÍr̈́ËÍÏ
Õ
ÏgÐTÓªÍËÛ ËÓªÓ“Ï ÛNÉ¾Ê Ø ÉÐTɾÊÌÒ Î„ÈTʠΎÒæPÐTɾÊgÒiÏgÐRÓ£ÍrɾÐTΎÏgÓ£Ëè
Õ Õ
 ÊbÖNÍË Ø ÒΎ΄ËüÛNÏbÙÚËÛNÈTÊgɾܩÏgËÐTÒ /0΄ÖNÒΎ΄Ë0É¾Î„ÎŽË Ø ÏgɾӣËSÉ¾Û ÈTÐTÉ4ÓªÍÉ΄ÙÚÏg΄ΎÏBËÐTÒSÍɾÛNÏBË Õ ÙÚÉ Ö ÈTý
ÍrÒÐTÛNÒÍr΄ϴÐTÒ Ø Ò΄΄ÉÍÏgËçMÒ LzËÔÈÓ£ÏgÊgÒåɾР؇þ ÒåÖNÒÍiÓ£ÍrɾΎÙÚÏBΎ΄ÏgËÐÏ´ÏgÐ Ø ÉÑËè  Ð0æÒÐTÒÍÉÊBÒ ÏgÐTÛNÏBÑPÏBÛNÈTÏÌÉÙÚË
Õ
ɾÊgÙÚÒÐËiÓªÍÒi΄ÏgÓ£ÈɾÜÏBËÐTÏ ÏBÐ Ø ÈT Ï /âÐTÒ Ø Ò΄ΎɾÍrÏBËâ8Ê Ú ÏBÙÚÖNÏÌÒæPËâÛ Ï΄ÒæÐɾÊgÏ ÙÚËÛ ÈÊBÉӣϪê
N = ÏBÊ Ø É¾ÐTÉÊÌÒâÐTËÐÚÖNÒÍrÙÚÒӓӪÒâÊgÉÓªÍÉ΄ÙÚÏg΄ΎÏBËÐTҁ۠ÏéÍrÒðÈTÒÐÜ©Ò Ø ËÐTÓªÏBæPÈTÒâÉÊB’Ê Ú ËÍrÏgæÏgÐTÒ
O = ÏgÊ Ø É¾ÐɾÊgÒÖNÍÒ΄ÒÐTÓªÉÚÈTÐ Ø ËÙÚÖ ËÍӓÉÙÚÒÐÓ£Ë!ÏBÛNÒÉÊBÒ : ÙÚËÛ ÈÊBË Ø Ë΄ӪɾÐTÓªÒÒåéɾ΄ÒÊgÏBÐÒɾÍrÒ = ΎËÊgË
ÏgÐÞÛNÒÓªÒ-ÍÙÚÏgÐTÉӣϠÏgÐTÓ£ÒÍrÑɾÊgÊgÏÛNÏ2éÍrÒð¾ÈÒÐÜ©É
È = ÏBÊ Ø É¾ÐTÉÊÌÒâÖ ÍrÒΎÒ-ÐTÓªÉÛNÏBΎӣÈÍàÏ2ÉÛ Û ÏgÓªÏBÑPϠ΄ËÊgËâÏgÐÚÛNÒÓªÒÍrÙÚÏBÐɾӪÒâÍrÒæÏgËÐÏ2ÛNÏ2éÍrÒðÈTÒÐܩɤè

PRQ C Q S×»)†+$hä*)+#'¿F$Œ !(¾E#4&$&T'$šÂ+$š !?¾ü&$ U°½O¾WV»(¾"!(¿#YXZ5[\S

]­ËÙÚÒ­ÏgÐTÓªÈTÏgàÏgÊgÒ­ÛNɾÊ-ÐTËÙÚÒ Î„ÏPÓ£ÍrɾӪӣɁ۠ÏPÈTÐTÉ§ÓªÒ Ø ÐTÏ Ø ÉÛ ÏPÓ£ÍrɾΎÙÚÏBΎ΄ÏgËÐÒ­ÏgÐ Ø ÈTÏPÖ ÏCB Ø ËÙÞÈTÐTÏ Ø ÉÜ©ÏÌËÐTÏ
Õ
Ø Ë ÐTÓªÒÙÚÖNË-ÍÉÐTÒÒRÉÑÑPÒÐæËÐË Ø ËÐTÛNÏBÑPÏBÛNÒÐTÛNË@ÊBË@ΎӣÒ΄ΎËÚÙÚÒÜ©ÜËÉTÎ„Ï Ø Ë ÒÛüÏgÙÚÖ ÒæÐTÉÐ2ÛNËRËæÐÈTÐÉ
Õ
ÈTÐÉäÛ ÏgÑÒÍΎÉäÍÒæÏgËÐTÒÝ۠ϬéÍrÒðÈTÒÐÜ©Ò ÖNÒÍRÏgʭ΄ÒÙÚÖ ÊgÏ Ø Ò\ÙÚËÓªÏBÑPË Ørþ Ò\΄ÒÝÈTÓªÏBÊgÏB܎ÜɾΎ΄ÒÍËÝÓªÈTÓ£ÓªÒÝÊBÒ
Õ

N©Æ È
N©Æ Ç ÅA^tÁÄ`_;acbdaYe¾ÀfFÂQµ±d^5bÄhgia˜Ãjdb7^_2Ä

ÙÚÒÛNÒΎÏBÙÚÉ(àɾÐTÛNÉ Ø ËΎӣÏgÓªÈTÏBÍrÒà¾à¾ÒÍËRÓ£ÒÍÙÚÏgÐTÏmÛ ÏÏgÐTÓªÒÍréÒ̈́ÒÐTÜ©ÉÚÍÒ Ø ÏBÖNÍË Ø É¤è5k0ËÊgÓªËRΎ֠Ò΄ΎËÞÓªÈTÓªÓ£Ï

Õ
ÏmΎÒæPÐTɾÊgÏ´ÙÚÈTÊgÓ£ÏgÖ ÊÌÉÓ£ÏΎËÐËçÛ ÏmÐɾӪÈTÍrÉ×΄ÏgÙÚÏgÊÌÒ ÒÛÝËæÐÈTÐTË/çÏBÊ´ÍÏgΎÈTÊgӣɾӪËÔÛNÏÈTÐÉÚÙÚËÛNÈTÊgɾÜÏBËÐTÒ
Õ
ËÖNÒÍrÉ¾ÓªÉ Ø ËÐ×ÈTÐÉÛNÏBÑPÒÍr΄ÉéDÍrÒðÈTÒÐÜ©ÉÖ ËÍrӪɾÐTÓªÒè#EFËÍrÓ£ÏgɾÙÚˁɾÛçÒ΄ÒÙÚÖ ÏgËtÓ£ÍrÒ Ø É¾ÎŽÏ£ê

lnmoopqrstpu,vxw y2z,uvxm,{}|Yz,ovMw~;zuvMm€‚*Ú

ÈTÐÉtÓ£ËÖ ËÊgËæÏgÉ Ø‡þ ÒùΎϾÑÒÍÏ8É Ø ÉòɾÛ!ÒΎÒÙÚÖNÏBËùÐTÒÊ
Ø É¾Î„ËR۠ϖӪÍrɾ΄ÙÚÏgΎ΄ÏgËÐÏÓ£ÒÊBÒÑÏg΄ÏgÑÒRËRÍÉÛ ÏgËéËÐÏ0 f1
R x1
؇þ Ò : Û ÒÓ£ÓªÒüÓªÍÉ΄ÙÚÏg΄ΎÏBËÐT„ Ï ƒ " # ) … = ÏBÐ Ø ÈÏ ’ 
Õ Tx
ËæPÐTÏ2ÒÙÚÏgÓ£ÓªÒÐÓ£Ò : ÏBÐ ÉTæÈÍÉÏBÐÛ Ï Ø É¾ÓªÉ Ø ËÙڇ É † ˅= 1 R xŽ
2
ÓªÍɾΎÙÚÒÓªÓªÒÞÉ(ÓªÈTӪӣϖÏÍrÏ Ø ÒÑÏgÓ£ËÍ„Ï :ˆ*˅= ΎÏgÐTÓªËÐTÏg‰ Ü  “ Ž
ÜɾӣÏ2΄ÈÊBÊgÉÔÖNÍË֠̈́ÏgÉÔÖ ËÍӪɾÐÓ£Ò : ÏTéɾÙÚËΎÏ Š Ø ÉÐT É  f2 R x
Êg0Ï ‹kÛNÒÊgÊB‡É Œ7 = ÙÚÒÐTÓ£ÍrÒ!ɾÊgÓ£ÍrÒÒÙÚÏgÓ£ÓªÒÐÓ£ÏFÈTÓªÏBÊgÏg‰ Ü  3
Õ
ÜɾÐTË Ø ËÐÓ£ÒÙÚÖ Ë̈́ɾÐTÒɾÙ@ÒÐTÓªÒ!ÊBËtΎӣÒ΄ΎËÙÚÒÜ©ÜË TxŽ R  x‘
ÓªÍɾΎÙÚÏg΄ΎÏBÑPË Ë ØrØ ÈTÖ ÉÐÛ Ë Ø É¾ÐTÉÊÌÏ Ø ÒÐTÓªÍÉÓ£Ï§É¾Û 2 4
Õ
ɾÊgÓªÍÒâéÍrÒð¾ÈÒÐÜ©Òè

”2•A•p–
–"m—|YzovMw4~hom,€ *ÚW˜C™›šœ"žA˜0Ÿ
 ™¡£¢0¤™

¡£¢0š#¢0¤™¦¥Ÿ
˜0˜CŸ¤" §¨¢C¤(™A©‰¢C"¨¢! 
ž¢C˜0¢CªWŸ¬«§¢C¨­¥¢ fM
¥Ÿ
¢„Š£¡®Ÿ
˜0Ÿ
¯°¨¢C¨7¢C‹*±  ¨²¡®™A˜>¤™³*‰ª>¢C˜c¡®Ÿ
œ(œ¢0¡£°œ¢0Ù  / Ã
³…§¥¥#¢0´.¢0³*'¢0¨)$(/$…ªšŸ"œ2
µ¨§¨™¥Ÿ
˜0˜CŸ+«§™A˜¶¢/ B1 f1 f2
¥” Ÿ ɨ¢0¡£™·§¨™·œŸ"µ.¢0
¨Ÿ¸¥¢#œ™¥#¢0
¯œ(Ÿ
«§Ÿ
¨©`Ÿ :¹2º
= BÀ2 BÁ3
¥Ÿ
¥¢C¤(™A¡®™+™˜C˜0™·¤" §¨¢C¤(™A©‰¢¶
¨Ÿ2¡®œ™»¢#¡£Ÿ"œ ¢C¨™˜C¢
B4 BÂ 5
B6 B7
Ÿ"¥»§¨§¨¢¶¤¼œ¢CšŸ
¡®¢C¡®
œ…ŸAŒ± ,·˜C8˜ Ú ¢C¨¡®Ÿ
œ(¨¸¥Ÿ"˜C˜C™·¤(Ÿ
˜0
˜C™ªW˜C™¦ž™A¨7¥#™¦™¦¥#¢0³*š"³*¢C©‰¢C"¨Ì Ÿ /³…§¥¥¢C´.¢0³*™¡£œ(™
š¢CBt¤™¨™˜C¢¶ª!"µ.¨§¨¬™³*³…
¤(¢C™¡£™¥¦§¨™9¥¢C´Ÿ
œ½ Bn
Ã
³…™¬š"œ¡½™A¨¡®Ÿ :¾ = ª­¤ þ Ÿ·´.Ÿ"¨µ."¨·§³…™A¡®Ÿ·™¬¡®§œ¨ f
¥™A¢7¡£Ÿ"œ ¢C¨™˜C¢¤ A þ Ÿ5¥#Ÿ"³…¢C¥Ÿ
œ(™A¨5¤" §¨¢C¤(™Aœ(Ÿ¿…±
f1 f2 fM

UW
¡®¡½¤Ÿ"œ…¡£¢h™A³…š#Ÿ"¡£¡®¢Cªh«A§Ÿ
³…¡£I¤™³*  /‡¢0¨Ä«§™.˜0¤ þ Ÿ‡ 
¥‡™¨¡®¢C¡®Ÿ
¡®¢C¤9œ¢0³*šŸ
¡®¡£I™˜hšœŸ
¤(Ÿ
¥7Ÿ"¨¡£Ÿ`ª

Ÿ'š
¡®œŸ°žžAŸ·Ÿ"³*³…Ÿ
œ(Ÿ+¢0¨¥¢C¤(™A¡®·¤" Ÿ+¤"˜C˜0Ÿ
µ™ Ÿ
¨¡£nÄ
Å
."?Å
.7±  ¨Æœ(Ÿ
™˜C¡ƒæ˜C™³…¢C¡£§™©`¢0
¨Ÿ
/+§¨Æ š ý+š¢CB\¤(
 š˜CŸ"³*³…™AªŸ+µ˜C¢™A³…šŸ
¡®¡£¢W«§™˜¶8¢ ɤ(™A¨¡£¢¥™‡§¨\š#§¨¡£'¥¢Ç´¢C³*¡®™‡³…¢C³*¡®Ÿ
 ¢0³*¡®¢C¤(+³*"¨+¢
šœ"¡£°¤"˜C˜0¢#¥#¢œ(Ÿ
¡®Ÿ`ª#¨Ÿ"¤Ÿ"³*³…™Aœ(¢šŸ
œ ¤"¨³…Ÿ
¨¡£¢0œŸn˜CŸ2¯/™A³…¢#¥#¢#œ(¢C¤ þ ¢0Ÿ
³…¡£™¬¥#¢#™¤¤(Ÿ
³…³*`ª#˜C™+˜C"¤™˜C¢C©‰©`™©`¢C"¨Ÿ
¥Ÿ
¢œ™¥#¢0
 "ž¢C˜C¢¶ª#Ÿn˜0™+¤(
œ(œ…Ÿ
¡®¡£™µ.Ÿ"³*¡®¢C"¨Ÿ5¥Ÿ
˜08˜ Ú È  7
6°$ : ¢0˜­¤™ ž¢¶n¥¢­¤(Ÿ
˜0˜C™ =CÉ ±
Ê˅u " Ÿ Ì®Í?u ŸB0z Î4Í*΁u͟Bu |¡‚hu z;zC͋‡…v{| ž s„Œu •|}ϔ•ÐB|ÅÍ*їÌ8u&ї„Œvw|w•–u½Ñ*u ŸBz;u͕ÐBu͕u v{vwu vw|}Ñ*|{z0΁½Òku¼Í.‚h z8z0͋ŸB2Ζu ‡…|w ŸB|‚ƒ|ÇÒÓΖu‰Ô
 ‹yBuhŸ"Ì®ÍQ‚h|ÅÒÓÒ{u½Î–u ŸBz;| ž  ŸZ‚ƒuu Š…|wz0Í*Ζu|wŸBz;u½ÎÒku½Î–u Ÿ"̃uz0ÎÍՖu vwv{u`Ջ|wŸB vwz0Ζu ž ŸBu vwvwx Í*Ñ Ö‹|wz;N‚h|.yBŸ”N8z;uŒ†sÛ•4͋Ÿ"͋vwu ž ˆc΁u½Í‹vw|}̮̮Í"Ô
z0ÍyB"Ÿ Í(s0z ΖyBz;z;
y Î4Í?‚h|&z0Î4Í*Ñ×Í ž |{Ÿ·Ñ*š‚hQ‚&Í„Œu&Î4їu z;z8uΖuHvwx yBz;|wv|ÅÌ&̃Í‚huhv{vwn8z;uŒ†sH•͋Ÿ"͋vwun‚&Í„`Í*΁z;un‚h|"„+|ÅØ·Ù0Ú½Î4Ñ×ÛwŸ"Í*ÜÅÛ
•–
Ÿ Ù0ڽї„+½ Î4͋"Ÿ Ú&Í*Ñ×Ú "Ÿ ÙCÚ ž Ñ×Ý"ÜÅÙ0Ûw`„ ÜÞÍ(Ù0ۉÍdß&ÛwŠ Û/àRÛw "Ÿ Ú>ß®Û`Ù0ڽї„+ ¯
áâ n Ÿ Ñ Û{
Ÿ Û}Ñ*2  ß&۰͋„+…„ Ζ½ Òk Ÿ ß®ÛÅÑ×Ú "Ÿ Ù;¡`„ Ú½Îã4• Û7àCÙ0̈́Ö*Ú "Ÿ Ú ¯ ¯ #¯ ä ‡K‡ ÛÅÝBŸB‡ ÛÅÍxї*  Ý"ÛwAŸ ß&Û.• Ð
ÚÜ}Í5à84• Ú&Ü}ÙCÍ·ß&Ú&Ü·• ͋"Ÿ Í*ÜÞÚ¼àRÝ 4• Ý"Û
•–½ Ñ ÝB"Ÿ Ûw4• Í*Î4Ú;ÍKŠ…Š ÛÅÚ "Ÿ Ú,Ûwd Ÿ Ö*Í.àRÚhÍ(Ü}ÜÞÚ'•– Ÿ ß®ÛÅÌ®Û{
Ÿ Ûß®ÛåÎ4Ûw4• ڽ̮Ûw "Ÿ Ú×ß&ڽܭàRÛwŸB‡…½ Üwh  Î4Í°ß&Ûw½ ї& Ö*Û}ÜÅÚ• Ð"Ú ž …„ Ú½ÎWÚ½ÒÓÒ}Ú½Ù0Ù;¸  ß®ÛF4• Í*Ñ Ñ×Ûw"Ÿ Û
Ñ×Ý
Ü}Ù0Ûw…„ Ü}Û߮ڽÜàCÚ ‡…" Ÿ Í(ÜÞÚ!Î4Ûw4• Ú Š Ý"Ù; ž …„ Ý"ã!Î4Ûw4• Ú Š Ú½ÎÚ;Ñ Ú ‡ Ü}ÛwO4• Ú&Î4Ù0Ú<„Œ½ Î4ÙC͋"Ÿ Ù0ی• Ð"ÚOŸ” × Ÿ Í*ÜÅÙ0Î4Ú ¯
æ Í2Ù0Î4Í.àRÑ×Ûà£àçÛw " Ÿ Ú*• Ð"Ú Ð"ͼÜÅÝB ‡…·  àCÝ9ß&Û#ݔ"Ÿ Í„Œ½ ÎÙ0͋"Ÿ Ù0Ú ž Û{Ÿ”½ ÜÅÙ0Î4Ú ž …„ Ý"ã×ͅŠ Ú½ÎÛ½ Î4Ûw‡ Ûw"Ÿ Ú5ß&ÍN`„ ÛÅØ'Ù0Ú½Î4Ñ×Ûw"Ÿ Í(Ü}Û ž • Ð"Ú+àRÛÎ4ÛÔ
„…Í*Î4Ù0Ûà8•–hŸB,  ÜÅÍ„Ñ Ú‰ß&Ú`àCÛÅÑ×̈́Ö*͋Ÿ ߮̈́ͷ߮ÛwŠ Û/àçÛw "Ÿ Ú¸ß&ÛåÙ0Ú&ї„Œ ž Û{2 Ÿ ͋•–•–½ Îxßh  Í.ßèݔ"Ÿ Í5àRÝ߅ß&ÛwŠ Ûà¶Ûw
Ÿ Ú¸ß&Û°ÙCÎ4Í*Ñ×Í5ß&Ú½ÜÅÜÅé Í°à£àRÚd߮ڽÛ
Ù0Ú½Ñ*`„ Û  ¯ ê Ú&Î4Ù0͋"Ÿ Ù; ž ߃ „Œ• Ð"Ú>ÝB5 Ÿ Ù0Ú½Î4Ñ Û{
Ÿ Í*ÜÅÚ¼àCÛ.> ˆ ͋‡…(‡ ÛÅÝß®Û4• Í*Ù8„  ݔ"Ÿ ͗„Œ& Î4Ù0͋"Ÿ Ù0ÚcÚ`ßcÝBn Ÿ Ûw"Ÿ Ù0ڽ΁(Š Í(Ü}Üw
 Ù0Ú½Ñ*„Œ½ ΣÍ*ÜÅÚ ž ÜÅÍ×Ù0ÎÍ.Ô
àCÑ Ûà£àRۍ " Ÿ Ú!ëÓÍ*Ù0ÙCÝ"Í*Ù0ÍèÑ×ډ߮Û}͋
Ÿ Ù0ÚWÝB"Ÿ Í;ї‰ ß®Ý"ÜÅÍ*Ì®Û{h"Ÿ Ú "Ÿ Ý
Ñ×Ú½Î4Ûw4• Í.ì½Ð"ÍhÜÅÝB ‡…>  às½ Üw`„ Ú&Î7Ö*Î4Ú Š ی`„ Ú½ÎÛ{‰ ß®Û ž ÛwŸ*•–½ ÎÎ4Û/às„+ Ÿ ß&Úh"Ÿ Ì®Í
߮ڽÜ
Ù0ÛÅÑ×Ú`ÔÓàCÜw½ Ù߮ی`„ ƍ …„ Î4ÛÅÍÛ`„ Ú&Î4Ù0Ûw" Ÿ Ú "Ÿ Ì®Í ¯
í Í*Ù8• Ð"ڄÛÇàRÛ{ŸŒ‡…½ ÜÅÛAÙCÚ½Î4ѸÛw" Ÿ ÍÜÅÛàCÛÙ0ƍ Š ͋ŸBc  Í+ß®ÛàCÙ0͋
Ÿ Ì&Ú¸ß&ÛwŠ Ú½ÎàRÚ5ß®Í*ÜÎ4Û{…„ Ú½Ù0ÛÅÙ;½ ÎÚ5ß®Û&• Ú½ÜÅÜ}Í ž ß®Ûw(Š Ú&ÎàCÛà8 Ÿ”„  ÛÙ0Ú½Ñ*`„ ÛWß®Û
„…ƍ `„ ÍK(‡ Í(Ì&Ûw
Ÿ Ú×߮ڽܭàRÚ ‡…"Ÿ Í*ÜÅÚ ß&ÛàRÛwŸB4• ƍ
Ÿ Û/àçÑ*¸  ß®Û"Ù0Î4Í*Ñ Í„Ú×ß&ÛåÙCÛ}Ñ Ú‰ÔÓàCÜw½ Ù ž Údß®ÝBŸBx  Ý"Ú;ÜÅé Ûw"Ÿ Ù0Ú&ΖŠ Í*Ü}Üwè  Ù0Ú½Ñ*„Œ½ Î4Í(Ü}Ú• Ð
Ú¡Š ÛÅÚ "Ÿ Ú
î Î4ÛÅÚ½Ñ*`„ ÛÅÙ;½ ïcß&͍ ‡…" Ÿ ÛÙCÚ½Î4Ñ×Ûw"Ÿ Í*ÜÅÚ‡ ÛÅÝBŸB‡ Ú>Í*ÜAÎ4Ûw…„ Ú½Ù0ÛÅÙ;½ Î4ÚH•– ' Ÿ ÝB· Ÿ Î4ÛÅÙ0Í*Î߃(Š Í(Î4Û}Í(ÖÛÅÜÅÚ è¯ ê Ú½Î'*  Ý"ډàRÙ;>  ї½ Ù0ÛwŠ… ž ÛAÙ0ÛÅÑ×ډÔÓàRÜ{& Ù
߮ڽÜ}ÜÅ̈́Ù0Î4Í*Ñ×Í5à8 Ÿ”2  àCÚ …„ Í*Î4Í*Ù0Û7ß®Í*…„ Ûw•–•–½ ÜÅÛÀ`„ Ú&Î4Ûw‰ ß&Ûß®Û.Ûw"Ÿ Í(Ù0Ù0Ûw(Š ÛÅÙ0ð ž • Ð"ÛÅÍ*Ñ Í*Ù0Û#ñÓò"ó ôõ4ö÷øÓøÓñ*ùñ`úåûx÷õ¶ùñ ÷ ž • Ð"ÚüÍ*Î͋"Ÿ Ù0Ûàd4• ý "Ÿ ý
ÜÅé Í°à£àRÚ " Ÿ ÌÍ2ß®ÛàRý½þÎ4Í*ÿ…ÿ`ý`àCÛÅÌ®Û}ýh"Ÿ ۅÙ0Ú½Ñ×ÿ…ý½Î4Í*ÜÅÛAß&Ú&Ü}ÜÅÚ!Ù0Î4Í°àCÑ×Ûàà¶ÛÅý
Ÿ ۉý½ÎÛ}üÛw"Ÿ Í*ÙCÚ>ß&Í*ÛAß®Û}þÚ½ÎxàCÛ`Ù0Ú½Î4Ñ Û{
Ÿ Í*ÜÅÛ ¯
e
Eµ*± è^·b
‰_”² N

lnmoopqrstpu,vxw>y2zuvMm{Åy2zu,vxm,€ *Ú°§¨™I¯/
œ( ™9¥¢W §˜C¡®¢Cš˜C™.©‰¢C"¨Ÿ¬š#¢0B ³…¢C ¢C˜0Ÿ+™9«A§Ÿ"˜C˜C™‡µ¢8æ

¢C˜0˜C§­³…¡£œ(™A¡®™I¨Ÿ
˜Ç¤(™³*+¥Ÿ"˜C˜C™IŒ nktª­¢C¨ ¤§¢Ç¢C˜Ç¤(
˜C˜0Ÿ
µ™ Ÿ
¨¡£»™´´.¢0Ÿ
¨Ÿ'¡£œ(™I¥§Ÿ+˜C"¤™˜C¢C¡ƒæ‡žŸ
¨\¥Ÿ"¡£Ÿ°œ½
 ¢C¨™¡£ŸA ± +¨ ¢C¨³*¢CŸ" Ÿ·¥ ¢  ³*Ÿ"µ.¨™˜C¢çª "!#!#!#$9ªW¡£œ(™A¨³…¢C¡£™³…§\¥¢Ç§¨·³…¡£Ÿ
³…³…+ Ÿ
©‰©`'¡®œ™
³… 9¢0³*³…¢C´`ª"¤¤…§š™A¨­¥
µ¨§¨+§¨™I¥¢C¯¯/Ÿ
œ(Ÿ
¨¡£Ÿž™¨­¥#™ªÇ¤Ÿ"¨¡®œ™¡£™¦³…§ ¥¢!§¨™9¥#¢0´.Ÿ"œ³…™9š"œ¡®™A¨¡£Ÿ
¾ %
ª &' "!#!#!#$9ª­Ÿ5š#§ (nŸ
³…³*Ÿ"œ…Ÿ¼¢C¨¥¢C´¢C¥§™˜C Ÿ
¨¡®Ÿn¥Ÿ
 "¥§˜0™A¡®nŸn³…Ÿ
š™Aœ(™A¡®·¢C¨9œ¢C¤(Ÿ
©‰¢C"¨Ÿ±
) ™Y¡®œ™³* ¢0³*³…¢C"¨Ÿtš* § ( ™´´Ÿ
¨¢C
m1 , m1 
œ t
Ÿ *
³ 0
¢ Y
™ 
  "
Ÿ #
¥ 0
¢ A
™ 
¨ ®
¡ Ÿ 
§ ¨ 
¤ "
 ˜C˜0Ÿ
µ™ 9Ÿ"¨
Mod.f1 Dem. f 1
m2 + m2+ £
¡ n
 C
¢ I
¨ 
¤ 
™ 
´ `
 
ª ¤ / .
 n
Ÿ 
  "
Ÿ #
¥ C
¢ 
™ 
¨ £
¡ Ÿ¼§¨™·¡£œ(™A
Mod.f2
Tx Rx
Dem. f 2 ³… 9¢0³*³…¢C"¨Ÿ2œ™¥#¢0%  0…¢0¨‡«§Ÿ"³*¡®™'³…Ÿ
¤"¨
-m 
¥ @
™ "
Ÿ 
´

Ÿ 
¨ C
¢ "
Ÿ 
¨ ‰
© A
™ n
ª ¢C˜¼¤"˜C˜CŸ"µ™A Ÿ"¨¡®2  1
N
Mod.f Dem. f
mN ³…š#Ÿ"³*³…„¢0¨¥¢C¤(™A¡®„¤(
 ŸÇ!"$;(  /7±
N N

P3RQ354 687:9;7:<‹¾>=·¾<‹¾U@?:9BAš¼*?
) Ÿ¤™œ™¡®¡£Ÿ"œ*¢0³*¡®¢C¤/.Ÿ¥#Ÿ"˜,¤"˜C˜0Ÿ
µ™A Ÿ"¨¡£"¯¯Ÿ°œ(¡£‡¥™A˜0˜C™¦¤" §¨Ÿ˜0¢C
¨Ÿ
™n¡£Ÿ"˜CŸ"¯"¨¢C¤™n¡®Ÿ
¨µ."¨×¤(
¨¡®d¥#¢. "˜C¡®Ÿ
š˜C¢0¤¢A™A³…š#Ÿ"¡£¡®¢£±+  ¨×¥¢«§Ÿ
³…¡£¢Cª |H(f)|2
¯"œ³…Ÿ»¢0˜Çš#œ(¢C¨¤¢0š#™˜CŸF…E ª*+ 1 ˜C™‡˜0¢C ¢0¡£™©*¢C"¨Ÿ»¥#Ÿ"˜C˜0™‡žA™¨­¥™I¥Ÿ"˜W¤™¨™˜¶Ÿ`ªÇš#Ÿ"œ C
¤§¢˜C™¡®œ™³* ¢0³*³…¢C"¨ŸG+ 1 µ.™œ™¨­¡®¢C¡£™I³*"˜C'¢0¨Æ§¨Æ¢0¨¡®Ÿ
œ(´.™˜C˜0·¥#¢¯œ(Ÿ
«§Ÿ
¨ D D
f(Hz)
©`Ÿ¬¤" šœ*Ÿ"³*Ÿ¡®œ™¢OÈ
H9 H Ÿ
¥\¢È"Ç
HHJ¬ I ©`ªÇ Ÿ
¨¡£œ(Ÿ˜C™Iž™¨¥™I¨" ¢C¨™A˜¶Ÿ 300 3400
: "´.´Ÿ"œ\˜;Ú 
¤(¤§š#™©‰¢C"¨Ÿ¦¥¢„ž™¨­¥#™ ¢0¨ §¨™t¡£œ™³… ¢C³*³…¢C"¨ŸKLn  k = œ¢C³…§˜C¡£™ Ÿ"³*³…Ÿ
œ(Ÿ\¥#¢HÇ
HH
HMI¬©ON±
n¢C³…¤§¡£¢0™A ¦žœŸ"´.Ÿ" Ÿ
¨¡£Ÿ ˜CŸÆ"œ¢Cµ¢C¨¢„³*¡®
œ…¢C¤/ . ŸÆ¥¢„¡®™˜C¢>˜0¢C ¢0¡£™©`¢¶"¨¢®± ) Ú ™A³…³*Ÿ"¨©‰™ ¥#Ÿ"˜C˜0™ œŸ"µ.¢C"¨Ÿ
=È
H
H:—P ÈQHHM¬ I ©RÆ 1 ˜0Ÿ
µ™A¡®™t™A˜0˜C™ šœŸ"³…Ÿå¨©‰™Aª™˜C˜8Ú ¢¶¨¡®Ÿ
œ(¨Æ¥Ÿ
˜„¡£Ÿ"˜CŸ"¯°¨`ª>¥¢c§¨²¤(
 š°¨Ÿ
¨¡£Ÿ : ¥Ÿ
¡®¡½
/ TS = ¤/ . Ÿ5¥#¢7¯™¡£¡®n¢0 š#Ÿ"¥#¢0³*¤(Ÿ·˜C™»¡£œ™³… ¢C³*³…¢C"¨Ÿ¼¥¢­¯œ(Ÿ
«§Ÿ
¨©`Ÿ5 "˜C¡£5ž™A³…³*Ÿ±
EWŸ"œ˜C§¨µåÆ¡®Ÿ
 š`ª„¢0˜c¡®œ™¯=ɤ¦¡£Ÿ"˜CŸ"¯°¨¢C¤
1 ³…¡£™¡£t §˜C¡£¢0š#˜0™.¡£t³*§ ¤"˜C˜CŸ"µ™A Ÿ"¨¡®¢WKLnk V
Segnale FDM(f) Banda di guardia
š§¨¡£"š§¨¡®`ªÇ¤(
¨t¢!³…¢C¨µ
˜C¢Ç¤(™¨™˜C¢Ç "¥#§˜C™
¡£& ¢ X·ktZ Y )  : ´Ÿ"¥#\ ¢ [T]DZ N ± O = ª„/¤ .Ÿ\œ¢0/¤ .¢CŸ"¥#Ÿ ˜C™ f
œ¢0 
©‰¢C"¨Ÿ„¥#Ÿ"˜C˜0Ÿ„¤(
 š
¨Ÿ
¨¡®¢.¯œ(Ÿ
«§Ÿ
¨©`¢0™A˜0¢åš#¢0B Filtro di canale
ž™A³…³*ŸA±  ¨
˜0¡£œ(Ÿ`ª.˜C™n¨Ÿ"¤Ÿ"³*³…¢C$¡ ^5¥#¢³*Ÿ"š#™œ™œŸd¡®œ™ U
˜C"œ ¢d¤™¨™A˜¶¢× §˜C¡®¢Cš˜C™¡£_ ¢ KL¼k  Ÿ"¥#¢0™A¨¡£Ÿ\¢ f
`(! !)( # $n/¤ .Ÿ`ªšŸ"œ¸Ÿ
³…³*Ÿ"œ…Ÿ'Ÿ
¤(
¨
 ¢0¤™ Regione di transizione
 Ÿ"¨¡®ŸœŸ"™A˜0¢C©`©‰™.ž¢C˜0¢CªW¥#Ÿ"´."¨šœ(Ÿ
³…Ÿ
¨¡£™œŸ‡§¨™9œ(Ÿ
µ¢C"¨Ÿ¥#¢;¡£œ(™A¨³*¢0©`¢¶"¨Ÿ¥¢;Ÿ
³…¡£Ÿ"¨³…¢C"¨Ÿ™š#šœ(Ÿ
©‰
©`™ž¢¶˜CŸ`a
ª .™\¥Ÿ
¡£Ÿ"œ… ¢C¨™.¡®9c˜ b Ÿ
³…¢CµŸ
¨©`™Æ¥¢šœŸ"´.Ÿ"¥Ÿ
œ…ŸI¡®œ™ ¥#§ŸI¤(™A¨™˜C¢h¤"¨¡®¢Cµ§¢,§¨›¢0¨¡®Ÿ
œ(´.™˜C˜0‡¥#¢
¯œ(Ÿ
«§Ÿ
¨©`Ÿ¸¥Ÿ"¡£¡½  #  + O  d
.   : š™Aœ(¢#f™ eg@g\I¬© = /¤ .Ÿ2¥Ÿ
¡®Ÿ
œ… ¢0¨™5˜C™+˜C¢C ¢¶¡®™A©‰¢C"¨Ÿ¸f
™ hFiTg@gWI¬©
šŸ
œ×˜C™¬ ™A³…³*¢0 ™+¯/œŸ"«A§Ÿ
¨©‰™+¥¢­³…Ÿ
µ¨™˜CŸ`ª#¢C¨9 
¥5¥#™¬"¡£¡½Ÿ
¨Ÿ"œ; Ÿ hg@gBjlkciTg@g@gnmohFiTg@gOpqleg@grI¬©A±

sÓL
â t Í*Ü}ÙCÎ4ýÇÒÓÍ*ÙCÙ0ý½Î4ÚWÿ…Í*Î4Ù0Ûvu4ý½ÜÅÍ*Î4Ñ Ú t Ù0ÚÎ4Û}ÜÅÚ½þÍ t Ù0ÚwWÜÅÍcøÓñ#x×ñÓó ÷Fy(ñ z‰òxô#ù"ôøÓø ÷*{Qz‰ó ôò|y£÷uÐ"ÚwWÿ`ý`à£àCÛÅÖxÛÅÜ}ÚÛ}Ñ Ñ×Ú½Ù0Ù0Ú&Î4ڄàCÝnß&Û
Ý t àRÛ t üý½Ü}ýuý½ÜÅÜ}Ú½üÍ*Ñ Ú t Ù0ýèÙ0Ú½ÜÅÚ½ÒÓý t Ûvu4ýuÐ"ÚF}®Í.ààçý~u4ÛÅÍ*Ù0ýèÍ*܉ÿ`Î4Ú~uډß&Ú t Ù0ÚF}®Ûß&Ú t Ù0Û}Ï@u4Í,ÛÅÜ@u4Í t Í*ÜÞÚèÙ0Ú½ÜÅÚ½ÒÓý t Ûuýuý½Ñ×Ú;Ü}ÛÅÑ×ÛÅÙ0Í*Ù0ý
àCÛÅÍ„Û t Ö*Í t ß®Í_uÐ
ÚcÛ t ÿ…ý½Ù0Ú t Ì®Í }Ú¼ß&Ý t@€ ݉ځu4ý t u4Í*ÿ…Í‚u4ÛÅÙ0ðnƒ…„‡†‰ˆ‹Š|Œ Ž‘“’T” ß®Û}ÿ…Ú t ß®Ú t Ù0Ú¼àRý½ÜÅý2ß®Í*ÜÜÅÛÅþÚ½ÜÅÜÞý¼ß&Ú&Ü
Î4Ý"Ñ ý½Î4ÚF› æ Í;ÜÅÛ}Ñ Û}ÙCÍ*Ì®ÛÞý t Ú!Û t ÿ…ý½Ù0Ú t Ì®ÍqwcàCÙ0ý½ÎÛuÍ*Ñ×Ú t Ù0ÚÇÑ×ý½Ù0ÛÅþÍ*Ù0͸߮Íhÿ…Î4ý½Ö*ÜÅÚ½Ñו—ÛA–™ß®˜; Ûùš ñ ÷Fœvz‰ò"ñ ÷>ëÓÛ t Ù0Ú½ÎÒÓÚ½Î4Ú t Ì&ÍhÙ0Î4Íqu4ý½Ñ ÝÔ
t vÛ u4Í*Ì®ÛÞý t Û/ìß&ý½þÝ"ÙCÛ̈́ÒÓÚ t ý½Ñ Ú t Ûß&Û°Û t ß®Ý"Ì®Û}ý t Ú,Ú½ÜÅÚ½Ù0Ù0Îý½Ñ×Í*ü t Ú½ÙCÛuÍ › ä Ù0Ù0Ý
Í*ÜÅÑ×Ú t Ù0ڝ}/wcÜÅÚ½üÍ*Ù0Í Í*ÜÅÜÅÍ5ß®Û t Í*Ñ×Ûvu4̈́Ü}ÛÅÑ×ÛÅÙ0ÍxÙ0Í
߮ڽÜ#àRÚ½ü t Í*ÜÞ Ú uÐ"Úèþ(ÛÅÚ t  Ú u4Í*Ñ×ÿ…Û}ý t Í*Ù0ýWÚ!Ù0ÎÍ.àCÑ Ú‰à£àRý!Û t ÒÓý½Î4Ñ×Í t Ý"Ñ×Ú½Î4Ûvu4͗›
ž|Ÿ Ý
ډàCÙ0ý,þ(Í(Ü}ý&Î4ÚÑ×Í.ààCÛÅÑ×ý t ý½Ñ×Û t Í*ÜÅÚdß&Ú½Ù0Ú&Î4Ñ×Û t _ Í uÐ"ÚcÜÅ̈́ÒÓÎÚ € Ý"Ú t Ì&Í5ß&— Û u4Í(Ñ×ÿ`ÛÅý t Í*Ñ×Ú t Ù0ýdß&Ú&Ü  ê  O¡ Ù0Ú&Ü}Ú&ÒÓý t vÛ u4a
ý w
ÿ…Í*Î4Û.\ Í ¢ £¥¤ ¦‚¦§¦_¨ª©‚¦§¦‚¦&u4Í*Ñ ÿ`ÛÅý t Û.Í*ÜàR~Ú u4ý t ß®Fý › â Ù0ÛÅÜÅÛÅÌ&Ì4Í t ß®r ý ©;Ö*ÛŬ٠«‹u4Í*Ñ×ÿ…ÛÞý t FÚ }°àCÛ.ý½Ù0Ù0ÛÅÚ t ÚcÜÅÍ×þÚ½ÜÅ~ý u4ÛÅÙ0ð×Ö(Û t Í*Î4ÛÞ Í ­
®q„
¯ ¤ ¦‚¦/¦u4Í*Ñ ÿ`ÛÅý t vÛ «RàR~Ú u4ý t ß®Fý ›:°°Ú½ÜÅ~ý u4ÛÅÙ0ð×Û t ÒÓÚ&Î4Û}ý&Î4ÛàCÛ.ÿ`ý`à£àCý t  ý u4ý t àRÚ½üÝ"ÛÅÎ4ÚÍ.ß®ý½Ù0Ù0Í t ß&ýcÑ×Ú&Ù0ý‰ß&Ûß®Q Û uý‰ß&ÛÅTÏ u4Í·ß&ÛàCý½ÎüÚ t Ù0Ú
ÿ…Ú½Î7Û}ÜAàRÚ½ü t Í*ÜÅÚWþ~ý u4Í*ÜÅFÚ ›
± æ é Û}Ö*ÎÛ/ß®ý>Ù0Ú½ÜÅÚ½ÒÓý t vÛ u4
ý w×Ý t Ù0ÎÍ.àCÒÓý&Î4Ñ×Í*Ù0ý½Î\Ú u4ý tG€ Ý"ÍxÙ0Ù0Î4ý ÿ`ý½ÎÙ0FÚ }uÐ"Ú×Î4Ú&Í*Ü}ÛÅ̮̮ÍdÜÅͬàRÚ½ÿ…Í*Î4Í*Ì®ÛÅý t Ú>Ù0Î4Í2Ü}Ú5ß®Ý"Ú þÛÅÚ·ß®Û
u4ý½Ñ Ý t vÛ u4Í*Ì®ÛÅý t : Ú uÐ
ÚþÛÅÍ*üüÛ}Í t ý,àRÝ"ÜÞÜÅý,àCÙ0ډààC:
ý u4ÍþFý ›/²hÚ½§Ü uÍ.àCýhß®Û(Ý t Í!ÜÅÛ t Ú½ Í ³½Ë í ²}Û t þ~Ú uFÚ }ÛÅÜÙ0Ú½ÜÅÚ½ÒÓý t ý,àCÙ0Ú`à£àRýÚ&ÒÓÒÓÚ½Ù0Ù0Ý"Í
ÜŁ Í u4ý t þÚ½ÎàRÛÅý t Ú t Ý"Ñ×Ú½ÎÛ uÍ }½Ú‰ßèO Û uÍ*Ñ×ÿ…Û}ý t Ûß®Û"þ~ý u4Úhþ(ÛÅÍ*üüÛÅÍ t ý t Ú½Ûß&Ý"Ú×àCÚ t àCۉëÓÙ0Î4Í>Ý"Ù0Ú t Ù0Úh Ú u4Ú t Ù0ÎÍ*ÜÅډì.àR~Ú u4ý t ß&ý;Ý t ý
cà uÐ"Ú½Ñ ÍcÍdß&ÛÅþÛàCÛÅý t Ú>ß®Û`Ù0Ú½Ñ×ÿ…Fý ›
N´ µA^n¶L
`_;acbdaYe
fn·¸d^5bL
hgia¹jdb7^_:

 ¨ ¤(™³*›¤(
¨¡£œ(™Aœ(¢C›¢0¨¯/™A¡®¡£¢0ªn™˜C˜cb §­³*¤(¢C¡®™i¥#Ÿ"˜ªº˜C¡£œ(›¥¢¼¤(™A¨™˜¶Ÿ›³*¢n¡®œ"´.Ÿ°œŸ"žžAŸÄ™¨¤/.ŸYš#™œ¡®Ÿ›¥Ÿ
˜
…³ Ÿ
µ¨™˜CŸn¥#¢7§¨9¤™¨™A˜0Ÿ¼¤(
¨¡£¢0µ.§¼šœ(
¥§¤(Ÿ°¨¥n§¨™+¢0¨¡®Ÿ
œ(¯Ÿ"œŸ°¨©`™»¡£œ™ Ÿ"³*³…™µ.µ¢¥#¢0´.Ÿ"œ³…¢£±
) ™‡˜0¢C ¢C¡®™.©`¢0
¨Ÿ+¢0¨ÆžA™¨¥#™¥¢W§¨Æ¤™¨™A˜0Ÿ'¡£Ÿ"˜CŸ"¯"¨¢0¤¬¡£œJ
™ »
HH;Ÿ »¼
H HRI¬ª © 1»¥#§¨«A§Ÿ'§¨+¥#Ÿ"¢
 "¡£¢C´¢.šŸ
œ¢«A§™.˜0¢.˜C™n¤"¨¨Ÿ"³*³…¢C"¨Ÿ×¡®Ÿ
˜CŸ"¯"¨¢C¤™5¥¢.§¨»¤(
 š§¡£Ÿ"œ™A¥·§¨»¯"œ¨¢C¡®
œ…Ÿ×¥#¢¤"¨¨Ÿ"¡£¡£¢0´.¢0½¡ ^
¨§ Ÿ"œ¢0¤™ : ™A¥tŸ
³å±¬§¨Äš#œ(
´¢C¥Ÿ°œ  ¨¡£Ÿ"œ¨Ÿ
¡ = œ(¢C/¤ .¢CŸ"¥#Ÿc˜ b §³…‡¥¢h§¨›¥¢C³…š#"³…¢C¡£¢0´. : ¢C˜, "¥#Ÿ"  = /¤ .Ÿ
Ÿ"¯¯Ÿ"¡½¡£§¢­§¨™»¯"œ ™¬¥#¢7 
¥§˜C™©`¢C"¨Ÿ¼³…§˜³…Ÿ"µ.¨™A˜0Ÿ¼¥™¬¡£œ™³… Ÿ
¡®¡£Ÿ°œŸ±

P3RQ35¾ ¿À7:9&\7 &&AnÁÂ
ÃL9;7:<‚Â

) ™²žA™¨¥#™²
¤(¤§š™A¡®™²¥™Y§¨ ³…Ÿ"µ.¨™A˜0ŸÄ1t˜C™²œŸ"µ.¢0
¨Ÿ ¥#¢2¯œŸ"
PÅx (f) «§Ÿ
¨©`Ÿn™˜­¥¢7¯§"œ¢¥#Ÿ"˜C˜0™¬«§™.˜CŸ5¨
¨¦´¢­³…
¨·¤" š#"¨Ÿ
¨¡£¢Ÿ
¨Ÿ
œ½
Banda W
µŸ"¡£¢C"¤ .‘ Ÿ 0ǘC™Æ³…§™Æ ¢0³*§œ™Æ¢02¨ I¬; © 1I¢C¨¥#¢0¤™¡£™Æ¤(
 Ÿ9˜C™œQ µ .Ÿ"©`©‰™¦¥#¢
f
Æ ž™¨¥™±„EWŸ
œn³*Ÿ"µ¨™˜C¢Wœ(Ÿ
™˜C¢èc˜ b "¤¤(§š™©`¢0
¨Ÿ+¥¢!ž™A¨¥R ™ 1Ÿ
³…š#œ(Ÿ
³…³*™
W
Px (f) ¢0¨9¡®Ÿ
œ( ¢C¨¢7¥Ÿ"˜7³…
˜0n¤(
¨¡£Ÿ°¨§¡£n™¬¯/œŸ"«A§Ÿ"¨©‰Ÿnš"³*¢0¡£¢C´% Ÿ 0"¥™A¡®5/¤ .Ÿ
Banda 2W
¢0¨Y¡®™A˜¤(™³*¦˜C9³*šŸ
¡®¡&œ(9¥¢cš"¡£Ÿ"¨©‰Ä ™ 1§¨™\¯/§¨©‰¢C
¨ŸIš™œ¢>¥#¢ ¾ ª
Ç2W f ˜0™ ž™¨­¥™ ¡®
¡®™A˜0È
Ÿ 1¦¥
šš¢C™W±IŒ™˜CŸ9¥T Ÿ º¨¢C©‰¢C"¨J
Ÿ 1šŸ"œ¡£™¨¡£¦¨
¨
™ ž¢Cµå§™ªŸ"¥I¢C¨¦™¤¤"œ¥'™˜C˜¶™¤" §¨Ÿ·™¤¤(Ÿ
©‰¢C"¨Ÿ5¥¢¯/œŸ"«A§Ÿ"¨©‰™
: š
³…¢C¡®¢C´™ = 0‰šŸ
œ(¡£™¨¡£`ª´.¢0Ÿ
¨Ÿn³*šŸ
³…³*·¢0¨¥¢C¤(™A¡®™+¤(
 Ÿ2 #  Ê É&("$ ËW
.$(.-$èè"6°|$ ̱

P3RQ35Í ÎÏ9B=QÂ
9W9;ÂoÂ><½ÐB9BÃLÑ;ÂÒÓÒ*7‡ÔÕ¥?:9;Ô_7
) ™5¡£œ™³… ¢C³…³*¢C"¨Ÿd¥#¢A§¨³…Ÿ
µ¨™A˜0Ÿ ´¢C™5"¨¥™5œ™¥#¢0d¨Ÿ"¤Ÿ"³*³…¢C¡®™·¥#¢A§¨™n™¨¡®Ÿ
¨¨™
¥#¢!¥#¢0 Ÿ
¨³*¢0
¨¢Ç¤" š#™œ™ž¢C˜C¢Ç¤(
¨ «§Ÿ"˜C˜CŸ+¥#Ÿ"˜C˜0™I˜C§¨µ .­Ÿ"©`©‰™I¥‘b "¨¥™W±Øn§Ÿ"³*¡$b §˜0¡£¢0
ω× 0
 ™ «§™.¨¡®¢C$¡ ^ : ¢0¨¥¢C¤(™¡£™\¤(
‰ ¨ Ù = 1š™Aœ(¢™A˜0˜C‡³…š#™©‰¢CIšŸ
œ(¤"œ…³*9¥#™˜C˜¬b 
¨¥™\¢C¨Y§¨
¡£Ÿ" š#9š#™œ¢h™¥ §¨tšŸ"œ¢C"¥Ó  Ú>¥#™¡£I/¤ .Ÿ¬4è
-J
 Û 6°$°)(Ý ܉ް$+è°ª;ŸI¤"¨³…¢C¥Ÿ

œ™¨¥#·/¤ .Ÿ'˜0Ÿ'
¨¥#Ÿ+Ÿ
˜0Ÿ
¡®¡£œ° ™µ¨­Ÿ
¡®¢C/¤ .Ÿ+³…¢š#œ(
š™µ.™¨·™˜C˜0™´.Ÿ"˜C"¤¢C$¡ ^¥Ÿ
˜C˜0™˜C§¤Ÿ
:Ýß lhrÞT"gàc +L³ = ª³…Ó ¢ .R
™ ÙR ß Þx‰ † âá ±
ã
ä Ÿ
˜è¤™³*¬¥¢W³*Ÿ"µ.¨™˜C¢Ç "¥#§˜C™¡£¢0ª¢C˜W´™˜C"œŸ¬¥#¢ ¾ 1¬«A§Ÿ"˜C˜C'¥Ÿ"˜C˜C™9š#"œ¡½™¨¡£Ÿ`ªÇ¢C¨
λ «A§™¨­¡£+¢C¨¦µ.Ÿ"¨Ÿ
œ(Ÿ'¢C˜³*Ÿ"µ.¨™˜CŸ5 
¥§˜C™¡£·
¤(¤§š™§¨™¬žA™¨¥#™œ¢0³*¡®œŸ"¡£¡½™™¡£¡£"œ¨
™A˜0˜C™‡š"œ¡£™¨¡£ŸA±„Œhœ™³* ¢0³*³…¢C"¨¢Ç¤(
¨t¯œ(Ÿ
«§Ÿ"¨©`Ÿ+š¢CB Ÿ
˜0Ÿ
´™¡£Ÿ¬¨Ÿ"¤Ÿ"³*³…¢C¡®™A¨»¥¢!™ ¨ å
Öt ¡£Ÿ"¨¨Ÿ¬¥#¢W¥¢C Ÿ"¨³*¢C"¨¢Çœ¢C¥"¡£¡½% Ÿ 0³…Ÿ»šŸ
œn™A³…³*§œ(¥#¬¡£œ(™A³… Ÿ
¡®¡£Ÿ°³…³*¢C »¤"¨ š"œ¡£™¨¡£Ÿ
¥# ¢ hg@gÊI»©‰ª"¤¤(°œœ(Ÿ
œ(Ÿ°žAžŸ¼§¨™»™¨¡£Ÿ"¨¨™¬¥#¢¥#¢0 Ÿ
¨³…¢C
¨ ¢ ÙJæá èç|éëêì½í î"g@ïc 
ã ç½ì½ì
ð N HH
Hñnó   ò‹ô

P3RQ3cõ ör÷7LÁFøùAFÁÁFA‚?:9;ÂM7ûúª7:9Ô\7<‚7:=QÂ
÷7:<‚Â>ÐB9BAFü7

]
 ¨³*¢0¥#Ÿ"œ¢0™A ×§¨³*Ÿ"µ.¨™˜CŸþýBkZÿ½p#œ(Ÿ
™˜CŸdŸd˜0¢C ¢C¡®™A¡®×¢C¨žA™¨¥#™ª.¤"¨ k ¾ p&
k m ¾ p µœ™
º¤ vX /ª    

 
™2³…¢C  Ÿ"¡£œ(¢C™¼¤"¨¢0§µ™A¡®™W±"] " Ÿ„µ¢c^¸¢0˜C˜0§³…¡£œ(™A¡®`ª"˜0™¸¤"¨
³…¤…Ÿ
¨©`™¸¥¢ Jk ¾ p ‡k ¾ p ß ÿ ¾ m  
1n³*§Z¯ º¤¢CŸ"¨¡£Ÿn™+¥@Ÿ º¨¢CœG 
Ÿ ýþk¬ÿ½p¢0¨I 
¥5¤" š#˜0Ÿ
¡®
ª¢C¨I´¢Cœ(¡ 9¥#Ÿ"˜C˜0™+³…¢C  Ÿ
¡®œ¢0™»¤(
¨¢C§µ™.¡£™W± ǟn¥Ÿ@å 

º¨¢0™.  k¬ÿ$pÏ ýþkcÿ½p "!#$
ì ÿ/ªc™¨/¤ .b Ÿ"³*³…¦œŸ"™A˜0Ÿ`ªc
¡®¡½Ÿ
¨¢C™ I/¤ .Ÿ &% ' 
k ¾ p ZY ªh
˜0¡£œŸ¦™¥ÄŸ
³…³*Ÿ"œŸ¦™
³…¢C  Ÿ
¡®œ¢0™\¤"¨¢C§µ.™.¡®™\œ¢0³*šŸ"¡£¡½‡™˜Cc˜ b "œ¢0µ.¢C¨Ÿ`q
ª .™\³*¢C  Ÿ"¡£œ(¢C™Æ¤(
¨¢C§µ.™¡®™Æ™A¨/¤ .Ÿœ¢0³*šŸ
¡½¡£I™A¥ ¾ Ú
% k ¾ j ¾ pL
ì )(*%
k m ¾ j ¾ p /] ½± ì ,+   ' ì

- ËÚÝ t àRÚ½ü t Í*ÜÞÚ*wàRÙ0Î4Ú½ÙCÙ0Í*Ñ×Ú t ÙCÚÜÅÛÅÑ×ÛÅÙ0Í*Ù0ý7Û t Ö*Í t ß®ÍO}Mß&Ú&þ(ÚÍ(þÚ½ÎÚß®Ý"Î4Í*Ù0ÍWÛ t Ï t ÛÅÙ0Í }/ÚþÛvu4Ú½þÚ½ÎxàCÍ ›/.­éÿ…Î4Í*Ù0Ûvu4Íu4ý½Ñ×Ý#Ô
t ڝ}&Û t þÚ~u4ڝ}&ÿ…Í*Î4ÜÅÍ*Î4Ú ß®Û
ÜÅÛÅÑ×ÛÅÙ0Í*Ì®ÛÞý t ÚhÛ t Ö*Í t ß®ÍÍ t uÐ"Úèÿ`Ú½Î,àRÚ½ü t Í*ÜÅÛ#ß®Û#ß®Ý"Î4Í*ÙCÍ>Ï t ÛÞÙ0Í ›²hÚ½Ü
ÒÓÍ*Î4Ú € Ý"ډàRÙ0ýF}*àRÛTu4ý t àCÛ߮ڽÎ4Í
Ý t1032 ­54åÿ`Í*ÎÛåÍ Ì®Ú½Î4ýhÿ`Ú½Î!ÜÅÚ;ÒÓÎ4Ú € Ý
Ú t Ì®ÚB­,Ù0Í*ÜÅÛOuÐ"Ú6 072 ­5486:9;~}Mý½þþÚ½Î4ýuý t àCÛ߮ڽÎ4Í*Î4Ú;Í t Ì®ÛvuÐ5< 032 ­54.̈́Ö*Í t ß&ÍcÛÅÜÅÜ}ÛCÔ
Ñ×ÛÅÙ0Í*Ù0͗4} Ý t Í àCÝ
ÍhÏ t ډàRÙ0Î4ÍcñÓòœ/õ¶ô>=.ûxôò|y£÷ 0 ˜ 2 ­54‘„ 072 ­54F† 2 ­54`ÍhÖ*Í t ß®ÍhÜÅÛ}Ñ Û}ÙCÍ*Ù0Í }Ü}Íu4Ý"Û…Í t Ù0ÛÅÙ0ÎÍåàRÒÓý½Î4Ñ×Í*ÙCÍ@? ˜ 2BA 4
w„ß®Û}þÚ½ÎàR͸߮Í@? 2CA 4`ëàCÍ(ÿ`ÿ…ÛÞÍ*Ñ×ý!Û t ÒÓÍ*ÙCÙ0۝u Ð"Ú àRۉÐ"Í? ˜ 2DA 4
„E? 2CA 4:FHG 2DA 4ì#}Ñ Í t Úu4ý‰àRÙ0ÛÅÙ0Ý"Ûàcu4ÚWÝ t Í,Í*ÿ…ÿ`Î4ý`à£àRÛÞÑ×Í*Ì®ÛÅý t ڝ›
I ä t Ù0Ú tTt Ú,ÿ`ÛÅØþu ý½Î4Ù0ÚÐ
Í tTt ý,Ý t ̈́Ú&ÒÓÏT4u ÛÅÚ t Ì®Í>Î4Ûß&ý½Ù0ÙCÍ x} Ñ×Í·àRý t ýhÍ t u4ý½ÎÍ Ö*Ý"ý t ÚF› ä ÜÅÙ0Î4ÛÅÑ×Ú t Ù0ÛåÜÅÍ Î4Í.ß®ÛÅý äÓ¡ ëKJ½¤L„Ô
M‚¯ LNLHOQP̅ìxÍþ(ÎÚ½Ö*Ö*Ú!Ö*Ûàçý½ü t ý ß&ÛSR>T UWVX [„ ZNLNL­Ñ×Ú½Ù0Î4Û\
UWVVV>T UWVY
]
_^
Èa`n¶¶L'b_¸dc5`e
gf¸‡¹Ê_
hbn·¸`iL
kjlf¹nmio`pcÓ
qr

Øn§Ÿ
³…¡£·œ(¢C³*§˜C¡®™¡£5 
³…¡£œ(™¤" Ÿ·³*¢0™¬¡®Ÿ
"œ¢0¤™ Ÿ
¨¡£Ÿ
š
³…³*¢0žA¢0˜CŸu/¤"¨ §¨™‡¯"¡£°¤"š¢C™¡£œ(¢C¤Ÿ¬Ÿ
¥Æ§¨ š™A¢0+¥¢W¯"œ~å
ž¢C¤¢$vò
è"¡£¡®Ÿ
¨Ÿ
œ…Ÿ ¢C˜å³…Ÿ
µ¨™˜CŸ@% k ¾ A
p ™¼š#™œ¡®¢Cœ(Ÿ ¥™2§¨xw‰k ¾ p
|A(f)|
[A] f

Zy /ª¤"¨zw‰k ¾ Çp 
¡®¡£Ÿ"¨§¡®™¬¥™{% k ¾ p Ÿ
˜C¢0 ¢C¨™A¨7¥#"¨Ÿ5 ŸTå arg{A(f)} f

¡½^ ž™¨­¥#™W± ) ™»œ(¢C¤(
³…¡£œ(§©‰¢C"¨Ÿ5¥¢|% k ¾  p ™´´.¢0Ÿ
¨Ÿn¢C¨¯™¡£¡£¢ s|X(f)|
¯/œŸ"¤*¤(Ÿ×¡£œ(™A¡®¡£Ÿ°µµ.¢0™A¡®Ÿ5
#³*š
³…¡£™¨¥#d˜0Ÿ ¤(
š¢CŸd¥§š˜C¢0¤™¡£Ÿ×¥¢
wuR k ¾ p7Ÿuwxf} k ¾ p¤(
 Ÿ5¢C¨¥¢C¤™¡£n¥™A˜0˜CŸn¯œŸ"¤¤…ŸA± [B]
targ{X(f)}
f
f
+¨™2´
˜0¡£™¼´.Ÿ"œ¢¬º¤(™A¡®™2˜¬b Ÿ
³…™A¡®¡£Ÿ"©`©‰™2¥Ÿ
˜š#œ(
¤(Ÿ
¥7¢0 Ÿ
¨å
−f 0 f0
¡£¦¢0˜C˜C§³*¡®œ™¡£‰ª>¤/ . Ÿ¤(¢c¤(
¨³*Ÿ"¨¡®ŸÆ¥#¢>œ¢0¤Ÿ"´.Ÿ"œ…ŸšŸ
œ¢C¨¡®Ÿ@å
œu% k ¾  p ¡£œ(™³* Ÿ"¡£¡½Ÿ
¨¥
¨Ÿ5³*"˜C· Ÿ
¡$~ ^ ¤(¢C@p
1 w‰k ¾ p
ª"³‚å +
|X (f+f 0)|
targ{X +(f+f0)} f
f
. Ÿuw k ¾ p·
[C]
³…Ÿ
œ´¢C™ 5¤/ . Ÿ·™A¨¤/ 1 ™³…¢C  Ÿ"¡£œ¢0™¤"¨¢0§µ™.¡®™
œ¢0³*šŸ
¡®¡£ ™²©`Ÿ"œ€
³…³*¢0™lw‰k ¾ pÀ  wyk m ¾ p
/ª2Ÿ «§¢0¨¥¢ s|Y(f)|
˜C™³…§™™A¨¡®¢C¡£œ(™A³…¯"œ ™¡£™&‚rk¬ÿ½pL 1 œ(Ÿ
™˜CŸ`ªèŸ¥§¨«§­Ÿš#§(
Ÿ"³*³…Ÿ
œ(Ÿ5œ(Ÿ
™˜C Ÿ"¨¡£Ÿ5¡£œ(™A³… Ÿ
³…³*± [D] f

X š™Aœ(¡£Ÿ ¢C˜dŠ®¥#Ÿ"¡½¡£™µ.˜0¢C"‹»¥¢¸¤(
 Ÿ œ¢0¤"³*¡®œ§¢Cœ(ŸtŠ®´.ŸTå arg{Y(f)} f

E%
œ™ Ÿ"¨¡®Ÿ
‹ k ¾ p·™²š™œ¡£¢0œŸ ¥™ w k ¾ p/ª¼¤(¢¸¤/.¢CŸ"¥¢C™ %Ú
ƒ‚
Ÿ"³*¢C³…¡£ŸÆ§¨™ ¯"œ §˜C™tšŸ
œ
¡®¡½Ÿ
¨Ÿ
œ(Ÿ þk¬ÿ$p ¢C¨@ "¥# E„|…†ˆ‡*‰K‰‹Š Œ
™tš™Aœ(¡£¢0œŸ¦¥#™‡ýþkcÿ$p ) ™ œ¢0³*š
³…¡½™Ä1
š
³…¢C¡£¢0´.
™ 0.šŸ"œ¼šœ"´.™œ˜0™‡
¤(¤…
œ(œŸ¬š#Ÿ""œ (¬™A¯/¯œ(
¨¡£™œŸ¬™A˜0¤§¨­Ÿ»š#™µ.¢0¨Ÿ+¥#¢W¡®Ÿ
"œ¢0™Aª¤/.Ÿ+¢C˜0˜C§³*¡®œ™¨'§¨
 

 Ÿ"¡£"¥#·¥¢­œ™šš#œ(Ÿ
³…Ÿ°¨¡®™©`¢C"¨Ÿ ¨Ÿ
˜7¥#" ¢C¨¢Cn¥Ÿ
˜¡£Ÿ" š# ǚŸ"œ ³…Ÿ
µ¨™A˜0¢ 
¥§˜C™¡£¢£±

Ž>‘ ’”“1•
•E–˜—™[—š›“œž Ÿ1š—¢¡
—{™[—£1š“1¤N{¥¦Ÿ1¡
§¤N“1›
Øy¨|©5ª¬«­ª¬©5® ¯±°²³©W1´µ©5´µ¯±¶*­«·­­¸¹¸±­«©°ºˆ¯±­¶".³©»µ©ºˆ¼d©««,©´¯ª¬¶ˆº*¯±½ ©ºˆ©¨³²~¾¨³­¸W¨|²³¾¨|©ª¬©5¿À²|­¸¹©k¬ÿ$p
²|©5¸¹¸±­uÁ°5º*¼d­
 kZÿ½p á kcÿ½p"!‘#  Ã|Ä ì ÿm€HÅ kcÿ$pÀ#·ÆWÇ  Ã|Ä ì ÿ
G
¶/.|©È­ª¬ªN¨|¼d©¨|²³­u»­ºˆ«·¯±¶*°5¸¹­º*©Èº*¯±¸±©½ ­²|®g­1²|©¸µ¶ˆ­ªN°y¯±²
¶ˆ¨|¯HG k¬ÿ$p|ª¬¯±­1¨|²Eª¬©5¿À²|­¸¹©¼d°5´µ¨|¸±­«°È­«·«°º å
²|°x­´7Ä ìÊÉ »µ©5º*§¶ .1n­¸¹¸W°5º*­Ë á kcÿ$p˜©{ Å k¬ÿ$phª¬°5²|°nªN©¿ ²|­¸±¯a¸±¯±¼d¯¹«­«¯Q¯¹²7Ì­²H´µ­¶ˆ°²3Ì­²|´­d¶ˆ°²|«¯±¿À¨|­
­¸±c¸ b °ºˆ¯¹¿ ¯¹²³© É ©¸¹©­¸±«©ºˆ­®g¯¹°5²|¯»º*°5´µ°5«,«·©ªN¨|¸ªN©¿ ²|­¸¹©¼d°5´µ¨|¸±­«° É ¶*°5¼d»µº¬©5ª¬­c¸ b ©ªN«·ºˆ­®g¯¹°5²|©´©¸¼d©5ª å
ª¬­¿À¿ ¯¹°u¼d°´¨|¸±­²H«·8© îkcÿ$p É »µ°ªNª¬°5²|°p©ªNª¬©ºˆ©x´©ª¬¶ˆºˆ¯¹««,©u¼d©´µ¯±­²³«·©p°»©ºˆ­®g¯¹°5²|¯Í¶*°5²|´°««,©xªN¨7 á k¬ÿ$p
©´E Å kcÿ$p,Î
Ï3‹43±Ð Ñ9ÒLA~<½ÐÓÓG?…ü*?:øÔÓ_<‚ÂÁÁ?‡ÂJø ?LÔÐB<‚7LÒOAF?:9;Â2Ô&AG7:øÕÓ_AÂÒÓÒ:7 ÂÖ½? 7:9BÃW?:<‚7:÷Â
× ²³«·ºˆ°´¨|¶ˆ¯¹­¼d°¸cb ­ ºˆ¿À°5¼d©²|«°@ºˆ¯¹¶ˆ°ºˆ´µ­²|´°¶ˆ°¼d©@¨³²uªN©¿ ²|­¸±©kcÿ½pq
ýÙ"!# k±$ ÿjÛ&Ú pÙ»µ°ªNª¬­ƒ©5ª¬ªN©ºˆ©
ºˆ­»»µºˆ©ª¬©5²|«­«°
»©º1¼d©5® ®g°n´µ©5¸kÁ­ª¬°5º*©
  ýÀÊì Ü/Ý É ¼d©´¯¹­²|«·©d¸¹­7ºˆ©¸±­®g¯±°²|©ËGkcÿ$pJßÞ7àN ÊÜ·á V‹â·ã Îzä'ª¬«©²³´µ¯±­
å xs (t) _x(t)

¼d°€°5º*­å¯±¸¶*°5²|¶*©5«·«Ê° É ´T© º³²|©²³´µ°Ë¬¸ b …æ|ç…èÊé¬êêaŠ€ëˆŠìuêQ臈íˆí¬Šî kcÿ$py¶ˆ°¼d© Øϕ(t)

a(t)

¨|²ƒÁ­ªN°ºˆ©x»µ©5º¯±¸ï¾¨³­¸W©x¯±¸ï¼d°5´µ¨|¸±f° ýx©u¸¹­{Á­ªN©
Ú˪N¯±­²|°uÁ¨|²|®g¯¹°5²|¯|´©¸

«©¼d»µ° xc (t)

 kcÿ$pL‰ýþkcÿ½p Ü/Ý ð âWñ

ºˆ­»µ»º*©5ª¬©²³«·­«°²|©5¸¹¸±G­ º|¿À¨³º*­­ º|­²³¶*°­ªNª¬¯±©5¼d©y­´p¨³²|­1ª¬¨|­1»°«©²|®g¯±­¸±©È«º*­¯¹©5«·«°º*¯±­1«·©5¼d»µ°5º¬­¸±©Î
X´{ k¬ÿ$p|»°ªNª¬¯±­¼d°­ª¬ªN°¶ˆ¯¹­º*©È¨|²
ª¬©¿ ²|­¸¹©Èº*©5­¸±©

 k¬ÿ$pòÞ7ó kZÿ½pÀ Üá V>â,ô ‰ýþk¬ÿ½p "!# k±$ ì ÿjÛRÚ k¬ÿ½pp


q µ`n¶L
gc[fÙifå]
dbn·¸`iL
kjlf¹nmio`~c:

¶ˆ°ºˆº¬¯¹ªN»µ°5²|´µ©5²|«©y­´n¯±¼d»µºˆ¯¹¼d©5º*©È­¸H»µ¯±­²H°´µ©5¸±¸¬b ¯±²o½ ¯¹¸±¨|»»µ°È¶*°5¼d»µ¸±©ªNª¬°¨³²|­uº*°5«·­®g¯±°²|©È­²³«·¯±°ºˆ­ºˆ¯¹­

­x½ ©¸±°¶ˆ¯±$« ^x­²|¿ °¸±­ºˆ©$ ì Î
) b ¯¹²H½À¯±¸±¨|»µ»°¶*°5¼d»µ¸±©ªNª¬G
° 11¨|²d»µ°«©²³«·©1ªN«·ºˆ¨|¼d©5²|«·°1¶/.|©1»©ºˆ¼d©«,«©´µ¯³´µ©ªN¶*ºN¯¹½ ©ºˆ©¯¹¸³»µºˆ°¶ˆ©ªNª °
´µ¯ï¼d°5´µ¨³¸¹­® ¯±°²³©u¯±²&¼d°´°uª¬©¼d»¸¹¯±¶ˆ©p©5´&°5¼d°¿ ©²|©5°:Î X´
©ªN©¼d»¯¹° É ¯¹¸ï¶ˆ­ªN°p¿ ¬¯ ^n²|°5«·°5
[´µ¯ï«º*­ªN¸±
­ å
®g¯¹°5²|©y¯±²EÁºˆ©¾¨³©²|®N­p´µ©¸oª¬©5¿À²³­¸±G© ýþkcÿ½p|¼d©´¯¹­²|«©¼d°¸±«¯¹»¸¹¯±¶*­® ¯W°5²|©»©º¨|²d¶ˆ°ªN©²³° É ¶*°5º*ºˆ¯¹ªN»µ°²³´µ©
­´
¨|²&¯±²|½ ¯W¸¹¨³»µ»°u¶ˆ°¼d»¸±©ª¬ªN°n kcÿ$p  ýBkcÿ$pa­{Á­ªN©1²|¨|¸±¸W­ Ú|­´
©ªNª¬°uª¬¯|%´ ^{¯¹¸|²³°¼d©1´µ¯HìdŠ„˜é èõ5öÀ…Š÷
æ|‡„³…QõµìuêQ…‡>ö¬ö õoøy»µ©5ºc¸ b ©½ ¯¹´©²|«©
aºˆ8­ù ¿ ¯¹°5²|©u"¶ .³©pc¸ b ­ ¼d»µ¯±©®g® ­{´µ©5¸Í¶*°5ª¬©²³°p½ ­ºˆ¯¹­{¯±²&Á¨³²|®g¯¹°5²|©1´µ©5¸
ª¬©5¿À²³­¸±>© ýþkcÿ½p|0H¸±­dÁºˆ©¾¨|©5²|®N­zÄ ì  á V »º*©5²|´©n¯¹¸a²|°¼d©~´µ
¯ Éʆˆ§‡ ËÍé ‡*æ öÀõ~êQŠ†ˆ‰‹õæ|‰K‡΍Í©n­¸Q¶ˆ°²|«ºˆ
­ å
ºˆ¯¹°¶ˆ°²³ª¬¯±´µ©5º*¯±­¼d°¨³²d¯±²|½À¯ú¸¹¨³»µ»µ°y¶*°5¼d»µ¸±©ªNª¬°1¶*°5²¼d°5´µ¨|¸±°¶ˆ°ªN«·­²|«·©1 kcÿ½paÕÜ/Ý ð âWñ É c¸ b ­²³´µ­ ¼d©²|«°
´µ©5¸¹¸±­uÁ­ª¬©1RÚ k¬ÿ$p|¯±¼d»µºˆ¯¹¼d©­¸±¸±­u»°ºˆ«·­²|«©y²³°²E¼d°´µ¨³¸¹­«·­u¨|²{´µ¯±½À©5º*ªN°y«¯¹»°y´¯o¼d°5´µ¨³¸¹­®¬¯±°5²|© É ´©½« å
«°ìdŠ5„˜é èõ5öÀ…Š泇„|
… ÉÊõµíˆ‡*ûÈ°yõµæ d|Š5èõ†*‡y¯±²&¾¨³­²H«·°1¯±¸|ª¬©5¿À²³­¸±©¼d°´µ¨³¸¹­²|«©8Ú kZÿ½pa¯±²¾¨³©ªN«·°1¶ˆ­ª¬°5

­¸±«©ºˆ­xc¸ b ­º*¿ °¼d©5²|«·°È´µ©5¸³¶ˆ°ªN©²|°Î ü

º*¯±¼d­´µ¯»º*°5ª¬©¿ ¨|¯±º*© ºˆ¯¹ý³©««·¯±­¼d°ª¬¨³¸º*c¯ å
ª¬¨|¸±«­«°&¼d°ªN«·ºˆ­«°Ë¯±² º³¿À¨³É º*­ É ¯±²Û¶ˆ¨|¯žª¬¯ž¶*°5² å
ª¬¯±´µ©5º*­d¨³²€ªN©¿ ²|­¸±©u¼d°´µ¨³¸¹­²|«8© îkcÿ$pk»º*¯±¼d­
Modulante
¶*°5ª¬«­²|«© É »µ°ü ¯À­ºˆ­¼d»µ­y¸¹¯±²|©5­ºˆ© É ©¾¨|¯±²H´µ¯À´µT© å
¶*ºˆ©ªN¶¬©²³«·©Î °²|©5²|´°1 kcÿ½pa‰îk¬ÿ$p窱¯o°««¯¹©5²|©
¨|²|­»µ°5º*«Ê­²|«©ž¼d°´µ¨³¸¹­«·­¯¹²u­¼d»¯¹©5® ®g­ É ¼d©*² å
M. di Ampiezza
«·ºˆ©{¶*°5²å kcÿ½pªþ·Ü·ÿ@ð âWñ ¸±­»µ°5º*«­²³«·©{¼d°5´µ¨|¸±
­ å
«·­­²³¿:°¸±­ºˆ¼d©²|«©È kcÿ½pLÂ"!# k¥ Ã|Ä ì ÿj îkcÿ$p$p
»µºˆ©ª¬©:²|«·­z¨|²|­Ë­¼d»¯¹©5® ®g­z¶ˆ°ªN«­²|«© É ©5´ ¨|²³­
M. di Fase Áºˆ©¾¨|©²³® ­3/¶ .|©Ë²|©5¸¹c¸ b ¯±²|«©ºˆ½À­¸¹¸±°&¯±²Â¶ˆ¨|\¯ îkZÿ½p
­¨|¼d©5²|«­
¸±¯¹²³©­º*¼d©5²|«©x¶ˆ­¼d̯±­
¯±²€¨³²z½ ­¸±T° å
º*©~»¯¹ƒ©5¸¹©5½À­«° »©º»°¯Q´µ¯±¼d¯±²|¨H¯¹ºˆ©Î × ²z»º*­ å
«¯¹¶ˆ­ ü É ª¬n© îkZÿ½p
ÿ É ­¸±¸¹°5º*­uc¸ b ­º*¿ °¼d©5²|«°´µ©5¸o¶ˆ°ªN©²³°´µ¯±½À¯±©²|G©  Ã|Ä ì É ÿj
ÿql ÏÃ kKÄ ì j
p ÿ/Î
©ºž¼d©¿ ¸¹¯±°´µ©5ª¬¶ˆº¬¯¹½ ©ºˆ©È¯±¸µ¶*­ª¬°´µ¯µ¼d°5´µ¨|¸±­®g¯±°²|©­²|¿À°5¸¹­º*© É ´µ@© º|²³¯¹­¼d°¨³²|­ ÉÊõµí*‡'…í*‰Kõµæ³‰‹õæ|‡*õ
 kcÿ$pl Ã|Ä ì ÿjÛRÚ k¬ÿ½p
©´n¨|²| ­ Éʆ*"‡ ËÍéÀ‡ˆæÀö õn…í*‰Kõµæ³‰‹õæ|‡ˆõ
 
FÄ Qkcÿ$pL
 Ã  ÿ
 kcÿ½pÕÄ ì j   Ã   ÿ RÚ k¬ÿ½p
× ²î¾¨³©ªN«·¯Ù«©ºˆ¼d¯¹²³¯ É ¸±­Ë¼d°´¨|¸¹­® ¯±°²³©
­²|¿ °¸±­ºˆ©
½ ¯¹©5²|©
´µ¯±ª¬«¯¹²³«·­Ë¯¹²3ìdŠ„˜é èõöÀ…Š5æ|‡x„³&… ÉÊõµíˆ‡E»º*@° å
»µºˆ¯±­¼d©²³«·©y´µ©««­~¾¨|­ ²|´°
Ú k¬ÿ$p Ý îkcÿ$p
R
¼d©²³«·ºˆ©½ ¯¹©5²|©È´µ©««,­1ìdŠ5„˜é èõ5öÀ…Š泇„³… Éʆ*"‡ ËÍéÀ‡ˆæÀö õ
¾¨|­²H´µ°
Ú k¬ÿ½pù Ã  ã â îk%p  
R

}
¯±²n¾¨|­²|«°¯±²n¾¨³©ªN«·°¶*­ª¬þ° 1¸¹­1Áº*©5¾¨|©5²|®g­1¯¹ªN«·­²|«­²H©­1­1´µ¯±»µ©²³´µ©5º*©È´µ¯±º*©5«·«­¼d©5²|«·©È´µ­¸ª¬©5¿À²³­¸±©
¼d°´¨|¸±­²³«·%© ÚHÄ  kcÿ½pqòÄ ì j  ã îk¬ÿ$p,Î
Ï3‹4354 68?:øÔnÓ ?:9;Â
9B=An7:9;7:<‚?:ÃLAFüQÑÂoÔA_úÊ7LÁÁ7/÷ÂÐ;Â9;ÒÓ7
) b ¯¹²H½ ¯¹¸±¨|»»µ°n¶ˆ°¼d»µ¸±©5ª¬ª °
 kcÿ$pG ýþkcÿ$p,Ü/Ý ð âWñ »µ* ¨ (n°½À½ ¯±­¼d©²³«·©{©5ª¬ªN©º¬©{©ªN»µºˆ©ªNª °{«·ºˆ­¼d¯±«·©{¸±©{ª¬¨³©
»µ­º*«¯kºˆ©­¸±©{©´z¯±¼d¼d­¿ ¯W²|­ºˆ¯±­ Ú' kcÿ½pG ýþk¬ÿ$p "!#HRÚ k¬ÿ$pj Týþk¬ÿ$p #·ÆúÇ@RÚ k¬ÿ$pªþ á kcÿ$pj 5 Å kcÿ$p,Î × ªNT© å
=#³³ t
t
 uu tt uuuu"!"!##%?$'>:&@&)((+{B*QAxÓ*D{CE,.5L-0/2x1436z"3
516x, *7z"3
/8- z:169<, *7;#/8› - z:9<;#›
]GF_^GFHa`n¶¶IH?J'b%J_¸dc5`eKgf¸LJ‡¹MJNKhb%Jn·¸`iIKkjlf¹nmio`pcOK q:P ]

¿À²³­¸±¯Q á kcÿ½pRQîýBk¬ÿ$p "!#HÚRk¬ÿ$pk©´ƒ Å kcÿ$pSQ ýþkcÿ½p#·ÆúÇÚRk¬ÿ½pk»µºˆ©²|´°²³°~¯¹¸Í²³°¼d©p´µ¯Q¶*°5¼d»µ°²³©²³«·¯Q­²|­å

¸±°¿ ¯¹4¶ T|©{´µ¯[Ì­ªNª¬­&Áºˆ©¾¨³©²³® ­&´µ¯hk¬ÿ$pÙ»µ©5º1¨|²3¼d°«¯±½À°{»µºˆ©ªN«,°{¶4T|¯±­º*°Î × ²|«­²|«°nª¬½ ¯±¸¹¨|»»µ¯±­¼d°VUXW
¸cb ©5ª¬»º*©5ª¬ªN¯¹°5²|©´©¸o¶*°5º*ºˆ¯¹ªN»µ°²³´µ©5²|«·©yª¬©5¿À²|­¸¹©¼d°5´µ¨|¸±­«°‘Ú
 k¬ÿ$pYQ Þ à  kcÿ$p Üá V â ã QlýBk¬ÿ$p "!# k±$ ì ÿ*jÛRÚ k¬ÿ$p½pIQ‰ýþkcÿ$p[Z "!#$ ì ÿÀ"!#HÚRk¬ÿ$pm€#·ÆWǞ$ ì ÿ #ÊÆúÇÚ8kZÿ½pE\
G
Q  á kZÿ½p "!O# ] Ã|Ä ì ÿ&mz Å k¬ÿ$p #·ÆúNÇ ] Ã|Ä ì ÿ
× ¸aº*¯±ªN¨|¸±«·­«°n°««©²|¨³«·_° ^n½ ­¸±¯¹´°~»µ©5º¨|²7¾¨|­ ¸¹¨³²|¾¨o©nªNT© å
cBd[eGfhg
i<jelknmhoBg6prqsg)td[eumhjv
w6knqxeGd[y:euv
e7kqsmznwfheGkng)d[gf%zneGprw
mhd{zt[m|~}€X%p‚me„ƒVm[qsmvVw~fmhjm2qseGqswLmhd{…7eGdƒVe)zw6d†…Ge7dƒ
e_‡‰ˆ
Px (f)

zngdqske7qxeMeGqxqswkndwSe7ƒ„Šr‹Œznwd{ˆŽŠD‹D‘<mhd)qseGf<ze7prwDŒ<prmhe’|O“}h€ ` a` f

z4”g•|O–}€Vkmhprt[fqseGd[w?—™˜Xš˜X›EœV›Ež˜XŸ„ 7œ

Ÿ¡[œ~›E¢nœ†£Mˆ¤¥¦6Ÿ›˜.§¨B
−f 0 f0

œ
—X—X© ¦6¬ ¢˜ª§[˜™Ÿ["«
2W 2W

”gMprmhe)o<gknw­eGdz4”[g­mfOo<mzngo<gknpreGŒVv

t®•gp‚prgkng­o<gknm¯[ze7°
qswLmhd{jw6ƒ
w~mhdqxt[mqsmhowDŒ'vVeGkqsgd[ƒ
w~ƒ
eu|V“[}x€%gL|O–}€fmhjm2qseGqsg
xc (t)

mhd)…Ge7dƒ
e<ŒgSjw6fhqxmhv
fhmzneGdOƒ
w6fhgSv
gkzw6prg6dwSg#p‚gd[wG±B²Mtg6prqs³ tfh° f
cos
b
qsmje’w6prp‚gknoBeGyDmhwdgRznmGjwp‚qskre’tde­o<mhe­v
g6k´n˜XŸ›En›˜.µ‚µBœV¢#td
0 x(t)

prg6cBd[eGfhg¶jw6ƒ
t[fe7qxw¶mdLeGjv
mhg6y:yDeGŒ6wƒ’e7dc<wfheGknjgdqsgDŒ‰w6ƒ~gd[° 90°

qskeGj…7g’fhgLznwp‚gDŒjg6ƒ
mheGd[qxg’mhfp‚gjv
fhmhzg~p‚zn”[gje·znmknzt[mqseGfhg
sin
xs (t)

ƒ
¼ mhp‚gcBd[eGqswe¸¯[eGdOzwDŒ?z4”gprmž…GeGp‚e¹p‚tfhfeºznwd[wp‚zrgd[y:e»ƒ
gfhfhgznwjvVwdgd[qxme7deGfhwc<m2z4”g{ƒ
mž…Ge7prp‚e
 kv
g6g6½GkStwg6kndeGyD[eGeGŒ¾v
z4g6”kg_qsm[e†mOp‚fhwgkncBw_t[goBd[wqxfhmOqse†v
knprww6…7dfw·g6jwqsmxq"‘ g6dmh…Gm2fhmIe{v
e7kqsmkng_ƒ
e¹¿R}Xx€g†À„}Xx€"±MÁNg6prqseGdw·znwjt[d½Gt[g
Ã¸Ä wqswL|L}hx€™ŒGznwjgMwqsq"gd[gkng~|“}h€gƒl|
–%}hx€[Å
Ã¸Ä wqsw’fw•prvVgqsq"kwMƒ
mOƒ
g6dprmhqsÆ)ƒ
mOv
w6qxgd[y:e)ÇÉȶ}XŠ€XŒGz4”gMƒ
mhkg­ƒVmÇÈ }XŠ€[Å
Ê gk¶v
knwzrg6ƒ
g6kg’w6fqskng­wznzrwknkng’md[qxknwƒVtkkng
‘
Ë?ÌÎ͞ÌÐÏ Ñ•ÒÓxԂÕ×ÖÙØÉÒNÚÛÒÓsÜ­Ý7ÕVÔ
Þ
¼ kg6½Gtf<g6ßd—™›yD¢e ¦L¡˜
à†å@˜X—Xæ  Gn¢›?á@ƒVg¯[dmhqxwLƒ
eutde_knmp‚v
w6prqselmhd |HH (f)}|
}™Š€×çéèê­ë‚ìní‰î}XŠ€ 1
â
gƒLmhd„mhd„¯å@c<tæ kneMáSjw6prqske7qxwRfh³ e7d'ƒVeGjg6dqswS¼ zw6prq"e7då@qxæ gNƒ
g6f
f

jwƒVtfhwï }XŠ€nï¶çñð"Œ#gº½Gt[gfhfwƒ

gfhfhe e7prgóò Þ }™Š€ arg{HH (f)}
äã
z4”gLv
eGp‚pre_ƒVeõôöLv
gk’Š÷ŽùøMe¸èLôö@vVgk’Š÷úùøB± fkmhp‚tfh° π /2

ã
f

qseGqxwMƒ
g6f[v
e7prp‚eGcBc<m2w­ƒVm't[dlp‚gcBd[eGfhg’|~}€[eGqsqskeBoBgknp‚w
û"û −π /2
üþüþýE8ü 7:
ÿ 9;< ;< =8
?>@ ;< ACB 
 ?DE GF"I!#%HJ$'!LK&)(
( *+M,N# 9 O ,P,&.?O-'Q0R/213#40/215D&) E6 0P,O;<S >@P,
MRT
A
U ;<V
W4  X
?;
Y H !DZ0([*]\@^=_G`F H !LK(bac* _ P:>I
;g;< @  T
VD4;<?=g>@;<hW4  X?;iD 4?>@h
jD;gk
 
OT

DOl,mn!DZM(o*+p]d`eQn4f ! Z0(baq* _ t wu vx *{n!DZ0("| _ 6
dr5^ s e ^ v"y
z d e
~h s
H (t)
x(t) }t ^
x(t)
7 ' CDN
U ;<€3W DX;jg % {g
+U RP:
‚%0g
 ;<C
 DU ;<O %
J  .X
.;<  2'  .D=gA '?0gP: €EK+*„ƒC6…M' ;<† D‡U ;<ˆ
W4  X;‰g=
f AP:  P,2>@;<ŠP:Ak
 ">@O
 ;< ?‹4P:O;<>IP,C;gNgP:;<;< "I f ?Œ

P:OQ >@q Rq:6G?;<;<  ;<OgAg?P,qP:
‚SOgf AgT
 ;<A
ŽDT

gqU ;< @iC>@;<‰P: Ž 
D V=g q?‹qP,O;<,k
 ‡f g;<Og:T
 ,>I R‡,U ;<?,W4  X;3 >@;<SP,f NDEŒ
q>@P:O
  cX f @ogk
R,6
O‘‡’ IK GF %J
“‡”Ž• ,–V—Š˜j—š™ œ› Žžj”ˆ˜ cŸ —¡¢j˜N”£– IK 'K
¯±¸N¤³¸¹«º*°´¯N¥p¯¹¸±Ì©5º*«I^¨|²d¨³²dªN©¶ˆ°²|´°ª¬©5¿À²|­¸¹© É ¯¹´©²|«¯g¤|¶ˆ­«·°y¶*°5²¸¹­Ž¦?§ˆõµí¨©"§*ìdõi¦‹õª3«‡¬]«è0­o®
§¦k´µ©¸
»µºˆ¯±¼d° É ¯±²|´µ¯±¶*­«·°È¶*°5¼d€© °J¯ ±g²Q³ Qµ´·¶ °J±g²Q³¸ É ©5´{¯±¸o¶ˆ¨|¯H­²|´­¼{©²|«°¯±²dÁº*©5¾¨³©²|®g­)T³­p©5ª¬»µºˆ©ªNª¬¯±°²|©
¹ ¯ ± Ä ³ Q ºµ¶°J¯ ±g²Q³¸ Q¼»¾½ ±0¿3³ ¹ ±0¿3³ QÁÀÂÃÄGÅ ±0¿3³  ¹ ±0¿3³

ÆÇÇ:ÈgÉJÊ ÈgËMË0ÌÍ
ÈgÇ:Î
́ÊiÉ ¹ ±0¿3³NÏ ÌÍAÐ5Ñ3Æ%Ç:Ë0ÉoÇÉoҜÌÑ5ÓÆ%Ê ÈEÔ£Õ Ö Ï ÌÍIË0Í
Ì×oÐ5ÌÑ5ØOÌ%ÍÈgÇ Ï ÌÓQÓÈgÙ)ÉoҜÌÑ3ÓQÌ Ï ÆÇÈgÓÈgÚ

Ù)́ƁÑ3ÌÛ)ɇÓÈgÙ)̇Ü
U
Ý ÌÑ3ØOÉÇÆË0Ë0Ì"ÍҜɇÍÎ
È3ÆÍ
ÉÞÇ:Ð5ß<ßgÌ Ï Í
Æ Ï Í
ÈgÌÓQà 0á Ê Ìß<ßgÉÓQÍɇÇ:Ë0ÆÍ:ҜɇÓÉ£ÊiÈ ¥ Ègß<â‡ÌÍ
Óã[Ë0ÆÍÑ3ÈgÉoҜÆ'ÊiÈ<Í
ÌÓQÚ

U ´è¶ ° é5±<²³=êCëìoíqî ²¸ Q

ÓQÉoҜÌÑ5Ó̜Ð3ÑäÍ
È<ÇÐ3ßgÓɇÓÆ 0å Ñ3ÌÎÌÇ:ÇÉoÍ
È<Æ Ï ÌÍ Ï ÍÆÇ:ÌÛ)Ð3ÈgÍ
Ì æ{ç ´è¶ Á À
° é5±<²³=ìï8ðíSî ²
Q
T °[ñS±g²Q³=ìï8ðíSî ²¸ °Nñ3±g²Q³‡êCëìoíSî ²
Î Ì%ÎÈ Ï ÌÍ
ҜÌÓÓQÌ%Ê ÈiÌÇ Ï Í
ÈgҜÌÍ
́ßgɎÓÍ
ÉoÇËMÆÍҜɇÓÉJÊ È ¥ Ègßgâ)ÌÍÓVÊ ÈiÐ5ÑÇ:ÌÛ)Ñ3ɇß<Ì.ҜÆÊ Ð3ßgÉoÓQƇ܇òÐ5ÌÇÓó Ð3ßgÚ
ÓQÈ<Ҝɇã‡É‡Ç:ÇÈ<ÌҜ́ɇß<ßgó ÌÇ Ï ÍÌÇÇ:ÈgÆÑ3ÌhÊ È °'±<²³ ÈgÑ+Ë0Ð3Ñ5ØOÈgÆÑ5ÌhÊiÈ °5éN±0²Q³ ÌÊ °[ñE±g²³ ã‡ÎÆÇ:ÓÈgÓQÐ3ÈgÇ:Î
ÌhÐ5Ñ{ÇÈ<ÇÓÌҜÉ
Ê È[Ê Ð5̈ÌׇÐ3ÉoØÈgÆÑ3̈ÈgÑ{ÊiÐ3̈ÈgÑ3Î
ÆÛ=Ñ3ÈgÓÌiæ

Q ° é3±g²³)êCëì‡íqîC² À °NñE±<²³=ìï8ðíqî²
ç
°J±<²³
¯ ±<²³
°J Q ° é3±g²³)ìï8ðŠíqî²3ôõ°NñE±<²³=êCëìoíqî²

ö @ U
ß Ç:ÈgÇ:ÓQÌÒœÉ Ï Ð5÷øÌÇÇ:ÌÍÌùÍÈgÇ:Æß<ÓQÆ Mú ã Ï ÌÍҜÌÓQÓÌÑ3ÊiÆøÈ<Ñ ÊiÌ ¤ 5
T Ñ È<ÓQÈgÙ)ÉûÊ È@ÌÇ Ï ÍÈgҜÌÍÌüßgÌøÎ
ÆÒ
ÉoÑ5ÉoßLÆÛ)ÈgÎ ÌˆÊ È[âoɇÇ:ÇɾË0ÍÌ×oÐ5ÌÑ3Ø,ɀÈgќÓQÌÍ
ҜÈ<Ñ5ÈNÊiÈ °'±g²³ ÌhÊ È °¾¯ ±g²³ æ
Ï ÆÑ3ÌÑ3ÓQÈ

þ
|O“'}Xx€Éç|Lm }€"ÿ
%‹  |~m }h€
 ¾‹ 
ý
| – }€Éç |~}"€ ÿ
 ‹ ¾è¹|L}hx€
 ‹ 
Ê g6kqseGd[qxw)fg·znwjvVwdg6dqsmIeGd[eBfhw6cBmhzn”[g·ƒ
mׅGeGp‚pre ¼ kng½7tgd[y:elv
w6prprw‰°
cos ω0t xc (t)
ý
sin ω0t

d w?gp‚prgk‚gNg6prqske7qxqsg#ƒ
mhkm g6qsq"eGjgd[qxg?ƒ
e­|L}hx€XŒ‰t[qxmhfmhyDy‚eGdƒVwNtd~¯fhqskw¶ƒ
m
x(t)
hH (t) ^
x(t) mfh…<gknq×v
gk?w6qxqsgd[gkrg |L}hx€XŒBgRzw6jÞ …Gmhde<dƒ
wRmGƒVtgRp‚gcBd[eGfhm7vVgk?jgyD°
:
y #
w ƒVmBw6prznmhffheGqswknm7mhd)½7te<ƒ
kneGqxt[ke± d¯[dgDŒ<| “ }€7g | – }€GvVgknjgqsq"wd[w
cos ω0t ý xs (t)
ƒ
mOkmhpre7fmhkg•eGfhfhgMjwƒVtfheGy‚mhwd[m'ƒVm'e7jv
mhgyDy:eLgƒ_e7dcBw6fe<kng
‘
ç  | ö“ }€ È  
| ö– }h€
sin ω0t ý −
þ ¿ }hx€Iç ï | }h€nï
À·}€Éç ò | }h€Içÿ

 È"!#
Ê knmjeƒ
mÉvVkw6zrgƒVgkng_e†ze7fznwfheGknguÇIÈ }XŠ€XŒ×wznzw6krkg·mhdqsknwƒ
t[kkng_f³ tfhqsgknmw6kg·znwd[zgqsqswuƒVm%´n §[Ÿœ
—X
œ
Ÿ[œ
—X˜™›˜X¥¦±
%ü $'& ? >IqXT
>@;<‰ DEP,  P:
 ,P,P, ;<†%  ;<=>@;<.,W4  X;Ql
pœ`nc!DZM(o*+n+aq*œƒCl

O;<;<S‹4;<=>@;<.,W4  X;‡
 R ‰Dc;<=gD>@;g.OW4  X
?;-,AU ;<
(*)
>@I,
?Og;<;<,6C…0,TDq>@ODI)nc!DZ0(,'O?DP:
;<Ag
hn4 m f ! Z0(/.
m
0) p]`Qp]`Qn! Z0(ba a* mn!DZ0(h* -3nc!DZM(0lc ;<;<[
Ž;< ¾5=.P,521'= C;<N0P, %=j

T

Dok
.
3*) n!DZ0(
mnc!DZM( Zi*{ƒCl
?;<k
 ;<†;<4
Žgk
R‰qD.
c;g=gD>@;<j,W4  X;
.
r ^s y
4) p `s n!DZ0()| Y !DZM(baq*mnc!DZM(Q| Y !DZM(o*+n!DZ0(| m Y !DZ0(<l  S;<=>I;<ACW4  X; 

ST
D
D65 7,4  9
igR;g

ü
O
IU ;< ) ,q TD
 S;<4
IP, q;<?=g>@;<qq 9  ;<S:6
98 …00g
R;<;<NS
CC  >@:,NT
 McD>@;<cqn ! ! ZM(
OSn  !DZ0(gN >@ ;<
;g5 Xi<;>= ?=A@ÞK + .
;<;gGD%;<"= 4P:;<"IDŒ
P,,g ;< T
44k
;< T
.">IXD? =N=UD;g%"WD X;[%

ü
;<;< qD,0g
D;g
;<:6
%B G;<C>I>@E;<E?>@S ‰>@;< 4?U?D;<:O;<D;g
0L?c
q;gDŠ=Q ?;< Eb‹C<?
;<*D
 ;<;<?D>I;<‰T
  ;<†4k
 ?FE-+Q6G S;< I;<X
 0gE?‹‰ qP:P, I‡gk 5f 0n ! !DZ0( n  !DZ0( ) H50n!DZ0(
mnc!DZM( ) P,P:O;<E>I
Œ
3 9 T

 4D 9 OT
D
P,P:E>@P, Ogcn ! Z0(o*JIq!DZM(K
L'M u e x >@;<?f 4n ! ! Z0(:4n  ! ZM( f
 ŠP:P,O;<hg
£
Š=g==cOQg 0C nc!DZM()jmn! ZM(3hU ;<5g
ˆ=g"
;<f ;<)?‹A;<k
Š;<
D DŒ
cP,?;<;<,6 f
 GF GFH‰”Ž•V•IH?JA›%JIžœ–”QPK,—žLJš¡MJNK›%JŽžj”ˆ˜IKcŸ —¡¢j˜N”¾–OK
™ ON O‘S

RTS%USWV XZY[]\_^:`*Ybac\_^:`#dfegdihkj

ö ßÇ:ÌÛ)Ñ3ɇß<ÌɇÑ3ÉoßLÈgÓQÈ<Î
Æ+ÉoÇ:ÇÆÎ
È<ɇÓÆÞɇßcÇ:ÌÛ)Ñ5ÉoßgÌ °'±g²³ ÎÆÍÍÈ<Ç Ï ÆÑ5Ê ÌÞÉoßVÇ:Ð3ÆÞÎ
ÆÑ5ÓÌÑ3Ð3ÓQÆ+ÉüË0Í
Ì×oÐ5ÌÑ5ØOÌ

Ï ÆÇ:ÈgÓQÈ<Ù=Ì °6lÞ±g²³ ã4Î
m3Ì+Éoâ‡âoÈLÉoҜÆ+Û=È<àøÈgÑ3ÓÍ
ÆÊiÆÓQÓÆ-nqÇÈ Ï Ð5÷œÒœÆÇ:ÓQÍɇÍÌ{Î"m5Ì °-l+±g²Q³po ÌÇ Ï Í:ÈgҜÈ<â=Ègß<Ì+ÈgÑ
¯ ±<²Q³ ãoÇÌÎ
Æ"Ñ3ÊiƁßgó ÌÇ Ï ÍÌÇ:ÇÈ<ÆÑ3Ìrq/soæ
ÓQÌÍ
ҜÈ<Ñ5ÈNÊiÈ °J

¯ ±0²Q³Q³
° l ±g²³]tvu ±<°J±g²Q³3ôyx °J z/{ Ü |
w
} ÆßgÓQƈÐ3ÓQÈ<ßgÌ o ÉoÑ5Î"m5́ßgɾÍ
ÌßgÉoØ,È<ÆÑ3ÌhÎ"m5̈ßgÌÛ=ɀÈgßNÇÌÛ=Ñ3ÉoßgÌ%ÉoÑ3ɇß<ÈLÓQÈ<Î
ƈɇß<ßgó ÈLÑ3Ù)ÈgßgÐ Ï Ï ÆÎ
ÆÒ Ï ß<ÌÇ:ÇÆ æ

° l ±<²³>t u ° ±<²Q³~7#€ƒ‚ z/{ Ü „ |

w
Î
m3Ì ÇÈ%ÆÓQÓÈgÌ"Ñ3ÌùÓÌÑ3ÌÑ5Ê Æ Î
ÆÑ5ÓÆûÊiÉoßgß<É z/{ Ü | ãhÎ
ÆÒ{ÌûÈ<ßgß<Ð[ÇÓÍ
ÉoÓQÆûÉoßgß<ɚÑ3ÆÓÉ:q/…=܇†IË0Ë0ÌÓQÓÈ<Ù=ÉoҜÌÑ3ÓQÌOã
ßgó Ð5ßLÓÈgҜɣÍ
ÌßgÉoØ,È<ÆÑ3ÌhÍÉ ÏiÏ Í
ÌÇÌ"Ñ3ÓQɀÈgßNÎ
ÆÑ5ÓÌÑ3Ð3ÓQƎɣË0ÍÌ×oÐ5ÌÑ3Ø,Ì Ï ÆÇ:ÈgÓQÈ<Ù=ÌˆÊ È °J±g²Q³ ã É Ï ÉoÓQÓƎÎ
m3Ì ° ±<²³
Ç:ÈgÉõÊ ÈjâoɇÑ[Ê É â‡ÉoÇÌüÎ
ÆѼË0ÍÌ×oÐ3ÌÑ3Ø,ÉõҜÉoÇ:ÇÈ<Ò{ɉˆ Š ¿=î nÈ<фÓQÉoß@Î
ÉoÇ:ÆüÈgÑ3Ë0ÉoÓQÓÈ@ÇÈjÆÓQÓÈgÌÑ5Ì Î
m3Ì,ã
ÓQÍÉoË0ÆÍҜɇÑ3Ê Æß<É z/{ Ü „ | ã‡ÍÈgÇÐ3ßgÓÉ
X(f)
_
¹ l ±M¿3³>t º‡ ° l ±g²³
‘tvu ¹ ±0¿ À ¿ î ³
w f
Î
m3̈Û=È<ɇÎÌhÓÐ5ÓÓQÉ£Ñ3Ìß Ç:ÌÒœÈ Ï È<ɇÑ3Æ ¿y’”“ Ü
+
• ßgÓÌÍÑ5ÉoÓQÈ<Ù=ÉoҜÌÑ5ÓÌÞÉoßgßgÉ z–{ Ü i| ãcÇ:È Ï Ð3÷+ÆÓQÓÌ"Ñ5ÌÍ
Ì °6lÞ±0²Q³ Ç:ÌÑ3Ú X (f)
Ø,É+Ð5ÓÈgß<ÈgØ,ØOÉ=ÍÌ °' ¯ ±<²³ ã Ï ÌÑ3ÇÉoÑ3ÊiÆßgƀÎ
ÆҜ̾È<ßSÍ
È<ÇÐ3ßgÓɇÓÆJÊ Ìß Ï ÉoÇÇ:ɇÛ)Ú f

Û)ÈgÆõÊ È °'±g²³ ɇÓÓQÍÉ)Ù)ÌÍÇÆäÐ5Ñ ¤ ßgÓÍ
Æ »c—#˜ ±0¿3³ q–™ Î
ÆÑÁË0Ð3Ñ3Ø,È<ÆÑ3ÌõÊiÈ

f0

ÓQÍÉoÇË0ÌÍ
È<ҜÌÑ3ÓQƎɀÛ)Í
ÉoÊiÈ<Ñ5ƁÐ5Ñ3ÈLÓQÉoÍÈgÆiæ
Hfp (f) ‹
x(t) x +(t)
° l ±g²Q³]tµ°'±g²³š› —#˜ ±g²Q³ 1
f
ö 3 Ñ Ù)ÌÍÓQÌÑ5Ê ÆJß<É z/{ Ü „ | ã[ÆÓÓQÌ"Ñ3ÈgÉoÒÞƾÆÍÉ ° ±g²³pt w ° l ±0²Q³~œ #€ƒ‚ [ã Î
m3Ì
ÓQÍÉoÇË0ÆÍ
ҜÉoÓQÉoãiÎ
È5Î
ÆÑ5Ç:ÌÑ3ÓQÌˆÊ È[Ù)ɇß<Ð5ÓɇÍÌhß<ó ÌÇ Ï Í
ÌÇÇ:ÈgÆÑ5ÌˆÊ È ¹ 0± ¿3³ æ X(f)
¹ ±0¿3³>t
±M¿¾ô ¿Oî³ w ¹ l
f

Ö fŒ 0
 ÈgÎÆÍÊiÉoÑ5Ê ÆˆÆÍɾÎ"m5̟ž¡  ±M¿3³>t£¢ ¹ ±M¿3³
¢ ãiÆÓÓQÌÑ3È<É‡ÒœÆ X +(f)
Ö f
ž  ±0¿3³>t¤‘¥ ¹ l ±0¿€ôš¿Oî³i¥ t¦¤ ž  *§ ±M¿¾ô ¿Oî³ _
X(f)
¥ ¥
¨ Ñ ÍÈgÇ:Ð5ß<ÓQÉoÓQÆõÊ ÌߎÓQÐ3ÓQÓÆ Ç:ÈgҜÈgßLÌ Ï Ð3÷šÌÇÇ:ÌÍÌ ÆÓQÓÌ"Ñ5Ð3ÓÆ Ï ÌÍ f
Ç:ÌÛ)Ñ5ÉoßgÈ Ê È Ï ÆÓQÌ"Ñ3Ø,É=ãiÆÙ)Ù)ÌÍÆ
E x (f)
©   ±M¿3³Ht¤ ©   § ±0¿€ô ¿ î ³
Ž
f
%ª «'¬g­ ®7¯"°±*¯"²´³±*µi¶
±?·¸³¹f³ºZ»i·¸¼¾½ƒ± ¿"±*²°¼¾±
µÀ¹
»7²± µ®7²¹f»7º<³´µ»>µ®7²´²±FÁO½'®7Â*°®7µ¶f±rÃĽƒ³Ń»7½"¹
±*µÀ¹
»Æ²´±?¹
®7ǵ³¶
³»7µ®T¹
³Ç²´¼¸½ƒ»Z¹
³
È ³²É*®7½ƒ¼
ó´µ<°±*µi¼¾»H½ƒ³–·9°²W¼¾±rÊ
ÌÍΡÔQÕkÞWßÀÕ Ë ÌÍÎ9àáâÏ Ë ÌÍÎäã'å7æ?͑ç2è
Ë §ZÌÍÎ-ÏÐ Ë ÌÍΡÔQÕ Ë ¯ ÌÍÎ/Ö×ÏÙØÛÜ: Ú Ý Ë
ÑÓÒ Ë ÌÍΡÔQÕkÞ Õ Ë ÌÍθàOáHÏJè ã'å7æ?͑é2è
ÜÚ Ý
³µÁO±*¼¾¼¸³¸Ã±×ÁO½ƒ®7°®7µ¶
®Zµ®7¯"±*¼¾³¿®p³²-êi½'»¹f»f¼¾¼¾» Õ<ëfÕcÏìß Åƒ»·¸¼¸³´¼¾°³–·Ń®Z°µ»Ó·¸ÁO±·9±*ºZ®7µ¼¾»Q¹
³âí×½ƒ±¹
³´±
µ¼¾³-êg®7½¼¾°¼¾¼¾®Z²®
Ð
ÁO½ƒ®fÂ*°®7µ¶
®iÃêi½ƒ»7¿"»7Å'±*µÀ¹
»Æ²´­ ®7²³/·¸³»7µ®â¼¸½ƒ± Ë ÌOÍÎ ®<î Ë ÌÍÎ êi®f½k¼¾°¼¾¼¾³i³¿"±*²»7½'³ Í?é2è
ï
ª9ð'ñ ¿"³´²°êgêi±µ¹
»Æ³´²ò·9®7Ń»7µÀ¹
»ÆºZ®7ºóÉ*½'»T¹f³ôöõ ï ÷ø ·¸³i»7¼¾¼¾³®7µ®iÊ

Ð Ì´ú–Îû'ü–ý"þƒÿ Ï Ð Ì Ìú–ΡÔÓÕ Ì´ú–Î/ÎÌ

Ñrù Ñ ù
ù 
 úrÔÓÕ    ú–ÎÏ
Ï Ð ÞÌ Ì´ú–Î Ð Ì
Ñ 
 úòß ù ´Ì ú–Î    ú–ΡÔQÕkÌ ù
Ì´ú/Î    úrÔ ù Ì´ú–Î 
 ú/Î9àÏ
ù
Ñ ù
Ì´ú–ΡÔÓÕ ¯ ´Ì ú–Î/Î
ù
Å®ÆŃ»7½ƒ½ƒ³/·9êi»7µÀ¹
®Æ±*²ò·¸®fŃ»7µÀ¹
»ÆºZ®7ºóÉ*½ƒ»T¹
³ôöõ ï"  ø Ã
®Æ°³µ¹
³± § Ì´ú–θï
I
ª /²êg®¹f³Ń®>·¸¼Fêi®7½!#"$&%'"'(')*",+.-/1032034"65 ù
O‘ „ “‡”Ž•87,–V—Š˜j—š™:9œ›<;Žžj”ˆ˜87cŸ —¡¢j˜N”£–7

= ÌÍ
ÓɇÑ3ÓQÆ,ãSß<É+Ê ÌÑ3ÇÈ<ÓQà{ÊiÈ Ï ÆÓQÌÑ5ØOɜÊiÈ ° ±g²Q³ Ç:ÈqÆÓQÓÈgÌÑ3Ì£Ê É+×oÐ5Ìßgß<ÉÞÉ+ËMÍ
ÌׇÐ3ÌÑ3ØOÌ Ï ÆÇ:ÈgÓÈgÙ)Ì€Ê È °'±0²Q³ ã

ÓQÍÉoÇßgÉoÓQɀÑ3Ìß<ßgó ÆÍ
È<Û=ÈLÑ3̈ÌhҜÆßgÓQÈ Ï ß<ÈgÎɇÓÉ Ï ÌÍ?>SÜ

RTS%US@ ACBòYEDGF<d

H Ý È<É+Ê É‡ÓÆJÈ<ßSÇÌÛ=Ñ3ÉoßgÌ °J±g²Q³ ß<É+Î
Ð3ÈSÓÍ
ÉoÇËMÆÍҜɇÓÉ o Í
È Ï ÆÍ
ÓÉoÓQÉ

|X(f)| 2B È<Ñ ¤ Û Ð3Í
ÉSÜ=òÐ3ÉoßgÈoÇÆÑ5ƁßgÌhÇÐ3Ì%ÎÆÒ Ï ÆÑ3ÌÑ3ÓÈ[ÉoÑ5É=ß<ÆÛ)ÈgÎ"m5ÌhÊiÈ âoÉoÇÇ:É
=
k
_
2 I ËMÍ
ÌׇÐ3ÌÑ5ØOɇãoÌÇ Ï ÍÌ"ÇÇ:́Ñ3Ìß ÊiÆҜÈgÑ3ÈgÆÊ Ìßgß<ɾËMÍ
ÌׇÐ3ÌÑ5ØOÉEJ
f
I
−f 0 arg{X(f)} f 0 HLK ÆÓÈgÉoҜƁÎ"m5Ì ¢ ¹ l{±0¿3³"¢N t M ~ P² SÖ R ±0¿ À ¿Oî³ ãoÌÊ Ð3Ñ5×oÐ[Ì
Ö O Q
A
f ¢¹ w ¥ ¹ l ±0¿¾ô ¿ î ³i¥ tUT O ~VP ² SÖ R ±0¿3³
±M¿3³
¢t
¥ ¥
= ÌÍß<É'Ë0ÉoḈÇ:ÈoÆ Ï Ì"Í
É'Ð3Ñ3É'ÓQÍɇÇ:ßgÉoØ,È<ÆÑ3Ì.ÉoÑ5ÉoßgÆÛ)ɇã=ҜÉ'Ç:ÌÑ3ØOÉJҜÆßgÚ
−A
ÓÈ Ï ßgÈ<Î
ÉoÍ
Ì Ï Ì;ÈgßË0ÉoÓQÓÆÍÌb„øÎ"m5Ì,ãÈgÑû×oÐ3ɇÑNÓQÆ+ËMɇÓÓQÆÍ:Ì,ãcÈ<Ñ5ÎÈgÊ ÌÇÆßgÆ
|X(f)|
_
Ç:Ð3ß[ҜÆÊ Ð3ßgƇÜ
k W Ç:ÇÌÍ
Ù)ÈgÉoҜÆ%ÆÍ
ɀÎ
m3Ì ¹ ±M¿3³ m3É'ҜÆÊ Ð3ßgÆ Ï ÉoÍ
È ÌË0ÉoÇÌhÊiÈ<Ç Ï É‡ÍÈgã
f
B ÌˆÊ Ð5Ñ3×oÐ5́ßgɀÇÐ3ɾɇÑ3ÓQÈ<ÓQÍɇÇ:Ë0ÆÍ
ҜÉoÓQÉ o Ð5ќÇ:ÌÛ)Ñ5ÉoßǵÍ
Ìɇß<Ìiæ ° ±g²Q³Ft
A arg{X(f)}
_ I °[é3±g²Q³Eô x°NñE±g²³Ft¼° é3±g²³ ãoÆÙ=Ù)ÌÍ
ƎßgÉ£ÎÆÒ Ï ÆÑ3ÌÑ5Ó̎ÈgќׇÐ3ÉoÊiÍɇÓÐ5ÍÉ
°NñE±g²³o Ñ5Ð3ßLßgÉSÜ = ÌÍÓQÉoÑ5ÓÆ,ãiÍ
ÈgÇ:Ð3ßgÓQÉ!q X
f
Ö —
¹ é3±0¿3³>tYT O ~QP² SÖ R ±M¿3³~ œ  Õ[Ü]\Z ^
ç ãAÌÊäÌËMË0ÌÓÓÐ5ÉoÑ3ÊiÆ]ßgó ɇÑNÓQÈgÓÍ
ÉoÚ
¹ ñS±0¿3³>t¦“
Ö R
Ç:Ë0ÆÍҜɇÓÉ]ÊiÈ ¹ é3±b¿3³ ÇÈqÆÓQÓÈgÌÑ5Ì °ié3±g²³?t ` w _ TbadcfeÖ R Õ ± ‚ œ ]Ü \'Z ^ ³ ÈgÑ Î
Ð3Èqß<É+ÓÍ
ÉoÇßgÉoØOÈgÆÑ5̀Ñ5ÌßqÓÌÒ Ï Æ o
Õ ± ‚ œ Ü]\'Z ^ ³
Ê ÆÙ)Ð5ÓɾÉoß<ßgÉJËMɇÇ:Ìhß<ÈgÑ3ÌÉoÍ
Ì Ï Í
ÌÇÌ"Ñ3ÓQ̈ÈgÑ ¹ ±0¿3³ Ü

Hhg ƈÇÓQÌÇ:ÇÆ Ï Í
Æâ‡ß<ÌÒœÉ Ï Í
ÌÎ
Ì"Ê ÌÑ3ÓQÌ,ã ÒœÉ€É Ï Ï ßgÈgÎɇÓƈɇßNÑ5Ð3ÆÙ)Æ

k
_
|X(f)| 2B Ç:ÌÛ)Ñ3ɇß<ÌhÈ<Ñ ¤ Û=Ð3Í
ÉSÜ
2 f H †AÇ:ÌÛ)Ð3ÌÑ3ÊiƾÊiÈEÑ3Ð3ÆÙ)ÆJß<ÌJÆ Ï ÌÍ
ÉoØ,È<ÆÑ3ÈSÊ È3ÓÍ
ÉoÇ:ßgÉoØ,ÈgÆÑ3Ì'ÇÈSÆÓQÚ
−f 0
I ÓÈgÌÑ5́ßgó ÈgÑ[Ù)ÈgßgÐ Ï Ï ÆhÎ
ÆÒ Ï ß<ÌÇ:ÇƈÍ
È Ï ÆÍ
ÓɇÓƈÈgÑÞâoÉoÇÇ:ƇÜ)òÐ3ÌÇ:ÓQɾÙ=ÆßgÓÉ
arg{X(f)} f 0
i ß<ÉË0ÉoÇÌŽÊ È ¹ ±0¿3³ Ñ5ÆÑ o Ê ÈgÇ Ï ÉoÍ
È<ãiÌ'Ê Ð3Ñ5×oÐ[Ì'Ñ3ÆÑ ÇÈ3Ù)ÌÍÈ ¤ Î
ÉoÑ5Ǝß<Ì
φ f
ÎÆÑ3Ê ÈgØ,È<ÆÑ3ÈiÊ ÈiÇÈgҜҜÌÓQÍÈgɾÎ
ÆÑ5È<Ð5Û)ÉoÓQÉoã=ׇÐ3ÈLÑ3ÊiÈ ° ±g²Q³o ÎÆÒ Ï ßgÌÇÇ:ƇÜ
−φ
Ý È6m3ÉSæ ° ±g²Q³FtYT _
R Ö Ö
R Õ
Ò acfeÕ ‚ ‚ ~  k ́ÊiÐ3Ñ5×oÐ3Ì
R Ö Ö
|X(f)|
_
k lm l —
n ¹ é3±0¿3³>tYT Ò Àts R s êCëìup
Y T _ R Ö
Ò acfeÕ ‚ ‚ Ö êCëìqp
f n [
° 3
é <
± 
² ³
> t Õ
mo R o u —
j t T _ Ò adcfe R Õ ‚ Ö ìïLL t T Ò v
¹ ñ ±0¿3³>Y À s R s Ö ìï8?
B
i °NñE±<²³>Y ð p r ð p
φ
A arg{X(f)}
_ I Õ ‚ u
f
ÎÆÑ ¢ ¿]¢ Š _ Ü

wyxz {}|~€ƒ‚…„`†:‡‰ˆ‹Šy„Œ‚…Šy€ƒ~ŽQ„Œ„`€‘~’€Cˆ“~”†:|~‚…ŽQ~†:~•€ƒŠy„Œ‚…„`‚…†:Šy–—„Œ˜ƒ‚…„`™L„

š Í
ÉoÓQÓÈgÉoҜÆ+×oÐ5ȊÊiÈÎ
ÆÒ{̜ÌÇ Ï Í:ÈgҜÌÍÌ{ß<Ì{ÓÍ
ÉoÇËMÆÍҜɇØOÈgÆÑ5ȊÊiȊÐ3Ñ ÇÌÛ=Ñ3ÉoßgÌ+Ñ3Ìß Ï ÉoÇ:ÇÉoÛ=Û)ÈLÆ]ɇÓÓQÍɇÚ

Ù)ÌÍÇÆøÐ3Ñ ÇÈ<ÇÓÌÒœÉ ¤ ÇÈ<Î
Æ,ã@ÈgÑ Ë0Ð3Ñ3Ø,ÈgÆÑ3ÌœÊ ÌÛ=ß<ÈAÈ<Ñ5Ù)ÈgßLÐ ÏiÏ ÈIÎ
ÆÒ Ï ß<ÌÇ:ÇÈ@Ê ÌßIÇ:ÌÛ)Ñ3ɇß<Ì ° ±g²³ ÌøÊ Ìß<ßgÉ
Í
È<Ç Ï ÆÇ:ÓQɜÈgÒ Ï Ð3ßgÇ:ÈLÙ=É › ±g²³ Ü g ó ÆÙ=Ù)ÈLÉ+Ð3ÓQÈ<ßgÈgÓàÞÊ ÈS×oÐ5ÌÇÓÉ+Ë0ÆÍ
ÒœÉœÊ ÈSÊiÌÇ:Î
Í
È<Ø,È<ÆÑ3Ì o Î
m3ÌJÎÈqÎ
ÆÑ3ÇÌÑ5ÓÌ
Ê È[ÇÙ)ÆßgÛ)ÌÍ́ÈNÎ
ÉoßgÎÆßgÈNҜɇÑ3ÌÛ=Û)ÈgÉ=Ñ3Ê ÆÇ:ÌÛ=Ñ3ɇß<È Ê È[âoɇÑ3ÊiɾâoɇÇ:̇Ü
ª ›œ:êgêg½ƒ»7Ǽ¾¼¾³±*º<»Z¹
®7²²­ »7Å'ѱ·¸³»7µ®Æêi®7½µ»7¼¸±*½ƒ®HÅ ®gÃ7êg°½:êi»f¼¾®7µÀ¹
»Z·9Ń½ƒ³¿"®7½ƒ® Ë ÌÍÎÀÏ Ë ÌÍÎrÔQÕ Ë ÌÍÎ Ã#µ»7µhH±·#·9»î
²°¼¾±*º<®7µ¼¾® ²®7Ń³¼¾»?¹
³½ƒ® Å y ® ž Ë ÌÍΖá<Ï Ë ÌÍÎ   ® Ÿ Ë ÌOÍÎ'á<Ï Ë ÌÍÎ ¡ ³´µÁO±*¼¾¼¾³:·9³´± Ë
ÌÍÎ ¢Å ® Ë ÌÍÎ êg»·#·9»7µ»]±
Ý
²»7½ƒ»Æ¿"»7²¼¾± ®·Ä·¸®7½ƒ®ÆÅ'»7ºZêg²´®·Ä·¸³iôOº<®7µ¼¾½ƒ®

Ì´ú–Î ® Ì´ú/Î ·¸»7Ý µ»Æµ®7Ń®·Ä·¸±*½'³´ ±ºZ®7µ¼¾®½ƒ®7±*²³ øOï

ù
ù 
™:93£:9û–¤‰”ˆžJ›<7,–—õ¡¥;?7›<;Žž@”Ž˜8787ž§¦S”ŽžJ¡Š” –¤‰”ˆ›S˜ ”£–”螨;?7›<7›–;AŸ©7«ª87›<7,“¬7 O‘E­

RTS®S¯ °‘df`
eQ±H^:[][]dij

= ÆÑ3ÈgÉoҜÆÎ
ÈjÆÍ
É Ñ3Ìß<ßgÌùÎÆÑ3Ê ÈgØOÈgÆÑ3È.Û)ÌÑ5ÌÍ
ÉoßgÈ%ÊiÈ%Ð5ѼÇÌÛ=Ñ3ÉoßgÌ

X(f)
² ´]µS¶
Î m3ÌõÉoÓQÓÍ
É)Ù)ÌÍ
Ç:ɄÐ5Ѹ·3ß<ÓQÍ
Æ › ´µS¶ ãˆÎ"m5Ì Ï ÌÍøÌÑ3ÓQÍɇҜâoȁÙ=ÉoßgÚ
f
² Û)ÉoÑ5Æ <ß ÌøÎ
ÆÑ5Ê ÈgØOÈgÆÑ5È@Ê ÈIßgÈgҜÈ<ÓQÉoØ,ÈLÆÑ3ÌüÈgÑ âoÉoÑ[ÊiÉoã@ÌüÎ
m3ÌüÇ:ÈIÉ‡Ê ÆÓÚ
−f 0 f0 ³
ÓÈÐ5Ñ3É : Ç ÓQÌÇÇ:É ¿î Ê ÈÍ
È<Ë0ÌÍ
ÈgҜÌÑ3ÓQÆ‡Ü • Ñ5Î
m3ÌÞÈ<ßÇÌÛ=Ñ3ɇß<ÌÈgÑûÐ3ÇÎÈgÓÉ
H(f) ²
f ¹ ´µS¶ o ÊiÌ ßgß<ÆÞÇÓÌÇ:ÇOÆÞÓQÈ Ï Æ,ã4Ì Ï Ð3÷ÞÌÇ:ÇÌÍ:ÌÞҜÆÇÓQÍ:ÉoÓQÆiq!º¾Î"m5Ì{ÈgßÇÐ3Æ
È<Ñ5Ù)ÈgßLÐ Ï Ï ˆÆ Î
ÆÒ Ï ßgÌÇ:ÇƎÙ)ÉoßgÌ æ
Y(f)
²
f
¹ ´]µS¶ t w
u ´]µ*¶ šT› ´]µS¶

» ÌÍÈgÙ)ÈgÉoҜÆhÈ<Ñ5ÆßgÓÍ
́ßg̈ÌÇ Ï ÍÌÇ:ÇOÈgÆÑ5È[ÊiÈ ¹é ´µ*¶ ÌÊ ¹ñ ´µS¶ ÈgÑ{Ë0Ð3Ñ5ØOÈgƳ Ñ5ÌÊ Ìß<ßgÌhÎÜ ÉEÜoÊ È[â5Ü ËÜ‡Ê È ´]µ*¶ æ

ñ*¾ š À é ³š › ñ¾
¹ tvw u š› tvu
w½¼
é ô x
¼ › é ô x¡› ñ¾ tvw¿
u
¼ é š › é ñ šT› ñ¾ ô x]u
w½¼
ñ š› é ô

̈ÊiÐ3Ñ3ׇÐNÌiæ ³ ³ ³
³ ³ ³ ³
¹é 
´ S
µ ¶ t À
‰ Ö 
´ *
µ ¶ 
´ S
µ ¶ À 
´ *
µ ¶ ´  S
µ ¶ ¾
ç ¼ é š ›ié ñ šT›iñ
¹ ñ ´µS¶ t Ö À ¼ ñ ´µS¶ š › é ´µ*¶ ô é ´µ*¶ š› ñ ´ µ*¶ ¾
³ ³
Á1«Ã'ÄÅÇÆÉÈËʅ̫͢ÎËÏ.ÐÈq«ēÃ'Å,ΩÑÓÒ Ô¥ÒʅÐÕÒÖE³ Ò ³
W Ç:ÇÌÍ
Ù)ɇÑ3Ê Æ%Ègß ÍÈgÇ:Ð5ß<ÓQÉoÓQÆhÆÓÓQÌ"Ñ3Ð5ÓÆ,ã)Ñ3ÆÓÈgÉoҜÆ%Î
ÆҜ̈ÇÈ<É ¹Oé ´]µS¶
Î
m3Ì ¹Gñ ´µS¶ ÊiÈ Ï ÌÑ5Ê ÉoÑ5ƾÈgÑøÛ)ÌÑ3ÌÍ
ÉoßgÌJÊ É+ÌÑ3ÓQÍɇҜâoÌ é ´]µ*¶ Ì ñ ´µ*¶ æ × xØ (t) hÚ c (t)
2 Ý yØ (t)
1
_
c
×oÐ5ÌÇÓÆùËMÌÑ3ÆҜÌÑ3Æ Ï Í
ÌÑ3ÊiÌ Ègß%Ñ5ÆҜÌùÊ È?Þ!ßàá1âVãåäæ«ç&è!éê.Þäëßü á ÓÍ
É hÙ s (t)
c
³
Î
ÆÒ Ï ÆÑ3ÌÑ3ÓQȇÉoÑ5ÉoßLÆÛ)ÈgÎ"m5Ì@Ê È=âoɇÇ:ÇÉhË0ÍÌ×oÐ5ÌÑ3Ø,ÉoãÌÊ o ËMÆÑ3ÓQÌ@Ê È=Ð3Ñ5É
³ −
Ý yÛ (t)
× xÛ (t) hÚ c (t)
Ê ÈgÇÓÆÍÇÈ<ÆÑ3ÌLÞ!ßáVèÞãåÞ!ßéuì:ÞèáIÈ<Ñ£â‡ÉoÑ3ÊiɈâoɇÇ:Ì‡Ü ö Ñ3Ë0ÉoÓQÓQÈ<ã=ßgÌjÈgÑ3Ë0ÆÍ
ҜÉoÚ s Ü _12 s
Ø,È<ÆÑ3È=ÎÆÑ3ÓQÌ"Ñ3Ð3ÓQÌ@ÈgÑ é ´µS¶ ÌÊ ñ ´µS¶ Ç:ÆÑ3ÆjÆÍɎҜÌÇ:Î
ÆßgÉoÓQÌjÈgѣҜÆÊiÆ hÙ s (t)
ÓQÉoßgÌ%Î
m5ÌOã‡ÉoÑ5Î"m5Ì.Ê ÈgÇ Ï ÆÑ3ÌÑ3ÊiÆ%ÇÈgÉ'ÊiÈ ¹é ´µS¶ Î"m5ÌhÊiÈ ¹Gñ ´µS¶ ã=Ñ3ÆÑ Ï ÆÇÚ
³ ³
Ç:ÆÑ3ƀÌÇ:ÇÌÍ
ÌÇÌ Ï É‡ÍɇÓ̇ÜLíßgÈqÐ3Ñ3ÈLÎ
ÈVÎ
ÉoÇȉÈgÑùÎ
Ð3ÈqÎ
È<÷¨ßäëßûÇ:ÈqÙ)ÌÍÈ·3Î
ɜÇÆÑ3ƀÍÌß<ɇÓÈgÙ)ÈSÉoßgßgó ÌÙ)ÌÑ3ÈgÌÑ5Ø:É
Î
m3Ì ]
´ *
µ ¶ Æ ÏiÏ Ð3Í
Ì › 
´ S
µ ¶ Ï ÍÌÇ:Ì"Ñ5ÓÈgÑ3ƒç&ßËé¿îVäè!é+Ê Ìß<ßgÌ%Ê Ð3ÌyïŠÜfðIÜ ÊiÈñ4ÜfòiÜ ã)ÆÇÇ:Ègɾɇß<ҜÌÑ3Æ.Ð3Ñ5Æ%ÊiÌÈ ÊiÐ3Ì
Ç:ÈgɀÇÆßgÆhÍÌÉoßg̈ƈÇÆßgƈÈ<Ò{ҜÉoÛGÈ<Ñ5ÉoÍ
È<ƇÜ
³
é ´ µS¶ š›oé ´]µS¶ ¹é ´µ*¶ •
t ÖÀ
ó ôbÌ«ÎËÍ¢ÐÏ&Ï.ÎÏÇÐÈËÂÄ • ÊõÌÇÌÒ Ï È<Æ,ãIÇ:Ì › ´µS¶ tä›ié ´]µS¶ ãÇ:ÈÆÓQÓÈgÌÑ5Ì
Ì ç
ñ ´µS¶ š ›ié ´]µ*¶ ¹Gñ ´µ*¶ • t ÖÀ
³
ßgÌùÎ
ÆÒ Ï ÆÑ5ÌÑ3ÓQÈjÓÍ
ÉoÇҜÌÇÇ:Ì é ´µS¶ Ì ñ ´µS¶ Ï ÆÇÇ:ÆÑ3Æ ÌÇ:ÇÌÍ
Ì Í
È<Ú0ÆÓÓQÌÑ3Ð5ÓÌùÉ Ï ÉoÍ
ÓÈgÍ
Ì Ê É ¹é ´µ*¶ Ì
³
¹Gñ ´µS¶ ҜÌÊiÈ<ɇÑ3ÓQ̾Ð5Ñ Ï ÍÆÎ:ÌÊiÈ<ҜÌÑ3ÓQƀÊiÈõá1ö<ç.éè!Þ÷êQê.éê.ÞäëßËá:ãSÎ
m3̾ÎÆÑ3ÇÈ<ÇÓ̀Ñ3Ìßgßgó ÐNÓQÈ<ßgÈgØOØ,ƾÊiȉÐ5Ñ}·5ß<ÓQÍÆ
³ ³
øùú ´]µS¶ ßgÉüÎÐ3ȊÍ
È<Ç Ï ÆÇ:ÓQÉ È<њË0ÍÌ×oÐ3ÌÑ3Ø,ÉùÍ
È<ÇÐ3ßgÓQÉüû ùú ´ý˶ t é ´!ý˶ ã Ï ÌÍ
ҜÌÓÓQÌÑ5Ê Æ]ÊiÈÆÓÓQÌÑ5ÌÍ:Ì
u Q þ ÿ
é ´µ*¶ t w ¹ é ´µS¶ š…øùú ´µS¶
ç Ü
ñ ´µ*¶ t w ¹Gñ ´µ*¶ … š ø ùú ´µ*¶
³
ª
³  ®7½¹f³º<»·¸¼¾½ƒ±½ƒ®6³²
½'³–·9°²¼¾±*¼¾»iøºZ»·¸¼¸½ƒ³±*ºZ»:³µµ±"µ¶
³´¼¾°¼¾¼¾»6Å®:³²·¸®7¯"µ±²W®:±*µ±*²W³¼¾³Ń»6³µ]°À·9Ń³¼¾±¿"±*²® § Ì´ú–ÎÏ § Ì´ú/Î
§ Ì´ú/ξï –µÁO±*¼¾¼¾³/û7º<®"¼¸¼¾®7µÀ¹
»p¹f³i³µÀ¹f³ѱ
½ƒ®Hµ®7³iêi±r·#·9±"¯"¯"³²±]¿"±*½'³´±É*³W²® Ì´ú–Î êg®7½kÅ'»7ºZêg±*¼¾¼¾®7¶
¶
±?¹f³iµ»f¼¾±*¶
³´»fµ®iý'³–·9°²¼¾ù ±
Î  § Ì´ú/ÎÏ Þ   
§ Ì´ú–
à ÆÞ   àÏ Þ  
à âÞ    àÏ    Ï  §
ù ù ù
³µZŃ°³  Ì´ú/Î H²± ½ƒ³/·¸êg»·¸¼¸± ³´º<êi°²/·³¿"±?¹f®7²Ç²¼¾½ƒ»Æµ®7Ń®i·#·9±*½ƒ³»Æ±¹â®·9¼¾½ƒ±*½ƒ½'®]³²ò·¸®7¯"µ±²´®Æ±*µ±*²³W¼¾³Ń» ï »7µ ½ƒ®·¸¼¾±»7½'± Å®
ºZ»·9¼¾½ƒ±*½'®Æ²´»p·9¿"³´²°êêg»Æêi®7½³²i½ƒ³/·¸°i²¼¾±*¼¾»Æ±*µ¼¾³Ń³%êi±*¼¾»Ê

Ð Ì´ú–Î Ì´ú–Î Ï Ð Ñ § Ì´ú–Î*û üöý"þöÿ  Ñ § Ì´ú–Îû üöý
þ'ÿ Ï

Ñ ù Ñ ù 

Ï Ñ §ZÌÎû  ü–ý"þ §ZÌ´úòßÎû  üöý"þ % ÿ  "!# TÏ


ù

Ï Ñ û üöý"þ'ÿ   § ÌÎ § Ì´úòßÎ # pÏ Ñ û üöý"þ'ÿ  § Ì´ú/Î-Ï  Ì´ú–Î

ù

 $&% > ')(* 7,+.-0/1-32:954<;687 ( 87:9;-8<>=1/
/ ( 7
+

?8@ 0@BA ® C2j:\ED>d,F¡dj:\ód FG:±IH JLKNM¬±OGâ^:`G

»QPSR PTUPVWUTYX[Z\PS]_^&Pa`bXcWedXcfg]hP)TUWjik[]3WY]hZgWYTYlnmmbkoipkcq5mbTYX[ddkoPS`Ilh]hPadk[TYPrik[q5mk[]hXc]hR X[s:`bXcR"XVNt

q5WY]hWYPgq5ku)lhP\TUW_ipkc]h`bWY^&WYkc]hWhdWh`bXcvSvSP)]nkZ\X[VW · ipP)VpXmbXcVw`bP)VwTUl_k[fgkP)`xlh]_PydWYq5WUTYXiWUVipkcdR PS]_^&P)s

WY]hWY^&WP)]h`bkz`bP{l_]5XcdXcq5mbWYkS|

ÓÐÍ¢Ã'Å,È{~8Î_[Î{€¬Î«Ê8ΨÐʅÄuÎËÍ¢Ä
} †‚ `X[dipVWUR RNkƒ`bPQl_]hPwVpWYdmk[dR"P„WY]†…LVX[u)lhX[]_^&P ´ý˶ ]_lhTYTUPwk[Z\lh]_t

ý[ˆ‰ ÿ
uSl_X,s‡R VpPS]_]hXai m X]_X[fgTYW‚WY]hR X[VZgP)TUTYWƒ`W‡…LVX[u)lhXc]h^&X ˆ Š ¢ý ¢ Š ý&ˆw‹ ˆ `k[Z\X m PŒZgP)TUkcVpX

lh]_WUR PSVWUk)|

=XcVpR PS]_R"kƒVpWYdl_TUR P ´!ý˶ t O ~QP µŽ"v´ýx‰©ý ˆ "¶ ‹ O ~QP µ"t´!ýE‹[ý ˆ ¶ s
2W `bP{ilhW”dW”k[R R ÿ
WUXc]hX„…•PSiWUTYq5Xc]hR X
H(f) ² Žš — Žš —
› ´]µS¶ ´ý˶™˜ t w ˆ dWY]hi ´ w ˆ µ*¶ Ö t
f
² t – œ À_— Ò ~  Ä‚ ‹
~ œ  '‚
−f 0 f0 ÿ ´ w ˆ µS¶\›œ[ w&ž ý&ˆµ
h(t)

t ¤ ˆ dWY]hi
t
»  P)TUR VPzmPSVpR X,sT  P)]”`bPSq5Xc]hR k‚`W ´ý˶ o uSl_X[TYTUk8R WUmWUik‚`X[W\dXcfg]_PSt
1
‘ _’
1 ÿ
› ´µ*¶
“
__
f0 TUWŸq5kc`blhTYPSR WYsnXEu)lhWY]n`WŸmbXcV ZgP)TUXTYP>dl_PxVPSmmbVX[dX]hR PS^,WUkc]hX
2W
WU]oR"XcVpq5WY]hW”`bW”WU]_ZgWTYlhmmbk„ik[q5mTUXcddk › ´]µ*¶ t‡›  ´]µS¶_‹ xr›¡ ´µ*¶ smX[V

ilhW”mbk[ddWYPSq5kzdiVpWYZgXcVX

› ´µ*¶ t ›  
´]µS¶\›œ[ w&ž ý&ˆµO‰ › ¡
´µ*¶\"¢£‚¤ ž ý&ˆµ
¥ kc]h…•Vpkc]hR PS]h`k„uSl_X[dR"PEX[dmVpXcddWUkc]hXik[]ouSlhXcTUTYP†R"Vk[Z\PSR PymbVWUq5P)sSdWnkcddX[VZgPyi¦_X„`bXcZgX„]_X[iX[ddPSt
ŽšcE¬
VWUP)q5X[]hR XQVWYdlhTYR PSVXE§ ¡ j¨ª© X[`o§ .¨
¤« ´µ*¶
Žš&{¬ sSmX[V1ilhWh§ Ÿ­ VX[PSTYX)| ´µS¶ ´µ*¶
  adcfe

® ÐÆÉÆ©ÄÃ'ÅÇÐΰ¯EÈË«ÐÌe±ËÎÃ6ÎÉÎËÃÃ'ÈqÅÇ«ÈÉÎÊ S ý ˆ ² T · TYR"VkymbP)ddP5vSP)]n`P³WY`bX[P)TUXEmbVX[dX]hR P´§ ´]µS¶ VpXcPSt

TYX&s.WY]ŒuSlhP\]_R"k ´!ý˄
¶ ¨µ¤ ´!E
ý ‹[&ý ˆV
¶ ¨·¤ O[¸ P µ " ´!ý˶ XcdWYvSWYdiX>dWUq5q5XcR"VWUPik[]_WUl_fgPSR P³PSR R"kcV]hk
PSTYT k[VWUf\WU]_X)|S¹ ÿ mbVk[mVpWYkuSl_r
ÿ X[d¶ R"P†TUPEipkc]h`bWY^,WUkc]hXQiXcVpiP)R"PSs)i¦hXQipW”mbXcVpq5XcRNR"XQ`bW”X[]hl_]hiWUP\VX
 

º ß 1î ᎻßËéuèá‘ãåäæ«ç.èéuà¢ä ´]µSŸ

¶ ¼ äëî1î
Þ!á1æËáCç.ßüÞ!ß_½ÇÞèç ¼b¼ ä5¾Väã ¼ èá1î1îVä ´µS¶ â1áVéèáL¿ î1á èä
î ¼ áVà¢àâ
äæËÞ.öõç.á1îVàÀ3ç.èàÞãåäÂÁ ´ý˶à é¥î1Þ!ãåãåá1àâ1Þé¾VäßËÞ6ç»éuà¢é’éuà¢à¢äëâ1ßËä?éè!è•À äëâ1ÞÄ»ËÞßËá8Á ´ý˶.¨
Á Å ´ ‰Lý˶ ¿c ä ½½Çá1âVä Þèuî1Žá »ßËéu³ èáÓéußéuèÞ!à¢Þ•¾VäÁ ´ý˶)à é¨îVÞãåãåá1àâ1Þé{¾1äëßÞç³ »Ëéàé¨éàà¢äëâ1ßËäyéuæ
ý&ˆŽÆ Á ´!&ý ˆ:‹ p : ¶ ¨ Á ´¢&ý ˆ0‰ p ¶ ¾ ÅÇÈ p ÈgÉ ¶ «IʙË
¶ ¼ ¶
² ]5PSTYR"VXzmbPSVk[TYX,s ´µS¶:¨  
´µ*¶ dX Á ´ý˶ ¦hP{q5kc`blhTYkzmbPSVW”X„…LP)dXz`bWYdmPSVWnVWUdmbXcR"RNkzPS` ý,ˆ |
¶

?8@ 0@ ® ® ACB,Ì
±OÍ:F
Î,³ ÏnÐEGrD‡³ GSÑ ÑGŒÒ_Ï D FÏnÐEGSÐ1ÌΆÍnÐEÍnÑÏnÓ:Î,Ò\ÔEG°D.΂ÕQÍ8BEB)Í5Ö'±OGŸ×OØEG)ÐEF”Í

g k³di¦hXcq5PŒmbVpXcipX
`bX[]_R"Xcq5X[]_R"XPS`k[R R"P)R"kamX[VÙk[R R X[]hXcVX³TYX ï |ð |I`bW ñ |ò |Äs8v)PSdPSR"k5dl_T · TYR Vpka`W

Ú{WYTUv)X[VR"s)]hkc] ­ T ”
l ]hWYipk)|Sۆ]odXcipkc]h`k„q5X[R k[`kq5k[TYR"kzmbVPSR WUik„mVpXcZgX[`nXzPS]_ipkcVpP{T  l”dk„`Wnmk[VR"P)]hR W

î1Þ!ß_¾Vâ1äëßá³Ü kc` äãåäëæÞ!ßé_ÝÞ™ß sƒX`bW‚`lhX · TYR VpW‚mPSddP°v)PSddkaPS]_^&Wi¦ ­ `X[T · TUR Vpk`W‚Ú{WYTUv\XcVpR Ü ZgX[`W

· f\lhVPydXcfgl_X[]hR X Ý | ² Th…•lh]_^&WYk[]_Pgq5Xc]hR k ­ vSPSdP\R"kdlhT_…•PSR R"ki¦hX,s”ik[]_dWY`bXcVpP)]h`bk ´µS¶ X[dmbVX[d&dkWU]

R X[Vq5WU]_Wn`X[TYTUXQdlhX ï | ð |”`bW ñ | ò |às)dW”¦hPŸá

³
´]µS¶\›œ[Sâ ]´ µS¶\›œ[S⠈ µä‰
ˆ 㨠µ ¡
´µ*¶)"¢£0⠈ µ ¾ ›œ[)⠈ µj¨
 
¨
¼ ´]µS¶\›œ[  âˆµä‰ ´µ*¶g™¢£0âˆ'µg›œ[)∵:¨
  ¡
³ ³ ]
´ S
µ ¶ 
´ S
µ ¶ ³ ¤,âOˆµO‰ ´]µS¶\"¢£‚¤,âOˆµ
¨
À   _ ‹ À  
g 
› [
œ b
 À ¡
³ ³
³ ³ ³
åŽæèçé™ê„ëì[í&îïUíjðñòéNóÄíÂîôôõêö™ôÄ÷ñ‚óÄø ìbîéjôÄêzòôÄ÷íNù"ôÄéNê[íwö™íNóÄóÄñîïUí&î îñ‚ô•ö™í™ê[ïUôÄ÷ñ‚ðéNòïUñêcïUíeìbîñïUñ‚ðíNòOóÄñ‚ïUòèñ\îYú‡ô•îŽîYôBé™ê[í,û
îYí™ê[ù"ñjíNòòé™òôcêcüƒö™ô,ýñ\îíOê[ü8ö™ô&ýòí™ëì[íNê[ù"ñ\þ
 2Sÿ
Sÿ å¤ (*.* ¤ƒ4‚75+ ( -87 3<
 j* ¤- ' ‚44  7  ( 7†< ( q¤
+ ( 4/ ( + ( $&%

² R X[Vq5WU]_WhWU]5ipl_W_ik[q5mbP)WUkc]hk ›œ[b¤,âäˆ 'µ X "¢£ƒ¤,∠'µ VPSmmbVXdXc]ht

R PS]hkik[q5mk[]_X[]hR WŸ`bW_dX[f\]hP)TUXiX[]_R"VPSR XEP)R"R k[V]hkP ý

¤ ˆ ”
s X[`oWYT · TUt _ x (t)
1
2 c
R VpkÂmbP)ddPv)PSddk Þ mbVk[Z\ZgX[`XÂPS`EX[TYWUq5WY]hP\VTUW á\TUPv)PS]h`P„`bXcT · TUR Vk
x(t)
cos ω 0t
`bXcZgXQuSlhWY]”`bW_XcddX[VXq5PSf\fgWkcVpX`W « q5P†WY]h…•X[VWUkcVpXP ý
¤ ˆ ‰
« |
sin ω 0t
X[VR"P)]hR k,sjWYT · TYR"Vkx]hk[] `X[ZgXx]hXcipXcddPSVWUP)q5X[]_R"XÙX[ddXcVXÙWY`bX[P)TUX,s
_ x (t)
1
XŒdX ý ˆ
« ]_k[] mk[]hXŒmPSVR"WYipkcTYPSVpWzmbVk[vSTYXcq5W„VpXcPSTYWU^,^&P\R WUZ\W"| 2 s
:Vk[iX[`X]h`bkaWY] q5P)]hWX[VP dWYq5WYTUX,s8mbXcVÙWUT8VpP)q5kaWU] uSlhP)`bVPSR"l_VpP

dW”kcR"R WUXc]hXá
X(f)
f
´µS¶\"¢£8âOˆµ.¨ ¡
´]µS¶O‰  
´]µ*¶\›œ[”¤,âˆµä‰ ¡
´µ*¶\™¢£‚¤,∵ −f 0 f0
¤ ¤ ¤
f
³
X`bl_]huSl”X,s”PS]_i¦hXWY]5uSl_X[dR"kiPSdk&sbWUT ³ ³ · TYR"VkmbP)ddPSt•vSPSddk„VWYq5lhk[t ³ −2f0 2f 0
X c(f)
ZgXQTUXzipkcq5mbkc]hX[]_R"WnP{…•VpXcuSl_X[]h^,P{`k[mbmWUPŸ|
f
 XwW · TUR VpWg]hkc]Ùdk[]_kwWU`X[PSTYWYsq5P„¦hP)]h]_k‡PS`†XcdX[qombWYkÂl_]hP„…•PSdXwTUWY]”X[PSVX,sSdPSVPS]_]nkwXcuSlhWYZgP\TYX[]_R"W

PS` lh]ªVpWYR PSVp`k‡dX°mVpXcdX[]_R"P)]hkr`bWYdR k[Vd&WUkc]hW1mbWªdXcZgX[VX Ü q5k[`lhTYkI]_k[]ªipkcdRNP)]hR"X´kr…LP)dXr]hk[]
TYWU]_X[PSVX Ý seP)TUTYk[VP´WU]_R"Vk[`lhipkc]hko`bWYdR k[VdWYk]hWjP)fgf\WUlh]”R WUZ\XOmbXcV{VWY`blhVVpX5PSTeq5WY]hWq5k5f\TUWeXc…L…•XcRNR"We`bW

uSl_X[dR"X„l_TUR WYq5X,sSdWnR X[]_R"PyP)TUq5Xc]hkÂ`bW”VpXcPSTYWU^,^,PSVpXzW”`blhX · TYR"VW”u)lhP)]hR"kzmbWoWY`bXc]hR WUiW”R"VPyTYk[VkS|

yx
  !#"%$&$('*),+-),.0/1"2354%.0)76&),38$&'94 ™:),+-+-3;3<. ;".=6(">/?'9"%+…Ž@"%/?"

A.WY]hkcVpPxPSv)vgWYPSq5k†R VpP)R"R PSR kyWipP)dW`bWdX[fg]_PSTYWŸ`bWXc]hX[VfgWYPoXE`bWmk[R X[]h^,P)mbX[Vzk[R R"X

]hX[VX{l_]hPÙVpP)mbt

mbVX[dX]hR PS^,Wk[]_X´P)`bXcfglhP)R"PŒP)]hi¦hXa`bXcW‡mbVk[iX[dd&WYs‚kcipikVpVXPS]_ipkcVpPŒlh];m1B`bW‚R X[kcVWYP| ² T‚TYX[R R"kcVX

WYq5mbPS^,WYX[]hR X,sjkxR"WYq5kcVpkcdko`bWjmbXcVp`XVpdWjR"VP´WjipPSTYik[TYW Ü i¦_X5dk[]hkxX[…•…•X[RNR WYZgPSq5Xc]hR XÙWU]_R"VWUiPSR W Ý s:mblB

dP)TUR PSVX„`WUVX[R RNPSq5Xc]hR X„PSTYTYXQik[]hiTYlhdWUkc]hWYsbi¦hXdPSVPS]hkzTUXl_]hWi¦hXi¦hXiWhdX[VZgWYVpP)]h]hkQmbX[V‡WUT”VpXcdR™k

`bXcT_R X[dR"k)|<C„TUR VpWYq5X[]_R"WYs)PSVq5WUP)q5k[iWn`WnmPS^&WYXc]h^&PX„mPSVR"WYPSq5k)|

 WYPSq5kykcVpP³WY]hR X[VXcddP)R"W.PS`kcR"R X[]_X[VX,sOlh]_P5Z\k[TYR"P³]_k[R k>lh]hk{dmX[R R"VkÙ`bW.`X[]_dWYRED³`W.mk[R X[]h^,P

FG ´¢ý˶ TYWYq5WR"P)R"k„WY]5v)PS]”`bPEPSR R"kcVp]hkP)` ý[ˆ sS`X[TYTYX„VpP)mbmVpXcdX[]_R"P)^&WYk[]_Wnl_R"WYTYW”mX[V‚fgTYWndmbXcR"R VWb`bWn`bX[]_t

dWYRHD„`bWSmk[R X[]_^&P`X[TYTUX1ik[q5mk[]_X[]hR WPS]_PgTYk[f\WUi¦_X1`bWSv)PSddPQ…•VX[uSl_X[]h^,PSs

k[ZgZ\X[VkwX[dmbVXcddWUkc]hWgmbX[V0TYX

TYk[Vk„…•lh]h^,Wk[]_Wn`WnP)lhR k[ik[VVpXcTUP)^&WYk[]_XS| ² ]_…LP)R"R WUs)ik[q5X„P)vSvSWP)q5kQZ\WUdR"k,sSWUTbmPSddPSf\fgWYkz`Wnl_]xdX[f\]hP)TUX

WY]³vSPS]_`bPER"VPSdTUPSR P>PSR R"VPgZgX[Vdk†l_] · TYR"VkmblIBX[ddXcVpX†dik[q5mk[dRNkWY]0J · TYR"VPSf\fgWnWU]³v)PS]h`P{v)PSdXá

mbXcVpR PS]_R"kÙTYP³VpP)mbmVpXcdX]hR PS^,Wk[]_XÙ`bX[TYTYX ï ð | |`bW ñ ò | | ­ dl_… · ipWYX[]_R"X>mX[VkcR"R X[]_X[VX>R lhR R"XÙTYX>PSTYR"VX

fgVPS]_`bXc^&^,XQ`bW”WY]hR X[VX[ddXb|

K ddX[VZgWYPSq5k{WU]_]hP\]h^,WUR lhR R"k>i¦hX,sOdX>lh]rmbVpkciXcddk>PSTYX[PSR k[VWYkymbVX[dX]hR P5lh]_P F9G ´!ý˶ TUWYq5WYR"P)R"P

WY]³vSPS]”`P>PSR"R k[V]hkP)` ý[ˆ sbP)TUTYk[VPyTYP{…•lh]h^,WYk[]hXQ`bW_P)lhR k[ik[VVX[TYPS^,WUkc]hXL G ´NM¶0¨ –8O À

_— F*G
´ý˶™˜ mblB

X[ddXcVpX‡X[dmVpXddPÂWY]{R X[Vq5WU]_Wg`X[TYTUXƒipkcq5mbkc]hX[]_R"WgPS]hP)Tk[f\WUi¦hX‚`bW\vSPSddP…•VpXcuSlhXc]h^,Pz`X[TYTUPz…Ll_]h^,WUkc]hX

`bW”PSl_R"kcipkcVpVXcTYPS^&WYkc]hXÂdR X[ddPá

L G ´PM¶.¨ L
 
´QM¶\›œ[âˆRME‰ L
¡
´NM¶g"¢£8âˆRM
X[VR"P)]hR k,sb]hkc]³dWnk[R R"Xc]hfgkc]hk`WUVX[R RNPSq5Xc]hR X„TYX ï |ð |_`bW ñ |ò |h`bXcThmbVkcipXcd&dk,sbik[q5XWY]hZ\X[iXPSiipP)`bX

mbXcV„dX[f\]hPSTYW`bWOX[]_X[VfgWYP5`bWäipl_W ­ ]hkcR"k Á ´ý˶ | »  PSTYR VpPxmbP)VpR X,s ­ WU]_]hXcfgPSv\WYTUXEi¦hXyl_]hPoVX[P)TUWY^,^&PSt

^,WUkc]hX`bW ´µ*¶ dWUP>TYWYq5WR"P)R"P>WY]³vSP)]h`bPyiX[]_R"VPSR P>P ýgˆ sbXi¦hXu)lhWY]h`bWnmbXcV1X[ddPÙ`bXcvSvSP{X[dWUdR"XcVpX†TYP

VPSmbmVpXcdX]_R"PS^,Wkc]hX ´µ*¶ƒ¨  

´µS¶g›œ[)⠈ :‰ µ ¡
´µ*¶g™¢£0⠈ µ g`PSR PxTYP>]hP)R"lhVP>PSTYX[P)R"kcVpWYP>`bW ´]µS¶ snfgTYW

dR XcddW ³ ´]µS¶ X[` ´]µS¶ dkc]hkwVpXcPSTYWU^,^&P\^,WUkc]hWS`WmbVk[iX[dd&W"|TSQl_X[dR"WSl_TUR WYq5WSWU]{fgX[]_X[VPSTYXw]hk[]>dk[]_kzWY]ht

  ¡
³ ³
`bWYmbXc]h`X[]hR WSR VpPTYk[Vk,sgWU]yu)lhPS]”R kwTUP„TYk[Vkwipkcq5vSWY]hP)^WUkc]hX1`bXcZgXwmVpkc`blhVVpXÂlh] ³ ´µ*¶ ³
i¦hXwPSmmbP)VpR WUXc]hX
³ ³
åVUXW•óeîôõúZYéNóÄé òñpð,ðòí&îYí™ê[ïUñì[ê\[[óÄïUòéwðñ\îŽîñ^] Yñ\îèîYéû\ðéNôõ÷`_badcôõí™ê[íw÷ñê[÷èíNóõóÄñïYñ„óõø éNêö™ôÄê&ñxîì[ðíNòôÄéNòí,þ ³ íNóÄóÄé

îYïYí&î îé8îYïYôõóÄí,ûpîéNê[éŸñcéNóÄïUíOôÄêbö"ôÄ÷ñïUô&ì[ê‚ðñ\îŽîñ^] ñóÄïUé í&öŸì[ê‚ð,ñî îñT] Yñpêbö™ñ þ

$&%e ')(*f +.-0/1-32Sÿ54687 ( /  9;-8<>=1/ ( + 

PSTŸmVpkcipXddk†k[VWYfgWY]hPSVWYkS|  WŸmX[]hdWPS`oX[dX[q5mWUkEPSThdX[f\]hPSTYX ´µ*¶‚¨  

´µS¶g›œ[)âOˆµ s_WU]ilhW  
´µ*¶.­
dR PS^,WYk[]hP)VpWYkQXc`ÙX[Vfgkc`bWYipkáik[q5X„f\WND†k[ddXVZgP)R"kzPSThgji| e | $ s ´]µS¶h­ dk[TYPSq5Xc]hR X„ipWYiTUkcdR PS^,WUkc]hP)VpWYk)|

¥ k[qoXQmbVWYq5P†ik[dPSs)mbVk[Z\WUP)q5kQPipP)TUik[TYPSVXQTYP…Ll_]h^,WUkc]hXw`bWbP)lhR"kcipkcVpVXTYPS^,Wk[]hXz`bXcTUT  WU]_Z

WUTYlhmmbk ³ ³ ³
ik[q5mbTYXcddk„`bW”lh]hP†fgXc]hX[VWYipPEVpXcPSTYWU^,^&P)^&Wkc]hXbá ³

L G ´NM¶ ¨ k
—
´ M¶ ´µ_‹lM¶™˜z¨k —   N´ M¶ä‰0m ¡ ´PM¶ ¾   ´ µh‹lM¶_‹nm ¡ ´ µ_‹lM¶ ¾ ˜Â¨
N
Å
¨ k
—  
´ N M¶
 
´µ_‹lM¶_‹ ¡
´ M¼ ¶ ¡ ´ µh‹lM¶h‹om ¼   ´NM¶ ¡ ´µ_‹lM¶O‰
P
¡
´PM¶   ´µh‹lM¶ ¾ ˜Â¨
³ ³ ³ ³ ¼ ³ ³
¨ L Gqp ´QM¶_‹ L Gsr ´QM¶_‹nm L GqptGsr ´QMO
¶ ‰ L Gsr`Gqp ´QM¶ ¾
³ ³ ³¼ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³
uSl_X[dR"XuJ5uSl_Pg]_R"WYRHD5dkc]hkEipP)TUik[TYPSR X{WY]rP)mbmbXc]h`WUiX)| ² TäVWYdlhTYR PSR k · ]_PgTYXE`bX[WOiPSTYipkcTUWYsŸ]_X[TOipP)dkEWU]

ilhW  
´µS¶ X ¡
´µS¶ dWUP)]hkÂdR PS^,WUkc]hPSVW”X[`>XcVpf\k`bWYipWYs)…LkcVp]_WUdiX„TUXQX[dmbVX[ddWYk]hW á

³ ³ v L G p ´NM¶ ¨ L G r ´NM¶ ¨ L G ´QM¶\›œ[S⠈ M„‹L w G ´QM¶\"¢£8⠈ M

L G p G r ´NM¶ ¨ ‰ L G r G p ´QM¶ ¨xL w G ´QM\

¶ ›œ[S⠈ ME‰ L G ´QM\
¶ "¢£8⠈ M

WY]xilhW L w G ´NM¶:¨zy —
L G ´NM¶N˜0­ TUPR VpP)d…•k[Vq5PSR P{`bWÚEWUTYvSXcVpRä`bW{L G ´NM¶ | K ddX[VZgWYPSq5kÂuSl_WU]”`W”ik[q5X

VWUdlhTYR"WIL G ´ M:

N ¶ ¨ ¤ L Gqp ´ M_
Q ¶ ‹om L Gqp Gsr ´NM¶ ¾ sSXQmX[VRNPS]_R"k F9G ´ý˶.¨ ¤ F*Gqp ´!ý˶_‹nm FGqp`Gsr ´!ý˶ ¾ |
¼ ¼
|
»QPauSlhXcdR  lhTR WUq5PaXcdmbVXddWYk[]_X&sädX[q5v)VpXcVX[v)vSX>i¦hX F*G ´ý˶ mk[ddPPSddlhq5XcVpXyZgPSTYk[VW:ik[q5t

mbTYX[ddWYs:mX[V`bX]_`bkÙipkcd~}jWYT:dX[]hdk · dWYikÙ`bW:mk[R X]h^&PŸá8qoP]_k[] ­ ipkcd~} | K ddX[VZgWYPSq5k>WY]h…•PSR t

R"Wei¦hXL GqptGsr ´QM¶ƒ­ lh]ŒdXcfg]_PSTYXoVX[P)TUXx`bWYdmPSVW Þ™Þ á‡mbXcVpR™PS]hR k F9Gqp`Gsr ´ý˶†¨ – —
L GqpPGsr ´NM¶™˜†­
ipkcq5mbTYX[RNP)q5X[]hR XQWYq5q5PSf\W]hP)VpWYk,sXz`blh]_uSlhX F G ´ý˶h­ VX[P)TUX)|

|
 X1VpWYdlhTYR"P)ddX€L G p G r ´QM¶.¨ª© mX[Vekcfg]_W M PSTYTUkcVpP FG p G r ´ý˶.¨ª© X F*G ´ý˶.¨ ¤ F*G p ´ý˶ dP)VpXcvSv)X

VpXcPSTYXzmPSVWETYP†mVpXcdX]_^&P`W F*GqptGsr ´ý˶ TYkzmlBÂWY]hZgXcipXÂVX[]h`X[VXQP)dWYq5q5X[R VpWYipk,s)mbXcVpq5XR R X[]h`k

`bW”k[R RNX[]_X[VX„PS]_ipkcVpP FfG ´¢ý˶.¨z F G ´ý{‹[ý&ˆV¶ Ü ]hkc]5`bWYq5kcdR VpPSR k Ý s

¶

|
¥ k[Vk[TYTYPSVpWYk`bXcT‡mbl_]hR"kmVpXcipX`X[]_R"X ­ i¦hX,swdX FG ´ý˶­ dWUq5q5XcR"VWUik´VpWYdmX[R R"k´PS` ýpˆ s1P)TUt

TUkcVpPlL G p G r ´NM¶o¨ © XaTYXa`lhX ï ð | |Œ`W ñ ò | |Œdkc]hkWY]hik[VVpXcTUP)R"X1 îVá WY]hkcTUR VXauSlhXcdR Xadkc]hk

ipkc]hfgWYlh]_R"P)q5X[]hR XQf\PSl_ddWUP\]hX,sSPSTYTUkcVpPEVpWYdl_TUR PS]”k„P)]hi¦hXQdR"P)R"WYdR"WYipP)q5X[]hR X„WY]h`WUmX[]h`X[]_R"W |

|
»QPSR k‚i¦hX:L GqpPGsr ´NM¶:¨ ‰ L GsrPGqp ´QM¶ dk[]_k‚`WUdmbPSVWYs
`bXcZgXƒVpWYdl_TUR PSVX8i¦_X€L GqptGsr ´U©,¶j¨ ‰ L Gsr`Gqp ´•©,¶:¨
© cdXQW”mbVk[iXddW”dk[]_k„P†q5X[`bWYP{]_lhTYTPSs)PSTYTUkcVpP†TYPEmk[R X]h^&P ­ mPSVWbPSTbZgP)TUkcVpXz`bXcTUT  PSlhR k[ik[VVpXt

TUP)^&WYk[]_XQmbXcV My¨ª© sXQuSlhWY]”`bW

  
F G ¨ƒ‚ G ¨ L G ´U©,¶:¨ ¤ L G p ´U©,¶j¨ ¤ L G r ´U©,¶:¨ ¤5‚ G p ¨ ¤5‚ G r ¨ ¤ F G p ¨ ¤ F G r

² ]o`bX · ]hWYR"WYZgP)sSTYX„ik[q5mk[]hXc]hR W_P)]hPSTYk[f\Wi¦hX`bW”vSP)ddP{…•VpXcuSlhXc]h^,P{¦hP)]”]hk„Xc]hR"VPSq5v)X„mbkcR"Xc]ht

^&P{q5XcRHD{`bW”uSl_X[TYTUP†`bXcTUT  U
W ]_ZWYTYlhmbmkQik[q5mTUXcddkb|

|  
´µ*¶ X ¡
´µ*¶ ¦hPS]_]”k Ü ipWYPSdilh]hP Ý mbk[R X[]_^&PmbP)VpWePuSl_X[TYTUPa`W ´µ*¶ sjkcZgZ\X[Vk F G p ¨ F G r ¨

FG OWY]h…•PSR"R WYseVpWYik[V`bPS]_`bk³i¦_X F9G ´!ý˶E¨ F G ´ý†‹ ý&ˆ1¶ sjdWek[R RNWYX[]_X F9G ¨„ F G “»zk[ZgXc]h`k
|
³
i¦_WUP)VpP)q5X[]hR X„VWUdlhTYR"P)VpX ³ FG ¨ F G ‹ F GO sSdWn¶ kcR"R WYX]hX ³ ¶

FG ¨  FG ‹ F*G  ¨  FG ¨ FGqp ¨ FGsr

  ¤

ååtW•ê[ýñïUïUôb…:†E‡`†Eˆ?‰ <ŠÏ w †‹‰ 5ŠsŒVŽ@‘Ž‹’

…Z …Z†‰ <ŠqŽQ“•”I‘Ž ûôõê0÷ì[ôb…€†‹‰ 5Š-Ï8– T—b˜E™ †I‰›š ŠPœ ahð,ñòèôí ŽQ“•”{?‘t a0ö"ôLîð,ñpòôYû

ú‡íNêcïUòí … w † ‰ <Š a†ö™ô•îð,ñòôhžê[éNê a†îYïUñïYéö™ôÄú‚é&îYïUòñpïUé,ûcú‡ñŸcpñpóõí‚ð,íNòeóõí‡ïUòñ\îYýõéNòú‡ñïYíö™ô jôõó¡Yí™òÂö™ôäî폢ê[ñóÄôðñòôQ£í

ŒVŽ~?‘ aOð,ñòèôLþRW•ê[éNóÄïUòíû í&î îíNêbö"é*¤ p ‰ PŠ í&ö*¤ r ‰ PŠ òíNñpóõô•û¥…:†E‡Q†Eˆ‰ <Š aOòèíNñóÄí,þ
 2Sÿ
Sÿ¦ (*.* ¦ƒ4‚75+ ( -87 3<
 j* ¦- ' ‚44  7  ( 7†< ( +h¦ ( 4/ ( + ( $&% i

PX(f) P©X ª (f) = P© « (f)

X c s

¨ ¨
f f
§ §
−f0 f0

A.WYfgl_VpP ¬| $ á®­¯T°‹±R²³ ¯µ´¶T·¹¸<³ ²1º
¶

¯,·1¯I±R»E¼ º
½
·¹¼E¾5¶¿º
¯I±RÀ`²
·1¯I³ ³ ¯,ÁT¶´Ÿ¾5¶±R¯I±Rº`¼²±R¶³ ¶¿°¼ ÁIÂR¯,·¹¼EÃ?Ä ÅXÄ

|
¹  mk[ddWYvSWYTUX{q5k[dR"VP)VpX>i¦hX,säZ\k[TYX[]_`bk>X[dmbVWUq5XcVX>T  PSl”R"kcipkVVpXcTUP)^&WYk[]_X>`bWfÆ ÇNÈEÉjWY]°R X[Vq5WU]_W
`bX[TYTYX„dl_X ï |ð |n`W ñ |ò |L G Ç M É ¨ L
  Ç M É ›œ[S⠈ ME‰ L
¡ Ç M É ™¢£0⠈ M s)VpWYdl_TUR P

v L Ç M É ¨ L Ç M É
  Gqp

L Ç M É ¨ ‰ L G p G r Ç M É
¡

`bP{ilhW ­ mk[ddWYvSWYTUXzq5k[dR"VPSVXi¦_X%L G Ç M É ¨ L G Ç M ÉN|

w

|&Ê
kcTUXc]h`k‚ZgP)TUl_R"P)VpX FG p Ç ý ÉLs
uSl_X[dR"kƒVpWYdl_TUR PwWU`X[]_R"WYipkƒP F*G r Ç ý ÉLscWY]EuSl_PS]”R"k Ü ipkcq5X‡fgWDwZgWYdR k Ý
L G p Ç M É ¨ L G r Ç M É ¨ L G Ç M É ›œ[S⠈ M5‹ËL w G Ç M É "¢£8⠈ M ƒP)mbmbTYWYipP)]n`krkcVpP3TYP3…•k[Vq5lhTYP `bW

¹‚lhTYX[Vk„mbXcV‡dX[]_k„XQik[dX]hkzdW”k[R R"WYX[]_X

L G p Ç M É ¨ L G r Ç M É ¨ L G Ç M É ùNÌPÍ ‘


ù  Ì`Í
‘

‹ L w G Ç M É ùÌ`Í ‘
 ù  ÌPÍ
‘

O PÎ
¶ ÎEÒ ‘ Ó ÎEÒ ‘tÓ
¨ Ï Ð L
u G Ç M É ‰m L w G Ç M É`Ñ ¸ ‹Ôu
Ï Ð L G Ç M É ‹nm L w G Ç M ÉtÑ ¸ O
ÎHÒ ‘ Ó ÎHÒ ‘ Ó
¨ L GO Ç M É ¸ ‹ L G Ç M É ¸ O
¶
WU]_…LP)R"R WnW”R X[Vq5WU]_WnR VpPymPSVX[]_R"XcdWnuSlhP)`bVXQik[VVWUdmbkc]h`bkc]hk„P)TUTPE`bX<Õh]hWY^,WUkc]hXQ`Wnik[q5mk[]_X[]hR W

P{…•VpXcuSlhXc]h^,X„mbkcdWYR"WYZgXQXQ]_X[fgP)R"WYZgXzk[R R"X]_lhR XQR VpP)q5WUR X„R VpP)d…•k[Vq5PSR Py`bW”Ú{WYTUv)X[VR|

?8@•Ö0@× C>ÏnÐEÒgÑ ØuØ,Î,ÏnÐwÎ

ÎEÒ ‘ Ó ÎHÒ ‘ Ó
Cv)vSWPSq5kzq5k[dR"VP)R"kzi¦hX%L Gqp Ç M É ¨ L Gsr Ç M É ¨ L GO Ç M É ¸ ‹ L G Ç M É ¸ |قWYdlhTR PyuSl_W]h`W"á
O
¶

FG p ÇPÚÉ ¨ FG r ÇQÚÉ ¨ F GO ÇQÚ ‰ Ú ˆ É ‹ F G ÇQÚ ‹ Ú ˆ É

¶

X†`blh]_ugl_XETYkdmX[R R"Vk†`WŸ`bXc]hdWURHDx`WŸmbkcR"X]_^&P>`X[TYTUXik[q5mk]hX[]_R"W_PS]hP)TUkcfgWi¦hX†`bWŸl_]´mVpkcipXcd&dkdW

k[R R WUXc]hX5R VPSdTYPS]_`bkÙXxdkcZgVPSmbmk[]hXc]h`k Ü ZgXc`bW*Õhf”|%¬| $ Ý TYXxipkcq5mbkc]hX[]_R"WeP…LVXcuSlhXc]h^,Xomk[dWUR WUZ\XoX

]hXcfgP)R"WYZgXz`bX[T FG ÇQÚÉh`WnmPSVR"Xc]h^,P|

?8@•Ö0@BA ÛµÜOÏ:ÒhG‹ØØ)Ï5Ó1ÍnØuØØ,Î,ÍnÐEÏaÕ8Î,ÍnÐEÒhÏÑ ÎÞÝ Î™ÌgÍnÌgÏΙРÕQÍnÐED‡Í

‘
 XjÆ ÇNÈHÉ ­ f\PSlhddWYP\]hkQdR PS^&WYk[]_PSVWUkwXcVpf\k[`nWYipkÂXQv)WUP)]hik&s)ik[] F*G ÇQÚÉ ¨àß  TUWYq5WR PSR k„WU]Ùv)PS]h`P8á «
PSR R"kcVp]_k„PS`&Ú ˆ XQPEq5X[`bWYP{]_lhTYTPSs)PSTYTUkcVpP Ü Z\X[`WIÕ_fn|T¬| â Ý á

Æ ÇÈHÉbX:Æ ÇÈEÉSdkc]hk‚ipkc]hfgWYlh]_R"P)q5X[]hR X8fgPSl_ddWUP)]nX,s

dR PS^&WYkc]hPSVWUX,s[X[Vfgkc`nWUi¦hXƒX‚WY]h`WUmX[]h`X[]_R"WYs
|   ¡
  
ipkc] F*G p ¨ FG r ¨ F*G ¨ ¤5㈠s
XwmbPSVW)P)TUTYX1ZgP)VpWYPS]”^,X ‚ G s ‚ Gqp X ‚ Gsr |ä:X1VWYdmbXcR"R WYZgXw`bXc]hdWURHD
«
`bW”mbk[R X]h^,PEZ\PSTYfgkc]hká

FG p ÇQÚÉ ¨ FG r ÇQÚÉ ¨ F G ÇQÚ ‹ Ú ˆ É ‹ F GO ÇQÚ ‰ Ú ˆ É ¨ãˆRå ¸@æ È Eç ÇQÚÉ

¶
 è5é ¬ ê (*f +.-0/1-32Sÿ54687 ( /  9;-8<>=1/ ( + 

Pí X(f) Pí X ì (f) = Pí X (f) Pí X

_
(f)
c s
2N0

N 2W N0
__0
2
f f f
−f0 f0 −W W −W W
ë
ë
σX2 = 2N0 W σX2ì = ëσX2 = 2N0 W ë
σX2 = 4N W
c s _ 0

AäWUf\lhVPu¬| âŸá{I±Þ»E¼ º
²·¼E¾<¶TºX¯I±RÀ`²;¾5¯Iï5<´¶ï ¯u¾5²?»N»N²¹Ã5²¹±¥·1²

|
ä  WY]hZ
WYTUl_mbmkQik[q5mbTYXcddk¦hPEmk[R X]h^,PE`k[mmbWYPá

FG ¨ ¤ F*Gqp ¨zb㈠FG ÇQÚÉ ¨ ¤5ãˆRå ¸sæ È Eç ÇQÚÉ

«7ð

,ñ ò ó#$&$&),.06&35ô:)

?8@öõŸ@× ÷{ØwÌgÏ:Ò_Ï{ÜÜOG)ÑÍ:FÎ,ÏnÐEGID.ÎZÛµÜOÏ:Ò_GØØÎøÛ>ÍfØ^Ø)Ífù›ú´ÍnÐED‡Í

 Z\k[TYfgWYPSq5kzuSlhWbWYTbipP)TUik[TYk„VX[TYPSR WUZ\k„PSTbZ\PSTYk[VX„`bWIL G p Ç M ÉLsL G r Ç M ÉLshL G p G r Ç M ÉXjL G r G p Ç M ÉN|

قWYipkcVp`PS]h`kri¦hXoÆ ÇQÈHÉ ¨ Æ ÇNÈHÉ ›œ[âˆ È ‹ w ÇÈHÉ "¢£0∠

Æ È s‡WU]_WU^,WUP\q5k´P dZ\k[TYfgX[VXrW‡ipPSTYik[TYW‡mbXcV
 
L Gqp Ç M É á

L G p Ç M É ¨ k Æ Ç M É¿Æ ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜Â¨

—    
¨ k Æ%ÇQÈHÉ ›œ[âˆ È ‹ w ÇÈEÉ "¢£0∠Ètü
Æ% Æ%ÇÈ ‹lM É ›œ[âˆ ÇÈ ‹lM É ‹ Æ
w ÇÈ ‹lM É "¢£0∠ÇÈ ‹lM É`ü ˜w¨
—^û û
¨ k Æ%ÇÈEÉTÆ ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜Zý›œ[S⠈ È ýp›œ[S⠈ ÇÈ ‹þM É ‹lk Æ ÇÈHÉ %
Æ w ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜:ý›œ[)⠈ È ý™¢£8⠈ ÇÈ ‹lM É ‹
— —
‹ k Æ%ÇÈEÉTÆ ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜Zý"¢£0âˆ È ýp›œ[SâOˆ ÇÈ ‹lM É ‹lk Æ ÇÈHÉ Æ%
w ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜:ýp"¢£8âOˆ È ý™¢£8∠ÇÈ ‹lM É
— w — w

PSTYlhR WUP\q5k{u)lhWY]n`WWuSlhP)R"R VpkEZgPSTYkcVpWŸPSR R X[dWädWU]_fgkcTUP)Vpq5Xc]hR"X,shWU]_`bWYipP)]n`k{ik[]

Ê
Æ ÇÈHÉ:TUPÙq5Xc`bWYP


R X[q5mbkcVPSTYXQ` ¨
W Æ%ÇÈEÉLsSk[ddWYP Æ%ÇÈEÉ  ÿ

¢  Ï 
 
 Æ%ÇNÈEÉ bÈ á
O

k Æ%ÇÈEÉTÆ%ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜ ¨ Æ%ÇÈEÉTÆ%ÇÈ ‹lM É ¨ L G Ç M É

—

k Æ%ÇÈEÉ Æ%
w ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜ ¨ Æ%ÇÈEÉ Æ%
w ÇÈ ‹lM É ¨ L G G Ç M É ¨ Æ%Ç ‰:M É w Ç M
Æ% É ¨ Æ%Ç ‰ZM ÉfÆ Ç M É  ¨
— w ž M

¨ L G Ç M É  ¨ L w G Ç M É
ž M

k Æ%ÇÈEÉTÆ%ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜ ¨ Æ%
w ÇÈEÉTÆ%ÇÈ ‹lM É ¨ L GRG Ç M É ¨ w Ç ‰:M
Æ% É9Æ%Ç M É ¨ Æ%Ç ‰ZM É ‰  9Æ Ç M É ¨
— w w ž M

¨ Æ%Ç ‰ZM É9Æ Ç M É ‰  ¨ L G Ç M É  ‰  ¨ ‰ L w G Ç M É

ž M  ž M 

k Æ%ÇÈEÉ Æ%
w ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜ ¨ Æ%
w ÇÈEÉ Æ%
w ÇÈ ‹lM É ¨ L G G Ç M É ¨ w Ç ‰:M
Æ% É w Ç M
Æ% É ¨ Æ%Ç ‰ZM É ‰  9Æ Ç M É  ¨
— w w w ž M ž M

w
¨ Æ%Ç ‰ZM É9Æ Ç M É ‰    ¨ ‰ L w G Ç M É ¨ L G Ç M É
ž M  ž M

 kcdR WUR lhXc]h`bkTYXQVX[TYPS^,WYk[]hWbkcVpPyR Vk[ZgP)R"X]_X[TYTUP†X[dmbVX[ddWYk]hXz`bWIL Gqp Ç M És)dW”k[R R WUX]_X
 2SÿSÿ (*:* ‚7†<  ê  è5é?é

L G p Ç M É ¨ L G Ç M É ý›œ[)âOˆ È ý›œ[âˆ ÇÈ ‹ M É ‹ L w G Ç M É ýp›œ[âˆ È ý"¢£0∠ÇÈ ‹lM É ‹

‰ L w G Ç M É ý"¢£0âOˆ È ý›œ[âˆ ÇÈ ‹ M É ‹ L G Ç M É ýp™¢£8âˆ È ýp"¢£8∠ÇNÈ ‹lM É ¨

¨ Ï L G Ç M É ›œ[)âOˆ Ç ‰ZM É ‹3›œ[SâOˆ Ç ¤ È ‹ M É ü ‹

` Ï L w G Ç M É ™¢£8âˆ Ç M É ‹3™¢£8âˆ Ç ¤ È ‹lM É`ü ‹
û û
‰ Ï L w G Ç M É "¢£0⠈ Ç ‰ZM É ‹3"¢£8⠈ Ç ¤ È ‹ M É`ü ‹7 Ï L G Ç M É ›œ[⠈ Ç ‰ZM É ‰r›œ[⠈ Ç ¤ È ‹lM Étü ¨
û û
¨ L G Ç M É ý›œ[)⠈ M‹ L w G Ç M É ýp"¢£8⠈ M

i¦hXxipkcdRNWYR lhWYdiXÙWUTjVWUdlhTYR"P)R"kxPS]_R"WYipWYmbP)R"k)| X[V†T  XcdmbP)]hdWUkc]hXÙ`bXcWeR"XcVpq5WY]hWjR VpWYfgkc]hkcq5X[R VWYipWYs:dW ­

…•PSR R"k„l_dk„`X[TYTYXQVX[TYPS^,WUkc]hW á

›œ[0ý›œ[ ¨ Ï ›œ[ Ç ‰ É ‹3›œ[ Ç o‹ Étü

û
"¢£0ý"¢£ ¨ Ï ›œ[ Ç ‰ É ‰I›œ[ Ç o‹ Étü
û
"¢£0ý›œ[ ¨ Ï "¢£ Ç ‰ É ‹3"¢£ Ç x‹  Étü
û

² iPSTYipkcTUWŸVX[TYPSR WUZ\WŸPSThZ\PSTYk[VX†`bW¹L G r Ç M É.dk[]_kE`X[TŸR lhR R"k†dWYq5WYTUWYs”X[`5WYThTYk[VkEdZgkcTUf\WUq5Xc]hR kEmk[VR"PxPST

VWUdlhTYR"P)R"kjL G p Ç M É ¨ L G r Ç M ÉN|

X[VäuSl_PS]hR kƒVWYfglhP)Vp`P
L Gqp`Gsr Ç M És[PSmbmTUWYi¦hWYP\q5k‚TYPÂVX[TYPS^,WYk[]hXZÆ ÇQÈHÉ ¨ Æ
w ÇÈHÉ ›œ[Sâˆ È ‰ Æ%ÇÈEÉ "¢£8âOˆ ÈLs
¡
mbXcV‡kcR"R X]hXcVpXá

L GqpPGsr Ç M É ¨ k Æ Ç M ÉTÆ ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜Â¨

—   ¡
¨ k Æ%ÇNÈEÉ ›œ[S⠈ È ‹ w ÇÈHÉ ™¢£0â
Æ ˆ È`ü Æ%ÇÈ ‹lM É ›œ[S⠈ ÇÈ ‹lM É ‰ Æ%ÇÈ ‹lM É "¢£e⠈ ÇÈ ‹ M É`ü ˜w¨
—^û û w
¨ k Æ%ÇÈEÉ %
Æ w ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜Zý›œ[âˆ È ýp›œ[S∠ÇÈ ‹þM É ‰ok Æ%ÇÈEÉTÆ ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜€ý›œ[)âˆ È ý"¢£8âOˆ ÇÈ ‹lM É ‹
— —
‹ k Æ%ÇÈEÉ %
Æ w ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜Zý™¢£0âˆ È ýp›œ[S∠ÇÈ ‹lM É ‰ok Æ%
w ÇÈEÉTÆ ÇÈ ‹lM É ˜€ýp"¢£8âˆ È ý"¢£8âOˆ ÇÈ ‹lM É
— w —

² Z\PSTYk[VWƒP)R"R X[dW‚i¦hX³Z\X[`WUP)q5kaipkcq5mbPSVWYVpXadk[]hk³dR PSR"W8fgWDIiPSTYipkcTYPSR"WYs8XauSl_W]h`bW8mbkcddWUP)q5k³diVWUt

ZgXcVpXŒ`WYVpXcR"R PSq5X[]_R"XŒTYk°dZgWYTYlhmbmk°`bXcWziPSTYipkcTUWYszWU] ipl_WÂdWzPSmmbTYWUiPS]”kŒ]_lhk[Z\PSq5Xc]hR"XrTYX°WU`X[]_R"WYRED

R VpWYfgkc]hk[q5XcR"VWUi¦hXz]hkcR"Xá

L GqpPGsr Ç M É ¨ L w G Ç M É ý›œ[)âˆ È ý›œ[SâOˆ ÇÈ ‹lM É ‰ L G Ç M É ýp›œ[SâOˆ È ý™¢£0∠ÇÈ ‹lM É ‹

‹ L G Ç M É ý"¢£0âˆ È ý›œ[SâOˆ ÇÈ ‹lM É ‰ L w G Ç M É ýp"¢£8âOˆ È ýp"¢£8∠ÇNÈ ‹lM É ¨

¨ Ï L w G Ç M É ›œ[âˆ Ç ‰ZM É ‹ ›œ[Sâˆ Ç ¤ È ‹lM É`ü ‰ Ï L G Ç M É "¢£8âOˆ Ç M É ‹3"¢£8âOˆ Ç ¤ È ‹ M É`ü ‹

û û
‰ Ï L G Ç M É ™¢£8âˆ Ç ‰ZM É ‹ "¢£8âˆ Ç ¤ È ‹lM É`ü ‰ Ï L w G Ç M É ›œ[SâOˆ Ç ‰ZM É ‰r›œ[SâOˆ Ç ¤ È ‹ M Étü ¨
û û
¨ ‰ L G Ç M É ýp"¢£8âˆ Ç ¤ È ‹lM É ‹ L w G Ç M É ý›œ[SâOˆ Ç ¤ È ‹ M É

X[VxuSl_PS]”R"krVpWYfgl_PSV`bP fgTYW‡PSVfgkcq5X[]_R"Ww`bXcTUTYX´…Ll_]h^&WYk[]_W‚R VpWYfgkc]hkcq5X[RNVWUi¦hX,sÂWYT‡ZgP)TUkcVpX´`bWdÈ ­ TYPSt

diWYPSR k ]_k[] dmX[iWÕhiPSR k)| XcVpR PS]_R"k,s†ZgWYdR k i¦hX3WUT„mVpkcipXddk ­ dR PS^,WUkc]hPSVWYk mbX[V´WYmbkcR"XcdWYs†mblB

dXc]hdPSR PSq5Xc]hR"XQX[ddXcVpXmk[dR"kP†^&XcVpk,sbXQ`blh]_uSl”X„k[R R X]hX[VX„WYTbVpWYdl_TUR PSR k„mVpXcZgWYdR k)|

² iPSTYipkcTUWgVpXcTUP)R"WYZgWgPST\ZgP)TUkcVpX‚`bW1L Gsr Gqp Ç M Édkc]hk1`X[TSR lhR R"k1dWUq5WYTYWs\X[`WYTgTUkcVpk1dZgkcTUf\WUq5Xc]hR k‡mbkcVpR P

PSTbVWUdlhTYR"P)R"kL G r G p Ç M É ¨ ‰ L G p G r Ç M ÉN|

â!"! ê (*f +.-0/1-32Sÿ54687 ( /  9;-8<>=1/ ( + 
#:VPSR R"WYPSq5kzuSlhWb`X[TYTUXzR"Xcip]_WUi¦hX„ipkcq5lh]hXcq5X[]_R"XzlhdP)R"XQmbX[V‚WUq5mVpWYq5X[VX„dlol_]hP†mbk[VRNPS]_R"XzT  W]_…LkcVNt

q5PS^,WYk[]hXz`bWnlh]³q5XcddPSfgf\WUkQq5k[`bl_TUP)]”R"X`W_]hP)R"l_VpP{P)]hP)TUkcfgWYipP  sWYTUTYlhdR"VPS]_`bk„P)TUTkdR"XcddkR"Xcq5mbk

T )
P ]n`PSq5Xc]hR kWU]o…LVX[u)lhX[]_^&PE`bXcThdXcfg]hP)TUXzk[R R"X
]hlhR k)|  k[]_k„uSl_WU]_`bW”`bWYdilhddW”W_q5X[R k[`WhmbW%$5WY`bkc]hXcW

P†VpXcPSTYWU^,^&P\VXQTYPE…•lh]_^&Wkc]hXQ`Wb`bX[q5kc`bl_TUP)^&WYk[]_X&s)XÂfgTYWPSiipkcVfgWYq5X[]_R"Wi¦_XQWY]'&hl”X[]_^&P)]hkÂWUTVWYdlhTYR PSR k

Õh]_PSTX)|

(,ñ*) + 4%6-,/.@"%2354%.0) 6&3ó10x$&35),22"32465

7 ­ 7 TYT98;:R V=<)R?> @*>BADC 8'E:FCBG E'<ST%CAD>BH8hT%<SRI>J>K:L:F<MCK:L:FC[VLCÙV*<JJV=CK:LCKEhRI<SRI>NE;C 7 RIC[V*A 7 E 7 HCcTUT%C

:L8;C@*>BADJ>BE'CKEhR 7 <E;<ST%>BG 7 @¦'COH 7QP <:F:L<SR•V=CKT8'CKE'UV<áƹÇÈEÉ ¨ Æ;WsÇÈHÉ XZYB[ â\ È^] Æ_sÇÈEÉ [?`
a â\ ÈcbdSC[TQ@=<"e

:L> 7 EN@=8 7 ÆWC Æ_f: 7 <E;>:FCBGgE;<ST 7Q7 E'H 7 JCBE;HCBE_R 7%h T%<yR V=<":LA 7 :L: 7 >KE'Ci@*>BE;G 7 8'E”R?<H 7 CKEhR V=<A P"7 :F8hTYTj<

ADCBHCB: 7 AD<MJ>cVpRk<EhRICN@*>B:R 7 RI8 7 :L@*Cl8'E :FCBGgE;<ST%Cmonp Ü9qsrut'vswt;xrowyzt{i|}~xr€vsy{i‚svsro}t e

x~‚fƒ8Ý bdSC 7 @=<: 7 J 7 $>R 7 J 7 @ 77 E;„gCK@=C hg7 :LCKGgE;<ST 7 Æ W CBH;Æ _ E'>BE :F>BE'>…T"8'<ST%: 7 <": 7%h CBH 7 E P <:FC…<STYT9<„T%>cV=>

HC<Õ'E 7 U 7 >KE'C†:L>KE'>H 7 :R 7 EhRIC„T%C:FCBG 8'CBE_R 7 @T9<":L: 7 H 7 :FCBG E'<ST 7 AD>BH8hT%<SR 7Q7 EN<"ADJ 7 CBUVU‡<Ÿá

¼b¼˜ á.T9<N@=>KADJ>KE'CBE_R?C(Æ_sÇÈEÉ ­ E;8hTT%< h @*>B: 7 @=@=™ ­ F*G ÇQÚÉ ­ : 7 ADADCcR"V 7 @*>

|Mˆ‰Š;‹'‰ŒŽ‰‘=’*‰“”–•— ‰
V 7 :LJC[R Rc>i<H0Ú \ b 7 R V=<SR RI<HC[T;@=<":L><E;> 7 G 7 DE'>cR?> h CKH ­ 7 E;H 7 @=<)R?>H<GgT 7 <@V=>KE 7 A 7 >
ˆŒf•

ܜ›‚sro}y  ~vfyŸžŽtƒov:Ý b
•šsˆ

|Mˆ‰Š;‹'‰/Œ ‰œ*’=‰“¡

º Š
˜ ¾
‰ á:F>BE'>¢JV=CK:‡CBE_R 7 : 7 < ÆWRÇÈEÉO@Z™'CnÆ_@ÇÈEÉ h C´V 7 :F8hTYR?<lÆ_sÇÈEÉl£ Æ
w WqÇÈEÉcb
S8'CK:RI>¤R”<¥:L¦…@Z™'C Ü @*>§ADCŸ„ CBHbV*CBAD> Ý T%<¥HCKE': 7 RHD F G ÇQÚÉHC[TO:FCBG E'<)T9CAD>BH8_T9<)R?>G 7 <@*@ 7 <

R?8_R"RI<<STYT9¨ =©*œ*’LŠ'— Ü >KH <STYT%¨ 7 EhR?CcV=E;> Ý H 7 áŸÚ \ Ü ˆŒ ºª> šsšsˆ

e;« ~¬ƒ–­s}y « ~¬vsy/;tƒov:Ý

˜ á ­ 8'E;<„ 7 <H 7 ADCKU‡UV>†R V*< 7 H8'C¯@=<": 7 JV=CK@=CKHQCBE_R 7%h C°@ 7 > ­ F G ÇQÚÉ
|Mˆ‰Š;‹'‰iŒ ‰œ*’=‰“¡o® ‹'—B‘‘‰
E'>BE ­ : 7 ADADC[R V 7 @=<xV 7 :FJC[R Rc>S<H Ú \ h AD<-@*>BAD8'E;T8CG 7 <"@=CSH<-<A P > 7 T%<SR 7 Ü ˆ^Œs® >i± e
šsˆ
² y « x~­f~t'} « ~vfy/'tƒov Þ Ý b

C[V @*>BADJT%C[RI<SV=C†T%<@T9<":L: 7 Õ;@=<U 7 >KE'C h JC[V…>KGgE;8'E'<°HC[TYT%CiJ>K:L: 79P"7 T 7 REDJV=CK@=C§HCBEhR 7 J8Bi„gCcV 7 Õ'@*<SV*: 7

8'E;>zR V=<{R"V*C:L>cR R?>K@L<: 79h @Z™'C: 7 V 7 R”C[V 7 :F@=>§E;><)TUT%<¯JbV=CK:LCKE'UV<>OADCBE'> h7 E F-G ÇQÚÉ h H 7 8'E;<°@*>BE;@=CKEhR V=<"e

U 7 >KE'CSH 7 J>[RICBE;U‡< Ü >B:F: 7 <DH 7 8;E 7 ADJ8hT%:F> Ý <NR•V*CBT"8'CBE;U‡<=Ú \ h @*>[VV 7 :LJ>BE;HCBE_R?C°<STYT9<ÙR V=<":LA 7 :L: 7 >KE'C

U³
íNò_ô)îY폢ê[ñpóõôêcì[ú‡íNòôÄ÷ôSîYôìîYñê[éŸïUíN÷ê[ôÄ÷t_cíOð,íN÷ìcóõôÄñòèôLûèí&îYðé&îYïYíäêcíNócðòé&îŽîYôÄú‡é÷èñð,ôÄïUéNóÄéþ
å çé™ú‡í1îñò¬´jðô¶µ‚÷t_côõñòèéOê[íNó)îY폢ì[ôÄïUéû óõø ñ÷òèéNê[ôÄú‡é€·B¸'¹´îôÄú:YéNóÄ폢q¢ôÄñ:÷t_cí,û"ñê[ù"ôB÷t_cü‡îéNðð,òôÄú‡í™òíä÷éNú‡ðóõí™ïUñú‡íNêcïUí
ì[ê[ñ1ö™íNóÄóÄí8ö™ìcí¹Yñê)ö™íäóÄñïUíNòñó ôLûpîíOê[íOú‡ñêcïUíNêb¢éNê[éƒö"íNóÄóÄící&îYïUô¡¢ôÄñ\þ

â! è
â!â 꺻 ‡¼u½u¾ ½À¿ ÿlÁ ½Âྠº h‡½Ä  » Z¦ÀÅiÆ Ä º ¾f º Ä º ¾ ½ Æ  ê 

H 7 J>[RICBE;U‡< E'>KE/<:L:F>B@ 7 <SRI<-<)T'ADCB:F:L<"GgG 7 >SÇ ÇÈHÉ h AD<:F>[T%<ADCKEhRIC°<)TUTj< J>[VR?<E_R?C h CST8 7 E;H 7 JV 7 „g<

H 7 @*>BEhRIC§E'8_R?> 7 E;R¡>cV=AD<)R 7 „g>D< 7 Õ'E 7 HC[TYT9<rR"V*<:FA 7 :F: 7 >BE;CbDÈR V=Cl:F>[R Rc>B@*<: 7 @ 7 R?<)R 7 :L>KE'> 7 E'H 7 @*<SR 7

@*>BADCÉ

^>cVpRI<E_R?C  >BJJbV*C§:L:F<ÊÌË > e;« r||wy «"« yv¤Î;tww~¬ywÏ 

| š šsÍ

^>cVpRI<E_R?CÈcEhRIC[V*<ÊÌËsÐS> e }tw'­sylÎ;tww~¬ywÏ 
| Œ Í

^>cVpRI<E_R?C
^<)V=U 7 <ST%ADCBE_R?C  >BJJbV*CB:‡:F<°ÊÌËsË Ï b
| š

ÑÒö×Ò× úMÓQ԰ՎÓ/Ö ÓQ×gØ?Ü^ÓQÙFØ-ÚÜÛQݎÝއÓlù ß/àoá

S8'CK:RI>°â 7 T@=<:F>S<-@*8 7 @ 7 : 7 V 7 @=>KE'H8;@=C 7 E/JV=CK:LC§E;U‡<H 7

Pm (f) 8'E'<:L>cT9<¯@*>BADJ>KE'CKEhRICO<"E'<STj>KG 7 @=<¯H 7P <:F:L<R•V*CBT8;CBE;U‡< h @Z™;C

JCcV@*>BE;„gCBE;U 7 >BE;CDâ-J>K:RI<ŸJ<)V 7 <oÆWsÇÈEÉ9ägb;äs<MH 7 JCKE'HCKE'UV<

ã
f
− + H 7 ÆWsÇÈEɅH<ÀÇ ÇÈEɅâ¢J>B:R?< E;C[TYT9<R”>[V*AD< GgCKE'C[V*<ST%C ÆWsÇÈEÉD£

ÇÈHÉ h 7 E'H 7
Px (f) ã åVæŽçÜèBé Ç COT8
− + − + f
−f0 f0 ÆQê;ë ìnÇÈEÉs£ \ È
çÜè é Ç7ÇÈEÉHÉgXZYB[í
Ç
å æ

ä¨ 7 E„ 7 T%8'JJ>Ÿ@*>BADJT9CK:L:F>¤JC[VRc<EhRI>IV 7 :L8hTYRI< ÇÈEÉ£ 7

çªè é Ç7ÇÈHÉH<¥@*8
Æ FG ÇQÚÉ£ ÇPÚÉ
å æ å æB
î ï ç

è é î F–ð ÇQÚÉ CDT8 7 E'H 7jh H<SRI>/@Z™'C FG ÇQÚÉ£ F GFñç ÇQÚÉ F G‡ò Ç`ÚÉC/@Z™;C F GFñ ÇPÚÉ£ Ï FG ÇQÚ ] Ú \ É C
ó
F G‡ò ÇPÚÉf£ Ï FG ÇQÚ Ú \ É h : 7 >cR"R 7 CKE'C–@*™;C 7 Tô:LCKGgE'<)T9CAD>KH8hT%<SRI>–JV=CK:LC§E_R?<†8'E;<…HCBE;: 7 REDOH 7 J>cR?CKE'UV<
ç
ó
J<)V 7 <

å æî è éî
ÇQÚÉf£ ÇQÚ-] Ú \ É ÇQÚ Ú \ É`ü ÇPÚ ] Ú \ É ÇPÚ Ú \ É`ü
û Foõ
F*G ç ç ç ç Foõ ç
ûï ï
 

é÷ö ö
äs<-J>cR?CKE'UV<5R?>cR?<)T9C°H 7 ƹÇÈEÉ:V 7 :F8hTYR?<-JCcVpRI<E_R?> £ h ADCKEhR"V*C 7 T:L8;><"E'H<"A-CKEhR?> 7 E
F*G øçúù û o F õ

R•V=CKT8'CKE'UV<âOT8'CcTUT%>QV 7 J>[VRI<SR?> 7 E(Õ'Gg8_V=< h H>B„ C: 7 î

âJ>B:R?> è î £ b
é


üýþýþýþ
 
 
ÿ

:F<A 7 EQ<"E'H>‡T9¨ 8_TR 7 AD<CK:LJbVFCB:F: 7 >BE'C‚R"V*>B„ <SRI<JCcV FG h âŽCB„ 7 HCKEhRICŽ@*>BADC
é ö
ø : 7 <J<)V 7 <STYTj<J>cR?CKE'U‡<

HCcTUT%< J>cVpRI<E_R?CSE'>KEMAD>KH8hT%<SRI<ʔ@=>KE'@*C§EhR V=<SRI<JCcVADCcRED <H Ú \ C°JC[V†ADî C[RHD <¤]:Ú \ Ï h @Z™'CST8 7 EH 7

:L„ <E 7 :F@=CDJC[V

å æ 
£ h H<"E'H>5T98;>BGg> 7 ET"8'CB:R?¨ 8_TUR 7 AD<@ 7 V*@=>K:Rc<"E'U‡<<ST:L>[R RI>§@=<":L>/H 
7
—K’=‘‰Š'‘

©*—
 ’L*©=©*‰
b

äs<iHCKAD>BH8hT%<U 7 >KE'C H 7 T8'CK:RI>…:LCKGgE'<)T9C…: 7 CBR”R”C[RNRI8'< 7 EAD>BH>†@=>KC[VLCKEhRIC†Ê é b âb è Ï h H>BJ>†<g„gC[V0V 7 e

@*>B:R"VL8 7 RI>ƒT%<†J>[VRc<"EhR?CJCcVuT"8'<HV=<)R?8_V=<…Ê é b Jb â Ï h >BJJ8_V=CŽADCKH 7 <E_R?C–HCBAD>KH8_T9<)R?>cV=CŽ<"H 7 E'„ 7 T%8JJ>

Ê é b âb â Ï h H>BJ>i<"„ C[V–C[T%< P >cV=<)R?>QT9<SJ>cVpRc<"EhRICQV 7 @*>B:R"VF8 7 RI<S@=>KADC:LJ 7 CKGg<)R?> 7 E é b è b è b b 

üýþýþý
 
 !"#$%&(' ÿ

dSCcT†@*<:F> å æ*£+
)  h : 7 J8 Ÿ:F@=CKGgT 7 CcV=CŸ@*™;CIV ,- ,
7 E6@*8 7 IB 7 :F8hTYR 7 :FCBADJV=CþÆ"WsÇÈEÉ h CŸT8 7 E;H 7
å æ
F/.02143 Ç ý 6
3 5 h H<°@=8 7 V 7 :F8hTYR?<S@Z™'CHCB„ CiCB:F:LC[V*C
ÇÈEÉ
èBé

, è éî Ç î JC[V7 å æî
ÇÈHÉ hÈ

8:9;=<>@?BADCFEHGI<AD;KJ CMLNGPO;=EHQRGI<QRC/AD?ST;UA=VLNGIWD?N;F<CKO&VXYG ZCFEHCMV<G\[]G4>@CK?N<?NWD?6GILNCYGIE I?6Q@EHGIEH?NG4^4CYJ CMJ_;F<`V<G

t_ sc Y t_
QREHG4>aLNGZWD?N;F<CMQRCFSbO&;FEHGILNC\JH?
>a? OVX`>aCFSbO&EHCPEH?NJH;=<A=VEHEHCMG4AKV>aGIEHCYV<G[]V<WD?N;F<C ^cLNGdJH;F< "C=<WD?e;=<CPO&;U>@QRG ŒVŽ~ ‘  <c
QREHGIQ@QRG#?NLUJ_G4>@;fAD?UV<d>@C "<GILeCSb;UADVLNGIQR; %gih Þ¢2j k`l ZCF<C=EH?NJH;^mJH;F< l JH;>@QRGI<Q@Cn *¤¿‰ QŠ ‰ PŠqŒVŽ ‰  V Š ¢
 po:qUo
¿ Á ½ÂྠPrts ½Ävu¥Â s'º
º Á ws u rtr ºyx%zd{
» â"!p
| 8'CK:RIC…8hTYR 7 ADC :F>BE'>ÂT%C @=>KE'H 7 U 7 >KE 7 @Z™'C†@*<SV*<SR"RIC[V 7 U‡UV<E'> 7 T@*<:F>…H &
7
—K’=‘‰Š;œ
˜
Š'‘=’*‰
b"ÈNT)V=<JJ>cVpRc>

} é
ø î V=<"JJbV*CB:FC§EhRI<†T%<¯AD<:F: 7 AD<  € ˜
 JCcV Ç ÇÈHÉ h C†@=>KE':FCBE_R?COH 7 H 7 ADCBE;: 7 >BE;<SV=C

7
ù û 4~
J<SV*<ADCcR"V 7 C 7 ENAD>BH>H<EV=CK<ST 7 UVU‡<)V=CzT9CO@=>KE'H
—B‘*Š g‰ ©=‘‰Š'‘‰Š;=‰

7 U 7 >KE 7 V 7 @Z™ 7 CB:R?C "b U‚

å æ è é
dSC[T @*<:L>H 7 J>[VRc<E_R?C 7 E_R?CcV=< h T8;CB:R?<…E'>KE
Modulante
7 E'„gCcVpRIC¢AD< 77 T:FCBG E'> h ADCKEhR V=CME'CcTŽ@=<:F>¢H 7

J>cVpRI<E_R?C:L>KJJbV*CB:‡:F< Æ W ÇÈEÉO™;<ÀANCBH 7 < E'8hTYTj<

ʔ:LC†Ç ÇÈHÉ™;<ADCBH 7 <E'8hTYT%< Ï C‡T9<J>[VRI<EhRIC…JbV*CBe

:LCKEhRI<:FCBG E 7 <STYRIC[V*E 7 @*>BEÀJbV*> P < P7 T 7 R mƒ Ï h @*>Be

P. intera

: 7 @*@*™;âJCcVµÚÜ£ Ú \ E;>BEŸ@*>BADJ< 7 >BE;> 7 ADî J8hT%: 7

7 E …„‡† 1ÇQÚÉcb
P. soppressa
äs<yV*<G 7 >KE'CiJbV 7 E'@ 7 J<ST9CHC[TYT%¨ 8_R 7 T 7 U‡UV>iHCcT9e

T%<J>[VRc<E_R?C 7 EhRIC[V*< â°@Z™'C 7 ER?<ST'@=<:F> 7 TJV=>Ke

@*CB:F:L>H 7 HCK@=>KH 7 Õ'@=<ÀE'>KE V 7 @Z™ 7 CKHC°T%<¥@*>BE;>Be

ˆ-:L„g>cT%GgC[V*:
P. p. soppr.
:L@*CKE'U‡<¢H 7 Ú \ h C-J8 7 R”<@*CBE;H>D8;:L>

H 7 8'E°:LCBADJT 7 @*CŽHCKAD>BHQ8_T9<\RI>[V*C†H 7"7 E'„ 7 T98;JJ> h

HCK:L@V 7 R Rc> 7 E é b âb âb

üýþýþý ‰
 
 Š€‹H2Œ_Ž%
$` w%U(v
ÿ

 C
å æ
â 7 E;R”C[V 7 >cV=Ci<)TQ„ <ST%>[V*CE'CK@=CK:L:F<SV 7 >iJC[V <g„gCcV=CQT9<°J>[VRc<E_R?C 7 E_R?CcV=< h : 7 >cR"R 7 CKE'C 7 TQ@*<:F>iHCcTUT%<

J>cVpRI<E_R?C  ‰’H ˜
‰“BD=Š;œs©=—
 ’*=©*©=‰
h @Z™'CŽ@ 7 JC[V*ADC[RNRICŽH 7 V 7 :FJ<)V=A 7 <SV*CJ>[RIC§E'UV<Oʔ„gCKH 7 é b è b è b ‘ Ï b§ÈNT
V*CB: 7 H8'>iH 7 J>cVpRk<EhRICJV=CK:LC§E_R?C h J8 ˆCK:L:FC[V*Ci8':F<SR?>JCcV1V 7 e”GgCBE;C[V*<SVT9< “’I<ST”V 7 @*CB„ 7 RI>[VLC \’uADCKH 7 <EhRIC

8'E `” -äfälÊ é b âb è b  Ï h C†:F>BADAD<)VpT%<<ST":LCKGgE'<)T9C1V 7 @=CK„g8hRI> h V 7 e¡JV=>KH8;@=C§E;H> @*>B:L¦ 7 TSRIC[V*A 7 E'C

å æ XZYB[í \ È÷b

ÈkE³R?<)T;AD>KH> h @ 7 : 7 V 7 @=>KE'H8;@=C¯<STQ@=<":L>oËfÐ h C¯: 7 J8 ˆiCKR¡R”C[R™R?8;<SV=C„T9<HCBAD>KH8hT%<U 7 >KE'CH 7;7 E'„ 7 T%8JJ>

Ê é b âb â Ï b

üýþýþý • –Y—m˜
™c‹š%
Š€…›w‹2('œebv
dSCcTUT%¨ CB:FJbV=CK:L: 7 >BE'C HC[TYT9</J>[RICBE'UV<aR?>cR?<)T9C „†¢£ Ï
} å§î „ õ JC[V¯8'E¤G CBE;C[V 7 @*>-:LCKGgE'<)T9C Yzd{ h
î
æ ç¥ègé î
~
E'>cR 7 <AD>/@Z™;C:F>[T%>
ù û
ö
ž„
Ÿ £ „ õ âV*C[T%<SR 7 „ <<ST:FCBG E'<ST%C/8hR 7 T%C h ADCKEhR V=C
é ö
ø „ 7 CKE'C¢:FJCB:F< :L8_TUTj<
î
J>cVpRI<E_R?C h @Z™'C–E'>KE{R"V*<:FJ>cVpRI< 7 E'R”>[V*AD<U 7 >KE'C"b ^CcVR?<E_R?> h : 7 HC<Õ'E ” î RQÕ'@ 7 CKE'UV<OCKE'C[V*GgCcR 7 @*<
7 :L@*C8;E'<†CB

„
Ÿ „
¡
Ï õ
 
ègé î
£
„‡† £
}å î
„
£
é ö
¡
Ï õ
~
çÜè ø
¢€£
æî éî ç
ö
î ù û

@Z™'CV*<JJV=CK:LC§E_R?<°T%<R•V=<U 7 >BE'C/H 7 J>cR?CôE'U‡<IR"V*<:LANCB:L:F< h 8hR 7 T9C/< 7 Õ'E 7 HCcTUT%<°V 7 @*>B:RNV*8'U 7 >KE'C/HCcT

ADCB:F:L<"GgG 7 > gb U¤
¥¦ ?ADCF§<?¨>aJHC(JH;=SbCYO;FQRC=<WDGP?B>@QRGI<QRGI<C=GP©];Tª«I¬ «]­H­¯®°tA=?²±³e´BµB^?NL¶>aCF·Z<GILNCd¸¹ºI³e´Bµ g ± ö ³e´BµB^O&CFE
JHV?»¸ ¹ g
¼¾½¾¿TÀÁÂyÀ à  ÀÀ&Ä öÄ ö ¸ ¹»º"³e´¨µ@Æ$´Bn
Ç:È ACU>@C=SbÅ O?N;&^š<CFLJHG4>a;?N<TJHV?±d³e´¨µc>a?eGwV<fO&EH;FJHC>m>a;²JH;F<dADCF<>@?N9Q ´bA=?O&EH;FÉIGIÉI?6LN?N9Q ´V<?N[];FEHSbCQREHGKÊ Ë ö ^šLNGO&;FQRCF<W=G
AD?€O&?NJHJH;‡EH?B>@VL6QRG(CU>m>aCFEHC…Ë€Í Ì gÎFÏ ¹ö ©]EH?NJH;FEZAD?NGISb;
J:ÐC Ï ¹ö g ˀö Ì °]^ZSTCF<QREHC
G4ACU>@CFSTO?N;M>aCY±d³e´¨µ gÑhtÒ ½¾Ó ÑDÔ€Õ ¹ ´ >@?
ÐG(O&;FQRCF<WDGvAD?cO&?NJHJH; h ö g Ñ Ï ¹ö ©¨A=GIQR;‡J:ÐCY¸ ¹ gÖÏ ¹ö g û ö Ì °]à ^";FO&OVEHC
GI<JH;FEHGv>aCK±³e´¨µ€×
·ZGIV>š>¯?NGI<;^"LeGTO;FQRC=<WDG
AD?2O&?NJHJH;(©]CA=V<ØIVUC h öÙcÚ=VÛ ö O&CFE‡;FQRQ@CF<CFEHCYLNGMO&;FEHQRGI<QRC(?N<QRCFEHG°EH?B>@VLeQRGY?N<§<?¾QRGP©]C(JH;U>aG\GIJ_JHG4ADCbGILNLN;FEHGIÜ ¦ ?GZÝZ¬E ´
<CFJ_CU>m>aGIEH?NGISbCF<QRC»V<G#O&;FEHû Q@GI<QRC²EH?BA=;=QRQRG4n¾n¾n¾°]n
Þ È A»CU>@CFSTO?N;^I>aCf±d³e´¨µ gÒ ½6Ó ÑDÔ€Õ ¹T´p>@?UÐGb¸»¹ g Ú Ñ C^D<CFLUJHG4>@;fAD?O&;FEHQRG"<QRC²?N<QRCFEHG^&ADCFÝZC¶EH?B>@VLNQRG$EHC h ø g Û û C
ADV<ØIVCfß g ñ Ã ö gáà"â ÎÎ nã%ÝZÝZCFEH;T>a;FLN;
ämåaæ#ADCFLNLeG#O&;FQRCFÐ <WDG#QREHG4>aSbCU>š>@G#ײVQR?NLNC»GILEH?NJHCFÝZ?NQR;FEHCç
Ã
â! c‘ 꺻 s ¼u½u¾ ½À¿ co Á ½Âྠdr2s ½Ävu
º » uTè Å u Æ Ä º ¾ s'º Ä º ¾ ½ Æ s ²s
5ê

ÑÒ Ò aé 6ê úMÓQ԰ՎÓ/Ö ÓQ×gØ pë^ÓQÙFØiì¢Ô…Þí;Óïî ß/àñð

ò >KADCi< PP 7 <AD>„ 7 :RI> h T9<AD>KH8_T9<"U 7 >KE'C ˆŒf•
HCcR?CV*A 7 E;<8'E;<>K@=@*8'J<"U 7 >BE;CiH Mó²ô@õDö 7QP <EH<JC[V

H>KJJ 7 <¢H 7 T8'CcTUT%<lH 7 Ñô@õDöcbd”C[V

Ç 7 ADJCBGgE;<SV*C 7 E;„gCK@=C 8'E;< P <"E'H<lJ<SV 7 </T8;C[TYT9<lH Ñô@õDö h7 Ts:LCKe 7 Ç

GgE;<ST%C AD>BH8hT%<SRI>OHCB„gC†H 7 JCBE'HC[V*CH<SCKEhR V=<"A P CÂT9C…@*>BADJ>ôE'CBE_R 7 <"E'<\T9>KG 7 @Z™'C\ó W ô@õDöQCBH`ó _ ô@õDö h @Z™'C

HCK„g>KE'>„V 7 :L8hTYRI<SV=CÉ óWZô@õmös£ ÑÇ ô@õmöCdó_Iô@õDös£ Ñ Ç ô@õDöcbÈkE'R”<SR R 7Q7 EoRI<STAD>BH>: 7 >cR"R 7 C§E;CÉ
üHý üHý üHý üHý
ù ôRõD ö [?`
aí \ sõ £ Çøô@õDö CUû ç C%þû ] Çø ù ôRõmö Cû ]¢Cpþû £
Ò Ò Ò Ò

óê;ëc÷iô@õDö £ Çøô@õDgö XZYB["í \ õ ]úÇø

ÿ ÿ

C û
 H
ü ý  H
ü ý
¡ Çøô@õDö ç
Ç ù ô@õmö  ç C þû ¡ ÇøôRõD^ö ]
Ç ù ô@õmö  Ò Ò

ÿ  ÿ 
£
 

 7 @=>cV=H<E;H>D>cV=<@*™;C
Çøô@õm ö 
Çø ù ôRõDö †£ Ç iô@õD ö ʔ„gCKH 7 J<Gb Ï âDJbV=>KJbV 7 > 7 T€@*>BE_R?CKE'8hRI>D<
R•V=CKT8'CKE'UVC¯J>B: 7 R 7 „gCiʔE'CKGg<SR 7 „gC Ï h :FCvó¶ô@õm

î ö â¯H 7 CKE'CcV=G 7 < h CBR”R”C[R Rc8'<EH>†T%<>R V=<:FR”>[V*AD<SRI<-H 7 >K8hV 7 CcV
H 7 <A P > 7 ADCBA P V 7 : 7 >[R R 7 CKE'C

 ê;ë c÷ ô ö £
ï
ô-] \ öiô ö ç ï ô  ç  \ ö  þ ô öf£
£ iô  ] \ ö ç  þ ô  ç  \ ö

7 E'H 7o7 T:FCBG E'<ST%CDAD>KH8_T9<)R?>inOp"! âlR”>[V*AD<SR?>lH< 7 @=>KEhRICBE'8_R 7 <¤R•V=CKT8'CKE'UVClJ>K: 7 R 7 „gClC

ˆŒ$#
ClT"8

E'CKGg<)R 7 „gCOH 7 øô@õDö h

Ç R"V*<:T%<SR 7 < 7 T9<)R 7 HCcTYT9<SJ>cVpRc<"EhRIC% \ b

| 8'<)T9>cV=<z: 7 @*>BE': 7 HC[V 7i7 E;„gCK@=CÜÇ øô@õDö¯8'E1JbV*>B@*C§:F:L> h : 7 J8 ˆ H 7 AD>K:R V=<)V=CÀÊ¡J<:F:L<E;H>H<STYT9<

R V=<:FR”>[V*AD<SRI<H 7'& † ô(%ö Ï 8'E5V 7 :L8hTYRI<SRI>HCcT_RI8hR R?><E'<)Tj>BGg> h >B„g„ C[V*>

Pm (f)
„‡†Tô öf£ „ õoñ ô ] \ ö ç
„ õ
Å ô ç
 \ ö
)
− + f dSC,+s@=<":L> HCK:L@- 7/.0. > < PP"7 <AD> @*>BE': 7 HC1-*< . >N:F>BJJ2-*CB:F:L<
+%<zJ>1- . <E . C h CKH 7 +:FCBGgE;<3+%C AD>BH8'+9< . > ʔ@=>KE': 7 HC1-L< . >
B.L. Superiore Px (f)
E'C,– + H>BA 7 E 7 >/HC,+4+%<¤R-=CKT8'CKE'UV< Ï - 7 :L8+ . <5?CK: . C6-=E;>17i<"H
− + f
 \ ɟT"8'CK: . < @ 7 -=@*>B: . <"E'U‡< â 7 E'H 7 @*< . < @*>KE 7 + . C,-LA 7 E'C
B.L. Inferiore P* x (f) H 78 ‰Š;‹'‰M“”‰‘=’*‰“”S©69 =’ —§’= biÈ:+f@=<":L> >BJJ>§:
˜  . > Ê 8 ‰Š !
) ˜ ˜ 7 0
. . I 7 
P 7
f ‹'‰-“”‰‘*’=‰“” Š<;k=’ —§’* Ï : > B
C '
E S
C *
@ 
< A
< '
E 
H ¯
> :FCBG E'>i<

ó ôRõmö 
+ −
−f0 _ cb @- 7 „ 7 <AD>OH8;E'T8C
f0

óê;ëc÷ ôRõDöf£ è é
øôRõDö XZYB[í \ õ >
Ç
è é
ø
ù ô@õDög[?`ja€í \ õ
Ç
= ÿ = ÿ
@*>BE¤]¤C
ç
- 7 :LJC .?.c7 „ <A-CKE . CJC1-–> .?. CKE'C,-LCO8;E-:FCBG E'<@+9C
ˆŒ%#
@*>BE P <EH<S:L8;JC,- 7 >1-*C> 7 E'R”C1- 7 >,-=C"b

ò >KEA+%C†@=>K: . <E .I77 E;H 7 @=< . + :FCBG E'<3+%C…AD>BH8+%<

C h"7  . > ˆŒ$# ™'<¯8'E;<SJ> . CBE;U‡< /„ † £ ÿCB ô ù û B „ ð B öf£ ö

ù û
ö
„ õ ʔ„gCKH 7  ‘
 b bD Ï h CKGg8;<3+9C–<OT"8'C,+4+%<OH 7 8'ES:LCKGgE'<@+9C'np"!
ˆŒs•
7 ES@=8 7 óWZô@õmsö £ è é
Çøô@õDöCKó_Iô@õDöf£
î î
gb
î ȯ„ <E . <G G 7 H 7 8'E . 3
< +%C/ADC . >BH>¢H 7 AD>KH8'+9<"U 7 >KE'C/:L>KE'>/:F8 P7/. >lCB„ 7 HCBE .?7 Éi@=>KE':FCBE . C 7 E'R”< . e

.I7 H 7 - 7 :LJ<@-=A 7 <3-*C P <"EQH< h JC1-*ADC .?. CKE'H>E+%< . -*<:FA 7 :F: 7 >KE'C¢H 7 J 74F ADCB:F:L<G G 77 EH 7 „ 7 : 7 >KE'C/H 7

- CKT8'CKE'UV<Ê 
R= › { Ï b

üýþý ýþ /%
 Š€‹H # ›‹²IH 
Œ_‹2JLKNM
G

OSEŸ:FCBG E'<3+%C ˆŒ%# J8 ° ˆ CB:L:FC1-FCGgCKE'C,-=< . > 7 EŸH8'C°H 7 „gC1-*: 7 AD>KH 7 bÈP+^JI- 7 AD>@*>BE;: 7 : . CE'C,+4+%¨ 8:L>H 7
ù ô@õmö h H<¯8':L<@-=C…<":L: 7 CKADCO<"HÇÑô@õDö 7 E8'EAD>KH8+%< . >1-*C 7 E R”<:LC
8'ENQ'+ . -=>†H 7IR°7 + P C1- . JC1-@=<@+9@*>1+%<3-*C ÇÑ
 poDSpoDÂ\u
¿ Á ½Âξ \rs ½oÄvuÜ s;º
º Á s u r rôº
» T3U@V

CBH 7 E T"8'<HI-=< . 
8 -*<b ¨:L8 P7/. >-CB„ 7 HCBE . CN@=>KADCD: 7 J>B:F:L<"E'>DJI-=CK:LC§E . @
< -=C-J2-*> P +9CKA 7 :FC/Ç ™'< Ñô@õmö
@*>BE . CBE;8 .I7 . 7@ 7
CBE'C,-=G C I JI-=>K:L: 7 A 7 <iR-=CKT8;CBE'UV<iU‡C,-=> h @Z™'CL-=CKE'H>BE'>…<":L:F< 7 : . - 7 E'GgCKE .I7 %+ C†:FJCK@ 7 '
Q @Z™'C
JC,-Ž<"JJ2-*>B:F: 7 AD<3-*C 7 +WQ'+ . -*>H W
7 R7 + P C1- . b

O EMJI-=> P +%CBAD<-: 7 A 7 +jC°: 7 J2-*CB:FCBE . <N<"E'@Z™'C¯@*>BE 7 +:FCB@*>BE;e

S
Z2
__Y a
K p2qsrut . q1pIqp2vxw<t,yt -{z@| v/q1y'tspIt +x} t,w<y z3+ t~€ #ƒ‚ v4y…„{†'v } v
Px = Pm
m(t) cos ωX 0t 2 w<t,yt -z †y } t1w‡y z3+ t~€‰ˆ‹ŠŒ„^tŽ<v/t1y't Q+ . -z . qv4yruq,p2qp z
sinωX 0 t −
__Y a
K
x(t) t + v/ruv4y z<- t†'y z p2t +4+ t z y‘p2t +4z . t -{z@+ v?’ +4z yt,„{t }“} v . pIv . -z3” ƒ
hH (t)
2
Z2
} rut .0. t - t%• - t1–3†'t1y | t—pIv Ç øôRõDö ˜2- q }“} v/rut z@+4+ q | t - q ‚ „q1r ˜I+ v ”
KY „ z v4y'• z .0. v +/z%- t z3+ v ||™z@| všq,yt›pIt1v Q+ . - v?œ
Px = __a Pm
m(t) H(f) ã
f
2 {
‰z . -z3} ruv }ž} v/q1y't  Ÿ pIv } t,w<y z@+ v~€ # âA} . z . zE+ †y ”
−f0 f0 x(t) ”
w z rut1y . t›† }“z . z˜ t - v ˜ q,y . v -z p2v/q . t + t1•q1yv/„v0œ t - . z y . q ‚ +/z
cos ωX 0 t 2 KY a + v/ruv . z@| v4q,yt } † +/+ truv/yvšrutE• - t,–3†'t1y | t . t + t1•q6yv/„'t z yq,y
[C\']^\'_ `3acb d]P\fegb4hji klmon

rut1y'q¡p2v 3U@U R |f} q,yq¡ruq . v4Ž z . t z y„^'t¡p z@+4+/z yt,„{t }“} v . p2v ƒ
t1••t .:. † z3- t¡rAq1p2† +4z@| v/q1y'v‘¢ ‰O œ

ÑÒ Ò¤£ aé ¥MÓQ԰ՎÓ/ÙFÓQ×gØ cë^ÓQÙLØiëÞVՎÛQ×L×gÓïî§ß/àƒ¦


v ˜ † ˆ
Ž‡t - v Q „ z@- tv + „ z3} qv/y§„{†'v‹yq,y } v ˜ q }“}žz¨z3}ž} q + † . z rut,y . t
•3 z - t z rut1y'qpIv„{q,r ˜ q,yt,y . vpIv } t1w‡y z@+ t z • - t6–@†t1y |žz ruq + . q z3}ž}“z ‚ x H(f) © xBLR
BLD
f
„q1rut z Ž‡Ž<v/t1y't ‚ z pEt } t,r ˜ v/q ‚ yt + } t1w‡y z3+ t . t + t1Ž‡v } v/Ž<q“ª Ê Ž<t,p2v z3˜2˜ t1y ” ©
‘ ‘ 
p2v/„t  œ œ Ï œ v - v/„q -- t z3+/+ q -z«z3+/+šz ruq1p2† +4z@| všq,yt z ¢ z yWp zN‰z . t -z3+ t
−f 0 f0

 v/p2q .0. zÊ ~€‰¬ Ï ‚ „^tCŽ<v/t1ytCw<t,yt -z . z v/yŽ<v z y‘pIqxv +‡} t,w<y z3+ tŒruq1pI† +/z . qŒ¢ ‰O…z .0. -{z Ž<t -{} qx†' y q }“˜ t ”
„v Q „{q Q+ . - q ‚ „^t ˜2- t } t6y . z †y z . -{z y } v | v4q,yt . -{zu+/z  z yp z˜Iz3}“}žz y . t$t%–3†t +4+/zNz .?. t,y† z . z ‚ ˜ v F
p2q + „t›pIvW–@†t +/+/z pIvW†'y ˜2z@}“}žz3”  z yp z v/p2t z@+ t ‚ t¡„^t } v‘t } . t6y'p2t¡q + . - t ,­ œ

ÑÒ Ò¤® aé ¯ÛQ×gØÔ°Ó ÕfÞC±…Ô³²"Ø@´sÔ°ÓQÙFØAµ¶

 t,w<†tL†y'q } „^t,r z I p t +/+ L

t t }“˜2- t }ž} /v q1yvIpIt 2 + } t1w‡y 3 z + tfruq1pI† /+ z . q ˜ t - vIp2v/Ž<t -{} v . v ˜ I v pIv‘ruq,p2† +4z@| všq ”
yt zd{‚ 1
t 
p ‘
v <
Ž /
v 
y 
„ q + v } '
† v ˜ I 3
z 
- z u
r t . - v + 1
t w z . v @
z 4
+ /
+ · q ?
. . ,
t 
y /
v u
r 1
t y . q ƒ 2
p ‘
v 
† y %
z ˜ q . 6
t y ™
| z . q . z +t
@ <œ „ †
¸:\‡¹]^`º \»¼d‡eg½,º `3¾¿d ÀÁd<¾D\']^a` Û \'_ ¸'à e3`3¾¿d
û‰Â
ÄÅÇÆ2ÈÉ?Ê ²ó ô@õDö‰Ë
Ì1Í{ÎÑô@õDö‡Ï^Ð1Ñ&ô/Òg­FõDö „
†›Ë³ÓÕ ûÔ „ Ö Ì1ÍLËØ× Õ ¢Ã

ó¶ô@õmö‰Ë Ú Ó û Õ ÎÑô@õDö‡Ï^Ð1Ñ&ô/Ò ­ õDöÛ Ú Ó û Õ Î ù @ô õDö‡Ñ0Ü¿Ýô/Ò ­ Dõ ö „ † Ë Ó Õ ûÔ „ Ö ¢Õ c£ Ã

ÄÅÇهÈÉ0Ê Ì Í Ë × ¢
Í ¢ £Ã Í
ó²ô@õD‰ö Ë ÌâÍ{ÎÑô@õDö žÏ^Ð1Ñ&ô/Ò­$õDö „
›
† Ë Õ ãÔ „
Ó û Ô Ö Ì1ÍLËØä Õ ¢ þ ãÔ
ÄÅÇÆ2ÈɞÞ
 ߓàŒá
„q1y , Ì1Í B“æ .0143 ÎÑô@õmö 365
å
á Õ ¢c£
ߓà

çfèÁé êìëfíïî$ðAñòžó$ô¼õ™î$öë÷ðAõøó$íïùøõ™ëLô¼ô¼ó

ú¼û û ¾ê @é
  
 í cë   

 
üþý3ÿ ‰° ý ‰ý gý <ý Wÿ

 ƒ     óZô@õDö
"! ó²ô@õDö
v . -z ?. . z p2t + „ v - „{†'v . quw‡v  y q . q Ž‡t1pIv œ œ CpIv¼t } . -{z@| v/q1y'tupIt +/+4z „{q,r ˜ 1
q y't1y . tv/y • z@} t
r t1pIv z y x
u . .
t ruq + v ˜2+ v/„ z@| v/q1y't ‹Ip v . .
2˜ t - †'y z›˜ q - z y x Fõ
t pIv3p2t,ruq1p2† +4z@| v/q1y't ^Ï Ð1Ñ3Òg­ ‚ t - v/ruq | v/q1y't
#%$&(' )+*-,/.0*-1&2,3&(465879.:17;* 465879&0<=.(>?&@1=7A7B464CI* ·;79>"&*'BD?467B>?.2,37FEHG)I.2,/EH*A>?EH&JK&21079>:'B&(>?E/.46.=ÝA7B46&>?EH.JL7B'M,/&F·;>?* 'B&
×N58OI* EH7B)I* 46&>?EH&N)I.2,3EH* >?EH&8P
QKRS>6* 558&(>T1=7B)I&VU-P W-P¾æ,/.(>".N79'BDT,XEHO+* EH&Y1D"&E/&()I>?7B)_Ð"&C1=7OI&(* 'B7B<=<=* <=79.(>"&1&'24C.('BEH7958'B79)+* EH.(OI&8P
T3U Z [\^]_2`babcdafegihjakmldcn\pon_2aqsrt]rCufvVrpwqd\^c_\^qd\pcdaw_2[N_
p2t 4+ + t—„q1r ˜ q1yt,y . v z • - t,–3†t,y |z ÿ ™­ rut1p2v z y . t—†'y Q+ . - q ˜2z@}“}žz3”  z‡}“} q ‚ t—„'t$Ž<v/t1yt - v ˜2- q ˜ q } . q
y t 4+ +/z%Q w<† -{z „^t } t1‡
 w †t@œ
 z¡˜ q - . z y . txw‡t1y't -z . z›+ q,„ z@+ rut,y . tŒp2t,Ž<t ˜2- t } t6y . z@- t +4z
‰
x z y
1 x (t) } . t }ž}“z • z@} tLtƒ• - t1–3†'t1y |™z p2v2–3†'t +/+šz v/y z3-- v/Ž<q ‚ t ˜ t - –3†t } . q
y {
x(t) _

6|?}|"~S€ C‚AS€ƒ;„A|€0 -… †

2 c + q } „^t,r z Ž‡v4t,ytƒv4y'p2v/„ z . q z y„^tL„q1yv + yq1rutƒp2v‘p2t,ruq1pI† ”
cos ω0t

‡…  
+4z@| všq,yt Nq jœ ‰† ft }“} t - t - t z@+ v |™|z . z –3† z3”

6 ˆ  Š‰ ‹
+ q -z+4zA˜ q - . z y . t } v zA- v ” w‡t1y't -z . zz3+- v/„t1Ž‡v . q - trut1p2v z y . t†y"„v - „†v . q ‰  œ T œ  œ  q ˜I˜ † - t

BŒ
†y–3† z p -z . q - t  œ œ T Pœ + rut . q,p2q z@˜2˜2+ v/„ z 3v + t z . † .0. v@v . v ˜ v<p2v‡ruq1pI† +/z3| v4q,yt‹p2v z r ˜ v/t ||™z ‚ v/y
øô@õDö
Ž 
–3† z y . q—v/y . † .?. v 4+ z „{q,r ˜ q,yt,y . t—v/yu• z3} t›pIv ˜ t1ypIt—p z«Î ’,y't +/+4z˜2-z . v4„ z ‚ yt1v‘„ z3} vWp2v3~€‰ˆ !
t›–@†t +/+ v z pNt }“} q - v/„q1ypI†„v4@v + v ‚ Ž<v/t1ytƒv4y'Ž<t,„{t z p2q .0. z . q›v + pIt1ruq,p2† +/z . q - t›pIv'v/yŽ<v + † ˜I˜ q  œ T œ T :œ

 ‘%’T%’ “•”M”–”M—˜—™›šœ?žŸ™›”¡ ¢:¡£:¤Šš

¥ ÿ2¦ ô ?§ f¨ öõ
f©
«ª ¬‰
C}žz u r v/yWv z ruq¼q { „ q }“zLz „{„ z pItCy't + „ z@} q‹v4y$„†v +4zf˜ q - . z . t‹pIv<pIt1ruq,p2† /+ z3| v/q1yt Ï^Ð1Ñ
- z    

© ¨
 á á
M­-®
˜2- t } 6 t y . vx†y…t -- q - tp2vf• z3} t t 
q pIvL• - t,–3†'t1y |z  œ +f- v } † + . z . qs2
p vf†y z p2t,ruq1pI† +/3z | v4q,yt
„q1t - t1y . t - v } † + . z

¯ ô@õmö óT ô@õDö õ ô V§ t¨
öõ f© Ë ‡Ï^Ð1Ñ3Ò ­ <Ï^Ð1Ñ Ò Ò 

° ó ô@õDö »ô ¨ wõ f© ö »ôDô ÿ t¨
 á á

ÿ
Ë

Ï^Ð1Ñ Ò
á á
Ï^Ð1Ñ Òg­
á

öõ
Ò
f© ö
á


…  
Ž‹ ±®
t - . z y . q ‚ rut1y . - t$v + . t - ruv/yt z • - 1 t –@†t1y |™z „v - „ z pIq 2
˜ ˜ vz < Ž v/t1yt¡t + v4ruv/y z . q¡„{q,rut z3+‘} q + v . q—p z
†y Q +. - q @ z ˜2˜ q } v . q ‚ v +2} t1<
w y z3+ t¡† . v + t z ••t .?. q—p z †'y z Ip v } . q -} v/q1yt ˜23 z - v z

² ® óT"ô@õDö
©
˜ t - t -- q - v2p2v'• z3} t <} v‘q .?. v/t1y't
Õ
0† ‡Ï^Ð1Ñ „^'t3œDœ œ ˜ † z yy‘† +4+/z3-} v ˜ t -
© Ÿ³¡´ Ë 
Õ
² ˜ t - µ® t  ó ô@õmö
¶=· ¨ wõ | z ¡} vq .?. v/t,yt
- - q - v¼pIv¼• - t1–3†'t1y ™
Õ
‡Ï^Ð1Ñ

Ò  u t p2†y'–<†'tv +¼} t1w‡y 3 z + tupIt1ruq,p2† +4z@”

†
. q ‚ q + . - t z p"v4y'Ž<t - . v - t ˜ t - v4q,p2v/„ z rut1y . t ˜ q +/z3- v . ‚ 2 t y . z †'y z yq . t,Ž<q + tAq } „{v +4+/z3| v/q1yt
˜ - t } 1

· ¨
p2v z r ˜ v4t |™|z „^t ‚ z p t } t1r ˜ v4q ‚ y't + „ z3} qp2v } t1w‡y @ z +t z ' † p2v/q ˜ † - t1y'p2t - tv +Œ- v } † + . z . q
v4y'v4y . t +4+ všw<v/3v + tƒw‡v „{q,y  ˜2z@- v z˜ q1„^v R t - . | œ
«

 ‘%’T ‘ ¸¹¡º–˜¢:»Kš¤-—K–£:m—L£¼™›šœ"Ÿž ¢:š0˜”š0½«¢b”š

¾  ?
n‹
t—v + pIt1ruq,p2† +/z . q - t%p2v }“˜ q1yt z y„^t›pIt +'-{z ruq›v4y–@† z p -{z . † -{z –3†'t +/+ q—„{q,yv +W} t,yq ˜ q }ž} v z ruq ‚

†
v/y ˜2- t } t1y |™z p2v‘t -- q - t›p2v‘• z3} t ‚ } „t1w + v/t - t z p«t } t1r ˜ v4q—–@† z‡+ t¡p2t,v'p2†'t -z ruv ›rut1y'q z .0. t1y'† z . q ‚

‹ ¡¿SÀ
t1pq1Ž‡Ž<v z3- t z3+I˜2- q, + t,r z œ  q } . t }ž} q } „'t1r z%˜ † ft }“} t - tf† . v + tfv/y• z@} tfp2v - v/„{t - „ z p2t +4+/z—- t1w‡v4q,yt

?¿(¿
p2v'• - t1–@†t1y |™z v/y„†v ˜2- t } t6y . t—†y } t1w<y z3+ t ‚ q ˜I˜ † - t$–3† z‡+ q -zN} vWp2t } v/p2t - v } q + q%Ž‡t - v Q „ z@- t +/z
˜2- t } t6y |z qfrut1y'qxp2v@†y } t,w<y z3+ t z p%†'y z pIt . t - ruv/y z . z • - t1–@†t1y |™z ‚ „{q,rutfyt + „ z@} qfp2t +3-z p z@- œ

ÓOI* 3ÔXÁK46Õ 7"4C*d* *6O+5879)I55&'BO+7FOI&()K)IÜ%Ã?*Ö&(7ŠOI1=7BÄLEH&(Å.8'BÆ2'9J«×Çb&(54CD?ÄLÅ(Øb79Æ8EHOIE/È^&(79)K>?ÉËÃ?EH7B&&2µÊ JA1=)+Ì &(ÄLÃ"OIÅ(&Y&:ƊÍ%587BÇd>?D?EHØ:Î&(O+&ȊÝA,›&Ï,3>?&(ÎEHOI7&@ÄL* Å(Ù Æ-D?* Í%EH>?ÇÑ.(*A4CÐ^'F46* ȊEH&(7BÏ3)I>?Ò97SP EHJ&Þ 'BD?× * *A<='F.(79.OI>?*Ö&•,37M1=7EHOI,3* 7BEH>?E/EH7-.(*>?17F<=&<=* ,/&(O+46&58'B*67B.•58OI1.(7581=OI.(7BÝ;*6&(OION*-)+1=.(7B46.•58,/D?&;>T'-58,3*«OIOI.2& Ú
Ô
Û'B&µÝ;* OI7B* <=7F.(>"7-178Ü%O+&(Þ D?&(>"<*Y1=.(Ý;D?EH&V* ' 4C.(Ý;7B46&(>?EH.µOI&()I7B5O+.()I.1=7 EHOI*-,346&(EHEH7BEH.(O+&µ&µO+79)+&(Ý;79EH.OI&VßáàIâ%â9à;ãäã åVæ?åèç8çµé à«ê=ë%JI)I.46&
58&(RSO>679'Þ )ID?*&2,/,3.EH781=)I&(*-'B'9,/&N7SJL)+58.(OI467B46D?>?*•7B)I1=*A&(<'9'B7B*.(>")I78.(46)I.(D?>6>"4679)+&(* <=<=<=7972.>?46&N.(Ý;Ù &(7B'BOI7S*:P &N5O+.(5OI7B*-JLì>?&)I&2,›,3* OI7B.V58OI&(Ý;&21=&(OI&D?>?*Ü%*,/&Y1=7 íŠîäï-ð?ñ ò;ñ ó ñ å2ô«à
æ?Ý;&(à;>é9é í@.(ç>?å.NêI58ã¶íŠOI.(ô?Ý;ã¶à * JEH&C,/Ý;1=.(7B'BÝAEH&*dO;*-,/&N1@58&2.(,3OI&(EH46* >"58EH7B7.C1=4671&&(14C7B* .2>?1EHD"&'9D?*A<>p7B.()I>"7BOI&)+JID?õ?7B>"EH.^)+Ã?1=öN&('>?E/.79>Ö58.p,/71=57ŠO+Þ .2D?1&(D?'B)+'B&N.YD?)KÃ?>p&^,3& ,/EH7B>?* * 46'B&V.7B58>C&(DTO,3)I1=797SE/,/*M)ID"P EH&(OI&J 7B>Ö)+D?7
Ó,/D"'Š3ÓXÛO+÷79E/>* O;OI*-1.@1*A)+O¡.(>pEHOI*)ID?,/4677B&'0EHEH,/&V& *->?1* &('B&'B&(J;Ý;OI* 7Bø?EH*&2,L5,/.(.ŽE/&(1=>?*d<=*Þ D?58&2&(,3OTEH7S58JA&(E/OI.(7BOI.2>?1=*d78467B>T.(1='BEH79&(.VE/Ù OI.OI&PÝAùM7SJK&(&O,/Þ EHD?7B4C&2,3*EH.'B*JA7B58'ŠOIOIÛ&27BEH,3* &(>?O«1<=.Ž*C11=7 7. Ü%*Û;Û,/&@&(EHOIE/* 7258Ù 5*O+,ä&2*A,/>T&(1>".EH,/* 7
587B>?OI7B.(<=57F* O+79OI.&N'B** ,3ÛEH7BOI46*A>T* OI1&V&<EH<=*A*^'9&µ)K79Ã?>"Û &Ü%.(Ü%OI.(46O+>?* 79<=O+7BG^.(>?'B&8× 7B>?JIìNÜ%.&2OI,L46,/&(* >"<=<7B.(7B* >?'ú&d&NO+5&(&('9O*AEH7B'Š7BÝA,/*Ž7S,3* EH&('B'946*‡*b1*A7S,/)IE/)I* &(>2OIEH<=*A*-O;J?,/&7)+58Ã"D?&:ØîIñ&2ò;,›ñ,3íC&(OID?&>^Þ ,3D"& *;'S>?,/* 7B*-'B&,X7SP•1*dù,/OIEH7B7B4646*m* O+1&7 P
Û
eg%ûgkÑrChjakml6c\Ño0_2a@qsrtkÑ_0\phü]_rCooM\ ýþÿ
t
W„ z@} q›v/yu„†v‘v
} t1w‡y z
/tv/„{t,Ž<†?q ˜ t ”
   !"# x c(t)
2
( )

2 cos ω 0t
$&%')(+*-,.%')(0/2134%65478'9  ( x(t) y(t)
2 sin ω 0 t
:; =<> : ?@?A BC? : DFEG :  xs (t)
2
( )

$ %H'#(I*J,.%'#(>KML)NO*-,.%')(0/213  9QP,.%H')("3#RTS 

VUWXA $Y%'#(Z*-,.%'#(0/213 [ $@\4%H')(I*-,.%'#(>3#RTS ]

^ B_ `#bac : X@ BCXA : dE eHf g `Ud"XAEG#E h EG `?@E ?AEH $>Y%')( X $=\i%')( ac
X@Ud= V :  !> : j %H'#( EG : k?AdE 4l

j %')(+*nm $@oY %')(9e$@o\ %H')(I*qp ,`%')( p m 2/ 13)o  9r3#RWS o  *.p ,.%H'#( p

s E #batD# :; H!"=E dubQX@ :: v6dD wbaIdBCxdGEGQy!"EGdXAxX@ZX@<>X@>E : 

z|{ } ~G}"€> XA_ !> : BCXA : d ]‚ ; ?@ E dubH X@BCX@ : VBC?@ X@ :H; =VX@ :: F2ƒ BC
?@ EFX@ BCXA : dE „!>  E G+D !" : †…‡‚+ˆ‰ s+Šr‹ BC #E „ :  d sIŒ DdEG d Ž?@ EG6 0#dBC  „X@ ‰
BCXA : d : batBCwr# : Gx_?AHe2ƒ xD6‘G # xrXA BCX@ : dE _XAtH<> : ?@?A ‹’ ] “i] “””)]
• :[–g— ] ˜i] ™y` ?ADMš :  =[EG : dšE : d<> :: ›?@E dd : HœyXAšXA  0u g?A ECUd ‰
žX@ BCX@ : #EG a : GžHQ  :H; =!>E DŽDHŸ DMHžXA_E BCEG ba4?AH Qx <>  :
HXA ]

¡|¢ £|¢¥¤@¢ ¦ §š¨Z©ª«x¬®­¯d°†«@±`¬®­­²h³b´µ¶µ

· E d#dBC‡Ud>X@ : ?@E  : BCVX@d!"  E dEG Oc?@E Md# ‡X@dXA BCX@ : dubH ¹¸Gº }G{ }»¼} ‹ Hk ”
 ½Ud :H: ŸX@ :H: Ÿ?@E d kXA :  !> : žE H <"]t¾Ÿ : u žBC : #ŸD†dDxDQX@
Q HE GHŽ #E E dubH"#k ƒ k?AEG X@ ž : BC žX@ @} ¿6¿ º @ÀvÁ>Á@ ¸GÂ6º À Â=à @~ } a4 kdDx :
‡6u>BC OžX@0žX@?ADHH<"‡2ƒdBC#tº ~ ¸G ¿6¿Ä@» º { } ¸ º »Ä{ º ¿6¿ÄA» º®Â ž»Ä} ~ º } ‹Å¶Æ®Ç a
ÈÉ+Ê0ËAÌÍ+ÎCÏÉ+йË@ÑiÉ+Ê@Ê@ÎÒrÉIÓÏiÔÕÊ@Ê@ÌË=É+Ñ ”)]
Œ :Ö ^‡× !>  E &FDHDX@ j %H'#(I*f3#RTS_Ø#5 7 'i9›ÙÚÛ0ÜZÝ=Þ $&%Há@("â0áã a : &Gd [<"dEGF :
ß@à
 BC?@F  :H;  !"EG : šX@ : D !> : XA!"EG Dä6å]
Š ?A?@dBC½E æX@[X@D?@E EG gX@f !> : •Fç H
 DHž?@E D 0 FCE DX@FXA?AE Md ba@ BC FXŸ D BC‰ ê cos[ ωì t + ëθ (t)] PLL
0
:
?@k  dDkX@ z º {G»¼@»Ä}¹z|A{ï€ Â @¿6ðC} »¼}~ º zAz|{G}D~G~  l|H½# : éε(t)
 d : ½?@EG)d xX@¹X@ BCX@ : u _?AñC D E _# 0‰ í sin[îωì t + θ (t)] è
0
xBC X@d & : GE Gžw‘!"E da2ƒ ?@E X@  : BC &XA
VCO

ò+ó+ó ] Œ X@GX@& J ô %'#( : x6dD k!"Hœ„ !"EG#xX@ :Ö ^‡×

‘ ::; d ' aA :H:; DGkX@ : BC : H? :  dE V?AEG  # V_D !" : @ä6õ>l
ö ö
3#RTS_÷¥Ùb5 7 '9  %')(9  ô %')(ø¶9 3#RWS_÷  %'#(4ù  ô %'#(ø
Ù Ù
úüû2ý þ„ÿ
þ 
 k  þ þ

H þ "!$#&%('*),+.-0/1

 234576728:9<;=#&%('*)?>"@ A$#CBEDGF7H%IBJD:+$%('*)
"> @KAML BEDN#OF H I+.'7%P0/J6Q6 þJ2R
TS02ÄþMÿ
þ UEVW

Hþ2Q EW cÿ
Q
8X
23W+ZYZ[(W þ2ÕþR&\]
HþJ NQ6728
2

^3_þ=
`Macbd2ÕþJ

&UEUE$
2JÕþeNJfhgJikj l mn
o gprqsikortvuOq3w:jrq7prnxmkY
úy ý7 &
 UEUE:zx{|>}5>"@KA~d)€ L >"@KA$#0}ƒI]~„'…IV>"@ AM#0}‡†‡~„'ˆ&Y
‚
ýþ„‰ [\^]_2`babcdafegihjakmldcn\pon_2aqsrt]rCufvVrpwqd\^c_\^qd\pcdaw_2[N_
‰)
®eŠ‹ŒŽŠ*7Š Ž#7‘de’“‘•”6QŠ–˜—ŠŽ™‘4šk’ ›W›kŒ‘4œxž^ŸE R¡GŒŠ ŽŠ¢Š
Œ‹ŒŽ‘>e’“šk‘d
.£
#7’¢›k‘„¤¤
‘4¥˜‘˜¤
¤’¦NŠ
šk—Ž–˜—sŠV7Œ‹‘˜ŽŠ

§¨©EªM« T° ¬J­C®<¯ © ¨©eª=°²©± ¨©eª3³R« ‡° ¬E­C® ¨ ¨© ª

ŒŽ*Q—Œ

¨ © 7‘˜›W›@7Š ¤
Š Že‘Ÿ
´ Š 7’7ŠVšWŒ”"‘˜¤Š¦sŠ §¨©Eª F ‹
‘µ"Q‘„ŽškŠ™™‘ŒŽ*ŒŽµ>7Š ¤
¤’]‘d
¶¸·º¹¼»½‡—‘d
’Q‘
7Œ¤
—
EŒ
¨© «¿¾ ¦¤ŒÀ‘47ÀŠÁ‘„ŽrÀ¾ Š œ(’§¨©Eª“«Â¾ ¦R¾  "Š¦ƒšÃ‘Œ
H
=
’¶¸7‘ ·N¹Ä§Z¨Ž©eª ’ ŽÅ‘d¾
EŠœ(’ Q‘r§5
¨"‘4©eª ”(‘„¤ŠÆ¾  Kœ""¿Š ˤ
¦R‘d#ŠÆe‘˜šW X—šWŽŠ–„
—
‘ Š
›k’Ge‘˜ŽEŠÁµGŠŽŠ7‘de‘Ç» ¾ Š
Œ
s¶¸·N¹  ‹ ›k’Ge‘de’Ì‘„š“‘˜—‹¨¹Š É© ŽeÈ ‘d7Šœ"škŒ‹¨¹ŒÉ©Ž—sÊ ŒH7Š  Z
‘*”"‘˜¤
ŠškŠ
H
‘›AÈ Q’›QŒ‘*›k’ E‘˜Ê ŽEŠ„7Œšk—7Š Žšk’škŒ
7’ Ž¤
Š µ:—ŠŽ™‘ž
´ ŠG7’7Š¸škŒs”(‘„¤Š "¿ Í »
¨©eÏ ¡G‘QŒWŽŠ
@EŠ‹›k’¦˜‘d
H
’Q‘]Œ
¡M … ÐMГŒŽ¤ŠµG—Š[e‘d
Œ
Š
k7‘˜¤
’TŒŽÎQ—Œ¦GŒŽ¡GŠQŠ¦
‘¼”"‘˜¤
ŠXŠ ŽQ‘„ŽeŠ
©
¡G‘QŒ‘˜™ŒO’ ŽŒIe‘˜Že’›WŒÑÁšk‘¡:Œ7ŒŽ’ –„—‘˜Ž=e’›kŒÑü‹Š
Š¡G‘E’<҄Ӽœ"Œ
=7’ Š”(£QŒŠ ŽEŠšWŒh›@7’ ›W’0Q™Œ’ Ž‘
OŒH ·
Q‘ ± ¨©EÏ Š
´ ŒŽEŠµ>7‘d
Š‡škŒ §5¨"©eÏ  ="¿ Ԅ»
©
Õ.ÖK×ZÖ × ØÚ٘ÛÝÜMÞ=߃à
ácâGÜcã=ÙäÞhåºåJæƒçMåJàe߃èè]Ü

¾ Œ#7‘de‘²škŠ
X¤
Š ‹›A
Œ7Šä7ŒH7Q—ŒHe’䎒 Žf
ŒŽŠ‘d7Šv7Œé

›k’Ge‘de’ÎŒŽä£µG—Q‘ "¿ ê »XëT—7‘˜ŽeŠŒM›WŠ7Œ’škŒMŒŽ•7—ŒhŒ
=¤Šé
C R ‹ ›W’ ¤
ŒHeŒ¡:’„QŒ¤
›kŠ’‘
H
O‘ eŠ Žé
µGŽ‘d
OŠŒŽ•ŒŽµ>7Š ¤
¤’ì ¨©EÏ 
x(t) d(t) ¤Œ’ŽŠ<í ¨"©eÏ ‘„Q7—‹—
‘E‘*šW‘d
M7’ ŽškŠ Ž¤‘E’QŠ¦M–˜—Š¤e´ —
é
eŒ‹’R¤
Œ„7‘d7Œ7‘˜¦:ŒŽ¤
Š µ:—Š Žšk’
´ ‘˜Žsšk‘˜‹ŠŽe’RškŠ
H
´ ŒŽµ>7Š ¤
é
¤’„»h½‡—‘:ŽšW’VšWŒ¡:ŒŠŽŠVì ¨"©eÏ í ¨©EÏ ¦cŒ
^Q’ŽškŠŽ¤
d ‘ e’ 7Š ¤
Œ
Ê
¤7d
‘ 7ŒQ‘¤
—

ž ‘ QŠ¤Œ ¤ eŠ Ž™‘7’ Ž¢—Ž‘ 7’ D¤ e‘˜ Ž eŠ]šk Œ eŠ ‹›W’
î «Éïdð ˜
¦ „
‘ ˜
¥ „
¥ ˜
‘ ¤  
e ˜
‘ s
Ž 
™ ‘ µ > 
7 ˜
‘ 
Ž k
š Š V 
7 
Œ

¤ k
› Š  M
 
E ‡
’ ˜
‘ ò
š 
Ó ñ ó W
¦ šW‘›k Š é
‹ŠeŠŠx
‘Q7ŒQ’¤—™ŒO’ ŽŠ<šWŠ

´ ‘˜Žšk‘:‹Š ŽE’ÌškŒZìWô ¨©eÏ »¼ÐhŠ<’¤7HŒ

‘˜™ŒO’ŽŒ$‘“6” QŠ–˜—ŠŽ™‘•õ Ÿ œ"ŠÌ¤—Š
‘d7‹’ ŽŒrÀŠ ŒŽ”(‘#eŒk›k’ ¤
¤’Ž’dŠ¤¤
Š7ŠV7Œ‹’¤¤
Š‡šW‘ —ŽÎ¤
—Q7Š ¤
¤Œ¡:’d £
#7’‡›W‘˜¤
¤‘˜é"¥˜‘:¤
¤’¦W‹Š Ž QŠ
‘
6‹
7’ ¤DE‘˜ŽEŠ¸ö
÷ c7Œ‹’ ¤
¤‘ ‹ŠškŒ‘˜ŽEŠX—ŽÎ›k‘„¤¤
‘¼ ‘
He’ "øG»„ÐM‘¼¤Š‹@ ¡¿ ›
Œ7Œ Eù]šk Š
c7Œ Q7—Œ E’X ú ed ‘
ŠXšk‘¼”( ‘ G
’
—¤
‘d7Š‡ŽŠ
s‹‘˜µGµ:Œ’ºŽ—‹ŠQ’TškŒsQ‘„¤Œs›k’¤¤
Œ¥„HŒ
ŒE»

û=ü ý=ü ý=ü0þ ÿ
 

    !" #$%&'(

Q‘˜¤
’XškŒk¤ŠµGŽ‘d
Œ")+*-,T¦GŒ
W¤ŠµGŽ‘
ŠX‹’šk—
‘˜Ž=eŠ‡›k— .‡Š¤¤
Š é

Šs
1d(t)=k
xBLU (t) a m(t) QŠ„7Œ’#eŠ Ž—e’‘*›k‘GeŒH7ŠšW‘“ì ¨©eÏ —EŒ
Œ™™‘:Žšk’—ŽÁškŠ‹’ šW—
‘dE’é
QŠÌ’ ‹’škŒŽ‘˜¦hŒŽ4–˜—‘„Že ’x
‘¢7’ ‹›W’ŽŠŽEŠÎŒŽ4”"‘˜¤Šì ô ¨©EÏ škŠ

´ ŒŽé
02 2 /cosω t ¡GŒ
—›k›k’Q’‹›@
Š ¤
¤’“ú¢›@7 ’ ›A  Œ’*›k‘Q Œº‘.

‹Š¤¤
‘˜µ:µGŒ’*‹’ šW—
‘˜Že Š
0
2 ¨©EÏ »
Û
i Y\[ i:jlk mon =?;E(adBI;7<GcEp7<eqegr;GcE ñ%ô?ã¶à«ê +íŠé%é åNæTñí ;íõ ô?î+ñ å Ù
354687 :9 7<;>=?@&@7A=BDCFE(;G 9 E(HIHJELK:MJNPORQTSPUWVXMZY\[]O_^`B
ab7<;GcBI?(;?-=&B 9 ?(GcGc7:ad?(;Gc?fe 9 E(egE 9 @&BIE(;7<HI?R7%Y\[;?(BDHIBJabBJGhB=&B
Fs gtut wv
Ûì Û Û Û
35xy E(GcBI7<abE C{z?
r;adE(HIGcBIegHJBICF7<GhE 9 ? n ^h? r|BJGhE_=7}r; HIG 9 E
eg7X^~^h7 7X^^`E n ?o^`? r?
HI BI;Gc? 9 CFE 9F9 ?(HJ7:@BIE(;|?DG 9 7 HIB€BI; u9 ?o^~^hB
=&?(H|abE(HJGhBJegHIBWCF7<GcE 9 ? n Cz?+;?Ho;|Eo^hG 9 ECF7X^hE r;|7R^`BJ;|r>^‚E(BP=? v
Þ bì Þ ùÝ Ý Ü Ù Ý õ Ú
3`ƒ‚„P;eq7 9 GhBJCFEHJ7 9 ? n HI? 9 ?(7<HIBI@@&7<@&BWE;Bue 9 7<GcBICz|?=&?(H 686…=&BJeg?(;>=&E(;E E 9 Gc?(ad?(;Gh?=&7<HIHW7 7<;†=&7}?=7<HIHI E 9 =BI;?_=&?(H HIG 9 E

ù ØÙ Ü
=&BwHJEE(e n BI; r7];GcE r?o^`Gc rHIGcBIadEC{z?HIBIadBIGc7\HJ7 ?(HIE(CFBIGc‡…=&B 7 9 BI7<@&BIE(;?d=BKDMINˆO?HI ?o^`Gc?(;>^`BIE(;?d=?(HIHI BJ;Gh? 9 7<HIHWE=&B
Û;Û
ìNÙ Ý Þ
7 7<;CFBIE v 68E‰^`Gcr>=&BJEGc?(E 9 BICFEŠ=&?(HIHJ?e 9 ?o^hGc7<@&BIE(;B"^`B 7X^`7d^`rHIHW r^hE‰=&?(HIHI7G 9 7X^ E 9 ab7<Gc7R=&Bq687<eqH57<CF?}?Š^`rHWHI7HIBI;?(7 9 BI@&@&7
@&BIE(;?\=&BwSPU5VXMZY\[€O†‹ŒY[ n BI; r7<;GhECFEo^`gBIH 686Reqr ?o^~^h? 9 ?^hGcr=BI7uGhEpCFE(ab?r;^`BP^‚Gc?(ad7f=&B<CFE(;|G 9 E(HIHIE\ŽHIBI;?(7 9 BW@&@&7<GcEqŽ v
 r?q^hGc7f^`E(HIr@&BIE(;? 9 ? ?(ad?(;Gc?+BIHIHIr†^`G 9 7<Gc7BI;b‘ v“’<v5”uv5”:v
Ù
3`• „PH^`BIa E(HIE æTñ å(æ"å
9 7<eqe 9 ?o^`?(;Gc7r|; F– CFEo^hGcBIGcr|BJGcE\=7r|;b—<BIeqEHJE‰=&Bqad7<Gc? 9 BJ7:HJ?‰^`?(adBICFE;>=r|GcGcE 9 ?Š= 9 E(˜u7<GcE n Cz?
z7HI7eg7 9 GcBICFE(HI7 9 B5Gc‡=BqCFE(;=r 9F9 ?BJ;Šr;…^`E(HJE™u? 9 ^hEšœ›<r|?(HIHJE‰=&?(HIHI7 9 ?CFCFBI7Xž v
35Ÿ  ?(;G 9 ?ŠHI7d 9 ?(›<r|?(;@&7-=B8Gc7<˜uHIBWE…^`reg? 9 BIE 9 ?=?(H"¡HIG 9 E‰CFE(abeqHI?o^~^hBI™uE‰eqr¢‰7X^~^‚rad? 9 ?Šr;£›<r|7<HJrq;›<r|?\™:7:HJE 9 ?‰G 9 7
¤ ó ?HI7‰ad7X^~^hBIad7\ 9 ?(›:r?(;@&7=B¥…MJNˆO n HJ7‰ 9 ?(›<r|?(;@&7ŠBI;J? 9 BIE 9 ?f=&?(™u ?o^^`? 9 ?adBI;E 9 ?R=Bw›<r|?(HIHJ7\adBI;BIad7=?HD^h?(˜u;7:HJ? v
¦ ? 9 CFBI¢}BIHgad?(GhEo=E;E;Š§}7X=&7<GcGcE n ;?(HgCF7^hEpBI;‰CFrB¥LMJNPOg7<—<—<B57CFE(abeqE];?(;GhB<?(;? 9 ˜u?G{BICz|?pe 9 Eo^^`BIad?}7 9 ?(›<r?(;|@7_@&? 9 E v
¨†©œª†©¬«­b®°¯‰«A±d²
³´ µo¯\¶-­·«µ ³…®¹¸µ­b´´w³ º†»8¼

½ Ž–„—Š <¤ ¾e’RQ‘„¤’¦G’ 7’¿u¿QŠƒ›¿QŠ¤g¾‘8¿QŠR›W‘†¿u¾EŒQ’|À‘†¿QŠƒ‘8¾&¾eŠ Ž™Œ’ ŽŠX‘„š¼Š ¡:Š Ž¾e—‘8ÀŒGŠ¿u¿Q’|¿Œ˜šWŒ˜”ˆ¿7Š –„—ŠŽé

™‘VŠTškŒs”(‘„¤ŠTœ~Á õ Š… škŠ|ÀhÀ‘¼›k’|¿:¾e‘˜Ž¾eŠdšWŒcšWŠ ‹’šk—À‘˜™Œ’ŽŠX›kŠ|¿QrÀæ„Š¤¤
Š ŽšW’d›>¿7Š ¤
ŠŽ¾eŒkŠ Ž¾¿7‘˜‹¥˜Š
ÀŠQ’‹›k’ŽŠ Ž ¾EŒZì ô ¨©EÏ Š š•ì>Ä ¨©eÏ ¦hŒŽ•—¤7Œc¾e‘¢‘†À=škŠ ‹’šk— À‘8¾E’|¿QŠÎ¤
ŒM’¾¾EŒŠ ŽŠÎœ(›WŠ¿]ŒhÀh7‘˜¤
’ÌšWŒM¥˜‘„ŽcšW‘
À†‘ ¾eŠ ¿7†‘ ÀŠ‡¤—›k|Š ¿QŒ’ ¿7Š  Å
í ¨©EÏM« ÒwÆ 2 ¨©EÏXÇ]È ¬ ¨ Á¼ž 
© É Â Ï1° ÒwÆ 2± ¨©EÏ ¬E­C® ¨ Á¼ž 
© É Â Ï

Ê Š¿u¾E‘„Ž¾e’<¤
ŒMŽ’|¾E‘Ɛ7’ ‹Š%À‘¢‹’šk—À‘˜™Œ’ ŽŠË)*-,Ĥ
Œ‘“›WŒÑ ¤
Š Ž¤Œ¥˜ŒhÀOŠ<šWŒ$–˜—Š|ÀhÀ‘%)*Ì ‘„µ"ÀŒhŠ|¿:¿’|¿QŒ

škŠ|ÀcÀ‘¼›k’¿u¾‘„Ž¾EŠXšWŒcšWŠ ‹’ šW—À‘˜™Œ’ŽŠ¦„ŒŽÌ–˜—‘˜ŽD¾E’d’|¿Q‘V—ŽÌ¤Š‹›>ÀŒ7Š‡Š|¿:¿7’¿7Š‡škŒs”"‘˜¤
ŠLÂR›>¿7’ šW—7ŠdŽ’Ž
¤’|À ’d—ŽÌ‘˜”"£Š¡G’À Œ‹Š Ž E¾ ’¦W‹‘V—Ž‘¼¡GŠ|Q¿ ‘VŒŽ E¾ Š|Q¿ ‹’šk— À ‘„™Œ’ ŽŠÍ¾Q¿ ‘ 2 ¨©eÏ Š 2 ¨©EÏ »
±
Ê Šƒ¿ Œ^¤
Š µGŽ‘†À Œ>)+*LÝ, ú¼›k’¤¤
Œ¥„ŒcÀ Š]‘˜Ž7ÀŠ¸—¤
‘†7¿ Š¼—Ž¢škŠ‹’ šk— À ‘8E¾ ’|Q¿ ŠVškŒŒŽ¡:ŒcÀ —s›k›W’>^ Å ŒŽÎE¾ ‘8^
À Q‘„¤’
ú]ŽŠQŠ¤¤
‘†7¿ Œ’]rÀŠ¸ŽŠ À ¤
Š µ:Ž‘†À Š…¾Q¿ ‘˜¤
‹Š ¤
¤’]¤
Œ‘ ›>Q¿ Š¤Š Ž E¾ Š…À ‘›k’|¿:e¾ ‘˜Ž E¾ Š¦cškŒ‘˜‹›kŒŠ ™™‘ ¤—”"£7ŒŠ Že¾ Š
›kŠ|Q¿ rÀ Î Ã ì ¨©eÏ Ž’ŽÁ¤
Œ^ŒŽ¡GŠ|¿:e¾ ‘<ŽŠ ‘„ŽrÀŠ¼›kŠT ¿ ŒÇ›kŒQrÀŒ1šWŒ^¤ŠµGŽ‘†À Š¼›WŒѓ‘˜‹›WŒE»hÐW´ ‘„Žc‘8À Œ¤
Œ^škŒ^–˜—Š ¤<E¾ ‘
Š ¤
ŒµGŠ Ž™‘VškŠ|E¾ Š|Q¿ ‹ŒŽ‘ —Ž‘¼Š ”"£7ŒŠŽ™‘ ŒŽ”"Š7¿ Œ’|Q¿ Š‡‘ –˜—ŠÀhÀ ‘¼škŠ|c À 7‘˜¤
’)+*_• Ì »
Ï ŽrÀŠNŽŠ|GÀ 7‘˜¤
’\)+*_ÐR Ñ úN›k’¤¤
Œ¥„ŒcÀ Šb7¿ ŒQ’|¿:7¿ ŠQ¿ Šº‘˜š¸—ŽVšWŠ ‹’ šW—À ‘†e¾ ’7¿ ŠškŒXe¾ Œ›W’’ ‹’škŒŽ‘„¦…›k— Q¿ rÀú
Œh^À £Àh¾&7¿ ’AÒ ¨ õ Ï —¤
‘†e¾ ’VŒŽÓ¾&7¿ ‘˜¤
‹Œ¤
¤Œ’ŽŠ¼›kŠ¿ÍQ¿ Œ‹—’¡GŠ|Q¿ Š¼›k‘8¿:e¾ Š šWŒÇ—Ž‘¥„‘˜ŽšW‘AÀ ‘8E¾ Š|Q¿ ‘†À Š¼›>7¿ Š ¤
Š Že¾ Œ
‘†À 7—ŽŠXQ’ŽšWŒ™Œ’ŽŒsškŒs¤Œ‹‹Š|¾&7¿ Œ‘V‘†¾E¾ ’|Q¿ Ž’‡‘Ìõ Ÿ<ÔPG Õ »

Õ.ÖK×ZÖWÖ ØÚ٘ÛÝÜMÞ=߃à
ácâGÜcã=Ùä٘â:٘ã1ÜMÞhåJæVá

·º’Ž¢–˜—Š¤g¾e’VŽ’ ‹Š]¤
ŒŒŽškŒQ‘AÀ´ —¤
’¸škŒ^—Ž‘”P¿QŠ–„—Š Ž™
‘ÌšWŒškŠ‹’ šW—À‘˜™Œ’ŽŠ×ØIÙPÙ(ÚuÛ:ÚuÜÝ{Údšk‘Ζ˜—Š|ÀhÀO‘

šk| Š ÀcÀ‘ ›k ’ ¿u¾‘„ Ž ¾EŠ„ß
» Þ¼| Š ÀcÀ‘ÚšWŠ ¤
: ¿Œ™Œ’ŽŠÆ7ÀŠ•¤
Š µG—ŠähŒ ÀcÀ—sg ¤ ¾¿QŒ‘˜‹à
’ ÀŠä‹
’ ¾eŒ¡G‘˜™Œ’ ŽŒRšWf
Œ ¾e†
‘ ÀŠä¤
7
Š Àh¾E‘„¦
‘˜¤
¤ŒŠ ‹ŠT† ‘ ÀhÀŠ‡‹ Š ¾e’ šW’ À’ µGŒ
Š ¿7Š† ‘ ÀŒ™™8
‘ ¾EŒ¡…Š˜»
Ê Š ¿—¤8‘ ¿QŠ¢—Ž²škŠ‹’ šW — À†
‘ ¾e’ ¿7Š¢škŒNŒŽ¡:cŒ À—s›k›W’¢œ(›W
— ¿é
ê]ëìÍícîîï¬ðhññ&î|òñ&ðDñó:ô8õgï¬î|ñ&ñ(ô8òöfôË÷öóuñ(ô†ò ñ&îðcò ñ&î|ó:ô8ø
öêuù
êuöóuógîóuîú8ú†îûõgðhòñöòðhüqüoôXó:î·ícôßõ<ñ&ô8üoðhöò îûêuöòþýò ÿíhñó:ö â x(t) á d(t)
÷>ô8õgõ<ôú8ô†ò
 ô Xô†óuðcô8ú"ðhíh
î Pó:ô8÷>÷ó:î|õgîòñô†ñöðhòÓ ÿ Xýó:ô
ô
ýò

ô Póuîêgêuðcô8ø
†íhôËêuýð>óuîô†íhðhüoüqôXüoðhöò îô-ó:ô ðc ö Pó:î †ýî|òüqô ãAmplificatore Filtro variabile
òö|ò¬ì£÷ó:ð "ô
ð
ð Pÿêuöíhñ 
D. Inviluppo

 ññ&ý ô†ó:îŠðhò "î|ê:î‰ýò ô
îï¬ö
ýíhô†üqðhöòî‰öï¬ö
ðhòô÷>î|ó x(t) H(f) ä d(t)

óuðcêuî Xîóuî ð "î|ó:õ<î î|ï¬ðcññ&î|òñ

ð Pô îõ ñó:ô†õ<ï¬ðhõgõ<ðcö|òð}ó:ô8ù f

ðhö
ðñðh÷> ö  !" #"$~%ø
ó:ðhê]ëðhî
î
& ð "ô†óuðhô†óuî¹íh' ô Pó:î|ù å cosωæet
fM

†ý îòüqô
ð
î|ï¬ö
ý ícô8üoðhöò (î

…î
î|õgñó:ô8ó:óuî·ðhíõ<î Xòô†íhî
ï¬ö
ýíhô†ò ñ&î
î|ícíhô¬î|ï¬ðcññ&î|òñî
î|õgð
î|ó:ô8ñ&ôï¬î
ðcô8òñ&îËðhí çf


÷>ô8õgõ<ô·ú8ô†õgõ<(ö
êuë î#öóuô î Xî#ô Xîóuî¹ý òô ú†ô†ò ôû÷>ô†óuð
é é
ô†íhíhô
ðcõ<ñ&ô8òüoô-ñó:ôíhîÍ÷>öóuñ(ô†ò ñ&)ð 
−f e fe
PX (f)

* ðdóuðcêuöóuó:îàô†íhíhöóuô ô
ýò
ð "î|ó:õ<öÓõgê]ëî|ï¬,ô +ðhídõ<îù −f è 0 f è0

f

"ò ô†íhîÍóuðhê:î "ýñ-ö "ðhî|òîï¬ö|ícñðh÷>íhðcêuô†ñö£÷>î|ódý òôË÷öóuñ&ô8òñî çf

. $ . /10%21436589 7 3;:<
fê]ëî#ë ô >í = î Pîññ&ö
ðRê:î|òñó:ô8ó:î#íhô ç


−f M fM

Pó:î †ýî|òüqôüqîóuö î|ð õ<î "ò ô†íhð>ðcò%ðc1ò "óuîõ<õgö£ô8ícíh?î ˆóuî 8ýî|òüoî

@ 3;5"  ícíhöõ<ñ&î|õgõ<öLñ&î|ï¬÷>ö
ícôËê:ö|ï¬÷>ö|òîò ñ&îLAô Póuî †ý îòüqî…÷>ö|õgðhñð>Xî BCEDGF3Hê:î|òñó:ô8ñ&ôAðhò3;:õgð
ñ&óuô†ù
õgíhô ðhI ò 3: @ 3;5)

êuöEõ Jêuöï¬îËíhô%êuöï¬÷öò îòñîK ô Pó:î †ýî|òüqîËò î Xô†ñ>ð Xî BLC;MGF3H}ê:î|òñó:ô†ñô%ðcO ò NP3"Q"ô
ò NP3: @ 3;5"Ríó:ðhõgý ícñô†ñö ê:ö|6õ J\öññ&î|òý ñ&(ö
ô8ñ&ñó:Sô "î|ó:õ<T
ðh4 ô †ý ðZò
ðýò ÿíhñ&óuö÷ô†õ<õgôÓú†ô8õgõ<;ö
ê:î|òñó:ô8ù
UWVYX"Z/[(\]P^Z`_ba;cd>eYfEehgjilkgj[6gme,npo Zpqr"Zsn`\[([6atiYam_P[6n`g;cucaPv wyxz{^<Z vTwyxz|^gmr"gjehZc\nsd>fEehg;}~v wxz€v ‚w>ƒ,xz„…h†ˆ‡h‰
[6gmehiYkŠ‹Zpq&d>fEn/_Pa(^<aŒZpn/ehg;cWZ^<\a^<Z/ŽEfEq^<f[(fEeY‘<Zpf’np_Pgmqd>g?cWam[6[(ehg(c)cWf-cZiham_PŽEZpqf“g;cfEdd>fE_Pgmqd>gŒihamq?ihZp]P”•–‹—L˜™”y˜
fEnpnpftŽEfEq^<ftnpfEd>g<ehfEnpgj™’š;™&cWam[6[(ehg(c)cf/›
º,œq» †³£¸µ;žjŸ²Ÿû¨8©Œ® Ÿ‰«A±R²D³…´Dµ;Ÿ‰¶-­·¸­b¡£¢}­-¤‰¶R³£²µ³£¶R³…²Ÿ&¤‰µ;µ
¾)¥§¦6¨O©ª“¨1«¬®­¬Ú:×دŒÙÛuÚ°,±XÚ:ܳ²S¯O´µT¶t·?¸¹º´»<¼6·P½ ¬8¿:¾)ª¾¥|À>¬8¿¿ÅÀ¬8ÀcÀÁ ¨1¦6¾"ªc¾)¬Â© ¿|À“à Àc¾¿¥ú®½>¿"¿¦E¿/«¾)¿
¬†ÀhÀ ¥"¿ ¬Ä¦E¥À ¥¬À Á ¿Åƪh¾&)¾ ¿« ¾ ¿®¾"¥«'½ ¥|¿:m¾ ¬«)¾ ¿Ç¸EÈ®Éʸ¹ É ¸;Ëh̋¾"Í1¿Æ½¥¾¿ùÄ¿¦6¦E¿¿"¿§© ¿ÅÆ¥©¨À¬†¾¬© ¬Ä¨«
© ¿ÅÆ¥©¨À ¬†)¾ ¥"¿ ¿ Ã1¦6¦E¥Î´¬~©¿¦E¿Åƽª>¥Î© ª1ª«ϳªcyÀ ¨1½ ½¥·<Ð Ê ¿¿b¦6ª«¾)¥«1ª>Ñ(Ñ;¬X¿"¿-¨«¬G© ªÏS¿|¿¦E¬¿Åƪh¾&¾)¿« ¾¿(Ì{¬
Ò ¿ ¿Ó~¨¿«Ñ(¬¸|È Ô Ì1úA¦6¨ Ò Ã1¾ª¿« ¾ ¿½¥¿u¿ ¿Æ¸Ë Ô ÉÕ¸{ÈÔ Ö ¸¹GÌ×ÅÆ¿«¾¿¿ªhÀ¿¿¦g¾m¥A©¿À+¿ª¾"¿ÏSªh¾)¥¿6¿A´¾"¥«Iª×¦6¨1¥ª
¬~Åƽ>À ªÃ{¾¬8¾ ¥|¿ ª¿&ÃÀh¾¿ ª· ¥½ ¿"¿ ¬À¦6¨©ª~¨«A¦E¿س«¬†À ¿P¾"¿« ¾&6¿ ¬8¾ ¥¦E¿Åƽ¿ ¿?¬†ÀhyÀ ¬-¦g)¾ ¿¦E¦6¬ÀÅÆ¿© ª¬ Ò "¿ ¿Ó¨¿«1Ñ;¬
¸¹Ìª«© ª½ ¿«© ¿«)¾ ¿ÅÆ¿«)¾ ¿Î© ¬8ÀcÀ Á ¿Åƪh¾&)¾ ¿« ¾ ¿Ð
Ù
û=ü ý=ü =ü0þ ڋۏÜÝŒÞ"
hßIß¹
~
à Á ¨|¦E¥Î© ª|¨%« ¿ª¾"¿ÏSªh¾)¥¿6¿Î¿|¾)¿¿"¥/© ªá
â f «Ã¬Àh¾¿«¥(¿̐¾"¾’¿Í¦6¦6¿®ªh¾)ª¬-ÅÆ© ½ ¿¿Àh© À¬åª¦6½>¾"¿"¬Â¿¦EªhÀ¿/«ϳ¿Ñ(¬å¿"ª>Ã1©ª¾¬8¨¿m« á
−f ä −f ã −f
âf âf ã âfä ¦6ªt© ¿ Àj½ ¿¥†æ À¿ÅƬǦ6¿ØS¨1¿« ¾¿Ð Ï ¾"¾"¬~á
© ¿£ª« Ò †¬ ¾¾ª-¾’Í¿'ªcÀÎà Àc¾¿¥'¬çµT¶ ¿"ª>á
0 e i i e 0

¾"¿ÏS|¿ ¿Qù«¿ ÀhÀ¬G½ ¿¥>½ ¿"ª>¬Aæ¬~«{© ¬̏¥ Àh¾¿¿

âf ¬†ÀhÀy¿T¿ÅÆhª ¾&¾)¿ « ¾ª¾¿« ¾¿8¬ ¾¿Ä¬ èå¸(ÈIÉ
f

M −f M
è'é¸;Ë É ¸¹ê%̬~«1¾’͉¿ À>¿¿ÅÆhª ¾&¾)¿/« ¾)ª†¬ Àá
À¿A½ ¥|¿:¾)¬~« ¾ªŒè¸(ëÉÕè'é¸;Ë Ö ¸¹KêY̽ ¿|¿£À¿AÓ~¨¬XÀª¾"ª¥ úì¸(Ë Ö ¸(ëÉÕ¸¹®Ð à ¬ Ò ¿"¿Ó¨¿«1Ñ;¬Ç¸ë>½ ¿"¿«1© ¿hª À
«¥ÅÆ¿© ª8Ù(ÛuÚ°±"ÚuÜS²³¯ Ø%­Æ­Æ¯íØPÜڈэª«ÂÓ~¨1¬³«¾¥úAÀ>Á ªÅÆÅƬSسª>«1¿A¦E½ ¿¾"¨ À†¬ ¿"¿© ªŒ¸ È ¿"ª>¦E½ |¿ ¾&¾)¥K¬~©I¸ Ë"î ª«
¬†Àh¾¿¿§½¬†¿¥|À¿;ÌbÀÁ ¨ ¾ªhÀyª>Ñ(Ñ(¥§© ª“¨1«¬'¸Ë½>¿"¥ϳ¥¾"¬ûÀ¬#¾¿¬¦gÀ¬~Ñ(ª>¥«¿®¿« ¾¿Ó ¥ À¬ÂµT¶4¦6ª¬Â©¿ ÀhÀ>¬Â<¦ ¾)¬~Ñ;ª¥«1¿
© ¿¦6ª© ¿|¿¬8¾¬Ì{¾"Í1¿-© ¿|ÀcÀ¬A¦E¨¬AªÅÆÅƬ~سªy«¿-¬A© ª¦<¾¬«Ñ;¬K︳¹§Ð Ê |¿ ¿:¾)¬~« ¾)¥(Ì{¬AÅÆ¥ « ¾¿-©¿ À1Åƪ>𳿠¿Ï³¬A¬~«á
¾)¿½ ¥¦o¾)¥Î¨«ÃÀh¾&¿"¥(Ì ¾’Ϳο|À>ªÅƪ«ª © ¬8À{¦E¿س«¬†À¿© ª{ª>«1Ø"¿"¿¦6¦E£ ¥ À¿ Ò ¿¿Ó~¨¿«Ñ(¿ÎªÅÆÅƬSسª«¿(̏¥ÏSÏS|¿ ¿"¥;̏¨«¬
ÏS¥|Àh¾¬Æ«1¥¾)¬ŒÀ¬ìس¬~ÅÆÅƬ쩏ª Ò ¿"¿Ó¨¿«1Ñ;¿A¾’Í1¿A¦6ª×ÏS¨1¥ Àצ6ª« ¾)¥«1ª>Ñ(Ñ;8¬ ¿¿(}Ì ¾)¨ ¾¾¿Ó~¨|¿ ÀcÀ¿G¬Æ© ªg¦ ¾)¬~«1Ñ;¬§ï¸¹
© ¬8ÀcÀ¬ æ~¬~«{© ¬G© ª|ª>« ¾¿|¿¿¦6¦E¿~Ð
ñ?ò ßIó
hôŒõö÷øŒ÷~ù~ùú ûüý;÷×ü þ ÿ
ÿ1úEüpú ³ÿ ³ú þ ûüpú
ú<þlü ÷ øú ú û ú
6ü ûS÷
³÷ þ  "!"#%$'&ˆþlú ( ú #%#l) ÷ &*-üpú 
³ ÿ ³ú þ ûü +ÿ &ýÿ1ü ÿ³þ ÿü û
ú ˆ-÷ ,.³/û  ¤.02143655.7989: ,’ÿ
¤.;=<Τ>.?A@ /û ( ÿ 
+û ú ’þ /û ú #%#l÷,ü Bÿ &C’D÷ >þ ÷ #ˆú /û ’9ÿ ³/û 
¤FEG1IHJJ "!"#,ˆKû L³û1ü ü B ÿ &C’÷ ¤M;'1à¤.0ONA¤FEP1OQMJ65R5 "!"# ? j÷ S÷ ( ( +û >þ Kÿ û-þ ÿ1øý û ,úmý;ûü þ÷GT ÷ VU -÷  W’ÿ
( X ÿ1øú þþ ÿ ’þ ÿ ÷§ý;ûü þ -÷ ˆþÿ ¤.Y/1 ¤ ; N ¤ 0 1ZQM5QMJ "!C# ?-[ &C6\S&’ ÿ ,ý~üpú øŒ÷
ÿ (’øú ]ÿ1üKû L³ûü ü ^ÿ &*`_( þlü aû  W’ÿ
ÿ ( ú øú Mú ( Vÿ >þ÷ #ˆú /û ú ³/û  ¤ > < ¤ ;  q» Ô $ ?
/
ö÷ ³ ÿ ( þ ÷ ¤ 0 1b3c55.7989: ,/ú 6d ÿ1üpú ûü ÿ-S÷ ( ( ÷§øú ú øŒa÷ dü Lÿ \-&ˆ ÿ 6#l÷
ú 5cQMJ "!"#,ceìø‹ûSþYú ’÷~þ ÷
-÷ ( ( 4 ÷ ˆKÿ ³Lÿ ú gþ f

cú &ˆþYú ( ú #h#l÷,ü ^ ÿ &*ˆ÷§ü ÿSùú /û ˆÿ
hú dü Lÿ \S&’ ÿ 6#l^ÿ ( ú i;ÿ1ü ÷
÷AS÷ ( þlü ÿ þlü ÷ øú )ú /û ú , W’ÿ--÷ ( þYüpú ø‹ ÿ ’þljú >÷,ü /ÿ ii;ÿ1ü kû þ÷~þ ÿ
÷×øý ( ú _³÷þ ÿ
S÷ ( ( lû >þ ÷
ú û÷
S÷ ( þ ûmù &’÷
÷~nù ˆûý;Kû >þ û
ûý;ûú (_( þlü oû VU ?

pFqgr'sRt"ujvLwyx-z|{Guj}*z ¤60~ ¤.>€M v  v‚c‚cz|x.ƒjsG„.sRt…t…v  vwMwz  v  ƒjs › }CsR{*†v  x"„}*t…v{*‡s € z…t"ƒhz|ujs.ˆcz|‡x.ƒjsn‰ƒjsR{„.s-z…t{*x  s
„zŠc‹%ŒŽcgc‘cg’R“•”—–6˜K™
pFšh› sGt…œ s"wys  ‰z|x`{CxR{žws PŸ ƒjv z…{¡vujujx.ƒc„.x¢ujxR{+t…v£‡s.xRƒjz…v ‰ƒjs.ujs"„sR{*‡s € § ‰sRƒhuh¤*¥¢xRƒjvDwyz § wyujsRt…‡x ¤ ; <l¤ > € s.{*‡ƒjs
‰ƒjz  v9wz*‰xR{*sRˆcv ¤R; ¬ ~ ¤.>€ ‰s.ƒ  x.‡z|ˆcz„.zCt|s.‚‚cz Ÿ z…t…z¦‡§9„.sRzC‚cƒjv¨*ujzª©"r'sRzCƒjz…ujsRˆcz|‡xRƒjzAujvLwyv6t|z…{*‚c¤*z"z…{*ˆcsRujs£wz"}•wv ¤C; <Œ¤>
‰sRƒ  xR‡z…ˆczC‡sRuj{*xRt…xR‚cz…ujz € t…sR‚cv‡zvt…t|v  z…‚ct|z…xRƒjs-ƒhsR‚cz|x.{*sG„.z"«—ƒjsR¬}CsR{*†s¢„sRt…t|œ x"wyujz…t|t…v6‡xRƒjsnˆcvƒjz…v Ÿ z|t…sG„z"sR‡sRƒjx"„z|{CvL©
 ¨†©—­†©¬® Ÿ‰«A±R²
³£´
µ(Ÿ‰¶-­ ³£¶Æ¤åŸ‰²
³Î¡‰­ ºœ~œ

®V¯j° ±³²k´^µ·¶¸k¹¢º"²k»T¼½¸k»T¾k²¿¶¸¿À=¼

Á «TÓ~¨1¿¦Â¥aª½ ¥A©ªÅÆ¥© ¨ Ã>¬Ñ;ªy¥«¿(Ì-ÃÁ ª« Ò ¥CÄÅƬÑ;ª¥«1¿A¾"¥«/Â)¿«1¨/Â)¬Æ«¿CÃÅÆ¿¦6¦E¬~سØSª¥oÅÀéÆê'ÇAªÅƽ•Ä"¿¦E¦6¬

¦6¨ Ãì ½ ¥*ÄcÂ)¬~«/Â)¿ÎÅÆ¥© ªÃ¾"¬~«©¥«¿9Ã>¬ Ò ¬~¦6¿ȕÅÀéÆêtÉ2É`Ê6Ë*Ì×éÍÈRÆ/ÎÐÏKéÆê)êmÐ
Ñ ª{*¥ ÂMª¿/«¿¬ÃÃ>¥CĬ ¨«ìª>«1ÏSªÒè½ ½¥Î¾"¥ÅƽÃ>¿¦6¦E¥
Ó
Å é Æê É ï Å×Öìé Æê ¿ ØÙÚ >hÛ É 9ï ÜÉ=ïÝ ¿ÙÚ >jÛ ¿Ù.ÞLß ÛÒà ܈¿ØÙÚ >%Û ÉáÉ¿"ÙRÞLß ÛÒà no _x(t)
xs (t)

É Élâ‘Ê6Ë*ÌÏé Æ)mê ÎIã'ÌäÒåPÏKé Æ%ê æ|2 É Å×çé Æ) ê Î)ãCÅ×è×é Æê a

Õ α (t)
é C¥ ª¬~ÅÆ¥K¦6¨1æ~Òª Â)¥ì¾’Í1¿;ÌL¬§© ª ÒÒ C¿ Ä¿«Ñ(¬§© *¿ Ãì ê-µTÌ,ª ÃtÅÆ¥© / ¨ Ã¥© ª Å é Æ=ê Ç xÔ (t)
c
Ä"ª>س*¥ Ä"¥¦E¬~ÅÆ¿ « ¿§¾"¥¦ Âm¬~ « ¿쿧½ Ž¬ Ī¬~Ð © É̐ÅÆ¿/« ÂMÄT ¿ Ã>¬ Ò ¬¦6)¿ ÏKé Æ)êÏ³¬ Ä"ª>¬
¾"¥/« Â)ª«¨¬ÅÆ¿/« Â)¿Ð
ª ÇÀسª ëAÅÆ¥¦ ÂMÄŽ¬ Â¥À¾"¥ÅÆ¿À¦Eª>¬«¥Î¬© *¥ ÂMÂŽ¬ Âmª 쁩ª>á
si
Ñ /
ÏSC¿ ĦE`ª ª½ ªŒ© `ª ÿس¬~ÅÆ^¿ ÂÄ"¬TÅÆ¿¦E¦6¬ØSسª>¥ ñ é Æ꓿ Ò ¬á ÏKé Æ)ê ¸(ëé Æ)ê
¦6¿Æ© C¿ ÃÃÁ ª>«{ÏSª è½ ½¥Æ¾"¥Åƽ Ã>¿¦6¦E) ¥ Ïé Æê%̋ª«©ª>¾"¬ Â)ªŒ¾¥« íî ï*ð*ñ é Æ)ê ¸;'È Îóò.ô ñ é Æê
ÿ µ ´ÅÆ¥©/ ¨ ì~Ñ;ªy¥«
¿ <¯  (·{¿© ¶tµ ´ÅÆ¥©/¨ ì~Ñ;ª¥«¿ øî ï"ù ïAú û Û ñ éýêŽþAý ¸ È Î ïAõFöoúCñ ÷ ÷ Û éÆ)ê
©
ª  ° ± ³²S¯|·«*¿ ÃÃB¬ ¬~æ*¿ Ã쁬Ã1¬~«¾"¥Ð Á «ÇÓ~¨¿¦ Â)¬ ؕü
¾"¥Åƽ Ž¬ Ä¡¿ Ã>¬  ° ±  S²S¯ l¯ l¯ ¯
¸(ëSé ÆêLÉ ï"Ý ù þAþ Æ é Æ)êjÉ ¸;'È Î ï"Ý ù þ*þ Æ Ïé Æ)ê
¾’Í· ¿ Ç®©¿Ã1«ª ¬T¾"¥ÅÆ· ¿ Ã>¬Â©*¿ Ä"ª>ϳ¬ Â)¬T© C¿ ÃÃ>¬ <¯  l¯ Y¯ "¯ é ÆêÉ "ï ù¸ È Æ=Πρªé Æ)êmÐ à ¿®©¨¿§¬ Ãá
Â)*¿ Ä"« ¬ Â)ª>ϳ¿å´ ÿ µ ¿¶tµT·|¦E¥«¥¬~«L¬ êÑ;Ñ(¬ ¿?¬~¦E¦6ª¿ÅÆ¿;̪«ìÓ¨¬³/« Â)¡¥ Ä"¿¾"ª>½ Ä¥/¾"¬~ÅÆ¿/« Â)¿åª/« Â)*¿ Ä"¾¬ÅÆæ~ª¬~泪 ê
Ó~¨1¬ ÃyC¥ ĬA¦Eª|¿ Ò%Ò C¿ ÂR¨1ª
 ¨«¬ ÿ µº¾"¥« ñ é Æ)ê½ ¬ Ä"ª{¬ ÃÃ>Á ªy/« Â)¿LØ ÄŽ¬ Ã>¿å© *¿ Ã{ÅÆ¿¦6¦6¬ØSسª>¥ª>« Ò C¥ ÄÅƎ¬ ªÏS ¥ b ±  
 ¨«¬ ¶tµº¾"¥« ñ é Æ)ê½ ¬ Ä"ª{¬ ÃÃ>¬ © C¿ ĪÏSŽ¬ ¬©*¿ Ã|ÅÆ¿¦E¦6¬ØSØSª¥åª« Ò C¥ ÄÅƬ Â)ªÏS¥Ð
Á Ãè¦ ÂÄ"ª>¬ÅÆ¥G¦E¨æª Â)¥  ¬ þ¨«1¿G½¬ Äcª¾C¥ ì Ī ÂMëÆ© C¿ ÃìÅÆ¥©/¨ ì~Ñ;ª¥«1¿G¬«س*¥ ÃK¬ Ä"¿(Ìו½ Ä"ª>Åì¬ì© ª×¬~½•½ ê>¾"¬ Ä"¾ª
¬Ã|•½ Ä"¥Žæ Ã>¿ÅƬ© *¿ ÃÃo¬ Ī¾"¿Ñ(ª>¥«¿(Ì|¿©Ž¬ Ã쩏*¿ Â)¿ ÄÅƪ«¬Ñ;ªy¥«¿À© C¿ ÃìA© ¿«¦Eª ÂM끩 ª|½ *¥ Â)¿/«Ñ(¬©*¿ æE¿س«¬ ÿ
ÅÆ¥©/¨ ì Â)¥Ð
 ô "!$#%'&(1Û
#%)* à ¬A¾Ž¬ ÄŽ¬ ÂÂ)*¿ Ä6ª¦ ª¾¬ +¯, ­ Y¯ -.婏*¿ ÃìAÅÆ¥©/¨ Ã>¬Ñ;ª¥«1¿Î¬~«1ØSC¥ Ã>Ž¬ Ä¿¿ Ç-¾’Í¿ÀªÃ1¦E¿á
ØS«1¬Ã¿ÅÆ¥© ¨ Ã>¬ŽÂ¥?ͬ ¨«¬À©ª>½¿«©¿«1Ñ;¬©¬ ñ éÆ)ê/+0 16­, $02-."¯ .3L¿å½ ¿CÄÂ)¬~« Â¥¡Ã>¥¦6½¿*ÂMÂÄ6¥
© ªS© ¿«¦6ª ÂMëΩ ª³½ ¥C¿/«1Ñ;¬5476bé¸ꏩ ¿*ÃS¦6¿ØS«1¬Ã¿PÅÆ¥©¨/ìÂ)¥P«¥«½ ¨8P¿¦E¦6¿CÄ6¿P¾"¬Ã¾¥CÃ>¬ŽÂ¥¾"¥« Ã>¿£Â)¿¾"«ª¾’Í¿
ÂMĬ~©ª>Ñ(ª¥«Ž ¬ Ã>ªhÐ Á « Ò ¬ÂÂ)ªÌ/ÃÁ ªy«ϳªÃ¨½½ ¥À¾¥Åƽ•Ã¿¦E¦6¥G© ª¨«Ç¦E¿س«¬Ã¿ÀÅÆ¥©¨/ìÂ)¥ ©ª,¬~«Ø¥CÃ>¥ ½ ¨8G¿¦6¦E¿*Ä6¿
¿¦E•½ Ä"¿/¦6¦E¥E»<»&¾"¥ÅÆ¿ È
Ï õ é Æ)ê Ï<;té Æ)ê
Å é ÆêLÉ É¿ Ù.ÞLß ÛÒà É É:9 Î ãAÏìé Æê Ö Ö ã ÎA@B@B@ C
Ý ï =?>
© ¬'¾¨1Vª Ä"ª¦6 ¨ ÃÂ)¬O¿ÏSª© ¿ « ¿T¾"Í1¿(Ì嬫¾’Í¿T¦ED ¿ 4 é%¸9ê Ç¿¦6•½ Ä"ªÅƪ>æª Ã¿¬O½ Ž¬ ÄÂ)ª Ä"¿Â©E ¬ 4“¹ é¸ê%Ì«1/¨ ÃÃy¬
½ ¨ 8쿦6¦E*¿ Ä6¿© C¿ ÂÂ<¥ìª« ØS¿«*¿ Ä"¬ ÿƽ*¿ Ä4 6 é¸ꓴ%Þ ¿ì© ¨1«Ó~¨{¿ì½ *¿ Ä4 6 é¸êGG É HF 4 6 é¸ Ö ¸ È 'ê ÎIHF 4 6 é¸ Î
¸;Èê%·<Ð à ¬§•½ Ä"¿¦E¿/«Ñ(¬®© C¿ ÃÿK½ C¥ ¿/«1Ñ;¿©*¿ ÃÃ>Á ¬~«1ØSC¥ Ã>¥ ρé Æꐪ« Ò ¬ ÂMª̩ C¿ ÂC¿ Ä6Åƪ«T ¬ 짫¥«á¬~½ ½ Ã>ª¾¬æ³ª ê ÂMë
© C¿ ý Ī«¾"ª½ ª¥G©ª×¦E¥LÏ Ä¬½ ½¥¦6ªÑ(ª>¥«¿G© ¿LØ Ã>ª,¿ Ò%Ò ¿ ÂMª̥ÏSϳ*¿ Ä"¥(Ì,¬~«¾’Í1¿¦E¿¦6¥«¥G«C¥ ª,Sª Ī¦6 ¨ ÃÂ)¬ Â)ª,© C¿ Ãì
ÅÆ¥©/¨ ì~Ñ(ª>¥«¿½ C¿ ÄÆ©¨¿T©ª>ϳ*¿ Ä"¦6ª&ÅÆ¿¦E¦6¬ØSس9ª Å F é ÆêÄK É J5LNM ñ F é Æ)ê O9Ì Å õ é Æ)êÄK É J5LNM ñ õ é Æê O’Ì?ª Ã
Ä"ª>¦E/ ¨ ÃÂŽ¬ Â¥§C¥ ÂÂ)¿/«ªæ~Òª ÿÇÅÆ¥©/¨ ì~«{© 4 ¥ Ã>O ¬ ÃC¥ ĥǦ6¥ÅÆÅƬ~̓«¥ « ÇÇÓ~¨C¿ ÃÃ¥®©*¿ ÃÃ>¬I¦E¥ÅÆÅƬI©¿£ª Ä"ª>¦E/¨ ÃÂŽ¬ ª
ª«© ªÏSªy©¨Ž¬ Ã>Mª ÈJ5L M ñQP é Æ) ê Î ñ õ ªé Æ)ê OA É R JSLNM ñ F é Æê O¢Î"JSLTM ñ õ é Æê OÐ
pyp6› zC«—v'¬}*z}•wx`„.sRt…t…v s"wy‰v{•wgz…xR{*s-z…{¿wysRƒjz…sG„z"‰xR‡sR{*†sG„sRt…t…œ s"wy‰x.{*sR{*†z…vt¦sVU0WYX 1 Q×N[Z=N X]^ \ N X]`%_ a 2
N bcbcbdb
 ì œì fe5gih;žjŸkjŸû¨8©ml ŸonpjqeSrqh;Ÿos[tugitb¡£¢<t-¤ose5jihe5seSjŸ&¤oh;vh
w ß ói#%& Þ³Þ ("x~ô ò )(')y& à ¬¾ª Ä"¾¥¦ Â)¬~«Ñ(¬Ä¾’ÍT
I ¿ Å ªé Æ)êGÉ É¿ ÙRÞLß ÛÒà •½ Ä"¿¦;¿/« ªŒ¨1«£ÅÆ¥© ¨ Ã>¥ì¾¥¦ Â)¬~/« Â)¿
½ ¬ŽÄªL¬~©OÉÌLª>«1© ª½ ¿«© ¿«/Â)¿ÅÆ¿«/¿K©¬ÃÃ>¿¬Åƽ ª¿Ñ(Ñ;¿©¿*Ãj¦E¿س«¬Ã¿KÅÆ¥©¨/ì~«×¿(Ì'ǽ¬Äcª¾¥CìÄÅì¿«á
Â)¿Ä¨ ªÃ>¿(ÌPÓ~¨¬ŽÃ>¥CĬ ½ ¿CÄ ñ éÆê¦Eª>¬«¥Ç© ¬ ¬~¦E½ ¿CÂÂ)¬Ä"¦6ª Ò ¥*ÄcÂmªPÏS¬ŽÄª¬~Ñ(ªy¥«1ªP© ª© ª«¬Åƪy¾¬,Ð"z娿¦Â)¥)Ç
½•Ä"¥½ Ä6ª¥ª à ¾¬¦6¥?© ¿CÃ|¦E¿س«¬Ã¿?¶i{åµTÌS¨/Â)ªÃªyÑ(Ñ;¬Â)¥å½¿*ēÅƨ/꽕ìLÄ¿ª>« Ò Ä¿Ó~¨¿«Ñ(¬G½ª}|K¾"¬~«¬ŽÃ>ªÂ)¿*ÿ Ò ¥/á
«ª¾"ªÐ Á «ÆÓ~¨¿¦ Â)¥-¾¬¦6¥-ª« Ò ¬ÂMªÌ~«¥«®¿¦6¦E¿«1© ¥À«¥CÂ¥-¬½•Äª¥CĪªÃ|«1¨ÅÆ¿CÄ¥-©ª1¾"¬~«¬ŽÃ>ª{¿ ÒÒ ¿ÂÂ)ªÏS¬~ÅÆ¿«/Â)¿
ªÅƽ ¿س«Ž¬ ª-Ì Ã¬Ç½*¥ Â)¿«1Ñ;¬Ç© C¿ Ãt¦6¿ØS«1¬ Ã2 ¿ ~é Æê΀ É Q M ñ é Æê ‡,¸ O-*¥ ÂMÂ)¿/«/¨ Â)¥¦6¥ÅÆÅƬ~«1© ¥ª
© ªÏSC¿ ĦEª~¾"¬~«Ž¬ Ã>ªS´¥ØS«1¨«¥¬-ÅÆ¥© ¨ Ã>¬Ñ;ªy¥«‰¿ ˆ ià Š ¾"¥‚V«ƒ ¨F«1„[¬Î…© † ªÏSC¿ ĦE‚ ¬-½ C¥ ÄÂm¬‚ /« Â)¿· ½¨ 8&ÏSŽ¬ Ī¬ Ä"¿© ª~ÅÆC¥ Ã>á
Â)•
¥ È׬ ÃÃ>C¥ ĬÌ|ª æE¿س«¬ ÿ ¾¥Åƕ½ ÿ¦E¦6ªÏS¥ ~é ÆêÏSª¿«¿ ¬~½•½ ê>¾"¬ Â)¥ ¬ ÃÃ>Á ª«LØ Ä¿¦6¦E¥©ª×¨1«ÇÅÆ¥© ¨ Ã>Ž¬ ÂC¥ Ä¿G¶tµ
¿+ÂMĬ¦6ÅÆ¿¦6¦E¥Î¾¥ÅÆ¿¿ Â)¬ ÿ~Ð
‹ &'& /Û (Þ #hôk&mŒi#ŒÝ' ò &'(!$&:(ßIô ŒtkÝ !1(1 Þ #lô k&:(kô!$(Û/& Ž ¥ÅÆ¿G¬/« Â)ª>¾"ª½ ¬ Â)¥(̽*¿ Ä¿ ÒÒ *¿ Âmá
)¨¬ "¿å¨1«¬ÀÅÆ¥©¨/ì~Ñ;ª¥«¿ ÿ µ ÅÀéªÆ)êLÉ ïKð*ñ éÆê¦6ª ½¨8¨¦6¬ŽÄ¿¨«ÅÆ¥© ¨ Ã>¬ŽÂ¥CÄ¿¶tµT̪>«¾¨1ª/ÏéÆêLÉ
 Ä
ï
"ù ïAú û Û ñ ý Ôé êjþAý/Ì1½¥«1¿«©¥ ñ ÔéÆ)ê‹É õFF ö ò ô ÷ Û ñ éÆêmÐ ÿ ¿*Äc¬~« Â¥(Ì{¾"¥«1¦6ª© ¿CĪ¬~ÅÆ¥À«¿CÃ1¦E¿س¨ªÂ¥-¦E¥*Ã¥
¿¥½ ¿ E¬~Ñ;ª¥«ª,© ª×ÅÆ¥©¨/ì~Ñ;ªy¥«¿yY©¿/ÅÆ¥©¨/ì~òy Ñ(ªy÷ ¥«¿¶tµ Ð Š «TÅÆ¿*Â)¥©¥‘ $1K© ª×ØS¿«1¿*Ä"¬Ä"¿¨«¦6¿á
à *Ä
ؕü
ØS«1¬ ¿-¶tµ Ó~¨1*¿ ÃÃ¥ ©ª/¨ Â)ª êÑ;ÑE¬ Ä"¿ ¨« ’ Ž“ ´ØSª ëª/« ÂMÄ"¥© ¥CÂÂ)¥ª«Ç´.”Ð ìÐ œ Ð •··%Ì|¥¦6¦6ª¬K¨«Ç¥¦E¾ªÃÃ>¬ŽÂ¥CÄ¿
à Ç
¾"¥« ¥ ¬ ¥Çª« Â)¿«¦Eª>¥«¿(Ìb¾"Í1¿§•½ Ä"¥©¨¾¿Çª ˦6¿ØS«Ž¬ Ã>·
/ÂMÄ AÃà L ¿ Å éÆêKÉ É`Ìäg呖.Í È Æ/Î'ï"ù ïAú=û Ø•Û ü ñ éýêjþAý˜—/̓¿
© ¨1«Ó~¨{¿ "¿¬ >ªÑ;Ñ(¬A•½ Ä"¥½ Īk¥ ì Ò ¨1«Ñ(ªy¥«¿-©¿¦Eª>©*¿ Ä6Ž¬ ¬РŠ «Æ¦6¿¾¥«© ¥ÀÅÆC¿ Â¥©|¥-ÏSC¿ ÄÄc끪 Ãè|¦ ÂÄ"¬ Â)¥À½ *¿ Ä
¿Ä ŽÃ
¨«I¾"¬~¦E¥K½ ¬ ª¾"*¥ ì Ä"¿ª«I¬~½½ ¿«© ª¾"2¿ ”Ð ™Ð šÐ Á «1ë¿(nÌ ÇK¦E¿Åƕ½ Ä"¿ÏS¬ ê© ¥ª ÃtÅÆ¥©/¨ ì Â)*¥ Ä"¿ìª« Ò ¬~¦6¿K¿
ÄcÂ
Ó~¨1¬~© "¬ )¨ "¬~ÌSª«Æ¾"¨ª ¦6ª{½ ¥«k¿ Å çé Æ)êtá
•Ä  /Ä É Ê6Ë*̕ÏKé Æ)êk¿ Å×èé ÆêtÉ Ì.ägåGÏKé ÆêmÐ
›oœc7œŸž  m¡Y¢£<¤/¡V¥§¦[£Q¨©¡ª‰¦¬«˜£f­i¦‘®§¯°£±®³²´¥i¨©ª‰¯°®i¤/¡Y¥§¦‘£Q®§¦‰­¥§¯°®§µv£
Á « ê>«1¿¬ © ª{•½ Ä"ª>«1¾ª½ ª¥(̏¨«1¬ ϳ¥*ÃÂ)¬A¥*ÂM¿«¨/Â)¿kÅ çéÆê¿© Å×èéÆ꩏¿*Ã1¦E¿س«¬ŽÃ>¿ÅÆ¥© ¨ Ã>¬ŽÂ¥´%¬©¿¦6¿Åƽ ª¥
ÅÆ¿©ª>¬«/6Â)¹ ¿Æ¨1«'© ¿ÅÆ¥©¨/ìÂ)¥*Ä"¿®ª« Ò ¬~¦E¿®¿ÆÓ¨¬~©Ä¬ŽÂ¨ Ĭ~·¢Çì¦6¿Åƽ•Ä"¿§ÏS¬ŽÃ>ªy©¬)ìIÄ"¿*ì~Ñ(ª>¥«¿4ÏKéÆêÉ
¶V· ʸ ¶ å 6 º ßß ÛÒÛÒàà Ð {Á ¬ŽÃÂMÄ¬å½ ¬Äc¿(ÌLÂ)¬Ã¿¦6¥CèÑ;ª¥«¿P¦Eª½•Ä"¿¦Âm¬Î¿¦6¾6è¦6ªÏS¬ÅÆ¿« ¿P¬¡Ä¿¬Ãª>Ñ(Ñ;¬Ñ;ªy¥«ª©ª>سªÂ¬ÃªÌ
ª«§Ó~¨¬« Â)D¥ ÇG©ª Ò Ã¾"ª Ãk¿ Ä"¿¬ êÑ;Ñ(K¬ Ä"¿ ¨«Ç© ª¦6½¥¦Eª Â)ª>ϳ¥À¾"Í1¿G½ Ä¿¦6¿/ « ª1¿¦6Ž¬ ÂÂ)¬~ÅÆ¿/« Â)a¿ Þ¬ ÄC¿ Ã>¬Ñ;ª¥«1¿-«¥«
ê>«1¿ ¬ Ä"¿å©ª Â)ª½ ¥ÎŽ¬ ľ"*¥ Â)¬~«س¿ « ¿РÁ Ãè{¦ ÂMĪ¬~ÅÆ¥å¬ ÃÃ>C¥ Ĭ ª|©¨¿ÎÅÆC¿ Â)¥© ª|½ Ÿª |ƾ"¥Åƨ1«¿ÅÆ¿/« Â)¿Î¨¦E¬ Â)ª È
»½¼ Ù½¼B¾¼B¾ ¿[#%xf&À#%)’ô{Û
&2(ÂÁÄÃÃ
Á «8´.
” Ð ìÐ œ Ð • ·Î¦Eª9ÇIØSªë ÅÆ¥¦ÂMĬŽÂ¥ ÃÁ ¨¦6¥T© ¿*Ã¾ªÄ¾"¨ªá
Åcos[ Ìω0t + Ëθ (t)] Èsin[ ∆θ ] ÆH(f) Ñ]ÒÂÓiÔ©ÔEÕÖ0×‘ØŸÙ Ú˜Û Û/ÚfÜÝޟÒàßÖ0؟؟ÚâáژãÖ2ßÖ0؟؟ڳÕÒ0× ÑÚfÜÑ+ÖàßÞ
i Å
ä Ò0ßå؟ÚfæYÞçÒ0ÜÖfè2ÔiÒÂãÑ]Ö0ã°ãÒmã°ÝéÖ ä ÚêÕåëÂÖ0ã°ãÖ×Ö,åãژÑ+Ò
kc

Èsin[ Ìω0t + θÉ (t)] É ÕÖ×ìޟÜã°Ö0Û?åޟ×֑Ø}Ù ÚfÜqßÚ ä Ö0ÜÑ+ґÑ+Ö ä ÕÒ

× Úf؟ÖíßÖ0؟Ø}Ú2áÚfã֑ßÞ
ÇVCO
vo(t)
o åÜÚ"ÕÒ0× Ñ+ژÜÑ]Ö ä Ò0ßå؟ÚfÑ]ÚuژÜÛ ÒØ}Ú?× ä Ö0ÜÑ+ÖYîïÒ0Ñ]Ñ+Ö
ÜÖ0ÜßÒ
θ i (t) ∆θ (t)
ޟÜmÑ+Ú˜Ø ä Ò0ßÒ[؟٠Þ}Üá.Ò× ä ÚfæVÞçÒÜÖ[ßÖãޟßÖ×ژÑ+Ú<è<Ô©ÚðÛ å×ÚÚ
kc h(t) ؟ÚfÑ]ÒÄ× ÞŸÕÒ0× ÑÚñ؟Òïã°Ý éÖ ä Ú[Û ÖÜÖ0× Úf؟ÖÄßÞåÜàÓiÔiÔ©î?Þ}ÜàÝ åÞޟØ
òSóô Û?Ö0ÜÖ×ÚñåÜ2ã°Ö0Û?ÜÚf؟։Õژ×ÞÚíõ+öç÷Äøù©úyûýüÿ
þ vøŸû .î ÝÒÜ
ÉÊ
−
θ (t)
o ÇVCO vo(t)
þ vøŸû 
 ø
î ä ÖÜÑ]×Ö2ޟةã°Ö0Û?ÜÚf؟Ö×ÞŸÝ Ö ?åÑ+Ò
éÚ[؟ڑáÒ0× ä  Ú ñøû   "!0õvøŸù½úyûüÿ$þ #]øŸû è
Î Î ÔiÒQã°ÝéÖ ä ÚEÕåëQÖãã°Ö0×ÖDژÜÚ?Ø}ޟæYæVژÑ+ÒQÝ Ò0Ü Þ ä Ö0Ñ]Ò%
Θi (s) ∆Θ (s)
Í
kc H(s) ßÞvßÖÞ©Ý Ò0ÜÑ+× Ò
Ø}؟Þ<ÚfåÑ+Ò ä ÚfÑ]Þ}Ý Þ}îýÞ}' Ü &fåژܧÑ]Ò× ÚfÕÕ×ÖãÖ
ÜÑ+Ú
−
åÜuãޟãÑ]Ö ä ÚQÝéÖ:Ñ+ÖÜÑ]ÚQßÞ ä ÚfÜÑ]Ö0ÜÖ0× ÖmÜåØ}؟Ò,؟٠Ö0× ×Ò×Ö
Ï
Θo(s) Ð
kv
Ï
Vo (s) õ+ö )
÷ (‘þVî ÝÒ* Ü (‘þøŸû +N,þ #˜øŸû .-
þ ½øŸû 0/
؟٠ژÜqÚf؟Þ}ã°Þ ã. Þ 1f2Ú %
s ã3 Ú &fåÞçÜßÞqãåØ}؟Ú[Ø}ޟÜÖÚf× Þ}æ°æYÚfæYÞ}ÒÜÖñõ+ö 4 ÷ (‘6þ 57(íþY2î  ژØ}ÞçßÚ
ÕÖ×8(‘þ‰ÕޟÝÝ Ò0؟Ҙè
¨†©—­†©,l:9onpj§e5r§h
9os[tâe5s<;=9oj§e>ot ì@?V•

ACB DFEGD ÃIHJ,HKH ALDFM à D2NPO8QSR Ä E HJ NTOD Ãà R Ä D HÕÄTHJ,U/àD  R

ï ç ï _,` Y\[
]
VXWZY\[
]^ VbacY\[Z]
[ Î ï ç ï _ ` Y\[Z]
N"deO
fDFE ÂHÂÄ D J \Q R ÄPg D Â R
f@MCO TÄ g O ÂR O KH O J M ÄTHIg O Ä Oih WjY Æ ]k Q\D J O K O ؒ Ž
“=l NPR g O U EeDnmoO TÄ J$H REeO3p Ià q
ÂMÄ D  D K O Ãà DrQ\D J O K O Ãà DrMCR Äc F D E  O g R KCU/à D  Dsh atY Æ ] f K D<MCD Ä O K O Ãà u D Q U Eev H R
EeO KS H ÂMÄ D J Q\O Ä$HIg OE Â R
D K DFEeO ÃÃ R8NTd HUJ R
ï ç ï _ ` Y\[Z] ww
[ Î ï ç ï _ ` Y\[
] ww è
ƒŽÙ õFö ú
ÁEeR ÃÂMÄ O
f K D  R<NTdO H à ’ Ž“ M Ä R KU NPO+h WxY Æ ]n^ ï _ û Û WZY ý ] þAý f J$H`TÄ H NTRER J NPO J,Ue{2H R<N"deO à B UeJ N Hq
ؕz ü y
 D W Y Æ ] K O à p ÃÂÄ R KCH à R
RM ` Y\[
] NPR Ä,Ä HJ MRE K OuD Ãà D TÄ H NPR JÂM$Ä U v H R
EeO K O | Ã g O J,J D2}t} H R g R KCU/Ã DFE Â O
y
ñ Y Æ ] e
E O Ã T
N D J R 
K ~
H g R C
K /
U Ã F
D v H

R e
E 6
O 
 :
€ C
 ÿ  O c
Ä Â 2
D E Â

R f à B 
U J N 
H Â D K O Ã p 
à M
Â Ä R 
K
H Ã R
RM K O Ã L
ÿ AA Ä O
D IÃ H vZv
D Ã D
K O g R KCU/Ã DFv H R
EeO KCH Q Ä O‚ U OEvZD@

»½¼ ƒ½¼B¾¼ „ ¿[#%xf&À#%)"…G†

&2(Œi#c‡xF†/#cˆD#%'()…†
&
‰4B Ä O
D ÃIH v
vZD  R g O KH DFE  O Hà N HÄ N UeH R KH pe} U×Ä DFf
H‹ E N UeHbHÃ.K O ÄTH moD  R Ä OOQ\QSO  ÂU D U EeDzNTREemoO ÄTJZH R
EeO
L€ q…ê €Œf KH N UH m H O
EeO K O g R KU/Ã D Â R Ã B H EGm HÃU MMCR
ÂM H f à D} Ä D2E K O
vZv
D ~ Y Æ ] ÄPHIJ,U/ÃÂ D
x(t) d ( ) y(t) d(t)
KH D g M H O
vZv
DÁEeQ\D ___
1 __
2π kŠ f dt
MD ÄPH D
þ Û
~ Y Æ ]^ Ý É`Ê6Ë*̐*Í‘Æ Î Ž ù ïAú“’ ñ Y ý ] þýt” ^
Ž ù ïAú A þ Æ Ø•ü
Û
^ Ý Y Ž ùe•Z‘ Î Ž ù ïAú"ñ Y Æ ]] É`ÌägårCÍj‘RÆ/Î Ž ù ïú|’ ñ Y ý ] þýt”
Ž ù ïAú ؕü
OXNPR ÄÄ$HIJ MRE K O KU E‚ U OXD KU E J O
}tEeD à O g R KCU/à D  R J,H D–D2Ee}tR à D TÄ g OE  O8NTdO H EuD g M H Ov
vZDof  K H D g<q
M H Ov
v
D É Y Æ ]L^ É –
ú > Î ñ Y Æ ] —  Ñ H D g R KU Ee‚ U O H EiM Ä O J OEvZD KHCU EeD g R KCU/à DFv H REeO KH D g M H Ov
vZD
ò ú£¢ f HÃ2g O J,J DF}o} H R
—x˜L™›šœž=Ob‚ UeH E KCH foNTRE U ED J NTO àDŸR
MMCR ÄcÂ0U EeDo 0¡ KCH ñ Y Æ ] M U8 O J$J O Ä O8O JMÂ Ä D  R
g O KCH D2E  O U E K O g R KCU/à D  R Ä O K B H Eem HäU MCMR2
ò y 
Á ÃmÄPHIJ,U/àD  R–R ÂM O
E U  R Ç moD Ià H¤K RŸM U Ä N"d Ç Å Y Æ ] J,H DnM PÄ H mtRŸO J$J R
JÂ O J$J R KH mtD PÄ H DFv H RE H¥KCH D g M H O
vZv
D È MO Ä ‚ U O J R
f J MO J$J R H| Ã K O q out
TÄ H moD Â R Ä O Ç M Ä O
NPO K~U/Â R K D U E {Ã RNTNPR T¦§o¨T¨$0  fGNTdO6M Ä R KCU NPO
in
U ED©mtO PÄ J,H R
EeO
f|DFMCM U E Â R
fLª J ‚ U D K•Ä D  DFª K O | à J O
}tEeD Ã O TÄ H NTO
m U/Â RrO
‚ UH E KH M PÄ H mtD KCHeg R KU/à DFv H R
E H~KH D g M H O
vZv
D‰ J$J OE K R à R J ‚ U D q
K•Ä D  R Ä O–QSR Ä O g O
E Â O=EeRE Ã H EGOD Ä O
f H E UeJ N HÂ D J D Ä D2EeEeR=M Ä O J O
E Â H f
R ÃÂMÄ O.D t à J O}oEeD à OR PÄ H } H EeD PÄ H R
f«DFENTdONTR g MR
EeO
E Â H NPO
E ÂMÄ D Â O.DQ Ä O q
‚ U OEev
O g<U/àH M à O KCH ‚ U O Ãà D K O Ãà D©MCR Äc D2E  OZf“NTdOimtO
Ee}tR
EeR TÄ Hg R J$J O K D Ã p ÃÂMÄ RiMCD J$J D { D J$J RnD
mtD Ãà O K O Ãà R J ‚ U D K•Ä D  R Ä O2

›oœc7œ­¬ ®u£f¦[«Y¡¯t°u«
±ñ£2¯$¯µv®§¯°£Q¨©¡S« £f­i¦‘®§¯]¡²´¥i¨²‰¯°®~¯¡S®§¦‰­¥§¯°®§µ²´£f¦b¯ £

³ H M Ä OE KH D g R à B O J M Ä O J$J,H REeO K O Ãà B H Eem HÒÃU MMRNPR g M à O J,J R KHtU E J O}oEeD à O g R KU/à D  RDFE}tR à D ÄPg O
E q
ÂO
â ãAÏ Y Æ ] æ ‚
Å Y Æ ]L^ É O Ù.ÞLß ÛÒà ^ É7µ ´
>
‚ƒ ‘ ¶
·c¸º¹»0¼2½¾¿ÁÀÁ¿­ÂÂÃ,¼£»G¿ÁÀÄ»0ŐÆZĽÀÁÃ,¾Æ0¼»G¿Ç
ÈP¿ÁÀÁ½
É
É$Æ
Ê0Ä»0ÈT»~¼£¿\ËI½
ÀÁ¾Ã,¼£»ËÌ»0ŐÉ$¼£» Í ÊS»Ä½Ç×,½»CÆ0أأÆ0¼£¼»|ËÌØ£»0ÙTÀÁ¿»¼£»
ΣϫÐxÑ'ҝÓSÔGÕnÖ
Í
ÎcÏ8ÕnÚ4ÛÜ,Ý,Þ$ß Ñ'ҝÓSÔcß àâá
ì?Y™ ã e5gihZä“9kj.9æå2çml:9onpjqeSrqhZ9os[tugit4>æè<t6;ose5jihe5seSj.9b;oh ã h
“ J,J O Ä m H D g R J$Ue{2Hé R.N"deObêID6MR é OEvZD é R é D2êO KCH•Å Y Æ ] moDFêIO J O g M Ä O 4'6 ^ É õ f H E KH MO
E K O
E é O g O
E é O
K D Ï Y Æ ] fjO KU E‚ U O 476 ^ìë ^ PÿO Ä N HŸ8 N"deO ÄTH } U D ÄPK D 4'6 Y • ] f H EŒê H E~O
D KH M ÄTH EeN H M H R›ERE J$H MR q
õ
éMÄ O {F{ O=EeOD2EeN"deO8DFQ\QSO ÄPg D Ä ON"dO Å Y Æ ] J$H D3ê HIg<Hé D é R H E { DFE K DofCm HIJ,é DŸêD3M Ä O J OEev
D K OêIêO=MR é OEvZO
KH ‚ U D2ê U Ee‚ U O–R ÄPKCH EO Kn H Ï Y Æ ]  { B Dtê éMÄ R–NTDFE é R
f~êDnM Ä O J O
EevZD K O H Q\D éé R ÄPH DFê H Q\D J$í NTdO–êD J O ÄTH O KCH
MR é O
Eev
O6MR J$J D›O J,J O Ä O Mé Ä R
EeNTD é D›D K›U E<NTO ÄTé RR ÄPKCH EO3îrï7ð  Ñ OMR
E H D g RR Ä D Ï Y Æ ]L^ ïcðCñ Y Æ ] f
R J,J O Ä m H D g R4N"deO4‚ U D2E é RM }H |sñ ïAðCñ Y Æ ] ñ Ç M H NTNPR
êR
f é DFE é R)M ÄTHg DXM U8 O J,J O Ä O éÄ REeNTD é D=êID J O ÄTH ONPR
E
O ÄcÄ R ÄPHMé Ä D J N / U Ä D {FH ê H “òE'MCD ÄTéH NPR
êD Ä O
f J O Ï Y Æ ] J,Hg DFE éH O
EeO J O g M Ä OŸó -.$ÄvSôTô/-. f@êID J O ÄTH O KH
MR é O
Eev
ObM  U 8 O J$J O Ä O Mé Ä R
EeNTD é DŸD2ê2M ÄPHIg R é O ÄPg<H EeO k ¶ ^ ] f K DFE K Rbê U R}oR.D KŸU E›NPR g MR ÄPé D g OE é R
Ý
M Ä D éH NTD g O
E é Oê H EOD Ä O2
Ñ O H EmtONTO Ï Y Æ ] D J$J,Ueg O+mtD2êR ÄPH ó -1ê-Põ ¨ $ fXO+‚ UH E KH êID J O ÄPH O KCH MR é O
EevZO'NPR g M Ä OE q
K OMD Ä ONTN"d Hé O Ä$g<H E H f J$U{ O
E Mé Ä D U E J ONTRE K RnD J MO éé RnMO
N U ê H D Ä O K O
êêIB L€Œf~O›N H R Ç ‚ U OêIêR K O
êêID
NTREemoO ÄTJ$H REO›D g M H O
vZv
D+ö÷Q Ä O
‚ U OEev
D¥òEeQ\D ééH f K D é R3N"deO • a2Y Æ ]X^ •Z‘¢Î ïúñ Y Æ ] f@êID<Q Ä O
‚ U O
Eev
D
HIJ$é DFE é DFEOD–M Ä O J OE é D J NTR J,é D g O
E é H ÄPHIJ MCO éé R8D Kr•,‘ NTR g MCêO é D g O
E é O KCH MCOE K OE éHK DFêIêObD g M H O
v q
v
O KH ñ Y Æ ] f4Os‚ UH E KCH êB D2E K D g OE é R K OêIêID K OE J$HIé ëKCH MCR é O«EevZD 4 6 Y • ] ÄTHJ,U ê é D J,é Ä O éé D g OE é O
KH MO
E K OE é O K D<‚ U OêIêR K O
êêID K OE J$HIé ërKH M Ä R { D {FH ê H¤Mé ë<KCHøeù Y ñ ] N"deO K O J N ÄTH moO›êIO›D g M H O
vZv
O KH
ñ YÆ] 
ÿO Ä moDFêIR ÄTHeH E é O ÄPg O KH@K OêIêD KH EeD g<H NTD Kn H Ï Y Æ ] f H EemtO
NPO
f~êID 4
6 Y • ] ÄTHIJ$U ê é DFE é O J D ÄcëiU EeD›m H D
KHg O
vZv
R Mé Ä D HxKCU OŸNPD J$H O J,é Ä O g<HxKHIJ N UeJ,J$H feN"dO›MO ÄPé DFE é R›MCR J,J R
EeR›O J$J O Ä O›MO
E J D éH NTR g O3NPD J,H
ê Hg<HIé O Mé Ä DN UeH MR ÄÄ O=êID K O
E J,HMé ëKCH MCR é OEev
DO
QSQ\O ééH mtD@
Ž R g ODFE éH N H MD é R
fCêIDŸEeD é/U Ä DEREuê H EeO
D Ä O K O
êêID g R KU êD2v H REO=DFE}tR
êD Ä O Ä O
E K O=EeONTO J,J D ÄPH R
J$éUeKCH D Ä OrR}oE H NPD J R H E KCH m HIKU DFê g OE é OújMCO ÄTé DFE é R<êID K O é O Ä,g<H EDtv H REeO K
H 4o6 Y • ] m H O
EeO J mtR
ê é D
MO Ä4KCU O8NPD J,H MD ÄPéH NTRêID ÄTH fFNTRE J$HIK O Ä DFE K R8MO Ä ‚ U O J$éH êO KCU O=MCR J,J$HI{FH ê HIMé ë O J$Mé Ä O g O KCS H Ï Y Æ ] g Rê é R
M H NTNPR
êR6R g R
ê é R6} Ä DFE K O
fCO Ku H ÄTHIJ$U ê é D éH O J$Mé Ä D2MR«êID éH MCO Ä DFMCM Ä R J,J$HIg D Ä O6DFê é Ä O J,HéU D2v H RE H ú HKCU O
NTD J$H O J D g<H EeD éHJ REeR È

 ñ Y Æ ] J$H E UJ R HK DFê¤OO

 ñ Y Æ ] g O g<{ŽÄ R KCH~U ErM Ä R

N$O J,J R J$é DFv H R
EeD ÄTH R=O Ä }tR KH NPR2

»½¼ ƒ½¼ „½¼B¾ û§&'(!1&nˆz…ŒLü'!$(q')&u‡#%|ü|‡

…#%Œi(!$&

ÿREOE K R ñ YÆ –
] ^ Ê6Ë*Ì Y Ž ù~ý£Æ ] f J$H R éé0H

O EeOnN"deOuêID©QSD J O g R KU êIDFE é O Ï Y Æ ] i O êIDþQ Ä «

O ‚ U O Ev,D IH J$é DFE q
é DFEeO
D • a Y Æ ] MO Ä©H8KCU OÿNTD J,H L ÿ € O K L  €Œf Ä OêID éH m H F O }oEeD2êO Å Y Æ ]ÿ^ =
D ê J  É Ê6Ë*Ì Y Ž ùe• ‘ Æ£Î Ï Y Æ ]] f
ÄTHJ,U ê é D2EeR È
Ï YÆ] • 2 a YÆ ] Ï •
íî ï*ð Ê6Ë*Ì Y Ž ~ù ý Æ ] •Z‘ Îý ïAð Ì.ägå Y Ž ù~ý£Æ ] ï*ð ý ï*ð
øî Ž ù ïAú û
Ø
Û ñ Y ý ] þý ^ ò

 Ìägå Y Ž ù~ý£Æ ] •Z ‘ Î ïAú Ê6Ë*Ì Y Ž ~
ù ý Æ ] ò

ïAú
´
H E›N UHFJ$HŽÇ DFEeN"deO H E KCH NTD é DêID g D J,J$HIg D K O
m H DFv H R
EeO KCH QSD J O Ï ^  
¶ Moñ‘Ï Y Æ ] ñdO O KH Q Ä O‚ U OEvZD
• ^   
¶ Mtñ • a2Y Æ ] •Z‘ñ O VéŸR éH D g R J,Ue{FHIé RNTdO
f H EÿO
E éMÄ D g<{FHH NPD J$H f J$H DþêID<Q\D J O Ï Y Æ ] N"deOnêID
Q Ä O
‚ U O
Eev
D HJ,é D2E é DFEeO
D • a2Y Æ ] mtD ÄPH DFEGR J$H E UJ R HIK D2ê g OE é OŸNPR
EsMO ÄPH R K R F ú«EeOêNPD J RkÿL€ êB O
E éHéMë
KH • D Ueg OE é DþNTRE ý f g OE éMÄ OuEOêIêIB L€ êD


ÏÿKCHg<H E UeHºJ NTOuNTRE ý +éŸO
ê J O
} UHé R J$H QSD Äë·ÄTHq

   
Q\O ÄTHg O
E é RDFêIêIB q\ô ó 0“§ -\¨ .¨ 0-\¨  f2NPR HIJ MCRE K OE é O8DFêIêD g D J,J$HIg D–O J N U J,H R
EeO 
K O
êêIDQ\D J O  
fCN"deO HIJ$U ê é D 
^  
  
k € l
 k € l


 !
åFç Fç,l:9onpj§e5r§h
9os[tâe5s<;=9oj§e>ot " ?Vš

Ž  # 
R
E'‚ U O J,é DrNPR
EemoOEev H REeO
feMR ,J J$H D g R é TD é é D PONPR
Ee} HIU E é D g OE é OŸOE é TD g<{FHH NPD J$H  € O K L€
 HJ N H moOE K RêIB H Em H ê U MMCR=NTR gMCêO J$J R6NPR g O   %$
& Y(' ]^) O+*-,/.103246587
:9<;
=ŸR éH D g RXR
TD–NTdO & Y>']@? MCO
 H R K~H NTR KH MCO
 H R K RB
A ftO KU E‚ U O8MCO
 O J,J RXmtD2êObêIR J m H ê U MCMR H E J O
 H O
KH eR U  H O & Y>']L^) 
‚´ ƒC ‚ O *%587 ‚
:9 f H N UH NPR
O«QSpN H OE éH  HJ,U ê é D2E~R
´ED
‚ ^ ý ’G
HJFI O *K,/.>032L4M587
:9<; O C *-587 ‚L
:9JN 'L^POQXY  ]
D C HJFI
RmomtOPR J RERMDR H  %S D2êêIOUT §V (W
V@YXZ —\[^]]^[^_ K O
ê2MY HIg R éH MCRZfR
 KH EeO ¶ O K D#T }tR g OE é R  ` U O J$é O
deD2EeEGRêIB D2E K D g O
E é R g R J,é T D é R H Erpe} U T DFftD J,J$H O g O=DFêIêOXMaT RMY H O écb N"deOêIO=NTD#TD éé O H vZv
DtERa

1
J0
d OeQbY  ]U? PO
DFêIONTREgf ¶eh 
d  OOQbQbYY  ] O C QbY  ] ¶ MDR H
J1
0.8 J2
J3
^
iO C Q.Y  ] ¶ KHIJ MCD# H
J4
0.6 J5
J6
J7
J8
]^
0.4 J9
J10

dkjEQ+l m ´ C O Q 5 Y  ]L^on
0.2

´
-0.2

-0.4
Od ebQ Y  ]qpsr NTRE ¶ut r J O wv n
β
-0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14


O+‚ UeH E KHH moDFêIR H4KH Q
J$H R éé OE}tR
EeR é T DFNTN H DFE K R U EeDŒê H EeO
DmtO
 éH NTDFêIO'EOê KCH D2}TD g<g D KCH
  D
pe} U TD H EŒNPR HIJ MCRE K OEvZD K OêmtDFêIR TO
  D K R éé D é R
fO H E KH m HKCU DFE K R H êLmoDFêIR
TO KH N H D J N U ED OxQ
  Ry

MO 4‚ U O
ê  J$J O Tm H D g RXR TD3N"dO=êIB U ê éHIg
 D6MaPR
Ma H O éKbŸg R J,é TDNTR g O
f H EiMaTO J O«Eev
D KCHU EimtDFêIRPO

KH OêIO
mtD é R
f«êIO4Q U Eev H RE HKCH O J,J O
ê KCH R {z  KCH EeO ¶|t ŸJ$H DFER)MYPD éH NPD g OE é O)E U êIê¤Oa ? ‚ UeH E KCH êO
N Hé R
R
 H O KH R U  H O
 KCH & Y>'] D H MY HIg<H}Œé O g<H E H k MCR J,HéH m H O
>' qp) j ,Qm C , Oe.Q Y  ] O *%587 Q
:9   O
 é D2E é RZf H ê J O
}tEDFêIO g R KU êID é R & YJ']^
H E é D2êNTD J Rnê HIg<H¤é D POiêIR J m H ê U MMR H E J O
 Y & ~
EeO
}tD éH m H l f2R
mtmtO PR ù Y ]
|€ & >' *K 9-‚  U
Y ] O ¢ HJ,U ê é D
,
& Y>']qpƒ) Q+µm O Q Y  ]„†…
‡ Ž+ˆ Y • ‘}‰ ¶ ý ]Š'
C,
O‚ UeH E KCH êIR J MO é0é TR KCH~K OE J$HIéK3 b KH MR é O«Eev
D KCH & Y>' ] dD3O J MaT O J,J$H REO
‹Œ Y • ]ep ) Ž 5 Qµm , ñ OQ.Y  ] ñ 5e3 Y •  •Z‘  ¶ ý ] ‰  Y • ‰ •Z‘ ‰ ¶ ý ]’‘
C,
O K ? Q\R
 g D é R K D HIg M U ê J$H NPO
E é P D éH DQ(P O
‚ U O
Eev
O • ^P“ •
‘ “ ¶ ý k  %” l 
·1•†– ¿—4ËÌÆZËI¾¿Á¾½¿ ¾ƙ˜›š%œØ£Æ0ǝœ^ž!| Ÿ Ç»0ÀZØ£ÃoËÌÆ¹R  É$»0¼Æ0ŐÆÙP»Ç»0¿Á¾J8¡ Ä¿+¢ Æ0¼£Å½
ÀÃP¿ÁÆ0Ç
»
ÊPËI»ÇÂÓÃ,ÀÁ¾»0¼£Ã,¼»jÀÃXËÌÆZËI¾IÃ,ÇÂcÃXÄ»0ÀÁÀ»
·1£Š¤ á »w¥’¦
Ÿ†§ž š+Ÿ
ž¨až\©/ª«œ«œŠª^› ¬ Ä»0ÀÉ$¼£¿ÁŐÆÿ¾¿ÁÉ$Æ
ÊbÆ0¼"Ä¿ÁÇ»®­ »
Ä+Ã,¼£ÙTÆ0Ő»0Ç
¾Æ®¯ ËIÆÇÆ Ä»%° Ç¿Á¾»+Ø£Æ0Å4»ƒ±Y² Ò ¯ Ô´³
Ø£ÆZËÌ»

µ »†¸K¹3º»M¼ ½¾ · ² ¾K¿›À^Á

HJF µ}·8¶Â›Ã · ǵ ¾»0ÙT¼£Ã,ÇCÄÆ|À6Ä »ZËIÉ$¼£»Zá ËcËI¿ÁÆ0Ç»Ä¿YÅ ¾ Êâ»L¼£¿ÁØ£Æ0¼TÄÃ,ÇÄƓؒÇ » j|²†È{Ê É ± ² H ¯ Ê
ËÌ¿«Æ0¾¾¿Á»0Ç»LÃ,ÇØ£Æ0¼Ã)½Çb¼£¿\ËI½
À¾ÃP¾Æ
ÙT¿6¡xÇ
Æ0¾Æ
Ê»eØ£¿ÁÆ%e — ؊Ç »eÀÃjÉ$Æ0¾»0ÇÂÃx¾Æ0¾Ã,ÀÁ»“Ò<
Æ Ä»0Ô ÀoËÌ»0ÙTÇÃ,À­»eŐÆZĽÀÁÃ,¾Æ¼£¿\ËI½À­· ¾IÃÉ É$Ã,¼£¿PÒ ÃxÔU×,½³Ì»0ÀÁËÀÁà Ä»ÀÀÁÃjÉ
Æ0¼¾Ã,Ǿ»ÇÆ0ǥŐÆZĽÀÁÃ,¾ÃoÊ
»jÉ$Ã,¼£¿
ÃÍÅ ¾
³ÌÎcH Ï Ê¿ÁÇÄ¿­É
»ÇĻǾ»0Ő»Ç¾»4ÄÃ\¯ á
" ? Ð #ÑÒqÓ ä“9}Ô.9æå2çÖÕ:9™×ÙØÚÔ ÑÜÛ:Ó 9™ÝßÞ Ò Þ4>æèÞ6;™Ý Ñ Ô ÓZÑ Ý Ñ Ô.9b; ÓZãàÓ
ã

w costante Kf costante
beta = 1

beta = 2

beta = 5

beta = 10

beta = 20

fo <- 2*Kf ->

 ßá {âã+äå!å’æMç(èç(éêëã#ç äì’ì’éíã+ä@æKîJäïðñéò äóKôwéÙêõèö

ò é#ìñç õZðñä÷îKç ð
ö†î>õZç èYéò ä
 H } U TD  ?

ALDÿp}~øá@ ?rg O éé OsDÿNTREeQ(T RE é R ñ Y • ] ñ MO • m H N H EeRþD K •
‘ f)R

mtmoO
T R g R J,é T D ñ l Y • ] ñ ^
ë j ,Qm
5M U PO C , k Dñ OQXJ,H YE  HIJ$] ñé P D©Y • O  K O•ZJ$‘ é  $ Dø¶ ý HJ ] f2MNPO D2ééêD NTH moRD êID g é R=OE MCé O
O  l f“KOnH mtNOH  J,D H HIUemoDFé DþêIR
D© H~NPKCR H@g  Maf T g O«EDFEK éOOP EO OH E T K DFR=} pHD R
J$EeJ DR g ý ORE MYéùH
ûú
N"deO J O} U R
EeR2

ü Z… ýüxþŠÿ
£…øÿ ÿe‡
‡… 
xý
  òEs‚ U O J$é RŸNPD J R   n h O é D2êO K D TOE K O
TO é TD J N U TD {2H ê H êIO
Q U Eev H RE H2KHaz O J,J O
ê OqX Q Y  ] NTRE ¶|t n 6êIêRPD2f & YJ'] RNTN U MD U EeD { DFE K D6MD# H D Ž ý h H E g R K R K O
ê
éUeéé R J,Hg<H êIO=D2êê 6€|ù z AŸ

ü …Zý üxþŠ
ÿ £… ÿZýsÿZþ "…

xý  òE é DFê|NPD J R J R
EeRþMYPO J O
E éH M H Q U Eev H R
E H“KHz O J$J OêIf|O KzH ê
NTR g MR é D g OE é RrEeR
E ê H EGODRP O é O
E K O<D'êIO}oD#TO ‹ Œ Y • ] D H moDFêIR
 H D J$J,U E éH|K D • a YJ']^
T ODFê H vZv
DFE K R U EeDŸNPR
EemtO J,H REeO=D g M H Ov
v
Duö QTO‚ U O
EevZD@
ûú YJ'] f
ò0Er H }G@ á  ?bJ R
EeRO
m HIK O
Eev H D éH }tê H OQ\Q\O ééHK OêIê D UGg O
E é R KH@ ^ 
 EOêIêO KU O=N H PNTR J,é DFEev
Oa
Gò0ê~E Ug O
T R KH  H }tdeO J MCO éé PD2ê H D›Q(PO«‚ U O
Eev,D • ‘ “
? "! Heg D2E éH O
EeO ý p J,J R
fGD Ug OE é DFE K R

 ú
¶ ý D Ueg OE é D2fR
NPN U MD2E K R U ED { DFE K D8N^P O J NTO«E é O
f«O4MCO
  ö ð J$H mtO H peNTD=N"deO O. Q Y  ]L^r
MO
 ¶ t    O
 é DFE é R
fFêD { DFE K D3RNTN U MCD é D é OE K OD$# ^ Ž @ 
 ý ^ Ž
'& ý ^ Ž ûú ú
% 

" "! Heg D2E éH O

EeO {ú p J$J R
f KHIg<H E U O
E K R ý ~ALD { D2E K DRNTN U MD é D é OE K O6D  HKCU  J,H f g OE é T O–êO
E U R
mtO H }tdO J MO éé TDFê H D8QTO
‚ U O
Eev
D • ‘ “ ¶ ýŒJ,HoH Ep ééHIJ NTREeR2  O
  ö ðÿfêD J MD2v H D éU PD ý
é T DŸêIOÚ H }odeO J MO éé T DFê H2é OE K OXD K DFEE U êêID# J$H f«MYP R KU NTOE K R U ED ‹™Œ Y • ] MaT D éH NTD g O
E é ObNPR
EZù
éH E U D2fONTRE U EeD { DFE K D(# ^ Ž
HJ,é D2E é DFEeO
D • 
Rú f@R J,J$H DrMCD# H D2êê¤D g D J$J,HIg D K Om H D2v H REO KCH Q(P O
‚ U OEev
D
åFç Fç :9 ! gÕ ™×ÙØÚÔ ÑÛ/Ó 9™ÝßÞ Ñ Ý<;=9™Ô Ñ >™Þ " ?)
* ,+…Zþ’ÿøý-ÿ
.0/21
 3547698:6947; é =< é 4>@?
82ACBEDC8GF < ;HA <$I < ;J;H4G87B <Fê é 4GA?CBEAF=8> ê<KI< ?CB < 42F=F=D ù
L < é< B < : & M O' N"P <# A < é =<RQ ý 8 Q ú  A; L 8 éé A P < 6982? é 8S = 87AF < ;HATA? é 8  6987B,A> ? L =< é AF < FU4769DC?C8
 AF=4 ^ 8  8 <2êê 82; L  87;H;JA42?C8
#WV p Q M ‰ ý NX Q ý M  ‰ Jn N
ûú
?C4 é < FU47698ZY [ ZW _ ¨øXZT  [4¨,\ ] W
GV  ^] >CF=_
8 é A87?C8`FU47? é 4KB,Aa87? é = < 6 I AaAcb < éé 4  AFd_C8`FU47?CFU4 ^ 42?C4 <FêIêe<
B,8 é 8  69A? <gf A42?
8GB,8 êê<KI < ?CB < >E8hFd_C8Gbi4  ?CA;HF=8GA P <Fê 4  A
82; < éé Aj;JA < L 8  R   n >Fd_C8 L 8   ö ð >
A?k87? é U < 6 I A@AF < ;HA ö ð 4 ý ö r S
! 8 I I 87?C8 ê< B,8 é 8  ú 69A? < f A42?C8 < L,L  42;J;HA6 < é < B,8 êê<$I < ?@B < 6987B,A < ? é 8 ê< Y [ ZW _ ¨ XZj  [4¨,\ ] WV
;HA < ; é < é < 4 éé 80?CD é < ?C8 ê F < ;H4:B,A M l' NmXo„†…
‡ M Q ˆ ý l' N > ê< ; é 82;J; < 82; L  82;H;A47?C8 ? ; L 87;H;J4 < BE4 éé < é <
F=42698nD
? <hI DC47? <h< LEL  42;J;HA6 < f A47?C8 < ?CFd_C8 L 8  ;J82og? <Fê A,?C42?p;JA?CD
;H47AB <oê A> 6 <3ê A69A é < é AEA? I < ? ù
B < é = < Z  q 8 q >j8`FU47? é H < B,BEA; é A? é AaB < DC? < srtX ûGú & s u w v ñ  M l' N ñyx S ò ? é <2ê F < ;J4> ê<  87o4 ê<
B,A@3 <# ;H47?z;JA < LEL ê AF < L 47?C87?CB,4G4 = <9#WV p Q q M  ‰ Jn N F=42?  X|{ } ú S  8  DC? < L,L  42bi42?
B,A6982? é 4
B,8 êê<s~ DC87; é A47?C8>E;JA P 82B <ê < L,L 82?CBEAF=8 á S jS Ð 8 ê< ;J4 éé 47;H8 f A42?C8 á S €aS €aS‚ S
 L  A6 < P A; é < > ê 82; é 87?C;HA47?C8hB,8 êà A;HD ê é < é 4 L 8  M l' NƒX´„†…
‡ M Q ˆ ý O' N <Fê F < ;H4 ~ D <2ê DC? ~ D8 < L ù
<L R 8 L A  Fd_C8 = < ogA47?C8 P 4 ê 8 ú A ê FU476 L 4  é < 6982? é 4G?C47?  ê A?
8 <# 8GB,8 êê< 6947B,D ê< f A42?C8 < ?Cog4 ê<# 8nA6 ù
L 87B,A;HF=8 L 8 = „ D
? < ;HD < P 8  A…CF <k< ? <oê A é AF < S W <oê é = < L <# é 8>
A  A;HD ê é < é AC; L 8  A6982? é <Fê Aj6942; é = < ?
4
Fd_C8 ê < L,L  42;J;HA6 < f Ae42?
8†b‡4  ?
A é < B <2êê<zI < ?CB < B,A3 <R ;J42? L D „ 82bibi8 é0é A P < 6987? é 8$FU47; é A é DCA  8pD
? <
; é A6 < L ê< D
;HA I A ê 8ˆBE8 êIê<`I < ?@B < 42F=F=D L < é < L 8  ;H82og? <2ê A,6947B,D ê< ? é A ~ D <Fê ;JA < ;HAOS
ò ? I < ;J8 <2êê<u 87o4 ê< BEA‰3 <# ;H47?C>"?C4 é A < 694k4 = < Fd_C8 ê<RI< ?B < 47FUF=D L < é < B <2ê ;J82og? <Fê 8p694 ù
B,D é 4 L D „g A;HD ê é <# 8  ‰ h

ê < n P 4 ê é 8 L A  82; é 82; < BEA ~ DC8 êê< 4 éé 80?CA I A ê 8z6987B,A < ? é 8z6947B,D ê< f A42?C8
GŠ S = 42?
42; é < ? é 8 ~ D
82; é 4 < DC6987? é 49B,A I < ?CB < L 47;H; <R< L,L <R A  8kDC?b < éé 4z?C87o < é A P 4> P 82B  80694
?C8 ê F < L A é 4 ê 4†‹sFd_C8nF=A „ FU47?C;J82? é 8nD
?969Ao ê Ae4  8 !Ÿ = ³ BE4 L 4 ê< B,826947B,D ê<f A42?
8  A; L 8 éé 4 <Fê F < ;H4
GŠ S ê FU47? é U <# A4>;H8 Œ   n >A ê FU476 L 4  é < 6982? é 4p;HA < PP AF=A? < 694 ê é 4 <Ž~ DC8 êIê 4 ê A?
8 <# 8p P 82BEA
< LEL 87?CB,AFU8 á S aS  ‘^S

’‰“•”"“y” ®– —:˜™¯t°˜
±h–2¯$¯Hšc›@œJ–knž ŸC @—¢¡mšc ŸC–j˜˜ £›@œJ–j›@¤ @šE™ (¥¦ §T¨wœJ›@—w¤–

 : á " 
© A L 82?
B,A < 694ˆA ê U< oA42? < 6p87? é 4GA?
A f A < é 4nA? S €jS > 8 ê< é A P 4 <FêIê A?CªCD
82? fJ< B,A ø« M N ;JD ‹Œ
M rCN S

3547?C;JABE8 =< ?CBE4sFd_C8 ê< b 8 ~ DC82? f< A; é < ? é < ?
8 < _ < 87; L 80;J;HA42?
8 r¬‰X­r®  ‰ ûú '  
M lN > ê< b =< f A47?C8
 A 5 # b
B,A L 4 é 80? f< é =< r 82B r ; < R  ' 
<L A <FêIêe< b U<f A42?
8KB,A é 876 L 4$Fd_C8sA ê ;H87o? <Fê 8  M lN ;JA é 4 P < é =< 
A ú F  C ú  ' 5 Hú  C ú = ' 
X  °¯ ±  M ON ±  X 
¯ S 8 ê F < ;J4hA?(F=DCA  M ON ;HA < ;HA?CD
;H47AB <Fê 8>
FU47?²b < ;J8hA?
A f A <Fê 8

<Fê 8 < é 4 A < < B,A; é A I D f Ae42?C8kDC?
Abi4 698>  ' \? ø  #
M lN DC? < 8 <Fê A ff<f Ae47?C89BEADC? L 47FU87;H;J4 < 6947?CAFU4>
  ' 5  
 A
8 ê< b =< f A47?C8²B,A é 876 L 4R;HD³A?
B,AF < é < 8 ~ D
A P <oê 8 <FêIê<´Wµ7¶7· v M lN ± x S 8 U¸O< ? ¸ 4²¹8
 %  ±
Aog_C8º; L 8 ¸O¸ U< ¹A> < B,BE82?
; < ?
B,47;HA> ¸ 87?CB,47?C4 < B,A; L 4 ;HAA? < FUF=4  B,4 < ¹¹   < ?
B < 6982 ? ¸ 4ºB,82¹¹ < BE82?C;JA ¸ b
» « M  N¼^½ S
 
¾ ¹ A;HD
¹ ¸O< ¸ 4 < FUD
A5;HA < 694 L 8 P 87?CD ¸ Am?C87¹5F < ;H4zB,Am6942BEDC¹ < ? ¸ 8Ž;JA?
DC;J42AB < ¹8 ? 
og82?C8 U< ¹8>m8
  #  
8L U¸O< ? ¸ 4`;HA L D „h< bib‡8 6 < 8:Fd_C8 ~ D < ¹4 =< ;JAjo87?C8 AaDC?(;J82og? < ¹8h¿ ŠÀ< B < ¹ ¸ 4hA?CB,AF=8> < L < U¸ A 8 # 
 b  b c
B < D
? L 42F=82;;J4pF=42?ÁBE82?
;HA ¸ BEA L 4 I <I A¹A ¸ ?C4 ¸l< >T¹4$; L 8 ¸%¸ 4pBEAB,87?C;JA ¸ B,A L 4 ¸ 82? f< B,87¹;H8 b ù
  b 
o? < ¹8n6942BEDC¹ < ¸ 4 < F ~ D
A;JA;JFU8ˆ¹  < ?
B < 6982? ¸ 4 L 4 L A4hB,87¹¹ < BE82?C;JA ¸ B,A L 4 I< I A¹A ¸ B,87¹ L 42F=82;J;4 b 
c b
6942BEDC¹ < ? ¸ 8>A?
B,A L 82?
B,87? ¸ 826982? ¸ 8GB < ¹,;HD
4n; L 8 ¸O¸ 4GBEA@BE82?C;JA ¸ BEA L 4 ¸ 80? f< S
 
Â< F=42?
F=¹DC;JA47?C8 A L 4 =¸l<¸l< ;JA6 < ? ¸ A82?
8 P < ¹AB < L D Fd_  ? s  v n K #
à ?C87¹F < ;J4$FU47? ¸ J< A4>c;J42?C4
 á
P < ¹AB,A,A U< oA42? < 6p87? ¸ A
; P A¹D LEL < ¸ A < ¹¹ < ;H8 f A42?
8 S €aS €aS S "
\¢ 6Ä R  +Ä
ÄÅÇÆJÈ ÉÈJÊ0ËJÌ=ÍÏÎ%Ð ‚уÑ2Ð2΃ÒlÓ%ÔÕHÌ
Ô×ÖmÔËgÒaÔ×Ð2Ø=ÓÍÏÙÔ×Ú=Ë=Ì
ÓcÛ Ü Ð7Ó%Ú=ÛÝÔËJÐ2Ð7Ô ÞgßJÈ
à q¯ «¡ÚÅ ¾ Æ /³ cÎ Ï
ÄÏà ÐZÕËJÌ
ÙÔÝá
Î^ÛÝËUÌ
ÓâOÕÓ^Ì Gãåäæ̰ԇÍÏÑ2Û×ÙÓ%Ì ŠÇ — 6Ä ¯
léêë è âlá 2Ó Û ËJÐEÒ^ËdÖmÓ%Ð2ÙÎËá
Ñ2Ô7ÙÓ%Ð,ÒlÎ%Ð2ÎTì‚ÕHÓ%Ì :ãåäKídÔ
F· Ï
ç 7è
° +°
Ú=Ì
Ë 2á°ÔÔ×Ð5îJË0ÍOÍÇ΃Ò^Ô 2ÚÈdïgȕðJÈ ç
" ñ ò Ñ ÒqÓóô Ô ô£õö Õ ô ×ÙØÚÔ ÑÜÛ:Óô ÝßÞ Ò Þ5÷£øÞGù™Ý Ñ Ô ÓZÑ Ý Ñ Ô ô ù Ó ò Ó
ú /7,ûÁü
1ý ö
ðßã#æ õþäîJîJõ ö
ð
ç ÿ3õZæMêä
ç ò ç êëç å!éYå!õ ç ð+éàðñèYé 
7þõ@ðiè#äZðñîKç å  èàçã#æ õé#ç ò ç å  ç
è\³
ãYçF äì’æ ì’ägéþå
þ õZç ðÍè ö

ðTêþõõègä ö
ÿ ^ò é þ@ç ä@éYèð†å!äëéòèå›õ çcêç ð†õèèàç þöä ò é#ò ìñéKç õZÿ(ð†æ ää!ö†#ä@"%ð†$ ì’éäå›ä@èæMç^êëö
ð†ç ð†éÖéæ ã+ä õ@Å æ å<¾éàç ðñå›äèY
dä@þò>õZîJäðïUÿ(æ ð†äéò äöñäZêðñì’õé èàöÆ ¯ò éYäå!õ è " éê
è
Æ7è
& õåŠç éêõiîcö#ç å!wõ þ'†äò ºé ÿ(æ ä öñäZðñì’éç îJå!éàðñå›éð†äé æ6ç êxéð†ä ò ç êëç å!é#å›éëå’æ é  ä  ", ð†õZò å’æ ä

ò é ã+õå!ä@ð†ì’éå›õå›éò äëè#ä.-äßæ6ç îKöò å1éæ äiéàð þõZæ éíã+éàæ6çJé )Æ ( ÎcH Ï "/ ä@æ å›éð†å!õîKç>õå!å’ç äZÆðñ¯%ä * ¼10%2 H  Æ ¯+ H 
Å ¾Cç Æ7è#³ 354  6H 7 æ gä þå  ê ë ç Æ * Æ ¯ è + æ gä þå  ê ë ç Æ + Æ ¯ è98
:<; =<; =<; > ?=xý 
 íý ûÁ1Zý @xþ’Cÿ g1
†üE.hü.01
 E/2/2
 A…C?
AB,82¹¹  < L,L ¹AF <f Ae47?C8zBE82¹¹ <BA 82o47¹ < B,A"3 <CA ;H47?C>;JA ? L 47; ¸ 4z¹  A?CBEAeFU89B,A"6942B,D
¹ <f A42?
8ED X
{ } ú >ºFU47?GF r|XIH uK vL MNM N L x SPO:82¹wF < ;H4RB,A L A 47FU8 ;H;JA> L D „R< FUF < B,8 A 8RF=_
8 MQM N ?
42? ;JA <
ú J
¹A69A ¸l<¸l< A? < 6 L A8 ff< >"F=42698 < Bt87;H876 L A4(?C87¹ƒF < ;J4(o < D
;H;JA < ?C4> A 82?CBE82?
B,4 L A 4 I ¹876 < ¸ AF < ¹ <
 
~ D < ? ¸ A…CF < f A 47?C8kB,ARDSSc8 ATA A;J42¹ P 8 A 8(¹ < ~ C D 87; ¸ A47?C8>‰¹  A?CBEAF=89BEA‰6947B,D
¹ <f A42?
8UDWV A AB,87…C?
A ¸ 4
< ?
FU4 AU< DC? < P 47¹ ¸O< >8n?
82¹F < ;H4nA?kF=DCA MNM N ;JA < DC?ko82?
8 A AF=4 L A 47FU80;J;H4ˆ;HA L 42?
8

DYX [
X ZG\^` ] i¿ Š ‘
_ S Š ‘
}
A?pF=DCA q Vº¹ <hI < ?@B <`< b A 8 ~ DC87? f 8 L 42;JA ¸ A P 8ºB,87¹;J82og? < ¹8w6942BEDC¹ < ? ¸ 8>
\ a X H c AU< L,L A 82;J82? ú ‹ú ‹ ù
¸O< ¹ < BE8 P A <f A42?C8s; ¸O< ?CB C< A B B,87¹¹ < b A 8 ~ DC87? f< A; ¸l< ? ¸O< ?8 ^< d1e >T8 X H%h c b V$¹ < BE8 P A < f A42?C8
g
; ¸O< ?
B C< A B:B,87¹¹ < b < ;H8Z6947B,D
¹ < ? ¸ i8 djS ÂE < LEL ¹AF < f A42?C8ZBE82¹¹ k < A 82og42¹ < \f] B,AE3 < A ;Jb 42?$F=42?†A¹ ?CDC4 P 4 P < ¹4 ù
A 8mB,A D X > bi4 A ?CA;HF=8 L 8 A ¹ <ºI < ?B < DC? A A;HD
¹ ¸O< ¸ 4ƒFd_
8m?C47?`A?CBEAF < L A  ¹ <WI < ?CB m< l lon 47FUF=D L < ¸O< >06 < W a_([
A?CB,A P AeBED < DC? q VZX Ö[8T ^[
< pCn n _rtsun^s 87? v¸ A 4KF=DCA ‹\Œ
M rCN VKA? ¹ C< A o < L C< A=¸ 8s‡6 < ?C42? F=426 L ¹8 ¸%< 6987? ¸ 87‘
F=42? ¸ 82?
D ¸O<  P 87B,A < ?CFd_C8 S aS ‘^S á Ð
V@W
V v n
O:82¹F < ;J4ZA?KFUD
A A A;JDC¹ ¸ CA D >g¹4Z; L 8 ¸O1¸ A 4ZB,A L 4 ¸ 80? f< BE82¹ ;J82og? < ¹8m6947B,D
¹ <¸ 4Z¿ Š ¸ 4 A ? <
< BEA L 82?
B,8 A 8GB <`~ DC87¹¹e4nB,87¹
;J82o? < ¹8W6947B,D
¹ < ? ¸ 8> 8n;JA A AF < BE8ˆ?
82¹¹ <`)¸ A=< ¸O¸l<f A42?C8WFd_C8n;J82ogDC8S

:<; =<; =<; w ü 1Zý @xþ’ÿC

1CÙÿzÿ
/2/71z}ý
 
yx=A < ¹  A?CB,AeF=8pB,A6947B,DC¹ < f A42?C8yD ;HA < ;H;JDC698 L AF=FU47¹4 < ;HD
b‡…
FUA82? f< >TB < b <CA ;{zF=_
8k¹4$; P A¹D L,L 4
A?£;J8 A A89B,87¹¹  A? P A¹D LEL 4pFU476 L ¹82;J;H4kB,82¹;J82og? < ¹8†6942BEDC¹ < ¸ 4 L 42;J; < 82;J;H8 A 8 <A#A 82; ¸l<¸ 4 < A L A A69A
¸ 8 A 69A?
AlS
! 4 ¸l¸ 4W4 LEL 4 =A ¸ DC?
8ˆA L 4 ¸ 87;HA>E;JA L D „ 6947; ¸v=A <CA 8nF=_
8 P < ¹8ºA¹ A A;JDC¹ ¸l<¸ 4

‹Œ M rCNpP|.} 8C~ `€
   M rCN ‰ ‹ ] M rCN ‰ Qn ‹ ] M rCN‚ ‹ ] M rCN ‰ ƒn „ ‹ ] M rCN…‚ ‹ ] M rCN…‚ ‹ ] M rCN ‰ &=&=&‡†
< P 82?
B,4hA?CB,AF < ?B,4:FU47? } ¹ < P <CA A < ? f< B,87¹¹ < b < ;H8h6947B,D
¹ <¸l< 8hFU47? ‹ M rCN A¹ A 82¹ < ¸ A P 4h; L 8 ¸O¸)A 4
\
B,AB,87?C;JA ¸ b BEA L 4 ¸ 80? f< > L <] A A A A; L 8 ¸O¸ A P < 6†82? ¸ 8 <
]
ĉˆ‹Š Î%Û×Ó%Ð,ÒlÎ5ËJÕHÕÛ×Ôyá
ËUÌ
ӃÛ×ËZÌ
Ó^ÚUÎ^ÛÝË`ÒlÔaÊ0ËJÌdÍÎ%ÐnÕHÓ%Ìá
ËJÛ×á
Î%Û×ËJÌ
ӉÛ×ËZîJËJÐÒ^ËgâgÍÔËUØ=Ì
Ó%îUîJӃìÝá
Î%Ð,ÍÏԇÒlÓ%Ì
ËJÐEÒÎë¯EŒ íf6Ž
 ç ¯ + Ël葐   ’ ë  ³  4  âHÔ×Ðná
Ñ2Ô 4 Æí³   È“ Ó%Ì
ÙËJÐ7ÙΉÌ
ÔiÍÑ2ÛyÙˍ”Ž ³   • ³  4  âJÔÝÐnËUá
Ë á
Î%Ì=ÒlÎ5ËU³ Û
Ì
ÔiÍÑ7ÛyÙËJÙÎcÕHÌ
Ó%Ø=ÔiÍÙÎcÐ2Ó^Ûá°ËgÍ΃ÒlÔÖ5ÎÒ^Ñ7ÛÝË#^– Ô×Î%Ð7ÓaËgÒjËUÛÝÙ ÎcÔ×Ð,ÒlÔyá
ÓHÈ 
— Ñ2ËUÛÝÎ^Ì
Ë5ÍÏÔ ¢‚ÎÍÍÓCÔ×Ð2Ø=Ó%á
Ó
ÕÎÍÏÙÎq¯ ³™˜ ’ ë ì‚Ø=ÓÒ^ÔUïgțJš țdš ȕðJíÍÏÔgÍÏËJÌ
Ó%îJîJÓ
Î%ÙÙÓ%Ð7Ñ2ÙÎttŽ ³   ç ¯ + ËOè^  ˜’ ë  ³ œ  ³
 #ž Å  ³  Ÿ    ϕ ³   _¡ • ¢ ³ •¡ ¢ ê ë â^Ñ2Ð5Ì
ԇÍÏÑ2Û×ÙËdÙÎá’Ç2Óe—á°ÔÝÌ°á
ˉÕHËJÌ
Ô˺ßJț£¥C¤ Ø=Î%Û×ÙÓ<J¦ Ñ2Ó%Û×Û×ÎcÕÌ°Ó%á
ÓÒlÓ%Ð2ÙÓÈc§ ËJÙË
Û×ÓcÕËJÌ°ÙÔÝá°Î%Û×Ë=Ì
Ô×ÙJ¡ºÒlÔ . ç Ñ2Ð2Ô6¢‚Î%Ì
Ö5ÓâÔ×ÐmJ¦ Ñ2ÓÍÙÎaá
Ë0ÍÎà—ƒÒlˍÕÌ
Ó-¢‚Ó%Ì
Ô×Ì
ÓTÔ×ÛÕHÌ
Ô×ÖmÎcÌ
ÔiÍÏÑ2ÛyÙËJÙÎHÈ
¨9© Ã Ð
¢‚ËJÙÙÔiâ2ÒlËJÛ×ÛyËGÒlÓ%°2Ð2Ôªl– Ôyè Î%Ð7Ó Æ#( ç èU³EÆ ¯Y+  ç è ÍÔ Î%ÙÙÔÝÓ^Ð2ÓáŠÇ7Ó œ  ³  œ  âdÔÝÐwá
Ñ2Ô œ  ³ Å  ÍÏÓ ç è —Ñ2Ð
ÕHÌ
Î%á
ÓÍÍ΃ÍÏÙË¥–lÔ×Î%Ð2ËJÌ
ÔyÎcÓ^Ì
Ú=ÎÒ^Ô×á
ÎTˍÖmÓÒ^Ô×ËÐ2Ñ2Û×ÛyËgÈ
¨9« Ê0Î^ÖmÓ5ÍÎ%ÕHÌ
ËgâÕHËJÌ
ÙÓ%ÐEÒ^΃ÒlËJÛ×ÛÝËÌ
Ó%Û×Ë¥l– Ô×Î%Ð2Ót¬ ç è#³ {­u ç è È
õ ö ® ößÑÜÒqÒ Þ\Ýß× Ó ò Ó ¯á
‹ ] M rCN \H h } ] } ´ c
°¥± H h} ‹ c M rCN
²)± H ´ú} ³µtú  ¶ ú#·
H ú} ¶¹~ ¸ ³ µtú »
¶ ú#· º r
y ;H;J8 A P A < 694ŽFd_C8Ž;J8 Hih i4 H ú ‘ ¸ 82?CBE42?
4 <Áf 8 A 4> ‹qŒ ¸ M rCN ;JA A ABEDCFU8 < BD
?æA6 L DC¹e;J4>ZFU4 A#A A ù
; L 42?
B,87? ¸ 8 < ¹¹ < L 4 A=¸O< ? ¸ 8s?
42?(6947B,DC¹ < ¸O< S  ¹¹  < DC6987? ¸O<CA 8hBEA Hh ‡4 H ‘i> < DC6987? ¸O<$< ?CFd_
8 } 8
ú \]
B,D
? ~ D8hA¹ ¸ 8 A 69A?C8h8 ~ ` €  B,A69A?
D@A;HF=8> A AB,D
FU87?CB,4h¹ < FU47?CF=82? ¸)=A < f A47?C8hB,A L 4 ¸ 80? f<K< b A 8 ~ DC87? f<
L 4 AU¸O< ? ¸ 8S ˆ<¸ 4WF=_
8 A A;JDC¹ ¸l< FU4769DC? ~ DC8 ´ Œ XP| } >¹ < L 4 ¸ 8 ? f<A 87;HAB,D < ;JA@BEA; ¸vA A I DCA;JFU8W;HDCog¹A < ¹ ù
¸vA A ¸ 8 A 69A?
A> A=< LEL A 82;J80? ¸O< ¸ A B < ‹ M rCN 8º¹8w;HD
8 < D ¸ 47FU47? P 47¹D f A42?
AlS¼  A696987B,A < ¸ 4Z?C4 ¸l<CA 8wFU47698>
]
< ¹,F A 80;JFU8 A 8GBEA Hih i4 H ‘i> F A 82;JF < ¹ <sI< ?B < S
¾ ? < LEL 87?CB,AF=8 á S júS ½V:A¹¹DC; ¸vA=< ¸O< D
? <$¸ 87FU?
AF < B,Aj6942BEDC¹ < f A47?C8 L 8 A ;H87o? < ¹Aj¿ Š 6942BEDC¹ < ¸ A
<sI< ;J;H4ˆA?CBEAF=8S

¾À¿ÂÁ ÃÅÄÆÄÆÇÀÈEÉÆÊÌËÍÊ
’‰“›" Î “NÏ Ð$›@œJŸC @œJ £§5– œOœJ›Ž¡h @¤–—ÑC›£§T™5¨w— ˜–Ò—`›@œJ–ÆÓqÔÖÕØ×kÙ
Š 42; ¸vA A < 694:Fd_C8s;J8TÚÛÜÝ MNM NZXßà Þ M MNM Ná5âãCäa® M<åçæ MNM Nã)è‹éêäa® M N > < ¹¹4 A=<ëì X Þ  ë c S”Sa42;J;HA <#ù
694nA?C? < ? f A ¸ D ¸l¸ 4ˆ;JF A A P 8 A 8GFd_C8
Î}   }Î
ëì X ë ì Èqí ë ì · X Që ì È
A? ~ D < ? ¸ 4`¹8:FU476 L 47?C82? ¸ A < b A 8 ~ DC87? f< L 42;JA ¸ A P < 8:?C87o <¸ A P < BEAî MQM N ;H47?C4`4 A=¸ 47o42? < ¹AjiA?Cb <¸l¸ A
¶bA ~ ï 8 ï ~ DCÚ
87?ð fM <õrCô^N ëÚ ì ~ M rCM rCNN X º r³ëXò ñ ‘‡>8k¹4p; L 8 ¸O¸)A 49BEAB,82?
;HA ¸)ó B,A L 4 ¸ 82? f< pV DC? < biDC? f A42?
8 L <CA AB,87¹¹ <
ì M‰å rCN S ¾ ?C47¹ ¸vA 8>A? P 8 =A ¸ 87?CBE4n¹ <A 87¹ <f A42?
8 ë‘ì M rCNXaö ë ì È M r å r®=NaP < ¹A ù
B < L 8 A ¹ < B,82?
;HA ¸)ó BEA L 4 ¸ 80? f< BE82¹¹  A? P Ae¹D L,L 4hF=426 L ¹87;H;J4>C4 ¸l¸ 80?CA < 694 ë ì M rCNXø ÷ ëì M r í r®UN >
8 ~ DCAe?CBEA È ù
ë ì È X»öú û ï ëtì M r í r®UN º r9Xüö ú ëtì
~
Fd_C8>,;J42; ¸ A ¸ D
A ¸O< ?
82¹¹ < L A A6 <qA 87¹ < f A47?C8ˆ69ï 47; ¸vUA <¸l< >Ebi4 A ?CA;HF=8 ëtì X Që ì X ÷ ëtì S
O 82¹@F < ;H4 nŠ|ùþƒý ”ÿ ;HA_ < A?
42¹ ¸)A 8!î MNM NX à Þ Î
}  M_M N 
: æ N M N > ¸ 87?C87È ?CB,4G} 4 UA < FU47? ¸ 4GF=_
8 ë ì X
 ì M ñ N >E;JA@4 ¸l¸ A87?C8 í  M

ëì X Qú  H  Q
}   «`« M ñ N í  « æ « æ M ñ N í Q   « « æ M ñ N
b
 ;H;J8 A P A < 694p4 =A < F=_
8  « « æ M ñ N`X ï MNM N æ MNM N º M X»ñ A? ~ D < ? ¸ 4  MNM N 82B  æ MQM N ;H47?C4
4 =A ¸ 40o47? < ¹A à A?C42¹ ¸vA 8>  «`« M ñ NwX ë « X ~  ï «  « M ñ N ‡?
42?R BEA6947; ¸v=A < ¸ 4s6 < A? ¸ DCA I A¹82‘^SRa S 8 =A ¸O< ? ¸ 4
;HA4 ¸l¸ A87?C8
æ æ
ëtì X Qú H Q } ë c í ë c @X ö ú H } & Që c X H Q } ë c
:<; <; >^; > - ÿ@þ°1Zþ1 ýYþŠþ’ÿzü1
dEÿ ýT/7,+
xÿZþÀ?!" !
#‰< ¹8ˆ¹4ˆ; ¸ 87;H;J4 L A 42F=80B,A6982? ¸ 4 < B,4 ¸l¸O< ¸ 4n;J4 L A=< > A?kFUD
A@4 AU<

ë ì X ë ì%$'& Z |H }} ë c H } ë c  ý55ý Â)Â)((** S)S +j¾ >R‘ S”S)+a‘

, í
¯C¯ ‹ ò-/.)0 óô21Zô£õö43æô658791 -;:<0 ô6=?> . > ÷£ø > ù = - 1 0@- = - 1Zô ù 0òA0

’‰“›Î"“CB Dz™Ÿ
 ˜H¤HšE¨Ñ ™ @—`–R§m–œOœJ›²¡G @šE¤›@—w¤–k¥­–j§™›@—w¤–FEa¨`›§šc›@¤H¨wšc›

O:82¹TF < ;H4KBEAD
? <k¸vA=< ;H69A;J;HA42?
8
ý5Â)(G* S+
>@¹ < L 4 A=¸%< ? ¸ 8`B,AcB,876942B,D *
¹ < f Ae42?C8 L D „ 82;J;H8 A 8z4 ¸O¸ 8 ?CD ¸O< 698 *
2 out
( ) :2
B,A < ? ¸ 8W¹4W;HFd_C876 <TA A L 4 A=¸l<¸ 4ES ¾ ¹;J8 *
in

o? < ¹8 î QM M NXIH NM M Ná5âã M äT® M íKJ NjP A82?C8W82¹8 P < ¸ 4 < ¹ ~ D < B AU<¸ 4 L A 42B@DCF=82?
B,4
ú H } MNM N ú í á5âã M Q aä ® M í Q J N
Q
A¹F=DCA ¸ 8 A 69A?
8wB,A I< ?B <GI < ;H8 ÷ H } MNM N,P A87?C8 A A6947;H;J4ºB < ¹ …
¹ ¸vA 4 L < ;J; <G< ¹ ¸ 4SL+aD
FUF=82;J;HA P < 6982? ¸ 8>
¹4(; ~ D < B A=< ¸ 4 A 8 L A 47B,DCF=8ŽDC?@M 47} ?CB <²~ D < B =A <R< b A 8 ~ D
82? f<Q r2® F=_
8 P A82?C89B,A P A; < L 8 A ¯ B < DC?
F=42? ¸O< ¸ 4 A 8 I A? <CA A4S ¾ ?C…
?8>CDC? L < ;H; <†I < ;J;H4 L A 4 PgP 87B,8 < Bk82¹A69A? <A 8s¹8 <CA 6k42?CAFd_C8:B,87¹¹NM 42?CB <
~ D < B A=<K< b A 8 ~ DC87? f<PO r ® >bi4 A ?C87?CB,4:F=42;¥jz ¹ < L 4 =A ¸l< ? ¸ 8:BE82;HAB,8 A=< ¸l< > < 6982?C4hBEACDC? <$< 6 I AogDCA ¸)ó
B,A;J82o?
4S

’‰“›Î"“y” Qœ"¥ ™SRw–š

¾‰¹ BEA; L 47;HA ¸ A P 4(6947¹ ¸ A L ¹ AF < ¸ 4 A 8> L A 87;H87? ¸ 8 ?
82og¹A;JF=_
8269A5BEA‰6k4 * B,82694 B,DC¹ < f A42?
8> P A87?C8 < ?CFd_C8
Fd_CA < 6 < ¸ 4UTWVYX[Z \ >,A? ~ D < ? ¸ 4n69A;JF=82¹ <s¸vAU< ¹4 A 4nBEDC8ˆ;J82og? < ¹AOS
O:42? V(; )¸ A 8 ¸O¸l< 6k82? ¸ 8(?C87FU87;H; <CA A4ŽBEA; L 4 AuA 8(BEA5DC?
|G(f)| 2 42;JF=A¹¹ <¸ 4 A 8ˆ;HA?CDC;J42AB < ¹8 L 8 A6A 8 < ¹A ff<A 8GA¹ L A 47B,4 ¸^¸ 4nBEA
DC?`;H87o? < ¹8ƒFU47?$DC? < L 4 AU¸^< ? ¸ 8 ô.A ABE4 ¸O¸ 4 < A69A?CAe69A ¸ 8 A\*
69A?CA
S‚SÇ
S V(;JDCbi…CF=A87? ¸ 8(DC@ ? M 47?CB < ~ D < B A=< 87B£DC? …C¹ ¸vA 4[]
f

¾ ?Cb < ¸O¸ A> D
? ~ D < ¹D? ~ D
8W;J82og? < ¹8 L 8 A A42B,AF=4
x(t) x (t)

g (t)
T

^`_$MQM NX ^ºMNM N…‚ & a ï MQMå Oed N

b ~ ï c
B,A L 8 A A 47B,4 d XaHfr ®iF=42? H A? ¸ 8 A 24 ‘i> L 24 ;J;HA82B,8nDC? < B,87?C;HA ¸vó ,B A L 4 ¸ 87? f<

ë6geh aï
M rCNX jL i M rCN L }6kÍd ú Mr å O r ® N
&b ~
ï c
¾ ¹ L A 74 B,4 ¸O¸ 4nBEA ¸O< ¹8ˆ;J82og? < ¹8 L 8 A î QM M N > L A 42BEDCF=8nDC?EîLl MQM N F=42z? BE82?
;HA ¸)ó ,B A L 4 ¸ 82? f <

ëtìnm M rCNX ëtì M rCN…‚ ë g h M rCNX Lji M d rCN L } & a ï ooo Ú  r å OH r ®

ooo }
b ~ï o o
Sa8 A=¸l< ? ¸ 4>aA¹cB,87;HAB,8 AU<¸ 4$; L 8 ¸l¸vA 4sBEA L 4 ¸ 80? f< ;JAT4 ¸O¸ A82?
8KA?
;H8 A 87?CB,4sB,4 L 4KA¹T6947¹ ¸ A L ¹AF < ¸ 4 A 8KDC?
…C¹ ¸vA 4 L < ;H; <zI < ?CB < FU87? ¸vAU<¸ 4†;JD r® >c42;J;HA < ;HD
¹¹ < H åqpnrns H| A 8 L ¹AF < ; L 8 ¸l¸AU< ¹8KBEA ëìnm M rCN S  4
; ¸ 87;H;H4`B,A; L 42;JA ¸ A P 4 L D „ 87;H;J8 A 8sDC; < ¸ 4 < ?CFd_C8 L 8 A Aj6947¹ ¸ A L ¹AF < ¸ 4 A AjB,A A AF=8 f A42?C8 ô A? ¸O< ¹jF < ;J4>CA¹
…C¹ ¸vA 4nB < DC; <CA 8ˆ; <CAuó DC? L < ;H; <sI < ;H;J4S
ÿ ? ;H87FU40?
B,4 698 ¸ 42B,4²B,A A 8 < ¹A ff<CA 8ŽA¹m69ANtg8 A V²F=42?³DC? ;J42696 < ¸ 4 A 8>ºDC?æ42;JFUA¹¹ <¸ 4 A 8>ºDC?
B,A; L 42;JA ¸ A P 4n?
42?9¹A?C8 <CA 8>E8nB,A?CD
4 P 4ˆDC?p…C¹ ¸)A 4 L < ;J; <L*‡I< ?CB < S ¾ ¹
B,A; L 42;JA ¸ A P 4n?
42?9¹A?C8 <CA 8xVnB,87¹
¸AL 4 u
XP| ÷ î | } î } w| v î v k%k%k
í í í
õ ö ® ö -;.). >
=?5 0òx0 ¯¯ 

8 ~ D < ?B,4GA?zA?
o A 28 ;J;H4 P A82?C8 < ,L L ¹AF <¸l< ¹ < ;J42696 <
B,AB,D
8n;H87o? < ¹A´î MNM N á5âãCäT® M > L A 42EB DCF=8nA?9DC;JFUA ¸O<
í x(t) zy=g (x)
y
u cos ω0t

MNM NXa| ÷ M î MNM N

í 5á âãäa® M N í | } M î } MNM N í á5âã } äa® M í Q î M_M Ná5âãfäa® M N í | v M k%k%k×N íI{%{%{
A?zFUD
A> 42;J;H8 A P < ?CB,4ˆF=_
8GA ¸ 8 A 69A?
A á5âã b äa® M ;H47?C4 A 82¹ < ¸ A P A <$¸ 8 A 69A?CA < b A 8 ~ DC87? f<8O r2® >^V L 42;J;HA *
I A¹8 < ?
FU4 AU< DC? < P 47¹ ¸O< 87; ¸vAU<A#A 8GA¹ ¸ 8 A 69A?
8WFd_C8ˆFUA@A? ¸ 8 A 87;H; < S

’‰“›Î"“ Î |Wšc›˜¥ ™˜˜™J @—`–p¤– œJ–L}™˜™S}Z›

¾ ¹¹DC; )¸ A A < 9
6 4$6942¹ ¸ 4 IA 8 P 876982? ¸ 8p¹8 L A A?CF=A L < ¹AF <CA=< ¸l¸ 8 A A ; ¸ AFd_C8†B,87¹¹8 )¸ A=< ;J69A;H;JA47?CA ¸ 82¹8 P A;JA P 8
ICA 4 < B,F < ;  ¸ < ? < ¹42ogAFd_
8>EFU47? A Abi8 A A6982? ¸ 4 < og¹A,; ¸l< ?CB <A B < O¸ ¸ D <¸ A,A? ¾^¸l< ¹ A < S

-ˆ1@~'€2ƒ‚„~)…[†‡†ˆCûÁû‚@‰@‹ŠŒ… ÿ?@ŽKv¸ AŽL‘W’N‘n’”“•@–G¸—– ¹ –™˜š’”n’N˜ƒŽ8ŽL˜š˜ƒ’N–™– A%’”›fA“•œ"@ž%–w@œ[“ ¯Ÿ œ[’”˜š–A\*

‘–G’NWWŽ  ’”’[¡¢œ[–2¸%—¸ –U£¥¤n[¦e§ V‡¨ Ž ¹ n–™ž%“™œ"“[©   š@’[’NWWŽ ƒ’ª– V ‘ž%“™W›[“™¸—Ž«’N­¬ ¯LŸ ¹ ’N@–™– “A%’N®¯®`“™@*
—¸ Ž ¹ ’”°Lž²±@–˜š–™ ƒ“•@“ˆv¸ AŽL‘W–•‘n–;’”Pœ"–³´Žn’)ôƒ›^A%’”WŽ ¹ – ¹ ’N<–™–œ"’N‘›"ŽA’N°L›"“™’eµ– ¹¹ –/›"ŽA’—©¾SWµL@–™J¸—“
W“™œ[“¶n’” ƒ“ ¹ “ µŽƒœfA“ V A%’”›fA“•œe“2¸O·¸ “œ"@– ˜ƒ“ ¹ —¸ – d ¼ “™ š@’ ÷ ñ ñÌö ‘–•ž“•@œ"’<¡´‘–•›"›[YA–’”­W“•œ"“
Ž ¹ —¸ –A%@Ž —¸ “ ¨ ›[“A=\¸ Ž@œ[“Už“• z Ž Ÿº ‘–•W’”µL@ŽœfA’C»‘–™ž%“™œ"“{dd ¹ Ž¼}—³_¸;A–•¹ µ–™{ @®`Ž¼œ"’^A’N@³_A%–™nž“•°L’N­W“™œ[“œ[Ž
’NW›"–™œ[’NA–/’<³´–™@“•W–™’eœ[’[½‹¾n"§·¾n"¿´¿_n TWZ%À l‡Á¼¡´ÂšÃ"Ä'Å@Æ)Ç¥È ¨ “7¸l—¸ ’”ž%“ d\É ©
) ŽBA’N›^A%“™œ[@®¯’N“•@–Wœ[’Œ@Êµ@ŽLœ^A%“¶Žƒ˜ƒ˜š’”–•@–PW–™œ[’”ŽLC·¸ –¶@lˤpÁysun^lÁ™¦ V s%ÁL°Œ’ ¹ µ@Ž ¹ –­œ"’Nn›"“™–
›"“•H—¸ –.A%’”“iAW–•C—¸ –Pœ[’ÌžŽ·¸ “•œ"“Pž%±–8–™W–7¸l\¸ –Í– ¹ –2¸O)¸ A%“w@’N°Až²±@–8n“™@“­ŽLžž%– ¹ –A%Ž —¸ ’)œ"ŽÌ‘–• ƒ@Ž ¹ –!œ"’
¹ @W’NeŽL@®`Ž8›"“™n’·¸ ’N˜ƒ“?Ž›[› ¹ ’”ž%Ž —¸ “?Ž ¹ι M ŽL@“™œ[“`°@–¼ž²±@–:·¸ –iA‘W’N@Žš@“ ¹ Ž ¹ “iA“?ž“iAnŽ¶ž%“™
)¸ A%“ ¹ “¼Hv¸ AŽ·¸ “?œ"’
³´“™n³¢“.A%“¼œ"’NHv¸ A’Nϝ’—¸ “;‘ ¹¹ ŽÍ›[ŽCA=·¸ –¼Ž
·¸ –iA’N“A%–?¡¢nž%±–A%W“ ¨ œ[– ¹ —¸ @Ï“L©j¾ ¹ ¾n"½us V Á«¡´Ð¥Ç¥Ñ¥Ò ¨ œ[’@– ¹ –7¸lv¸ A“w’
V ³´“™ž%Ž ¹ ’”®`®¯Ž·¸ “8– ¹ –7¸l¬ v¸ A‘“™’”ž%ŽW–•CS—¸ ؗ–`Ù °)¬ –­˜š’”–•@–8œ"– ª –•‘n“¶ž%’Nž ¹ ’NžŽW–•C—¸ –­‘’NŽ’”Ó“A%’”®`®¯“•C—¸ Ž ¹ –PŽ ¹¹ Ž4³_A–•*
µ–™@®`Žœ"’2¬ ¯Ÿ Ô Sb¯Ø·Õ‹Ù'Õ Ú k ¯Ÿ Ö‡× Ú Ø·Ú Ÿ ¬ ¯Ÿß ®Í¡à¾S§ Z £x¤ Z%Àƒá n̦ V § VYâ n ¨ °2‘’NŽ„˜ƒ–A=—¸ ’”ž%Ž ¹ W–™
·¸ –¶ž“•
֋c × ¬ Sؗ٠¬ Û‡Õ‡Ü b ¹ÞÝ
˜ƒ– ¹ “™ž%’v¸ ó͜"’ Ÿº Û‡Õ Ö‡Ú × ØSÚ ©
ÛÕ‹Ü b
scansione
orizzontale
schermo righe dispari
beam
righe pari
ritorno orizzontale

catodo ã scansione
verticale
ritorno verticale

− +
luminanza

2ä åƒæçxè é êÎë/æAéíì”îšçxï²ì·é å@ïËð!é ïËêÎðñ çxè è çîšîé çêÎç/æ[ðè è òÎé óGóŒçôxé ïËð êõðè ðwöšé ì·é ö²ç
÷àø‡ùLúGû‹üYý`û‹þ`ÿ
·üYþ/ÿSü 
 ™úšÿ·û‹þ
úYú%þ
”ú ™üYú ú
”ú  ! "# $%!&(')$*+&+ ,! ')¶ÿ

-. ü  ú/%ü10324Cú
%ü
”ú2ú#‹þ657
”û,

Nþ\û,

ÿ ¯û‹ü ,%ü
”þ\,û 
ÿ·ü¯ý‘,û ¯8ÿ \,û 9™;ú :<$:<"*,! >=?! @BA 1=C*"DÿSü`û‹üYý`û‹þ`
ÿ ™û‡,û 9-xü E ú/%ü™ü`ü-; þ¯ÿSþ
™þü-(
\û‹úYú,‡üúF
”þ6G—-ü C57/™ ú H9
”û‹Bú 57 65I5Nþ¥-ü (F
,Aý`,û #5J
N
ú 5J
ý`,û 9Aû‹ü /xü EKõþ\Lû  ú
”þ ü 
\û‹ú CúF,‹üYú
”þ#0
÷í÷ ùLúKõû,
·ú?ÿ·Nü MOP57 ü ™úšÿ·û‹ü QR57‹þ [ÿS;þ S57
”ú
”T ú 57,
”ú?ÿSüLý`û‹þSý`6þ 5í-ü
N;þ (/F•ú ú -YP
ú Kõ,û 
·ú?ÿ·ü K&(·üþ•úVU
 (
”þ«ÿ
YúûL
%-


”û‹ü ‹B ú W™ü X þ¯ÿ· þ L
F

™úYü ÿSYü 57
™û,Zn?ü 
-
J
”û‹ü ‹ü<Fú /%ú ™T
þ 57 ý‘,û S $+-+ "P' $,,,">[\A(')"
ÿ8-. ü  ú /%ü 1W‹û‹ü´
ÿ (,"ÿ·]þ /FY#ü K&K&


”(ü KBú 5J
”üNÿ·üY6þ 5NYü 0
÷_^L`Y(a?!&RbF$*<5íVü  ú ™ü K&657
”cú V‹dú 5Nþ2ü ,™üdY;ú K,û  (·ú/ÿ·ü û‹ü Kõ,û 657‹Dþ 2-ü (K&\û‹üYþ\,û )ú V
 ý‘þ ÿ·üw#ý \û 5NYü 5J

·ú8ÿ 
ü  ú /%ü ™Cü 57HYú2,û 
”ü ™Bú W'ý‘únû‹ü`Dú ‹üY,û ‡f ú gYe h ÿ·ü 57‹
þ "ÿS1þ 0
 ¯C¯¯ i -/.)06jDk 1 kmlCn 3 k 58791 -;:<06k =?> . >Eompx>Sq6= - 1 0@- = - 1 k q 0i 0
e…[‰@ŠŒ‚†‡ Š x '‚ŠŒ v?…;Š2?… zdv {| ‘–• ƒŽ | –;}—– | –™˜š’”n’N˜ƒ“
ž%“•w}·’N–•@–
n’”Ž | –’N@³´“~%WŽ®`’”“•@’
… r²…[†‡t… s@, u™, swv?'y
œ"’t}—–™W›[“~‘’N®`®¯Žš®¯’N“•@– @–™ž%–™n‘ŽC~’N– Ž?n’”žF~%“™’”®`®¯ŽC~– | Ž?nž%Ž@n’”“•@–Uœ"– ||NM ’NWPŽ š’”–`°Lž²±– |NM ’”<³´“~%WŽ*
®`’”“•@–­œ"’ | @W’N<Ž@®`Žž²±@–P›"’ | (“ }·Ž |  Ž }·–•@‘’N“™–¶ŽL@“•œ"’NžŽL°)–­µ’”<œ[’ | Ž„³´“~%®¯Ž„ž“• ž%@’ |NM – | –}€}8~%“•@–
w~}·Ž | “G‘ž²±– ~‘W“L©
m(t)
burst colore
70% max
(nero)

12.5% min 
t
(bianco)
‚
64 µsec 12 µsec

ƒY„†…&‡>ˆŠ‰]‹ „wŒ‰tˆŠ‰tŽ†JŽB‘\Œ ˆN Ž%’&Ž† Žd“B” 8” “ „

Ž }€~ŽL‘W’N‘n’”“•@– œ[’L“• ƒ@’ƒ‘–•W’”µL@ŽLœ?~“`° “™ ƒ’C~%’” šŽ/œ"’Nn›"“™–9œ"’ ÷

(w ~%Ž† }·– | Š ¬C—S˜<n–™ž%“™@œ[’·©
{
| n –™ ƒŽ | –͐W“™œ[ | Ž™}·–›š8‘–•W›?~–­›[“™n’}—’N˜ƒ“`° –™œ Žn‘“•ž’NŽ4ŽL’ ˜šŽ | “~%’›"’JœÓ›[’”ž%ž%÷ “¸€•€| –—’ ¸¼| ŽW¹ WŽ š ƒ’N“~%– | *
W’N@Ž<®`Žtžn°w}8~%ŽnW–}€}\–™œ"“«’” | “• ƒ’Nž%Ž¶@–• ƒŽC}·ŽL°@’NW“•œ"“!ž%±–!  | ’x’NW›" | n’¥œ"’A‘’N@ž~“•@’N‘W“«“~%’”®`*
®`“™w }—Ž | –¼‘’NŽ“«œ[’¥ŽW›"’N–™®`®`Ž­n@›[–~%’”“(~‘–?Ž |\| ’”˜š– |J| “¼œ[– | @–(~“?¡´’ |NŸ º¡  œ"– ||NM ŽW›"’N–™®`®¯Ž ¨ © {
| }·–•W›"“
œ"–•œ"’NžCŽ }·“;Ž || T Ž }8~%ŽnW’”n‘’N“™–;œ"– |J| Ž | @W’NeŽL@®`Ž!œ"’<@X Ž ~%’” šXŽ š;œ"’ Ÿ ¢ ˜<‘–•žË°"W–™† }8~%–;@–•†’ ~%–™ }·Ž† }·’
¢ ’ | n–™ š@Ž | –9“ | }€~–w›[Žn‘Ž;’ |C| ’”˜š– |J| “9œ"– |  – ~%“U¡¢’N8W“™œ[“Uœ"£ Ž ~–•@œ[– ~%–G’N@˜š’”n’ªÏ’ | –9’ | ÏL–™Ž ¨ –Uµ@’N<œ"’
@Ý ’NW›" | n“¼œ"–}—–(~‘W’”ŽÍ’ | ~%’J}·“(~“«“(~’N®¯®`“™†}·Ž | –L© { ¥¤@ šw~%Ž¡š«ŽL@ž²±@–¼W“™}8~%Ž}—“?@§¦x¤ƒ§²½¨<©Á•¿¢Á•§ Z
ž²±@£ – š¼?› ~%–™n–™† }·–?@– || S – }8~%ŽnW’”n‘’N“•@’Ž8ž%“ | “ ~%’¥›"(– ~ ‘’N@ž ~“•@’N®¯®`Ž ~%– | 
Ž ªAÁ™§ ¨L«t¬w¨ Z ¦ V ©%Á™¿´Áw§ Z ¡¢˜š–™œ[’@œ"’
‘–• ƒ’ }—“ ¨ ©

­ v†zd® F™‚ r v~)…[†‡†ˆCI ®¯®‚@‰@‹ŠŒ…   ƒ@’e‘’N@ š“ | “µL@Žœt~“šS~–•Ž | ’”®`®¯ŽC}·“/ž%“™§~%Ž›"›[“~}\“/œ[’@Žn›"–(}8}—“

—N° ±/¡´ž²±@–P~%Ž›"›t~–•‘–w†}·Ž’ | ~Ž›[›"“(~F}—“}8~%Ž | –9œ"’NW–™@n’N“™@’š“~%’N®¯®`“™†}·Ž | – –9˜š–~}·’Nž%Ž | – ¨ °š–9‘“ | “ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ œ"– |J| –
¬ ¢LŸ | ’”–™–/˜š–™ ƒ“™“/W“•1}€~Ž}—–¼¡´’”³¢ŽC}8}—’ ¢Ÿ | ’N@–•–/›[–~9“• ƒ@’e‘–•W’”µL@Žœt~“žŽLœ"“™“;Ž | œ"’N³¢“~%’@œ"– |J| “
‘ž²±– ~%W#“ 
² ¨ ©

³ C ´>µ)‚™¶ƒ,v@Š2…Su(µ)…?rr z ‚@†… (’N˜ƒ(– ~n– ž“•@n’”œ[– ~%Ž®`’”“•@’ · ±Ž<@“›"“~}—Ž}—“ ŽG}·ŽLÏ’ | ’J~%–ž²±@– | Ž ÏŽL@*
œ"ŽÓœ"– | ‘–• ƒ@Ž | –§}·– | –•˜ƒ’N‘’N˜ƒ“W‘’NŽÌœ"’6ž’J~ž%Ž¹¸ Ÿ»º ±@®`°6–4@– ||NM  | }—’”WŽÓ˜ƒ–~%n’”“•@–œ"– | n’”}·–•WŽ½¼¾S¿
µ–™ }·ŽÀš!1}—Ž}—ŽW›[“~}\Ž}—Ž¶Ž¶¬ ºÓß ®L© { Ó›[Ž~}·’Nž“ | ŽC~–`°Aœ[Ž}—“Íž²±@– | –!’NWWŽ š’ª@’A›?~%–™n–™w}—Ž“͏‘›[–™n*
‘“¼ŽLW›"’N–/®`“™@–¼@’ª³´“ ~%W’”°ež%“ ~~’N‘›[“w@œ[–™w }—’ŽLœP@‘–• ƒŽ | –/œ"’ | W’”<Ž®¯ŽÍ›t~–•‘n“™žn±†š;ž“•1}—Ž†}·–`°
| Ž œ[–™@n’ }€Á ‘›"( – }8}
~Ž | – œ"– | n–™ š@Ž | Â
– }·– | –•˜ƒ’N‘’N˜ƒÃ“ šÓ›[’”† }8}—“™ }·“Óž“•@ž– w }8~%Ž }—Ž – |J| mŽ ~%–™ š’”“•@–Ìœ[– |J| –
ÏŽL‘n–!Y³ ~–•µ–™@®`–LE © ¼x– ~Gµ–™1 }—“͐W(“ }·’N˜ƒ“`°An9’ š!œ"–•ž’N‘“Íœ[9’ }€~%Ž‘W(– }8}—d– ~%–Í’ | n–™ š@Ž | –«W–™œ"’NŽ† }·–«W“™*
œ" | ŽL®¯’ª“•@–Pœ"’ŒŽW›[’”–•®¯®`ŽŽÏLŽ<œ"Ž | CŽ }·(– ~Ž | Ä – ~’Nœ"(“ }8}—Ž°2ž“•@n–™ ƒ–™œ"“P@Å  ~’N‘›[Ž ~%W’”“Pœ"’2ÏLŽ@œ[Ž„–
ž%“™w }—–™W›[d“ ~ŽL@–•ŽW–™† }·–G?› ~%–™nd– ~˜šŽ@œ[“ | –ž%“™W›[“™@–•w }—’œ[– | W–™n‘Ž š ƒ’N“Ž«Æ³ ~%–™µL@–™®¯–G›"J’ œWÏLŽ‘n–L©
¿)»Ž ¤ ƒw ~%ŽÓn–™ š@–•w }·–WW“™ }8~%Ž | Ž‘J’ }·Ž®`’ª“™@–`°’NKž%@’ ‘“ | “4›[Ž ~}·–¡ © Ÿ à Ÿ ºÓß ® ¨ œ"– || ŽÌÏLŽ<œ"Ž
Ý
’N@³´–~%’”“(~–Uœ[– | n–™ š@Ž | –9œ"’ | W’ª@Ž®¯ŽG˜ƒ’N–™@–P}€~%Ž‘W–•‘nŽ°šW–•w}€~–U’ | ¤ | }€~“9œ[’~’Nž%–™®`’”“•@–9›?~%“™˜š˜ƒ–•œe–
Ç_ÈLÉYÊEËÌÍ6Î7ÏÐ\ÑEÐ6Ò
Ð3ÎJÓ1Ô,ÓYÒ8ÌÕ,Í\ÑEÍ6Ò
ÓÖÑ Í
ÊÏÍN×Ö<Ø1ÐÏÍÊ(Ù8Ö4ÏÔ,ÖBÎ7Ñ Í6Î7ÖBÚÒ8ÖÏÐ\ÕÛÍcÎ7ÐÊÐNØ1Ó-Ü3Ý&Ô,Í
ËÌÍÊÏÓÎ7Õ,ÍÊÍwÕLÛÓÖÔLÍ\ÕLÛÍ
ÎJÕLÌÔ,Í#Þ
Ç7ßRà4Í×#ÏÍÑEØ#Ð;Ò8Í6ÎJÏÓÊÖ ÏÐNÖ××Í\×ÓÊ6Í
Í]ÕLÛÍNÊ(ÐʊÎ7ÐÊÐNÑ Ð#ÎJÏÔ,ÖFÏÍ#ÚIáÍÊâÐÊ(ÐNÕ,ÐÑ Ì(ÊËÌÍwÏÔ,ÖBÎJÑEÍ6΀Î7Í\Ö×ÏÔLÍNÓ-Ê(Ý&ÐÔ,Ñ ÖFÙ
ÓÐÊ(ÓJÚ
Õ,ÐÑEÍ<ÖdÒ\Í6Î7ÍÑ Ø1Ó-Ð9ÓCÒ8ÖÏÓ#ÕLÛÍ]Õ,Ð
Ñ Ø#ÖÓÐÊ(Ð]ÊÍ××-Í\Ø#ÖâÓÊÍcÒ8Í×6ÏÍ×ÍáÓÆÒ8ÍÐ#Þ
Ç7ãRä ÒwÍ6Î7ÍÑ Ø1Ó-Ð1ÚFÎJÓ1Ø1ÌåcÎ7ÏÖæÓ×ÓÔ,Í3Ò8Ó1Ô,ÍÖ×ÓÙ8Ù8ÖÔ,Í\×ÖPÎ7ÏÍ6ÎIÎJÖ4ÔLÓÆÎ7Ð×Ì6Ù8ÓÐÊÍ\ÐÔ,ÓÙ8Ù
Ð
ÊÏÖ×Í\ÍNáÍÔLÏÓÕ,Ö×Í#Þ ä Ý&ÔLÐÊÏÍcÒ8Í××Í3ç€èBé
×ÓÊÍÍ#ÚÓ-×VÔLÖØ#Ø1ÐÔ,ÏÐÒ
ÓVÖBÎ7Ø#Í
ÏÏÐÒ8ÓEêë;Ò
Í
ÏÍÔ,Ñ ÓÊÖ;×-ì Í6Î7Ó-âÍÊ(Ù8֊Ò8ÓdÓ-ÊtÒ
ÓHáÓYÒ
Ì(ÖÔ,Íç€èdé íLêëFî%ïððSñIòóô-õ Ú ÍDËÌÓÊ?Ò8Ó?ïðFðPí1ç€èBé
î%é€èBùç€èéúñIò
óô-õ Ú Ð6ÎIÎJÓÖ;ÕLÓ-Ô,ÕLÖT
ÿ DíFÿ  ñ€ò
óôõ 
û ò8øIüLýYþ
$
 ÷ þóüþ
ö õHó÷Jø
Þ dÍ
ÔNÓ×VÏÍÐÔLÍÑEÖSÒ8Í×dÕ,ÖÑ Ø1ÓÐÊÖÑ Í
ÊÏÐ#ÚÓ-יÎ7ÍâÊÖ×Í Ò
ÍáÍ>ÖáÍÔ,Í>ÌÊ(Ö
æÖÊtÒ
Ö4ÑEÓ-Ê(ÐÔ,Í]Ð6ÒNÌ(âÌÖ×ÍcÒ

Ó  îEçÞ_ é >Ù1Þ

lnn ?-;.). >
=?5 0 i 0 ¢C¢ ±

ŽS~%–™Ž | ’N®¯®`Ž~%– @›¤ | }€~ŽL ƒ ƒ’N“ ž%“™W› | •– ‘n’”˜š“}—Ž | 9

– ž²±@–    ¡¢˜š–™œ[’[@“}—Ž Ž/›[Ž <©
¢º ¨ ©
¹"!$#%'& Ý)(
(

portante video filtro ricezione portante portante

colore audio

luminanza

crominanza 4.43 f (MHz)

1.25 2
1.75 6

*,+-+/.0)13254 6/7$8908-::<; 1>= 8@?A4B.C7D9E8-FG7$1A= 8H:I8/= 8KJ-4 9B4 J$6

LM3NO
P/Q<MRPS
TDU
V WYXCZ[Z[\^]/_a`b\dcebXCfXCgXhiXkjlb\mc3ceb'XnoXKh/iB\iB\d\hf$pXk`h/\dceqCbi\mhiXl\`ger[qts
f$pXvu-rEXhXwiBb\mnyxzXCnyno\{qZEib'XzZE\l|m\mh/ge\}geXCZ~nyXC_ah/\mZ[Xzu-rEg3XCqtsxzXCg3rE\hiXz`h/\lxzqge`/ZE\€)r[qChXwƒ‚
fqChl„†…‡YˆB‰ Šz‹mŒYŽ†€

LM3NO
P/Q<MkTDU,m‘’V“dU”O
P/O
•aP –—Z>b'X˜m`r[nyrEiq™f$pX™c3rEšlger>\mZ[iBbrDp/\wg3XCiXKb'xzr[h\iBq›˜m`\ZœX™noqZ[`€)r[qhX
\mg3qCiiB\b'X c3XCbƒXCžXiBiŸ`\mbXiBb\mnyxzrEnynor[qCh/r-\f'qZEqb'r[sKj,f$pX ˜`XnoiX gequaXnon)Xb'q,XCnynoXKbX fqCbboXiBi\mxzXCh/iBX
uar[nyrE|rœZEr¡\mh/fp/Xge\›ce\b'iX¢ger¡brEfXCu-rEiqCbor¡r[hw|rE\hfq¢X¢h/XCbq
£ h¤b'r[ny`Z[iB\miqHgerf'qZEqbor[xzXCib'r[\¥j@fp/X@qC_ah/rfqCZ[qCboX j¦nyf'qxzceqKh/rE|-r[ZEXHh/XCZ[ZE\noqxzxz\¥ger3ib'X@fqCZ[qCbr
qChg3\mxzXhi\mZ[r§uaXb'g3Xts¡b'qnonyq¥X¢|mZ[`¨sXCžXi—irEu-\mxzXCh/iBXqCceXb'\iB\†ge\m_-ZEr¡\mc3ce\mb\mir¡ger¡\mf'˜`r[nor[€yrEqhX
© \¥nyqCxzxz\ªŸ«,g3XCZ[ZE\¥ib'X¦fqCxzceqhXhir¡qb'hr[nyf'X@r[ZmnoX_ah/\mZ[XHger3Z[`xzr[h\h€t\Y¬Ds-f$p/Xu-rEXhXH`/iBr[ZEr[€t€)\-iBq
XCny\miiB\xzXCh/iBXHfqCxzXHc3XCb
r[Z-|mr[\ah/f'qHX hXCbq–ŸZnyXC_-h\mZ[X g3rfb'qxzrEh/\mh€t\¦j rEh/uaXf'X fqCnyi—b`r[iBq ge\`/h\
„†¯±°³²³´µ¬
fqCcec3rE\wger>noX_ah\ZErAg3rEXCbXCh€t\®­ sGf$pX†noqhq†`/no\iBrAceXb¢xzqge`Z[\mbX†r[h}\mxzcer[XC€t€)\s
„†¶{°³·¸´{¬
ceqb'i\mh/iBX¹nyqCcec3boXCnyno\s`h\vc3qCbiB\hiX¹gerƒfqCZ[qCboXtsD`ny\mh¡geqv„¢¯{f'qxzX¹f'qxzceqhXCh/iBXr[h{ž\noX¹Xv„º¶
fqCxzX¢fqCxzc3qKhXhiBXr[hz˜m`/\ag3b'\iB`/b'\-ªŸ»
©3¼ qCff'`/ce\m€trEqhX nyceXi—ib'\mZ[XHgeXZmnyXC_-h\mZ[XHgeraf'bqKxzr[h\-h€t\¢jHb'r[geqiBiŸ\¢§½º¾ ‚µŽ†€t¨3brEnyceXiBi—q \º˜`XZE¿
Z[qg3reZE`xwrEh\-h/€)\msar[h¹˜m`\hiqZE\¢À'ÁÂ'ÃÄ$ÅyÆaÁÃCÇ/È,ÂÊÉËÆaÁËeÄ<È g3XCZ[Z ¼ qf'f$pr[q`/xz\mhq@jb'r[geqiBi\†c3XCb,noirExzqZEr
fqCZ[qCb\mirEsmX¢˜m`/rEh¡gerG„™¯X›„†¶±c3qCnynoqCh/q¢ua\b'r[\mbXc3rEšwZEXhi\mxzXhiBXger¬ 

LUÊO
m‘’VO
Uʕ-•KP/•aUÊVO
M ÌAXCb¤r[xzceXger[b'XkXCh/qCxzXhr g3r rEh/iBXb'XCbyXCh€t\{ib'\{Í
ÏÎ,^g3r Ð
ÒÑ3ÓhXZEZ[\{brE¿
fXC€trEqhXµg3XCZHnyXC_ah/\mZ[Xlg3r f'bqKxzr[h\-h€t\msHqf'fqCbobXlXCžXiBi—`/\mbXl`/h\dgeXxzqCg`/ZE\-€trEqhX}qCxzqger[h\ms@X
Z ¼ qnofr[ZEZ[\miqCbXºgeXCZGbr[f'Xuar[iBqKbXºnorGxz\hirEXhX¥fqCXKbXChiXYf'qh}Z[\¤ceqb'iŸ\mhiXºgerfqCZ[qCbyX)s_-b'\€)r[Xº\mr¡ÔGÅaÀ$Â'Õ
Ö ÁØ×'ÃĞÃKÀȆcebXCnyXCh/iBrØg3qCceqZ ¼ r[xc3`Z[noq¹g3rƒnor[hfb'qhr[€)€t\-€)r[qCh/Xqb'r[€t€)qhi\mZ[X)sfqCnyiBr[i`r[iBrØge\±Ù±fr[fZ[rƒg3r
ceqb'i\mh/iBXØÚ`/XCnyiBq›noX_ah\ZEXºp\¹r[hqZEib'XYZ[qºnofqCcqYgerGnyXC_ah/\mZ[\mbXºZE\¦ÉÀÈ'ÂÈoÇ-Æa˱geXZEZ[\¹f'qxzceqKhXhiX
gerf'bqKxzr[h\-h€t\AÛ3r[hvf'\noq¥fqCh/iBb\mbrEqºr[h\miiBr¡§iBb\mnyxzrEnynor[qCh/X¥ÜݔWY¨Ar[Z/brEfXCu-rEiqCbXYgeXCu-X¥ger[no\iBirEu-\mbX
r[ZfrEbf`r[iBq¢g3XCZ¡f'qZ[qCbXCs3c3XCb hqChwcebqCg3`bb'X¥g3XCiXCbor[qCb\mxzXhirg3XCZ[Z ¼ r[xzxz\a_-rEh/X

ÞÏß<àáYâ<ã—äyåçæEèé—êáCëìÊé—í îoé—áCãŸáCæEã ï îtã)ðñäyæEäHí ãtòŸëçäyáCæEã,óCá¥é—îoîté—âÊæ[óCáCé ì<é—ã—ôõCìÊëçã—áæEã ì”öCã æEëçã—áã ìÊé—áæEé¥òBã—åçåçä†òBëç÷'ãŸâð[ä

ð[ãŸáeð[ëçø$ëùåçëçæEè,òŸã—åçåçú é—ìÊì<öëùéäyë'æEâ<ãGìÊé—åçé—âÊëoôùé—áeòŸä'í ã—áCæEä'åùë[û5àžáCôä'æEæEëü<îoã—â3é—æ[æEã—áCã—âÊãGëùå'øyëùä$áCìÊéoüÊëyæEâ<ãGìÊé—åçé—âÊë'áCé—áòŸã—÷é—áCéGã)ððñã—âÊã
í ã)ðñìÊé—åçäyæEëtëçá îoäyâÊæEëtóCêóCäyåçë[üøyã—á3ð[ýaþ
ÿ vòŸë)÷ã—âòŸãoü±òBëtâÊé)ððñé>ã±òBëtøyåçóeû
Þ 
ãäyí îoëùã  Ÿã
òŸã—åçåçã/ìÊé—í îoé—áCã—áCæ[ëoëùá
ôä-ðñã ã yóCä-òBâÊä$æEóCâÊä òŸã—åKð[ã—êáCäyåçãØòŸëyì<âÊé—í ëçáCäy á Ÿä,òBã—÷é—áCéAãtðð[ãŸâÊãGé—îoîtéŸâÊæEóCáC ä 
í ã—áæEãHðñìÊäyåçäæ[ãtü—îoã—â/ëçí îoã)òŸëçâÊãäyåeðñã—êáCäyå ãDìÊé—í îtåçã)ð
ð[ëç÷ é ùåùóí ëçáCä á Ÿä
îoë HìÊâÊé—í ëçáCäy á B

ä CòŸë)ä-ððñó)í ã—âÊãƒ÷'ä'åùé—â<ëæEâÊéŸîtîoé
ã—åçã—÷äyæEëû
¢¢ —   " k %(')! +*, &
k !PkmlCn$# & k -/.  . omp . q -  !  -  !Pk q  0

132 r54tz674?z4 2 ¶98 ¿:;?~3<>=<>?A@ :+BDC9<>?†}8~3:EGFC
C9=H<>I
?: | C9BDC |KJ EGC

?:?A@ :L<)M~3N>EGCK?:?A@ :O?< |J| :L=} <=HP
=H:QFR:?,BD:Q=H<EGF~3<~3<>FFR<OBS:~3< |TJ N>I9NU:+BSCTVY¤M3C | C;t~WNF | <>EGCSBSCSCT?†} <(~WVX<~3<?@Y:AZ { ??:R?[@YCJ} J }8}7NON=H=<~\P
] CK:EGN+M5^A< _[M3N>EG</:† ? } CKMWCK;DC : } NY_,C | =<>I
?: | <+BDC |KJ EGC`?A:?@Y:›šQM3N>?M3<>?†}8~3:}7Na:C}8}7N~3?N/: |J| :b;DN~}7:?w}7<
] K
C D
B 
< Y
N [
_ /
< B J A
? c J /
< : C F
~ 3
~ >
< 3
M : J ?$BSCT= } J ~WFRSN ~WCKBD(N }8}\NdeO: |J| :fFM ~3N>EGCK?:R?@Y:Zhg J <>= } i w J | }7CTEG:ac J CK?BSCT_S;?~3CTP
EG:BSCR<>==H(< ~H<)BD<EGN>B w J | : }7:_ ] CT<? < ¤ | }€~3
: } :L;D< ~3~3CKE J N ] < ~3<)C | =H<I9?A: | <jBDC |TJ EkC`?:?A@ :LV J (N ~WCRBD< || :
F:R?BD:/BDC,M ~WNEGCT?A:?@Y:
_S<>B(C | BDCK= } J ~WF N šLI
<>?(< ~W: | EG<w ? }7Š
< }€~W:=M J ~W:RFC | <RZYlLCK<>?A<LCK?N | }€~W<L:BD(N }8}7 : }7:
J ?A:b=N |KJ @ CKN?<M5^£ < ~3CTB J M3<+:?M5^< | i CKw ? }7< ~3Vm(< ~W<?@Y:(BDCAM ~3N>EGCK?:?A@ :a= y J |KJ EGCK?:
?@Y:nZ,g J <1= }7<+? ; ~3<>P
=H<w ? }7:?ANOCK?VX : }€} C J ?:+=H;SCKMWM3 : }7:a;D(< ~WCKNBDCKMWJC }8ÁR_ | <>I
 : }7:Q: |J| :+YV ~W<c J <?@Y:QBDt C ~3CTI
¤
: op<>Bf: |J| :at ; ~W<=H<?@ :
BD<I | CCKEG; † J | =HCBSC=HCK?M ~WN?CK=HEGN)NI9?ACR q —S˜,=H<Mr_RM5^A<sBS< }7< ~HEGCK?: J ?N)=;D(< }8}€~HN)M3N>?(<?< ~3I9CK:+M3N>?M3<>?AP
}€~W : }7:t: |J| </ : ~3EGN>?ACTM5^</BDØ C  o&uwvYxq ¢ xtyb@4 Z ¼0(< ~F}7:† ? } NY_=HCnMWN |J| NMW: | :z;D(N ~F}\:Rw ? }7<aBSCnMWN | (N ~W<b:kEG(< }8Á
}€~W:tB J <a : ~3EGN>?ACTM5^</BD< | =H<I9?: | </BDC |KJ EGCK?,:?@Y:_[CK?{EGNBDNaM3^A< | </BD<>?A=HJC }8Át=H;S< }€}~3: | \ C ~WCK= †
J | }7CK?NY_
; J ~j=<+=HN ] ~3:;D;SN>= }\<Y_DCKw ? } (< ~WM3: |  : }7<RZ ¿Si J =HNBS† C ¤ | }€~WC,:f;D(< }8}CT?A<L?< | ~3CTM3< ] JC } (N ~H<; JA| c J CK?,BDC ~WCKB J ~F~3<
?(N } < ] N | EG<w ? }7< | i C`†
? } (< ~WVXd< ~W<?@Y:nZ

}&~€~K‚ ƒ…„†p‡Uˆ‰Š‹Y„[ŒatŽ+ƒ ‰‰‘R‘9„$‹Œa†‹Y’A

“”CK;?~3<>?ABDCK:EGNUc J CC | MW:R=HNsCT?(M J C,•{–˜—j™›šbœ{–˜—\_R<Uc J CK?BSC | i <=H;S:?=C`N>?A<OCK?z=H<(~WCK<sBDCS;DN(} <?@Y<

BDC,  ,; JA| C : ~F~3<>=} :C~W=CD: | ;t~WCKEGNUN~3BDCK?<DžH=<sC | =<>I
?: | <)EGNB Jw| :?†} <šUMWN=HCK? J =HNCTBS: | <Y_
C | =H<>I
?: | <
&
Ÿ º ~3CT= w J | } :
, ¸ ¡  ¢¤£¥5¦>§&¨©0ª ¬« ­®¯°[± ¥5¦>A § m« ­[´Uµ3 µR¶f¢¤£¥5¦>§AX©nª ·•§ ¸
¹X« ­[´Uµ3Ÿ
“”CKMW(N ~WBS:?ABDNM5^<Q¥5¦>A
&
§ mwœ º>
& ²D³
• ¢¤¥5¦>§,œ+¥5¦>§Sv
º &
• »§ ¸`¹”œ§ ¸`¹&•[_DD ¡  ; JA| <>==H<(~W<S~3CK=HM~WCJ}€} N+M3N>EG<
&
, ¸ ¡  ¢¤£¥5¦>§S©0ª ¥5¦>y§ K•Q§ ¸
¹”« ­[´ ¼£½§ ¸`¹&©nª §¸
 ¹ K•§ ¸
¹”« ­[´ 
& & & & &
M5^<Y_D=<+•{–˜—\_SBDC ] CK<?<
, ¸ ¡  ¢¤£¥5¦>§S©0ª {•h£§ ¸
¹”©nª §¸
¹« ­[´
& & & &
M5^<M3N>?AÆV ~3N>† ? } CK:EGNLMWN? | i <=H? ; ~3<>==HCKN?<
,¾ ¡  ¢¤£Y¿¥5¦>§© ª ¬®>Àn¥5¦>§© ª ¥5¦>§S« ­[´
M5^<=C[(N }€} &d< ~~W<FF<L;D< ~”EG
& & &
N>B wJ | :@YC`N>?<L:b;D(N ~F}7:† ? } <+CKw? }7< ~3:_RŠN ~3CTBSN }€} :R_SBD< |J| N= }7<>=H=N/Á  \Z
&
{| MWN?YV ~WNw ? }7N ~WC ] < | :GM3^A<fC | =H<I9?A: | <fEGN>B w J | :™ ? } <Y_pEG<w ? }8~3<z?< || i ¾ º N;D< ~3:kY ¬kà «SÄWÅb:RÆTÆ`:G;DN>ÇP
È :? È <Y_
?<ÆTÆKi Ÿ º :LFR:=H=NjCK?BDCKM3<jN>;S<>ÇH:UÆ ¬fÉh Ê «DËAFÌ «t¨5Ê
FÌ «Z
ÍÆRÇ3CK= J Æ È : È N)<>=;DN>= È NsM3N>= È C È J CK=HM3<U:BQNI9?C
EGN>BSN J ?NjFÄ ©rÎAÅW§ Ï «(ËAÂ[ÏGÐ>Ë"Ê9YÑ «>Ò9ÂX(Ð ¬Åj;D<>Ç=<>I9?A:ÆKCSŸ º :QF:R=H=NOCK?BSCTM3<Y_Ç3<>:RÆTCK@Y@ :F
CKÆT<s=N>EGEG:?ABDN
:ÆKÆK:a;SN>Ç È :? È < J ?G=<>I
?:ÆK<sEGN>B J ÆK: È c N ¾ º = J BDC J ?A:a;SN>Ç È :? È <LCK?tc J :RBDÇ3: È J ÇW:hZ
“”<>= È :bCKÆ[VX: È7È NLM3^A< J ?ANL=M5^<>EG:aBDC,EGN>B J ÆK:@ CKN?<sBD<>Æ,I9<?<ÇW<;SÇWNB J M3<L:R?M5^< J ?:/EGN>B J ÆK:P
@YCTN? < ¾ º ;S:Ç3:==HC È \ : °c J <>= È i J Æ È CKEGÄ : š(<>ÆKCTEGCK?,: È :$CT?ÓÇWCKM3<>@YCTN?<fBS:ÆKÆTi :
@ CKN>?A<fM3N>?I
C J ? È :GBDC J ?AN
=Hc J :RBDÇW: È NÇW<L<LBDC J Ä ? ¤Æ È Ç3N;S:=H=:aFR:==HNRZ

}&~€~ÕÔ Ž+ƒ Ö(×0„‰†”Ø(‰‘Ù

ÍÆTÆ J = È Ç3CT:REGNfFÇ3< ] CK=H=HCKEG:Ez<>? È <zCp;D:Ç3:EG< È Ç3CBD<ÆKÆT< È ÇW:R=HEGCK=H=CTN?CpŸ º ÇWCKMW< ] CKFCKÆKCpEG<BDCK:? È <fÚ7ÆT:

Ç3:BDCKNUBDCM3:=:ÛZRÜ/<ÆTÆK:+F:R?[BS:QÝÝPvÞÝ º yb@”N;D<>Ç3:?ANOÆK<)Ç3:BDCKNUŸ º _M3N>?z=;D:@YCK: È J ÇW:BSC ¢ ÞRÞßLyb@
ÆKi J ?[:tBD:RÆTÆKi :Æ È ÇW:hN
Z ¾BàN>I
?Cn<>EGC È7È <? È <›šbM3N>?AMW<=H= : J ?:zBS< ] CK:@YCKN>?</EG:==HCKEG:zBD<ÆTÆK:GVXÇ3<>c J <>?@Y:
CK= È :? È :?A<>:/;D:Ç3C,:t† š bu Ÿ xbßOyb@Z
áãâ VÐ6ÎIÎJÓÖÑ Ð Ô,Ó äÍÏJÏÍÔ,ÍDÎJÌDËÌÖF×HÓdÎ7Ó-Ö ÊÐ ×͆ÕLÓ-ÔLÕ,Ð6ÎJÏJÖÊÙ8͙ÕLÛ͆Ø#ÔLÐ6Ò
Ì(Õ,ÐÊÐ ×ÖNÑ ÖB΀Î7ÓÑ ÖNÓÊÏÍÔ,Ý-ÍÔ,ÍÊÙ8Ö;Ò
Í
×-×ÖN×ÌÑ ÓÊ#ÖÊÙ8Ö
JÎ Ì(×-×_Ö Õ,Ô,ÐÑEÓ-Ê(ÖÊÙ8Ö
åÕ,Óå>ÖFááÓÍÊÍDÓÊÕLÐÔ,Ô,ÓYÎJØ1ÐÊ?Ò8ÍÊÙ8ÖSÒ8ӆÎJÕ,Í
ÊÍDÑEÐ×-ÏJÐÒ
Í\æÊ(Ó-ÏJÍ#Ú Ô,Í×ÖÏÓáÍDÖBÒ<ÓÑ ÑEÖâÓ-Ê(ÓBÕLÐÊÍ×ÍáÖÏÐ
Õ,ÐÊ(ÏÍÊÌÏÐ3Ò
Ó1Ý&Ô,Í
ËÌÍÊÙ8ÍcÎ7Ø#ÖFÙ
ÓÖ ×-Ó1Í
×-Í
áFÖFÏÍ#ÚIÖB҆Í6Î7ÍÑ Ø1Ó-Ð\ÊÍ×#Õ,ÖBÎJÐ>Ò
Ó#Ô,ÓâÛÍæÏÏÍ çIÓ×Ò
ÓYÎ7ÏÌÔ,æÐèNØ#ÓÜcÖØ#Ø1ÖÔ,ÓJÎ7Õ,ÍÊÏJÍNÊÍ×
Õ,ÖBÎ7Ð4ÓÊÕ,ÌÓV×Ö3Ù8ÐÊÖcÖBÒ9Í×ÍáÖÏÐDÕ,Ð
ÊÏÔ,ÖBÎ7ÏÐÎ7ÓÖcØ1ÐáÍÔ,֊Ò
ÓVÕ,Ð
Ñ Ø#Ð
ÊÍÊÏÓdÕ,ÔLÐÑ ÖÏÓÕÛÍ#Þ ä áÍÏÍDÑ ÖÓVÊÐ
ÏÖÏÐDÕ,ÔLÖFáÖÏÏÍ<Ö
Ô,ÓâÛÓÊÍNæÓÖ ÊÕLÛÍ9Í]ÊÍ
Ô,Í#ÚFÒ8Ó-áÍÊ(Ó-ÔLÍ]Õ,ÖÊâÓÖÊ(ÏÓ é
êë  ë + .”-/% Yn ¢C¢ x

\Í Æ È Ç3:=EG< È7È C È NÇH< ] CK<?< È :ÇW: È N(EG<BDCK:? È < J ?ìÁ  ½=HCK? J =HNCTBS:ÆK<(:àVmÇ3<>c J <?@ :GBDC)v xGßLyb@ _
&
<(®í¯ÇW<I9NÆT: È NaCT?EGNBDNbBS:kN È È <?<ÇW<zš†ku Ÿ xzßLyb@RZÍ?c J <= È <bM3N>?ABDCK@ CKN>?ACT_[Ç3CT= J Æ È :k•î¢ðï ¢
òãó ¢öõ_R<UÆK:+ÇW<I9NÆT:QBSC÷”:Ç3=HN?zVmNÇW?ACT=MW<øsùÓ¢ö«,m®í¯Hì´¦¢ú«,üû õ ¤—WõC¢ý—Wþ ÿ”ßLyb@Z
/?z<>=: ñ EG<
ôó
BD<I9ÆKCR:R?BD:
EG<? È CRÇ3CT;SN>Ç È : È CCK?bŸpCTI,Z Z v&EGN= È ÇW:+M5^A<j;D<Ç&•Ó¢öõ_ÆK<@K•>¢ö  ÿ=N>?NjÆT<j;SÇWCKEG<jÝR_<
(
B J ?c J <sÆT:+Ú Å3FÌ «[ÛpF:?ABD:+^: J ?:<= È <>?=CKN>?<ø ¢ö«
ãþY´ ¢ —
r—Wõ
\—3ÿ
O¢ö«>ÿjßOyb@ _
EGN= È ÇW:R?BDN
ÆKi :R;D;DÇ3N=H=HCKEG:@YC`N?<GBS<>ÆKÆT:{Ç3<>I9NÆT:ÓBDC½÷”:RÇW=N>?½ZLi :RÆ È ÇW:;D:RÇ È <Y_&ÇWCK= J Æ È :M3^A<Ó«    K •   ¢
«ž  
—C!   ³"€ÿ>Cõ   ³ €ÿ>C«  $# ¢ö«%
Wÿ&€ÿR—'þQ¢úÿ&€ÿ(!'_,<LB J ?Ac J <ÆKi <>Ç3ÇWNÇW<+M3N>EGEG<=H=N+<>=M3Æ J BS<+MWCKÇ3MW:
CKÆ)+*ýBD<ÆTÆK:b;SN È <>?A@ : È N È :ÆK<Z
g J :RÆTNÇW:CKƁ=<>I
?:RÆT<t=HCK? J =N>CKBD:ÆK< ] <>?AI9:=HN= È C È J C È NGBD: J ?·EG<>==H:RI9I9CKNtÆTCKEGC È : È NGCK?¬FR:?,BD:
M3N>¹ ? ¸, ¢ ¸a—WõQßLyb@Y_0MWN?º;DN È <?A@ :G<I J :ÆK<(:$c J <>ÆKÆT:kBD<>Æ=H<?N(<(M3CTN-/.10 ¢ ô _pÆK:{† š ?AN>?2-

;DC43ìBD<5?C È :M3N>?·<>=: È7È <@ @Y:_<kM3N>? ] CK<>?<tÇ3CTM3N>Ç3ÇW<Ç3<t:ÆKÆT:àBS<(5?ACT@YCKN>?<zBSC•76”¢98 ¢ ï <; => ¢
: :
•@? .10 ¢ • ô ¢ ÿ& ûYÿíûA
H•[_[:(M J ChM3N>Ç3ÇWCK=H;SN>?BS< J ?:(F:R?BS:/ÅãÃCBED<FGD3Å/ø…¢ý«(,9HK• 6JI —LK¢ «A
—WõA

;
—3ÿ M
JHTÿ& ûYÿíû
õ  I —LK¢ý—!)ßLyb@RZ
Ü/<>ÆKÆKi ŸN = È <ÇW<N>_/CKÆL=H<I9?:RÆT< È ÇW:R=HEG<=H=N
geXuaX,XCnynoXboX,fqCxzc3\mirE|rEZ[Xf'qh†rKb'r[fXCuar[iqCbraxzq¿ M(f)
hqtsXCg \ZEZ[qCb\ r[Z¦nyXC_-h\mZ[X{xzqgGQ/ZE\mh¡iXdj2Qh
noX_ah/\mZ[X¢x/QZ[irEc3ZE\-iBq¢R‚µs3XTSfqCxzceqKnyiq(U
g3\
P f (KHz)
L+R L−R
ib'XASf\mh\ZEr4UoÛ 15 19
O 38

V © \ noqxzxz\ ger © XCiWYX r[_api†§ © WZX ¨¢fqCxzXÓnyXC_-h\mZ[X{ger|m\mh¡g3\ |\mnyXts¢f$pXdfqCh/noXCh/iBXÓZ[\

f'qxzce\mir[|mr[ZEr[i\[Yf'qhv_-ZEre\mc3ce\mb\mir]SBxzqhq(UL^

V –—Z¡noX_ah/\mZ[X © ¿CXRj¢fXCh/iBb\miq¢\†bXC˜_Q/XCh/€)\†g3r`ٛŽ›€¦xzXger[\mhiXxzqgGQ/ZE\€)r[qChXEa¥‚µ¿Ü © R^

V acbd,Ž†€)s’j@ceb'XnoXKh/iBXeQ/h\¢ceqb'i\mh/iBX@\¥f<Qrmnyr3f'qhfXCg3Xr[ZA¾gf+h gerGi ‡ saxzXChibX¦r[ZmbXCnyiB\hiX

j f_h gerZi ‡ jf'qhger[uar[nyqib'\ © W7^
X X © ¿C¥ X t–ŸZi"
Q iiBq¢jceqr/xzqCgkQZ[\miqƒ‚®

© \±c3qCbi—\mhiX¤\ ¾ j Ž†€†ckQ7l¹XnonoX’b'X¹r[xzcer[XC_-\miB\±c3XCbYnor[hfbqChr[€t€)\mbX¹rEZDb'r[f'Xuar[iqCboXtsØX¹_-XCh/XCb\mb'X
Z[\zceqb'i\mh/iBX™§\vbXC˜_Q/XCh€t\geqCc3cer[\ms>g3rm`ÙwŽ†€t¨DhXCfXCnyno\b'r[\v\zg3XCxzqgGQZ[\mbX™r[Zf\mh/\mZœX © ¿nX¢&oAX
\mnynoXhiXts3r[hger[f\†Z[\›brEfXC€trEqhXger]Qhwf\mh/\mZ[Xxzqhq
a c3b'r[xz\ uar[noi\msºnyXCxz|b'Xb'XK||mXÓf$pX^ZE\ cebXCnyXKh€t\®geXZºf\mh/\mZ[X © ¿nX ceqnony\³\+QxzXhiB\-bXRZ[\
xz\mnynor[xz\YgeXCu-rE\€)r[qCh/Xg3rb'X˜_Q/XCh€t\Aa–—hb'X\mZ[i\[†hqChj¢fqCnLpEsmceXbHgGQ/XxzqCir[uarÛ

V _
˜ Q\hg3q © WZXdjH_ab\mhg3Xts-u&QqZmger[bX@fp/XHrmgGQ/XHf'\h\mZ[rnyqCh/qHnor[xzrEZ[r[sKXHgGQ/h˜+QX © ¿CXdjHcer[f'fqZEqts
X¢uar[f'XuaXb'ny\1^

V –—Z f\mh\ZEX © ¿nX sib'qua\hgeqnorH\ӝb'X˜_QXh€tXlc3rEš XZEXua\miXts@j}f'\mb\miiBXb'r[€t€)\iBq}ge\qQh®r[hger[fX

gerƒxzqgGQZ[\m€trœqCh/X¹rEh/žXb'r[qCbX–Ÿh\miiBr[s>Z[\vxz\mnynor[xz\zgeXuar[\m€trEqhX¤g3rDb'X˜_QXh€t\vr[noi\mhi\mh/XC\
ger[ceXCh/geX¢g3\mZ[ZEXHËGrs@tžÈÊÆoÆ-ÈgerZuwv4x\yžsmXh/qChwge\mZ[Z[\›nLQ\›|\mh/ge\A
z_z q  |{ ! { êRë # { %(')! +*,g{ -/.  .~}qn.T€&-  !  -  ! { €  0
 |‚ƒ< „G…‡†|ˆŠ‰Œ‹T†EcŽŠe‘e’“ŽŠ”“…•‰Œ‹T–—ˆŠ…•”T˜_

÷ N>?A=HCKBD<ÇWCK:EGN J ?z=<>I9?A:ÆK<UEGN>B J TÆ : È NY_R:VXVX< 7È È NOBD: J ?(Ç J EGN>P

”
™
š<›Aœ_kGž4Ÿ\ž4 &¡%¢&œ QZ£•£ ž¤

œ ¥7¡¦_ž4œ&¥Z§¡T¨ v4x\yn© §<(¡ ¥/G›(¥ £ ž4Ÿ [ G ž]ªG¡Ÿ\›¥7«œ x(t) + n(t) x(t) + ν (t)
H R (f)

iE¬%vC­7yD°¯®“°
±
Ì š<ž¤²/œ%Gž_›³C³n›Ÿ\Ÿ Q œ_š<›µ´4œAG›²/¡( Q ´¤œ+«gž4¡(¥Z› © ž¤´ £ ›¢&¥Zœ_´4›µšž4§<›(  Q Ÿ\¡¶Ÿ"š<œ_¥ £ ¤ž Ÿ"œAž4¥ Q ¥¸·7´4Ÿ\š<¡¶Gž&šž4§›«gž4¡(¥Z›
¹ ¯ vn­7yC© §»º7›º7œ“´4¡ £ §¡ªG¡%GžG´¤ž4²/ž¼Ÿ"œ_š<›´4œ¦+œ_¥]GœG›´]š Q ²/¡š›%šž4§<›(  Q Ÿ\¡ © ›½ Q ž4¥7kž_šž4 Q šš<›´ ¼ ›(¥ZŸ\ž4Ÿ [
G›´¤´4œªk¡(Ÿ"›(¥Z«gœ¾kž¿š Q ²/¡š›/ž¤¥Àž¤¥Z¢&š› £•£ ¡Šœ+´¿š<ž¤§<›( 
ž¤Ÿ"¡(š<›GÁ—Â$´·7´4Ÿ"š¡ ¹ ¯‡ví7y ªkš› £ ›¥7Ÿ"œ Q ¥Ä²—¡( Q ´¤¡

§<¡ £ Ÿ\œ_¥ZŸ\›¥7›´¤´4œT¦_œ+¥kœ“G›(´ £ ›(¢
¥7œ_´4› © ²/›(¥ZŸ\š<›%Ÿ"›(¥ZG›œT«g›š¡œ_´+Gžk³ Q ¡(š<žkGžkŸ"œ_´4›e¦_œ+¥7GœZÁ&Â$¥‘½ Q › £ Ÿ\¡

²/¡(k¡ © ž4´ £ ›(¢
¥7œ+´¤› Q Ÿ"ž¤´4›TÅ v4x\y Ÿ"š<œ_¥ £ ž¤Ÿ"œÆž4¥7œ
´4Ÿ\›šœ+Ÿ\¡ © ›‘ž4´]š Q ²/¡š›T¨ v4x\y  &ž4›(¥Z›´4ž4²/ž¤Ÿ"œ_Ÿ"¡%ž4¥Ç¦_œ_¥ZGœ ©
ªGš<¡( Q §<›È¥7G¡“É v4x\y Á

Ê_ËÌÍÊ1ÌÍÊ Î2ÏеГÑÒkÓ&ÑÀÔµÕ+Ö׸ÏØLÕ1Ù¼Î/Ú%ÛÜÑÒ@ÕÝÕÇÞßÏ׸àµÏqàmá~ΊÚeÛcÑÒ@Õ
Ì ›(šMG› £ §<š•ž4 &›(š<›A´4œ¸½ Q œ_´4ž¼Ÿ [ G›´ £ ›(¢
¥7œ_´4›²/¡ Q ´¤œ+Ÿ\¡%šž4§›  Q Ÿ\¡ ©G£ žš<ž4§¡šš<›Tœ_´]šœ+ªGªk¡(š<Ÿ\¡
iè~vn­7y
â vC­7yç
®äã%åkæ i¿éMvC­7y
ž4¥7Gž4§<œ_Ÿ\¡‘§<¡(²/›—ê&ëìÄíGî Í/Î íGï © œ £ ¡Ÿ\Ÿð¡(´4ž¤¥Z›(œ+š›‘´4œ £LQ œñGž4ªG›¥7k›(¥7«œäGœ_´4´4œñ³nš<›(½ Q ›¥7«gœòÁ Ì ›š¸§<ž l
§»º7›Tš<ž¤¢ Q œ_š<Gœ i¿èMví7y¤© ½ Q › £ Ÿ\¡TóT¡Ÿ\Ÿ"›(¥Zž¤¦+ž¤´4›A§<¡(²/›Tž4´¤´ Q7£ Ÿ\š<œ_Ÿ"¡Aœ+´Z§<œ_ªGž4Ÿ\¡´4¡AªGš<›(§•›G›¥7Ÿ"› ©GQ ¥7œ¸ &¡(´4Ÿ"œ
¥7¡Ÿ\¡ž¤´ £ ›¢&¥Zœ_´4›%²/¡ Q ´4œ_¥ZŸ\›%›A´4œ¸Ÿ"›(§•¥Zž¤§<œ¸kž]²/¡( Q ´¤œ+«gž4¡(¥Z› © ²/›¥7Ÿ"š› i é vC­7y š<ž £LQ ´4Ÿ\œ¸ªGœ_š<ž]œ

i é vC­7yçôi ¬ vn­7yõ ¹ ®“° õ ¹

vC­7y<õ öµç ví7y÷õ ö
å ± å
R ¼ œ_´4Ÿ\š<œÄªkœ_šŸ"› © ºZœ £ ›¥ £ ¡2 &œ+´ Q Ÿ"œ_š›¾´ ¼ â ×Ã(rs@øžÈ<ùù•tCú’Ã
© ¡ & 
›(š<¡2ž¤´eš<œ_ªGªk¡(š<Ÿ$¡¾Ÿ"šœû´4›¾ªk¡ ¿
®äã
£
Ÿ"›(¥7«›¾kž ›(¢
¥7œ_´4››Gž%š ²/¡š›äü ü Q à k
Ë n
ø t Á Ì ›(š—§ž §»º7›šž4¢ Q œ+škœÄž4´ £ ›(¢
¥7œ_´4› © ó¾¦_›¥ý¥Z¡(Ÿ"¡¾§»º7›
l
iþç ÿ
iEþ¿vC­7y ­@^ ž¤¥À²/¡(k¡Šœ_¥7œ
´4¡(¢
¡ ©M£ ž¡(Ÿ"Ÿ\ž4›(¥Z› ié¾ç ÿ
õ¹ vC­7y<õ ö  ­k©  
œ_´ Q Ÿ"œ_¥]G¡¥7›

 ­7
 ö R å
£
§<ž¤¡óä´¤œ2ªG¡Ÿ\›¥7«œ2§»º7›ßœ_Ÿ\Ÿ"š<œ+ 
›(š œ2ž4´~·7´4Ÿ\š<¡äGž~š<ž4§›«gž4¡(¥Z› ¹ n
v y Á œ_Ÿ"œ ´ ¼ ž¤²‘ªG¡ £•£ ž¤¦+ž¤´4ž4Ÿ [ ªGš<œ_Ÿ"ž ¿
å
§<œŠGž@š›œ_´4ž¤««gœ+š› Q ¥Ý·Z´¤Ÿ"š<¡ž¤k›(œ_´4›
nš<›(Ÿ$Ÿ"œ_¥Z¢&¡´¤œ+š› © ¹ å vC­7y ó§<œ_š<œ_Ÿ\Ÿ"›(š<ž4«g«œ_Ÿ"¡‡Gœ Q ¥7œÇ¦_œ_¥ZGœ nœ
³Cš›½ Q ›¥7«›AªG¡ £ ž4Ÿ\ž4 
› é<© ªkž—› £ Ÿ\› £ œ¸kž åGæ C§»º7›A󴤜¦_œ+¥7GœGž £ ›¢&¥Zœ_´4›ðÁ


z_z Ý R+ |{ ! { ë  }.~ +*,g{ -  %L.”!!p.  }  h#  1 g{ -  # { %(')! a .

 :w;SN È <>?A@ : È N È :ÆK<·BS<>ÆOÇ J EGNÇW< J =M3<>? È <ìBD:

‡H7K

B RF
$&%('*)+,.-0/21$3,4-5,768/2-9$&%:-
Px (f)
f EGF EVF
−f ! 0 f!0
;=< > ?A@ >U?A@ B >
"2 BDC BDC C
|HR(f) | B#ν H FJI KMLONPQ3I RSTP @ I O
K M
L 
N 
P 3
Q I 
R W
S P
>
?A@3X8Y I KMLONP @ Q3I
−f ! 0
f
R
f!0
Z +[,71$&\V%(5]1
N ! BN X^Y $&-9/2/2$31'_1`5],.-a+-ab36'_%cdc21,7,4-fe9g2h]igji]kmlonqp
__0
2
rVs l3t^cd1u]5%,.-vb36\V1
f
−f ! 0 f!0 F
>xw @
I KMLONPQ3I R SWP
X8Y
I KMLMNyP @ Q3I R
6'_'*%(-zb36\V1{+-^|-95]c2-^c2%)]50u]+(,7$36{%(c21-+(1{}$&1,4,.-5]~6+(-$319b€]1‚+(-'_b&%(-8/d-'_'*-9$&1ƒ+-^'*,.1'_'*-…„9)]-5:,.%,.†
c2%:$3)]\V6$319‡

ˆ‰mŠ‹ˆŒŠŽ ‘9’”“–•[—™˜_š–›oœ“Ÿž0 •[œ{—™žJ¡‚¢£“–¤]¥9¥9“¦•œ{¢d—™’”“Ÿ¢

Z +$&)\V6$31¨§ b€]1™1'_b318cd-+u]+(,.$&6™c2%9$&%(b&1ª%(65]1

­p« («ν ¶ cd%…,7%(/26¦/2-9'*'_-·N©7|Q -95]c2-9¸A1¦/2)]¹¦„)%º5]c2%…1'*'_1$*1¦c21K

®σ« νc c
) '*b3LM
$3%N,.P
,46 Q
νc= N0 BN
«ν %5,71$*\V%5%8cd1+(+1 '_)]1»b36\V/265]15],.%…-5]-+(6~%b€]1»cd%z|-9'*'_-
c ¼ $31„9)]15]ª½-Œ¾
«ν
s
«ν (t) «ν_ (t) § > §À §Æ
N(©¿Q`ÁÂÃÄ @ ©Å N©7Q`Ã7ǺÈ=Ä @ ©
s
­p« («ν ) N ©¿Q
νs s É '*'_1$3Êq%(-\V6»b€]1»51+zb3-'_6¦%(5Ëb3)]%z+(-Ì|-5c2-Ícd%
§ '_%-
«ν ¬(t) > (
N ¿
© Q
c Î&Ï l3t ÏÐÏ g¨l3k ÎÒÑ t ÏÐÏWs g @ ¸+(Ó %(5]Ê%º+)/2/26ƒb&6\V/2+(1'_'*6^§ §À
Õ § Æ 1Êq6+(Êq1×Öt3h ÏP g r t3h Ï tO$3%'_/21,7,.6V-9++(-aÊq1+6b&N(%(©7,.Q †Øcd%Ù$&N6©¿,7Q7-9Ô ·
ª%(65N1z
©¿Q cd%Œ§ 1½Ú7ÛÜWÝ.‡
Þ %b36$3c2-9N(©¿5]Q cd6^6$&-A%9$&%('*)+,.-,.%96,7,.1`5])],.%9-9+9ß‘àŒ‡ ጇ â¸`51+b3-·
'*68%5 b&)%2%+2$3)]\V6$&1¨ã %5 %(5]~q$31'_'*68- '*%(-0)]5 /2$36·
N¯ 0 PN (f) (
N 7
© Q
b&1'*'_6V1$&~6cd%b36V|9%-95]b&6×b365¦c215]'_%,.†äcd%å/26,715]ª- ;–æ ×
K M
L 
N 
P Q >
__ °f
2
°f¯ Y Ü ¸1^'_18%(+du]+(,7$36^c2%2$&%(b31ª½%65]1^€]-¨)]5-¨$3%('*/d6'_,7-v%(5 $31„9)]15]· ¼ 
N 
P Q
−f ¯ 0
ªR -f)]5]%(,.-$&%(- - ¼ $&1„)]15]ª½-V/26$&,¿-5],.1½¸Œ6'_'*%(- >èç ¸
0
N¯ 0 P± (f) BN
@
ν
__
2 f -+(+6$&-j'_%Ù6,.,7%(151Vb€]1a§½À 1a§Æ I
K M
L y
N P
$&%('*)+,.-5:6 1'_'*1$_R 1fcd)]1 3
Q I
−f ¯ 0 f ¯0 µ /2$36b31`'*'_%=b365~q%()]5,7-\V15],.N(1V ©¿Q ~-)]'_'*N(©¿%(-Q 5]%(¸m1$3~q6c2%(b&%(¸=-é\V1c2%(-
P± ν³ (f)=P± ν² (f)=2P± ν+(f+f´ 0 )
N¯ 0 c s 5])]+(+º-
1c×)]~)]-+(1…Êq-9$&%(-5:ª-
}y1z/26,715]ª-9

ê <Òë > ê <.ì >Ì;=<…> ?¨@íX8Y

f
BN R R
î 1$3,7-95],76½¸o5]1+b3-'*6{%50b&)%q'_%6/21$*%)]5]-™c21\V6cŸ)+-ª½%65]1ƒb&61`$&15],.1‚%5 ¼ -9'*1ƒ1c¨%(50„)]-9c2$3-,7)$&-
c21+'_1~5]-9+1
$&%(b&1Êq),76½¸£5]1+(+1
b&6\V/26515,7%£-5-+(6~q%(b€]10$&%('*)+,.-5,7%Œ'_-$3-5]56
/d$&1'*1`5],.%Œ%£,71$&\V%(5]%
-cdc2%(,7%(Êq%]§À 1
§Æ ¸915],.$3-\V|%:c2%:/26,71`5ª- ;=<z> ?¨@3X^Y ‡
N(©¿Q N©¿Q
 ½ïñð9ïGò }ƒó~=ôõAö:÷ {mø ÷åùzóƒú–ú–óJô]}õTŒûé÷ð1÷ {=ø ÷ŸõAû ü9üý

|‚ƒTþ ÿ
˜ 
 
w˜ 



!#"$&%')(+*,%-".0/)'&".%-12123".*4365798:12"')0;</>= B
$C".D*,E.FG/>EIHJK;2/LM3#;<(J')%NO/>3FJQPSR T#D12"U/)= B x c(t) + νc (t)
LM/)%LM3/>'VD#W&FJ%')LM3#;<(J')%*,3FJ/X*,".LM/)FJ/X;<#')= x(t) + ν (t)
@ ?
')YD(J6EU3#LM1<3#FJFJ*4/G%-FJ%&'>3WC/)EIHJ x(t) + n(t)
A?
2 cos ω0t

B
H R (f)
2 sin ω0 t
Z2[]\_^>`4abcZ2dJ^)`,aCeIf#g-h!ij`klZ+m!^>`,a&g,npoh!ij` xs (t) + νs (t)

q 1<#"U%FJ;<3r(JFG%s;<#LM3;2(G'>%-N /)3#FJEU3#".XFG*,;2'

DWCFG%') Z ^)`,a %tutv*,*w3s;2%x"U(JLM3#"UYy-/>%-FJEU36z ^)`4a Y{G'>*4".%-*,3s;2M%   ^  a EU3#LMY/>F{JW&(J"U%T&D/+3*4*,XFJW&3#=
FJ3Y'>6;<(J6EU3#L123XFJFJ*4/]%-FJ%'|3WC/)EIHJ12"}/)']D#W&FJ%')6;<#LM3;2(J')%*432~€ º m!dJ^)^)`4`4a 
a
b Z2dJ^>`,aG‚„ƒ dJ^)`,a
b Z+m!^>`4aG‚
ƒmS^)`,a†…
‡ˆ"U%Q')%Q123*,FJN %‰;2#'GDWCFJ%-'>Y"./)E.$C(G*,3 Š(G#')'>%‹;2'>')6D(J6Œ … P … ;</] …º Ž2… D(JDD/)D*,<‘')%Q".'>%-N /)3#FG2~
’‘“ b•–” ’€“U— ‚˜–” ’€“.™ …
š›‘œžœŸš  ¢¡]£C¤-¥‹¦+§„¨©ª-¤-«ˆ¥‹§]¬¤­¤­¨©r®<¯°˜¡]®±¤l¨0¡]² ¡„¨r¤°˜¡ˆ¨¯³¬§ˆ¦X©O¡]¥‹¤Sœ‘´µ9¶
·x'EU%D3‰;2/LM3;2(G'>%-N /)3#FG‹PSR T±D/>%-LM3‰/)FJ*4#"U#DD%*4/ˆ%-'>')%D3#')%EU3#LM1<3#FJFJ*4¢/>Fltv%-DOTEIHJQ¸¢D(Jtu=
{JEU/)#FJ*4¹%ºtu3#"UFJ/)".¼» ^)`4aw½ /)'"U%121<3#"U*w3*4".% ’“U— ’‘¾¿— tu3#"FG/>"UÀ­;<(JFJŠ-(+¹/>'$C%')3".;</s5798ÁEIHJ
D*4/)%LM3‹E."E.%-FJ;23 … ˆ%K*4%y'>')%MEIHJ‰DWC(J‰LM3#D*,"U%/±$C%')3#"U/±;2#')')QEU3#LM123XFG#FG*,/±;2/±DWCFG%')‰Q;</
"U(JLM3#"UOT±%DD/)#LM‹%')'>‹"./)D12#*4*,/)$&Q123*,XFGN ‹#D12".DD¢/)Fltu(JFGN /)3#FJ‹;2/±(JFG%LM;2#D/)LM%M123*,FJNO%
;2/+LM#DD%-WCW&/>3 ’‘Â T-12"}*,"U6EU%D/];</]LM3;2(G'>%NO/)3#FJPSR T;2/+E.(G/];</>DE.(G*,/)%LM3³/>FG;2/)$C/|;2(G%')LM#FG*, …
Z2dJ^)`,a Z]mS^)`,a ’‘“U— ’‘“ ÃsÄ ’¾¿—
ÅÆÈÇGÉ4Ê.Ë ^>`,a » Ì ’  – ” ’  Í#Î Í#Î 7 i
ÅÆÈÇGÉ4Ê.Ï Ð Ñ ^uÒOÓ0‚ » ^)`4a4a Ì ÑQÔ Ò Ó– ‚ ’‘Â}Õ –” ÑQÔ Ò Ó– ‚ ’€ÂÕ b –” ’€Â Í#Î Í#Î 7 i
ÅÆÈÖÉ4Ê.Ë × ” – » ^>`,a Ø × ” –» Ù ^)`,a –” ’‘Â –” ’‘Â Î Î 7 i
Úr/)D1<#*4*,3%')'|%¼FG3#*4%NO/>3FJ%;<3#*4*,%-*,%¼%'ˆÛr%-12/)*,3'>3 ý TˆD/E.3FJD/>;<#"%¹3".%¼/)'*,".LM/)FJÜVÝx/)FJW&'|3#=
y%-*,3 /)F9» ^>`,a T] Š(G/|FJ;2/GFJ3#F9$C/);2#FGN /)%*43/)F9*4%y-#')'>% …SÞ FG3#')*,"UOT]'>%¢y-%FJ;<%Q;2/S"U(JLM3". Ã‹Ä 1<".D%
/)F†EU3#FGD/);2".%-N /)3#FGFG#')'>%¹*4%y-#')'>%9¸Qßvà­áMâuãJâuáMàä1<3#DD/)y/)'>OTˆ12%-"./€%9Š(J'>')%¹;2'€DWCFJ%-'>LM3;2(J=
')%*43 Ãså2æ T;2/)".*,*ç%LM#FG*,')#W&%*4%¹èvFG#')'>%¹LM3;2(J')%NO/)3#FJQPSR é%¹Š-(J#')')%¹;2#'ˆD#W&FJ%-'>¢LM3;2(J')%FG*,
ê Î … !#"U*,%-FJ*43OT!/!"./)D(G'>*4%*4/!EUHG‰3*,*4#""U#LM3‹D3FJ3âˆáMâìëJßuâuí#îUâ1<3#DD/)y/)'>/4~!/)FJtu%*,*4/)TJD ÃÄðïñóå<æ T
')òì57¹8_"U/)D(J')*4#"UÀ¹12#W&WC/)3#"U … ˆ"U#EU/>D/)%LM3¢/)FJ{JFGQEIHJFJ'>')%M$&%')(J*4%N/)3#FJ¢;<#')')òì5798ñEIHJD#W&(JOT
EU/JD/G"./)tv"./)ÄJDõ E.xDLM12"U‹%-;(JFG%QLM#;<#D/)LM%¢123*,VFJN %‰"./)E.$C(G*,% ’“ %;K(GFJ%Q;2FJD/>*4À¢;2/J"U(JLM3".
’‘ó ^vôJab – T<%')'|36DE.3123;</]"U#FG;2".EU3#FJtu"U3XFJ*4%y/|')/+/]"U/)D(J')*4%*,/ …
ö#÷±ø ù±øpö<øŸö úYûýü¹þ ÿ

/-HJ% ’“U— b ’‘ ’€“ b –” ’‘ ½ ;23123s;2LM3#;2(G'>%-N /)3#FG}/>'-DWCFJ%-'> º dJ^)`,aˆb Z2dJ^)`,a#‚ƒ d]^)`,a 1<".DXFG*,%
;2(GFJŠ(+¼(JFG%†1<3#*4#FJNO%ä;2/}DWCFG%')¼(G*,/)') ’0“ — b ’‘ b Í ’€“ èuE.3F ’“ 12%-"./0%-'>')%:123*,FJNO%„;<#'


DWCFG%')Y"U/>EU#$&(J*43#éJ#;(GFJ%‹1<3#*4XFJNO%‹;</]"U(JLM3". ’ ¾¿— b Í#Î 7 i ½ ;<(JFJŠ-(Js(JF

5798 b ’€’ “¾¿—— b Í#Î ’‘ 7 i b Î ’€7 “ i b 5798 i
/)FEU(J/+FJ'>')ò (J'|*,/)LM%‰WC(G%WC')/|%FGN %xD/+;2{JFG/>DE.<~
 
  
 "!#%$ — õ ™
 & '#(*)+$ õ
-, . /
 010 ,  0202
354"1316%0  789::0;<;=
 0>
 ü?'@ 9õ ò ÷ôCB=ú9BEDF ïGòHG ó=I=ôõAö:÷-B ø ÷mùzó{ú[úóJô
A G õJIûé÷IKI÷-B ø ÷ÙûLB=ùNM ú:õ
ôŸó

%YW&".%-FJ;2N NO%‹5798 ¸};2#{GFJ/)*,%³E.3LMîUà ±íXî í ¿ëGãJà2ß î CáMí#î Uí#ã

Uã CâuíãJà2ß T&;‰¸/)'"U%121<3#"U*,3s*4".% ')% í Ui ã &à Gâ ÈëJãGà2ß ‘î.â í³'>% ±í .ã Cà Jâ<î &áMí#î

+OQPSR'TVUXWZY[UC\]^TVUX_a`bYdc e[e f <gh hi kj hCl ai

âvã CãJà à2ã Jà à2îUâSà Ußußvà UßSá Uà#ë&ëJâuí Jâ à2ã +à à …

m h n h Xe ofbh n Qp Zgh h lh m jf &e fqh rn sp j h

tj vu ap we NxKjh vpVh yhgg Jp au ap zu [gh {

q DD".$&/>%-LM3;2(JFGŠ(+ EUHG'>%‰LM3#;2(G'>%-N /)3#FGY ‘= FJ3F¹%')*,".%¢/)'G"U%1<123#"U*43K5798 i èv¸6E.3LMxD

/)'12"U3#E#DD3;2/LM3#;2(G'>%-N /)3#FGQtu3#DDK%DD#FG*,é … ·x3#*4/>%-LM3¢/>FG{JFJ‰èvŠ-(J#D*,3¸$&%')/|;23%FJEIHG¢12#"
}|[~ q[€

/±E.%-D/±EUHG‰D#W&(J3#FG3#éˆEUHGM5798 1<( ‰"U/)tv"./)"UD /±/)FJ;</>tutu#"U#FG*,LMXFJ*4‰D/>%%')'>x123å *,XFGN x;2/±DWCFG%'>

EIHJ6%‹Š(J'>')s;2/)D1<3#FJ/)y/)')/2èv$&#;2/+Ûr%-1 … ü éuT-/>FKŠ(G%F+*,3‹57¹8 i0b ÄJõ b ÄGõ å b
V
ˆ‡

…
…9‰
ƒ'„ ƒ'„ Z† ‡ „
… … …=‰^Š
}‚ †

ö#÷±ø ù±øpö<øžù úYû ¹þ ÿ 9‹

Þ#;FlŠZ+(GmS#D^)`,a *,3‹;2$E.C%-3DFJ3OT!361<D#"YD#"3#U*41*,XF2G3##"DU*4‰(1J2%FG"U% /]’% “ × ” b » –” ^)’‘`4a (J× W&” (+» %'>‹%^)`,a T-'!".EU/)%D1<D3‹#*4 *w/)$C‘%=L#F-GT!*,'>è‹Eu.$C3;LM212/ 3FJý FJ*,/ é ZGdG^>`,a
}|[~ q[€

– D#W&(J– /)Ù *,3x;2'!12"U3#EUXDD3‹;</!;2#LM3;2(G'>%-N /)3#… FG! T… GD… /S3#*4= ZŒ

 ‚

*4/>FJ‰(GF9".(JLM3".‰/>F9y%-FJ;<%Ky-%DxEIHJ‹3#EUE.(G12%M%-FJEU3#"U%
Ž

B
(JFG%¢y%FG;2% ÃÄ TGLM%1<3#DD/)#;<‰(GFJ%¢;2FJD/)*4À(GWC(J%-'|‹%
N P (f)  N
__ 0 ν

Š(G#')'|% ;2#'-".(GLM3#"U³% Ž T&/)F¢Š(G%F+*,3s/EU3#FG*,FJ(J*4/<%tu".=

2 f

Š(G#FJNK123D/)*4/>$&KFJWC%-*,/)$CFJ3F:D/D3#$&".%-12123XFGWC3FJ3OT
−f ’‘
0 f 0

EU3#LM6LM3D*4".%-*,3/)FK{JWC(G".% … Úr/)D(J')*,%!~

Pν (f) = Pν (f) 
c s
N 0
 __

5798 b ’‘’‘“U¾ —— b Î –” ’‘7  i b Î ’‘7 “ i b 5798 i

2 f
2B N

Y(JFGŠC(GOT‘D/‘3#*4*,XFGWC3FJ3K12"U#D *4%NO/>3FJ//);2#FG*,/)EIHJ%¼Š(G#')'> /‘FJ3*,/‘EIHJM/)'‘"./)D(G'>*4%*43M¸

$C%-'>/);239D3#')3­D ƒY^)`4a ¸¼#tutvX*4*,/)$&%LM#FG*,¼')/>LM/)*,%-*,39%-'>')%:D3'>%†y%-FJ;2% … ÃYå2æ … ­/)FJtu%*4*4/0D/}tu3#DD
“ }|[~ 

%;<3#*4*,%-*,3¹(GF {J')*,"U3EU3#F y%-FJ;<%l12/ ')%"UWC%-T‘E.3LM¹%;äDLM12/)39(JF å ^vôJa EU3#F Ã Ä b Í#Î TD/



D%-".yy-Y3#*4*4XFJ(J*43 ’¾¿— ^vôJab 7 i T<;5798 "U/>D(J')*,".yy-6;2/)LM#NON %-*,3 …

” –•

ö#÷±ø ù±øpö<ø úYûýü¹þ ÿ

*— ™˜

!#"ý3#*4*,XFG#"U6(JFG%‹1<3#*4#FGN %‰;</]D#W&FJ%')³"./)E.$C(G*,3 ’ “ b•–” ’  (GWC(+%')Y%/+;<(JYEU%D/]1<".E.X;<#FG*,/)TD/

EU3#FJD/>;<#"U%Q')%‹"U/>EU#NO/)3#FJY;2/+(JFMD#W&FJ%')
Z ^)`,aˆb Ð Ñ ^uÒ Ó ‚ » ^>`4a4a&eIf#g<h i ` /)F‹EU(J/ Ñ b Ò Ó– ’€‚  ’‘Â
3#$&$C".3 Ñ ¸1<".312"/)312%"U/%')')ò #tu{JEU/>FJNO%¼;<#')')%9 ‘= }/>FG*,"U3#;<3#*4*w%¼%-' ý … … … !… ·x'‘$&%')(]*4%"U
')òì57¹8}T&tv%-".LM3Y"U/>tu#"U/)LM#FG*,3s%')'>%D3#')%‹EU3#LM1<3#FG#FJ*4Y;</<LM#DD%-WCW&/>3 Ð Ñ » ;2'+D#W&FJ%-'>;2LM3#=
}|[~ q[š HŒ

;2(G'>%-*,3 ’‘“U— T]EIHJxHJ%¢123*,FJNO% Ñ ’‘Â b Í Ñ ’‘“ … %KŠ-(J%&FJ*4/>*4À Ò Ó– D/J"U/>tu#"U/)DEU‰/^))`4FJa tu%*4*,/G%')'>%¢123".*4%FG*,

‚ ‚ 

FJ3FMLM3;2(J')%*4%TC6FG3#Ftv3".FG/>DE.6/)FJtu3".LM%-N /)3#FJ … /+HJ%‹1<#"U*w%FG*,3<~

c

57¹8 b ’€’“¾ —— b Í#Í Î Ñ ’€7 “ i b Ñ Í#Î Í ’‘7 “ i b Ñ 5798 i

Y(JFGŠ&(J¢/)F­Š(G#D*,3¢EU%D3QE.3FJD*,%-*,/)%LM3¢EIHJ‰'>%1<".DFJNO%;2'>')%123".*4%FG*,¢EU3#LM1<3X".*4%(JFG%M"U/>;<(J=
NO/>3FJY;</]1<".D*w%-N /)3#FG/<12"U3#1]"U/>3³12%-"./+%')'>ò tv{GE./)#FGN % Ñ b Ý …
“

œ ƒ'›

õ
žŸ ƒ ›

 q¢¡ ,  £¥¤2a¦. -:

§¤2¨o 37230o4a©'ªw« X¬ . o
­ ,
[¤27878
¯®b°o±®^
,
   , 3 7878
¯²®^0ˆ¤237802 V06% ,
¡²³´ 4

õ
Šk¹
´aµ ·¶o9¸ Jº»:0 09 ,
[¤87878±¼½¿¾ˆ¼ À'Á½¾-Á½o·¼:Ãk;<
²o0 ¬ 2

²
3/
w6
,  3®^03
, 9 ®^ 3®^
v¤2ˆ;=0-¤2. 3
7830 „ 
œ

r¤80 

>Äk , 
  0%486 , 3;< , =©'ªw«s9.  7830 Ť8©ª™« 6% , ;<2  H3®^0  , 
0   0Æ ,
X¤23¡ , :®^
rÇ}À'ÇÈ^¼ÂÊÉ&¾[¼
½¾[¼ Í¼ ½ ¼ ÀÁÈ·Ç·¼ÎqÁ%>
Ë·Ì Ì Ì
 ï 9ïGòHG ó=I=ôõAö:÷-B ø ÷åùzóƒú–ú–óJô
DF ÐÏ G õJIŒûé÷2IKI÷-B ø ÷Hіû ü'?
‚

c ò %F+%')/>D/s{GFŠ(G/sD1<3#D*,% D/³"U/>tu#"U/>DEU†1<#" ä%'³EU%D3º;2/s;2LM3#= 

Ó[ÔaÕ Ö'×-Ø·ÙoÚVÛÝÜÙoÛ ÞÛÚVßàÛ[áQØÚVârÛ ÜÛÝã[Û Þzä}å[æ&çqè[é¯êØ<ÔVêÖëØ Õ9Ó[Û ìyÙoÓ[ÔaÕ Ö'ß8ÙoÞÛ Ò
SNR
Ó[Ø²Ø ÚaâØÕ·ÔVã[ãˆÙ[íïî2Úðß8Ö'Õ±ÜÖê%Ùñ¯ØÕ²êÛ òrÚVÖ'Õ ÛëÓˆÛ ìyÙoÓ[ÔVÕÖßàÙôóõØÕ±ìyÙoÓ[ÔaÕ Ù

Ó[ÛoÕ Õö Ø ÚaâkØ ÕÔVãˆã[Ù±ÜÙoìyã[ÕÛ ê%êÙ ñÙ ârâÛoÞÙ


   
¢ø 
 
Vøú8û
 

÷ùø ú8ûýüÿþ øúàû øúàûþoü ø ú8ûàû øúàû
Ò

 ÛoÕ=ÜÖ'ê%Ù ØÚ ÜÔVØ  øú8û ê%ØÖtãˆØ ÜÜÙoÕ Ùñ=ê%Ø9ã[Ô  Ùoß8ßàÛÚVÛoÞÛ ÔaÚVÖtÖ'ã[ã[ÞÙ êê%Øç
SNR
0

ìyÖ×ØÙ ÚVÛ¯Ü VÛsÜØ1ÞØ ÜÙ ÚaÓ[ÔVÜÛQÖ'Õ}ÜÖ'ê%ÙQãˆÞÛoÜÛkÓ[Û Úaß8Û !Xî2Ú¥ÜÖêÙQÜÙ ÚVßàÞÖ'ÞØÙñ
ê%ÙoÞòÙ ÚaÙyßàÛ Þ%ìyØÚVØ #"%$'&)(&+**,Ý
& ßàÞÖ  ø ú8û Û   øú8û ñXÛoÓëØÚõӈÛ)a
- ÚVØß8ØâÖ Õö .%/10ÿÞØ êÔVÕß8Ö
ã[ÛoòòrØ ÙoÞÛ325ãˆÛ Þ

4Ö'ê%êØ5.%/6087:9ÅÓ[ÛoÕXÜÖêÙ¢Ó[ØXÓ[Ûoìy٠ӈÔVÕ Ö'×-ØÙ ÚaÛzê%ØÚVÜÞÙoÚVÖÝÙ ìyÙoÓ[ØÚVÖñHÜÙoìyÛ§ØÕÕ Ôaê%ßàÞÖ'ß8Ù¢ÚVÛoÕ ÕÖ ÜÔaÞârÖ
ÞØ ãˆÙ Þß8Ö'ß8ÖvÖ;V
- ÖÚaÜÙ!

<=?>A@ BCDFEHG#IKJMLNKOPLRQSDFTUTVDWG#CIKEHXYLEHE%L+NZOPLS[]\

^ ÔVÖ'ÚZÓ[ÙNê%ØÆóvÖ'ÚVÖÕØ·×-×ÖßàÖyÕÖyßàÛ Ü%ÚaØ ÜÖyӈØÆìyÙoÓ[ÔVÕÖ×ØÙ ÚVÛ `_ba¯ñ}ê%ØÆódc5Ö'ß8ßàÙNã[Øfe ârÙ Õß8ÛNÚaÙ ßàÖÞÛNÕ Ö§ê%ÔaÖ

ÜÖÞÖ'ß8ßàÛ ÞØê%ßàØ ÜÖëÚVÙoÚ ÕØ ÚaÛ ÖÞÛ!3g=öZÕÛ ÜØ ßàÙ Öêã[Ûoß8ßàÖÞê%Ø9Ü'a
 ÛPhÔaÛ êß8Ö ÜÖÞÖßàß8ÛoÞØêßØ ÜÖ ÓˆÛ ßàÛ Þ%ìyØÚVØXÓˆÛ Ø
ÞØ êâÙoÕ ßàØjik4Ø×-×ÖrÞÞØflCã[ÛoÞhÔaÖÚZß8Ù±ÞØòÔaÖÞÓ[ÖsÕöm.%/60 ÓˆÛ ÕZê%ÛoòÚaÖÕÛ±Ó[Ûoìy٠ӈÔVÕÖßàÙ[áÛ²Ó[Øf c Öß8ßàØZó±ã[ÞÙ ã+ÞØÙ
ÜÙ êUno’ÚVßàØ ÜØ ãˆØ Ö'ì¢ÙoÚVےӈÔVÛ[á

prq ÖQãˆÙ ßàÛ ÚV×ÖQÓˆÛ Õ+ÞÔVìyÙoÞÛ F(sut3swvxysuz|{'}wÖ'Õ Õö ÖÔaìyÛ Úaß8ÖÞÛ±ÓˆÛ ÕÕÖQã[Ùoß8ÛoÚV×ÖQÞØ ÜÛ ârÔVßàÖ
prq ö .%/10~t3s€usw&+$V‚§Ö'Õ Õö ÖÔaìyÛ Úaß8ÖÞÛ±ÓˆÛ ÕÕÖ`4Ö'ÚVÓ[Ö­Ù ÜÜÔaã[Ö'ß8փ
„#…‡†‰ˆM†Š„ ‹3ŒFŽj%‘“’5Ž”ZŽ’‘#Ž•’HŒ—–V˜•™›šŽjœ;‘3Ÿž
oJÚVÖ'Õ·Ø ××-ØÖìyÙyØ ÚaÚVÖÚZ×Ø ßàÔVßàß8Ù ØÕ9ÜÙ ìyç

ã[ÙoÞßàÖìyÛoÚVßàÙsӈØVÔVÚ ÓˆÛ ìyÙoÓ[ÔVÕÖßàÙ ÞÛ­ÖNÓ[Øç r(t) = x(t) + ν(t)

¡ y(t)
ê%ÜÞØ ìyØÚVÖ'ß8ÙoÞÛ ñ ¢ £hÔVÖ'ÚVÓ[Ù ó ãˆÞÛoê%ÛoÚVßàÛ¥ØÚ d(t)
ØÚVòÞÛ êê%ÙNÔaÚVÖ ãˆÙ ÞßÖÚaß8ÛvÚaÙ ÚëìyÙoÓ[ÔVÕÖßàÖ
H R (f) ___
 
1 __ d ( )
2π kf dt
Ó[ØÆÖìyãˆØ Ûo×-×Ö #¤;¥ ü  ¦§‡¨ êÙ ârÞÖãˆã[Ùoê%ßÖ
BRF W
ÖÓ±ÔVÚ¯ÞÔVìyÙ ÞÛ<òrÖÔVêê%Ø·Ö'ÚVÙÅã[Öêê%Ö'ç 'ÖÚVӈÖaá w4
© øúàûýü ¥1ª«)¬b­ƒ7 ú
a  ø úàû ª«)¬®­ƒ7 ú%¯r  øú8û ¬°²±M­³7 ú
o»ÓˆØcucÛ Þ%ÛoÚV×Ö Ó[ÛoÕ²ÜÖêÙr´a¯ñ±ÙoÞ֖ØÕF-VÕß8ÞÙ~µ·¶ øu¸Vû Õ Ö'ê%ÜØ Ö ã[Öêê%Ö'ÞÛtÔaÚVÖ4ÖÚZÓ[Ö ÓˆØ8cÞÛ)hÔaÛ ÚV×Û
Ó[ØCÛoê%ßàÛÚVêØ ÙoÚVÛzÖÕìyÛoÚVÙzã[ÖÞØCÖÕÕÖ1 4 ÖÚaÓ[Ö Ù ÜÜ%Ôaã[ÖßàÖ Ó[Ö'ÕCê%Û òrÚVÖ'Õ Ûd_ba¯ñCêß8ØìyÖßàÖ Öã[ãˆÕ ØÜÖÚVӈÙzÖÓ
Û êÛ ìyãˆØ Ù±Õ ÖZ$|}A&+w‚¹(sº£‚b$z|&+v£

g=öØ ìyìyÛoÓ[ØÖßàÙvâÛoÞØfV - ÜÖÞÛNÜÙoìyÛNÕÛNÜÙoìyã[Ù ÚaÛ Úaß8ØHÖ'ÚVÖÕÐÙ ç

òØÜVÛ²Ó[Ø'4 Öêê%Ö¾5c ÞÛ)'h ÔVÛ Úa×-Ö­Ó[Ø
_r(t)
© © Vøú8û
À¿ ©  øú8û
ø ú8ûýü » ν¼ s(t)

âÖ'Õ òrÖrÚVÙÂÁ
© Vøú8û ü ¥
Vø ú8û ñ’ÜÙ ì§ÛëìyÙ êß8ÞÖßàÙëÚVÛ ÕÕÖ θ (t)
»
©  øú8û ü   øúàû A ν½ c (t)
-VòrÔVÞÖtÖÃ-VÖÚZÜÙ!  Ù ßàØ Ö'ìyÙ ÜÙoìyÛñùã[ÛoÞzã[ØÜÜÙ ÕØ<âÖ'Õ ÙoÞØ£52 ÞØ êã[Ûoß8ßàÙÝÖÓÄ¥59<Ó[Ø UVø ú8û Û   ø ú8û ñ9Õö ØÚVç
âØÕÔVã[ãˆÙsÜÙ ìyãˆÕÛ ê%êÙQÞØÜÛoâÔVßàÙ
© øú8û ÞØ ìyÖ'Ú+òrÖSài ã[ÞÙ êê%ØìyÙ)= l ÖÕÅài ê%ÛoòÚVÖ'Õ Û+l ©  ø ú8û<ü ¥ZÆ=ÙoìyÛQÚaÙ ßàÙ-ñ
Vøú8û   øúàû
Û 
Ö [
㠈
ã 
Ö 
Þ 8
ß o
Û V
Ú 
ò o
Ù V
Ú Ù Ö [
Ó V
Ô y
Û [
ã 
Þ
Ù %
Ü o
Û %
ê 
ê 9
Ø 
Ü
Ù V
Ú r
ò
Ø a
Ô V
Ú à
ß Öì¢ÛoÚVßàÛ òÖ'ÔVê%êØÖÚaØ ñÅÖ¥ìyÛ Ó[ØÖtÚaÔVÕ·ÕÖtÛ

ÇÉȳÊËfÌAÍAÎ ÏÏÐ%ÑUÒ!Ó®ÔÖՉ×UÕ ØÖÕ ØÖÕ

ÙÛÚ Ð:ÜÝUÞ)ÊˊÏÑßÐËfÎ àÎ ÐáÜ)ÊâҀÑßVÐáÏÊáÜ+àÑ8ãÊáÒ Ò Ñ•ßVÐáÍAÏÑUÜ)ÏfÊ%ÍÎwˊÞ)Ò ÏÑräæå çfè)é:êë çfè é Õ
ç ì çì¹íî
ï#ð!ï ñ!òZóHôõöM÷£öùø#úûPó•ü£ý5þMõ+òZÿ ôö
ô ý5÷H÷%ý õjü%òZþ]ôáþƒþÅôö
ô ö —÷ ò;õjý

 
!
#"$&% '(")$*',+ -/.1032457698:0;2=<>0@?)ACBEDGFH
G
5!8IE9J
KD
!6!K LK!K4K
E-@.9MONPBQDR
)KTSU
WVTOU
D!8IEK!QEXL9YZ
[ 699
)HIEJ9\6!]EKD569H_^`R4:Dba9cedfghicRjifkTlm9nEgopjrqslGBDXHTJDDJtc9m!juqsgopgC
DD
v Yxwzy{T|}ZH~:V)9IEHIE;
)8L8€:y{T|IET‚
)/wzy{T|E 
Oƒ
€zy{T|„'†…ˆ‡L€ y{T|‰‹ŠTŒeŽU'†…‘‡’ € yi{|!’&‰Š‹“}”•Ž—–p‰‹ŠTŒK&Ž‹R'˜’ € y{|!’™1šK›œyœ.}{ž#wzy{T||
Ÿ Y 9 LHIE 8W
 61]_D K!IE‘’ € y{T|!’‚ K 9IEKY
HD„DIEK!61] 88DIEKT B
TVD
6!9IEK!HZ)¡‹DWYKXLDQ¢@y{T|J86!R
)DW
K! K!BQH8—
)£
)Q


¢3yi{|„',¤¥ . ž ¨ º wzy{T|eªE›T«­¬;y®.}{ž#wzy{T||
¦s§ NO© ¦‚§ {
º
61]J KG8¯ LKDT¯KDFHK!J
)\V)!TJ
KD5
)KIE
8DK!E
)5 D—8VV)E6!KIE v YE8
XD@°±²³p´µ&4 v 9K
)J
¶ LU8EYKXD;
)KIE
8D
yi{| ' NO© ¨ º { wzy{T|
º ¦s§
º
·¸¹»º¹»¼ ½ ¾ ¿HÀ‘Á„ÂzÃ;¾¿¿HÀÅÄ)ÆÈÇÉÀ£Ä®Ê
Ë ˆÌ5ÍÎ' Ï£ÑÓ Ð " $&Ñ % 'Ô" $Ñ * 'Ô- . 0 2 DDK!4P6!KIE\KY‚! HT4ÈDÕ  sD8VV)\6!KIEV)DYˆ
D
!8IEK!Q]RIEKÒ
)8D;ÖFFHYTH£ׄVØEV6!69D;
فZڜ9;YWV8ÛQY6!9 9
wzy{T| 'ÎÜOݐ™1ÞTܬ Ùáßž à y{T| y{|Qã ÜO݋™1ÞTܬäßà Ù y{| ã ßà Ù y{T|
ßOâ
Q
)8H8£
Ì “ y ¥ |„' Ù ¨ Ñ Ì$ * y ¥ |„' -/ Ù Ñ
.

[ 6!K!
H
;K!ä6!]DÕ V9K@
£
9 HTäåi LKDT
æç N0 2
HDé
6!9IEK!Kê@KH8 LD¯#IEKDTVD69H9¯D¯YVK
d è
Pν (f) = −−−−−
(k f A)
2
f

HIEVKO
DœXHD/61]xY®
)K! L_VKÈësNO© ¥ 4  LK!
IEKDTVD69H9@DU8U
YSR
)£V)K‚UV)KUyuNO© ¥ | Ñ 4)Y£T³
TKQ61]QDR
)KTSä
)£V)K‚U
)KD£XHD@
IEK
8DHT
f åu61]¯ì8KYTG6!GBG8T‘
)K 8T7D98IEK!Kê3!Y8DT
VH9W
Ñ .
2W

BN Ì$&íy ¥ |„' ¨ Ñ yiNO© ¥ | Ñ Ì “ y ¥ |„',¤ ¥ ª -

yiNO© ¦s§ | ¦‚§ Ù Ñ
¡‹¶O4H9 IEQ61]QDxVT‚OxTTHD;
W98IEK!Q
V
)KIEK
)8D@98DUV)!£
Ñ .
Ì$&íP'Î" $Ñ í '†N îG. ï ¤ ¥ ª - ' Nð -. å‹ôOõZ­ôê
¦s§ Ù Ñ º ¥ y ¦s§ Ù@| Ñ)ñóò
6!8 ñ B@D/F

)KDXD3IE
8DT4K
äD)!8IE9@B3DIELT@_D@FH
)_ L!TØ

D¶D9Q
)!6!KV)KYTä LDD;
D
6!!IEHT9HZ Ë K61] 69;DV)KKOU" $Ñ % 
" $Ñ * YK;9DHT ;DD—RFH
ä024)V)!£x8DDx
DXD@IE
8DHTHZ
ø#úû­ö!ûPó•ü£ý5þMõ+òZÿ ôö
ô5 ý£÷•÷•ý õ ü%òZþœ]ô:þƒþÅôö
ô ÷  ï!ð#ð

ø KIE/8FTD 9
69S
KDD V!IE  vuv K!IE v T H
E—/6!V)KDƒ£D V)K³
KJù9lnxúbhic9a!ajiq‚gˆ
)KD!8IE9_
V_
IEK
)8D û üýtjinEjif5þjia!ù9cRHDD—Õ 8IEKT!
DD
VT
DHXDé96!K L8T3Ì Í ' Ï Ñ Ð Zÿx;YK6!‚
@KY HO—PIEKDPIEV)K!THPBP6!]4
V5 viv KP
DD;
)K! 4‚D;
)KTSQ
)HV)K‚@
)KD!8IE9P
)KIE
8Dé]@8äH
LIET
úbg)m9
g lhujiùlZ


 
 

 KT8
äH
VTO! Ì Í ' ϣР" $&Ñ % 'É" $Ñ * '
- . 0 2 V)KYIEKY H961]4#V)9Ñ Ò\
58 v H³
/IE
8DH£y{T|u4WD v Y!_y{T|œ
KDDÕ W D8VV)69IEVDKY³
G
)KDPYKXDÅ96!K 8T €zy{|3B¯698T7
)DDˆYKIEIE _r(t) _ν (t) ν (t)
s

"  _y{T|Q6!K DÕ WXD7wPy{|Q
K L8‘DÈ98IEK!‘ !VV)K³ θ (t) ϕ (t) A
QHDDUV)K!THQ
WIEV)O ÙQZHڜ9QHDDÕ 8Y69R
D 
α (t) νc (t)

Y69!IEHT9QYWKTK
º y{T| ' NO© ¨ ¦s§ º º { #y y{|žáwzy{||
¡‹D:!VV)K!%  $b' - & B 9‘
)K¶Å6!KIE(  $b' - & ' ) í í 4zC6!8zÌ:$&íUBÅDˆV)KKOˆ
)KDz!8IE9

IEK
)8DO4:, 6!D69DHT\ å‹ôOõZ­ôêu4Å- Ì ,UBEDˆV)KK)+O* ˆ
):YKXDE8TDE
IEK
8DHT4:VH9
  yi{|Å' NO© ¦s § 6 Ž
ºyiX{|Å' D;80Ñ /2. 143D@, Ž
_IEy{T|KZ
8Ë DHVT;V)9HIE8GDU6!]V)59V;V)!£ä-
78:9
Ì ,P' >
<y ;)| ;‚4P¯V9T\D‘V)K‚7
)
Ì =Î' 6 ï >
º Ì =7y | @Z ?@8£
)Tƒ
7 ï ¥ º¥
Ì - , Ì =
ð Ì = ¦ §Ñ Ù Ñ
> ð " §Ñ í Ì Í ð
$b-'& ' Ñ
Ì$&í ' Ñ 2  ñ ' ñ Ñ -/. ñ N ' ñ Ñ -. ñ ' A $b-B&3.
ò y 143 Ï | Ð ò
¡‹DW!8D@TK8;6!K v ‚!IExDx69
x viv K!IEO;
)—O@YK)ƒ]U8RnEj dhujil C
m!gnEc!forlÈ9V)KzHDDDÕ $b' - &ˆ6!K KOKD:åiP
8L8z9V)KTPHDDÕ Eü ê‚opgfoplénEgddjilKm!c:H8L³
RVدX!
)RBUDÕ £
)6!R
)bIE
8DHO— A 4œ  LK!GFœþLgfWorlUnEgKdLdjilKm!I c H@huJ g g)ftgElKù!ù‚þYúbgopg

HD£YKXLD3IEK
)8DTHZ

KML N@O  L0P  GQ L R L ¡‹WOT8T4LBéK L P61] ϣР' Ì Í åiD;VTsO396!K L8T;K
!6 IEF/K
_B@IEV!8X8WHD@UH8KDDU
)KDDxV9QKEIEÑ 
8DHTHê@61] 2 )@S 'T$b-'&3.T4)D
!VV)K!TxT!_VT!6!K L8 /VKKO_
98IEK!Qfc9hihigUgftgtc!hœnEc!a9a!gKdL ï djilZü H³
IE 9Å61]JÌ = ¦ §Ñ '>" §Ñ í Z [ 6!K!
IE 61] ¥ ,y{|!VV)9¯D
)K LHOKRYTHWKÅ
)
v 98x!V)KT@
¥ . 4L  LK!;D
K! /
DD v HÈK
 YNO©4HÈTHTxD
v 98RV9T)ƒ
V Ž
¥ , y{| ' ON ¨ © º { ON © ¥ .1{žCNO© ¦s§ î 7 8 9 y<;)| º ;XWZY ¥ .:'˜y ¥ .>Y ¦s§ 9 y{T||[Y ¥ .z' ¦‚§ 9 y{|
º
ڜK!THäb]Å" §Ñ í ' ¦ §Ñ " = Ñ ' ¦ §Ñ >Ì = Y y{|BäEIEK
 8D—DœƒV!6!IE4 " § í !VV)9³
\D¯
K LHOKJYTH
)9

DD v 99 8\TKH4Vä8KYTBE8GX!
)K³
¯í !V)V!‚THT G
)KDD¯DH9XL]OÅ
5F
G
D5XHDIEK
)8DHZ_¡‹¶£4D!VV)K!
\ 3 ' A BRVKYäVH9®DD—Õ 
)6!U
œIEK
)8DOxVK!6Y]]RV)V8TU9HVV)9TJ8IE89

ï H8H£ÈQ L9QDÕ 6!698V)P
)HFH
;
KDHXHDPIE
8DHT4L!YVTPHDD;IEHYIE
v 98 ñ V)9OKT;KDWXD@IE
8DHTHZ
ï#ð@^ ñ!òZóHôõöM÷£öùø#úûPó•ü£ý5þMõ+òZÿ ôö
ô ý5÷H÷%ý õjü%òZþ]ôáþƒþÅôö
ô ö —÷ ò;õjý
ð
KML N@O  L0P  _Q

` L RO
a P $b-'& ' A Ñ $b-'&3.OZ
KIEéLOT8Tz61]z AZb c . 'edXfhgi5RL]3IEXD9HIEK4‚HYYLVKXLXK!œZ
ø
ü ä  6!KÅFHY
)6!£
)IE
8D—KFò FHLIEXLSä LYTQ6!]^` ]R8E6!KIEV)‚9IE6!]
V8ہH L 69W!R8DDQDKH9
)KDDÕ j`/4
)8H8Q6!V)KYIE³i9V)9‚
9Hð Zk;Õ HD9
VH94 $b' - & V)8ÛUIEXLDK!!Uåiä
)œIEKDTê6!K Ael c . ƒb
EKYKIEV4œY A m ' gmn A Ñ o ' i2g
DTGIEKXLD4:K  LK!C2ô pq4 psr‘
tÉ
zIEXLD—9HIEK u‘ò ¡ 6!KIEV)KY4PDˆ9XD7
)  H9YKì6!

6!U61]xDFH
) K6!698V8IE
6!!69ÅN:y A ž ¨ |z' ¨ NQ KDUH8KDD
FH
)_FHYHZ­Z Z

88WÈDHIEXD9HIEKTP
) Ë øx[   L:gxaeúbc!a9ctc!hihwv lKù!ùsþúbgRxjilKfctjHgftgZLåwy„Q69K
V!K66!8VVQDU9HIEYKœ LHTDDT4¯8LR6!Õ BR!8U
 v 98R\
) LK!TS

WYVê‹Z
ڜK9FFÅ97YKIEF!!Å61]GVY#H8IE!G
¶THI A åuK:DIE:
)KDD
FH

VFD—Kê3V)K_IEXD9H9Å‘V)H699¯DzÕ $b' - &xZ\¡ì!KHDS‘ìB¯6!K| {4é
HTG61]G

876!KEV)8DÕ WD vuv ‚T8T¯V9

)E LD
)SœMZ ?@8KYTJ6!69H
JVK!61] ] Y A BJT!KV)V£
KD 4)696!‚9!Q61]@DxFH
/
)£!8IE9Q
)KDW96!K K!QxVØJHIEVUåiKY
;8IE
DJFH
)J
)KD®XHDUIEK
)8DKê„RV96YÛU\Yb LK!¶69JVØ\61]_Ì Í ' Ï Ñ Ð Ò " $&Ñ % ' " $Ñ * '
-/.}0@2QZXy Q6!KKXL8;
W8KYT v HTQ 9!QDD8W9HT!RF!K LHZ
} RN 0L ~sL0P
2€ ƒ‚++„†…:‡ˆI„a‰ +ŠŒ‹>X„q„a€ „†…‰ :Žh‘s…ˆ_’2…X„qˆ“a'„a‰ +ŠŒ‹>sŠ<Š<•”–—+„†„[˜Š<s™šˆœ› Z‹>…X‚œ‡R› `ˆ„†%ž Ÿ¢¡#£šs…ˆ
¤ œˆ‚
¦¥[§B¨˜¥ ©«ªœ­¬2“®R¯sˆs…› › s™X`‹>ˆ„q…°s…ˆ+„†„qˆ‡+“€ …ˆ°‚œ€ ŠŒ’2…ˆ€ ¤ € › ­± í² ”´³µ³‚œ¶› …·€ ˆ„†‰ ¸¹
s€ 

‚_‡ˆº‰z€ s»s€ „†…‰ ­s…ˆ¼„q‹½’2‰ +„a‡‰ I‚`€<Š«€ Š<„†‹ G¾2¿<À ²¼ÁµÂ ³|³°Ã4Ä2®ÆÅR…› ˆ‚
…‡Rˆ¼2ÇÈ ²`É ³>‚`¶ËÊ0sœ› s…› œ‰ Ì
Í<Î˜Ï ›´¸Ð+„q„Ñ…‰ Ò‚œ€h‰z‡R‹>…‰ Ò‚+›0‰¢€ s»€ „†…‰ ¦€ ˆ[‚œ¶hÓ
Ô Î˜Ï ›«‹Õ€ ˆ€ ‹>…Õ»œ› …‰ Ò‚
› › ֆ€ ˆ‚œ€ s­‚œ€Œ‹>…X‚œ‡› +“€ …ˆ­M›  ¤ œˆ‚+I…Xs‡’2+„q·×‰ 
‚œ€ …X¸#‰ s؜‡ˆ“aM§`ÙÛÚRÓ
Ü Î 4¦€ ›<»œ› …‰ Õ‚œ€aݽˆ…ˆ[Š«€ "„a‰ …’+’2…Õ™š‰ œˆ‚+Ê0Ò؜‡`› ÒŠŒ€ _€ ›<ŠŒ‡…‹ 
Š´ŠŒ€ ‹>…­»œ› …‰ sÓ
ÞËÎ˜Ï ›«ˆ‡…»…Õ»œ› …‰ "ÝߢÊ0Š<ÕŠ«€«‰z€ œàR€ X‚+—‚`€<¸¹…‰¢ˆ€ ‰ Ò`›<s…› › X™Xœ‹>ˆ„q…M‡ˆº‹`‰ ™œ€ ˆ­‚œ€ Á|á ‚œ¶â®
 P
O ~sLÆP 
Í<ÎG㠇XŠ<„qG‚+…‹ œˆ‚+G»G+¸¹¸#‰ …ˆ„†+„qG‚+…’2…×› …IŠ<„a‡‚œ€ …"‚
›ws`’+€ „q…› …·Š«‡›4‰¢‡‹>…‰ I„†‰¢‹Õ€ s…Ê4‚+…Û»µIä‹>…Xå
Š<„‰ 
„q…_àU¾ ¿<æ ¨ç¾  Ÿ†è˜é©Œ£
êU¾ë%¨ç¾  è'Š<U¾ë%¨ç¾  Ӂ+Š<ŠŒ‡‹Õ€ œ‹>…!Ø`‡sŠ<„ֆ€ ’2…X„qXŠ«€â’2‰R»µ‰ !
‚`‡Rˆ؜‡GèJ¨íì4î æ ¨'©0ªÆÓs’2‰ „qœˆ„q…¦è í0𠨃©0ª‚`¶Ë®µñh‰Ë’+‰ …XŠ<s™š‡€ ‰ ¦› Ö XŠ´‰ € “€ …­s…ˆ°› ¦ˆ…X“€ …ˆ€óò∼؜‡€

s؜‡R€ ŠŒ€ „qÊƍXŠŒ’+쌛 € ï € „a€ œ‹>…Ґà½ôõ[ŸóöR£
¨ç÷ ï ¨ùø ¾ ¿<À ¨eø ©ý þÿ ©0
ª Ð   ª ª ùø  ©« ª Ð  –—+„†„
¬R“®
Ðë  еú Ðüû û û Ðû û 
Ô Î  ¨çþŒÝ Ð   ¨çþhÝ Ð ¨çþhÝ Ð  ð Ó`€ ›Œ»œ› …‰ BˆR‡‹>‰z€ s…!‚œ€  ‰z€ ŠŒ‡R› „†:©0ª  ï ¨‘©0ª"!hÊ
÷ ï  &% (' ÷ ï
‹-ˆ„‰ I؜‡› › …I‚œ€h± í äU©0$ª # ï ¨:©«ª ø  ½Øœ‡€ ˆ‚`*€ ) í ¨:&© +Ʊ í ¨5©0ª ø  ®h…XŠ<„a€ „‡ˆ‚
…×€a»œ› …‰z€ ʝs‚
ð
€ ˆ» ‰ „qˆ‚
…M› U‰ › 
“€ …ˆüʌŠŒ€#…X„q„€ ˆ"-Ý , À õº/ ¨ . 0  ÷ 1 $Ù 1 ÷ ë ï  ¨ . ø 43 1 ! 11 ø 6655
7 ïï 1 ø 8 ¨Jþ|ý 9;:=® < ’+’+› € sœˆ‚+…
ø
`›Œ‰ s™@…› I‚`?€ >œ‰ Š<…ˆº’2‰â›  ¤ œˆ‚+œÌ2§[Ù@ Ú   § 2 Ÿ¢Ýº êשŒ£
¨  ©«"ª A  ý 9;:¨  ý þ ©«"ª Aœ¨  þ¼­¬2“®
Ü Î ñh‰ ;à BB› Ö¹œˆœ› € ŠŒ€Š´» …› „†˜ ¤
¤ € ˜»œ› …‰ ÊR‚
» ƒ‰¢€ Š«‡› „qû œ‰ D  C F Ù EHûG "õ Ð I ¨ û G ;õ Ð J ¨  û  § ÷ ¨   § ÙÚ ¨
 ©«ª Ð   ý þ ©0ª A ¨ þ|ý K  ©«ª ø Ð –—+„†„aÊ@‹ ƒ’2…€ àL ä CGÙB¨ 2M  ¨  ø ï ¨T©«ª ø  ÊˊŒ€âà 7  I ¨
û 5 ï û û û
Á Q ø N O
ø 
6P A Ð ø  5 7
1 ¨  9® Ï ›ó»`› …‰ —‚`€ ´
Š X
…

‚ œ
‚ € <
Š ¹
¸ Õ
 œ
Ø 
‡ € 
ˆ œ
‚ 0
€ +
’ € 
 
ˆ œ
 >
‹ 
 4
ˆ q
„ G
 › ¹
Ö s
 Œ
Š € @
™ 
 
ˆ a
“ Ò‚œ"€ RSUTVXWY[Z&YRV(T\ Y@®âñh‰
„‰ …Û»œ‰ ½Ý(][^ S ÊaŠ<‰z€ »€ œ‹-…—œ› › …‰ "Ý=][^ ` S _ C·Ù½¨'©«ª G õ;Ð I ¨'©0ª   û §[ÙÚ·¨'©«ª û   û  § û Ÿ¢Ý(]^ S êשŒ£wÊ
­‚œ‡ˆØœ‡"XÝ ]^ S ¨  1  1 ð 馩œ¨ a ø 1  65 5 ï 7 馩œ¨ƒ©  û ý :œéM©œ¨'©û ©ý :Ê«" ‡R€#s…‰D‰z€ ŠŒ’2…ˆ‚+‡Rˆ ¤ œˆ‚

§ ÙÚ ¨  § ŸqÝ ]^ S ê_ø ©«£÷ ¨ ï Ð  ©«ª A ©  ý :¨ ø  :4ªœÒ=¬ bËÊws‚·‡ˆ™š‡+‚
+™šˆ…°‚œ€  ¨'©«ª ced ø  þŒÝ ][ Ð ^S  9
‚`¶ËÊ|‹>ˆ„‰ Òû s…ˆ ݽˆ…‹Õ€ ˆ`û › ­ŠŒ€Ñû Š<œ‰  ¤+¤ Ò…X„q„†ˆ‡„†…_©0ªfced ø hg þ þ|ý 9;: Ð*i ¨ƒ©j9‚œ¶â®
û
ÞËÎ ¯Xˆ—‹ œ‰ ™š€ ˆÕ‚`€ Á|á ‚`¶[s؜‡€ »œ› ½G¸¹`‰¸#‰ …ˆ„qI+‚˜‡ˆ·+„†„qˆ‡+“€ …ˆ½ŠŒ‡R’+’
› ‹>ˆ„q`‰ M±šíß ¨Z©«ª Ð P k ¨
þ|l© 9 »…› „q®Gñ2‰ …Û»s€ `‹>…U+‚˜…X„†„qˆ‰ ƒ› …UŠ<„qXŠ´Š<…  s…ˆM‡ˆ¦ˆ‡…Û»…×»œ› …‰ JÝßqÌ  ¨ ©0"ª !G¨
ë «ë m
þhÝß Ð  ð  ¨íþhÝ Ð(2 ë o ð  n m 7 )`íß Ós‚`‡Rˆ؜‡¦‚
» ˜‰z€ ŠŒ‡R› „q`‰  n m 7 )`íß ¨e©¦Øœ‡€ ˆ‚`€4Ýsß Ð ¨ZÝ Ð . ë ø m ¨

÷ ï ÷ ï n7 n 7
ø#úû­ö!ûPó•ü£ý5þMõ+òZÿ ôö
ô5 ý£÷•÷•ý õ ü%òZþœ]ô:þƒþÅôö
ô ÷  ï!ð r

þ|ý 9;:"p þµ©l9¨Bþµý 9;: ©&K ý K ¨q9  ý ÿ4ÿ>®¹®Ð®Ð®Ûˆ…ˆ[s› I¸Ð+s€ œ‹>…® Ï ˆ¸¹
„q„a€ Ê«`›h’+€ rtsАs…ˆ Ý"¨UÝ 
] ^ S ¨ ©©4ý :vu@Š«€
à×‡Rˆ°‹ œ‰ ™š€ ˆÒ‚œû €Ë”´³>‚`¶Ë®

· ¸¹»º¹»º ½ ¾ ¿HÀ‘Á„ÊwYÊxP¾zyÀGÄ)ÆÈÇÉÀ£Ä®Ê
?;8HD—K!JD LDK!/ v ¶6!6!x
)KDœ!8IEK!/ÅXL9Y/D
)Y69!IET9xY 6!K v !KTFHD/6!K
8KDD3
DYKXLD;8TD;!6!K L84)W LK!¶69R8E vuv K‹TQYKXLDxDDÕ H8IEKTH9@
D!8IEK!4
DzÕ $bB - &
X!
UIEKDT;9HV
IEZ
[ V!K
)K
;D@61]IEU61]@IEKYT!RDÕ W D8VV)@6!KIE³
VDKYG
)KDD‘V)K!TH¯KìIE
8D#Ùz4:
)KDé!8IEK!G
X!KY ß y{|u4®ä
)KD„YKXLHDU969 8T_€ yi{|u4œTIEU61]
Uœ HD9œ v ¶696!œ
bV)9IEœ
8UU69IEV!FHD—4V)8Û _ν ~(t)
9¶6!!WD£6!Y;61]€ y{T|98K)g)oroplm9flUHDDÕ 9XHZ r(t)
_ } |(t)
?;8H£
)J6!ÛJY 9¶6!4„Å DD_
KD
)K! K!E61]B θ
{
V!KY‚ D 
6!!IEHT9_b
T‚!IE 8Gù9hiju"ù ‚4 ³ A
9/8 XHDQIEV)8D— /
)!K V)!ENO©4W6!KIE/DD8³
!UKDDä¶X89 YKX8KTH`Z ?;8 v UB v 6!DIEKT
9¶6!FHD4Y69D
);8U!
)@û ü FH9
6!YT4H61]Q €
θ(t)
6!K
)K
69HT L‘969OKÅIE v  Dˆ6!KIEV)! 2 π 

W898IEK!4V)V8T4IEV)8D sZ
EDDÕ L8IE9@
DDxVKKOU
98IEK!48IKTUD t
v 98R6!KEDx8HD;€ y{|ÖTXLX9H× DÕ K!XL4@V9H³ € (t)
JH8IEKTÅD v !KH8KOÅ
)K„ù!huji"ù ‚W4561]JK
KJGV)9³ θ
d___

89!8J69!KV£& ƒQ
)YTWTHZ Ë B;T!K LT/61]H8Q v ³ dt

v KT@IE v xUVH993

/8B  $b'- &á
)X!KY3VH9
\ôOõ 
t54WxV·$„B - & V)KXXL!®
)THD/ LDK!UDÕ  viv TRH8³ t

IEKT\IEKDTJ9HV
HIEK4696!6!]B VH9D\
)5 viv ‚T
XDœZ
ø KDXL9H¶69È61]@X83B3!V)K!@8 TV693
HIEKÈ
DDDÕ $„B - &C
)KV@
IEK
)8DO4
6!K DÕ W
69È
)HIEK
)8D—K A 61]È LKDXzD98KDP
V)!IEK!O4PV)KYIEPYK! !È69IE
6!K 8ƒ  $b'- &ì
)£XL9YQ v K!9;DDxXDH4D;V)9W
X!
;9HV
IEZ
Ë bBR9‚ LTU61]ä
)KIE
£8D
ä6!Kˆ8\¼Ú yy 4—61]Bä6!K
‡‰ˆ‹ŠŒ?Ž’‘’Œ4“LŒ?ˆ‰”•&–(‘ —™˜š?”›Ž
–Xœš4Œ?”Ž
Œž‘ Œ?Š‡‰’—`”› Œ?‘’ ” Ÿ›Š¡¢ „
SNR
£ —Xš?š?”¥¤‘’”•lŒ4’”¥’–X“L‡‰ˆ¦—tŒ?šŽ
—Xœ$ˆ¦”š?—ŠfŒ‘’‡‰“L–X‘’—§¤‡¦¨§—XŽ
Ž—(‘ —’–X©
Ž•lŒ?•&‡¦Œ4•l–@Š”ª‡¦ˆ‰”Œ?ˆ‰•l—X‘’«—(‘ —ˆ‰¬=”›Š–(­$‡‰•l”ª”Š®‡¦ˆ‰” —(“LŒ4•l•&—(ˆ‰•l—¯”ŠŒ?”© β
’—Xˆ‰•l—±°–(ŽŽ
Œ4”®’–XˆD‡‰ˆ¦”®¤f–X‘’•&”ˆ‰•l—›¤f‘ –(ŽŽ
Œ4“L”®”š?š?”ªˆ‰–XŽ
•l‘ ”²’³¦—@´’µX¶
·-¸’¹º µ(»½¼$¾ ¹ ˜‰–(­$­—X‘’–›”Š–X•l•&”‹‡‰ˆ¿Œ?ˆ‰ŠfŒ4’—±ŠŒ2“L–XŠf‡‰š?”¬™ŒÀ–Xˆ¦—›•l‘ –(¤¤f–
—Xš?—(­$”•l–™˜—XŠªŒ4ˆ¦­$”Š—¥š?”±Á”ˆ¦Š”±Š—Xš?š?—¥—X“LŒ?•l•&—(ˆ‰•lŒ¦’–Xˆ‰•lŒ?œ$‡‰—¢
Soglia P…x
_____
†
N0 BRF
ÂÃÅÄeÆÇÄeÈ ÉÊË(Ì[͙ΥÏÑÐtÏ2Ò6ÏÊÓËXÌ[͐Î

Ô  Á ÁŒÀ”“L–@–(ŽŽ
—X‘­”•l–@;³‰—™˜zŒ4ˆq¤f‘ —(Ž—(ˆ‰¬™”ªŠŒ‰‘’‡‰“L–(‘ —¯ÁŒ?”ˆ¦ –`Œ4ˆ¿Œ?ˆ‰œ$‘’—(ŽŽ–™˜žŒ?š¦‘’‡‰“L–(‘ —±Š–(¤–¯Šf—X“L–X©

Š‡¦š4”¬=ŒÀ–(ˆ‰—§³‰”`‡‰ˆ ”ˆ¦Š”“L—Xˆ‰•l–t¤f”‘ ”Á–(š4Œ? –¢$Õ`‡‰—(Ž•l–§ –(“L¤–(‘ •*”`’³¦—™˜Ž
—§Œ?š“L—XŽ
Ž”œ$œŒ4–“L–XŠ‡¦š4”ˆ‰•l—
ÖØ×?ÙÚ ”$­$—(ŽŽ
—¥‡‰ˆqÛÇÜ ×ÞÝ2Ú ”Ž
‡‰”›­$–Xš?•l”ÁŒ?”ˆž’–=˜fš4ßáàhâDã ×Ý2Ú °Þ”š?š?—`«Þ‘ —(䇉—(ˆ‰¬™—¥¤Œ?åL—(š4—(­$”•&—(²2Ž
”‘’—XÁÁ—
“L–Xš?•l– ¤—(œ$œŒ4–(‘ —™˜æ‘’Œ4Ž
¤—(•&•l–ª”šhŽ‡¦– ­$”š4–(‘ —›¤—X‘¥«‘’—X䇉—Xˆ¦¬=—Œ4ˆ¦«—(‘ Œ?–X‘’Œl¢ £ —Xš?š?”L¤‘’”•lŒ4’”˜2ŽŒæ¤–XŽ
Ž–(ˆ‰–
­$—(‘ Œ?牏’”‘’—¥°Þ”Š —XŽ—(“L¤Œ?–X²2ŒzŽ
—Xœ‡‰—(ˆ‰•&Œž¤‘’–XÁš4—(“LŒlè
éêë ìí@îðï=ñòÇóôòöõ÷™øqî[ùôúûÇñ(í@üžï=òÅý±ïÅþ`úóðóæúÿñzùæí@û
Fï*ûû2ï=òÇý±ï òÇþ§óží›ñzú

 ø KDD3!IEYKH^²„`óåi 6!8)V)Ø 6!HDTD v ‚69 LKXÈIE )8DTH°±
4HIE8DTVD—HT
 v !K8KOä9HIEY6!KIEQ^`˜RFY;) 69ê6!D£HXD£9‚IE DDäFH  
QV)ØJ98IE9
  DDÕ ^`,69IEIEK!6DO4éDPYKXLDGIE )8D¯B\IED V)ØÎ96!69PKK!XáHDDGFY
v !KH8KO4) 8H8£JD5V)9FDKIE D!8IE9 D HTJ7D v 98K\BJXLX!H L
 DWÖFY@XHD×Z
¡‹D„!IE  T8T_69Û 6!KY KDbIE )¶69H9 y{T|u4œˆIE 61] H61]Õ KY V)9 8
V)KTYJÖVH9FHKD69×T4 JV)K5XLX8WX9J8Å!K9 )K³i v 57969OKJåiV)969HIEK
8GKXL9K!4œ  9U8GVHY³iFYêbTHD  9V!!UDÕ K!XLDxHXKIEV)KT!D
DYKXLD3Q9 )K!D    D!8IE9Q8 IE;8 v 9IEHZ
S WVT
 KÅ8ÅV  )8ä69VV£ K v H³ )K v YKH8 ³
 !KYK4£69Y6!699XLU61]UDÕ 8£Y
DJ ˆ vuv ‚T898GT!YIEYK´U ` u¡‹#!KHDS45DG9T  5K v H57BE8  )K! LK
V v ‚TåiDT!IE 8WDDK!KFHF_D_69IEVKKT DXDä v !‚8YGV!KYIEGDD
K!Kêi4) äDxD v !KH8O3YKD;Y@H8KYT3YK3IEXLXK!8 LDK!@IE—IEHZHÚ®9T4
œ!KHDO8\IET   ®IE  8DHO—UÖTIEKא4^` GFHY v !K8KOU´`  v 98K
å WIEKYXLXKêVØJDK HTHZ
Ë  QH86!8Y@D;T6961];!TQ8DK!UDXHD"UT!YIEKT‚!Q v K!IEäIE8³
DY_8IEK!69Uåu  LK!RFL!êZ5¡‹Dœ69KYTäHVVD69HT sRV)8Ûx !H9xY8¯8\Y—KIE
6!£IEKDQIEV)46!KIE _KYKIEV)DR9HIEYK; V)KT!!)Q8IE969#  8  8Y
 v K!IE LRT8RV)KIE8DVDKRTIEV9D$  )„V)& % YK!X„6!IEV)4œD v K!IE
F!K 69Hœ8IE969Påi!! v 69PPKDK LY 4LT!KYT!ÈPDD!K'ê YäVH96!KD!PV8Û
KY9R69THTxDœ69Y KœIE IE4V;IEO  KœH8D8¯6!KIEV)8KQ viv T8_T!IEYK
v
HTIE  T;8 9IEHD6!D—/TD K6!/6!]46!KIEDD89HT V!69( )K4) B V
VHYFH )RQH8  W69V)6!#
 )£9HV)K!Q69 6! )DWK
 WF  UFYHZ

*+*,-* .0/21436587:9<;=/2>6?@14;)ACBED4;=?+9<9<7F?G14;IHJ?LK36?+>69<7

MNM
OPMNOPM QRTSVU
W Õ XÕ Y6-Z\[]^_[:^`bawCdcfehgi\j+kleadmon p2jrqasut<v'w x^]^&yu^z8hY_8h]Y{xK6-]^6\Y}|xZL^&X{Z-Y!~8|[ Z-{o[2xX&X ^&]h€
 [ Z-_Y!‚ƒ^&[]x)„Y!~8Yu{Y~Y8XX& 8 {…^X^&‚ƒ‚=["^ é |[~8~†^„!^&X^  Y!~8^ |xZ‡XY|[ Z-{…Y]{xˆ

‰ Šh‹Œ(Ž ‘l’”“•…–˜—#Ž™›šœhŸž}Ž&…‘‘ [ yux ž}Ž&…‘l’ ¡   ž ¢ Z-xK6-{'¥ƒ¦ Ž Y§(¨© ‘

¢-£N¤
6-[ ]ª^y«YX&[Z\^ ž ¢ |YZ\^hYT¬I­ Ñ |x ZLZ-Y!||Z\x~8x]{Y!Z\xXx/6\^  Z-x„!^]YZ\^xM  d#x®=¯N°
x „!„x ]hx=w]hx ^{x Z-_^]^
|[~8{^w‡±8hx ~†{…Y~†[ X8‚ƒ^&[]x6Y||Y^&Y 6\[_x¯8h]Y²_[8XY!‚ƒ^z[ ]hxª^  Y!~†xƒw‡³  Y 6-^&XxT_[~8{Z\YZ\¯ x 6\[_x
|[~8~†Y$x ~†~8xZ\x:Z-x YX&^‚ƒ‚=Yu{…Y_x ^Y!]h{…x@8]hYU6-[ _E8]hx#_[8XY!‚ƒ^[ ]x"^ Y!_|^&x‚=‚ƒY´
µ¶f¯
°Nxbx ·h]^Y!_[<^&]  Y{…{^s8]~8x¸«]Y€
Xx²» Ž‘ 6\[_x 8h]Î6-[ ^6\x^fX&^] x Y
¼½
¾ „!^|[ XY!Z-x=w 6À¿xIY!~8Y~ 8_x}yuY!X[ Z-^ ºf
¬®^] 6-[ Z-Z\^~8|[(]x ]‚ƒYÁx XX&Å x 6-^  Z-x 0 2f 0

„!^]YuZ-^&x2ÂLxÁ®ow^X~8x¸«]hY!Xx
‰Šh‹ŒÃŽ…‘l’ » Ž&…‘uÄÀÅ •!™Nšœ
³x± 8h^&yuY!Xzx ]h{…xY!XN|Z-Kx 6-x(x]{x=w
xXY Banda Base Modulato Demodulato
~ 8hYŸ_[€x(_[ ) 8XY!‚=^˜[ ]‘ x 6-[ xZ8x ]h{…x cos ω¹ t 2 cosω¹ t
Y«y«y«^x ]hx 6-[ _xªZ-Y!||Z\x~8x(]h{…Y!{[T^]Æ·L¸ 8Z-YN¯ªÇoXÈ~†x ¸u]Y!X0x 8h~ 6-x ]h{…xªY0 Xb_[X&{^&|X&^ 6-Y!{[ Z-x^Èx_[ €
 8hX&Y‚=^z[]x)¿hYx~8|Z\x(~†~8^[ ]hx
É"Ž&…‘l’ʉ2Ž…‘›Ë†ÌVÄÀÅ •™Nšœl’ÍÌ » Ž&‘NË\ÄÀÅ • Ñ ™NšœÎ’ » Ž‘
 » Ž&‘NË8ÄÀÅ •̃™NšÀ
ÏÑÐÒ'Ó&Ó&ÒoÔÖՆ×d؇Ò'Ù Ó&҃ÚÜÛ-ÝÑÞàßzßâá«ãlä†å ß æ›çÞßâá8Û-ß æláçèÀäéàáƒÛ-ÞÑê
éê!ë
éêì ìí@î[ï™ñòÇóôòöõõ=ø òÇþ§ózí¥üzï™òÇý±ú ý4fFúùï™ìí

x))8]±H8x#^&X6-[ ^6-x:^ X&^]xY$» Ž&‘ |8í"x ~†~8x(Z-x)Z-^&[{…{x ]8{[)_x ^&Y]{x)·X{…Z-Y!¸u¸«^z[)|Y!~†~8Y€„Y!~8~†[¯
î ]Y2„ 8h[ ] Y 6-Y!Z-Y!{{…xZ\^~†{o^ 6-Y2^±8hx ~†{…Y2{xK6-]^6\Y³"X Y!] Y_x ]{[36\[~8{Y!]{x#x XX& Y_|^zx ‚ƒ‚=Y2x X€
XY²|[Z\{Y!]{xƒé w 6À¿xª|x Z-_x {{oxT ^ 8{^&X^‚=‚ƒY«Z-xªX&YÁ_Y!~8~†^_YÁ|[{…x]‚ƒYx Xb{…Z-Y!~†_x {{…^{…[(Z-xƒw‡Y||x]Y
^]  x Z-^&[Z\x"Y!Xy«YX&[Z\3 x 6À¿x"^&]h^&‚ƒ^zYY|Z-[ ) 8Z-Z\x  x][ _x]^^^&~†{…[Z\~†^&[]x
¯ y Y!~†|x{…{[#]hx ¸«Y{…^y«[+³"X& x €
Xx yuY!{…Y#K[ 6!68|Y‚=^z[]x+^«„!Y]Yw([y 8{Y:Y!XXz 8~†[f^  [ Z-_x+ [ ]hY:Z-x {{…Y]¸«[X&YZ\^^&]}» Ž‘ 6À¿P x 6-Y 8h€
~8Y] [ 8h]Y$Z-^&) 8‚ƒ^&[]x:~†x ]~†^&„^&Xx:xXX&Y_Y~8~†^&_Y  Z-x ± 8hx ]‚ƒY„!^] Y!Z-^&Yw ]x X 6\Y~8[2^h{…Z-Y!~†_^&~†~8^[ ]hx
~8¯6-Y!]YX& ^ 6-[ ]X^&_^{…Y‚=^z[]^N^N„!Y]YN¯ïNx ZL± 8hx ~†{…^N_[{…^y«^w^XN_x {[ [$³Y!||X&^ 6\Y„!^zXx|Z\^] 6-^&|Y!X€
_x ]h{…x:YX 6-Y!~†[:^ 6-[E _ 8]^ 6\Y‚=^[ ]h^~†Y!{x XX&^{Y!Z-^&w!^&] 6!8^X&Y|[ {x ]h‚=Y^h{Z\Y~8_^~8~†^&[]x:³)X^_^&{Y!{Y$x
XYI„Y!]Y][ƒw
x~8~†x ]h[H± 8x~8{ 8hXz{…^_ Y 6\[]^y«^~†YIY}^y«^~†^&[]x2^N~†|Y!‚ƒ^&[ƒwh^]H± 8Yu]{[XxY]{x ]h]x
^]4Z-^ 6-x ‚ƒ^[ ]x#~8[][  [ Z-{ox _x]{x)^Z-x {{…^y«xƒwx#y«x[ ]hQ [ 8]I~8[X&[#~8Y{…xX&X^{…x¯
ð x 6-Y!Z-Y!{…{x Z-^~8{^ 6À¿x}[Z\Yª^X&—X 8h~8{Z\Y{…x}|[ ~8~†[ ]h[}x ~†~8xZ\xIñ…~†[ yuy«xZ\{^&{x(òf± 8hYuX&[Z\YT^Xl~†x ¸u]Y!Xx}» Ž&…‘
~8^Y#¸ux ]hx Z-Y!{P [ 8{^&X^z‚=‚ƒY!]h[  [Z\_xf []; Y 6\[]$[ 6968h|Y!‚ƒ^z[ ]hx‡^«„!Y!]hYLZ\^[{…{Y!Lw 6-[ _xfY:x~8x_|^[
XY  Y!_^¸«X˜^&Y}_ Y 6\[~8x(]h[Z-^Y!X‚=Y!{[¯lÇ']ª{…Y X 6\Y~8[X&Y}„!Y]Y[ 696!8|Y!{Y4Y  Z\x± 8x]‚ƒx|[ ~†^&{^&yuxZ\^~ 8hX&{Y
|YZ\^uYó© Ž ® ôh‘ w([||^Y)Z-^&~†|x{…{[+Y!LX 6\Y~8[‡^«„Y!]Y"„Y!~†x=wÃQ Y 6\HY 8~†Y"x XX&Y)_[ 8hX&Y‚=^z[]xÈ´
µ¶f¯«Ç']
{Y!X 6-Y!~†[=wX Y!_|^x ‚ƒ‚ƒY$xX
~8x¸«]YX&x:_[ 8hX&Y!{[:][]T³2|^Å % 6\[~8{oY]{xˆ_x ]{Z\x2^Å] 6\[Z\Z†^&~†|[]x]‚ƒY
x¸«X^h^~8{Y!]h{…^ ^õö«H± 8^~8{H± 8x~8{YY!~†~ 8h_x)x ~†Y!{{…Y_x ]{x:^XhyuY!X[ Z-x)xX~8x¸«]hY!Xx#Y{…£^ 6\[Z\Z†^&~†|[]€
x]{xƒw
]xXX& ^]{x Z-y«YX&X[{…Z-Y4) 8x^&~†{…Y]{^
^
õöu± 8^~8{Y~8Y~ 8_x2y«YX&[Z\^
|Z\[[({{…^NYX&X x  x({{…[xX&XY
~8[__Y^{ 8{{…x#X&; x 6\[x:xX&Xx  8h]‚=^[]^ ÷ Ž‘ Z\xX&Y{…^y«x#Y!^~8^_„![X&^{Z\Y~8_x~8~†^…¯

MNM
OPMNOùø ú}ûzüTSlU
ý ^VZ\^  x Z-^&Y_[[ Z-YTY!X„6-Y!~†[^&] 698h^l~8^l[ |x Z-^ÎY!]6-[ Z-YÅ8]hY4þ
ÿ2€ ´
µ¶
YÅ698h^l^Xl{x Z8_^]x  a n

j"kÎeadm'npjrqasut€VþYI|Y!Z-{^&Z-x$Y8]~8x¸«]YX&x» Ž‘ 6\Y!Z-Y!{{…xZ\^‚ƒ‚=Y{…[$Y!XX& 8h~8[^ ^y«x Z-~†^
X^&yux XX&^Ö¯ ð  Y!_|^zx‚=‚ƒYxXÈ~8x¸«]hY!XxT_[ 8hX&Y{…[T~Y8„^&~Y6\x6)8]h±8xy«Y!Z-^&Y‚=^[ ]h^zwÈ_4x ]{Z\xªXY„!Y]Y
[K6!6!8|Y{…Y4³$Z\^[{…{Y^b8h]  Y!{{…[Z8x|Y!Z-^VY Å Ñ l  w|Y!Z-^›Y!XN]8_xZ-[^›„!^{<]x6\x~8~†Y!Z\^VY!^&]h^y«^€
8hY!Z-xQ8]h[#x¸«X^ÁX^&yux XX&^8wx)±8h^z]^|Y!Z-^hY!X Z\Y||[ Z-{…[:{Z\Y  Z-x ±H8x ]h‚=Y„!^]Y!Z-^&Yóé
x  Z\x±8x]‚ƒY
^N~†x ¸u]Y!XY!‚†^[ ]hxIó ’ !#"%$ ¦ ¯(# ' ^
]8h[ yu[=w]xXœ6\Y!~†[^&]¯698h^›» Ž&…‘ ~†^&Y}¸«x]xZ\Y{…[_x ^Y!]h{…x  [Z-_x

Ð &
 []YU6\[]6{…Z-Y!~ [Z\_Y{…YYR6\[~8x][:Z-^&YX&‚ƒYu{…[ƒwXY„Y!]Y[696!8|Y!{Y$Y  Z\x±8x]‚ƒx)|[~8^{^&yux)Z\^~Y8X{…Y

|xZ\{Y!]h{…[:|Y!Z-^Y
) 
’ ó Ž ® ô‘l’  Å Ñ 
ó=©
Ž ® ôh‘
°Nx;6\[]~8^xZ\^Y!_[ ô’ Â8w!|[ ~†~8^Y!_[#x ·h]^Z\xˆ

*,+%-/.103254(687
9;:25<=<>7?@2BA [Cj\shi\a n@DEala s«mGFIHJgIKuaLF(sjM 6-[ _x$^XNZ-Y!||[ Z-{…[{Z\Y4X&Y  Z\x±8x]‚ƒY
„!^]YuZ-^&Yx)XY„!Y]N Y[K6!6!8|Y{…Y
A ’ ó=) © ’  Å Ñ 
O 8x~8{Y~8^x ~†|Z-^&_x#^&]}„!^{QÜP ~†xK63PSR ‚Lx"Z\Y!||Z-x ~†x(]{YY||)8]{[#±H8Yu]{^ „^&{QP ~8x6È~†[ ]["{…Z-Y!~†_x ~†~8^ |xZ
[ ¸u]^; R ‚P8{^&X^‚=‚ƒY«{[¯
ÇoXyuY!X[ Z-x#{Z\[y«Y!{[ A ’  Å Ñ l  w³"X& x  ·6-^x ]‚ƒY2~8|x {o{Z\YX&x,N xX&X µh€ þ8 ±8hYu]N [@8{^&X^‚=‚†Y^&_|)8X~8^
N ^Nõöu±8^~†{Y4„!Y]TN Y4_^]^_IYU |x Z"Y!X{…Z-x  [ Z-_xVN ^N_[IN 8hX&Y‚=^[ ]hx2xP [VN ^›^_|8hX&~†^
~8^N[{…{x ]h¸«[][
Y!X{Z\^y«YX&[Z\^wxI N ^&XX&[Z\[Å6-[]  Z\[]{…[6x ~8|Z\^_xTXYÁ„![]{%WXN x Xb_x{…[N [TZ-^~8|x{…{'[6Y!XX& 8{^&X^&‚ƒ‚†[EN xX&XY
„!Y]N Y4YEN ^~8|[ ~†^&‚ƒ^&[]x¯ZY[ª N x ~†x _|^[ƒw~†x 6-[ ]  Z-[ ]{^Y!_[}^&XVZ\^~Y8X{…Y!{[[{…{x ]8h{…[}[Z\YÅ6-[ ]±8hx XX&[
fl-€Õ†×dg\@co]Ô3k=bb^ ‚jl-ՆÒ`gE×dP_ bÒo^GØib8kƒaM^rs3b8bdc`oc f‘e(ÙI„I_Q_ coÒ…JÙI q fhc›ÔÜÕ}×dÒugj†Gb‡aM'c i=coÙIÎkÓ&bLÒoˆ`×dÙIbd›‰ -l †…ÒoՆÒw×dÓy×d^Gcb b1Ú=sS×dk’ Š Õnˆ Ò†m àb Ն×ÙÙI…^ q ÕoØÈ_pÒob Ô3c‹Ô3bLzŒ
^rqIÜs ^GÒCbIm}^Gbudb Óypt _Ždb lvØ'c ×àm}Óoc ҃×dÚ=cÒ`'^ ^wÒr\ldb ÙIÒÎÑx ՆÔ3bLÓ&_QÓy qb×ùs3Ó&oc ՆÙ{ÔÖÒz| q Ù,gjdb Ù Ó&tÒ'm}Ô3ƒcdb Ó/ڏ_Q_Qbb~oc db Ù5Ó&Óy^Gdb ÒoblJÙ bLÒ^r q sS ŠÕ\ÙIÒc b
 “1“”S“”•
–Z—€˜™Tš›ƒœ`–Z‘žŸ—œƒšC•X œržZ›ƒ›8š¡ž¢—œ/£¤¥žC¦˜‹žw›§š ¨©1ª
Z-x XY!{^&yu[YN¬« ]Y{Z-Y!~8_^~†~8^[ ]x)]« _xZ\^Q\­ Y€N ^
„!Y]N Y$„Y!~†x=w]h[ {^&Y_[C«]T|x¸«¸u^&[Z\Y_x ]{[‘N^«h]
 Y!{{…[Z\x ¨ wN [ y « {[Y!XX « ~†[®N ^¯« ]Yþ
ÿ2€ ´
µ¶f¯°Nx„!„!x]xY4|Z\^_YIy«^~8{YI±« x~8{[|[~8~†Y4Y]] « XX&Y{…[
Y1N [ {{…Y]N [°« ]hYþ
ÿ:€ ´
µ5 ± w+y«xN Z\xÃ_[{Z-Y „!Z-x yux°-­ ¿hx~†^‡|Z-x  xZ-^&~}\­ x~8x¸8h« ^&Z-xY||Z\[­v8­ ^N ^&yux Z-~8^w
­-[ _x)YN x ~†x _|^&[[²5Á xγ þ
ÿI¯

MNM
OPMNO µ´ ¶
ú}û }SlU

õxX­\Y!~†[T^]
­v«h^È~8^ÈZ-^Q­-¿h^&xNY·«h]Y²Y!_|^&x‚=‚ƒYBNxX‡~8x¸«]hY!XxT_[IN~«XY!{…[6Z\^¸«^QNY!_4x ]{xE­\[~8{Y!]h{…xƒw

~8^L|5«híY1N [{…{Y!Z-xX ¸5¹º(\H jJ»¯«
j-sÖ¼ q”kÎehaàm'n‡pjÖqa s«t ½L¾¿À­ ¿x|Z\[NT«\­ xÁ|xZª^&X+~8x¸«]hY!X&xÁ_[IN~« XY!{…[
X x~8|Z\x~8~†^&[]x

¯À `Á
‰ A ŒÃ Ž&‘l’ ÄÀÅ • âÌ $Ž ó š  » Ž…‘…‘( S N[ y«x » Ž…‘Î’ ÄÃ Ë ¡  I­ `Å Ž&uÆ
ó ¢ Ë Z-x -{ ¥ §(¨ ‘
&
¢À£N¤
 
­-[ ]ó ¢CÇ°È Â8É\®`É Ì ÉJÊJÊJÊ`ÉG Æ ®Ë ¯
°N^{Z\Y{…{Y^]|Z-Y!{^y­-Y‘N^~«]hY:|[Z\{oY]{xLXYC­J«^  Z\x±1«x]‚ƒY
ÎÏпÑy΃Ò1ÓԑÕIÖ ×Ò1ÓQØ%ÔIÙJÒ1Ø%Ò®Ú5Ñ~ۃÎґÜ1ۃÒ1Î;ØGÑQØG݀ÞÄß=ÕàZá®â‹ã~ÔIÙwÛÎ Í
ÑQÎØ%ÔIÙJä8Ò1ÓQÓQÏVÚ5Ñåæ¿çMÔèvÏÎÚ5ÑQéuã5ÒÙvÑ Ò1Óuã5ÔÙvÑQÏIÚ~ϬÚ~Ñç}ÑyпêÏIÓQÏënÞ
x(t) TL TL TL TL TL TL
Ìt
ÙJÒ1ã5ã~ÙvÔçMԧ΃ØGÒoÜÛÑQÎTÚ~ÑÓQҀçMã5Òâ`ÑQÒ ØGۃÙvҀìLÛÎÑQíLÏIÙJпÔIîuØ%ÙvÒïÓQÔCíLÙvÔð
Ü1ó ۃÔIÎâÔé¯Ïñ8ÎۃÎÒ¿ÙJÒ1ã~ã5ÙJÔIç}ÔIÎØ%Ò1Ø%Ñyä ÒÚ5Ñ Û΃ÏoÚ5Ôñ8ÓQÑ(ò¢ÓyÑQä8ÔÓQÓyÑ%ë
ÔIÙJØGÒÎØ%Ï[ÓQô ÔçMã~ÙvÔçMç}ÑyÏÎÔ[ã~ÛõnÔIçMç}ÔIÙ}Ô[ÙvÑQç}èvÙJÑyØ%ØGÒVèvÏпÔ
ö;÷øùhúQû%ü(ý à
ÿ þ 

 ú Õ Ö ÞVÕ`à ü§û ßJÙJÔIèJØ úQû å ü
þ


 ÓTÙJÑyç}ÛÓQØGÒØGÏn×ç}ÔI΃â`ÒVÚ~Ûêê8ÑQÏ[ÒÚoÒ1пã~ÑyÔâ`âÒèvÏçMØ%Ò1ÎØ%ÔçMÔå 
"! çMÑ;ã~ÛõÒÚ5ÏIØ%Ø%Ò1ÙJÔ[ÛÎÏnçMè
#ƒÔIпÒ
Ú5Ñ Ð¿ÏIðLÚ~ÔIпÏIÚTۃÓyÒ âÑyÏÎÔ{ê1Ò1ç}Ò1Ø%Ï¿ç}۟Ú5Ñ ÛÎ%$&&·ìLä8ÔIÚ~Ñwã~Ò1ñ8ñ;ë('¯ë )¯ë+*1ë ,Ô-'¯ë ,¯ë+*1ë+*`îwÙJÑyã~ÏIÙJØGÒØGÏEìLã5ÔÙ
ò ý îÑQÎ/.ñ ÛTÙJÒ1é1ÑyάèvۃÑTÒÓyÓQô Û;çMèJÑyØ%ÒVÚ~ÔIӃã~Ò1ç}çMÒ®ê1Ò1ç}çMÏnÙvÑQØGÙJÏIä ÑyÒпÏÑQÓ;çMÔñ8ÎÒÓyÔnпÏIÚ~ÛÓQÒ1Î;ØGÔë
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

VCO

f 0
0 VCO
PLL f
0

1 2465798:5;
<46=/>@?A46BCBD467E7FHGI>J=/4KL74A2L7FHMHFONNP>Q798AR46ST=/8UV4=W>YXQ>J55Z>YGI46MH8;[F\79]@4AXJ>Q55Z8A;[85Z78P^
3
4U_<>/FHMRS[4`IFH8aUFbBD2KNPFO8KL>QS[4a>QK;
<4cFHKdRS[45Z4eKNP>-UVFf4S[S[8eSgF7S[>_MHhji6kl2L5>Q79>/>JMb79Sg>J5=/4677EFH798S[4
4_mQ2L4MHMO>>QMnSgFH;[4GIFH798S[4o_pq4SaS[>Q`r`IFH2sK`I46Sg4_Gr4MH8;[FH7]tRFHuv46MH4GI>J74_86;g;[8eS[Sg4_S[F\UV2S[Sg4xwQy{zD8GrGI4SZ8
>Q2L=/4KL7>QS[4|i6y~} "€ ;
<L4^V>YR>JSgFH7]|UFˆ‡f^J;[8K5Z4KL7432K/>J2=/4KL78{UFˆi‰ŠEo
ƒ‚9„
…6†
 ¨ ‹JŒ
Q šC œPŽ(–Z™w– “1“`”¿•
–Z—€˜‹™Tš[›Tœ–ZžŸ{˜‹•Xž¥¤¥œP1š

C9‘“’>§<”’•L’T4(7?S2 õ|–— ­g˜J™šœ›\ ­v«L›T™›Tž[–˜Q—H›HŸŸP› —\˜ ­gš6NV›\ŸP›\š6– â¡ £ ­[š§¦¨›H©9–ž[šª{—H–

N ›H«I–6žg™Z–­¬Cž[–®« –LŸ–6ó¯ ° à ó±:™ZšLš(šž[©Eš²rš˜J—\›´³Zªf–(µ5«¶­–™Z™–6žg–-˜1NVš©9©˜Q©9š¬Ñ"«¤¥·J¿FI(
8D¸¹@FIH[·c¸

¼JFIHJH ·vD ¸IrK ºLF »·ª¼/š6™©9žg˜J©šA˜JµµVžg–6™™Zš:–[N›H™M­J«™Z™š{˜Q—H—\˜|š6©˜P½I¾
õ|–— [­ ˜Q™š¥N ›¿FI(
8D ¸IrK º6F »·(¼JF ·JH ·[»¹·Pª—\˜À¿Q˜JN ˜
šI­J­J « µ˜J©˜@µ~« ¶{–™™Z–žZ–3˜QµVµž[š™Z™›H¼/˜Q©9˜Õԋg­ š6¼/– à Ä
Ts

) Ö Ø Ù 
0 Quale
× Á cos ω0t
Ã Ä ingresso
Ts

L­gš6™Z›yVN –ž[˜QVN š
Ú  –6—H–«I˜J©šÛ–hN5L« ®1s« – ) Ü Ã D ª 0 è il

fi

µ–6žg©9˜QL©š:—HÝ –¬DÞ­[›\–6ŸP˜c™Zµ–6©©9žg˜J—\–Až[›H™M«—H©9˜
 cos ω1t
maggiore

A ¡ ó) ß ¡ ó & n +á à Ø Ù Ñ   ¡ Ø + à   Ñ  Ä Ts ?

& Ñ «Iš6—H©–tµV–²I²r›\š6žg–hVN –—H—\ÝâLãÜþT ¾ õ|–6—\—HÝ :Y µã

cos ωL−1t
t = kTs
š™Z™›H˜
µ–6NV›y­[–åäQäJ¾ 戾 ¨{ç ž[›\µVšž[©˜J©š‹«c˜QµVµžgš6¬DšeN›H¼/–6©š
ÅrÆÇÉÈrÊË6Ì ÍVÎ+ÈÏ ÆÀÍ:ÐrÈLÏjÏ ÆÌ ÍQÑ”Ò ÈӔÆ

N –6—\—HÝ ˜QL˜I—H›H™›žg–6—H˜Q©›H«r˜Y˜Q—H—\Ý ¸5 šž[©9še²IšL˜Q—H–J¾


è ˜qé~™Z–(—\Ý –¬DÞ[ ­ ›H–ŸP˜/™Zµ–6©©9ž˜Q—H– ç [­ š™Zê¿Q˜J™™Z˜Iª
­ ë–a«r˜QL©˜Q²r²Õ›g­ ›b™š6ša˜N « ™Z˜Qž[–a—\Ý ¸5~ 짾+¾´¾í˜
™ML
« ˜®VN ›\¬D–6™˜QªQµš6žg©E›H˜Q¼/šÀ›s™–6²8« –6©9›‘˜Jžg²rš¼/–6©9›é
îJ?u.1L 7 ï’ñðPòeó:ô:õ9ö9÷Iò L­[še Ù  Ü ø  ç N ›í¬D˜1[­ ›\—H–œž[–˜J—\›HŸPŸ˜QŸP›Oš6––œµšI[­ š·[­ š™Z©š6™š5 U ˜úN –6™–¼-µ›Hšª
«I–L›\«r˜C « ™Z˜Q©9šTµ–žn™Z˜Q—H«I˜ržg–À™}"ù«®¼vFb ¸5[¼ ¹g¼ ¸Vûgû[·g¹¹·T˜«N ›HšT›1VN ˜Q©9›~N –²r—\›eüF/ · ¼vF¥I
¹·vH¥VN –²r—\›
˜QL›sÝ ý ŒJþ

9T2Aÿ
 —\Ý –6¬Cރg­ ›H–LŸ˜|™µ–6©9©ž[˜Q—H– ç «² «˜J—O–A˜Q—H—\Ý þ8J¾


c  yc’…Jcb   x co^ c5^  _ _Qc’s3b }b^rbdl!J_pb(_pb¥m}cdb#"o_pb`cb¥co^Gb;b$ 3s3c}†Gbdc%Iq'&
c’lJ!l 3)c (+ù.*, -0/2143 k 57698 ù#:<;
=?>@BA -/21C3 k576D8 ù#:FE4=?>!@BA gHG ý t ûI JL ¥ _B g
K
M @ENOD;%PQ; E@BO ˆFRJb;aqS®^Gbc`_T U l!`^rb+}aWV
a
Ic 5¿^r_Qbdsq~Y_%_QX[b X}[ˆ Z}Iˆ c\]’Ss@b Š BuJq ^rb ¥^Gb5_Q
a x  }T_†Gb^b &` ys3q c`T_  c;s3= c g ®Ð _p* ø c’, ba !… d`$_pba yb_ps _%__pc ˆc Re ycr‹…vcb I!l ’dbs B‹b _pc ^rdbd`c !l J_pMb s _Q b _pcm}b c ‡s3b~qI
a
b  `T_ a x ccq  $^  c x 5 ^ T_ 
 yc3b<fg&`c`_%_pbnŠ$Ich_Qa
`_ _Qbdc k 576D8 ù :i= 8g >e@4: f'g A s3cjf'gs _Qq^GbdleJ_B,abhk &$‡co_pb
c  Iq …JcB_ yIcc¥T_ B_ ’’s3!… c $~^r‡c‹bMb sI sS_Qc mc  5^ yb _p ycc®‡_c ^r_b ^rnpc o Bq# -0r5/2s 14t
^Gu3cuv oxq wy
‹v_pw$ba zDvo†ry!b {Dy! yw$q |}y
 &^Gba c’aMa^Gb bLB_ &0 yu[b Is3…Jbdcq " = dcg ^ *ø ,~}ˆq c b ®sSqIab f ú g ^   yc
l J
zDoy{Dy!w| yMˆ
2€~!… q IcV^ ’bTs3c  yc 3b(^ Tm IsS%c `B_ ’…Jq  b $ ’!… ‹b 5^Gb‡s e y%c ^Ic C
a ’s `^  b&b  ’!… ~^rc®_pq Å
b~¥ba xSc`~}^rqc  ymc †[ ,_QcbIuc¥B_ ’c!… yc’e…}c73bdds bB’&xlJq W y hc  yqb BC ^¥aM bc`$_ _Qbd3m}l!^b db~x c‘^G~}b1q bI ’† …!8}ù†Gb‡:jc$;
¥=q$s3Vc  _pc;ƒ®^‚…„¥Je†Qq~‡2_Q† s3k b† ý0[ý0ý_B† ‰f Vˆ ^G‡bdleŠ dˆ JI Re_B 
^  † 3c_ˆ ‹Œ1sSc Ix 3c $ y?c ‹Wb Sb_pq ^  Qbb 5^Gb‡s  yc/b [„I…Jq m"?’s `_%T_ 3bdbc &J
a 3sS$Š h
a `B_ I† ^rCb 3q c h ^M^Gb ybdlJc
zDox{{DoxnŽWy_ c  yc’…Jc $db a ,_pb ¥m}c dbQˆ
 8s _Qcn^Gbc`^Gq}†Gb‡c s3c b& _Qbb  _T  yb ycws@ŠZbCSb‡srlvb yc[^ ’lJcIc?3bL_pab  Bn_Qa
’s3bd„Is@ŠV
dbd†r†  ybd!l ,aMb ‘EB_ B3b I!…  y’b &~^rc’!l ~^rc ’s `_%T_ 3b !h dbd†G† !J_pb;q FSc V^rb;x  T_ mIq %c ‹x ~}q I† ®^rb
s3c x ‹’3c …! y“c ^¯b 1
T_ &M’_T!… ¯c’…!`Ib13bd^rs bd’l!lJ$q J y_Tc%ˆ 82g#"“~}qIbdab3crm}mJbb&0 [•b–—ZŠ(q$‹^5_Qb  _pab  Z^ $ ybdaMc`e
”
™
Px (f) 1 2 L

˜∆ f

1
__

R! › f š ‡ &!‹f€^rbdl!J_T/x~}q$I† (c’sSs3qIa

Ic/q$wm~^?U s3b3s]}qI…Jqœf û =? ~}qe‡c = g Ð * ø , gŸž Ð , &
m~^ Sb_pq^  f û ž Ð , g Ð Å* , ˆ
TL

^Gb`!l ¡ ybddaMc’s3c`b ¢e ,Rvb ^GIbb s£ } bœ_QsSRvb$a

!’s SqŸ yc¥&x^¤§bc§¥_B c3^Gc“cUª« ox¥;ª­bds¬i\¦_®#r|D§Q| y!¨[{ ˆµ]ˆµ&Qˆ©h¤§ chb4œ¯xI°x°“c yIc
c&2hs“ 3_%bL_T_B  a }Å ˆ q5^Gb‡c_Qcrx x3cIc^Gbl!3b}†GbcIb
±²W¯s@Š b&Q`_ B_ ~^rcuc /ba `T_  yb_pc d“c \(x ~}$q I† b&0 }a
a 3c`_ _Qb }†Gbc ?³…´ * , Ic h" ab ‘w!l dbL^  ˆ
Ð
 1“ “”S“”•
–Z—€˜™Tš›ƒœ`–Z‘žŸ—œƒšC•X œržZ›ƒ›8š¡ž¢—œ/£¤¥žC¦˜‹žw›§š ¨J‹ ä
µ¥7{:>e’¶ 7·¶u0 ?@0@<¸º¹0 2~>§>e’ƒ>§2 µ~«¶c–™Z™–ež[–@žg–6™˜/µ›Q­v­[š—H˜/˜/µV›\˜­g–6žg–Y–›—H›\¼/›H©9›uNV–—H—H˜/©–6šež[›\˜¬N–6—\ã
—\Ý ›H¬Dšž[¼/˜QŸP›Oš–$»J¾½¼E— ²Iž[˜QÞ[ ­ šx™–6²8L« –©9–x¼/š™Z©ž[˜Û›l«I˜J—\š6žg›¥VN ›%¾ ßá2¿:¯Y–g­ –6™™Z˜Qž[› µ–6ž(š©9©–eã
–ž[–d—H–x«I˜Jžg›H–½À`Á‘g ­ š6ÄVN ›\«r–ž[™› «r˜Q—Hšž[›N ›nf ª –œ¼/š6™©9žg˜ [­ š¼/–PªÀ˜Q—H—\Ý ˜1« ¼/–6©9˜Qžg– VN ›nf ªT™Z›H˜
–I[­ –™Z™˜Jžg›H˜ ™Z–¼/µVžg–v¼/–š%µVš©9–ŸP˜ µV–žœš©9©–6–6ž– —H˜ ™©9–™Z™˜ŸÀ©Á ª|˜ µ˜Q©9©š¢
­ ë–vž[›H™ML« —\©9›
¾Tß á2¿ ¯
 ®Záu+ à  Ñ·Ã ¡ÅÄ É Æ$Çr¾ O L« –™©9šA«r˜Q—Hšž[– ç Lš©9š[[­ š¼/–,D ºL/  ºC¹·‹ ºÈüL¸»»;6F » É_¸5[H ¹ÊD·Ë«Ì
¼E—ež[›\™}« —H©˜J©šn–«r›QN –LŸ›H˜Q©9š ¼/–6žg›H©9˜3®1L« ˜I—Q
­ ë–wg­ š6ã
™›QV N –ž[˜QŸ›HšL–XL« —\©9–ž[›\š6ž[–é-š6™™Z–ž[«I›H˜Q¼/šœ›\L¬C˜J©©9›‹[­ ëL–
—H˜c¿J˜QV N ˜cš­v­J« µ˜J©˜ Prob. Errore per FSK Ortogonale
1
<- limite L=2
ß 4
Í×Ö Î Ï Îø Î Î
©Ñ}ÒQÓ ÐÐÔ Ï ¡HÕ Ø Ö à$× Ñ Î
0.1

ÐÅ
8
¡ ¡
ØÙ Ø Ø 0.01
32
128

˜1«L¼/–L©˜ÙØD˜tµ˜Qž[›H©GWhN› ߣí Ú ˜J—\—HÝ ˜1«L¼/–L©˜Qž[– N› ¾

Pe
1024

Û –ž[©˜J©9šPªLµV–ž,«Ü¾lß á2¿:¯ Õ ˜J™™Z–²IL˜Q©9š‰CØ š6«I«I–6žgš­[šÎ 

0.001

ߪ:µVš©9–LŸ˜jN›{™–6²I˜J—\–Pª:–ÛµVš©9–ŸP˜
N›AžJ«¼/š6žg–
0.0001

Õµž[–˜J™™Z–²r˜Q©9–ÚDªí—HÝ ¸#ÝWÞ µV–ž[¼/–e©©9–°N› š©9©E–6–ž[–½À+Á 1e-05

Q­J­ ¿N « I­J­v«
0.1 1 10 100
˜Qž[¿Q›H©ž[˜Qž[›H˜Q¼/–L©–­µ› gš6—\–Pª˜  ™ µV–™Z– V› L˜xš Lã
N N àß « N 5« 1« Q« 1«
Eb/No
µ˜JŸ›HšL– ›l¿J˜Q V˜t™–¼/µVžg– ¼/Q ˜ ²r²I›Hšž[–J¾ QÝ ˜ ‘¼/–6©9š V› š6 µ ¶xµV–ž[¶d–™Z™–6žg– ® L˜Q— s® L–ª
C­ ;N ƒ­ ­ V­ 1« Î N V­
š—H©9žg–
ë–3µ–žl—\–{—H›\¼/›H©˜JŸ›Oš6› –6— [˜Q˜J—O–Pª˜Q
ëL–3˜ [˜ L™˜ –6—\—H˜ [š¼/µV—\–6™™Z›\© V–—Lž[› g6
– «I›H©š6žg– %WVN Q­ +á
â`â_ãTâ`ã[ä åFæ“ç_èbéCê ë'ìxí+îmìïaìhðòñDóõôaö
Y:—H—HšA™M­[šµVš®NV›µ–6žg¼/–6©© –ž[–«L­gš6¬DžgšÕ©šPªs–6™˜J¼/›\L›\˜r¼/šå—H˜@µž[š¿Q˜J¿Q›H—\›O©%W€N›L–ž[žgšež[–CN›«L›÷_ÝWÞ%˜Q—
«I˜Jžg›H˜Qž[–[VN –—Lƒ« ¼/–6žgš[VN ›L—H›\«r–—H—H›Oª›H/¬L« ŸP›OšL–CN ›_¾3ß9á2¿å¯¾:Y ¿J¿Q›H˜I¼/š3š™Z™–ež[«I˜Q©9š[[­ š¼/–:—HÝ ÷·ÝWÞtµVš™Z™˜
–™Z™–6žg–-š©9©–6L
« ©š­µ–6žc¼/šN5L« —\˜JŸ›Oš6–ò÷·øúùˆâ#û VN ›(« ™Z–²IL˜Q—H–ïN ˜Q©9›VN ›~¿Q˜Q;N ˜x¿Q˜J™–Pªf–IœN ˜Q—aül˜Qµˆ¾
ä Œ ™› ç ¼/š™Z©žZ˜Q©šV[ ­ ëL–a›Hd®1L« –™Z©šo[­ ˜Q™Zšºýp¿ÿþ ¡ ýp¿ÿþT¯`U —\˜-µž[š¿Q˜J¿Q›H—\›H©%W{N ›b–ž[žš6žg–
·:û[º Ê
ç µ–6žg©9˜QL©š òØD–—H—H˜_š©9˜
 L˜›H¼/š6™©9žg˜QŸP›Hš–(˜J—\©9–ž[˜J©›H«I˜WÚ~›–L©›[˜

í˜_® L–—H—H˜ñžg›g˜I«I˜J©˜_›H
  B  4&0 b"!p #!$&%(' )
*!#+,+," 
'b*!
)-+,!&!`$./  B
9
7 8 7 *
; @ 5 A BC 6<D E<FGHJI 6:ø
02143 ‡ 5 526 ˆ ‡  :<;=?> =  :<KL=MONP MQ
:8 :8
%$R$?'#S!pLBS!T/ e  U/h*T%h 
+*T%S!“%*/$Se“V!B B W
X ‹’,
Y'T%`"pZ!T [/a-! \TS!,T!U]^!h_'%*!V!  \!_' %*  \!W
`a¤J!*T]*$ \!ae^cb<d/$
T#dO/ 
&%T%*!T!_'  0e1 b [°'V f+–—gV!T (' #bh'!iS!T!* 'kj Ô '
l ~,/UTS!^ Wm~,/"4'k+eY'V+29b&em!  U/ \4'!#Z!n'V!'/$,T!
&!o%*T!"pj
Ôq 3r0 s q Ô  l ù q 3r0 Hiq t#u
U^Uù ]  \’& 0 H q 3 HhI v u &L%*! u 3 ž , 3 A Bž C F 6 ]^W I
Ð?w Ð Ð =
x P y{az }
Px
Decisore k
Banda Base P
N e

x P x P’ y{az }
Px ’
Demod. Decisore k


~/U"S!U "(bB \!(]L−ASK B &J/${SO!   \!
|'-!'/ \!(F-!'!p%$R(b$!'/<%{}/Y%$ d{%$!‰V
N P N P’ e

Z! -~]2T{<€C6 @Œ> &-  Bp+eY' } u W7‹ŒU]e  \Y< Y%J! 0 s q 3‚0 sƒ 3 „ Ð 0†…‡3 0 s m~,/<h'
j q 3ˆ0 q 3 0 3 j Ô‰ 
)«*/V!g !  \ l q 3‹Š Œ v {%*/U 0 q 3ˆ0kŽ 3ú  3‘ w 3 H’I 
~,/UÔ †' l s I q ¥ 3 l w ù s W I  ¥  w \!
&,JS!T!(j Ôq t l q /p%*/Uek+Jù BV! me' #%*!H"T!pB ƒ L!mj ŽÐ ƒÔ t l ù ŽnÐ Ud!Ðo“ u !Y
' -!'/ù \!Zw W ù
<
E F
``9W%$/*S!_' 0 1•” /$Z+, !U!`~,/U†'b~,/o'b,dW˜—2™œ&'!#S!_b \_U%$R$i%*! \!o' /Y!_'Z/V%$!'T%
' š«›)b+J!#%*HJiIb– T&S!T
c%*!Ub<d/$,!#+,b*W
œ †œ †žgŸ) PŽ[¡_¢?¡¤£ £¥¦ˆ¡_§©¨m¢ež{ªe ¡_«~¬‘«­¨m¦®¬V¯V P ž


° ± e {
戾 戾 |µ–6ž ›H— [˜Q™Zš ›s¿Q˜J V˜Y¿Q˜J™–Vé e

À`Á ³ ® ¾ ß Ñ
¡ ² ®V´ Oà ¶ eÕ ·o¸[¹ º ¿:¯¼¿ »½ZÑ ¾ ´ŸÎ ®,ÀÂÁ
Înµ Î
›HÃO ›Y[›YÄ›žg›H¬Åž[›\Ä,ZÅ(Æ Ç ÃÄZ Å ²r4ƆÈ\Å
Æ~É<ÄZ6Å 4A É ž[›\ƆÈ\ŸÆr©ÉpÉ6Ê ¡ Ä ¾†ËnÄZÄ,Åž[«I›ÆQ¼ÉÀ›H4ÉUÈH©9žÅp[ëÅª†Ä,Å
Î ¡ Ø
ª Ä
 Â
› É
 9
© 9
© \
› Å
6 4
 Å
À Á ¡ Ø® ö ¾ ß
T
Õe·c¸ ¹ ¿å¯Á

ë4ÅAžOQÆ µVµžOÅUÄ,eÅ ©ÆÈA Å µžOÅUZÄ ©JÆ Ÿ›É L›e6É ©©eÅ ›H¿r›\HÈ ›sµYÅ žl¼ÉUh 4ÈQÆ ŸP›ÌÉ 4Ådù•Í#ÝCíÞ ¾
Û Å ž­6É ¼/µYÈÅ ©#JÆ žœ Å ›\ÈmOÉ L¬CžOeÉ ©É®OÉ ÎHÈ Ý Ï#ÝC~Þ ª
É<ÄZÄ,Å ž«r›\JÆ ¼ÃÉÐ
 ëÅÐÉ žOQÆ ª(Æ ÈHÈ Ý Æ  ¼­Å ©QÆ žOÅ®V › Î ª(È\Æ
¿ ÆJ4YÆÑ
ë4ÅÜØDµYÅžÊ ¡ Ä ÚÀžg›Ä, 4ÈH©Æ Í Ð Ô Ï ÄZ›Tžg›Y ÅPªÀ¼ÅL©žOÅ®ÈÆ À Á Æ ¼­Å©Æqé} L
¡
Õ
U Ò ¡
}
Ñ Q
Ò
OÉ ¼/µY6É ž©QÆ ¼Å L©ÉÓ ›QÆ ¼6Å ©žOÆ HÈ ¼Å L©ÅÐ6É µµhÉUZÄ ©#É®Æ ÈHÈ Ý Ï#Ð ÝWÞ ª(Å®
 ë4d Ó Å µY ¶d©6É žgQÆ žOÅÐ ©9›\Èd
Å ›H µVžÅ<ÄZ6Å ŸÆ
›_JÆ 4Æ HÈ ›c6É ˆ\È ›H¼/›H©JÆ ŸZ›\6É ›?V › ¿†QÆ ÂY Æ ¼ Æ É ÔV › µhÉ ©Å ŸÆifÕ ® 4Å<Ä ©9Ý \È ©9›H¼Ã Æ µh ¶_›H¬QÆ ©9©›oÅUÄ,ÄZ6Å žZÅ
Æ L ¼Å L©QÆ ©Y Æ µhÅ žmOÉ ¼/µheÅ 4Ä,QÆ žOA Å ›\sÈ µY6Å ²I²r›\6É žJÆ ¼Å L©ÉÖ ›‘µžOÅUZÄ ©JÆ Ÿ›É L›ÈÅ ²2QÆ ©ÉgƆÈ\OÈ Ý ÄZÉ{V ›L¼É<\È ©9›4HÈ ›\«2ÅUÈOÈ ›
Å{V ›eL 4| Æ ¿ QÆ ÂYc Æ žg›Y6É ©©#ˆÆ ¾
×ÇØ4٘ÚcےØܹ)Ü ¾íßá2¿å¯ Vß Ý JÆ 4Æ2\È ›Ä ›•hÅUÈÈc Å µVžÅ<Ä ©QÆ ŸP›\6É ›• ›q®† 4ÅUZÄ ©É~OQÆ µ›H©ÉUÈÉÄ,É Y
É © ©9©|Å žg›H¬Å ž›H©Å~Æ ÈÈÌÆ
²IžOQ Æ Y6Å ŸŸÆÔÞÝ Ô ª 
ëÅ3›H-®† 4ÅUÄZ©ÉpƆÄZÉ{žÆJµµžOÅUÄ,Åe©ÆÈHÝ Å®† ›O«kƆÈ\Å6©ÅnhÅUÈžÆJµµhÉž[©#ÉnÄ,Ųr4Æ ÈÅÀž ¼É6žÅ
OÉ «2Å LŸ›É Æ Èù źýa¿õþ ¯ ¡ Þ ß s ¾‰¼ ¬QÆ ©9©9›\ªáOÉ 4ZÄ ›YÅ žOQÆ YÉâ
 ë4ÅÃÈ\_ Æ µhÉ ©Å ŸxÆ žg›6Å «kL ©_
Æ µh ¶âÅUÄ,ÄZ6Å žZÅ
 à
ÅUÄZµžOÅJÄZÄ,ÆÇOɼÅgã)ä ¡ ݤ Ô Ô ¡ ¾Tßiå ßDªhÄZ›eÉ6©©9›Å4Å
ù
Õ
¾ ß
T ãoä
¿ ¯ :
å ¡ ¿ ¯ ß
Õ
 ë4Åâ ›HµY6Å 4hÅÃL ›ÌOQÆ ¼6Å ©Åâh_

Æ ²IžOQÆ 4hÅ ŸPŸÅ©
 ë4( Æ ® 4Æ2HÈ ›\©æ9YÅ<È)É<ÈÈ\6Å ²kQÆ ¼6Å ©ÉòØ$ã?ä
Å ›Y6Å ©9›\ÞQÆ É}È_
ÅUj: ¿ ¯ڕÅnÈ\| Æ 4JÆ ©L žÆ~YÅU‘È ¼ÅUÄ,ÄZJÆ ²I²r›\É
Ø ß£ÚÄ,Å ŸÆÇƆÈ\O ­žg›H¬Å ž[›\¼6Å ©ÉgÆ È ¼Å ©ÉUhÉg ›s¼ÉUh 4ÈQÆ Ÿ›6É 4JÅ ¾
Õ
ç
çcè*é ê¼ëÖì­íîZïgð_ñëÖòóôì­ñâõ’ïgö|ó
â`â_ãø÷?ãTâ ù}úºôaö¼û`ï ð­ñÌúºôaö
ü OÉUýþYÈÅ<ÿÆ ýÅ
4ÿÉâYÅ<È Æ OÉ}hÅUÈÈ\Å©ýÉ<Y È\Æ ÌÉ

Æ4É

 ÅmOÉÄYÅ
Æ ýÉÈÆ Ä,É®O

È  .

É ýÆ  É Å©ýÉUh 4ÈÆ ÿÆÄ Æ ýþ OÅUÄ,ÄZÆ Æ    ÇÄ, 4ÈÈ\ÅÇÆ ýþ Å ÅÇÉ©Ä, 4ÈÈ\
Æ OÅ  Å
,Æ  Å<!ÿ
ÿÆ ýÅ ÿÅnÄZ 4ÈÈ" Æ Æ Ä,ÅnhÅUÈÄ,Å #$4Æ ÈÅpýÉUY È\ƆÿÉ %­ýÉUhÉ{ÿÆ È\ÅpYÆÉUÿÿ#Å ÅOÅ
./021
34 %¿ 5 
À 687:9<;= ¿ >@?A5
BDCâ¿%5 ÀÀ
x* s x* s
& 01 & 00
' 4−PSK ÅE†
42Â F
G$\ÈÌ þYþYÉnÉ<ýþYÈÅUÄ,ÄZÉ
(o , ϕ- x + c 16−PSK x +c
) QPSK
. /2021
3H4 %¿ 5 
À 6I7KJL9<;= C©M¿ 5 À BON =!PRQ Câ¿%5 TÀ S
0

11 10
­O


Câ¿%5 
À 6 VU C W Å<ÿZY[ ¿ 5 ]
´ \^ À Å C W _a` Cb?cdCfegc h h hcdC /20 ei
W X 0 Ò
U
£ £¥kj†¥¦ˆ¡_§©¨mležnª ¡_«Ö¬‘§n onkžqpi¬ œ r
s Æqk # Å
4Å
 Æt Æ Ä,Å C@u 6wv x BFy å Ñ / v %Gz Y ÂÆt 
R  4É
YÅ
h  þY 4ÿ! ƆþYþO ÅUÄ,ÅÿƆÿ!Y  Æ ÈÈÆ|{
2 #

OÆ­þOÅ<ZÅUhÅ4ÿÅiÅÇÈ %ÄÅUýÅ~iÿ 4ÿÿÅÇÈ\Å~þYÉ<ÄZÄg%}\È@.ƆÄ@~þY 4ÿ!€Ç<\Æ ý­Æ ÿƃ‚O„ …‡† ˆˆT‰Š$‹.
Œ

†zŽ~Å<È
OÆ ÄZɐ9  â C ¿%5 ÀÖ € OÉUÄ,ÿd\ ÿ
 ÿÆ©hƑ Å<ÿÿ#Æ
#kÉ<È%k â
C ¿%5 ÀáÄZÿÅUÄ,ÄZÉ"~€
9É< Å•  È4ÅUƃ’:“bi ” Õ2È% Å<ÄZþO Å<Ä
Ä É
4Å
 . /2021
3H4 ¿%5 Àa©ÿÅ
 ý
 2 ` .a• c . i Å
Gz YÅ

\ Æq4É<È\ÿZ Å
OÉUýŖ È Ä, 4È\ÿÆ ÿÉ
Ä ÆgÉUÿÿÅH
}z ÈÅ
ýÅU2\ Æ4ÿÅV 4Æ
ýÉUY È\Æ  Éŏ—b˜™.ƆÄZÅ?ÅmÒ  Æk2 Ɔÿ
O ÆE~ <4 ŏŒ Œ_š
ÆK›bœ YÆ ÿÉV<4 Å . 6 .Ÿ • ¡
s  4ÄZÉ_J  ~OÉU2\ OÅ¢’:“b” ÒEž
£¨
þYÅ
 © C ¿M5 À  Ŗ¹%º2  þhÅ .• M bit/simbolo f =f /M
b s
ź . ~  þO ɺ¹» ÅD¹
4Æ É
» £ D/A
cos ϕk

¹ þYÆÒ  ÉŃºf†
G(f)
» 4 } ƺYÆÅ<È\Å
fb
¦ π¤ ¥ (t) cosω§ 0 t x (t)
kG ƆÿƈþhÅ ./2021
3H4 ¿5 ÀTg  ÈÆ {a }
S/P ROM Ts
−sin ω§ 0t
PSK

» ¹
¼º ÄZÿZ}¹ Ì É
4Žºm  þYÉ

k
sin ϕk

ÿÅ
ÆÇƆä ÄZÄg4¹ ýÅE¹4ÆÇÄ,Æ2# É
D/A G(f)

ýÆ¿¾ÀLÁä O» Åÿ!O Æ ÿÆ] ? Å ©oªz«@¬­ ®¯°ª

± ²´³µT¶d·¸
coseno rialzato o NRZ

O» ÉÇÈɆ} É?þ2
»  þYÆ ÈŏºJ ÅUÄ,ÿÅ

Ä É
4Å-þhÆ2 ƺ´Â  s  É
»» 4¹ þhÆ\ É
4Åú†} Æ

ºhÆpþ2¹
-Ä Å<ÄZÄ,ÅO Å
È% ýÌ ÿƆÿÆnÆtÅÆ6I ¿ ® B ÊÀÂÄ,Å-Ä$O ÅUÆ È  Æ
Ò
. /2021
3H4 ¿5 À4ýÅ
º ÆÿÅ| ýþ ¹ ÈÌ厐Çz¹
 ÄZÿ ¿5 À4Æ´O» ÉUÄ,Å4ÉÈ Æ È Æ2ÿÉ h  ÉUÿÿÅÒÅ
ºhÉ
¾
. /2021
3H4 ¿M5 À687 VU Å ÉAÊË_å ¿ 5 ] ´ \^ À
W X 0 ¾ Ò
U
Ì Åÿ!OÅnþhÅ Ä»É
¿5 ÀOÅ<ÿ#ÿÆ
#kÉ<È\ÆÅzÈhýɺ2¹4ÈÉFÍ . Í #zÆ »OÅpgÄ ¹‘º¹
‘»OÅ »g
É»OÉ ¿5 ÀƐ»É<ÄZÅ
4É
 \ƆÈ%ÆkÿÉ . ¿5 À?þhÆ Ä,ÄZ¾ ÆκYÆcþ2¹
4ÿZoºYÅ<È\ÈÆλÉ<ÄZÿÅJÈ\ÈÆg É ÅÄ,ÉUÈ É Å#kÈ oÄZÿÆ 4ÿZcÄ #zR{
»OÆ ¾ ÿZ%G$%)ýÅÿ!OÅ
4Å<È\È R4ÿÅ GkƆÈ\ÈÉ­ÿZOÆκ2¹4Å\Ä,ÿÆ4ÿZ)ÄZÅ
#z¹Å­ÿZÆ\Å<ÿÿÉ g\‘ Å »OÉ rÆ ýþ Å Ï Æ G2Æ  \Æ }$\ÈÅ "Сѹ4Å<ÄZÿF É »OÆ Ä,É
ÈÆÃÄg»Å<ÈÿÆÃÿ!OÆ’:“b”ÃŐ»OÉUÄ,Å4É"Æ ÈÆ ÿÉtº2\þhÅ ºY Å ºYÆ ÈÈ Æ 4Å»OÅUÄ,Ä ÿF æ ºiÈ  ý \ÿÆ OÅÖÈ\‘ Æ º4Ɔ ý »Æ ºYÅ<È\ÈÅ
Æ ýþ2\Å
 Å É<þYþ2¹
OÅgÈ% ÅUÄ,ÿÅ
4Äg\É
4ÅȺYÅ<È\È´ Æ } Æ
ºh@Æ 
Ò Æ¹®þ¹4ÿɃºÓGzÄZÿÔ Æ ºhÅUÈ%È  Å M{
» Å
ÆÃÄZþYÅ<ÿ¡ÿ Æ ÈÅ @¹4ÅUÄ,ÿ Æ Ä ¹È\ÿÆ ºY
Å 4ÿZ%»OÆ Æ ¹4Æ ÿÉÉUÿÿÅ

¹ÿÉ­þYÅ
}È —bÕÖI»O É ×¹
#z¹Æ oÈ
¹ýÅ O É º2_È Gk[ ÅUÈÈ R:%ѹzÆ ÿÉÄ Ø4Æ È\Æ ýÅ ºhÅUgÄ \ý½ Æ OÅ ¹4
Å
ÎÆ º
Äý} É<È" É Â 6 ÜLÝZÞ ÙÛÚ / q Å º¹
¹4q Š߃6àهá Ú 6 Ù [ Ð 6ãâ°;
ä Ñaå ~þY
Å –»OÉUÄ,Å ÉtÆ È ,Æ ÿq
L
Ü Z
Ý Þ / É »
É Ï Ê 6ã桍С
{
#$¹
OÆ"€|OÆ Ò þhþOÅUÄ,Ð Å4ÿÆ ÿƃ¹
ÆþhÉUÄ,Ä}È\ÅpÆ »<
\ÿÅ<ÿÿZ¹
OÆ}þYÅ
mÈeýÉ
º¹4ÈÆ ÿÉOō
Ù
Ò Æ È•2 þ ¹
4ÿ´
É º2@GzÄZÿ Æ ºhÅUÈÈÅÇþ OÅUÄ,ÿÆ  É %4É » »
É O´ Å º2\Ä,!ÿ 
#$¹e
Å ´Å \bÈ »OÆ Ä,´É ½» ¹
 6èçt~M%º»Æ
ÿÉ »OÉUýÔ Å éEêë@ìîí]ïð$‰ñò‰2…<ðzò †Kó¼ô
‰2„†õfô
‹÷ö¡…føt†úù2‹Œ$ûÓúYO É »
É å #k
Å 4Å å »É :×¹4Æ ÂÿÉ
Æ ¹4Å<È\ÈÌF
ĹÄZgÄ \Ä,ÿÉ 4ÉEº¹4È Å ºGk
Å Ä,Å{Æ  »<
ÿÅ<ÿdÿ ¹ÅpþY
Å ¼\È ºhÅUýÉ º2¹4ÈÆ ÿÉ OÅ 

ü@übýø÷ýø÷ ú´þûbÿ
 
{ù}ú 
С ¹4Å<ÄZÿÉt»ƆÄZt É ~Mêfë@ì »
É  È GkÅUÈÈ%
\ȺYÅ<ýɺ¹È\ƆÿÉ
Հ»É<ÄZÿZ\ÿZ¹
ÿÉtºhƺ2¹4ÅtOÆ ý

ºþhÅ
ºhÅ4ÿZ
FÆ Ä,Å{Å|¹4$ Æ ºOÆ !ÿ ¹Æ hÉ<þY
Å Æ ÿ!e´Æ M
Å ¹4
Å
"
Æ º2egÄ 
ý } ÉUȐ É Â ýÅ<ÿ" æ º¹4Å<ÈÈ\
Æ }4Æ$@Æ 
ËE#z¹
ÂÉ׺hÅ|º2¹4ÅÑÆ Ò
ýÅM.Å<ÿ¡ÿ ¹4 Æ ¹
4ƺY
Å »Ä É x c + nc
4Å þhÅ Ϲ
É ºYÅ Ⱥ¹4Å }\ÿ Decisore
»<4Å »OÉUýþh É
#2É É \ÈoÄ  ý x (t) + n(t)
2cos ω t P/S
01001101

} É<È\É nÅÑÈ\O Å º¹4Å ºhÅ » Ä É


QPSK 0
f b = 2f s
fL xs + ns
Gk
Å
#2É 4ÉF
Å ÄZÅ  \Ɔ%È RƆÿÅ  Decisore

»OÉUýÅÐýÉ<ÄZZÿ ƆÿÉ ÅUÈÈ\Ñ Æ {

2sin ω t T s = 2Tb
#z¹Æ­Æ­ÈÆ ÿ É ¢4ÿZOÆ  ý }@ 0
$²:ª$«Ó¬
­ ®2¯°ª
± ²|¶d· ¸
OÆ  ý YÄ »É<ýþYÉ OÿÆ 4ÉpþYÅ OÿÆ 4ÿ| É »OÉUý| Å ¹ºYÅ<ýÉ º2¹4ÈÆ ÿÉ OE Å œM—bÕzÖ »OÉ s í†É G$GkÅ O| É ~ÆÇþhÆ Oÿ|Å ¹4Æ
 "!#
$&%(')%+** ,.-/%(021'43#
%(5768591-:6;#


=<Uÿ?> @<
AºbB>CDA
¹
ԛFEÕÖfAHG@>âþ=<}>}@G%Ìÿ?IºFA =<DAJLKEº2F<#$
FCg%#<MG@<tN>†ý.<t@C¹G\ÿ?>‘~.þOA
P 6IæRQ
\ â°;
ä Ñå \
S7T •VU 6 S7TYX U 6[Z]\)^ A »2acb dfehg 6 A
T»a b ehg
W W
å`_ i ? j Ñ
å ^8\lknmhoo / X Ñ p i ? m
o
ý.Aÿ!=A4G@Ç > þ2N<
}>}qGÌ ÿrI"ºA N<
DAE¹F}\ ÿº]AsGqG@>tClA¹A >Noo A
LClA@>GR † > ÿr>@C¹\G ÿ?>fJBu
\ \
S 6 S T •VU S T •VU B S T}X U S T~X U 6 S T •VU B S T~X U 6 S T •VU 6 S T~X U 6 A »a b ehg
WwvyxzN{ W | W | p€ W W‚ W W p i ? m

 ½» ¹
 S T •ƒU A S T}X U Cl<<„G@A}þ=<}>}@GRÿrI»<AƒqGÓ}ÿ»=AG$¹4ÿr<©þ2N<

GyA#>ÔºO>G=> ý.<OB>ClA2<º]> ¹AMG@G@<ƒO¹>º=> ÿZ¹
=>…A2Cgf>CDCg¹4ý.A
xs
01 00
»<A S T •VU S T}X U S T •VU AE¹

ºYÿZN>C» ¹
=>}@G@A
W | W † W
‡ ClCDA
G$q† > ý.<¢¹%ºz»N< < ý.A¼@G‰ˆEÕzÖÏ»N<
ClAÿr>|º2< < ÿÿ?AA
NAGqAh,C ÿrAsC
xc

ClÖ A þ=AM,C ÿr> @<º]AsGb›EÕÖf4 ¹ ÿZqG 
>zº]<"Cl<MG@Ö

< ý.U
A ÿ?I}>º]>FQÅw6ã 6
X
11 10 Ù‡Ú ~»=< P 6 桍 ÐRGE qCg¹G ÿr† > ÿr< >¿¹
>D#z¹ZC ÿZ{
»=>gq<
A 4ÿZ¹
Ì ÿZ%Gy>…Q
p (nc) Pe
(c) Ñ
<sCDClAG$@ > ý.<]
B > ÿÿ!–» Atº ý.A >aºO<ŠGq>¿}>
ºO>‹CȺ ý.A >Œ>

nc
σn
nc <
» 
 
A @
G > G
 
> 
 
@ 
>  > º]AsGm 4¹ ý.<=AÎ#>¹nClC@><Ï %#z=AMClCD<Ž>Gú]U A ý.<
º¹
G@ > ÿ?<=AA¹AsZC ÿ?<FB > ÿÿ?<»=U< ýþ]A
Cl>G@>Ϻ¹ @<AFº2& > ýþ@A >ϺOAMG@GqA
c

»=<Uýþ]<
A
4ÿZ>>G<
#z» A|º}>CDCl>"MNA¹A

l>´ %»=AG$4 ¹ ÿ?A|AsGa»=>Cl<`ˆEÕÖ¼

ü@übýø÷ý’‘ ú´þûbÿ
 
)“•” ú f
С½¹AMC,ÿr<»=>CD<"qG
º]AU. ý <
º¹Gq>†rÿ <
NAƒ>¹>‘ºMLA
NA
4ÿ?A„> »<
ÿrA<ÿÿZ¹
=>FA
º @Gbº]A
»@CD<
DA7<UþOAD>‘»=<

#z¹
ÿr>2ý.A
4ÿrAHCg¹Aÿ!=>  ý }
N>† ý %h]þ A
–<<ÿ?ÿ AA
NAHG@>„C,!ÿ .
ý >º]AsGb#z ¹4þYOþ <qºÓâ°;
ä Ñ å }\ÿc>CDCl<» q>†ÿ!
>ºƒ¹
>º]AsGqG@A{O
þ <MClC}@G%B>Cg C W 
~
x k
~x = x + n — cos ~ϕ ~ sin ~
ϕ
c c c k
™š
k
k
fb
P/S Regione di
Decisore
› xœ s = xs + ns ϕ˜
sin ~ logŸ 2L bit/simbolo
decisione per
ϕ  k
~
k

ž œ cos ~
ϕk
T s = Tb log 2L
z²:ªz«@¬­ ®2¯°ª
± ²´³µT¶d·¸

s >OºOA» qCg@<A.>G$Gz@AAF»N>G%»=<MG@>º]<¢C ¡ W 6¤£ ¥¡9§¦r£
Q ¾ÀLÁ Ê¡ ¡ Ë A€C,ÿ?>}@GqA

ºO<.>G@G 4ÿrA
<Ôº:¹>G@A
¨Ý ¾ Ê Ë
=A#z@<
AKº2ºOA» qCgq<
AԟC W »=>ºO>"Gq>qB>ClAK»NA
Gz¹ÿr>ŠC ¡ W  ü G@G >¹4ý.A
4ÿ?>=AKº]AMG2¹4ý.A
N<KºG%GAsGqG å G@>
þ]<<ÿrA


>º2 4¹ ý.<=AK~M» AÈ»=<»N<
DA>GqG@>{þ=<}>}@GRÿrIqº2OA N<
DAº2\ý
¹@C»=AK»N<
©Gq>"C,ÿrAsCDCl>7G@A#$#A
º %º2¹
q<
A–º]AsGqG@>"}>
ºO>y<
GzGyA=<|»N<
@Gâk;
ä Ñå  ü G»N<
4ÿ!=> @< G@>ª,C þ]>q2 > ÿZ¹
=Ç > ÿZN>7GqAÈNA
#z@<º
º]A
»@Cgq<
Aº ý%¹
@Cg»NAt»N<
ŽGqA
#z#yA7GAs>NAt @ZC þ]<A ÿÿ?<7>º åh« þOAO ÿ¬>4ÿ?<nG >4 ¹ ý.A
4ÿr<qºOAMGb¹4ý.A
N<tº
G%GyAMG@G%e
 þ=<º2¹
»=A"¹þ]A
#z#z@<= > ý.A
4ÿ?<"ºOAMG@G@> S bë…A

 >t > þYþ2N<
L<ºNAqb=AsGq > ÿZGza»N<
4ÿ!aB<
@
> ý.<
W
º=U
A ÿÿr†> ý.A4ÿ?Aq@G @C¹G ÿ?
> ÿ?<|~»=<
P 68æ
º]AMG@G@Ç> þ=<}>}@GR ÿrI"ºnA D<=A4Cg¹GnC ý}<sGq<
­’®ƒ¯°¬±)²¬³q³q°R´M°¬±?°µl¶M° ·¸³q²±º¹B·@¶M»¼³q½§³q²–²¬¾º¾º²¬±ƒ±º°2¿r¹¼Àh² ·¸³q±º½l±º°–¾ƒÁs°‹²RÂN´s¹±º½NÀh²–²¬Ã
°¬±ƒ½"¶M´M½•¿r°¬Àh² ¿r¶M»¼½lÄr¹Y²R´M°"Å‰Æ ÇlȪ¾º²R´
ÉËÊ É Ë »M¾º½l»¼¾º²R»Y²)¿r¹Ñ–Ò Ñ ¹B¿r°¬´M³q¹¼¾º²Ö½µl¶M°¬»¼»×²·¸ØN²R»Y³q²´M°R»Y»¼½&´M²R³q½–ÙlÚlÛ?Àh² ·¸³q±º¹¼½lÀh²¾ƒÁs°h܏Ò
Ì Í Ê Î Ì ÍDÏDÐ Ó Î€Ô ÓÕ Ú ÎŽÔ Ü Ú Ï ¯°¬±²¬Â=´M¹
±º½lÀ²f¹¼´MÝY½l³q³q¹·@¹ ²¬³q³q¹¼°¬´M°)Ü Ò [ [ Ü ¹¼´hµl¶s½=´M³q² ¿r²¬Ø=° ³q¹Y°R´M°
Ú çæ û Ô¬Þß û Ôrå ΎÔRÞ߬å Ú Î€Ô Ë ç çæ
¾º²¬´s³q²¾VÁM°`éDêƒë [qì Ás½¶M´M½½lÀhÎ ÃD¹¼°¬ÞÄrßrÄr฽áãâ¸ä¸±ºå ¹L¿r²¬Î+
³q³q½ª ¿r¹ °(¾ºæ ²¬´Mû ³qÔ¬²)
±º¹B·¸Ã
°¬³q³@²½l»ÅÆ ÇlÈ ° ¿¹¼»Ý}½N³q³q²¬±º° Þßrำqá×¹Y⸰Rä´MÎ+ ÞßN¾ƒÁMè °)²¬Â=´M¹ ±º½lÀh²
²¬ÃD°¬±º½(¶M´M½cÀh² ¿r¶M»¼½lÄr¹¼²¬´M°Öînï&ð¼Å‰ñ òÛ¬¹¼´Mó ´s° [ í æ ç ¹¼´µl¶M½l´
³q²¹sõl¹¼³Öè ¿r¹M²¬Â=´M¶s´M²¿R°¬¹OÔ ¿R¶M°f±º½lÀ¹M³q±º½N´]·@¹×³q½N´M²½Àh°R³qö
Ú
¿r°¬»Y»¼½&Ø=°¬»¼²¬¾º¹¼³qö¿R¹
µl¶M°¬»¼»¼¹D¹¼´¶]·@¾ƒ¹Y³@½ èlå ÎôÔ?å
Ï ëê ì ë [Bì
­¸÷~ø ½ŽÃD±º²¬õl½lõl¹¼»×¹¼³qöù¿r¹°¬±º±ƒ²¬±º°€ÃD°¬±€·@¹¼ÀhõN²¬»Y²•±º¹B·¸¶M»×³q½Ž¹¼´MØ=°¬¾º°   ¾   É Ë
°¬±ƒÝ}
n
Þ 
ú 
û ?
ü ~
ý 
þ ÿ
Î Þ ú   Þ ú Î Ì  Í
è
¾º²¬´O·@¹B¿R°R±º½l´]¿r²(¿R¹
´M¶M²RØ=²³@±º½y·@¾ƒ¶M±º½lõl¹×»¼°Ö»¼½&ÃD±º²¬õl½lõl¹’»Y¹¼³qö¿r¹
¶M´°¬±º±ƒ²¬±º°¾º²¬´M³q°RÀhÃ
²§±º½N´M°¬²(·¸¶°¬´M³q±º½NÀhõl¹ ¹ ±ƒ½lÀh¹
Ï
**
, j ,€-/%(021h'`3# %(5H680`# n p 6  

Prob. Errore per L-PSK

1e-01
L = 2,4
8
1e-02 16
32
001 000 64
1e-03 128
256
011 100
1e-04

Pe(bit)

1e-05
010 101
1e-06
110 111
1e-07

1e-08
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Codifica di Gray per PSK Eb/No(dB)

 !#"%$'&(*),+.-0/ 1ED

13254 9;
68:=
7 <?>A@CB

$GFHI!J KLKM!#NAOHPQJSRTJSKL!UAV JV WTRXWTP*Y[ZMW ZMA$#WXZL!#3ZMW J\]!=!WT$#\_^`P*UI^HObce

a dg f
c dih ZMWT\_A!NjU3ZMJSk ^HARXRTU
e
PQ!J NjlmNjNnUAopq$GFHsrNjt Euwv rHxyJ KLKM!#UNjNnWTlmJ PQJ.$#UOzRTJ.KM!#UVJ VWXRTW{P*YgZMWWTOH\]J ZMA! h J.$#J ^HNjJ.ZLR
!#^HlmU!#oe^HOHJ[!#|]WXUAOH3ZLW`ZMA$WTNjWXUAOH3$#UO`P*WT|_^`J}
~ UO`"!UAOHP*JOHZLUSWTRe!WTNj^HRTP*J PQUq$UAO€k^HRTRTUqKL!IRT ‚eƒ„…r†UNjNnC!#\_WTJ lmU[$GFHqRT JNnNjOH‡sJˆZMARP*A!nlmWXO`
‰
v=ŠŒ‹ x[ZMU\]^HPQUSJRXRTJQ$WT!#$UCRTJ !#WXPQY ‘’ZLRTRTJt$#UANnPQCRXRTJ]‡WTUO`r†WTRHPQ!#lmWXO`y(“),+q”#• xq^`O—"%JP*PQU!#q$#F`
Ž –
!#J KMKL!ANnCO`P*JgWXRKMA|_|]WXUA!JlmOHPQUJRXRT J_^`lmO`P*J !#ZLWp1˜rAZ™WXR 1šNnUAP*P›Uy!J ZLWX$#yxyWXRlmWT|_RTW{U!#J œ
<?>A@ B
lmO`P*UIZMUA\_^HPQU3JRXRTJ[!WTZM^`‡WTUO`EZMWMVJ OHZLJ}]›R !WTNj^HRTP*J PQUžNjKMUCNjP*UIx3^HOHJ[JKMKM!#UNjNnWTlmJ ‡sWTUOHI\_JRXW{ZLJ
Nn[ uŸv r 3\_WTJq\_WTJyKMWT .J$$#^H!#J PQJy$#UOz1z$!#Nj$nAOHP*}
›ObPQJ VRTRXJ¡x™!#WTKMU!#P*JP*UzWTR'!WTNj^HRTP*JP*U—ZLR8$#UOHœ ¢ £q¤ £q¤
B ¥‹ ”§1 B Š v (“),+ B • B
¦ –  ¨›©
"!UAOHPQUrCJEKMJ!WTP*YIZMWLQrZMAW\]J RTU!#W_ZLW'¼L½ OHA$ANnNjJ !#W
¾`¿ ªž«­¬3®›¯°›± ²]³ ´ ª
KMA!qÀ`œÂÁMƒ„…r’$#UO`P*!#U.k^HARXRTW…OHA$ANnNjJ !#W’KM![À œ‚Hƒ„Äà µ ¶ ³ ·]¸ ª]³ µjµ
NnW_xÄNj|]^HWTP*UÅWTR_!#J KLKMUA!nP*UÄPQ!#J[|]RTW_J !#|_UAlmO`P*WZM|]RXW
¹§º ¶ ³² ¶ ´C³§¹
!#"$ÇÆAÈ#rMNnW`x[RT\_JP*U[JR`k ^`J_ZL!JP*Usr`ZgWTRH!#WXNj^HRTP*JP*U ¶ ² ¶ ³² µ ´C³ ²
x3NjP*JP*U3ANnKL!ANnNUIWXO.ZMɞ} ¶ ³ ²j»
ºª ´C³ ²
Ê NjJ lmWTO†JOHZMUÅRTJ;P*JV RTRTJ;KMA!ÇZMWT\_!#NnWM\]J RTU!#W ZMW
‰
1˜rHNjWeP*!#U\]J h JtKMJ !#PQyWTReP*A!lmWTOH v=ŠË‹ ZMARXRT ÀMœ‚eƒ_„po˜WTRelmWX|]RXWTUA!J l.OHPQU[ZMWKM!#NjP*J‡WTUO`WeWXO™ZLÉ
 Ž
ZMARXRT À`œÂÁMƒ_„ !#WTNnKLPQP*USJ ZgÀMœ‚eƒ_„pr`U\]\_A!UqWeZMÉÌZMW`KMUPQCOH‡sJˆ!WTNjKMJ !#lmWXJP*JˆJˆKLJ !#WXPQYgZLWeKM!#UVJ V WTR{WTP*Y
ZMW!#!#U!n}i›R!WTNn^`RXPQJ PQU hÍ œÎgZMÉÏZLW˜lmWT|_RTW{U!#J lmAOHPQUo’F`J.KLU!#P*JP*UJ.KM!#ZLWXRTWT|_!#NjlmKL!WTRÁMƒ„
!#WXNjKMAP*PQU;J RTRX ‚eƒ„Ä}
Ê _UKMKLUC!PQ^HO`UˆUNjNnA!n\_J!ˆ$GFHsr0k ^HJRXUA!JmNnW…ZLNjWXZL!#WpUPQP*CO`!#t^HO¡\]J RTU!#gZLW…KM!#UVJ V WTR{WTP*Y—ZLW
!#!#UC!’ÐÑÒ'Ó ÔÕQrk ^`NjP*UEx3KMJ !#W J

Ö%ÛjØ%Ü5×ÞÝßTÝÚ
˜ÖכØ%ٓڅ
1
<?>A@ B
JqKMJ PQP*UIZMWMJ NjNnUA$WTJ !#sr JqRTWX\]RTRXWL$#UAOHP*WT|_^`WXr_|]!^`KMKMWMZLW VWXPZLWX""!#COHPQWMWXOt^HO`JqNjURTJqKMUNjWT‡WTUOHsr$#Ulm
KM!#\]WXNjPQUEZMJRM$UAZMWT$IZMWMàE!J_á h lmUNnPQ!#J PQU3OHARXRTJ;âH|]^H!J[Nj|]^HO`P*Ao%r WTOglmUAZMUž$GFHERT !#!UA!EP*!#JSZL^H
RTWX\]RTRXWCKL!UA\_UC$GFHW_RX A!!#U!#ÄZMW_^HOyNjURTU8V WTPeO`R]|_!#^HKLKMUÄZMW 1.V WTPHJNnNjU$#WXJP*W_JE$#WXJNn$#^HOyRTWT\_RTRTU}_ã…
<?>A@ B
$#^H!\]3ZLW†KL!UAV J VWXRTW{P*YyZMW !#!UA!nEKL!ÄVWXPQr!WTKMUA!PQJ PQ;WXOgâH|]^H!JrNnUO`UE$#J RT$UARXJP*EWXOgk ^HANnPQU3lmUAZMU}
ä "!#
$&%(')%+** ,.-/%(021'43#
%(5768591-:6;#


åÅå’æ
ç èbéëê

ìEí AsCnî?<`>ïð=<ñ`òXó.<sô ï#õA`Cjîr>qö]AAð8÷ùøˆú_ûMü`ýûLþGú]ýÿ
 þÞú_üHÿ

üpúûMþ ÷Qô òTñLò]ò í > í ñ>[îrAAïnñHò
ï=>Lòeó.< í G@> òA A ïGõA í îQòqTG ò

< ñq > ïNC
< ó.[ A ò@G "!
#%$ í [ A öO < ð#î¬ > ñHîQòHòTñ'& í  > Mð= > î í ð=

> (*)>+Mò,-,LAAðNAAñ
>
ð#òqCjö]A A î*î?<">.G "!
#0/IïGõA4A < ðN>„G@E A ï= < ómöOC < ñA A ñHîQò.Lò21 > ñO3> 1>Cl5 A 476… A 84 ôï#õ9 A ] > ñHñ<‹G í < :y<`>
X
4.;<.= j > @ k ?A476 j > C k BEDFGH > I ^ 4 j > C
X
k FKJMLNGH >
ñA < ñMòTö]A A ñ]A < ñÄ < öLòOO> í ñ>4jC îrAsCDCl>"CD A & í AA ñ
9> Mò,B>jC òTô]ó.>4CDA < ñ< < ð#ò:_òTñ > î?P
A ]5 >  í PA Q í CDjC òRLò]> î*ò
Mò@jC î*òTñHîQòK(
M
Y
M bit 2 = L’ livelli
b c [n]
S/P
c [m]
D/A c
Y Y
xc (t)
G(f)
{a k}
distributore V πT U (t) cosω0 t W S
xQAM(t)
dei bit
Ts
−sin ω0t W
X
b s [n] cX [m] xs (t)X
S/P D/A s G(f)

Zf Z Zf 1
\^]_`a bcM]ed f 2 \ X s
1 fb ______ b
__ = __
[
__ frequenza di segnalazione
b= T T
b 2 2 log L’
¬g

h i RTRTJyK7jlkmonplkqsrt iu mon2vst i9w t uxu n.v7n2v7kmon.ykzez{{j|n}nz i v7k~tez€ i v iu n€{5 iuxu k}C}n{9zte

 i jlnp|{‚qƒn„pltn„…nm%† i ze}{z{v7n u moj|n…tenmon„k‡m i j|zkRmKn†kC i zm i€u tn„v7t i jlk€n„kIˆ-j i rt i ze‰kŠ i mo‹
Œ
 t iu mon*† i z}C{z{Žjlk}C}jlt7skmon* i j%ˆ-{jx€kj i vst iŽui }zek‡nv7n
…kRz.v7k+…k uxi3‘e’@i v ‘.“ kv'”^•R‡n† i ‡
‡nqƒsj|{v7{–momKnN i vsnkRzm i tz âe‡mojl{'ˆ {j|€kRmK{j i v7nƒn€7t‡ u n˜—šÖ ™eښply i v i m i jl€nzk ‡› {plp|te7k‰‚n{z i
u  i momKjxk‡ i v i ‡ uxi }zek‡ iŽ‘7œe2ž {mom i zetmK{kŸ7kRj|monj i v7k ‘s’
i v ‘.“  i v7nkzem i €{v7te‡kR‰n{z i nz ˆ k ui
i rRtkvsj|kRmKtjlk
Œ8¡ i š — Ö e™ Ú¢'k pl{ uxi ze{'j|nk‡‰kCmo{'p|{z£j|{‡‡N{ˆ-ˆ¥¤qƒk‡‡{jlk ‡k …kRzv7kŠk¦ˆ-j i rt i z‰ i
7{ u nmon† i v7n ‘ œe2ž jln u t‡mok3skj|n.k ª¬«®­o§©¯±¨ °²–³ Öµ´N¶¦H¤ Úe·~‰Œ
ã"k uxi rRt i ze‰k¸v7n{ i j|kR‰n{zen8v i m i jl€nzek
tzek¹p|{ u m i ‡‡k‰‚n{z i rtekvsj|kRmKkRq+p|{€7{ u m±k¹vsk xs _
ª
”»º Ö” • Ú 7tezmKnq7pEy i j|ks7j iui zmokz{‡ i pl{{–j¼
x
QAM

v7nzkRm i qz i ‡@snkRz{Ÿv i ‡‡› nz†Cn‡te77{pl{€7‡ iuu {‚q xc

nz¹p|tenrt iu mK› t‡mKn€{½¢½ˆ-{jl‰kRmK{¾k»mKjlkz u nmKkRj i Costellazione

nz¿pl{jlj|n u s{–zv i z‰‚kIv i }C‡nNn u mKkRzmonƒvsn h áCrtn u m 16−QAM

€t‡mons‡n7v7n2À “ Œ
Á z€v i â znmon†Ckqn‡2 i jln{v7{5vsn u n€…R{‡{jln u t‡mKk
”"• Ö”iÚ¼ÇÉÈ ª ´
À “ ºÃ <?>Ä ª ºÆ <?>Ä ª º ”
™Å ™ Å ™Ř<?>Ä ª
 i zemKj i ‡k~…Rkz.v7k~{p|pxt7kRmKk¢
™Å
Ê˺̙ “ Öµ´ƒ¶¦e¤ Ú@º Öo´„¶¦¤HÚ
ª ”
<?>Ä
i rtenzev7n.t}Ctk‡ i k‡2Í7ÎÏÐpl{z't}Ctk‡ i zet i jl{5v7ne‡n† i ‡‡MnÑ vsnpltnepl{zev7n†nv i rtenzvsnkzpEy i ‡› i ˆ%âe
pln i z‰‚k u  i momKjkR‡ iÒ Œ h {mKnk€{PpEy i qC i jƒpl{ i¥u n¢Pn€7{ u mKkRmK{P‡{ u ply i €k5vsnRv7n u mojln…Rt‰n{z i v i nR…Rnm
moj|k€njlk€nq”¾v i † i jln u t‡mokj i tzŠrtekvsj|kRmK{Ÿ i jlˆ i mKmo{RŒ h t‡‡kn€ i v7n u p i vsn i ‡kR…{j|kRj iŸu pEy i €n
7nÓ½pl{€7‡ iuxu n^nz½pltn„” • ¢+vsn† i j u {+ i jn"v7t i j|kR€nqÔ{77tej i nz¦p|ten"‡k'pl{ u m i ‡‡k‰xn{z i ze{z u nk
rtekv7jlkmok
Œ
 ÕՂÖM×RÖÐØ
Ù9Ú ÛRÜÝ

Þ
Þ*ßáàNßâÞ ã~äå*æ‚çè"é¬êë2ìPê9í@ê5îŸï3ð
ñò î*ò ó ó ò8ô í 1 òXî ò ïGõeõ€öó ÷oMò ô îoó ñ‚óøžî*ðló  í õ.ö í ñ`î*ò„7õööó ï òô îoõööóRò ò ñeõ8ù"ú*ûü/.ó€ó:C:_ò ò ðlõ€-ó
ö7 ó ðòTîKý~Mò
þÔ$7õö`ï|ó ôò9ÿ
 ö7õAðî±óñHî ò ôMï /9sóŸó ô ö7õAî*îoó ð ô ò í ñ5ómò:Cö{ò ò ðló ó€õñ`î ò sõööõ3öMð|õ ô îoósò ò ñHò
-z ó ös ó ð#òXîoý'M ò 
 H $=òTñ½& í ó_ñ`î ò ö ó]ðlõózïGõõtòXñeMò_ò í ó öó—öLð ò 1ó1òöTòTîKý Lò^õð#ð ò ðlõ/gð#ò ò îQîoó
(±ö
óRö ò ð|õ5sõööˆ ó öMð ò 1óR 1 òXö ò{îoýM òAõ ðð ò ðlõ ô òesõ îoCõ ðómòTñó~ ò ö ò óRCõð òôô õCð|Có î ò ï#õeõ[ïòó ô ï í ñ ò 7õAò í õ
ðl ó ómò òXñ, ó ô õõ& í óM ðl ó î í ðlS ó ï òô î›òTî í ò ô ï|õ í ñ ô õ_: ñóRöõ%ú  ó í öXîQòö{òCõöö ò ï ò ñŠþ? þš(
 11 ò ó ó ò ]: ò
ý ïlóTö ï ò ö ó î ò ï#õesõ ô ö7õ ðÅîoóöõ ô õ_: ñeóösõ ôMò†ö ð|ó öMö ò ð#î ò 
 ŽHN ò ö ò 7Aõ ó ò  í öóò ò ñõ5/
õ ô ó îQîKó ó€õ ñ`îK3
õ ös ó ð#ò2ó3& í õöö ò 7õö ô õ_: ñeóöE õ ó ò  í ö ó î
ò  ö7Aõ ðîo ó ñHî ò9ò î*îoCõ ñHò]ó ó ò

6   ~x
 ?  ? 1 0 ? ns s
"!$#%'&)(*,+-*/. 2!3#4%'&)(*,+-*5. Regione di
7 
âM
D ä Ñ þ 
? õðl,ùï9<>= ? s 
decisione
6
798
þ ;: ŽH þ  Ñ 8@B
p (ns)
7 A n
 x
! . ~
c

C òTïò ð|só ñe Šò ò ðlóïGõõ½þB?D þ ? þ Ñ õ  í ñ& í õ

! .EGF
D ä Ñ þ  ? Ñ â
D ä Ñ þ0ô ô ò ò î*îQòõAñõ
â

E
 
p (nc) Pe
7 ?IJ
Mâ D
ä Ñ þ Probabilita’
nc

  ?H6
798
 õAð|,ï< = di errore
ŽH K þ 8L7 A
nc
 þ :
)"ó—öLð ò 1ó1òöTò{îKý Lò"õð#ð ò ðlõ+-ó—ï|ó ðló îQîKõAðõ$Çï ò ómö7öõ ôxô òóô…ï#ò ò /+öó—öLð ò 1ó1òöTò{îoýzïGõõtòö ô õ:]ñóöõˆðò
ïlõ í î òN4 M ? 4 OQP ïló7ó , í ò ðò^7õööó™ðlõI :_ò ò ñeõ8Lò^7õAïò ô ò ò ñõgð|õöóî*òó'óööá4 î*ðló ô ó€õ ôxôò ô’ð#ò ô í öTîKó
 >©X> W W ?  O  O Y Ñ[Z Y ô0òTñ¡ï í ò ô ò@ó ôô í ó€õˆîQð|ó ô ï í ðló1 òöõ~öómöMð ò 1óR1 òöXò{îoý'Mò
ô 1Ró:CXö òó ð|õ9Aõ ñHîQð|ó ó€1õ94 6 õ84 0 ! ( .
!3RTSVU,S U .
ìEí õ ô îoó ô îoõ ôxô t ó òTö ò îKõ ô òTô2ó ôô òõ ó€õŽóöö  í îQòTö ò ò Mò í ñ5ï ò MòTï|õMò]\Eð|ó_^yö7õAðIï ò Lò`Hï|óð|õ[ò:]ð í öMöLòMò
1 òTî„ó ôxôò ïò ó îQòeóTö òõöTö ò2sõ òe í [ õ ðl ó ómòTôMï ò ñ ô õ ñ`îKõŽM òeõ ô öMð#òXó€Aõ ð|õö ó öMð ò 1óR 1 òöXò{îoýMòeõð#ð ò ðlõ;ö7õAð¥1 òTî
ï ò ó€õ I
>©a> W W 7 ?I 
âM
D ä Ñ þ
 > ?  !-RSVU5S U . ? 6 798 õ ð|, ï < =
A
!$(% . âM
Dä Ñ þ â
D ä Ñ þ  þ : H K þ 8L7 A
b ò ô õ: í òXî ò ô ôò ñ ò ð|óR', `e: í ðl ó îoõNö= õ ï í ð|C' õ ï ò ñyò–Cóö ò ð#òCL ò  > ösõ ð^L òCõ ð ô òCóRö ò ðò–L òþóö¬C ó ð#òó ð|õ
Mò9g]dfeh õ ô öMð|õ ôôxò òTñ3f i  òCö ï ò ñ, ð ò ñHî ò ï ò ñŸö' õ ï í ð|C8 õ ðlõö ó îQòCõšóRö .
ÿ  ö7Aõ ðó€Aõ î›îKõšM ò–óRö í îK ó ðlõšö  õ ñ`î*òTîKý
3
! c
( %
7õö ómò:Tö ò ò ðl ó ó€Aõ ñHî ò M ò]öMðlõ ô îKóR ò ò ñ`òKk( j ò ó€õš/ õ_ ò7Aõ ñHîoõ ô–öE ó ó ò  í öóR ò ò ñõšù"ú*û ò ,-%, ðlÄ õ öMðlõ ô îKóR ò ò ñ`ò
ô Aõ ñ ô ò1 òTö óAõ ñHîoõ ô í ö7Aõ ðò ò ð#ò`ð#ò ô ö7Aõ î*î ò óööó
ÿ  (
Prob. Errore per L-QAM
0.1
L=4
16
lx 0.01 64
256
ms 0.001
1024
00
m01 0.0001
o
Pe(bit)

xc
m 1e-05
10 11 01 00
11
1e-06
10
1e-07

1e-08
n 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Codifica di Gray per QAM Eb/No(dB)
ÛÜp qRÙsrutwvyx z9x0ÕÕրÚ{x |[}z2Ù1~twx €‚@€ƒ}Pڄ…twqÙ

†"†ˆ‡;‰ ŠŒ‹4Žˆ’‘”“•B•—–5˜™–5‹4–,š

!
õ5››õ5œõžööõ5ŸŸ òV  õJ¡ òôxô ó‚¡7õ/œ ô ó   õž¢
só_£õ   œeõž¤ký£k ô ŸKõž¡
¥[¢

¦§ókœ¨ŸoõJœ ò œ ô f© òôxô õJª€óó ô ¡sõ/Ÿa«
Ÿoó Ÿ wò ¬ ¦§õöö
õ öö § ô Ÿ   óŸoõ ôxò œ ò~ôxò ö󏪀õ/œ]ŸKõ3öõ­ŸKõ5®œ]-®T¯eõ°¢
Y›Ró ô õ±„!
õ5œ¨²‚ó ò5  ó8õ/œ¨Ÿ   ó   õ°œ³¢sõ/ŸaŸKó¤Cö
Ÿ  |ò ¡
¡ ò õöó › 5ò   ó Ÿ´¡7õ   õ ôxô õ   õ   -¡ ò/  ŸK󟝦§¨ ¬ ª€õ/œ]², ò œ]ókª ò óRö-®µ§¨œeõ%óRö-Ÿ   õ2ŸKõ5®œ]-®T¯õf¶
·¸¹»º½¼„¾3¿¨¾3ÀÂÁ_ÀÄÃBŨ¾ÇÆcÈ5ɂÊ;Ë
¾3¿_ÌÍô ªÎöõNóöö Ïu«
!YÐ ¬ € ª ó® ò A œ öóÑ£ ó    󏜴oŸ õ³¢fª€óœ¨Ÿoõ/œeõ/«
  õK§] œ óÑ® ò œ¨Ÿa-œ]§¨KŸ ýÑ¢
"-© ó ô õ³Ÿ   ó ô ªÎ› ò « Ô0 1 1 0
Ô0 1
Ô0 1
ö-® ò œ¨Ÿa-¤k§¨a±fÒ2§ õ ô oŸ ó™|® ó   óŸoŸ õ    ô Ÿ|® ó­® ò œ¨«
ô õ5œ¨KŸ õ"§]œ ó   -¢f§¨²w ò œ õ7¢ õööó1R› 󏜨s¢ ó ò ®µ®§]«
7¡ óoŸ ó ¬ -œÓ£k   Ÿ¥³7¢ õöö ó ôô õ/œ]x² óƒ¢
›   § ô ®T¯ õ
£ ó    ó², ò œ¨f¢
 © ó ô õ±
Õ°ÖaÖ×5Ø
ÙڂØfÛ¨Ü;݈Þà߂á]â)ã_âäåâá]æç[èfç/éuêuëíìîçïêBð
ñòuóuåáÂôõ]åuåuöfç/äµå-÷5è
åyèfåuøùåúÎû÷5é-÷[öfç/ä‚åuüýäµâúÎå
øù÷5á¨÷øùþ3âø4âæaå_èfç/éÿ

uâJôâö
âôµåæ1èfåø4å-á]ôäµ÷/á]å
 ,â wå-÷5á¨çèfç/é_äåôç5ã_åæ÷5äùçäµå-ø4õ¨éæâ2úÎå
ké å-÷5äç
 ÙTÜ   Øf×]݈×/Ø!#"éuøùç$ _á¨âé-ç[úƒ÷/è
õ]é-âæ÷&%('¨éæaäâæ÷wóBç[øùåuåá¨æaäµ÷/è
õ]ôç”è
ç5é-åûç5äâæâúÎç/á]æç
õ¨á¨â)"+*">åáƒúÎ÷5è
÷1ôµ÷/á]æäµ÷Véé-âæ÷,„å- ké-å÷/äµâ°é-. ç/þ/'¨ôµå-ç5á wâ­ø4ö
ç/æaæaäâéç
012BÜ4365  Ø(7°Ø
ÙØ98kÜ4]݈Ø(7°Ü;ÖÖaØ  Ø
Ý:8kÜ  Ü<;‚ç/é¨ð
ñò ø4õ¨ø4øùåøùæaç­õ]á¨â™âúÎûå- _õ´å-æ=ïäåøùöfç/æaæc÷â(>õ¨âé-ç
øùåâÂé-âKþ3âø4çÓè
åäµåþ'ç5äåúÎç/á]æ÷Â߂á]âKøù÷5é-õ ,å÷/á]ç%ýå-á]ã_åâäµçýõ¨á@?¨õ]øùø4÷ýûåá´âäµå-÷Óôµ÷/ø4æäµõ¨åæ÷Óâ
ö
âäµæåäµçJèfâéé-çBACEDFDHGJIKGMLNOG9èfåûåæYôµ÷/á¨æaå- _õ¨åá¨ç/éúÎç/ø4øùâ
 _å÷÷/äµå- _åá¨âäµå÷,ók÷5ö
öfõ¨äµçžèfç/úÎ÷5è
õ¨éâäµç
é-âþ3âøùçžèfåf÷ _á]åføùåúÎû÷5é-÷PIKGJQ/R9STC/UR9V<GMLSWGâé-éâsþ3âøùçžè
ç5é
øùåúÎû÷5é-÷"öfäç5ôçVèfç/á¨æaç
X. ÷/öfç/äµâ
wå-÷5á¨ç
ôâõ¨øùâ­õ¨á”ö
ç  _å÷/äµâúÎç5á¨æa÷1è
å´ö
äµç/ø4æcâ
wå-÷5á¨å
è
åY>õ]âké-ô[Z¨ç2è9\]
^ 01_ `4a
IKGMQ/QFC/bdc!e$AGKAgfheA6iOQ/R9STCFe$LjHlkBäç5é-éåøøùå- _á]å
'´ôµâmSWIKR9Q/C/nJnMC/ekó—ç[äµâöfö
äµç/øùç5á¨æaâýõ¨áKúÎ÷5è
÷[èfå
äç5âéå
 ,âäç‚õ¨á]â”ôµ÷/èfå
']ôâ”è
åYôµâá¨âé-çô[Z¨ç­å-úÎöf÷/á¨ç­ã_åá´ô÷5é-åâééçö
÷/ø4øùåûåéåíøùç$>õ¨ç5á wç
:"éYá¨õo
úÎç/äµ÷è
åké-åã_ç5é-éå%âäæaå
']ôåâéúÎç/á]æç9âõ¨úÎç5á¨æaâæa÷wóVúÎâ2åkö
õ]á¨æåkè
ç5éé-âJô÷5øùæaç/éé-â ,å÷/á]çäµå-ø4õ¨éæâá¨æaç
á¨÷/á³øù÷5á¨÷™æaõ¨æaæåö
÷5øùø4å-ûå-éåóíâá 4å—ø4÷/é÷™õ]á³äµå-ø4æäµç/ææ÷™á]õ¨úÎç5ä÷­é-÷p%/óYåáNþ'õ]á ,å÷5á¨ç°èfç/åøùåúÎû÷$o
é-å"ö
äµç/ôµç/èç5á¨æaåq"cé"äµå-ø4õ¨éæâæ÷r%„õ¨á úÎå- _éå-÷5äâúÎç/á¨æa÷„èfç/ééâtsu)`'÷5èQõ¨á]â äµå-èfõ wå-÷5á¨ç„èfå1vxw
á¨ç/ôµç/ø4øùâäåâ
j¨â°ø4ö
ç/ø4ç1èfåõ]á¨â­úÎâ O kå-÷5äçJ÷/ôµôùõ¨öfâ
wå ÷/á¨ç2è
å´ûâá]è
â
Õzy!7z_ `|{1IKSW}e[~eLRXQ€:IKGJiOGKLn4‚„ƒ…CFU€CFbKC/eL…f†iOQ/SWCE‡ˆQ/GŠ‰j[*YåúÎåé-çø4÷/æaæ÷žôµç/äµæåfâøùö
ç5æaæåfâéé-. ‹9ŒBìó_å-á
>õ¨âáæa÷øùõ]è
èfå-ãkå-èfçéâ1ûâá´èfâ1å-á­ö
å-™ö
÷5äæaâá¨æaåókô[Z¨çøù÷5á¨÷öfç/äKŽ"÷/äµâ1âæaæåã_çôµ÷/á]æç5úÎö
÷5äùâá]ç/â
o
úÎç/á¨æa琏1 _á]å¨ö
÷5äæaâá¨æaçç/þ3þ3çVææaõ¨â[æaå-öfå-ôµâúÎç5á¨æaçõ¨á¨â™úÎ÷5è
õ]é-â ,å ÷5á¨çêBëíì‘`3ôµ÷/áÓö
å-ýéå-ãkç/éé-å’j3ó
çJéâøùöfâ
,åâæaõ¨äµâsæäµâ­öf÷/äµæcâá]æå%2øùôµç/éæaâ­åáïúÎ÷/è
÷žè
âäµç/á]è
ç/ä4é-çž÷/äµæ÷$ _÷5á¨âéåó_âá¨á]õééâá¨èf÷"ô÷$o
øM“¨éçsåá¨æaç/äµþ'çVäµç/á ,çsæaäâïôµâá¨âé åuâ™äµç/âéå- ” wâ
wå ÷/á¨çø4å¨ûâøùâ™ø4õmnJe$V)‡ˆe$LGKLSTC}R9IKA•1RXIJGJô[Z]ç
ç/þ3þ'çVæaæaõ¨âá]÷™÷/öfç/äµâ
wå-÷5á¨åBèf嗖—–k˜`/–]âø4æP–]÷/õ¨äµåç/ädkuäµâá]øùþ3÷/äµú<jˆöfç/äsø4å-á]æç5æå- ” wâäµç™åé—ø4ç ká¨âéç
ç”èfç/úÎ÷5è
õ¨éâäµé÷™"céuãkâá]æâ
 _å ÷ïöfäåá¨ôµå-öfâéç&%ïé
. âkøùø4ç/á wâýè
åBá¨ç/ôµç/ø4øùåæ=Nèfåuç>õ¨âéå- š ,â ,å÷/á¨ç
› åç/á]ç™åúÎö
åç _âæ÷­ö
ç5ä1÷/æaæaçVá¨ç/äµç™ãkç/é÷/ôµå-æ=ÎèfåBæaäâøùúÎåøùø4å-÷5á¨ç­úÎ÷/éæ÷°ç/éç/ãkâæç°øùõ³úÎç  ,åYæäµâ
o
øùúÎåøùø4å-ãkåø4ôâäø4âúÎç5á¨æaç1ô÷5á¨èfå
wå-÷5á¨âæåóôµ÷/úÎç1á¨ç/é´ôµâøù÷sèfç/éé-. âè
øùé
ø4õÎéå-á]ç/â­æç5é-ç5þ'÷Vá]å-ôµâœsé-é â
âö
öfç/á]è
åôç(
 ÿ žp%2ç/øùöf÷/ø4æâ°õ¨á¨â‚âá¨âé å-ø4å´è
ç/æaæaâ
_éåâæâ­è
ç5é-éâ°æaç/ôµá¨åôâŸ
  ]¢¡]£ 7¤  ]¡ 0 ^!)¥ _ `|fheA6iOQ/RNCFe$LGmR9AqGJbŠ‡ˆR9LbJCTeLG¦AC1bŠ‡ˆGKSWSTIKej[†uâÑø4æç5øùø4â@ûâá¨è
âÑè
å
þ'äµç>õ¨ç/á ,ç]%žô÷5á¨æaç/úÎö
÷5äùâá]ç/âú”ç/á]æçžõ¨æaå-éå- ” wâkæâè
âö
å-ïæäµâø4úÎå-ø4øùå÷/á]åè
åþ3þ'ç5äùç/á]æåó_ô[Z¨ç"á¨÷5á
å-á]æç5äþ3ç/äùåø4ô÷5á¨÷2æaäµâ™é-÷5ä÷Jö
ç5äôJZ§2÷$ _á]õ¨á¨â‚õ¨æaå-éå’  ,â°þ3÷5äúÎç1èX. ÷/á¨èfâ­÷5äæc÷$ _÷5á¨âéå
âp>õ¨ç5é-éçžè
ç/é-o
é-çÓâéæaäçwóçÓô[Z¨çÓø4÷/á¨÷Óôµâäµâæaæç5äå- ” wâæaçÓè
âÑõ¨á]âK÷/ôµôõ]ö
â
wå-÷5á¨çÓø4ö
ç/æaæaäùâéçmV<eQ/STeKø4õ¨öfç/äµå-÷5äùç
âh>õ]ç/éé â„úÎåá¨å úÎâ(Bâ³æaç/ôµá¨åôâ³è
å>æäµâø4úÎå-ø4øùå÷/á]çÎäµå-ø4õ¨éæâáæaç)öfäç5á¨è
çÎâá¨ô[Z¨ç”åéˆá¨÷/úÎçƒè
å
f†iOQ/SWCE‡ˆQ/RNC/eLG!Rlƒ&C/UC/bJC/eLG¨ACc!e$AC/nJGO
ÕՂ֟©RÖ3ÙszBv…>@rxBªªYtH«tzut,v$¬ ÛRÜ
­

®]¯$°9±²³4´³4µ·¶¸¹»º¼ ½
¾¿E¼ ÀÁB¸mÂ$¹:º=¼ º

ÃľÁ:À¢½¼+Á¸½Â$Å À
Æ»¼ ¸¹[¾(¹$ÂÁB¾¿Ç¼ ÈÀrÉ[Ê4ËBÈ¸¹pÌ-ͨÎÏÀ
º¼ Ð$є¾¿€¼ ÅFҐÂ[ÀÅ ¾™º¼+¿Ç¼ È
¾Ó[À
¹[ÀÔÑ$¸ß¾¹[ÆTÀÕ½¼Jº
¾֐¹»ÀÅ ¾×Ø<ÙÛÚ=ÜJÝ$ÞxßÏà$¸ŠßáŠâм ¹&Ñ
¿ ¾º
¾¹[Æ/À½¼€Â¹[Àã½X¾¹[º¼ ÃÄäÕ½¼є¸Oß¾¹[ÆTÀÕ½¼¿EÂÁB¸¿ ¾
×å6æ’ç$èXÙ<éˆê+Ú=Ü Ýë/ë ßÏà$¸Šßá â
ì[í Æ»îKï¼/½
¾º¼ ½
¾¿E¼
ÃT¿ À
ºÁB¾OÃÄÃľ¿ ¾z¹—ðMÂ[º-º
¸&¹Â$Á¾¿E¼ È¸1ÀdÓK¾Å ¸Oȼ ÃÄä(ç e ÙãÚñ]ò
¼ Ã ì º
¾OÈ
¾lº¼-È¸¹[º¼ ½
¾¿Ç¼ ¹»¸…¼ ÁlÑ
ÂÅ º¼
À™È¸Oº
¾¹[¸p¿Ç¼ ÀÅ ÆTÀ
ÃĸlÈ¸¹Bó„ÙmÜKî
ô
õ)ö »Â ÀÅ ¾]÷pÅ À&øOùє¾¿ò
¼ ÀÀÅ=¿E¼ È¾Ó¼ Ãĸ¿ ¾ú]û—Å À(ò”À¹»½XÀ™¸OÈÈÂ$єÀXÃÄÀú
ü õ)ö »Â ÀÅ ¾Ô¹»¸€ÓK¸ÓKÀÅ ¸¿ ¾ã½¼øùBº¼M¸ßÃT¼ ¾¹[¾ýÂ[º-À¹»½X¸Ô¼ ¹»ÓK¾€È¾Ô¹[À@ÁB¸O½ÂÅ ÀXÆ»¼ ¸¹[¾qþÿ
È¸¹mÅ ¸ãº
Ãľº
º
¸
¹ÂÁB¾¿ ¸l½¼=Ñ
¹»ÃW¼
½¼/È¸º
ÃľÅ Å À
Æ»¼ ¸¹»¾ú
  õ  ¾Å=ÈÀ
º
¸ÔÌ-Í -þÿ 6ÐMҐ»ÀÅ ¸¿ À¦º¼=½
¾Oº=¼ ½X¾¿E¼HÀ¹[È¸¿ ÀrÅ Àø€ù¸OßÃľ¹ȧÀ¦ÀÅšÑ
¹[ÃĸÔÌ-á4ÐMҐ»À¹[ßÀrє¸Oß¾¹[ÆTÀ…÷
ºÂ[Î Hȼ ¾¹[Ãľ…¿E¼ È¾ÓK¾¿ ¾ú
M õ  Å+ÈÀXº-¸˜þÿ †È¸¹zÅ À øùˆ½
¾ÅÑ
Â$¹[߸tÌ|á4ЀҐ»ÀÅ ¸¿ ÀÕº¼[½X¾º¼ ½
¾¿Ç¼[½¼ ÁB¾ÆWÆTÀ¿ ¾rÅ À ò”À¹»½XÀÕ¸OÈÈÂєÀ
ÃÄÀÐ

¾
Ò»À¹[ÃÄÀ¦Ñ”¸OÃľ¹[ÆTÀ1÷z¹»¾OÈ¾º
º
À¿E¼ ¸…¿E¼ È¾ÓJ¾¿ ¾ú

M õ  ¾ÅKÈÀ
º
¸ Ì-Í -þÿ qÈ¸¹(Å À ø ù ½X¾ŀÑXÂ$¹[Ãĸ Ì|ᗾ× Ø ÙÛÚ=Ü Ý$Þ ßÏà$¸Šßá â ÐOҐÂ[ÀÅ ¾ ¹$Â[¸€Ó[ÀÔç e ÷ є¸Oº
º¼ òX¼ Å ¾
¿ À
Ö
Ö¼ ¹»Ö
¾¿ ¾ú

¸ µ :´³Šµ6°
ô
õ º
º-¾¿ Ó¼ ÀÁB¸dÈ»¾ e Ùã× Ø ê e Ù  Ù ë ë h h" ! Ù Ú4Ü $Ý # ßÏà$¸Šßá â
ì[í Æ[ÐMÁB¾¹[ÃT¿ ¾% h Ùré×åæ’ç$èÙ'&êKÚ=Ü Ýë/ë
ßÏà$¸ŠßáŠâ ì[í Æ»ÐJє¾¿ ßÀ¹[Ãĸ)å+( * Ù<é-, ¾/.å
( *1 032 4 ÙãÚ=Ü6587 ë:9 é-,<;ãÚ &4½>=î
?A@ ÀÅ Å ¾1ÈÂ$¿ÏÓJ¾1½
¾Å Å ¾&Ñ
¿ ¾º
ÃÄÀXÆ»¼ ¸¹¼HÑ$¾¿$¼ Å-B+ïDCº¼TÃT¿ ¸€ÓKÀ¢È[¾™È¸¹EGFIH % 9 Ù Ú &½>=MÐHº¼F¸OÃÄÃW¼ ¾¹»¾zøù—Ù
Ú=Ü Ý”Þ Ò»ÀÅ ¸¿ À™º¼Â[ÃT¼ Å ¼ ÆTÆ»¼ ¹[¸ÕÌ-ÍlÅ ¼ ÓK¾Å Å ¼ î
?AJ À(ò”À¹»½XÀ1¸OÈÈÂ$єÀXÃÄÀm¿E¼ ºÂ$Å Ã|L À KrÙ  Ùt:ë 9 " Ù<-é ,HS Ü C í Æ»î
M NOIP1Q R
ü õ J ¾dÈ¿ÏÓK¾d½X¾Å Å ¾mÑ
¿ ¾Oº
ÃÄÀ
Æ»¼ ¸¹¼»Ñ$¾¿¼ Śþ
ÿ tÁB¸Oº
ÃT¿ À¹[¸¢ È [¾¢È¸T
¹ >FIH % 9 Ù@UÚ &ˆV ½ =¾ Ì|Í)Å ¼ ÓK¾Å Å ¼ ÐKº=¼Š¸OÃÄÃW¼ ¾¹[¾
ø ù ;XW—ê+Ú=Ü $Ý Y î
 õ Å ¾…º-ß¾º
º
¾…ÈÂ$¿ ÓM¾ÕÁB¸Oº
ÃT¿ À¹[¸( È »¾ÐÈ¸¹¢¼ Å
Ì-ZÍ 
þÿ 6Ð
Å Àø ù Ù Ú=Ü Ý$Þ º=¼H¸OÃÄÃT¼ ¾¹»¾…È¸[ ¹  F H % 9 Ù Ú=Ü ý ,:> ½ =Ð
¸ÓJÓJ¾¿ ¸h]Ì \»_Ì ^î `
aZbî `¨V ½ =P¼ ¹]ÁB¾¹»¸Ð+ È »¾dÈ¸¿ ¿E¼ º=Ñ$¸¹[½
¸¹[¸™À
½Â$¹[ÀÕє¸OÃľ¹[ÆTÀ(d × Ø c Ù *Ie !_f Ù :ë 9 ! Ù
& ý &ihˆê»Ú4Ü Ý j ßÏà”¸Å ÃÄá â î :ë 9 â g â R
Mõ @ ¼ ÁB¾ÆTÆTÀ¿ ¾…Å À¦ò$À¹»½XÀ¢¾ҐÂ¼ ÓKÀÅ ¾1À¦¿ À
½X½
¸Ñ
Ñ
¼ À¿ k ¾ 58l-7 Ð+¸€ÓšÓK¾¿ ¸…Â[ÃT¼ Å ¼ ÆTÆTÀ¿ ¾(¹„¹Â$ÁB¾¿ ¸1½¼HÅ ¼ ÓJ¾Å Å ¼ m c Ù

â Ù -é ,3nKî J ¾dÈ¿ ÓJ¾¢½
¾Å Å ¾¦Ñ
¿ ¾º
ÃÄÀXÆ»¼ ¸¹¼[є¾¿¼ Å o`JÍ -âþm  ÿ tÁB¸Oº-ÃW¿ À¹[¸d È [¾mє¾¿J¸ßÃľ¹[¾¿ ¾…øù:Ù@Ú=ÜJÝ$Þ
¸Om ÈÈ¸¿ ¿ p ¾  F H % 9 ;†Ú q ý W6> ½ =MÐєÀ¿E¼=ÀX½ã¹¨ÀÂ$Á¾¹[Ãĸp½¼O_Ì rî bs]Ì \
aE\î b„V ½ =MÐKÈ [¾)¾OҐÂ$¼ ÓKÀÅ ¾)À
½Â¹»À
Ñ$¸ß¾¹[ÆTÀpt × Ø c ÙãÚ=Ü 9 g R Þ × Ø ;<é ý hê[Ú=Ü Ý$Þ ßÏà”¸Å ÃÄá â î

Mõ ¶„¼T¿E¼ ÃW¿ ¸€Ó¼ ÀÁB¸™¹[¾Å Å ¾º
ß¾º
º-¾!È¸¹[½¼ Æ»¼ ¸¹$¼Ç½X¾ÅTÑXÂ$¹[ÃÄu ¸ bJá4ÐTÈ¸¹:¹¾ÈÈ¾Oº-º
¸!½v¼ bî `> ½ =¹[¾ÅÇÓKÀÅ ¸¿ ¾¨½¼ dFIH % 9 Ð
È [¾¦Ñ
x w)¾º
º-¾¿ ¾d¾Å ¼ Ál¼ ¹[À
Ãĸm¿E¼ ½ÂJÈ¾*Ie ¹»½X¸¦¼ ¹l»֐»ÀÅJÁ1¼ ºÂ¿ p
 À FWÐK¾dҐÂ¼ ¹[½¼ŠÀÂÁB¾¹[ÃÄÀ¹[½X¸(yç FŠ> î z¼ º=ÂÅ ÃÄ>À {
 F c Ù | *I e !_f ¾]ҐÂ$¼ ¹[½¼ç F c Ù ë Ùt:ë 9 !]f ÙãÚ=Ü 9 g ~Þ j êç F ÙãÚ4Ü Y g ~Þ j ;Õé ý 3é &:ñxò ì º
¾Èî
ë:9 |D } |
? —
û -
º (
¾ ó  ý
Ù € P
Ü ú J z
À T
à ¿

À Ÿ
à Ä
Ã

À [
Æ ¼ 
¸ [
¹ )
¾ ½X¾Å4ÈÀ
º
¸z½¼Jò”À¹[½
Àò”À
º
¾ÐÁB¸º
ÃW¿ À& È [ƒ¾ ‚ â ºÂò
¼ º-È¾ÕÂ$¹™Ñ”¾O6Ö 
֐¼ ¸¿ ÀÁ¾¹[Ãĸ™½¼Kæ
… Ú „pó… è .F
Ú †'‡ 0 Ð+ È [¾…ß|є¾¿»¾Oº-¾ÁlÑ
¼ ¸OáÈ¸¹¨ó™ÙÜ ý ,Î ¸¿Ä¹$¼ º
È¾rÌ=î bÌ=Ð+ È [¾1½
¾ÓJ¾
¾Oº-º
¾¿ ¾„È¸ÁlÑ$¾¹[º-ÀXÃĸx½
À&¹»À(R »֐»ÀÅ ¾l½¼ Ál¼ ¹»ƻ¼ ¸¹[¾P½¼ VFIH % 9 î  ¾Å-ÈÀ
º
T ¸ `šá4ÐWÀX½1¾º
¾ÁlÑX¼ ¸ÐKÅ À
3ç F ¿Ç¼ º=ÂÅ Ãľ¿ ä¢ÒÂ¼ ¹»½¼Å ¼ Ál¼ ÃÄÀ
ßÀ™À(ç F c c Ù<ç F c HKÚ ý WšÚÙãÚ ý hJڈñxò ì º-¾€Èî
ˆŠ‰6‹ Œ6Žt1‘S’”“•’—–Š–D˜™š’”›œu“[ž1’”Ÿ AŸXœu™¡ E¢E1ŒŠ

£s£¥¤ ¦ §Œ‘”‘ƒ©¨«ªƒ–D¬–

­>­G®_¯>®_­ °©±²k³Š´¶µ'·¹¸1µtº6º1»u¼s½¾¸3¿sÀ)Á©³ŠÂ³pé·V³>º1½µtÄ
¸1À¼s¸
ÅsÆÈÇÊÉÈËŠÉ ÌÎÍŠÏ Ç ÐÑÏ ÒÓ͊ÉÈÔ É ÕdÖØ×UÙ Ú×]ÛÉË¹Ï ÜÛݏˊÏÞEß8ݹà Ú á1݊âËŠÝ z6ã äkå ÍŠÏ Ç ÐÑÆÛÐxæDçIè
Ì F
éGê…ë6ì Ñtí îZï$ðñtòôó öõ 9¹÷ F
ðDøùUú¥ûýüÿþ
í
í

 
ÿë6ì â
ä í í í

Ñ   ú   îiïðñtò ó  öõ 9

 â í ÷ ðDø 

í

 …ëÈì ¼ ¹»È¸¿ ¾¹[ß¾ â
ä Ñ  
ðDø   
 …ëÈì È¸O¾¿ ¾¹[Ãľ â
ä Ñ âÉÈÇÊÝ¥Ý>Ý "!$#&%(' 
ð¾ø Ñ  Ñ
F Ñ
) ê…ë6ì o
Ñtí îZï$ðñ òôó öõ 9 ÷ ðDøùUú¥ûýüÿþ í

â
ä í .&0 F í

 ê…ëÈì Ñ ò *-,/.  0 ó ö õ
îZï$ðñ + Ì ðDø 

 9 ÷ í

â3
ä Ñ Ñ í F  í
 
  )
21
 ú  4   îiïðñtòôó
  Ñ
5dö õ 9   í ÷ ðDø  í

ß76Äá98;: :GF+:IH"JKJ CML N J+:GOP: L NRQ :GOPS CMN :
. T 0 H"U E : N V S CWN H Q-V O&:
ü=>@
< ?A9BDC9E ùúSûýüþ  ú  BVXQ-QYV
OPH ECWZ :"[

­>­G®_¯>®]\ ^ƒ°`_ba·¹½ÈÀcuÀ¼kµÂ³

WC N H ˆgh"ikj D VGE L UWHgm CMVXN : …ë6ì A

dfe HgJ
B Q H Q H CMNlQ O VGEVXQYQ HkUWHkS : N G: UWUW: NlVXQ : BC j CWNlC m C H Q n
H UWH E MC BDZ&L BBDCMV 

N o
: P
O G
: W
U H QpC F + q
H "
H M
U W
U : Z VXNlE C m CMVXNlC E CrV
& O pQ V sJ V N H"U CMQptuQ OPHuUW:wvxOP:Gy L : N zm : EC ZPVGN v{O VsNlQpV : E|C U B :XJ N gH UW:oO CWZ : 
F L Q-V } e O&: NlE C H"S V y l :XO&H"m CWG V N : B :GJ N HgU C E :GU Q-C
e
V JK: N :XO&H"UM:n 
L CgCWN~Z&VXNlBCWE *;€‚zƒ ùðX„tû†…Lðz‡Dþ+ˆûŠ‰ & ‡ ‹A
CWNŒZPLlC j CWNlZ U LlBDVLlN :GOPO V O: EC v{H B 
: "
H M
U X
: H QpV O CMVQ OPH BC SŽ V U C/A+CWN S VXEVE Hn: B gH S CWN H+O&:UW: E C vxvx:GOP: N m :

Q O&H C U Z H  B VnE C S VXEL UMH"m C/VXN : ZPV :XO: N Q :n: E~CWNlZPV :XO&: NlQ :"[
‘ N C m C HKS V’ e e HgOP:“UM” : e OP:
E L N y L : Z&VXN U V’B F C U L B BDBCWVGN : E :GUWUW” CWNlQ :GJ+O&H"UM: E C9CWNlQ G
: O ZPV OPO:GUWHgm CMVXN :
ä >–•r—˜     V N :   *r¡   * ¢ >
v{H Z : NlEVLlBDVE :GUWUMHoOP:GUWHgm CWX
„ *€‚zƒ ùðz„Sûš™›…þ+ˆ‹ *;€‚zƒ ùðz„<ûœ2…þsˆûŠ‰"‹DžŸˆ
í  
¦ e
Ñ
€ * ù ¡ û ¢ þ
:
 
* ù ¡  ¢ þ£‹
:
:O C vx:GOP: NlE VGZPC e :GO B :XS e U CMZPCWQ-t g H U Z H BV¤EC¥E L :vxOP:Gy L : N mz: Z&VXNlQ-C J L :

VXN N EV ™ >R? E œ > úY§¨

ä ú —˜     ¦¯g¯ [ ¯
> *€]zƒ ù  zð „tû†…þsˆÿû«‰g‹Èû *€‚zƒ …qˆ¬‰"‹®­2žGˆ > §
k© „ ª
ú —˜   ú —˜   ¦¯g¯ [ ˆ
> *€‚zƒ ù  zð „Sû†…þsˆÿû«‰g‹DžGˆGû *;€‚zƒ …qˆ°š‰g‹žGˆ §
 © „  © „
±;:GOqy L H N Q-V O C J L HgO E H C U e O C S VCWNlQ :GJKOPHgUW: A : BBDV H BBL S: LlN FKH"U V O&: NlL UMU V~B : ‡ A
 🄩û–… >
e :XO e :GO —˜
Z$² ³´CMN’Q H"U Z H BDV|CWNILlNICMN Q X : O&F+HgUWU Vuµ;¶ : N Q OPH N V|LlN’NlL S:XO Œ V CMN Q :XO Œ V EC CWVGECWA : U
E“C P :
Z VGB N V
² ·
H +
F g
H U V ¥
O 
S : ECWV9NlL W
U U V +
[ ¸ :
VXNlZ N Q O C H"S VGZPC HgUWU V O&H BDL UgF+HgU V OP: EC … ZP² :wH NlNrL UWUMHkH NlZ$² : C U B : P Z VsNlE V
CWNlQ :GJKOPHgUW: A+Z$² :O CMBDZ O C F C HgS V vxH Z : N EV9LlBDV E :XUMUWHnOP:GUWHgm CMVXN :w  * ù ¡  ¢ þ >
 
*¡
 
*g¢ û *-,3.¡¹*-,3.º¢ ¨

— ˜   — ˜     ¦¯g¯ [ h
* ù zƒ …qˆ°š‰þ+žGˆ > € * ù zƒ …uˆþ * ‰ û *-,3. ù zƒ …qˆþ *-,3. ‰g‹DžŸˆ > §
© „ © „
 
>
*,3. ù zƒ …qˆþ —˜   * ù zƒ …qˆþ —˜
>
¦¯g¯ [ ¿
* ‰| *-,/. ‰ §
zƒ … » „½¼ zƒ … » „¾¼
»   »
*-,/. ù zƒ … »» µ ¶ þ   ú * ù z»» ƒ … l µ ¶ þ ¦¯g¯ [ ‰
> µl¶oÀ * ‰kû *-,3. ‰gÁ §
zƒ … µl¶ ¼  ƒ …
z l
µ ¶ ¼
 X
: &
O F "
H S &
O H : G
: U H U B : Z&VsN EVqQ :XO&S CWN : BC H NlNlL UWMU H e :XOky L " H U LlN y L :
BDB C VuV Z$² A N
2 Z BVqCWNIZPLlC ‰ à > ?A C
[Ä B HgS WC NrC H"S V y L MC NrECºV OPH BDV UWHgS: NlQ : C U e O SC V›Q G
: P
O S CMN : F
AºCWNlE C C/EL H NlE VZPVGBźC º
U O MC BDL U Q H Q-V
…
OP:GUWH QpC F V HgU Z H BVkEC
–Š–1˜3Æ6˜kŽ<Žt ØŸ› DŒV ˆŠ‰ ¯

sin(2*pi*.25*fs*t) 0
FSK coerente sin(2*pi*.75*fs*t) FSK incoerente sin(2*pi*fs*t)
sin(2*pi*1.25*fs*t) sin(2*pi*2*fs*t)
sin(2*pi*1.75*fs*t) sin(2*pi*4*fs*t)

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Ç C J L O&H ¯g¯ [ ¯ ãxÈ ÉÊÌËoÍÎ ÈlÏ$ÍgÐnÈlÉ Ñ3È+ÒgÈlÏÓÐ;Ô ÕÏÓËlÕ7Ö+Ð ×-ÕMÍ;Õ-ÊÌÈKÍ;ØGÔ ÐgÙÓÕ ÈlÏ$Ë ÛÉÈÆß ÆâÇÊÆ Ë+Í Ï âÛÉÈÆß ÆâÇÊÆ
¨

ڝÛlÜ< ¥Ý ÞKߣÛô¥à“ágÛ àâs๥ãÓà 0zç Ñ

‘YU Q :GOPS
CMN :¬äWå‚æ  0 ç
˜
Ñ
— ˜ B C H NlNlL U/UMH

e :XO
… > Ñ
‡ A :|y L C/NlEC UWH¤S C 
— í > è ˜ } e :XO Q H N Q-VA UW:“vxO&:Xy ˜ L : N m: L Q-C U C mmzH Q :
—
e
NlC SH B Hgm C H Q-L O&H Q O&H
e O H
V Q N Q-C O CWBL U Q H … >
— ˜
Ñ Ñ
EV FKOPH N NlV : BB :GO: E :XU p
e
Q C V ðD„tû†é è ˜ [ Ñ
±;:GOy L H NrQpV O C J L " H O E H C U e O C S V·Q :XO&S CWN : E :GUWUMH ¯"¯ [ ˆ A H NlZ$² :·y L : BDQpV·BC H NlN L U/UWH B : BDLlBBDCMBDQ :
‡ T í A Ñ
UWHšO&:XUMH"m CWVGN :
 ðX„Tûê… >  ðzÓ
„ û è ˜ > ‡
Ñ > é ð ¶A Z$²
6
:’v V O NlCWBZ :IUWH ZPVGNlE C m CWVGN :
ð„ > ð ¶
e — ˜ Tí T T T
VGBDBC H ð „ Llë : BDB :XO&: BDZ :GU Q H Z&V S: LlN VuQ O&H C F+HgU V O C ð ¶Pì 5 ð ¶Pìoí ð ¶Pìwî ð ¶PìPïPïPï
[¥ð VGQpC HgS VŒZPV S:ŒUMH
e
Ñ
B Hgm C H Q-L O&H è˜ Q O&H C
e
VXBBDC Ž C U C FKH"U V O C
e :GOºUWH e
: [ ±;:XO Q H NlQpV UWH e HgO Q : BCWNlCWBQ &
V O Q H N Q : AKZ&VXCMN Z&CWE H Z&VXN y L :XUMUWH Q OPHqUM:ov{OP:Xy L : N m: E C
O H E :GUWUWHñlJ L O&H ¯"¯ [ ¯ OPH ee O&: B :
B :XJ N HgUWHgm WC VGN " N Q H A2E CMB :GJ N H Q : CWNòL N
e e e e
CWNlQ :GOPFKHgUWU V HgO C H µ2¶óAKBDC H·UW: V O Q H l
N QpCgZ$² : V BBDVGNlV : BB :GO: LlB H Q : AKBC H·UM:
X O C S:wvxOP:Gy L : N mz: Z$² : j
e Ž
VXBBDC C W
U ·
: H E VGpQ Q "
H &
O : e :GO
LlN S V EL
X U W g
H m CWVGN : …
 È
ë ì
õ &
ô X
ö &
÷ P
ø 
÷ l
ù ®
ú ÷ g
Ž H H
B Q H BDL 
U K
F g
H U V P O :¹S CMN C S V¹ E C ð „
e HgO
C
H Tí ¶ [
ð
VoQ :XO&S CWN : E C ¯g¯ [ ˆ
ðq:GU Z H D H BBDL S H LlN VE
: C F+HgU V O g e O S
B VwCWN´ZPLlC ð „ NlVXN C CWNlEC F WC EL H Q-CWAKC U C NlVXN
BC H NlNrL W
U W
U H A SH B : ðs„~û í A O CWB L U Q H Q OPH
BDZ&L O&H"Ž C UM´: O CWB e : - Q QV H"U B : ZPVsNlEV [¹±;:GO Q H NlQ-VAüN :XU Z H BV
P
O H S — ˜ e e H j e CWý«E : Q :XOS CWN H
ECºQ B CMBDBCWVXNlCºBDLŠZ H N H"U CE CQpC V BB H
Ž gH N E H A UMH BDZ :XU Q H E C
ðK„ N VGN NlQ : }
E ” HgU Q O&H
e H"O : UWH
Q A
e
B H"m C H QpL : N m: ECB :GJ N HgUWHgm CWVGN : e H"O C H è
OPH Q O&HqUM:wvxO&:Xy L
˜
e O
VGE LlZ : ZPV S LlN
UC O CWBL U Q H QpVuZ$² : EL :ŒvxO&:Xy L : N m: E C°B :GJ N HgUWH+m CWVGN : ZPVGN Q-C J L : A H ZPZ&L S L U/H N VuCWN’LlN“CMN Q :XO&F+HgUWU
Ñ y L :

Vuµü¶
e :XO
LlN H E C vxvx:GOP: N mH  E C vxH B : 
E C S:Xmzm V CWVGE V [

ڝÛlÜ< ¥Ý ÞKߣÛô¥à¬ß ¥
 ágÛ àâs๥ãÓà ‘ N y L : BDQ-VZ H  B VBDC̲ H þ ? | [ ‘ N JK: N :XO&H"UM:UWH ¯"¯ [ ‰ e O&: B : N Q H
‰ >ÿ <
: N Q OPHgSŽ CCºQ :XOS CMN C£} S: N Q OP: C U e O C S V ¦ ZPV S: V OPHš: B HgS CWN H p Q V § BC H NlN L UWUWH
e :XO
… > ‡ AC U
Ñ
B : ZPVGNlE V CMN FK: Z : j N L U/U V›BDV U V B : … > ‡ [
L : BQ H ZPC O ZPVsBQ H N mH E : Q :sO&S CWN H C UºO CMBDL U Q H Q-V˜ ZP² : —

e — ˜ e O H ee H e OP: : e HgO

VGZPZPV O&OP: V OPHõH EVGQpQ "H O&: L N H B Hgm C H QpL OPH Q OPH V Q QpCEV C E :GUWUWH Z E : NlQ : A : CºZPCWV j H
> ð ¶ [
…
 V O N H NlEV H E : B HgS CWN H+O&:9UWH ¯g¯ [ ˆ AsC U BDLlV e O C S VoQ :XO&S CWN : BDC H N NL UMUWH V O&H B :
 ð+6
„ û… >  ðz„6û
 í í
ð ¶ > 6 é ð ¶óAZ$²
: :
E Q s
: P
O S CWN ´
H W
U H m
Z&VXNlEC CWVXN :
ðz„ > ð ¶
‡ AVGBDBCÑ H
Ñ
ðz„ > ? ì ð ¶ ì ð ¶ ì +5 ð ¶ ìPïPïPï VGQC
[ ð
Ñ H"S V
e
ZPV S:9UWH B Hgm C H QpL OPH è ˜ Q O&H C Ñ e
VGBDBC Ž C U C FKH"U V O C
e :XOºUWH e O H
V Q N Q : BDC H CWE : NlQpCMZ HnHgU Z H BV
SH BC H V O&H e HgO C HgUWUMH¹S: Q-tŒE :GUWUWH B e Hgm C H QpL OPH N : Z : BB HgO C HuHgUWU/:kvxO&:Xy L : N m: E CB :GJ N HgUWH+m CWVGN :"[üH
e O&: :
Z E : NlQ : A

e O H
ZPC O & Z VXBQ H N mDH Z$² :  B C H H E : BDBV H"SS: BDB HH l N Z$² : LlN H V Q NlQ :ŒH›vxOP:Gy L : N mzH N L U/UWH ZPVGNlB : N Q : E C
e H"O : : UMUWHnñlJ L OPH ¯g¯ [ ¯ A+Z$² :9S VGBDQ OPH·UW: e O C S:9vxO&:Xy L : N m: ECgB :GJ N H"UMH+m CWVXN :
Q O&H P Z ZPC H"O&:9UWH Q E : DB Q OPH E X
Z$² : j e Ž
VGBDBC C U M u
: H E VGQpQ H " &
O : e :GO
L N H¤S VXEL UM"H m C/VXN : …ë6ìxùlôPöG÷PøP÷&ùlú®÷ Ž"H B H Q H 
B L U°F+HgU V OP:|S CWNlC S V
EC ðz„ >R? [
ˆŠ‰6ˆ Œ6Žt1‘S’”“•’—–Š–D˜™š’”›œu“[ž1’”Ÿ AŸXœu™¡ E¢E1ŒŠ

(àâsß ¥á"Ý
lâsÝ¥ágÝ üH|ñ J L OPH Z$² : B :GJ L :nS VXBQ O&H C U O WC BL U Q H QpVnE :XU
e O
VXEVsQpQ-V·E C EL :·v{OP:Gy L : N z m :
O
V QpV X J V N g
H U
Ñ
CE MC BDQ NlQpCo裘 : Z "
H H U ZPV UWH Q : CMN H BB : N mzH E C :GOPO V & O : EC vxH B : ¦ H  B CWNlCWBQ P
O H
§
: ZPVGN L N G
: P
O O V O :

EC vxH B :
&
O H G
: J
e H"O C H
g
H U :
‰ >
:
Ñ
0 [8 C

U O
e
L ë|N VGQ g
l
U H
H O&: Z&V S: CWN y
e OP:GF+HgUW:
L : BDQ-VŒB : Z&X V NlEVŒZ H BD| V BDC
e :GO E › H UW” V O Q-V J VXN HgU CW- Q t
Q CB N CMA  B B NlE VnC CMBDL Q Q-V NlQ :GS: NlQ : N X
: K
J H F
QpC V [

coerente phi=0 coerente phi=pi/2

sin(2*pi*.75*fs*t)*sin(2*pi*1.25*fs*t) sin(2*pi*.75*fs*t)*sin(2*pi*1.25*fs*t+pi/2)
sin(2*pi*.75*fs*t) sin(2*pi*.75*fs*t)
sin(2*pi*1.25*fs*t) sin(2*pi*1.25*fs*t+pi/2)

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Œß Gá6 XßóÛ¥à S Ûlã$ãÓß šÝ®ß£ãüà â

  Â
BDB :XO&F C H"S V›CMN N H N m CMQpLlQpQ-VZP² : C º U O CWZ :XF CWQ-V O:
H 
O &
O X
: W
U g
H m : 
S 
S : 
: G
: P
O O P
O : G
: U ee
Z&V WC VXN Z&V QYQ V N Z BDVCWNZPLlC(C U(O L S V OP: BDV F+O&H
H VXBzQpV H"U B X
: J N H"UM: EC¥CWN 
JKOP: BDBVŒBC H Z H BDL HgU/S: NlQ : BDC S C UW:H E›LlN H E :XUMUW: ZPVGBDCWNlLlBDVGCWECLlQpC U C mzmDH Q : e :GOkUMH Q P
O H B S CMBDBCWVGN :"[
‘ N’Q HgU Z H BDVA UW” LlBZPCWQ H E :GUWUM” CWNlQ :GJKOPH QpV OP:qO&:XUMH Q-C F V HgUWUMH´vxOP:Gy L : N mzH BC S C UW: e Llë¹BL e :XO&HgOP:Œy
L :XUMU/H
OP:GUWH p Q C F+HŒHgUWU/HŒvxOP:Gy L : N mzH Q OPH B S: BB H;[
 
V µl¶>!#"%$'&F
d UWUM” H e e :XO
L S: NlQ HgO&: EC ¦ :GO ð$ø ñ BDBV § H L S: NlQ H C U WC VsEV›E CBDC SŽ V U › : y LlCWN 

MC ý  EC vxñ ZPC UW: UWHgOP:(pŽg: N : L N H E :GUWUMHõvxOPè :Gy L : N mz: E C

e O&: e e :GO
ECºEC FK: NlQ H B :XS C UºO L S V OP:’:XS L
X
: J g
H W
U g
H m : n
: y O n
: W
U H e O Ž"HgŽ U
B N CWVGN A L CMNrECrBDC CME LlZ V C /C Q-tuEC :XO&O V OD:g[
¸ ²lC H+O&H"S: NlQ : A H"UMUW” H L S: NlQ HgOP: E C H L S: NlQ H e O V e V
Om CWVGN + H UWS: N Q :uUMH Z&V S e WU : D B BCWQ-t¤E :XU°O C 

G
: F P
O : : G
: +
F : e P
O 
O : 
S G
: O V ECKZ&V O&OP:sUWH QpV O
&
O : : "
: K
[ ;
± X
: O H U M : e OP:
Z CWQpV AsZ$² E ECWB V E CKL NŒNlL C"Z BZ l N Q Q NlQpVA BDQ H"m CWVGNlC
e :GO
CWE :GH"U C Z$² : Q : N E :nH E´CWN ñ NrCWQ-V O C FK: BQpVGNlVkBV UMH"S: NlQ : L N¤CWNlQ :GOP: BDB : Q : V O CMZPV [

­>­G®_¯>®*) a|^,+-

üH e :XO Â/.103254768479

2 .;: )8< :;95=;>?/@ A;@ ë @ 479CB <  03@ ê :;D AüVXBBDC HFEHGJI úLK INMO xöQP
BDC JKUWH BQ H Ç
ùl÷ MSR NTQNUV{öXùl÷ R 3Wø&÷VX G ÷Pù OJM öGøPúö'Ylösù M3I ÷ [°8 C2Q O&H QpQ H E :XUWUMH Q : ZPNlCWZ H EC S VXEL UWHgm CWVGN : N L S:GO CWZ H
H E G e :XO9UM: d/? 8Z5[]\ e
V QpQ H Q H Q O&H B S CWBBDCMVXNlC AV FKF+:GO V UWH VXBBDC Ž C U CWQ-t|E ClLlQpC U C mzmDHgOP:¹UWH~U CWN :XH Q :XUM:Xv VŸNlC 
e H FK:GU VXZ&CWQ-t"A;VGZPZL e H NrEV´L N HO&:XJ CWVGN
Z H : OnO&:XHgU C mzmHgOP:
X L NIZ&V MU UW:GJ+HgS: NlQpV|NlL S¤:GO CMZPV H E HgU Q ¤
l : EC
vxO&:Xy L : N m: e CMý :XUM:XFKH Q H EC y L :XUWU/H CWN¬Z&LlC HKFKF C : N ~ : UWH Q P O H B S CWBDBCWVGN : E :GU B :XJ N HgUW:¤F VGZ HgUW: [N^ [Œ‘YU

Q G
: P
O S CMN `
: _ U a S
E E ÷PúVø xô BDCMC C
O x
v X
: O CWBZ n
: g
H W
U W
U H O
Z&C ZPVsBQ N H m z H Z$² : j BDC O&:XHgU C mmzH LlN H·FK:XU VXZ&CWQ-t :GUW:GF+H Q H CWN
O CMZ :Gm CMVXN :n:kO CWEVXQ-Q H CWN¤Q O&H B S CWBBDCMVXN c : b
üH Q OPH B S CWBBDCWVGN : 4 3  dü1 ² ¤
H M
U H e HgO
Q-CWZPV UWHgO CMQptE C`LlQpC U C mzmDH"O&: CWN S VXEV´VXQ-QpC S V UMH¤ŽgH NrE H E :GU
e :GOPHgm e O
Z H N H"UM: A : EC O MC E L OPO&:nUW” V CWVXN : E C :Xy L HgU C mDmHgm CWVXN :kH E´LlN VGE VsQ-QpVnQ O&H|F+: QpQ-V O C [

e3egf hif jifke l 

Ý 7üâŸà3Gàgm¥ãÓÝlÞKߣÛnm¥àom¥àgpãÓà3HüÛ¤àÜõß mrq-âŸà3sut(à3m¥Þ+Ý

üH BC JKUWH

4 3 dü1 B CMN Q : -
D Q C mmzH Z$² :  B C°Q OPH p
Q Q H E C`LlN H Q O&H B S CWBBDCMVXN :|H EC F CWBCWVGN : EC v{OP:Xy L : N mH A;CWN
ZPLlCrCE C F+:GO BrC Z H N gH U C H E G V QpQ H N V v V DO S: E ” X V NlE H V O Q-V J s
V N HgU C [

v*w]xzy|{~}€3‚ ƒ…„†„8‡VˆŠ‰ ‹Œ3Ž5‹ ‹ˆ ‘|’”“1•–%‚VŒ ‰—‹–%‡V‰˜š™›™]œiJž Ÿ›¡V¢£L¤¥“;•–%‚VŒ—‰ ‹–%‡V‰|˜|™›™]œ¦ §~¨”¨c¦ ¢…©k¢›ª«¬§5£­¤Q®—£­¦ ®—¯£L«¬Ÿ°ž±£Q¯¥«¬¢›ª«¬¢
®—²¥¢5©³£”¦ ¢›§~¤L£L´ ´ §`«¬¦ §`§~¨c¨”§µ¦ ¢›® ®—²¥£­Ÿi¢i®—¢›ª«¬¦ §~¤L¢i¶~¯¥§Vª3ž Ÿ5©³£|©³Ÿ±¤­¤L¢›¡V§`£L¤”«¬¢›¤L¢›·Ÿ›ª¥Ÿ”¸
v*¹—º¢›¦¶~¯¢…©k«¬ŸZ»i§¡VŸ›¤L«¬¢i£Lª3ž £­® §«¬§® Ÿ›¼†¢5½c¾z¿À8¾3½Á³Â¿¸
 ÃÔÄ3Æ|ÄÆÅ/Ç8Ç7ÈÊÉÌËÎͅÏiÍ ÐÑgh

VGN Z : -¸Q QpL "H UMS: NlQ : e VGBBDC HgS V e : N B H"O&:UM” 3

4  dü1
Z V S:
P L N o
H G
: F V LU m CWVGN 
: ]
[ Ô E G
: W
U M
U w
H S VGE L U M "
H m C/VXN : 3Õ|Ö A
(N−1) ∆
e :XO
ëoQpLlQ-Q :9UW: E C F+:GO B :9vxO&:Xy L : N  m :Î×µØ > × ∆
CWN|Z&L C „ û
Š f
…  œÚÙ  A ¥ &
Z X
V N ќ > ? ì µ Û
z P
ì 
ï 
ï 
ï  
ì Ü  Û Ì
A D
B G
V l
N ¤
V l
L p
Q C 
Ó
U C mmz ¼ H : e fÒ −
N∆ fÒ fÒ +
(N−2) ∆
Q Z&VXNlQ :GS V 
O H N :GH"S: N Q : A : EšV J NlL N H“O&:XH 
0 2 0 0 2
U C  m mzH L N H S VGE L UWHgm CMX e
V N : NlL S:GO CMZ H“H NlZ$² :~H CWý
S e L U BV 9Ê.;Þ OP: QYQ H N J V UMH+OP:g[ ‘ NlE CMZ H N EV9V OPH ZPVGN(ß Ø‡ >àß Ø” ‡ á
û(â ß Ø ˜
U C F+:GUWU C ¦ : B [ 7 ) Ý Õ|Ö V )
l1 ‡
§ ZPVGNC
UW: Z&VXV O ECWN H Q : N :GU e C H NlVwE :XUMUW” CMN F C U L e e VkZPV S e UM: BBDV·ECLlN JK: N :GO CMZPV e L NlQpVnE :XUMUWH P Z VGBDQ G
: W
U M
U "
H m CWVGN :
OP:GHgU C mzmH Q H e :GO UWH e V O Q H NlQ Æ : הØkH"UMUW” CWBQ H N Q : U :GJ N HgUW: 4 3dü1 e
L ë : BB :ŸO&: BDZ O CWQ-QpVnZPV S:
ˆ > é µA C B

ë
Ù ß Ø”‡ á Ø è Ø è ¦¯g¯ [ ï
ãzäå1æ8çéè ˆþ ê è ˆ°õé þ Ø¥ê ì þ` ß Ø
OP: ZPQ   ‡
> µ  *gí ˆ°õé µ *,3.îí ˆõé µ þ  §
— ˜
‡ „
ë
> êð ñ è
ˆ°õé µ þ;òFó
OP: ZPQ è ˆþ Ù ê  ß Ø”‡ á  
*í
Ø
ˆ° ß Ø‡ *,3.îí
Ø
ˆóšô
¦¯g¯ [ õ
§
ì  — Ø…ì ˜
‡ „

e O S¤H
ð
CWN’ZPLlC UMH C BDV SSH Q-V O C H ¦ D B L 韧 WC E : lN QpC ñ Z ~
H JKU ClCWBQ H N Q-C2E C2BC SŽ V U VA :qUMH B : ZPVGNlE H ¦ BL
œr§
UW:
K
F X
: O : e O H [
EC B V Q l N QpC
Ä”vxH ZPC UW: VXB B :GOPFKH"O&:|[Nö ZP² : Q g H UW: B :GJ N gH UW: e & O : 
e e e UM: e H"O H
B : NlQ H L NCWN F C U L VnZPV S BD
B V C

ë
ã ä1å1æ8ç è ˆ þ êð ñ è OP: ZQ è ˆþ Ù ê ß Ø‡ …: ÷ Ñ0 €ç è Ø ø ®þ ‹úù
>
ì ˆšé µ þ±ò ó — Ø¥ì & ô
‡  „

 ð
”: B e & B BDCWVGN : ¦Y¯"¯ [ õ § NlVXN F CMN Z&V UMH~UWH E L O&H Q
O :  H µ EC

S Ž e HgO e
ÿ
xOFDM (t) xR(t)
V V H 
U E LlN FKH"U V O&: Q-CWZPV UWHgOP: }E :XFK: :GO ë O C 

LlN’BC −1
U g
H P
O : ë y H °
U O X
: F e X
OFDM
BL Q µ µ „ > ç A`CWN L NrQpVC CWZ CWQ-V :
&
O V : OH
e O&H"UM:
BL U B :XJ N HgUW: L N H– N : BQ O&H Q-L O&H Q :XS : BDQ : N  Finestre di ricezione
V EC
ë H"UMU VBZPV e VE C O&: NlE :XO:
BCWVXN : µ „ > O
V Y J
Q V GV N g
H U CüQ OPH
ût

ç
UW:v{OP:Gy L : N mz:× Ø × T Tg ý T0ü
U V O V > „ …  œ¤ Ù  A
:S: p Q Q :  Ñ
Z V UMH"O&: C FKH"U V O Cuß Ø‡
OP: CWN JKOPH EVqC U2O CWZ :XF CWQ-V O: EC2Z HgU & ¼ e :GO
e OP: :
QpLlQ-QpC J+U C œ B NlQpC HgUWUW” CMBDQ H NlQ : ˆ > é µA S: EC H NlQ : L N
Segn. OFDM trasmesso
O CMZ :GF CMQpV OP:·H ZPV OPO:GUWHgm CWVGN :"[
T 2T
ût
 ” CMNrQ :GOF+HgUWU V µ j E : QpQ-V K°÷Pµø xö R 8 ö K°V ô LK MgI ÷ E :XU BC S 
ø xùlµ h(t) canale

Ž V U V 4 3
H H
 d`1 A

S :

S
E
: N Q
„

Kö nY
P
O
R
9
: M
U H
J
G
E C
M
x
v x
v G
: P
O : N z
m H
ø  A;VXE H N ZP² : Kø&÷ MzE
R M
µ > µ  µ „ j CWNlE C 
ö I ö A
  þτ ût


Z Q Z&V ú®÷ Segn. OFDM ricevuto
: E´C U B :GJ N HgUW:kO CMZ :GF LlQpV·EL O&H N Q : j L B H QpVkCWN
µ ÌNlVXN
þτ ût

¤L§`v
¨” ¦—| ¢…§Ê©³ ¢›«¬¸ª¥¦ š§Q´ §î§€©³¼ ¼†ž±£N£”Ÿ…© ¯ž±©³£ª/¯Ÿ›¤Lª¥§~©kŸ›¢7´ ¤L£LŸiªŸ›ª¯¥Ÿ…¢!¼ ©³®—#"¢›£­¤L¦ ¤L£L§V® $ «³§ÊŸ›¦ ® ¯¢”Ÿ›«¬¸ª¥£L¤L«¬£ ¢›´ ´ ¼ §î¨c£LŸ›ª¦ ¡V§~¢›ª® ¢±¢u§,¯©kª¥¯ §¨”¨”£Ÿ› ¦ ¨”«³§~Ÿ›ª¦—«¬«¬§~¢uª§~«¬¤L£…¤ §Ê¨”¦ ¡V¢±Ÿ›ª3¤­«³ž±§J¢8%£L£­¤ª ª¶~Ÿ›¯¥¼†§V¢ª«¬ž Ÿu£¤L§°•©³¯¥’ˆŠ§°‹ž±¢‘|%‰ ª¥‰ ‹ £­‡V´ ‰£LŸ› ª¢i™3¨c•¦ ¢›’ ‘|¡Vˆú¢…‹ ™ž ¢
T 2T
ISI

v
&(' ¢
)#*,+.-0/21354678+9/;<>: = ¢@?BADCFEHG΢JIK?.ADC.EML
§~¤L¤LŸ›¦ § )JNO*+F-0/ 7 ¢ ?BADC.E  ¢i¤P £­ª¥¡V£­¤ ¯¥¨”¨cŸi® Ÿ›¼ ¨c¤L¢…©%©kŸ ) *,+.- ® §~¤L® Ÿ›¤L§~«¬ŸZ¦—£]©k¨”¢±«¬«¬Ÿi§JžRQ5Sš¦ £N©³¯¤L«¬§
&
) *,+.-0/ < ) N *,+.- ¢ IT?BATUBE / < <: ¢ ?BADCFE ¢ IK?.ATU(E / ¢ ?WVXAKCIYATUZE
 ÐÑ ¿ Ï|Å/Ç7Í Y[]\!^_\ ÃÅÄ`a\îËbO^zÅdczÍY\îÉÌÈÉebO` È f†Í”ÏÅ
V EC Q HgUW:/ B O&: ZPV  [ Fg
ih
O CMZ :Gm MC VXN :"[2‘UlS VGQpC F ¹ e O CWBC : E : N X : UlvxH - e O&: :
Q QpVqZP² : A CWN B N mzH E ClLlN›Z H N HgUW: NlVXN
e :XO&vx: W
U H e HgO : m +
H W
U : J 
S Ž V U V O CWBL U Q H Z&V O&O VXQ-Q H ¦ FK: EC l ñ J L O&H H LlN H WC NlQ :GOPv{:
Q Q-VA
p Q CM N C C E C¥V N C¥BC § E
@ @
kj ml Õ § EV F LlQ H~HgU2O CMBDL U Q H
OP: N mH CMN Q :XO BDC SŽ V U CMZ H ¦ Q-VqE :XUMUWH & Z VXN F V U L m CWVGN : Q P O H¤UWH Z&VXE H E :GU BDC SŽ V U V
e OP: :
Z E : NlQ n
: n
: W
U ” è ˆ E Z H N H"UM:"[
G
: U
¸ VGN BCWE :XO C HgS V¹V O&H LlN BDV U VuBDC SŽ V U V ¦ ñ BBDC e


H"S ZPVGN BCWE X: O C HgS V : UW” V O C J CWN : E : C;Q :GS

on
V é > ? C
O CMQ HgO E H Q H E C µ O :GF LlQ-VkN :GUWUW” CWNrQ :XO&F+HgUWU Vnµ ë ee e UW:
§ CWZ „ > ç µA"Z&VXNCWN F C U L V Z&V S
k BDBV

ã
—
S è Wl ˆ > OP: ZQ
—
S è Wl ÙØ¥ê ì p ë ß Ø ÷ Ñq è Ø p ø & l úù
ˆ
¼
: €ç ®‹ ¦¯g¯ [ r §
„
: e :GO e Hgm
Z HgU Z&V U C HgS VXN :oUWH Q OPH B v V OPSH Q H E : Q :sOPS CMN HgOP:kUW” VGZPZ&L CMVXN : EC ŽgH NlE H ¨

s S è× l > µ „ BCWNlZ è× µ „
 p
Kl/ò Ø¥ê ì ß Ø ñut ×wv t v Ü dx]x
ë
Ù
… œ > ¦¯g¯ [ i
§
— 
„

p ë ß Ø
Ùê t]t ×2v t v Ü y
x#x x
> µ „ BCWNlZ µ „ ¦Y¯"¯ [ ¯
Ø¥ì … œ

§
„

{ { h
Â
Q-Q : l N C HgS V y l L CWNrECKC U+O CWBDL U Q H QpV S VXBQ O&H Q-V

{ 1
__ X (f)
_
T0 T0 _a CMN ñ J L OPH AŸEV K F : BC G
|K} ~
: F CME : N m C H Z&V S: V J N C v LlN

h
a0_
_ a1 _
a2 N−1 m CWVGN : O CWBL U QpC S V U QpC e U CWZ H Q H e :GO LlN V·E : C

z
œ
Z&V :Gvxñ ZC : N Q-C ß Ø AºZ$² :
h
e
VXQ OP:sŽgŽ":GO V y LlC/N EC : B

s l
e
f B :XO&:uO C VXQ-Q : NlL Q-C CMN O CMZ :Gm CMVXN : Z H"S CWVGN H NrEV
è × H e H BDBV … [
y
e UM: ¦ S
V EVnZPV S
X B BDV §
 CWN
?
{ €ƒ‚ „ l
N N HgUWUMH 
¦ "
¯ ¯ [ ¯ B CoVGQpQ-C : N :¬UMH E : NlBCWQptŠEC
− __ ∆ ( __ −1) ∆ § 
×
s S l Hh
__1
2 ∆= 2
è
… Wl
e : 
m H ee e UW:
T0 VGQ N E :GUWUW” CWN F C U L VIZ&V S BDBzV
×
ã Êè ˆ CWZ L Q-V è
€
O X
: F Œ
: ñ : P
O H P
O H 
e e O & : : ~
H W
U H &
O H v D
O 
S H H K
J : G
: O e :

]†
N BDQ QpVA2EC;ZPLlC B N Q Q B V Q E CL N N CMZPV
O CMVXEV e O CWNlZPC e HgUW: AKEV e V H"F+:GO B e : P —
Z C ñ Z H Q-VwC U N L  S :XO VoEC Ž CMQ Øo:oUMH e VXQ : N mH Ø9H BB :GJ N H Q :oHgUWU/H
e O H
V Q N Q : 
ù P
{ V
÷ µ
U  S
E M A F CWNlZPV W
U H Q k
: u
H v O
V N C P
O :

p ë † Ø ‡†
Ùê
Ø¥ì
> : p ë € Ø €
Ùê
Ø¥ì
>

e€ l
„ „
Ä BDB : NlEV UW:
e
V O Q H NlQpC¥V O Q-V J VsN " H U (
C N X : U e :XO CWVGEVµ A e G V BDBC HgS V H
ee U
CWZ HgOP:UWH“O&:XUMH"m WC VGN : è× >
ˆ ‰‹ŠŒ K
Ñ è ¦ K
F : EC #Ž
õ2[ Ð [ Ð HgUWUW:
§ BDCMN J V U W : ZPV S e
V N
G : NlQpC
„
: BDV S  
S g
H P
O : O Ž
C ZPVGN Q C LlQpC
` 9
[ q
ð X
: U Z DH B V´CMNõZPLlC MU H
Mh
ß Ø ­ BC ›
€ Ø ””••–p ëë
—

™˜ ؛š ç •
B :Xy L : N mH H HF+HgU V O C`CWNlEC e : NlE : Nlp Q C : E’LlN C v V O& S :sS: NlQ : ECWBDQ O C Ž LlCWQ-C°BLõE C`l L N H ZPVGBDQ :GU
UWHgm CMVXN : u‘
ª
y L H E O&H Q H EC

UWH QpV
’ “ 4 1[F—
¦ FK: EC;N VGQ H 8œ œ œ
ˆ ‰Ñ • šŸža  ß ØÑ ¡ š ʀ Ø œ œ œ
1
§ CWN“Z&L C A BC;VXQ-QpC XN uZP²

œ œ ‹œ Wœ ã …Êè ml œ
 4 
e O&S e
XQ-Q XNlE VŒECBDZ O C F O UWH VXQ XN mH CWN’CMN JKO GBBDV H"U

‹œ œ œ  A E XNlBDCMQpt E C ˆ
E S VGE L UWH QpV O ·Z&V S

€R‚ „ è × l š Û ÙØ¥ê ì p ë €Ø Ñ Ñ t]t ×v t v Ü

v£¢(N¤ ª·§~«¬«¬£”¤L§`·¦ ¢±¶~¯¢›ª´ §€ž £|©³£L¼¦¥~Ÿ±¤­Ÿ!QK§ / 7 /
µ


7
µ „ BDCMN Z
x#x x
¦ £N©³¯”¤­«³§`¦ £Nž±Ÿ›«¬«³§¦ £]©k¨”¢±«¬«¬Ÿi§~¤c® §J©kŸi£­ª5® ¯£«0¬i©³£L§7ª¯¥¤­¤LŸc¸
… œ

µ „

®©k¤0£Q¯±Ÿ›«¬~° «¬¸£LJ² ¢›¸£ª8³ ¢¦©³£”¼ »u¼ Ÿ…©k«¬¦ §~§K«¬Â Ÿi7®²¸9¢†Ã7©³¢±¢±¤š´V®—§J¤L£¶©³Ÿ°µ • ž £Q©³¨ Ÿ›¯ªªŸi§5¡›¨ ® ¸U §JŸ…N ¸©³¨ª«³£L©ª3¢›¤­ž ¤L§~£L¨”´ ¢›£ Ÿ±ªgªž±¢O¢›ªą«³x£c¢ÅFž ¶~£N¯¥©³«¬§¦ ž ££¥~¦ §~¯«¬£L§†«¬¢Z§Q¯žOª£L·Î·Ÿ›¤L¦—£­¼¡V¢›¢›¤L¤¼ £¢±©³£Qª«¬²¥¢†§d©³·¯¸¹ ·¹'¤L£L¡µ¢±·n¤­V¤L£c¢°«¬¦ ©k§¢
„

v
­z
º™» ½& /¿¾HÁ À §  NI 7
£¦—§~¼ ££Lª ·§J©k¢8¢u¶~¯¥§Jž±¦ §µ«¬¯…¦—§,©kŸ›ªŸu£­ªgž±£L¨µ¢›ª3ž ¢›ª«¬£¥¦ £N©³¯¤L«¬§O¼ & /ÊÉ   * µ •@Ë G¸Ì5µ •5Í - & ¡ / < ¼ & / & ¾ À §§ N 7 ¡VŸ›¤L¢›ª3ž Ÿ
/ÇÆ
¢´V¯§D´V¤L£L§V¦ ¢u«¬§µ¤­¢Z¡V§~¤LŸ›¦—¢i§ <ªÑ •  Ÿ±® ® Ÿ›¦ ¦%¢i¶~¯£*ª3ž±£|©k® ¢´V¤L£­¢±¦ ¢ » /ÓÒ Ô Ñ • §§ I 7 ¸
½È ½ ÁÏÎÎ I 75Ð
ÎÎ N 7
 ÃÔÄ3Æ|ÄÆÅ/Ç8Ç7ÈÊÉÌËÎͅÏiÍ ÐÑÑ

Õ×ÖTØÙÖKÚiÛKÛTÙMÜÝ9ÚÞß œ ØÞÕà݋Úiá œ ÞâYÕ×ÖTÚHãÝ9ä œ ÜÜÙMå¶ÕçæmèéÝ9Õ0ÛTÙÕ

€ƒ‚ „š ê Û Ù؅ê ìp #ë ë ì €ÊØ ê ë š ì ê ê ë Ù_؅ê ìp ë ë €ÊØ

í Þ Þ œî äMÕïÝ9ÚHá œ ÞâYÕïámÚHámÕ0ä œ ߋ٠ã‹ð8è8ñ l ÛKÙMÜ؝ä8ámÕ

ñ

€R‚ „ š € ‚ – „  € ‚ – „ š ì òÛ €ƒ‚ „ š ê ê ë ÙØ¥ê ìp ë ë € Ø

ÙMÞeÖTØÙó œ åçÙ8ß œ ޝâÙMÕ0ámÕïäMÕ×Ý œ ÛTߋÙMáWÕß9ÙÝ9ÚHá œ ޝâÕ×ä œiô Õ0ámÕ×Õä8äMÕïÝ9Û œ Ü œ ÞâYÕ×ß œ äÝ9Û œ Õ0ãõ0Úiä8Úö

e3egf hif jif£÷ øúùû0ü]ýþ5ÿ‹þ5þ t ù
#ý tp

Jý m ÿ
ÞÕeÖKÕÛKÕáWá ÛTÙ8ÜDáWÙMÖTÕ .ÚiÞß9Õ0ã ޝáWÕä ß äMäMÕeãÚiߋØäMÕ0âYÙMÚHÞ d óØ äMäMÕeß9Ù ÜÜ Û Û Õ0äMÙ8âYâYÕ0áWÕ
Ü œ ÞâYÕ U œ M! #" $%& $ Y " M! #œ "  î 㜠ÕïÖKœ ÚiãÝ‹ä œ ámÕ0㠜 Þá œ áWœÛTÕ0ã ÙMá œ ÖKÙMÛKÖTØÙMœámÙß9Ù ô Ù8ámÕ0œ äMÙWö œ œ œ


' ÚHÞÊÛT(Ù œ ÛKÙM㠜 ޝáWÚàÕ0äMä8Õ*) ô ØÛTÕ,+-+ö Ð î Ù8ä

.ØÜDÜÚuõÙ8ÞÕÛKÙMÚ¸Õ/ FÛ œ 0Ø œ ÞâYÕ ×10 å¶Ù œ Þ œ ݋Õ0ÛTÕ0äMä œ äMÙMââYÕ0ámÚ
Ý œ 2Û FÚHÛTãÕ0Û œ ÜÙMãõ0Úiä8ÙÕ0ß ˜ š ì ç ä8ÙMå œ ä8äMÙÕ3 FÛ œ 0Ø œ ÞâYÕ ×54 š7ç698 š :<;>=@69?8 ” ö!A>Ø œ ÜDáWÙ † õ0ÙMáCB(ÜDÙ8ãõçÚiä8Ú
ÜS ÚiÞÚÜDØß9ߋÙMå¶ÙMÜٙÙ8E Þ Ü Ø D ô ÛTØ݋Ý9Ù#ߋ٠† Ø*FHG;Jš ILK Û KMNMNMNK Ü D v ÛPO õ0ÙMá¦ÖTÙMÕ0Ø ÜÖTØÞÚ î ÖTÚHÞ † Ø šRš Q ç Ø¥ÙD • ìp ë ë † Ø ö
ô݋ÚiÜÞÜDÙ Ù8õô Ù8ÛKäMÙm؝ö ݋݋Úß9Ù † õ0ÙMá¦Ý‹ÛTÚHß9ØÖ œ ØÞ Ý‹ØÞámÚߋÙ#ÖTÚHÜDá œ ä8äMÕ0âYÙMÚHÞ œFß ÜÖ œ äMáWÚwámÛKÕ ˜ ì Ý9ØÞámÙ
T ÕéÜ œ 0Ø œ ÞâY Õ U ß Ø-F V å¶Ù œ Þ Xœ W Õ0ÛTÛTÙ8ÖTZÖ YÙ8ám-Õ [ÖTÚHÞ
v Ü D å¶Õä8ÚiÛKÙޝØäMä ٠㠜 >á ]Õ0äM(ä ^ Ù ÞÙMâYÙ8Ú œ 㠜 _á ] \
Õ0äMäM`Õ )Þ œ O Ù8Þ Ø-ãV ÚHß9ÚߋÕÚiáWá œ Þ œ Û œ ØÞÕeÞØÚiå¶Õ
Ü X OFDM(f)
_

Ü 0Ø ÞâYÕ`U ߋ٠åçÕ0äMÚHÛTÙ Ù8Þ2ãÚHß9Ú¸ÖZY äMÕ

ÜÚiœ ã㜠Õ0ámÚHÛTÙMÕwß ß9Ù F +-+Ü aö + y O ߋÙMÕî äMØÚ ô Ú¸Õ0ßw؝Þœ ÙMÞ h z
å¶ÙMäMØ݋Ý9ڛÖTÚHF ãÝ‹ä œ ÜÜDÚ Ý9ÛKÕáWÙMÖKÕã F œ Þá œ äMÙMãÙ8ámÕ0ámÚ
f

ÙMg ÞÏõ0ÕÞß9Õ å œ ߋXÙ ) ô ؝ÛKÕ O ámÛTÕ ÖTÙMÛKÖTÕ Ocb°ÜEdfe h N∆

â î ÖY œ ݋Øh œ ÜÜ œ Û œ Ý œ ÛTáWÕÞámÚïÛTÕ0Ý9Ý‹Û œ Ü œ Þ×#ámÕ i š N∆

ámÚdߋÕÙÜDØÚHÙÖTÕ0ã݋ÙMÚiÞÙ‹Ý‹Û œ ÜDٝ3Õ FÛ œ 0Ø œ ޝâÕ ÜRdje i 4r‰lq kni pmØtoNp s Ø p o ö í äõ0ä8ÚiÖTÖKÚdÙMÞß9Ù8ÖTÕ0ámÚ ÖTÚHã vœ uuw p ë
' I ~ « S ? © z ª® ? * Q«JS -€ Q / «JS_
xy z »i·N{µ«¬«¬Ÿi¯3©³ŸÊž±¢P|…¦ z ©³¯#| «({~«¬Ÿ2}
~
ÐÑ ï Ï|Å/Ç7Í Y[]\!^_\ ÃÅÄ`a\îËbO^zÅdczÍY\îÉÌÈÉebO` È f†Í”ÏÅ
N‚ g
M bit/simbolo ƒ2
N−N
M …0 a…0
_ Re
ROM D/A
M1 _1
a
f „b S/P
ROM −1
P/S
‰h ‡ cosω… t x † OFDM (t)
FFT {x
_h } N (N (−1) ˆ sinω… 0t
N ‚g)
(M) (N) +
0

M ‹ N−1
Im
_ N−1
a D/A
ROM
N+N ‚ g
ƒ2
N−N f Œc = f b _____
M n bit/simbolo/portante Š
f„b ____
M
frequenza __ trasf tempo
M sec

u Ù ô ØÛTÕ+-+ö ÐnŽ‘ ’
“#” •a–f•N•H—# ˜š™n”_—›%œžf™—#Ÿ ˜!•N –/ ¡H¢f£¤›#—œž–
¥” ’f
ÜåçÚHä ô¶œ ݋ÛTÚH݋ÛTÙMښ0Ø œ ÜDáWÕ×ÚiÝ œ ÛÕ0âYÙ8ÚiÞ œ  œ ÜÜDÚdÙ8Þ
.ÕáWámÙ œ Ü œHô Ø œdœ )Ö œ Þá œ 㠜 Þá œ 槦#Ù8äÖTÕ0äMÖKÚiä8Ú
Ù_ê p ß Ø œ ÷ Ñq ø©
ë • ¨ š Û ã ª S èj ê i F +1+0öN+-+ O
؅ìë èv Û l¨ l
í ä‘ÛKÙMÜ؝ä8ámÕ0ámÚß œ äMä8Õ uuw p ë *ó ØÙMÞߋÙ#ØÞÕ›Ü œ 0Ø œ ÞâYÕß9Ù#ÖKÚ œ )ÖTÙ œ ÞámÙ]ÖTÚHãÝ‹ä œ ÜÜ«Ù U ã ¨ V î ÖZY œ Õ
㠜 ޝÚúFߋÙ9Ør ÞÜ œHô ÞÚéÕ0äMá œ ÛKޝÚúÜÚHޝÚ>Ø ô ØÕ0äMÙ0Õí Ù9ÖKÕ0ãÝ9ÙMÚHÞÙß œ äMCä ^ ÙMÞå¶ÙMä8؝݋Ý9ÚéÖTÚHãÝ9ä œ ÜÜDÚ ã ª S èFñ l FÚHÛTÞÙMáWÚ
ߋÕä8äMÕ +-+ê ö O Û œ äMÕ0ámÙ8åçÚ Õ0ß ØÞÜÙMãõ0Úiä8Úö äÝ9Û œ Õ0ãõÚHäMÚ ß‹V Õ ámÛKÕ0ÜD㠜 ámá œ Û œ ß9ØÛTÕ0Þá œ Ù8ä!á œ ã݋ÚÊß9Ù
ôߋ؝Õä8Õ0äMÛTÕàߋÖKÙMÚiÕ ß‹Õ æªæ ÜDö ÙOÚHámáWÙ œ Þ ¬œ W Õ ô¶ô Ù8ØÞ ôJœ ޝߋ#Ú [ÙMÞ á œ ÜDáÕ ­Õ U ã ¨ ØÞ ô ÛKØÝ‹Ý‹Ú ß‹ÙOÖTÕ0ã݋ÙMÚHޝÙOÝ‹Û œ ä œ åçÕ0áWÙ
í
Þ )Þ œYî ä œ ݋ÕÛKámÙçÛ œ Õ0ä œ_œ ßuÙ8ããeÕ ô Ù8ޝÕ0ÛTÙ8Õúߋ®Ù U ã ¨ V ÜÚiÞÚÙMÞåçÙ8Õá œ Õ0ß ØޝÕéÖTÚHÝ9݋ÙMÕ ß‹ÙÖTÚHÞå œ ÛKáÙMáWÚiÛKÙ
x¯1
 { r °€°  °Z°€± » z ª ¶~¯{€| ®²¢%²†Ÿ…ž±Ÿ/© z ² z |L¢³{|´|¥{€·Ÿ›¦9²†¯|¥{ ž z ¦ z ® Ÿ…©k«¬¦ ¯´ z Ÿ›ª¢5¨”¢±¦ z |i©k¢PµVª{€|L¢î¨”¢›¦ z Ÿ…ž z ® Ÿ%| z ² z «({V«³Ÿ z ª
¶ {~ªgžl{ º ø ?

)]*,+.-/ ê I øL· ?º ¸ ¢T? ?(» ¸

¼ E
øL· ?

®—²¥¢ ®H{€|­®—ŸP|¥{~«({/¨”¢›¦ +>¾ / « á / 

· ›
Ÿ —
¦ ª k
©
® ¢ ]
) a* ½ « á ->/ Q ¸

¸
¹
I
øL· ? ? ¢ ? ?(»LÀÁ ¿ /ºŸ›ª¢±ª3ž±Ÿ°Ÿ›¦9{/Â Ä / à G ø? ¢
Å • /
z
•
º I À
Á ±
Ÿ ¬
« ¬
« ›
¢ ª z €
{ ² Ÿ
½ ø ¿¼ ¹ ø
L · º
¸
ø I 7
« ? È À ¿ / ¢ IT? » ¿ ø ê• I S 7 Å • ¢ ? ?(» ÁÈ ¿
Á
)#a* ½ -0/ ê• S Å
á • ¢ (
? » Æ Á

ÇÈÈCÉPÊHË {ÌÎÍlÏnÏ Ê {‘ÐHÑ ÉÉ IT? » ¿ / *(Ò - ¿ É Ð9ÏlÌÓ Ê ÏP̏ÔC{€ÌÎÍlÏÕÐ9ÏPÌ%|¥{ r °€° ×Ö ±tÈ z ÏPÔ(Ô z É Ì É |´{ r °€°  °Z°€± @1  {©ÐHÏPØ§Ø z {ÙÍ z Ê9É |¥{€Ú z ÏPÌ z
¹ ¹
: øI7
•º /
Û : ê S ) ¿ É IT? ?(»ÕÁ Ü • É ) ¿ / ø ê• I S 7 º P• É ? ?(»ÁÈ ¿
È Ïl̏ÏÝÐHÑ z {€²%{Ô É-Þ³ß àá9âaãä<ã-åætçâ9ß ãâ1è5âêé  à9ë´æ§â9ì í1ît隣 Í z Ê9É ÔCÔ({ É z Ì ËÉPÊZÈ {fð z Ì©ñ€ò{€Ì#Ô(Ï®Ð9Ï È Ô z ÔCò z È ÐHÏP̏Ï
|´{ ËÉPÊÈ z ÏPÌ É Í z È Ð Ê9Étó
¿¹ ¹
Ô({ôÍ É |¥|´{Ô Ê { È ÓNÏ Ê ²«{€Ô({ôÍ z§õ Ïlò Ê z ÉPÊÝöNËÉ Í z ¯ €³  f ²  ÷ ± ð É Ð9ÏPÌ ÈøÉ ÌÔ(ÏPÌ#Ï z |jÐH{€|´ÐHÏP|¥ÏXÍ z òÌ{ ÈCÉPÊ z É Í z Ð9{€²%Ø z ÏPÌ z§z Ì³Ó Ê9É ñ€ò É ÌÚ_{{
Øj{ Ê Ô z Ê9É Íl{Ð9{€²%Ø z ÏPÌ z Ì É |§Ô É ²%ØjÏ ÉË z Ð ÉlËÉlÊÈ {f
ù { îîtï
öúåé§àä_åætçâ9ß ãâ1è
âêé1û@à9ë´ætâ9ìc±>ÉtÈøÉ µò É | É©È Ô ÉtÈ>ÈøÉ ÏPØ ÉlÊ {€Ú z ÏPÌ z ðH²%{Ï Ê µ{Ì z ÚlÚ_{ z Ð9{€|¥Ð9ÏP| z È Ó Ê òÔCÔ({€Ì-Í_Ï| É Ø Ê ÏPØ Ê z É Ô(ü
Í z Ø lÉ Ê z ÏtÍ z Ð z Ô(üýÍ É µ| z ÉtÈ Ø§ÏPÌ É ÌÚ z {| z Ð9ÏP²«Ø§| ÉtÈÈ z ð z Ìv²%ÏtÍ_ϚÍl{ Ê9É {| z Ú_Ú_{ Ê9É òÌ{2²«ÏP| É Í z Ð9{€|¥Ð9Ïl| z ̏ÏPÌ È òØ ÉlÊ z Ï Ê z { Û­þ

(¤ Å
ÿ
 ? Û Ø ÉlÊ Ô Ê { È ÓNÏ Ê ²«{€Ô É {fÍ Û ØjòÌÔ z !ò ÉtÈ Ô(Ï Ê z È ò| ÔC{€Ô(ÏÕØjÏ ÈÈ z ¶ z | ÉXÈ ÏP|´{² É ÌÔ É‘ÈCÉ Û nòÌ{ اÏPÔ É ÌÚ_{2Í z  ð É ñ€ò z Ì!Í z
|¥{©²%ÏtÍ_ò|¥{€Ú z ÏPÌ É
-î§í 3ÏPØ ÉPÊ {‘Ì É Ð ÉtÈ>È { Ê z {² É ÌÔ É«È ò Û  Ø§Ï Ê Ô({€ÌÔ z ðÐ9ÏPÌ z ÌÔ ÉPÊ Ï§
«
Ë
Û   
 «
xøx Ì É Ó´Ó É Ô(Ô z |¥{ ör°€°  °°± ÓNÏ Ê Ì z È Ð É òÌ Ê z È òt|¥Ô({€ÔCÏØ ÉPÊ z ÏtÍ z Ð9Ï Ê z È Ø É Ô(Ô(Ï
{fÍ ½ ðHÐ9ÏPÌžØ ÉPÊ z ÏtÍ_Ï Û ð9Ï ÈÈ z {nÐ9ÏPÌžØ ÉlÊ z ϧÍlÏ Û`þ  
Û    LØ ÉlÊ |¥{ Ë { Ê z { ¶ z | É Ô É ²%ØjÏ Ê {€| É ! ÉPÊ ñ€ò É§È Ô(ϲ%ÏlÔ z Ë Ï z |#" âaã9é1ì%$>æ'& æ Í É |´|)(
1îjí *«Í É Ô(Ô(Ï{̏ÐHÑ É
ã9àä ãûZàß ætûZãá9 ßN+á &´ßNáêé  
Å
 ,-,/.10.*23436587:9<;'=>; ?-@-A

NB g
N−N
_C 0
a
2 MC 0
Re Decis.
A/D _1
a M1
S/P Decis.
x R(t) cos ωC 0t E
(N FFT P/S fD
(−1)
h N _E
{x h}
b
sinωC + (N) (M)
0t N Bg)
F Im
n(t) B = N∆ A/D _ N−1
a M N−1
Decis.

N−N
2
tempo frequenza

u Ù ô ØÛ +-+ö !G H Ž‘ ’

“#” •a–f•N•H—5 ˜š™n”_—›™-–
œžL™—#Ÿ ˜-•a
 –/ ¡9¢f£¬›—#œX–
¥” ’f

ÚiÝ iÛ ÞámÙ i ª ÙMÞ ãÚiߋÚàß wÚHámá Þ HÛ àä Rö öƒß9Ù ƒö  ö î ØámÙ8äMÙMââ 0á àÝ HÛéÝ9ÛKÚißØÛKÛ àÙ8ä

Ü ô Þ 0ä ñ ã Hߋ٠0ޝá >ØÞ TÚH݋Ý9Ù ïߋÙãÚHß9Øä 0ámÚHÛTٝÙMÞ` 0Ü šØ çß‹Û 0ámØÛ ö
I
BKJ ML G >GON QPSR8TURWV MG XL YL !L ZL\[ ^] `_ aG XL ML !L

L UG bLcWdUeYf4gh Xi L bG jL YG:k ZG bG lG aLmL YG !G G

nMno p>o q>o
q ƒûýÿ ‘ L`#ÿ rtsju v Mwxwxy{z}|~}€

' Úi㠛å iß‹Û HãÚ ámÛ Óõ0Û iå î 0Ø HÜDá óØÞ áWÛ ä ›á TÞÙ Y ›ß‹Ù!ãÚHß9Øä 0âYÙ ÚHÞ Y ã ô ä8ÙMÚ Ý
݋ÛTÚHÜDÜÙMã Ù]ÛKÙMÜ؝ä8á 0ámÙ#ß iä8ä Êá iÚHÛÙ ß iäMä(^ ÙMÞ FÚHÛTã 0âÙMÚiÞ á ÞáWÚ2Ý9Ù 0Ø ¶ÞáWÚ2ã ôçô ÙMÚHÛ wóeä ÊÜØ
L L !L G L L UL jG YG !G bL XL‚k bk UL bG YLk UL L G Mƒ

 ) TÙ HÞâ  ö A Ø iÜ>á ^ ØäMáWÙMã ÜÙ]ÚiáWámÙ HÞ TÚHÞÜDÙMß HÛ 0Þß‹Ú Y eÜDÚHäMÚ D Ý9ÚHÛTá ÞámÙRÜDØ ámÛ 0ÜÝ9ÚHÛTá ÞÚ
G XG ML bG jL bG ML G YLM„ jG Z… UG G !L bG YG

ÙMÞ FÚHÛTã 0âYÙ8ÚiÞ î ZY éÜDÚHäMÚ i d ê ë ã݋ÙMÚHޝÙ9ÜØ i d ê ÜÚiÞÚéØÞÙ TÙ TÚHãõÙ8Þ 0Þß9Úô0Ø iÜá ÙØ ÞámÙ8á>]
L Yk bL /G YL G bL YL†k ML !G ‡k UL ˆ jG ˆ !G jG

ÜÙÚiáWámÙ iÞ
G YL L‰k YL :N kG ON bk j„ak UG YL XL YG

D ê ë ê ê D ê
ZL YL

ê D ê ê
ˆ ˆ ‹ Œ ˆ Ž- Œ
P P P ‹
Š
ˆ ˆ ˆ ‘

ZY dãÙMÜDØÛ àä  FÛ âÙMÚHÞ ß9ÙÜ ô Þ 0ä ؝áWÙMä éÛTÙ8ÜDÝ iáWáÚ 0äM(ä ^ Ú ØÝ 0âÙ ÚiÞ dß9Ùõ 0Þß Hß äޝØã iÛKÚ>ߋÙ
0ã݋ÙMÚHޝúÙ BBÜDÙ8ãõÚHäMÚ_Ý9Û iÜ ޝáWÙÙMÞ ñ ö T >ÛTÙ8ß9ÚHÞß 0ޝâ éÙ8ޝáWÛTÚHß9ÚHámá F ä ݋ÚiÛKá 0ÞámÙå¶ØÚiá H߸Ù8ä
k YL G bG G UL aL YG bL ZL ML ‰G ‚k!k G YL -G MG*L ’G L

Ý‹Û ãõ0Úiä8Ú O óOß iä8ä ¸Üá HÜDÜ uÞ áWØÛ dß9-Ù 0Ø HäMä ¸Ù8ޝáWÛTÚHß9ÚHámá dß ä0ÛTÚHäMä FÚ  uß9Ù0ØÞÙMã݋؝ä ÜÚ TÚHÜ iÞÚ
k!G L L “cWdUeYf4gh Xi G G 'G ”G bL •G jLL

ÛTÙ ä8â ¶ámÚ î SÙMÞ 0Ø ÞámÚ Y wä8ÚàÜ TÚHÝ9Ú×ß9Ù iå¶ÙMá 0Û ZY ïÜÙ å HÛT(Ù ) YÙ8ޝÚ HޝÚHê ã iÞ٠ߋ٠ÙMÞá HÛ HÛ iÞâ ê 2ámÛ
!L‚G ML bG XL G YG G UL –G ”G MG Zƒ W— tGk L

ÜÙMãõ0ÚiäMÙWö ÜDÜ iÛKåçÙ ãÚ ZY ×ä(^  ) KÙ Hޝâ wãÙ ô ä8ÙMÚiÛ 0äMä(^ Øã iÞá 0Û ïߋ٠×ß9Ù î ß 0ámÚ ZY Hß
ZG /G YG YG k >L XG L:k YL ˜L Uk lL L XL lL L /G G

D ÜÚiÞš Ú )ÜDÜÙmö
L ZG *k YL L Uk bL 'G G†G G L XG L L ˆ G }k YL Œ L

ˆ ‹ ˆ

nMno p>o q>o
™ øúùû0ü]ýþ5ÿ‹þ5þ ƒ
ù #ý #!ÿ  r® ¶9ý  ƒÿ ›š 6šw Yv

ôõ  U V  _ô ZY õ ZY Y
Mô î ) ô M ô
œ
L‚’žŸjŸXL‚ UL‚ L ˜¡Z¢ L ¡ L£L‚ UŸ ¢Q¤ L ¡b¡ G¦¥aL §YL Y¨'G a© ª L § ¢   ¤¢Q¢Z¡ !§Y«M«ž ¤M¢‰¬ ¢ Ÿk YL YG Y Yž

ö
ž‚ ¢ ¢  YG-ŸXž ^ ZY ¢Z¡ ¥ ¢ £ ž ¡ ž ¥ ¢ G ¤ žŸjŸXG ¡ Gk ¢ ŸXL‚ŸXŸj§UG}£ž¥ ŸX!G-ŸjG ¢   §Y!G:k YL‰¥ ­˜ž ¡ L‰§Y YG:G-¨ ¢ ž‚ YL ¤ L ¡

3
õ
ŸX§YŸjŸXž ¢  Y­˜L‚!¥ G*G -§UL ¡ ¡ G
b ¤ L ¡ £ž ¤ § ¡ GŸjžL

¸ õ ö

ô ô
®
 U YG- ¨ ¢ ŸX§YŸXŸjž ¢Z¡  ¢ kL­ ¢ Ÿjž¯!L ¤ L‚­LG-k -§ ¢ ¥ ¢ !L ¢b¡ ¥ ¢  Yk!ž  ¢ ¥ £ž ¤M¢ ¥ ¢ £ -ž ¡ ž‡«L‚ ¤ L‚ŸXL‚ £ ¢  YG˜!L

î ƒö _ö ƒiö  ö ö
¡ ^ ¢   ¢ ¨ ¢ ž ¤ L ¡b¡ G’ ¢ kL¨ ¢ ž‚ UL  ¤¢ §Y °¥ ¢   ž ¡ ž ¡ ž‚k!k!ž ¤¢ kG£« ¢ ž‚  ¢
®
¡ ¥ L  YG ¡ L\ ¢ kL­§YŸXž:­ ¢ L‚ YL § ¢   ¤¢
i
õ ª
, 3  #
ô 8îô d
tP²R8TUR V
¤ L£ž ¤ § ¡ G-ŸXž ¢   lG-¥aL“L §YG ¤ GŸj§Y!G L ¡ L}[
] ¤M¢ _ tk!G-£« ¢ ž YGŸjL*G lL -§YL Y¨/G±N

^
8î
I Œ P ˆ Œ
ž«Mž ¡ ¢  ­L¥ ¢ ž‚ YL ¤M¢ ¥ L  Yž‰G ¤“¢   ¤¢ k ¢ G ¡ ŸjL  ¢ ˜¡Z¢ N ›³ k!G-£« ¢ ž  ¢M¤ L ¡ «LG-£ -ž ¡ ž‰¥ ž Yž

 ¢ £ž¥ ¥ ¢ f L ¤ §U YG M´ «ML‚!£L‚Ÿ•ŸjL ¤¢ žŸjŸXL¯ YLL ¢ ­˜G ¡ ž‚ ¢

F +1+0Nö + O


Ñ ¿ ª G e
RµU¶
·
c L µ¯º
#»

ª
P½¼ 
Ž6Ž
‹
ˆ ¾
P © ª ?
¨ ˆ  

¨a¸W¹
 ?-@¿ =236;/ÀÂÁÄÃÁÅ,-,'.Æ ÁÄ9ÈÇÉÃW2mÊW;/ÁÄ7:5‘7‡ÇÉÆË5%Ì%;/=-2

ô D 8î Y ) õ î
ô î
Í ˆ
ž ¡ ž ˜¡Z¢ ­˜G ¡ ž‚ ¢ k!L‚ UŸj!G ¡b¢ ¥až‚ YžQG­­ ¢ GŸ ¢ ­˜L‚!¥ žÉG ¡ ŸXLŸjŸXG- UŸ ¢¤ L‚k ¢ ¥ ž¯ ¢ k UL ¤ LŸjL£ ¢  YG- ž ¢b¡ «§Y UŸjž

ó ô õ ZY cY
^
8ô
¤M¢ k!ž‚¥aŸ”L ¡Z¡ G-¨ ¢ ž‚ UL‰« ¢ …’­ ¢ k ¢  UžÎG ¡Z¡
© ªt ¢ k!L‚­˜§YŸXž<«L‚Äž   ¢ «MžŸ•G- YŸXL ¡ žÎkž ¤M¢ Yk!G- UžÎk!ž‚  ¬ ª ¢ Ÿ L ¤}¢Z¡

õ ö
 ¢ ¥a§ ¡ ŸjGŸjž Ù)Y YG ¡ L ‰ Y§Yž­G-£‡L‚ YŸXL<¥aL‚ ¢ G ¡Z¢ ¨/¨aG-Ÿjž<«ML%«M!ž ¤ §U!L ˜¡Z¢Y¬ ¢ Ÿ4k UL YG Y Yž ¤ GŸjž‰ž‚ ¢ ˜¢  YL

G ¡ ¥ ¢ £ ž ¡ ž

úùÿ iþZ
¶ý9 ƒý
nMno p>o q>o
p Ï MÐ Yv

q õ Hõ 0õ q+Ò
ö õ CB õ iõ
-§YL _]

õ _] Y ô Êõ ô
®
¡ kG ¡ k!ž ¡ ž ¤ L ¡b¡ GOÑ L\¥ ¢ G-¥ GÈ¥a§ ¡Z¡ ž!L ¡ G-Ÿ ¢ ­˜ž*G ¡Z¡ L\«M!ž G ¢b¡Z¢ Ÿ ¤M¢ L‚!!ž¯L“Ñ k!ž‚  ¤M¢ ¨ ¢ ž‚ UG-ŸXž

Y &UÓ$!ÔlÕÖ
ô
I ª
G ¡b¡ L}¥ ¢   ž ¡ L*«Mž‚!ŸjG YŸ ¢ G-Ÿjž}k UL ¡ G«MžŸXG- UŸjL ŸXG¥ «ž‚ ŸXG ¬ ¢ Ÿ ×¥ ¢ £ -ž ¡ ž/Ø ¡ G«M!ž -G-ƒ

G
Ò
&YÓ$ÔÙÕÖ
Hõ 0õ _] Y
g
P
¢b¡b¢ Ÿ ‡k UL}§Y  ¢ Ÿ L YL ¢ kž*«M!ž‚­˜L‚  G ¤ G ¡b¡ G’«ž‚!ŸjG- UŸjL  ¢ ¥a§ ¡ ŸjG’«MG ¢ GOÑ<ÚÄh i g L


-§ ¢   ¤M¢¡ G}«M!ž G ¢Z¡b¢ Ÿ }k ULm¥ ¢ G:L‚!G-ŸXžÛm«G- ¢ G

0ö

R%µU¶D D
RµU¶
Ñ
q P ·
щÚ%h
G i Ñ q+Ü ª P ·
¬ ª Ñ
q+Ò F +1+ N+'H O
ª ¬ ª
¸W¹ ¸W¹

Bû- r ‘ ÿ
¾

Ý Yw w Mwxw H Ñ
q6Þ6ßMà}Þ  àá›â v á›ß T GÑ
q+Ò ¤¢ «L‚  ¤ L ¤ G ¡  U§Y£Lž ¤M¢`¡b¢ ­˜L ¡b¡–¢äã ª P
g Ò
¥akL ¡ Ÿjž

«ML ¡ G}«ž‚!ŸjG- UŸjL< YƒlL‚¥ ¢ £GØ-L ¤ G G«M«ž‚!Ÿjžæåç

¡ ¡ ž‚k!G ¡ Lé
8è
ª
R
œ
L‚ ¤ L‚ŸXL¯£ ¢  YG˜!L ¢b¡ ­G ¡ ž‚!L ¤M¢ Ñ
×Ò

k 
ž Y
  ­ ¢ 
L Y
  É
L -
G 
« « ¡b¢ k!G-!L
q ¢  ¢ ¥ § ¡ ŸXG-Ÿ ¢ ŸXž¯­˜G-Ÿ ¢ G ¡ê +-+-é HéN+«L‚ ¡ G

£ž ¤ § ¡ G-¨ ¢ ž YLë4]  د«G-Ÿ ¢ kž ¡ G ¢ ¨'¨/G-Ÿ ¢ G ¡ kG¥ žQGŸjŸX§YG ¡ L/Ø ¢  }k!§ ¢ ¥ ¢ G ¤ žŸjŸXG- Už ¢ £«M§ ¡ ¥ ¢ !L‚ŸXŸjG Y옞 ¡ G- ¢

¤M¢¯¤ §Y!G-ŸjG ³
P
í
¶ é JmŸjŸX ¢bî §UL‚  ¤ žG ¢ «M§Y UŸ ¢¯¤ L ¡ ¡ Lkž¥ ŸXL
Z ¡ ¡ G-¨
Z ¢ ž‚  ¢ 쁝!§Y«M« ¢˜¤¢î¢ ŸW¥aL‚k!ž‚  ¤ ž ¡ G‰k!ž ¤¢ UkG )
¹
¤M¢ï !Gð”؝ ¢
¥ § ¡ ŸXG
¾
 
Ž- ¾Yú
Ñ q+Ü ª P Ñ>õ
Ò
¢  *k§ ¢ Ñäõ
Ò P ‹ L‚ ÙkÉ÷ø  ù ˆæû ª äü F”ýý é
ý'þ
O
ñKòó˜ô ª ö  ª ‹
ã ã ª ã

_] F
O   
 

Û ¡ GË«M!ž î G î-¢b¡b¢ Ÿ ¤¢ L!ž¯!L°¥ § ¤¢ §U Yž ¤ L ¢ !G-£ ¢ ¢  ‘ÿlG-¥aL°ž ¤¦¢   §YG ¤ !G-ŸX§Y!G ¤ L ¡b¡ G Ó Ô lÕÖ

k!ž‚¥aŸjL @ é @
¡ ¡ G¨
b ¢ ž YL<ë6] Ø-k!ž‚£LžŸjŸXL‚ U§YŸXG ¢   ê é H:«ML ¢b¡ k!G-¥až ¤M¢î G  ¤ G î G¥ L ˜é

 
œ
i
 i  
L‚ ¢Z¡ kG ¡ k!ž ¡ ž ¤¢
ú Ò Ò ô¶ Ò Ò

  
P P P P


ˆæû ª
Ò Ò ô¶ Ò Ò
R R


R R

ž‚¥a¥ L­ ¢ G-£žÈk YL ZY ¡ GO«MžŸjL Y¨'G Ò ¤ L ¡Z¡ ^¢  U­ ¢Z¡ §Y««MžÈk!ž‚£« ¡ L¥ ¥až ¤ L ¡ ¥ L‚옠YG ¡ L“ ¢ kL­§YŸXž’¥ § ¡Z¡ G«ž‚”ƒ

ŸXG- YŸXLm YƒlL¥ ¢ £G-؁Ûm«G- ¢ G ¾ ¾

 
 
³
Ò P Ò P ¹ ª

 
³


Ò

   ª P
¢   k!§ ¢ Û ¡ G«ž‚ŸXL‚ Y¨/GŸXž‚ŸXG ¡ L} ¢ k!L‚­˜§YŸXG-ØL Û ¡ G†ÿlG¨ ¢ ž‚ UL ¤M¢ «MžŸjL Y¨/GG-¥a¥ L쁠UG-ŸXG‡G ¡b¡ G

 YƒlL‚¥

¢ £G}«MžŸXG- UŸjLé %L¥ ŸXG § ¢   ¤¢U¤ G ¤ LŸjL£ ¢  YGL
R
Ò é

  ! #"$
Ï  % áß v â Îà š à¯ß Þ6ßMà±Þ à¯áâ v áß œ

) (
L -§UG- Ÿjž° ¢ 쁧YG ¤ G Ò ØÄ¥ Ÿj!G-ŸXŸjG G-«« ¡b¢ ƒ

'& * ,+ .¨ - / 10
¢ ¤¢
R

k!G-L
i
¡ G
ý-ý
é
ý ? G ¡Z¡ G¥aL §YL‚ U¨'G Wh ‹ i h ³ i ¤ L ¢ kG£« ¢ ž‚  ¢4¤ L ¡b¡ ^¢  Y­ ¢–¡ §Y««MžÈk!ž‚£« ¡ L¥ ¥až ¤ L ¡

!§Y£ž‚!L/ØML ¤ L‚ŸXL‚!£ ¢  UG-!L ¢b¡ ­˜G ¡ ž‚!L

32 + 0 ,4


 R
Ò P h ˆ ª i
ô
P
R
ô
Ò ¢  *k!§ ¢
ˆ ª
P
ˆ
RµU¶
·
h ‹

i ¨ - / i h
¿ ³ i L µ¯º
ô
»

ª

6587 ?
x z ÐHÏPÌ È z Í ÉPÊ z ÐrÑ É z | Ë {€|¥Ï ÊHÉ :9 Ø Ê9ÉtÈøÉ ÌÔ É {€| <;>=1?@=A?@B ØDC ÊFE CAGHGIC Ê fC Í E Ð ¨ É Í <E 9 a¸W¹
J>K Í É GLGHC *û M ã9àßNì é Ð9Ï È Ô É €Ú ÏPÌ É GHGHC E
)N
 Ò


-îtí
,-,/.10.*23436587:9<;'=>; ?-@ PO
RQ - / TS Q '& -$U ( WV)V
¢  

XU Y RQ Z- \[
­ ¢ !Ÿj… ¤ L ¡ ÿlG-ŸXŸXžk YL ¢ ­˜G ¡ ž‚ ¢ h ³ i ¥až‚ Yž‡G £‡L ¤M¢ G± Y§ ¡b¡ G˜ØÂk UL lkž  Y¥a¥ GŸjž ¡ G ´  YL
ô ª
»
L‚ÿlÿlL‚Ÿ”ŸX§YG\§Y UG\kž£ µ¯º 
î-¢  YG-¨ ¢ ž YL ¡b¢  UL‚G-!LÎkž k!ž‚Lÿ Uk ¢ L‚ UŸ ¢ L ØL<k YL‰L‚¥a¥ L  ¤ ž h i L옞 ¤¢ k!žmÛ
Í
«Mž¥ ¥ ¢Zî¢Z¡ L‰¥ k!G-£ î-¢ G-!L<£L ¤M¢ L<ŸXL‚£«ž¯G ¡Z¢ L ¤¢W¢  Y¥ ¢ L£Lé ­ ¢Z¡ §«M«G-  ¤ ž

^ _ - X/ TS - ] ` aS aYcbd ]

ô R%µU¶ R%µU¶  ô ª
· · »

^ _
P P
h ˆ ª i
ˆ ª ˆ ª ô h ‹ i
µ h ³ i h ³ i L µ¯º 
ˆ

RQ 2 + ^ _ - e/ TS - ] e` aS 0 gf ^ _hji X/ ` TS
¸W¹ ¸W¹

LmŸXL‚ UL‚  ¤ žmk!ž‚ YŸXžmk YL h ‹ k
ml 
i µ h ³ i h ³ i
P L º
»
µ
R
hXh ‹ i ³ i žŸjŸ”L  ¢ G-£ž

i / ` TS nf ^ _h Ycb*d



R%µU¶ R%µU¶ ô ª
· · » »

^ _
Ò P ô ‹ º µ µ¯º  P
h•h i ³ i L L
R ˆ R

p q$p i q TS srau t t r
 ¸W¹
R%µU¶
·
¸W¹
ˆ ‹ ô
» 
 ô
» ª

o f h
P º µ¯º  P
h ³ i L L
ˆ ˆ R

¸ µ R%µU¶

q r & P(

R%µU¶ ô ª
· »

o f hAv
P µ¯º  ýý ý @
h i L é
ˆ

µ R%µU¶

* yx q mz
¸

jw U jw <Q
RQ v
¢  Èk§ ¢¡ § ¡ Ÿ ¢ £G ¢ ìG¥aL‚£« ¡Z¢ Yk!G ¡ L¥ «M!L‚¥a¥ ¢ ž‚ UL ¢  UŸj!ž ¤ §Yk!L‚  ¤ ž ¡ Gm¥aL -§UL‚ U¨'G h i ¤M¢¡ §U Yì UL‚¨/ƒ

¨/G ˆ Øk YLm¥ žŸjŸ ¢ L‚ YLmkG-£«

¢ ¢ ž YG  ¤ ž

\[ p [ p i \[ |u t { & ~} ( Ž- ô

T S
» 

v
P ‹ º ýý ý
h i h i L é
ˆ  R
³

[ q S S
 XU & )(
P P ¶
G-ì ¡Z¢M¢ ¥ ŸXG- UŸ ¢ ³ k!ž‚  ³ é
í
R

ƒ ‚ |„
ýý ý

x \[ mz
ˆ @

…‡† € p ˆ „,‰ …Š†  €

ž‚¥aŸj ¢ G-£žÉž‚!Gmk!ž‚£Lد«ML ¥ §Uÿ Uk ¢ L‚ UŸjL£L‚ UŸjLÉL ¡ L­G-ŸXž/Ø ¡ G é «ž‚¥ ¥aGmL¥ ¥aL¯LÉk!G ¡ kž ¡ GŸjG

¢  ‘ÿl§Y Y¨ ¢ ž‚ UL ¤ L ¢

v
k!G-£« ¢ ž  ¢8¤M¢
 hlN i
P h i Ø8L ¤ ¢  ‘«G-!Ÿ ¢ kž ¡ GL ¤M¢ k!ž‚£L ¢ ¥ § ¡ Ÿ ¢
R
Ò

‹& ~} ( i \[ |u t {
hlN i ª hlN ª i é

RQ Q
í R
¸ ô
» 

FŒ
ý-ý ý

Q *
J YG º
¡–¢ ¨/¨'G  ¤ ž ¢ ŸXL‚ £ ¢   ¢ k UL%k!ž‚£«MG ¢ ž Yž ¢   é Øž¥ ¥aL¯­ ¢ G£ž8k UL ¢b¡ «M!ž ¤ žŸjŸXž h i L


R
P í
YG:Ÿj!G-¥aÿlž‚ £GŸjG:«MG- ¢ G hlN ‹ ô ¶  ‹ R ô
i Ø-ŸXG Y¥ ¡ GŸjG ¢  †ÿٝ!L §YL‚ U¨'G ¤M¢ Øž­­Lž
R

‚ + i \[ |u t { 0  … h i L º
ô
»  P
Ž
N ‹
ˆ ¾

R R 

ˆ
 ŽXŒ  [ ~ Œ [ [ ~ u \[ 
‹ P ô P

[ i j[ u t { †
£L‚ UŸj!L ŸjL£ ¢  YL å  ×Ú  h i +Ú h i «Mž¥ ¥ ¢ L L¦k!ž‚£L  Už‚ŸXžËŸXG¥ ÿlž‚a£G-ŸjG

‚ + [ k u \[ 0 ‘ e-“’
¢b¡ è ¤
R R
 ô
ô
» 

v
P ¶ ˆ P º

[ k u \[ Q
+Ú h i å è „8«MLŸ”G YŸXžæ«ML‚ L ¡ L‚­˜G-ŸXž ¢b¡ «ž ¤ ž¯ŸXŸjž h i h i L
í í R

+Ú h i YG:Ÿj!G-¥aÿٞ£GŸjG

… …


„


€  •” …  X
 “
- ’ …  hlN i
P
R
Ž
N ‹
ˆ ¾


ô‰Ž N

 R
Ž
N ‹
ˆ ¾

 X-“’ ˆ … ô

…
G­L‚  ž G«M«ž¥ ¥ ¶ ˆ
¤ ¢ £GŸjž í
å
í è k!ž‚£L¦§U  ¢ £«M§ ¡ ¥až ¤¢ GLG §Y  ¢ ŸjG ¢ G-ØΫML 옝G-  ¤ L

GHC –˜— ›©ù  Cš¨D¨ ™ E C
EX› ò*  œ  EH¡¢ ž*¡ ŸCA£ ›  C ™ E Cf› òð Ÿ ŸšC ž*›  £jò C ž žC$›m   m¥8¡¢ª Ÿ ¡ CA  £E¢ ™ E£j5C £ EL𤟠ž  E#Ÿ  ¨ £jŸ£ EL™¬Ÿ ž« Ÿ  \¦1¥F ™ GLEL£ ¦Ÿ Ÿ žG  ›m§ \£Ÿ Ÿ  ˜ ­¨k  G  E ¥ E £ £jŸ C ™ ¡¢¡¢Ÿ EHž ž*£ Ÿ$Ÿ ® (£ ò£j£ E:¯±°cE² ð³£ Ÿ «µ™ ¡¢´EHž*E‘¶ ›©¦Ÿ  G G ó ó
 ¢ ¥a«MLŸjŸXžG é

£ Ÿ'E £ Ÿ ™ ¡¢EHž*EZ® ¯L· ² ŸR¸e¹ Ÿ b ¸ u ¹!» º Ÿ$® ¯ ´ · ² Ÿ b ¸e¹mŸR¸ u ¹!» º ð‘«´ ¦ GH£ Ÿ ñ€ò Ÿ GHG E¼® ¯ · ² ŸR¸ u ¹ Ÿ b ¸ u ¹¾» ½ Ÿ Ò Ò  Ò

® ¯ ´ · ² Ÿ b ¸ u ¹ Ÿ ¸ u ¹ » ½ ð Ÿ ¥   ˜¿ ¦E C)?

    
 Ò  

 

 ? }ÁÀ =23 ! /ÀÂÁÄÃÁÅ,-,'.Æ ÁÄ9ÈÇÉÃW2mÊ a /ÁÄ7:5‘7‡ÇÉÆË5%Ì ¤Â/=-2

Q  Äà €
ÆÅ …
I í

\[
G-ŸXž’k UL hlN Û R ô
i ¡b¢ £ ¢ ŸXG-Ÿjž ¢   î G  ¤ G±ŸX!G Ø4G ¡b¡ žG hlN i Û ¡Z¢ £ ¢ ŸjGŸjž ¢  ¦§Y YG î G-  ¤ G
R

q q “S RQ v & P( U
P P ˆ
k!ž‚£«M!L¯¥aGŸj!G±N L ¤ N ØYL h i ۓ«L‚!ÿÙL¯ŸXŸjG£L‚ UŸjL“!G-««M!L‚¥aL¯ YŸXG-Ÿjž ¤ G ¢ ¥a§Yž ¢ k!G-£« ¢ žƒ

v v
mÇ RQ
P ý-ý ý @ ˆ
  ¢ h i h ³ i k YL†kž£«MG ¢ ž‚ Už‡ UL ¡b¡ G é „ ¢  ¦«MG-!Ÿ ¢ k!ž ¡ G-!L/Ø«ML ¥a§Yÿ Yk ¢ L YŸjL£L‚ UŸjL

L ¡ L­G-ŸXž/ØM¥ ¢ žŸjŸ ¢ L YL k YL

r „ ‡ … † € pˆ q



R%µU¶ ô ª
· »

o f hDv …
Ò P µ¯º  P
h i L hlN i ª
R ˆ í
¸
µ R%µU¶

…‡†  - … 3…‡†  … - ‰ …Ȇ  !É … -

¸
Ž ˆ ¾ Ž Ž ˆ ¾ Ž Ž ˆ ¾
P ‹ P ‹ P T ‹ P
N

‰ …‡†  …‡†©Ê
R ¾  R 6 R Â
¹

P ª P ª
hxN i hlN i
R ¹

RQ f ˆ  h ‰ É ­Ë
Š Ì
P T
¢  Ok§ ¢ ¥ ¢ ÛmŸXL‚ U§YŸXž:k!ž‚ UŸjžk UL hlN i hlN N i L¥ ¢ Û ¢   ¤¢ k!G-ŸXG ¡ G ¤ L Y¥ ¢ Ÿ ¤M¢ «MžŸjL¯ U¨'G ¢  
R


 R ¹
P ô
¢  Y쁝!L‚¥a¥ ž<kž£L hlN i é
R

–˜Í 7 Ÿ ¥FC ¡ ¨ EH ž*E C ¡¢ÏÎ ¯Lв ¥  ž ¨ Ÿ ™ EH~›m · ð E Ga  Ÿ Ñž CAG ŸÏÒ.Ó ¯±Ô² ÖÕ$×
a
r Ø b × Ò ¯ÙÔ ´ÛÚ þ ‘« Ü ² ûZætû âêãFÝHãûä<é
CAG E Cn  ELžÑö±¦Ÿ~›mEkÞ*Ñ ò*™FCgßNð Ÿ~›>E Gk¨kC) 6 àC ÑÑELá›©E<Î Ó ¯Lв Õ rT× Ø b × Î ¯ Ú · ²1âT¯HÐ ´ZÚ · ² CA£j£j™FC ¦1Ÿ ™   ò žáÞ GHj£ ™ á›mE
    "
M
  

ã
Z(f) Z (f)

ä ä ä f f

™ E ¥   ˜£j™9ò*œ EH ž*Ÿ ¯àÔ² ¾å æ­ç Ð è Ô ´ u§é ™∆Ÿ  \£ E £(ò E  à¥ Ÿ.E G<  ŸmÑ1ž CAG Ÿ> ™ EHÑELž CA™ EH ∆?7¥F™ EH¦E C ¡¢ ¨ Ÿ ™F∆£jC ž £  N∆ −N N 2N

Î ¯LÐX² Î Ó ¯LÐX²gêìë¯Lв × Î ¯ Ú · ²1âa¯LÐ ´ZÚ · ²)êTí6îàï ç ¯ «³Ü ÐX² Ÿ ¸e¹ {

   æM
 

·   

rTØ b ×
 

Ÿ~› Ÿ ð±ð±Ÿ £j£(ò E C ¡¤ ž*Ÿ GHC£j™FC)  𱝠™ ¡ CA£jC)ñ

Ò ¯ÙÔ² ò × Î ¯ Ú · ²AâT¯LÐ ´ZÚ · ² þ «³¶ Ü åcæ­ç Ð Ô ´ «‘Ü ·   ü

rTØ b ×
 ÷ å
ٍ è


ó Î ¯ Ú · ² Ÿ b ¸ u ¹‘»<ô õ mö þ «‘¶ Ü å æ©ç Ð Ô ´ «³Ü

× ·  

rTØ b


¥8ª Ÿ ð­¥FCAGH¥  GHCA£jC÷CAGHG Ÿ>ð ™ Ÿ ñ€ò Ÿmž œ Ÿ Ô ï Üy¥ ×  ž ï °Aø ¶ øFùIù@ù@ø «ú´§¶ ðL ™ ž*E  \¥ Ÿ
ÙM å è


Ò ¯ÙÔ²­û Ø «³¶ Ü × Î ¯ Ú · ² Ÿ b ¸ u ¹gô» Ò · 

Ò

rTØ b


7 Ÿü ™FC ž* žý›mE  \¨  ž*E C ¡¢þ›©E (£ ò*£j£ E'E ¥FC ¡ ¨ EH ž*E$Î ¯ Ú · × ² ð ¡ Cÿ   G Æ›©Ÿ Ñ G E « ´Æ¶ ¦ CAG  ™ E ¥  ž Ú
 

´ «|´%¶ ¶ «'´³¶>ðFGHC.™ Ÿ GLC1œ EL žŸ ¨D™ Ÿ ¥ Ÿ~›©ŸRž £ Ÿ   E CA¨k¨DG E ¥FC¾C › ò ž#ž ò  ¦   Ÿ Ñž CAG ŸÎ
¯LÐX² Î ¯Lв þ å æ©ç Ð u t ¯LÐX² ð


𱝠™ ¯ ž*Ÿ žs›© ²ø6ù@ùIù@øe°1ø ø6ù@ù@ù@ø

 

Ò
¯ÙÔ²  ¶ b Î ¯ Ú · ² Ÿ b ¸ u ¹ ô»
‘
« Ü
  Ò

Ø
· 

rTØ b  b 

Ò

ž¢¦1E ™F£
›mŸ GHG Ÿ ¨k™  ¨k™ EHŸ (£ ü ›mŸ GHG Ÿ £j™FC)  𱝠™ ¡ CA£ Ÿ ð6™ E ø  ò*GH£jC
 
 

Ò
¯ÙÔ² Ò ¯ÙÔ²gê ò  å æ©ç Ð u t  ¯LÐX²  Ò ¯ÙÔ²)êsâT¯ÙÔ² Ò ¯ÙÔ²  

EHž 9¥ ò E G CA¨k¨D™   6  EI¡ CAœ ELmž*Ÿ ¾G Ÿ ¥ E £jC¨ Ÿ ™÷« Ÿ G Ÿ ¦ CA£  ?



)( 
 ,-,/.10.*23436587:9 ¼Â ¾Â '= ? }
ý

   ‘U
ŒŒ
Ï à¯ß Ð áâ Yv äÞ4ßMà\Þ à¯áâ v áß Í
¢ G-£ž Y UG ¡ £L‚ UŸjL ¢  ‡ì!G ¤ ž ¤M¢ ¥ k! ¢ ­L!L

2 2
¾

 …‘Ê    Ê 


 Ê  Ê
ú Ò ¾ ª Ò


³ ³ ³ ³


ˆæû ª P P P ¹ ª ¹ P ¹ ª P ¹ ª ª
¬
Ò hÙN ª i ³ hlN ª i ³ hlN ª i ³ hlN ª i
R

2
¹ ¹ ¹ ¹

jw w
T  2  Q 2

Z  
P P ¶
G­L‚  ¤ žÈ«ž‚¥aŸjž ³ «MG ¢ G ¡b¡ L YLì ¢ G ¤M¢ §Y  ¥ ¢ £ î ž ¡ ž ¤¢6¤ §UGŸjG ³ é L YLì ¢ G«L‚
í
¹ ¹
î-¢ ŸÄ ¢ ¥ § ¡ ŸXG ¤ §Y  -§L ÎP

çg Ø`£L YŸXL“«L‚ ¡ G†«MžŸXG- UŸjL Ó Ô ÙÕÖ ¥ ¢ YG Ò P
gç  Ò 
é 4G°ÑÄ«ML‚
«MžŸXG- UŸjL ¢ ¥a§ ¡ ŸXG -§ ¢   ¤¢

2
¾

P(


Ñ  Ü ª P

¬ ª
Ž 
‹
ö
ã ª 
Lÿlk ÷ ø
¾
ù
³

³
¹
Ê hÙN
Ò

ª i ã
 ª
ª ¬

‹
ª
 ü & ýý
é
ý A

Ý â  ! #"$ ¾ P

Ð äà š à¯ß #â v Í
L
 hlN i  Už‚  ¤¢ «L‚  ¤ L ¤ G†NØ«Mž‚¥a¥ ¢ G-£ž‰¥ k! ¢ ­˜L‚!L

Ê !1’c[
R


¾
T P ¹ ‹
hlN i Ú í hlN N i
R R ¹

U ‘& P( Ê Ê
… †©Ê #"
Š P(%$
¾ ý-ý ý ®

Û&
LQ¥aL‚£« A hlN ª i ¡ GÎkž¥ ŸXG- UŸjL
¡Z¢ Yk!G-!L ¡ G é ؂¥až‚¥aŸ ¢ ŸX§YL‚  ¤ žÉG ¤ é   -§YL¥ ŸXž%k!G-¥až/Ø ¢Z¡  ¢ ¥a§ ¡ ŸjGŸjž


¹ ¹
Ò P ýý ý @
«M§ mL‚¥a¥ LLžŸXŸjL¯ Y§UŸjž ¤M¢ LŸjŸXG-£L YŸXL ¤ G ¡Z¡ G é ¢  YÿlG-ŸXŸ ¢ ؝ ¢ ¥a§ ¡ ŸjG
R

i j[ ‚ '&  )(
¹

‚ +‰ Ê …  X-“’ … [
¾

h i
P µU¶ hlN i
P µU¶ T hlN
É 0 N i
P ˆ 4h ˆ i

“ i j[ ,Å [ q aS
R R

o q+3* Å -, "
R ¹ ¹

L ¤ §Y  §WL
R
h i
P kž  P
³
P
R
í
«ML‚ P é ¢ <«ML£LŸjŸ•L ¤M¢ ¥ak ¢ ­˜L‚ L ¢   ¤ U
L Y  ¢ Ÿ ¢ ­˜G

i Å Ê … …Š†©Ê
  ¾ ¾

 R
Ò P
ˆ R
h i
P
ˆ ¹
ˆ P
¹

  . Á  Ý YvÂs à Uv á YvOw â}Þ à¯áâ v áß Ð /

v “ Uw ⠜
ž­ ¢ G-£žÄGt­L‚ ¢ Yk!G-L¥ L U ¡ GΣž ¤ § ¡ G-¨ ¢ ž‚ YL 0 1!V !
©Ë
ۆ­G- UŸjGì¯ì ¢ ž‚¥ G ¢   ŸjL£ ¢   ¢Â¤¢ «M!L‚¥aŸjG-¨ ¢ ž‚  ¢ Ø4«ML*§U YG°£L ¤ L‚¥ ¢ £Gæžkk §U«MG-¨ ¢ ž‚ UL ¤¢Âî G  ¤ G°L ¤ G

«MG ¢ Ÿ 32 ¤M¢ «ž‚ŸXL¯ Y¨/GUé :L ¡ k!G-¥ ž ¢  ‘k!§ ¢Ä¢Z¡ ŸjL£«Mž ¤¢ 쁧UG- ¤M¢ G ³
ΠP
³
‹
³ ¥ ¢ G  Y§ ¡–¡ ž/Ø ¢  ‘«MLƒ
¹

†  .46587 J
P ¶
¥ L Y¨/G ¤¢ §Y£‡ž‚!L î-¢ G- kž/ØÄL‡¥ k!L‚ì ¡Z¢ L‚  ¤ ž§U  ¢  YŸXL‚!­G ¡Z¡ ž ¤M¢ ¥ ¢ £ î ž ¡ ž ³ ¤ G±k§ ¢¤ L‚ ¢ ­˜G-!L
í

Ì
¹Ò


dUeYf4g g
¬ 9
P
³ N Ø ¬ ª P L ª P
9 ¶ ØW¥ ¢ ž‚ŸXŸjL¯ U쁞‚ Už\­G ¡ ž ¢ :
ç  §Y쁧UG ¡b¢ «L‚ ¡ L ¤M¢ ­L¥aL
¹ R R
«MžŸXG- UŸ ¢ ØG*k§ ¢ k!ž‚! ¢ ¥ «ž¯  ¤ L ¢b¡ £ ¢ ì ¡–¢ žQ­G ¡ 
ž L ¤M¢

2>
¾

9  ; 
dUeYf4g

Ê
dUeYf4g
ˆ ŽM
<= ¾
¬
Ñ  P Ñ  Ü ª P ‹ L‚!ÿlk ø ù @? A

dYeYf4g ö
ª  ˆ
9 ª ‹
¬ ã
¹
ã
B

RQ 2C 32 32> dYeYf4g

32> dUeYf4g


Ò ª P P P ñKòó ô
ž‚ŸXŸXL¯ Y§YŸXG*ŸXL‚ UL‚  ¤ žmk!ž‚ UŸjžk YL ¬ ¬ ã é

2:L ¡ k!G-¥až ¢   k!§ ¢ ¥ ¢ G ¤ žŸjŸ ¢


§Y YG棞 ¤ § ¡ G-¨ ¢ ž‚ ULGæ«MžŸ”G YŸXL‡¥ ¢  U쁞 ¡ G°k!ž‚  ¢ £«§ ¡ ¥ ž‡G k!ž¥ L‚ Už

 ¢ G ¡ ¨/GŸXž<Lt!ž‚ÿlÿ׃lž‚ÿlÿU—
P R
9
‹ ؁¥ ¢¤ L‚ŸXL¯£ ¢  YG§U YGž‚k!k§U«MG-¨ ¢ ž‚ YL ¤¢î

…
G-  ¤ G«MG ¢ ED
G P GFh
N
É — i

Rˆ Q W R

0 1 ÷V ! F
9 Π9 g

J
P ˆ P R
IH#J P

Lˆ K :
k YL/Ø¥aL‡L쁧UG-ì ¡b¢ G-ŸXGæG §YL ¡Z¡ G ¤ L ¡ kG¥ ž \Ø6ÿٞ  ¢ ¥akLæN  L § ¢   ¤¢¬

P
.46587
g
œ
9 é LŸXG- UŸjž ¢   -§YL¥ ŸXžmk!G-¥ ž<¥ ¢ ž‚ŸXŸ ¢ L‚ UL
R

2>
¾
 ; g

Ê
g
Ž 
<= ¾
¬ H#J
Ñ  H#J P ‹ L‚!ÿlk ø ù  ?A
g ö  ‹
¬ H#J ã ã
B

2
¾ ¹

9  ; 
dUeYf4g

Ê
ˆ Ž-
<= ¾
¬
P ‹ L‚!ÿÙk ø ù M? A

dUeYf4g ö  ˆ
9 ‹
¬ ã
¹
ã
B
 ? } ? =23 ! /ÀÂÁÄÃÁÅ,-,'.Æ ÁÄ9ÈÇÉÃW2mÊ a /ÁÄ7 ON‘7‡ÇÉÆPN%Ì RQ-2 ¤Â
RQ dUeYf4g
RQ
¾

g Ò
¾
J 45G7
S9
J ¾

.TGU
g J
J J  ª P P P P
k YL“ ¢ ¥ § ¡ ŸXG ¢b¤ L YŸ ¢ k!ž}G°Ñ §YG ¡ žG‡¥ ¢  YžŸ ¢ k YL ã L ã
¾
45G7
S9 P

w w
ã ª é

V G ¡ ¡ ž‚!G
b ¤ ž‚­ Û ¡ G}k!ž‚ U­L  ¢ L‚ Y¨/G OW V ¢b¡ ŸXL‚£G ¤ L ¡b¡ Lm«M!ž‚¥a¥ ¢ £Lm¥až‚ŸXŸjž¯¥aL‚¨ ¢ ž  ¢ é

nMno p>o q>o YX [Zäš

r â w <   â Uv ß

,%ž Y¥ ¢Z¤ L‚ ¢ G£ž ¢b¡ k!G-¥až ¢  *k!§ ¢¯¡ G‰ŸXG¥ £ ¢ ¥ ¥ ¢ ž YLG-ŸXŸj!G­˜L‚!¥ ¢ §Y :kG- UG ¡ L ¤ L‚¥ak ¢ ŸXŸjž ¤ G‰§U  ¢  Y­ ¢Z¡ §«M«ž

$
ŒR^ & ~À ( <(
P\ )]
¬& U
k!ž‚£« ¡ L¥ ¥ ž hÙN i ¢   k!§ ¢¢b¡ £ž ¤ § ¡ ž° Už‚  Û°k!ž‚¥aŸXG- YŸXLæL xž ¡ G ÿÙG¥ L° Yž  Û ¡b¢  L‚GL ¢  ‘ŸXG ¡ k!G-¥až

¼ ý-ý ý ý-ý ý
`_ P

†\ … -
hxN é ¥ G ?
¡ ŸXL‚!G-ØL ­˜G ¡ ž‚ ¢ © ª†L¥ Ÿ ¢ Ÿj§ ¢ Ÿ ¢8¤ G ¡ ¡ G é ¥ £ž ¤ ¢ Yk!G- Yž ¢   ª

jw 
i ¤M¢ ¢ ¤ ¢ b ¢ M

© ª å N ‹ å ‹ Rô èè a,ž‚£LÎG- UŸ
é ¢ k ¢ «MGŸjž/Ø ¡ L -§YG ¡b¢ ¨/¨'G˜¨ ¢ ž YLÎÛ<«L‚!ŸjG- UŸjž‰ ¢b¤ žŸjŸ•G:G ¤ L¥ L쁧 ¢ !L

§Y †¥ L£« ¡b¢ kLm«ž ¤ ž¯ŸXŸjž<­L‚ŸXŸXž¯ ¢ G ¡ L<ŸXG ¢ ­˜G ¡ ž‚ ¢ xb_ z ª L ¡ G:¥aL * -§UL‚ Y¨/G ¤M¢ ­G ¡ ž‚ ¢ >c d
h
ˆ µ
í
¶
h
ª
µ
S
u i•i e
é

Ö  šw â   Ö! ß sjs ßMàß # #â w ß 2\L #"

*
€ v v kG¥ ž
¡ ¢  ‘k!§ ¢¡ G ¤¢ ¥aŸjž¥ ¢ ž YL Už‚  ¥ ¢ GËLkk!L‚¥a¥ ¢ ­GØ8¥ ¢ «M§

jw
L‚­ ¢ ŸjG-!L ¤ L ¡ Ÿj§UŸjŸXž ¡ ž%¥aŸjG ¤ ¢ ž
 ¤M¢ L §YG ¡ ¢ ¨/¨'G¨
b ¢ ž‚ UL'؂L% ¢ k!ž LL%G ¤ §U YGt£ž ¤ § ¡ G-¨ ¢ ž‚ UL ¤ ¢ ÿlÿlL‚!L¯ Y¨
 ¢ G ¡ Lé
®
  «M!L‚¥aL‚ Y¨/G ¤M¢ä¤M¢ ¥ ŸXž‚!¥ ¢ ž‚ UL ¤M¢ ÿÙG¥ L ¢  YÿlG-ŸXŸ ¢ Ø ¢b¡ « ¢ G Yž ¤ L ¡b¡ ¢  W­ ¢b¡ §U«M«Mž}kž£« ¡ L‚¥a¥ ž’¥ § î-¢ ¥ k!L/Ø>«ML

\
* ¼ ‹ ©Ë
ž‚옠 ¢ «ž‚!ŸjG YŸXL‰k!ž‚ U¥ Lk§UŸ ¢ ­Gؘ§Y YGm!ž‚ŸXG-¨ ¢ ž‚ YLt«G- ¢ G ¡b¡ G ¤¢ ÿlÿlL‚!L¯ Y¨/G ¤ L ¡Z¡ GÿlG-¥ L ¤¢ hlN i kG ¡ k!ž ¡ G-ŸXG

«ML ¡ L ¤ §YL‰ÿٝ!L §YL Y¨'L‰kž YŸ ¢ 옧YLé

Í
L -§UL‚¥aŸjG -§YG Ÿ ¢ Ÿ * Yž‚ †Û<Lkk!L‚¥a¥ ¢ ­˜G-Ø¥ ¢ «M§ f"ΫM!L‚  ¤ L¯!L<k!ž‚£L

 ¢ ÿlL‚ ¢ £L‚ YŸXž ¤M¢ ÿlG-¥ L ¢b¡  ¢ ¥a§ ¡ ŸjGŸjž ¤ L ¡Z¡ G ¤ L‚£ž ¤ § ¡ G-¨ ¢ ž YL ¤ L ¡Z¡ G}«ž‚!ŸjG- UŸjL<«M!L‚k!L ¤ L‚ UŸjLé

nMno p>o q>o g h ß vÐ L ¾ w #á †â ji wxw âOáß "  g )   Þ à ⠍v ß

2:L 
WV)V
¡ kG-¥až ¢  Ëk§ ¢6¢Z¡  ¢ kL­ ¢ Ÿjž LÈ Yž ¦G-k -§ ¢ ¥ ¢ ¥akGO§U YGO«L‚!ÿ×L‚ŸXŸXG±¥ ¢  Uk!ž‚  ¢ ¨/¨'G¨ ¢ ž YL ¤M¢ ¥ ¢ £ î ž ¡ ž/Ø ¢Z¡

%k ­Ë
k!G ¡ kž ¡ ž ¤ L ¡b¡ G ´ ¥a§ ¤M¢ §Y  쁝!§Y«M«ž ¤¢ k!G-£« ¢ ž  ¢ «M!L‚¥ ¢ G±«MGŸ ¢ L ¤ G ¡b¡ G±k!ž ¤ G ¤ L ¡ «M!L‚G-£ î ž‚ƒ

¡ ž'ØΠUž‚  G ¡ ŸXLG‘«L‚ Y§ ¡b¡ G ¢b¡  ¢ ¥ § ¡ ŸXG-ŸXž ¢  Å­ ¢ !ŸX… ¤ L ¡b¡ G kG-!G-ŸXŸXL‚ ¢ ¥aŸ ¢ kG ¤M¢ «ML‚ ¢ ž ¤M¢ k ¢ Ÿ ¤ L ¡Z¡ ž
® $

¥ ŸXL¥ ¥ žé  Už ¡ Ÿj!L/Øä Yž‚  Û ¢   ¤M¢ ¥ «L‚ Y¥aG ¡ LȞŸjŸXL¯ YLLȧU Ë«MLÿlL¯ŸXŸjžÈ¥ ¢  Uk!ž‚  ¢ ¥a£ž ¤M¢äî-¢ Ÿ  ¢ ŸjG- ¤M¢ä¤M¢


ŸXL‚£«Mž ¢ ¨'¨/G¨ ¢ ž‚ YL‰¥ ž Yžmk!ž‚£Lm Yž‚ŸXžmL -§ ¢ ­G ¡ L‚ UŸ ¢ G ¤È¢  Yk!L£L‚ UŸ ¢¡Z¢  YLG- ¢M¤ L ¡b¡ G} ¢ ¥a«Mž¥ Ÿ”G ¢  ‡ÿÙG¥ L/Ø

L ¡b¢ £ ¢  UG î¢Z¡b¢ £L ¤¢ G YŸXL<L -§YG ¡Z¢ ¨a¨'G¨ ¢ ž‚ UL<ž‰£ž ¤ § ¡ G¨ ¢ ž‚ UL ¤¢ ÿlÿlL‚!L‚ Y¨ ¢ G ¡ Lé

nMno p>o q>o Yl z áá c" â w +á ji

,%ž£L%¥aŸ ¢ G-£žÄ«ML6£ž¥ ŸXGLØ n §YL‚¥aŸjGt«ž«W ¢ L‚Ÿ ‰Û ­Ë ¢  UŸ ¢ £G-£’L‚ UŸjL ¡ LìG-ŸXG‰G ¡Z¡ Gt«Mž¥ ¥ ¢Zî¢Z¡b¢ Ÿ ©Ë ¤ L ¡Z¡ \w 0÷V1!
¤M¢ G-¥a¥ L쁠UG-L‰­G ¡ ž ¢¤M¢ «MžŸjL¯ U¨'G ¤M¢ ÿlÿÙLL YŸ ¢ G ¡b¡ L ¤¢ ­˜L‚!¥ Lm«ž‚!ŸjG YŸ ¢ é

6GmŸXG¥ £ ¢ ¥ ¥ ¢ ž YLt Y§U£L‚ ¢ k!Gmk!ž‚ ’§Y UG:N

 L ¡ L‚­˜G-ŸXG-ؘL¥ L‚옧 ¢ ŸjG§UŸ ¢b¡b¢ ¨/¨'G˜  ¤ žÉ§Y YG<¥ ž ¡ G«ž‚!ŸjG- UŸjL/Ø

\hÙN
\w 
¤ L­L‡ YLkL¥ ¥aG-G£L‚ UŸjL†ž‚k!k§U«MG-!L§U YG î G  ¤ G £ž ¡ ŸXž†G-£« ¢ G„U YL ¡ k!G-¥až ¢   k§ ¢ i «L¥ L YŸ ¢

§Y UG*L ¡ L­GŸjG ¤M¢ ¥ ŸXž‚!¥ ¢ ž‚ UL ¤M¢ G-£« ¢ L¨'¨/G-Ø ¡ L -§UG ¡b¢ ¨'¨/G¨ ¢ ž‚ YL ¤ L ¡Z¡ G*¥aŸXL‚¥ ¥aG“k!G-§Y¥aG*§U YG\kž ¡ ž G-¨ ¢ ž‚ YL

nm: 
AQ
¤ L ¡ !§Y£žL ¢   ¢  Y쁝!L‚¥a¥ ž G ¡É¤ L£ž ¤ § ¡ G-ŸXž‚!L/Ø<L ¤ §Y  «MLìì ¢ žG£L‚ YŸXž ¤ L ¡ ¡ LË«M!L‚¥aŸjG¨
b ¢ ž‚  ¢ é

«M!ž î¡ L£G G YG ¡ ž쁞± YG¥ k!L  UL ¡ k!G-¥ ž ¢   k!§ ¢Q¢b¡ !§Y£ž‚!LË Už‚ ½¥ ¢ G î-¢ G- k!ž'ØÎG ¤ L¥ L£« ¢ žË«L‚!k YÛ

 “ ^ v  ~ RQ
u
¤ L ¢ ­G YŸXL ¤ G*§Y †¥ L쁠YG ¡ L ¢  UŸjLÿlL‚!L¯ YŸXLé
po r
] qqs0tq .v !
Ö wäÖ v yx{z}|

-ƒ ^
® Í Ö Ö
 ±L‚ UŸj!G-£ î¢`¢ kG¥ ¢ Ø ¡ G’ŸjLž‚ ¢ G ¤M¢ k YL*«M!L‚­˜L ¤ L §U YG «MG ¢



€ ‚
G
É „
P ñKòó ô å

–™ ¥ L… ž*ð£ CA£j£ EC †j‡ˆ£ †:݊‰ ‹-Œt‡ž*™FŸ £ GHG Ÿ ¥  CAžsG ›©£E ˜!œ EL¨  ž™8Eì¥8›mª!Es™ ›mŸ ¡¤~ \›%£j™8 CAGH£CAœ EH   ž*Ÿ ¥  Ÿ ™ ¨ŸRž ™ £ ŸÏ›mŸ GLGŽYR^r‘“šœ’-” › Ÿ ? G Ÿ ¨  ™F£jC ž £ E웩Ÿ Ga  EH¡>•A G >– ˆ— N R
è ¢   «L¥ L¯ U¨'G ¤¢ §Y  §U£ž‚!L î ¢ G Wk!ž/Øk!ž‚ 

R
hxN i
P R ô L†kž  §U YG

E –LŸ ž ¦ŠGs ™ ¾  ¡ GH£jCAž £ Ÿ žÑ1mGLž*GHC³¾£  ™ ÑC Rž 7E ª*C  C)Þ* 6  žŸ ™  \¥ ¥8Ÿ ª Z™¢›©ER¨ *ž  ­  Ÿ G EH~¥›© ·   ™ C G ¥ £ ˜ £j™8C)   8 
E  ›©Ÿ Ÿ  E ›mE ž*žk ž Ÿ E Ÿ Ÿ  EŸ•1E Ÿ  ž Ÿ ъ*E Ÿ>ž ¦Ÿ  E ›mE C ™>£¡¢E Ÿ GHGIELC mž*›©Ÿ E
š¡  ¥  ž ¨D™ • C •AE G E £˜ ›©EPŸ ™F™  ™ Ÿ¤ž! GLG@C” ¡ C ž* žZEHžs›©E ¥FC¥  ¡¢Ÿ¢ð CA™ Ÿ ?t¢ ž C    G  œ EL žŸ C1GP¨k™ • G Ÿ ¡ [

C Ô : ›© £j£jCA™ Ÿž C!¥ k›mEHÞ ¥FC ›©E ¥8C ž CAG Ÿ C#™ E›© žs› C ž œ©C Ÿ G Ÿ ¦ CA£jCG”6¥FCA¨DCA¥ Ÿ›©E ¥  ™F™ ŸRÑÑŸ ™ Ÿ*ž¢Ÿ G Ÿ ¦ CA£ ¾!ž ¡¢Ÿ ™ á›©EkŸ ™F™  ™ E ?
 ,-,/.10.*2343 ¤N87:9 ˆQ ¼Â ¾Â ? } H

¥ ¼& (  U
\w
«MžŸjL Y¨/Gm ¢ k!L‚­˜§YŸjG ¢  “§U YG î G-  ¤ G l«Mž¥ ¢ Ÿ ¢ ­G Ø¥ ¢ £ž ¤¢ Yk!Gm UL ¡ ¥aL‚옧YL YŸXLÉ£ž ¤ ž/ؘ«L‚ŸXL‚ UL‚ L

“U
k!ž‚ YŸXž ¤ L ¡Z¡ G-  ¤ G£L‚ YŸXž

¢
¢  Yk!ž‚¥aŸjG YŸXL ¤M¢
¥ ©Ë  hÙN i L
R
hlN i é a,ž‚ U¥ ¢b¤ L‚!G-  ¤ ž ¢b¡ kG YG

jw
¡ L<¥akž£«Mž¥ Ÿ”ž ¢  

©Ë
¢   Y  ¢ ŸjLÉ¥až‚ŸXŸjž î G  ¤ LÉL YŸXž ¡ L §YG ¡–¢¡ L ¤ L‚ U¥ ¢ Ÿ <«Mž‚¥a¥ ž YžÉ ¢ ŸXL YL‚!¥ ¢ kž¥ ŸXG- YŸ ¢ Ø ¡ L‚¥a«M!L‚¥a¥ ¢ ž‚ UL ¤ L ¡Z¡ G

k!G-«MGk ¢ Ÿ ¤M¢ ­ ¢ L‚ UL<žG

$

É   ¥ & P(
a« f ˆ hR¬ ˆˆ­R®y¯
Ž  hÙN i
 §¦©¨-ª
P ñKòóô N
ýý
é
ý ¿
hlN i
±°


RQ ³² ˆˆ ­R®y¯  ¥
R

¢  
C¥ µ´ Å P¶ ˆ
k!§ hlN ­ ¢ L‚ YL†ÿlG-ŸXŸjž‡­G- ¢ G-!L ¢   Ÿj§UŸjŸ ¢8¢


£ž «Mž¥ ¥ L†ŸjG k YL hlN N P
¥ $ Ø

P( \w
¢ i ¤M¢ ¢Zî¢Z¡b¢ ¡Z¢ i
°
k!ž‚ 

ˆ x ¸·  ¥ ¹ Å z 6 Z&
 ¥
hlN i ØL ¤ !G-«M«L¥ L¯ UŸjG ¡ ¢  ¥

‘  RQ
¢ L‚£L ¤ L ¡b¡ L}ÿlL -§YL Y¨/L ¢   k!§ ¢ Û}«L¥ L¯ UŸjL ¢Z¡ ¥aL‚옠YG ¡ L

( 
ýý ý

& RQ
¶ P N hÙN i é 4G é ¿ G-¥ ¥aL‚ ¢ ¥ k!L § ¢   ¤¢ k YL/Ø YL ¡ kG¥ ž ¢  Èk§ ¢
R
hlN i ¢   ¢  Y쁝!L‚¥a¥ žtG ¡

3
©Ë
k!G- YG ¡ L\ Yž  ¥ ¢ G î-¢ G˜ Yk!ž/Ø ¡ L*£ ¢ ì ¡b¢ ž‚ ¢ «M!L‚¥ Ÿ•G-¨ ¢ ž  ¢ +N k YL*ŸjL  ¤ L*G ¥ ¢ žŸjŸXL¯ Y옞‚ Yž:¥ ž ¡ G-£L‚ UŸjL

\w
¥ G쁞£G-  ¤ ž ¡ G ¤ L‚ U¥ ¢ Ÿ ¤M¢ «MžŸjL¯ Y¨/G ¤ L ¡ ¥aL‚쁠UG ¡ L< ¢ k!L‚­˜§YŸXž ¢  †£ž ¤ žmž«M«Mž Ÿj§U Yžé

¤
œ
L‚ ¢ ¡ ¤ LŸjL£ ¢ ¤¢
º¥
»b¼½Š¼¾Š¿!½Š½bÀÂÁ-ÃÃÄ¿!½ŠÁPÁ-äŊÆÇÈŊÉGÇÉ}ÊfˊÇÇÈËÍÌGÆÎÐÏÈÆ!ÑÏÈÉ!ÒfÏÓaÁa»“ÁaÔÕ¿
 YG˜L G  G-£L YŸXž žŸjŸ £‡ž
 hÙN i

»bÖ#¼#×}É!ÇÈØ{ϏÙpÇÈÏÈÅbÆØyÉ!ΊÏtÊfÏÛÚÆ!Ü#ÎÐÆÒ6ÜfËbÝ#¾ŠÞ#À±¼Äß3à-ÖfÀá»bÔÕÁ⻓À!ãÀ PN (f)

ßf¿áß}ÁaäÈäȽпáßfÔÕ¼Á-å}¿RÝÀæ¾)ÞfÀµä¿á½Ðß#¼»“¾ÐÀµÃÁ.¾Ð¿áßfã¼ÄçR¼¿áßfÀ λ

f

»bÀ èCîóêÈërìô
èépêyërì#í€èCî€êërìpïñðñò ò Pr (f)
èCî€êërì » À
b èCîóêÈërìõ
ò λ
ö÷-÷aøù÷ˆúaû

 

  f

ãÀáÔ©ÔÕÁüÁaßf¾)ÞfÀóãÀ!ÃΊÏˊ×OÙpÏÈ×}ËbÒfØyÉóÊfý ÆŊþ'ÿ8Æ À!½Š¾)Þ Áa»

PN (f) + Pr (f)
»bÀὊ¼»“¾ÐÀ`¾)Þ#À ö Àáã¼ Öf½ÐÁ û ¼Ã滓À ßfÁaÃÄÀ ãÀáÓaÓaÁ¡À!»“»bÀG½ŠÀ

 



 
½ŠÀ!»“ÀGßfÔÕÀ}¼Äß å}¼Ä»bÖ#½ÐÁ³å}Á ¼ ¿!½ŠÀ ßfÀáÃÃÄÀâ½ÐÀ 6¼Ä¿!ßf¼Cã¼äȽÐÀ λ


àaÖ#À!ßfçRÁÂã¿ À ¼Äú½ÐÖ#å}¿!½ŠÀ »“Öfä f¾Š¼ÀáßfÔÕÀ!å}ÀáßfÔ©À ½Š¼ã¿!ÔÕÔ©¿ ø

f


Án¾Š¿!»“Ô©Á-ßfÔÕÀ
ò
èétêÈërì ëÂïnèé ø 
󻓾ÐÀáÃÔÕÁ ¼Äß }
å ¿áã¿ Ô©ÁaÃÄÀóãÁn¿áÔ©ÔÕÀGßfÀá½ÐÀ


ß Ö#ßÍ»b¼Ä»bÔÕÀ!å}Á ã¼aå}¿!ãÖfÃÄÁaçR¼¿áßfÀßfÖ#å}À!½Š¼¾ŠÁ Á »b¼Äß ¿!ÃÄÁ ¿á½ÐÔÕÁaß#Ô©ÀRÝ è>étêÈërì ßf¿áß Ö [Àá»b»“À!½bÀå}¿ 
    
  

Í

  !   "$#%" 
ã¼ f¾ŠÁaÔÕ¿ Á ¼ÄÁa¾ŠÀ!½ŠÀˆÝf¼Ä߸à-ÖfÁßfÔÕ¿.¼ÄÃf»“Öf¿ Áaß#ãÁå}À!ß#Ô©¿OãÀ ÀOÀ!»“»bÀá½ÐÀ.àaÖfÀáÃÄà ¿.ÃÄÀ ÁaÔÕ¿OÁ-ÃÃÄÁ Áa½ŠÔ©¼Ä¾Ð¿áÃÁ-½ÐÀ

& ')(+*, 
êërì »b¾ŠÀ!ÃÄÔ©Á Àá½O¿!ÔÕÔ©ÀáßfÀ!½“À Ö#ßfÁ½Š¼¾ŠÀ!çR¼Ä¿!ßfÀ ½Š¼ Á ã¼ ø O!

-  %
¾ŠÁa½ÐÁ-Ô©ÔÕÀ!½Š¼Ä»bÔÕ¼¾ŠÁ³ã¼ àaÖf¼Ä»bÔ À ú¾ŠÁa»“¿

.  / 
ãÀáÃà ¼ß Àá¾ÐÀRݺÃÄÁ ¿áÔ©ÀáßfçRÁ³Áa»“»bÀ 6ß#ÁaÔÕÁ¸Á¸¾Š¼Á-»b¾ŠÖfß#Á
Áa½Š¼ÄÁaÔ©Á¸ÃļÄÓ6Àá½ÐÁ ¿!½ŠÔ©Á-ßfÔÕÀ Ö À!»“»bÀá½bÀ
å}À!ß#Ô©ÀRÝÀáã3¼ß Áa½ŠÔÕ¼¾Š¿!ÃÄÁa½ŠÀ Ö ±À!»“»bÀá½ÐÀÍ»“¾ÐÀáÃÔÕÁ¼ÄßPå}¿áã¿ÍãÁ}½ÐÀáÁaÃļçRçˆÁ½ŠÀÍÃÀE¾Ð¿áßfã¼Ä爼Ŀáßf¼ ö÷-÷aøù÷ˆúû À


àaÖ#¼ßÛã¼Û½ŠÀ!ßfãÀ!½bÀ å}Áa»“»b¼Äå}Á.ÃÄÁ À!ÃÄ¿!¾Š¼ÄÔ .ã¼ÛÔ©½ŠÁa»båâ¼»“»b¼Ä¿!ß#Àæ¾Ð¿áßf»“À Öf¼ÄÓa¼Äà À ø
 20 43  

10

ë ¾Š¿!ß#»bÀ 6Öf¼ÄÓa¼ÄÃÄÀ>ÁaÔÕÔ©½Š¼ÄÓaÖfÀáßfã¿Á ÔÕÖfÔÕÔ©À
 . 20 
ß Áa½ŠÔ©¼Ä¾Ð¿áÃÁ-½ÐÀRÝ6»“¼a¿!ÔÕÔ©¼ÄÀáßfÀ[¾ŠÞ#À[ÃÁæå}Á-»b»“¼å}Á Àáÿá¾Ð¼ÄÔ

 65/798:4; < 
@
? C
A 4
B E
A F
D F
D F
D 
A J
GH K
I B LNM$O < L M P
ÃÄÀ ¿!½ŠÔÁaß#Ô©¼ºÃÄÁ³å}ÀáãÀá»b¼Äå}Á ½Ð¿áÓaÁaÓ-¼Ãļ Ô Pã¼Àá½Ð½Š¿!½bÀRݺÀ}àaÖ#¼ßÛã¼¼Äß ãÀ #ßf¼ÄÔ©¼ Á¸ãÀáÔ©Àá½bå}¼ÄßfÁßfã¿âãÀá¼
ï = -> ï ø

Á-ÿá½Ð¼ î Àá½ ¿ ßf¼ ¿á½ÐÔÕÁaß#Ô©À Ô©Á-ütãÁ ½ÐÀáßfãÀ!½ŠÀ}ÃÄÀ ÖfÀá»bÔÕ¿
 Q 
/
<R TS/UVG  <  < W <
½Š¼»“ÖfÃÄÔ©Á-Ô©¿ Ö À!»“»bÀá½ÐÀO¿!ÔÕÔÀáßfÖfÔÕ¿ »b¼ÄÁÍÁaã¿!ÔÕÔ©Á-ßfã¿ À!½¿ ßf¼ ¿!½ŠÔÁaß#Ô©À ÃÄ¿ »bÔÕÀ!»“»b¿OßfÖ#å}À!½Š¿ ã¼rÃļ À!ÃÄà ¼
/

 < YX%G Z  QW <

ï À Áa½Š¼Á-ß ã¿ è ݺ»“¼Á Áa½Š¼Á-ß ã¿â¾Š¿!ß 6¼ÄÖfß#Ô©Áaå}ÀáßfÔÕÀÀ!ßfÔÕ½ŠÁaå}Óa¼ è À ݺ»“¼ÄÁ Ô©ÀáßfÀ!ß#ã¿
f»“»b¿ è ï À Á-½Ð¼ÄÁaßÛ㿵Öfßf¼Ä¾ŠÁaå}À!ß#Ô©À ø
î

[+[9\ ]^\ _^\a` bdc/efhgji%k

l 9 êÈërì 
À ÃÄÁ èî yê ërì ãÀáà ¾ŠÁaß#Áaà ÀRÝ»“¼Á ¿á»b»“¼ÄÓa¼ÄÃÀ m Q
=n s tX ZpoFqCoFqr rs u  43
Ó-Óa¼ Áaå}¿Á
ÀáßfÁ.å}¿á»bÔÕ½ŠÁaÔ©¿ ¾Ð¿áå}ÀRݾŠ¿!ß#¿!»“¾bÀ!ß#ã¿ÃÁ
ãÀáÔ©Àá½bå}¼ÄßfÁ½ÐÀ è >êÈërì¸ï ¼ß¡å}¿áã¿PãÁ »“¿!ãã¼Ä»bäÈÁa½ŠÀ %ö ÷a÷-ø ÷Rúaû 3
À ½ÐÀáßfãÀá½ÐÀPå}Áa»b»“¼Äå}Á ÃÄÁ ë ø
 
êërì ßf¿!ß ±ßf¿áÔ©Á-ÝÀ!ã3Áaß#¾)ÞfÀ±»“À±ÃÄ¿Íä¿á»b»“À -  v C  m w

/

OÀáÃt¾ŠÁa»b¿Íã¼t¾Š¿!ÃÄÃÄÀ 6Á-å}À!ß#Ô©¼pÔ©Àáå ¿ Áa½Ð¼ÄÁaß#Ô©¼ Àá½ áÝpÃÁ


ø
w x
ßf¿áß³Àá»b¼Ä»bÔÕÀ Áa½ŠÁaßÛ爼ÄÁâ¾)ÞfÀ.½Ð¼Äå}Áaß 6Á¾Š¿!»“Ô©Áaß#Ô©À ß3ÕÔ ÁaþÐÁa»“¿OÁaÃÄÿá½ÐÁ ßf¿áß³ÞfÁ »“À!ßf»“¿EãÀ!ÔÕÀ!½bå}¼ÄßfÁ½ŠÀ
Öfß#Á³ã¼»“Ô©½Š¼ÄÓaÖfçR¼¿áßfÀâ¿!ÔÕÔ©¼Äå}Á ãÀáÃÃÄÁ ¿!ÔÕÀGßfçRÁ³À}ãÀ!¼CÓa¼ÄÔµ»“ÖfÃÄÃÄÀ ¿á½ÐÔÕÁaßfÔÕ¼ÄÝåâÀ!ßfÔÕ½ÐÀ}¼ß Àá¾ÐÀ¿á¾Ð¾Š¿G½Š½ÐÀ
 y }%z %{ |!Â~}=€‚„ƒƒ4…-†‡ˆ‰Š€‹{ŒaÂ~ Ž‰Š† ¤Â {
Q ON PN RQ

‘’“’ ”•—–’ ˜™C˜›š+˜œœ‘ž™E”š9Ÿ–š9‘–/ 4‘ž‘œ‚¡¢˜’ –‘%œ˜ £2™C‘%¡¢¤-˜¡¢¡Ÿ.¤-˜š+”‘–£2˜ •–‡¥EŸš+”¥E˜.š9”¦¥C‘%–‘œ˜~§¦‘%œœŸ
¡¢¥EŸ¨+« Ÿ š+”—¥EŸ™E™C˜’“’ ˜™E˜”—©”£˜™C™E‘£2”2ª
¡¢¡˜™E¬ ”‘¤-ŸŸ™E‘-¥®­˜~§–˜œ^¥E‘¡Ÿ¯š9”N•–‘°¤-Ÿš+•œ‘ ~”±Ÿ–/˜6‘°¨+Ÿ™C£²‘%–£2˜¯¡”–/’ Ÿœ‘“§”– ¨+™E˜¡˜–/ 4‘!š+”
•–/‘ ´³¶µ·v£2˜¤-¨9Ÿ¸¬ ‘%™C”‘–£2˜~§¹”œ¹¨+™EŸ¥E˜¡¡¢Ÿš+”¹˜º•‘%œ”  4‘% 4”Ÿ–/˜»¨+‘%™C£2”¥CŸœ‘%™C¤-˜–£2˜6¥EŸ¤-¨+œ˜¡¢¡¢Ÿ¯”–
º•/‘–—£1Ÿ¼š9˜¬ ˜¦½1”–¡˜’ •/”™E˜¾¹œ˜Š¬“‘™E”‘% 4”±Ÿ–”š9” ¿³µ·²ª“ÀN˜ŠœÁ ˜º•/‘œ±” 4 ~‘ ~”±Ÿ–/˜Š–Ÿ–»Š¨9˜™E¶˜£2£2‘§“”–¡Ÿ™E’ ˜
â\

ÃÅÄ%à ˜Æœ‘Q£1™E‘¡¤-”¡¡¢”Ÿ–˜Çš+”¬ ”˜–˜¼™E‘¨9”š9‘¤-˜–/£1˜Ç¥CŸ¡¢È+¨9”˜–‘Qš+”9˜™C™¢Ÿ™C”+š9‘™E˜–/š+˜™C–/˜d”¤-¨+Ÿ¡¡¢”©”œ˜¼œ‘
\

¥EŸ™E™¢˜ ~”Ÿ–˜Æ‘–¥®­˜Æ‘š9Ÿ£2£1‘%–š+Ÿd¥CŸš+”¥C”‹š+”—¥C‘–/‘œ˜%ª

˜œN¥E‘¡Ÿš9˜œœÁ É Ê §‹‘œ¹¥EŸ–£2™C‘%™C”Ÿ~§¹œÁ ‘ –/š+‘%¤-˜–£2Ÿš+” ´³µ·^š+˜£1˜™E¤-”–/‘•–˨+˜’ ’“”Ÿ™C‘%¤-˜–/£1Ÿ
š+”v¨+™E˜¡£1‘% 4”Ÿ–/”)¡Ÿœ‘¤-˜–/£1˜6¨+˜™º•˜œœ˜¨9Ÿ™E£1‘%–£1”v¨+˜™ œ˜º•‘%œ±” ̳¶µ·¡¢”)»6™C”š+Ÿ£1£²ŸÍÏÎ ª¼ÐN˜™C£2‘–/£1Ÿ~§
2 0 1 p\

œÁ ‘%¨+¨+œ”±¥E‘ ~”Ÿ–˜¼š+”9•/–!¥EŸš9”¥E˜Çš+”9¥E‘–‘%œ˜¼‘%œ©œŸ¥E¥CŸÇš+”/ÑÒ©%”£^¥®­˜Ç¥CŸ¡¢£2”£1•/”¡¥C˜Ç•–°¡¢”¤-©ŸœŸ4§ ¡˜’“•”£1Ÿ
\

š+‘•–/‘ Ÿ¨+˜™¢‘ ~”Ÿ–˜¼š9”—¡¥C™E‘¤-©%œ”–—’Ó§%¥EŸ–/¡¢˜–£2˜d‘œ9œ‘£2ŸÇ™C”¥C˜¬ ˜–£2˜š+”9™E˜¥•¨+˜™C‘%™C˜ÇœÁ ”–Ÿ™E¤-‘ ~”Ÿ–˜
£2™C‘¡¤-˜¡¡¢‘Ô‘–/¥E­/˜Ë–˜œ¦¥C‘%¡¢Ÿ›”–‡¥E•”¦¨9˜™!‘œ¥C•/–˜Ë¨9Ÿ™E£²‘–£2”¡”¦š+˜£1˜™¢¤-”–/”‚•/–Õ˜œ˜¬ ‘%£1Ÿ £2‘¡¢¡Ÿ›š+”
˜™E™EŸÖ ™C˜%ª
‘×£1™E‘¡¤-”¡¡¢”Ÿ–/˜ Ø)É+ÙÊڔ–Û¥C•/”¦».¨9™C˜¡¢˜–£2˜w•–/‘ž¥CŸš+”Ü¥E‘Ôš9”Š¥C‘–/‘œ±˜›¨+™E˜–/š+˜w”œ–/Ÿ¤-˜›š+”
£2™C‘¡¤-”¡¢¡”Ÿ–˜ÆݹØ)É+ÙÊßÞáàâ /ã ØÉ+Ù)ÊQäϪ | Ð|

ì1í²–áþå®í²æEî$ð¦çè$çôêé²ê9ïjëöçìÏêíÏïî$ç^ê+ì1ï“ïEì ðí4í²ëáêí²þð¦éñ¢ìÏçòç é÷ çôó)ø ùèõï“ú4ëé4éQëè$çôçôêxóôóôïè$ê4öþç‚í)÷wçôêø±ýFùîõí ú
ûöï6í²êé²1î$ïçôüE çòêíxì1ïöêxýFí²êé²ð¦í²êé-ì1ç)è$ïCð¦ð¦çôêçvð¦öóôþçôñ~óôçÿ‹èhûí
 E™ ‘£2£1”‘¤-Ÿ°º•/”š+˜œœ‘ š+˜¡¢¥E™¢” 4”Ÿ–/˜!š9˜”j¥E”™E¥C•/”£2”=˜œ˜£1£2™¢”¥E”=”–ž£1˜™¢¤-”–/”š+”=¡”¡¢£2˜¤-”jÜ¡”¥E”§˜!š+˜œœ˜
¤-Ÿš9”Ü/¥®­˜¥®­˜dº•˜¡¢£2”‹’“˜–/˜™E‘–ŸÆ–˜”‹¡˜’“–‘œ”+”–!£1™E‘–/¡¢”£1Ÿ%ª
 

     ! •‘–/š+Ÿ•–›¡¢˜’ –‘%œ˜¯¬ ”˜–/˜6½2¤-‘–”¨+Ÿœ‘“£2Ÿ¾Šš9”N¨+™EŸ¨‹Ÿ¡”£1Ÿ~§N¡”
š+”¥E˜d¥®­˜º%•˜¡¢£2Ÿd» #ã "%$'& â ( $*) ⋪9ÀN˜Æ¬ ”¥C˜¬ ˜™E¡‘”œ+¡˜’“–‘œ˜Æ¡”—‘œ£1˜™C‘¯¨+˜™‚•–/‘¯¥E‘•¡‘¯”–š9”¨9˜–/š+˜–/£1˜
š+‘%œœ‘¬ ŸœŸ–,£ +%§‘%œœŸ™C‘6”œ+¡¢˜’ –/‘œ˜d¡•©”¡¢¥E˜d•/–.‘ - /%0 ) â (10#/õâ 2 4ã 3 ª
5

768':9,*1 ÐN˜™Š¬“‘œ•—£1‘%™C˜ œÁ ˜–£2”,£ +š9˜œœ‘š9”¡¢£2Ÿ™E¡¢”Ÿ–/˜4§—¡£1‘%©”œ”‘“¤-Ÿ •–x¥E™E”£2˜™E”ŸQ¥EŸ–x¥E•”
š+”¡£1? ”–’ •/˜™E˜dœ‘6¥EŸ¤-¨9Ÿ–˜–£2˜ š+”—¡¢˜’ –/‘œ<˜ ; ) / "¶ã š+‘%*œ -/=0 ) ;>( & â/ª
Ÿ¤˜6»6–/Ÿ£2Ÿ~§^œ‘°™E”¥E˜ ~”Ÿ–˜6š+”N•–›¡¢˜’ –‘%œ˜”š+˜–/£1”¸
¥EŸ‘º•/˜œœ±Ÿ£2™C‘%¡¢¤-˜¡¡¢Ÿ§9£2™E‘––/˜d¥®­˜ ¨9˜™¦•/–-‘£2£1Ÿ™¢˜š+” C x(t) E y(t)
D
¡¢¥E‘œ‘¼˜š•–™C”£1‘%™Cš9Ÿ£2˜¤-¨+Ÿ™¢‘œ˜~§–Ÿ–‘œ£1˜™C‘Æœ‘¼¡Ÿ¡£1‘%–¸ Canale

 ~‘š9˜œ—¤-˜¡¡¢‘%’ ’ ”'Ÿ H“¨9˜™E£²‘–£2Ÿ~§ •–°¥C‘%–‘œ˜Ç¥E­/˜Æ¨9™C˜¡¢˜–/£1” F D

•–/‘¯™E”¡¨+Ÿ¡¢£2‘”¤-¨+•œ¡¢” ¬ ‘ x(t)
ritardo
@τ u(t)

G Bε A
y(t)

I K³ J2M · LON>PQ³ JRTS9· a (t)

UWVYX í²óò[ï Zé²î$\ï 1çôé²êíŽì1çöêßëí²üEêïCóò^ í ê ]_è$é²çôðê+ì1öç êè$ïçôè$þ\ïï 1çôïé²êêèõçëûþí.çaè$vç è$a9é²óôð¦ïjí‡þí²î$ëðö`éçòêé²_óôñ¢é²î$üEé²çòè$ïjí4ñ¢ëÅëö ïwvðí4í²ë2êëáí²þbéî$ívadïchêìÏèõïCé²óòeóî$X ïçôêñ~üEvçóôxuí4ëyEgí ïî$fiçôï“hÿ2j>è$k:é²lðmí n
m\loqppþî$ïþþïþié rWtsêŠïóôþî$ç4è$é²êþí4ëáþçêé²u
ï“ëíÏìüEí4êëïíÏóôð¦íNî$ñ~ççôëétöz{óa{þ+ïóôêíjþƒí ïóô]ƒþí²_î$í²ï[ýòýFÏí²çôþé²þêïçÓþ„é ñ~a*î$é~c…eìÏrWé² þþíëáöó—ëáöé²êéÇì1ç“öêéÇëáþî$öðí²êþéjðö+ëçôè$ïóôíŠëé²êé=çòê9ìÏçôè$ïþíè$é²ð¦í|}W}~|#€‚Óí4ì=çôó
øWŠé²ê9ø~–‹¶† ëúiçí²Œ=ìύ^óôíÏóôî$ïø~‹ïúê+ñ~ú%îõì1ïésþçôëyEè$í²ï“ïüEóôÿêé²çïî$ç4óòyEç ïyEì1óôí²ç~é²êî$ñ~üEƒç é²é²þ‡¦êí²éQê ‰í 1ì1¼öÿÅêê é4é²
ëÅêËö~ëçôíQï=ëç—ñ¢ì1íbî$è$Žé²é²è$êêí4é4çòþëÅëáç%ëè$ç%é²è$é²êëáþð¦é~\ï ÿ“1í çòð¦éÏ
êíÏöêïEí²îõþóôçî$óôçíÇí²èhî$çôûüEê íé4yEì1í²€çôè$|1è$í¼‘1çÿ’ñ¢ë“iç~é4‘1ûë2“•ëáï çôïE”qð¦–8é6—gì1˜Mç¶ëá™Yñ~šéϚ#î$Wî$˜í¯“ÆìÏébç—y#è$yEéÏí²ñ~î$ñ¢é.çòí¯›ì1œ¹ç=ðëáí²çòêüEçòêðïétó ç 
ž
›œ Wø ‡Œ%ˆ4  ú Ÿ ¡£¢ÓWø N~ø ‹¶ú ¤.‡\Š~ø ‹q¤¥ˆú%ú ¦#§¨Ÿ©¡7¢\Y¦~ø ‹ªú §M«‡Y¦¡7¢\Š¦%~ø ‹¶ªú § ¤­¬„‡\¡®ª^~ø ‹¶[ú Š~ø ‹q¤¥ˆ4=ú ¯ƒŸ
Ÿ ›°«<‡ ¦ ›±¤‰¬„‡[²³±ª°/Wø ˆú
çôêsè$>ó öyEç%ïëáóôiç é²]^îõí¼éÏñ~ìÏí²4ç î$‡)ïCþèõïjûíóòïŠî$í²ëé4ê+ëáì1þíjçôþð¦ö Åçôçôêé²çôêð¦´í •é ¡› ®ªœ ^Wø ~ø‡‹Œ%\ú ˆŠú+~ø ë‹qçÓ¤.é²þˆþçò=ú íϯƒêŸ£í=í²² üE°µö± ïCüCKø ¤ óôçôˆïê%qú ìϟ7éj²·´ï ±ª¶ 1° í²Wøî$ˆéj4ú óôïdŸ7ìϲ í²îõ±ª~ç° yEWø ïˆþQú ï  ¸©¹ › œ Wø ‡Œ%ˆ4»ú ŸT¬,‡\›±¤
¬„²³±ª°/Wø ˆ4q ú Ÿ©¼d½¾‡[¿KÀªÁqŸÃÄÆÊ ÅÄ Ç{È,É ÿ2èhûí‚ëé~ëþçôþöç þïjêí²óô~ó X í4ëáñ~î$í~ë2ëáç é²êí‚ì1qç › œ ýFéÏî$êçëè$í ¹,º

› œ Wø ˆ4 ú Ÿ7›°«ÌË ²³±ª›°‹± Wø ˆú Í ¦ ›±ƒ¤<¬ ²³±ª›°± Wø ˆ4ú ²³±ª°‹Wø ˆqú Ÿ£›°Î¤ Wø ²³±ª›°/±~ø ˆ4úú ¦ Ÿ£›°•ËqÏ ¤ Wø ²³›±ª°‹±›Wø ˆ° úú ¦ Í
s
ñ¢ó í²yEî ïóôöé²î$í²íÆóôóôïì1'çþî$› ïœ+ëóôbí ï\yE1ç¶ç é²ì1êí²êí^þþíÏíÏð¦ð¦í²ñ~êéÏþî$¨í ïóô] í)ðèhûçòêí^çòî$ðí²éjê9ìÏñ~íƒí²î_ñ¢
çvx öí²ëó çôð¦yEïçôóôóôé²çea%î$íÇç9ëáì1í²Ðç üEˆ­êïŸTó çˆì1¿Kç4ÀµçôÁêèhüEûî$íí4ëÅî$ëí²é¹ê+í4ì1ìNí ö+ð¦ëáè$ï“çôëÅþï>ëç ðï~ø ² ±ª° Wø ˆúú ¦ ÿC„é y[yEíÏî1é

y4Ñ4Ò
y4ÑqÑ Ó{|8Ô~})€Š„ƒtÕ…ž}‹v{ ­Ö»Ô4}= ˆ×³ÔÖÎץ؁¦{ €8ԍ­×³ÔÙÓÔϏ¥Ó‰·Ô~}Ô

¬ ”˜–˜”–š+”¥E‘ £2Ÿ ¥EŸ¤-˜ÛÚ $ 2 $*"¶ãÜvã (µÝ ãY)) â§9˜š!”œ+¡˜’“–‘œ˜™E”¥E˜¬“•£2Ÿ‰ÞƳKJ2·LàßQ³KJ1·8LáNâQ³%JƒRTS9·ã ) ; )Æ) â
; ) / "¶ã ª“ÀN˜¦”–¬ ˜¥C˜–Ÿ–¯¬ ‘%œ˜‚º•/˜¡£1Á •’“•‹‘%’ œ”‘%–— 4‘§¬ ”˜–/˜š9˜Ü–/”£2¨
Ÿ -/=0 ) ;( & â $ -- / ) /%ä⊜‘dš+”¶˜™C˜– ~‘
å %³ J2M· LOÞ¼K³ J1ƒ· RTNâQK³ JRTS9M· LáÞÇK³ J1ƒ· R`ßQK³ J1·Þ Í ä²qª 沖Ü/–—˜4§9”œ+™E‘¨+¨9Ÿ™E£²èŸ çqç éœ £1™E‘œ‘¯¨+Ÿ£1˜Ó– 4‘š+˜œ‹¡˜’“–‘œ˜
•£2”œ˜Æ˜º•/˜œœ±‘6š+˜œ/š9”¡£1•/™C©%Ÿ~§9¨+™E˜–/š+˜”œ—–Ÿ¤-˜Æš+*” ( $Ü'Ü â ( ) ¥â 0 µã ê 2 $'"ã (:;ë-â ( ã Þ¶»À ì­íäϪ
îï ð#î ñóò‰ôò‰õ4õ4ö ô÷iø´ø´ò‰ø´÷iù‰úèöüû£öÙ÷þýu÷iôýuÿè÷:õ4÷


  

ÀN”%”–š9”¥C‘–—Ÿ¼¥EŸ¤-˜ Ü â( )h㠜˜Š¥CŸ¨+¨+”˜Çš+”%¤-Ÿ™C¡˜£2£1”‘d¥C•”%‘¨+¨9œ”¥E‘™E˜ŠŸŠš+‘ ¥E•”%¨9™C˜œ˜¬“‘™E˜Š•–¡˜’“–‘œ˜%ª
ÐN˜™E£1‘%–£2Ÿ~§“” êã 2 ã ( $*) â([//˜šœ˜´/%ë Üvã - ã 2 ã ¥EŸ¡£2”£2•”¡¢¥EŸ–/ŸÇ™E˜£2”‘%šd;2 $ ¨+Ÿ™C£²‘%§Ó¤-˜–£2™C˜¼•–¯¡¢”¡¢£2˜¤-‘
Ü¡”¥EŸdš9Ÿ£2‘£2Ÿ š+”—™C˜œ‘ 4”Ÿ–/˜d”–’“™C˜¡¢¡Ÿ¸•¡¥C”£1‘6»d•–/‘¯™E˜£²˜·- ; ãÜ â( )õã ª


!"#$%$%&'(#)*+'",-.*/
0 ‡– ¥E”™C¥E•”£1ŸË¨9•21˘¡¢¡˜™¢˜Ë™E‘¨9¨+™C˜¡¢˜–/£1‘%£1Ÿ
5 4 ¤-˜š+”‘–/£1˜”œ^¡¢•/Ÿ¤-Ÿš+˜œœŸ¥E”™E¥E•”£1‘œ˜~§v”–.¥C•/”
5 7 Z i (f) 3 4
5 6Zu(f)
Vi (f) Vu (f)
¡¢Ÿ–Ÿ˜¬ ”š+˜– ~”‘%£1”Ó’“˜–˜™C‘%£1Ÿ™¢”§™E˜¡”¡£1˜– ~˜~§”¤-¸
¨+˜š9˜–/ 4˜~§‚’ ˜–˜™E‘£2Ÿ™E”‚¥EŸ–/£1™EŸœœ‘£2”2ª ªFª § Ÿ¨9¨+•™E˜
Vi (f) Vu (f) H(f)
Vq (f)

”œ ¡¢•/Ÿ-¡¥E­/˜¤-‘ ¡”¤-©Ÿœ”¥CŸ~§ ”–Ž¥E•”j¡¢Ÿ–Ÿx¡ŸœŸ

Schema circuitale Schema simbolico
¤-Ÿ¡£1™E‘£2˜.œ˜ ™C˜œ‘% 4”Ÿ–/”Â•– ~”±Ÿ–/‘œ”£1™E‘×”¡¢˜¸
’ –‘%œ”+”–£2™C‘%–¡”£2Ÿ%ª

8 9:#.;#$%$<=<>?/@A
Ö ¦˜ ¡˜’“•˜–£2”%¨+™EŸ¨‹™E”˜£ª+§’“”K+ƚ+˜Ü/–”£1˜Š‘Æ¡¢•/ŸŠ£1˜¤-¨+ŸŠ¨+˜™j” ¡¢”¡¢£2˜¤-” Ü¡¢”¥E”%”–:BDCNª Ò §Ó¨+Ÿ¡¡¢Ÿ–ŸŠ˜¡¢¡˜™¢˜
¨+™E˜¡˜–£2”+Ÿ¤-˜–/Ÿd–/˜œœ˜Æ™C˜£1”‹š+•˜Æ¨+Ÿ™C£Ï˜'Hœ”–‹˜‘™E”£ª+§¨+˜™E¤-‘–/˜–/ 4‘§ ™E˜‘%œ” 4 ~‘©%”±œ£ª+6”š+˜‘œ˜d˜Ü/¡¢”¥C‘%§
¡¢£2‘©%”œ”±£ª+Nª
îï ðï Eó÷GF£ùAH\÷

I´
KJ  ìMLONQPRLON2S%T-N2ULVN2L/UTON2TVWYXS%LVW[Z]\T_^[LVN(L`PYXWYXSaS%TVW[Z]b.bGXS%ZcdXe]efT`WYTVefXb.Z]LON2ZTV^[Z]^[S%TVN2S%Z"S%WRX
®­ d¬
efX/S%TVN(^<ZfLVN2TgXZhe]LOWRLgPRXidZhT>e]XMPYLVWYW<TVN(SaT>P 2T Zd^<PYLVW[WRT jTON2SaWYXN(SaT Þ 䲪
i(t)
d»
ækehefTOUXl@TmSaWYX`efTgcn2T>UWRXN(cdTObGb.T >n(N2XÚ 2 ä " ;[/ 2 Câ Óâ â ã
v(t) z(t) o+pfqkr"sutdp]qkr2vxw#pjqar
yfz{R|2y"}<yx}<|(~d~dOz2€ { |(} € €V…j…j€V†%†‡ˆ`‰ †aŠ }[…‹OŠ<Œ †
 yŽ2O|2ŠYy]€OŠg…jVŠYz2yf}<{Y€ y]z™{Rtd|(p]qky r&f‚ ‚ ~dŠY€V‚ z  €`oƒy pfqkr&
z2Vf„ Œ@€  y2› ×Mœ?‚ Yž2RŸ‚  ¡¢ €`~‚ |2‚ £
}<{YŠYy]¤€VŠY}<yy]z=†a€OŠRŒ@yfz2y  yhp’~‘“r#ŠRs•
†%€>”ŠY€ p‹‘“r€>–˜€—Q pj‘“ r Œ
y]Œ@ y]z —šŠYy pj‘“r 
‚ ‚ ‚¥ ‚ ‚(¦
—špj‘“rs¨§©p‹‘“rª™«O¬­pj‘“r
yfz_{R|2y ›
R° °ŠØ±YŸ ¡(²h³ 2
| z ‹
… (
| 2
z .
´ y]Oz2€~ ŠRy  y €+~dV}[yf†ayf¤ ¢ €   yf}<~ ŠRy%ˆ
¶ €VŠY† z2§© †% pj¢ ‘“rd®¯ € ‚ R
Š € 
€ G
ˆ ‚ º g}<‘ †%€O}<}<>†a€OŒ@~d‚   ¬µ
V
€ (
» ‘“yfr† ®¯ Y¡Øyر¡Ÿ ¡(²³
pjz2 ‚
‚ —špj‘“rs·—#¸pa¹#‘“r w]p qar ³ ‚ f ¢d³ ‚>¼‹½ ¡×}×@ŠØyرYŸ ¡
¿
¾ §©p‹‘“r¹@«V¬­pj‘“r
p‹‘“rs s À ÀÁ
—Qp‹‘“r —Qp‹‘“r
€ {YVŠYŠ<yf}<~Vz  €Vz(†a€A ¾ {ÊÉ(€>~d€OŠRŒ@€O†‡†a€  yh}<{YŠRyf¤€OŠR€  ˆ
f‚ pfqkr"sÄÃ`Å(ÆÇ pj‘“raÈ ¢ tdp]qkrsuo+p]qkr2Ë pfqar
 ÌiÕÍÏÎ͐ÐÑ>ÒÐ×&ÓMÔÕ×֐ÔÖÎ×¥Ø&ÓÕ>Ø8×g× ØÙ?ÕÓMÖÙ×Ô2Ô×g×ØM×Ò"ÒÙ³ÔiÓÚ× ÛqÑ C

Ü 1KJ 
Ý LVN(L>ÞZfidLOe]ZhXedPYn2ZZ]N(SaTOWRN2Lgß>idWYTV^[TVN(SaTn(N@UTON2TOWRXSaLOWRTàáTVWZ]ehSaTOLVW<TOâ
l@X cdZ xã&ä“å“ä“æçKæ \xèn2Xe]n(N2èn2TéPRZfWRPYn2ZfS%L@idn(1=TO^<^[TVW<TéWYZ]cLVS%S‡LéXcQn(NDUTVâ i(t)

ŽÞ ÇÜ
N2TOWRXSaLOWRTšcZƒS%TVN(^<ZfLVN(TQPRLONêZfNë^[TVWYZ]Tšn(N2XZ]l@iTVcTVN2b.X jìTOcdZ 2Un(WRX j\gZfN “ä v g(t)
zg (t)
v(t)
PYn2Zƒíîðïjñ2ò#WYXidiWRTO^<TON2S%XDefXóS%TVN(^<ZfLVN(TôXóìn2LVS%L.\LO^<^[ZfXQèn2XN2cLöõïjñ2þ ò Lø÷
Þ jPRLON2^[Z]cTVWYXSaX:n2^<PYTVN(SaTgN2TVZhÞZfidLOefZhXSaS%Z]ìZ ‡à ä
 dù 68
úûÊüüûþýÏÿ(ûVûþüAý ü ýÏý ÿ(ûÊý ÿ

 
  þÿ xüý ’ü ÿ ÿ Vû Gü

 
         
Gÿ ÿ2û jü Gü ]ü
#$% 
 # Gÿ ÿ(û ’ü
& ' $( )  *+  # û ÿ

#$, -. /0#   * ÿ üûÊý ÿ2ûOûÊü Êÿ+ü
$1 Oÿ ü
2 3
ý ÿ2û ’ü_ÿ üý ü ü aý ü ÿýÏý ý ÿ
 &  /- # $

 4 5 úûþü üûÊý ÿ2ûOû‡ü ÿ Rÿ(ûÊý ÿ
6(  7 Êÿ xüý
89  : 
;
’ü ÿ ÿ Oû ÿ(ûÊÿ ü ý ÿ fý ÿ(û
    8 <-  = >#) (ûÊÿ 2û û ]ÿ ÿ ü ü Gÿ ÿ(û ’ü
  1 ?  ( 3 ' (   /#  T" x R" x
ý ü %ÿ >ÿ ü ü ý ÿ(û ’ü ÿ
#$%& $ /#  /-  ' Êý ü Gÿ üÿ ÿýÏý xü “ûÊÿ˜ý ü
 (  77 @ A7 
 B-
  $5 Z i (f)
Zu(f)
V! q (f)

îï ð1C Dù‰õ4öÙú ø´ò û£÷EöF¥ú òHYöüöGF‰ôò‰úèû£öÙø´ø´öüöƒH\öÙõ*õ4ô÷iýIHèö

 ( n SaS%Xe]X@PRXWRXS%S%TVW<ZfbGb.XbGZfLVN(T_TVN2TOWRUTVS%ZfPRX ^<ìLVefSaXKJ(N2LOWRX^[n2Z^[TVUN2Xe]Zß ^<S%XS%Xô^<ìLOefSaX $dÜ (ML#0YÚ#/=2N

-L#(ML_cdXe]efX N2XS%n2WYXOJ2^[Z]PYX™cTVUe]Zx^[SaTO^<^[Z,H+LVììTOWRL.\N(LVN^<Zxß@l@XZð^<iTVPYZJ(PRXSaL=^<X™^<ZxSaWYXS%S%X^<^[T@cZ
S%TVN2^[Z]LON2ZL+PYLVWYW<TVN(SaZf\NP+^[Z^<LON2LƒZ]N(cdZfPRXSaTefTmZfl@iTVcdTON2b.T+Z]N_UZ]LOPRLà  WRXS%S%XN2cL+LVWYXMcZUWYXN2cTVb.bGT
TVefTOSaS%W<Z]PQ(TG\e]TgidLVS%TVN(bGTcZ^[TVUN2XefT.\dcZS%TVN(^<ZfLVN(TL>cdZPRLOWRWYT-N2S%T.\d^<XWRXN2NhLl@Z]^[n2WYXS%TgZfNï’í RTSQaJ òUL
ZfNDïWV>X9Y[Z]\^Z<ò U RW Zf^<iTVS%SaZfìXl@TVN2S%Tà

ø ¶ú
 dù 68`_  ü Š ~‹ V ûa]ÿ-“ûÊü$ ÿ#$’ý ÿ(û (ûÊÿ[5bücþü@ý ÿ(û’ü ›± þ ü@Vûd ý4e9#$% ^ ügfih ¦:j k&ÿ(ûÊý
ÿ3 ü9þü
#ÿ(û ý=e #),ý ÿ(û’ü › ± ø ùú
]ÿ( ÿl û'mAn7o 5
p[qr


8& 9_*/,h' '"))Bsxk' #' *ts kA$[

Ý TmXc`n(N ÞZfidLVefLƒidX^[^<ZfìLƒcdZdZfl@idTOcdTON2bGXuDïjñ2òßgXiidefZ]PYXS%Lƒn2N ^<TOUN2Xâ

€  y†%€Vz2}[yfVz2€ {YVz }<~€V†%†aŠY  y  €Oz2}[y]†,v  y#~V†%€Vz2´ ¢ ]‚ ~V†%€-z2´ ‚ I(f)
 › › xwayxp‹‘“r
‚
ž °Y° œ?¡ر¡ }[| Bz y]~   ¢ yfz  y]{ ‚ † ‚ {YVŒ@€|{x} p‹‘“r ~d€OŠ  y]}[†ayfz ¥ |2€VŠ f‚  ‚8~ |2€ ff‚ V(f) Z(f)
 yh}[€ z € ¢ É  €Oz2}[y]†,v
¥ ‚ ‚
 Á
{ } ¾ § p‹‘“r
© qKq ˆ ²
p‹‘“rsw€yxpj‘“r“–k Ç pj‘“raÈmsw€yxpj‘“r À ÀÁ ‚ ƒ s‡†&ˆŠ‰ ®%Ž 
—špj‘“r –M„ w[… „ wŒ‹
ô
‰  yfŒ@V}[†aŠ ´.y]Oz2€  € ŠY€ ´.y]Oz2€My |h}<†%Š † ³ …jVŠYz2yf† yfz ~d~€Vz  yf{R€ ˆ ˆ ˆ&‰  y]~€Vz  €Vz
´ ‚  y ¾ ‚ …jŠR€ f 2
|f‚ €Oz2´ f ‚ <} ¤ €_]|( z ‚ ´Gyf‚ V z(€`» †aŠ ‚ z(†a€ ¢ ‚ € ~dO†a€Oz2´ Ž a† O†  € ‚ <} }[VŠ yf† 
 ‚ yf}[}<yf~ † p‹‘“² r ¤ ‚€ f]‚ ~ ‚ f¥ ‚@‚  ‚ f ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ z ‚®
‚ ‚ ‚
{ } § pj‘“r
©
sŠ‘“’ w€y pj‘“r À À Á/” ‘ • qKq
–
Å —špj‘“r ˆŠ‰
’
 Û4ј— ÓÕ>Ð8Ô.ÒÑ&ØÑ·ÌtÕ͚ÒÙ?ÕÓ­Ö»ÔGÒðÑQ֐׳ÔÖÎ×¥Ø&Ó#ÕØ8Ô"ӭ׳ÔÙÓÔk٥Ӛ™·Ô.ҝÔ


8&
×.).+öA*M,'

› TmidLOSaT-N2b.TgX^<^[LVWYÞZfSaT.\TVc TO^<iWRT-^[^<TgZ]N'œôXS%S%\^[LVN2LgUWYXN2cTVb.bGTJ2^<ZfPQ2T.\TgPRLOl@T>S%XefZiTVWYPRT-iZ]ÞZ]e Z
cdXZN(LV^[SaWYZ^[TVN(^<Zžà › X/l@Zf^<n(WRX/cdTVefefTgiLVS%T-N2b.Tgß>^[idTO^<^[L>TV^[idWYT-^<^[X:ZfNŸL[Ú] ¢¡˜LM£ž¤G\UZ0¥/ZfN2S%WRLOcdLOS‡SaZhXe
BŒ¦“à §“à ¨\TmP Q2T>WYXidiWRT-^[TVN(SaXN2LgefXMl@Z]^[n2WYX:efLVUXWRZfS%l@Z]PYX/cTVeWRXididLOWRS%LS%WRX:iLVS%T-N2b.Tª©
µ
÷
«¬%­¯®±° <²=³d´µ
¶¸·

· UŠ¹ º7»|¼
Ý Tmn2N2XMidLOSaTON2b.X µ ß «¬%­ cª½ l@XUUZ]LOWRTmcdZhn2N¾ XefSaWYX\Z]edefLVWYLgWYXiidLVW[SaLmWRZf^<n(e]S%X¯¿9À ÷
®±° ÂÃ1Ä
+À Å \T
· ¿ Á
idTOWRS%XN(SaL µ)Æ ZfN'œXS%SÇ(ß ° ÷ À+Ã1Å Ä ìLVefSaTƒl@XUUZfLVWYTmcZ Æ ZfN'œXS%SÇkàÈc:TO^<TVl@iZfLG\PRLON «I¬%­¯®ÊÉ ÷
· · U
cª½ ^[a Z Q2ŠX ¿9À ®Ë° ÷O÷`ìLVefSaT.\xT µ ®Ë° ÷O÷3Ñ àcÒgn(Z]NhcdZf\Z]e"cB½ ß=n(N2Xl@Zf^<n2WYXôcdZ
¿ Á · · U
idLOSaTON2b.9 X ÓML]£WÔªÕ
 ¢ÖÐÔðà ¹ÍÌtÎÐÏ1Ï
¼ ¹ÍÌtÎÐÏ1Ï:¼
áTVWPYLVN(SaWYL.\>Zfe+ª c ½­in21óTO^<^[TVW<Tón2^<XSaLöPRLOl@TQn2N(Z]S,¥cdZml@Zf^[n2WRX×ÔªØ]Ø]Ù^£ÚÕ:Ô\miLVN(TVN2cLQPYLVl@T
idLOSaTON2b.X:cdZhWYZ ÛjTVWYZfl@TVN2S%L n(N=ìXe]LOWYTgN2LOSaL.\dXc_TO^<TOl@idZfL ° œôXSaS%\TmWR0Z Ü2TOSaS%TVN(cdL>èn2TV^[SaLgìXefLOWRT
· U
N2TOeN(LVl@TmcdTOe]0e ¾ n2N2ZfS ¥McdZhl@Zf^<n(WR$ X ©
µ
÷
«¬%­ÝÞ®±° <²=³d´ µ
¶
°
·
¹ ºÐ»3̊¼
ß NÄSaXe PYX^<L.\^<T µ l@Z]^[n2WYXáàG÷@cB½šœ \"ìn2LOe cZ]WYT P Q2T Î7Ï1Ï µ Ý3
̌ ¿9Àâã=ã ®ä° ÷ å À+ÅÅ \Tôèn2ZfNcZ µ ®ä° ÷O÷O' ÷ Ñ
· ·
° ®æ° ÷O÷O÷ à7È>e]efL>^[SaTO^<^[LAl@LVcdL.\^[Z(n2^[X`Zfe(cB½l@\dPQ2Tìn2LVe(cdZfWRTPQ2TZfeWRZ0ۋTOWRZfl@TON2SaLAß °
l@Ìt Ï:Ï XSaS[à Ý Z“ǐ
Zfe]ef+ZÎ7œô n21MÎ7Ï1idÏ X^<^<XWRTMcdXe]e0¾ n(N2LAXefe¾ Xe]S%WYL/WYZ]PYLVW[cdXN(cdLAPQ2TM^<T ° ÷O÷O÷lçœ ®è° œ \hXe]efLVWYX“àG÷
cª½ l ® ÷+Bc ½šœêéà
0 ^<XN2cdLAZ(ª c ½x\dZ2iWRLOcdL-S%SaZ2TOc@Z2WRXididLOWRS%Z“cdZfìTON2ULVN2LA^[LVl@l@TATAcd0Z ÛWۋTOWRTON2b.T ëà Ý TMZ]N(ìTOPRT^[LVl@â
l@ZfXl@LMcdn2TMidLOSaT˜N2bG9 T ÛjLVWYN2ZfSaT:Z]N ª c ½?œ \2^[ZcdTOìT:iWRZfl@XéSaLOWRN2XWRT:@ X œXSaS%\2^<LVl@l=XWRefT.\“T/idLOZ?iLVW‡â
S%XWRefTcZ2N2n2LOìLX_B 0
c ½šœöà ^<XN(cdLZª c ½uidn(1PRXiZ]S%XWYTAcdZ2XìTOWRTX_P Q(9 T ÛjXWYTPYLVNxà à à“idLOSaT-N(bGT>N(TVUXâ
S%Z]ìª T ©?Z]N™WRTOXefS ¥\PRZf1/WRXiidWYTV^[T-N2S%X=^[LVefXl@TON2S%T:n2N™WRXidiLVW<S%L:l@ZfN2LOWRT`cZ ° ? à ì^[TVl@iZ]BL ©"Xéèn2XNS%L
TVèn2ZfìXe ULVN(' L í M
° î c ½šœ TO^<iWRTO^G^<ZhZ]Néª
ª c ½ ð
l ïšÈòñ M
° É c ½lšà
ª

óõôö1÷ øùcú“úKûE<Eüùcú“ûGýþ ÿ FcûúKûþõÿcýùcþõûGû
ÿcþõü
ù

› X`SaTON2^[Z]LON2TXZPRXidZ2cTVe(PRXWYZfPRLßìXefn2S%XÞZ]efTXiidefZ]PYXNhcdLAefX

   
Zg(f)

!
"
Vg (f) V c(f) Zc (f) 
!
"$#%&'!
" (
 !
") & !
"
( (
*,+-+/.10 
!
"$#%&2!
"34!
"5 *6 37!
"$# 8:9<;>=? 0GFH*I<J:6
KL0NMH.O+/J,P6
0QRJS0. 5 0TF.TMHJQ 5 0TU. 5 *
8 9@;>=-?BA8:C;>=-?DE
,
V 0QRJGW2X 9 !
"$# WYX C !
"Z 37
"[Z \@] JNQ10^FH*I<J6
K_0^MH.1+/+-.1FH0TI`0^+-a 
!
" U.1+/aQRI`0
(

!
" 

" \ i
" 
"
bdc 
"$# W X 
"fe # W X !
"hg ( g e # W X 
" e
9 9 Z 
!
"Z \ C g 
") &'!
" gg Z 

"[Z \ C Z 
") &'!
"Z \
( g( (
g g ( ( (
g g
j>k:lnmRonpq<rSr-stHuvmRwxsrzy<on{x{|r~}StHuvwxsr[€/lnmRonp,q<rSmRo@}Swxsr‚y<on{x{|rGu1mRtƒ>r„€/lnmRonp,q<rS{xt,}…w|plLu1r†y@on{x{xr…{xr-}S€/ry<r:€/lnmRonp,q<r
}Sons‡sr-p,wxsrˆy@w[t,pY}Slnm1lno_‰Š‰Š‰„mRt,mRmRoi{xoplLu1mR‡o'uvonpHuvr-q<w‹lnp,w:u1onŒt,l@p,ltp,rh{xonŒŒo
€/onsonmRm1w|rŽp,lnpY{xwxp,onr[o_o
s,ou1ln}SwxŒ{xwxr
€/w|tmRmRlLu1m1lhryht,pr€_‡lnŒoLu‘u1wxlnp,oŽŒonln}…omR‡w|s‡r‰
’“!{Hy<onswx”-on{L•${xr–y<onswx}SrY€_rmRo…y@on{L—ion{!‰˜,w!u`uš™`ƒ>l@u1o…y<ln€_ls‡o›y<onœ,p,wxlnplŽw|{L—ion{!-u1wLr-ss‡lnu1o@ls‡,o$onrYmRln€/€/l
Œr-pHy<oŽˆžŠŸ> 
¡¢uvon}S€/wxlLž£-t,r-p_mRlƒ>r†¤<¥Žy@—i¦§wxpzy<—i}¨~©[¥$y@—i}z‰
ª>¢uvon}S€/wxlLž,«o¬®­•ˆ¤<¯Žy<—G}Sr-ŒŒw|l@o~y<w:¬±°i²~³hy<—i¦†r-{|{xln‡rˆ¬´­Lµy<—i¦® L¶·¬¸°,µy@—¹¦® LºY¤<¯»y@—¶´¥„¥»y@—¹¦G‡€_r-w
r†¤‘¼ °‡½ ° ¶¾¤<¯@¿-À ¯i¦›r-mRm<‰“!p,ƒ>r-mRm1w[¬ ­ µ>¦›r-mRm< ,¶¾¤‘¼ ­!½ Á ¬ ° µ|¦›r-mRm< ,¶®Â-¤nÀ ÐÄn¤`¼„Å ½ Æ ¶®Â-¤„À Ã$Ä<¯$¶¾¤<¯@¿-À ¯i¦›r-mRm<‰
 ÌLÇ͚ÈÍÊÉÑÓMÓÌ˅ÍhÍ»ÎGÑ&ÓÌË·ÒÙ?ÕÐÏ~ËÓÌËÙÕ_ÒðÑðمËdËÑÉÕوÎLÉÑ Û T§ Ò

ӆÔ/Ô-Õ,Ö ìO×1ØTÙ´Ú±ÛÜ
Ý
ÞÜ Õ±ßàÕ¸á ØãâÚ,ä Õ ÝåLØæÛH× Ô-Ô ×1âHØTä`ØãÛHØ á$ß Ø Ö × ß Ú±ÛH×1â Õ Ý
Û Õ ÛØèç'é
ê!ë
ìí ß[àÕ±ß ÚÙ´î
âHØ Õ´Ô ×1ØïØèÛ Õ Ý
ÚÙ´×RÝØTä`Ú ÖÕ í ß[à
Õ ØïÝ
Ü
Ù ÕÖ Øä<Ú ÖÕæß Ú,Ý « é
ê!ë
ìnðãñ…× ß[à × Õ ÛH×1ØTÙ´Ú´Ø á1á Ú Ö ØòÞTÜ
Ø áBÕæÔ ×1Ø

Ö
× áŽó Ø á Ú ÖÕ Û×2çé ß[à
Õ^ÖÕ Ø á ×Rå_åLØ× áô ÔBØMØ]  ô ÙlÕ:Ó]ÔªØõnö]Ók  ô ö÷Õ:Ù8Ÿ ¹øÙdՇö÷OùÔèä Ö Ø´ú Õ Ý ÕÖ Øä<Ú Ö/Õ^Õ^ß Ø Ö × ß Ú_í
Ô Û Ö Ü
ä`ä<ØÝ
ÛHÚ ß Ú Ô/û ØâHâ× Õ Ý
Ú á Ø

üTý2þŠÿ~þvü 

 

Ò†Ü ÕÔ ä`Ú¾Ø óó × Õ Ý Õ â ÕÖ ÞTÜ Õá…ó Ø á Ú ÖÕ H Û ×Nç$é
êë
ì ß àÕ¾ÖÕ Ý
Û Õ Ù´Ø Ô/Ô ×RÙ´Ø á ØïâHÚä Õ Ý
åLØ ßÕ ÛHÜ
ä`Ø¨Ø á…ß ØTî
Ö ×ß  Ú ð ß Ý
ÝØTݹåLכä`Ü
ä`ä<ÚòÚ -
Ô /
Ô 
Õ 
Ö ó ×R
Ø Ù´Ú [
ß à Õ í Ô/Õ Ô × 

â Ú,Ý Õ é  ® í 

í áØ âHØ Ö ä Õ ×1ٴٴØTú:×1Ý
Ø Ö ×1Ø Û Õ,á
Õ
Û Ý
ÚÙ´×RÝØTä`Ú 
Ö è
Õ Ô ×SØTÝ
ÝÜ Ø1
á á /
Ô Õ âHÚ× S Ô 
× âHÚÝ Õ ØTÝ ß [

à Õ « é ® «  í Ø á1á Ú Ö Ø Ô ×SÚ,ä`ä<× Õ Ý Õ × áSÖ × Ô Ü á ä`ØTä`Ú

ßÕ,Öß ØTä`ª Ú ©

!hÕ  " Ø á1á Ú Ö Ø ('*)+ 3 êë

ì.5 ®7<^69« 8;:  êë
ì
:
$#&% , %.-0/21 ·4#&%
ç$é
ê!ë
ì ® ç êë
ì ê!ë
ì ® ® ¬ êë
ì
· ê!ë
ì ·

ß áTÖ × Ô Ü á ä<ØTä`Ú ØTââ Õ  Ý Øzä Ö Ú ó ØTä`ÚNâ ÖÕ Ý

Û Õ × á
Ý ÚÙ Õ H Û × Ô â Õ <ä ä Ö Ú ÛH×TâÚ,ä Õ
Ý å_ØŸ WØøÙ,÷ ¢¡˜ ¢£!öSÛ Õá ú Õ Ý Õ,Ö ØTä`Ú,î
ÖÕ í
ÛH×1â Õ Ý
Û ÕÌÔ Ú á Ú  Û ØT× Ô Ü
Ú,×»âØ Ö ØTÙ Õ ä Ö × Æ êë
ì Õ «
6 8:
ê ë
ìÇ Ì
Õ Ö 
ØTâHâ Ö ÕÔ/Õ Ýä<Ø á Ø ô ÔªØ]ØM  ô ÔòâÚ,ä Õ Ý
å_Ø
ßÕ ÛHÜä<Ø·ØÛ±ÜÝ ß Ø Ö × ß Ú ß[à
Õ >=
ÔªŸÔBÕ:Õ
ÔªÕ
ÙÌâ Õ,Ö × áô ÔªØ]ØM  ô Ù|Õ
ÓMÔBؑõ@ökÓ]  ô ö ÷ Õ
Ù Ÿ øÙdÕö÷OùÔ'ð
?
Õ,Ö ä<ØÝ
ä<Ú_í á ØâHÚä Õ Ý
å_Ø´ÛH× Ô âÚ,Ý× × áBÕ A@ : CEBF D : -0/21 =
Ü
ÝØ®ú Ö ØTÝÛ Õ åLå_Ø ß Ø Ö ØTä`ä ÕÖ × Ô ä@× ß Ø®Û Õ,á
Õ Ýä Õ¨ßÕ ÛÜ
ä<اØTÛ: G- /2Ü

¬ ê!ë
ì ®
ú Õ Ý ÕÖ Øä<Ú ÖÕ áØ H 
â Úä Õ Ý
åLØ Õ Û¢Û Õ ä<än× ó ØÙ
· 1Ý ß Ø Ö ×ß Ú ú Õ Ý Õ,Ö × ß Ú ç
é
ê!ë
ì I® H ç " ê!ë
ìí
Ö × Ô Ü á <ä ØÌ×RÝÛ ÕÖ ×1Ú 
Ö Õ Ø ¬
:
êë
ì
ÛH×¹Ü
ÝØ ÞÜ
ØÝ
ä`×Rä,¥
·

<^«  êë
ì « é
êë
ì
J ê!ë
ì ®
K ç  ê!ë
ìñdçé
ê!ë
ì K L
óOÕ ÛH×ØâHâ Õ Ý
Û× ßÕ MN ð hO ð N Õ ÞÜ
×RÝÛH×H×1Ý®ú Õ Ý ÕÖ Ø áRÕ†Ô × à Ø J :
P# %
Æ Ç ê!ë
ì ® ê!ë
ì ¬ ê!ë
ìnð
· ·

üTý2þŠÿ~þŠý QRS
T UV 
WX
YZ
 W[
V@@T×BØTÙ´Ú^úO×0¥´Ú Ô-Ô/ÕÖó ØTä`Ú ß ÚÙ Õ±á Ø®ä Õ Ý Ô ×RÚÝ Õ Ø× ß ØTâ×$Û Õá$ß Ø Ö × ß Ú±ØS@@O×1Ø ó Ø á Ú ÖÕ]\ éiêë
ì ® \S ê!ë
ìõÑ
, % -^/, 1`% _ -G/2, Ô 1 : -^/ß 1 ® \S Ö êë
ìbß a7ê!Õ ë
ìnðiñ…× ß[à × Õ ÛH×1ØTÙ´ÚzÚ Ö Ø±ÞTóOÜóØ Õ,á × Ö ß Ú,Ö ÝÔÛH×1åLá ×1Ú,ÝK ×Û Õ @S@K ØT®j
È

Ý
Ú Ô Ü Ô/Ô × Ô ä ÕÖÕ ØÛdc
Ý ß[àfe
a7ê!ë
ì × ÚÙ´âHÚ än× Ú,Ù ÜÝhgMÔH÷Ôª£!öSøö]ӑõ@ökÕ
Õ:Ùí$Ú Ú × Ü ä`× a ê!ë
ì ilknm Õ )po ´ 3 a7ê!ë
ì5 ®
Épq ër ©ä`Ø á × ß Ú,ÝÛH×1åL×1Ú,Ý× Ô Ú,Ý
ÚzØÝ ß[à
Õ‚ß Ú,Ý
Ú Ô/ß ×1Ü
ä Õ‚ß Ú,Ù Õ ÔªØ]Øö÷OùÔ@Ÿ $Ÿ ¢Ø]Õ:ÙdÓØk WÙ,÷ . Ï £¢ !÷
ö]ÔªÓ] -ð ß á
Ö × Ô Ü á î
ä`ØTä<Ú ßÕÖß Øä<Ú Ô ×¹Ú,ä`ä`× Õ Ý Õ ÞTÜØ á Ú Ö Ø Ô ×iâÚ,ÝúOØ

ç$é
êë
ì ® J ç  êë
ì ß Ú,Ý J ÖÕ Ø á1Õ
×1ÝÛ!ØTä`ä<׎×RÝòä<Ø áß Ø Ô Ú Ö × Ô Ü á <ä Ø 7êë
ì ]a ,
µ s : , -^/21 µ s íhÚ Ô-Ô ×1Øta4ê!ë
ì ß Ú Ô `ä ØTÝ
ä Õ ð › Ø ß Ú,ÝÛH×1åL×1Ú,Ý Õ
ç$é
ê!ë
ì ® J 
ç ê!ë
ì
â ÖÕ Ý
Û Õ × á
Ý ÚÙ Õ
®
- _ s 1 : G
- 2
/ 1
®
_ s
Û×BÔBŸÔªÕ
Õ
Ô ô ö÷Õ
Ù
Ÿ   ô øö]Ÿ
ö÷Où/ÔiíØ ó Ú á ä ÕGÖ × Ô ä ÖÕ ä@<ä ÚNØ áHß Ø Ô ÚG×1Ý
ß Ü
× J
®±° ð

üTý2þŠÿ~þ vu w 9xzyU{ WX 

| Úä<×1ØTÙ´Ú ß[à
Õ Ù´Ø Ô/Ô ×1ٴږä Ö Ø Ô Û ,
Õ Ö ×RÙ Õ Ý
ä`ÚNÛ×âHÚä Õ ÝåLØ Õ Û^Ø -
Ô Ô/Õ
Ý å_ØÌÛ×ÛH× Ô ä`Ú ÖÔ ×1ÚÝ
× á ×1Ý Õ Ø Ö ×âHÚ Ô/Ô Ú,Ý
Ú
Ô Ü / g b}f~
Ô Ô × Ô ä Õ,ÖÕ ]Ù,÷ %ÚO÷Õ
Ô ô ö÷Õö ã Ø âHØä<ä`Ú 
ß 
à Õ ç ê ë
ì €
ð
® « í Ú 
$ O
ó 
ó Õ,Ö Ú ß[àÕÔ ×1Ø¾× á ú Õ Ý , 
Õ Ö ØT`ä Ú Ö/Õ¸ß[à
Õ × á
ß Ø Ö × ß Ú Ô ×1ØTÝچØÛ±×1Ù´â Õ Û Õ ÝåLØ ÖÕ Ø á1Õ ð
N C  S‚>ƒÎ„…†‡…‰ˆ_ÇSŠ„‹U‚VŒÌÍ»Îp„…Ž†Ë…Î'ÍhËzÏŒ‚V†Î‘ŒÌ˅ΠÉ΋zÉY’›Î„iÎ
É

óõôö z“ ”tûýü–•˜—“ûš™@ù|þ ýû

› A@
Ý
Ø Ö Õ ä ÕÌÕ,á1Õ ä`ä Ö × ß Ø¸Ø ßßÕÔ/Ô × × 1á Õ Ø±âHØ Ö ä`× ÖÕ H Û Ø¸ÛHÜ Õzß Ú âHâ× Õ ÛH×
Ù´Ú ÖÔ/Õ @ä ä<× Û Õ ä`ä<Ø Ö Õ ä Õ  =
Û Ü Õ âHÚ Ö ä Õ í
Õ  fœ
â Ü Õ  /
Ô -
Ô ,
Õ 
Ö z
Õ Ö ØâHâ 
Ö ,
Õ _
Ô Õ Ý
ä`ØTä`Ø Ô - ,
Õ ß á
Ú,Ý
ÛÚzØ Ù Õ Ý Ú†ÛÜ
 Õ Û ×
 
ó ,
Õ 
Ö Ô Ö á
× ÛÚ Ù´Ø × ´Ô Ù ×,©× T
á ô Ù ö ¢Ù WÓ ÐÚ WÕ:Ô ‡ö ž 2ŸdŸ >g2~ 2g ~ [Ÿ
 gl¡
ÕGá ÚØ
ö ô ÔØ ô ~ £¢ žŸd~€g Ù Ùð

üTý2þ`h
¤ þvü ¦ ¥
‘ SZ
§bWX§¨
ß Ý©
c úOÜ Ö Ø = Ù´Ú Ô ä Ö ØTä<Ú¾ÜÝ âHÚ Ô/Ô ×A@× á1Õ Ù´Ú,Û Õ,á1á Ú ß × Öß Ü
×1ä<Ø áRÕ â pª Õ,Ö ÜÝ
Ø ÖÕ ä Õ ÛHÜ Õ âÚ Ö ä Õ í ß Ø Ö ØTä`ä Õ î
«
Ö ×Rå_åLØä<Øæ×1ݨä ÕÖ Ù´×1Ý
×'Û×'×RÙ´â Õ Û Õ Ý
å_ؾÛHא×1Ý
ú ÖÕÔ/Ô Ú ç êë
ì!íÛH×'Ü ¬
Ô/ß ×Rä`Øïç Sêë
ì!í Õ Û×'Ü
ݨú Õ Ý ÕÖ Øä<Ú Ö/Õ
ß Ú,Ý
ä Ö Ú áRá Øä<Ú ß ÚÝ%ä Õ Ý Ô ×RÚÝ Õ Ø ó
Ü Úä<Ú ê!ë
ì \­ R®¯a ­ \ « 
êë
ì ê!ë
ì á1Õòß Ú,ÝÛH×1åL×1Ú,Ý×SÛH× ß[à ×1Ü Ô Ü Ö Ø Ô Ú,Ý
Ú
ÞTÜ Õ,á1áRÕ ÛH׎Ü
Ý ú Õ Ý Õ,Ö ØTä`Ú ÖÕ ]\S
êë
ì ß Ú,Ýò×RÙ´â Õ Û Õ Ý
å_Øòç êë
ì×1Ý ×RÝú ÖÕ,Ô/Ô Ú_í Õ Û×ÜÝ
Ø×RÙ´â Õ Û Õ Ý
å_Ø´Û×
ß Ø Ö × ß Ú^ç$é
ê!ë
ì
×1Ý´Ü Ô/ß ×Rä`Øhð °
Ø^ä Õ Ý ²±
Ô ×RÚÝ Õ Ø á1á ×1Ý
ú ÖÕÔ/Ô ÚGÛ ÕáRá Ø ÖÕ ä Õ

Zg (f) Z i (f) Zu(f) Z c(f) \ « ê!ë

ì® \S êë
ìba « ê!ë
ì
Vg (f) Vi (f) Vq (f)=H (f)V (f) V u(f)
ÛH×1â Õ ÝÛ Õ ÛHؖÞTÜ ÕáRá Ø Û Õá ú Õ Ý Õ,Ö ØTä`Ú Ö/Õ\ ê!ë
ìÙ Õ î
q i

ÛH×1ØTÝä Õ × á¹Ö ØTâHâÚ Ö ä<ÚzÛ×iâØ Ö ä<×1åL×1Ú,Ý Õ

, ´ ³
a « ê!ë
ì® , : -0/2,µ1 ³ í ß Ú Ô-ûß Ú,٠Նá ØÌä Õ Ý Ô ×RÚÝ Õ ×1Ý´Ü Ô/ß ×Rä`Ø
-0/1²_ -0/1
\ ¬Sêë
ì® \ ­ ê!ë
ìba
¬Sê!ë
ì
ÛH×1â Õ Ý
Û Õ ÛØ ÞTÜ ÕáRá Ø Û Õ,á ú Õ Ý ÕÖ Øä<Ú ÖÕ ß ÚÝ
ä Ö Ú áRá ØTä`Ú \ ­ ê!ë
ìÌÙ Õ Û×RØÝ
ä Õ × áGÖ ØTââHÚ Ö ä`Ú Û×GâHØ Ö ä`×Rå_×RÚî
Ý Õ a ¬ êë
쏮 ´
, ¶ , %-0/2, 1 ð ñ…ÚÙ£T@ ×1Ý
ØÝ
ÛHÚ¨ÞÜ ÕÔ ä Õ¨ÖÕá ØåL×1Ú,Ý×Rí Ô ×–Ú,ä`ä<× Õ Ý ÕÊß[à
Õ¨á ØgÛÜÝ
å_×BÚ,Ý Õ Û×
-G/21`_ %-0/21
ä Ö ØÛ ÕÖ ×1Ù Õ Ýä<Ú ß Ú,Ù´â áRÕÔ/Ô × ó ؖa4êë
ì Ö × Ô Ü á ä`Ø ·

\ ¬Sê!ë
ì® \  ê!ë
ìba
« ê!ë
ìba ­ ê!ë
ìba
…¬ êë
ì® \  ê!ë
ìb4 a êë
ì ¸ MpN ð N¹
°
Ø ÖÕ,á ØTå_×RÚÝ Õ Ù´Ú Ô ä Ö Ø ß Ú,Ù Õ 4 a êë
ì¹ÛH×1â Õ Ý
ÛHØíÚ á ä ÖՆß[àÕ ÛØ á1á Ø Ö × Ô âHÚ Ô ä`Ø ×1ÝÛ ÖÕ ÞÜ Õ ÝåLØz×1Ý
ä Ö ×1Ý Ô-Õ,ß Ø
Û 
Õ R
á á Ø 
Ö Õ ä a
Õ ­ êë
ì!í¹ØTÝ [
ß

à Õ ÛHØ á1á1ÕGß Ú,Ý

Û×Rå_×1Ú,Ý
×ÛH×
ØÛHØTä`ä<ØÙ Õ Ýä<Ú ß[à
Õ‚Ô × ÖÕ Ø á ×Rå_å_ØTݹÚÌ×1Ýæ×1Ý
ú ÖÕ,Ô-Ô Ú Õ Û
×1Ý®Ü Ô/ß ×Rä`Øhð

`¤
üTý2þ hþŠý º§b»
S¼š½¼‰¾
Zp§¿

°
Ú Ô ä ÕÔ/Ô ÚÊÙ´Ú,Û Õá1á Ú ß × Öß Ü
×1ä<Ø á1Õ Û Õ,Ô-ßÖ ×Rä`änÚ¨âHÜ ¿œ Õ,Ô î
Á
Vg (f) Vi (f)
À Vq (f) À Vu (f) Ô/ÕÖÕ·Ö ØâHâ ÖÕ,Ô-Õ Ý
ä`ØTä`Ú Õ ÞTÜ
× ó Ø áBÕ Ýä Õ Ù Õ Ý
ä Õ Ù Õ ÛH×1ØTÝ
ä Õ^á Ú
H i (f) H q(f) Hu(f)
£@
Ô/ß[àÕ Ù´Ø Ô ×1Ù TÚ á × ß Ú Ö ØâHâ ÖÕ,ÔLÕ Ý
ä`ØTä`ÚGØ á ØTä`Ú_í×1Ý ß Ü
× Ô ÚÝ
Ú
°
Õ,ó ×1Û Õ ÝåL×1ØTä Õ¸áRÕ ä ÖÕ ÛÜÝ
å_×BÚ,Ý
×'Û×'ä Ö Ø Ô Û Õ,Ö ×1Ù Õ Ýä<Ú Ô Úâ Ö Ø
Ö × ß Ø ó ØTä Õ í Õòß[à
Õ Úâ ÕÖ ØTÝÚ Ô Ü
× Ô/Õ úOÝØ á ×S×RÝÛH× ß ØTä`×`ð Ú Ô-ß[à
Õ Ù´Ø Ô ×RÙ Ú á × ß Ú à Ø £@ × á›ó ØÝ
ä`ØTúOú×BÚèÛ×
Öä Ø Ô-ßÕ Ý
Û Õ,Ö/Õ ÛØ á Ù´ÚÛ ÕáRá Ú ß × Öß Ü×Rä`Ø á1Õ ØTÛÚ,ä`ä<Øä<Ú_í Õ ÛH× ÖÕ ÝÛ ÕÖÕ Û Õá ä<Üä<ä`Ú Õ,ó ×RÛ Õ Ý
ä Õ‚ß Ú٠Ղá ØlÛ!Ü
Ýî
S@@
å_×RÚÝ Õ ÛH×'ä Ö Ø Ô Û Õ,Ö ×1Ù Õ Ýä<Ú ß Ú,Ù´â á1Õ,Ô-Ô × ó ØòØ O×1Ø¾Ú Ö ×1úO×1Ý Õ ÛHØ á â Ö ÚÛHÚä`Ú®Û×Yä ÖÕ ä Õ,Ö Ù´×RÝ×'ÛH× ß Ü
× Ô Ú á Ú
Ü
ÝÚ ¾¸&a ­ ¹
ê!ë
ì
Ö ØTââ ÖÕ,ÔLÕ Ý
ä`Ø Ô ä ÖÕ ä`änØTÙ Õ Ý
ä ÕNá Ø ÖÕ ä Õ ð
ÂÄàÅƞÅÈÇ&ɞÊÌËÍzË2ΐÏƞÐAÏÈÑÅÒZÒ`ÊÔÓÊÌÕ^ÊΐÅpÖ.ÏÕÌÕÌÊ ÖÊÌ× ÏÍ Ò`ÊdؽÓËbÒGËÐÙÊ ÒÙÚ>ÐÙÅÑÅÕÌÅÛ ÊÌÏÈÏYÍzÏÕÌËÜ.ÊÌÅƞÊfÖÊÌÝ0Ý^ÏÍzÏƞÐAÊdÞXßÒÙÊdÒÙÐÙÅƞÅÊ^ÆnÝ0Ë ÐAÐÙÊ
ÇzÊÌÍzÇzÚnÊ^ÐAʵËÈàµØlËbÖáâØlËÒ`ÇzËÕÌ˞Ø2ËÈÐAÍzËÕÌÊÌÇzÇzÊÌÅØËYÑÊÌÛ ÍzÏÇ&Åpã½ÕÌύÍ&ÏÕ^Ë2Ü.Ê^ÅÆnʵÐAÍzËYÕÌÏäÛ ÍzËÆ[ÖÏÜ.Ü.ÏåÖ.ʵÊ^ÆnÛ ÍzÏpÒZÒ`ōÏp֑ÚæÒ`ÇzÊÌÐAËÈѽÅpÒZÒ`ÅƞÅ
ÏpÒ;ÒÙÏÍzÏXÏÒÙѽÍzÏpÒZÒ`ÏXΐÏpÖ.ÊÌËƞÐAÏXΐÅÖÏÕÌÕÌÊÖÏçžÆnÊ^ÐÙʽÊ^ÆÈÐAÏΐÊÌƞÊSÖÊÊÌΐÑÏÖÏÆnÜϽØZËΐΐÏÐAÐAÏƞÜ.ÏØZÏXѽËÍzËÎYÏÐAÍzÊpÊ^Ó2ÍzÊÙÖÊdÞ
è ÕpÇz˵ÒÙÅâé2ڞʽÐAÍzËÐAÐAË2ÐAÅ êXéڞÏÕÌÕÔÅÈÖ.ʽڞÆYΐÅÖÏÕÌÕÌÅ ÊÌÓÍzÊdÖŽØzÇzÅÆÈÕ^ËÑËÍ&ÐAÊ^Ç&ÅÕÌËÍzÊÌÐAë‡Ö.ʽƞÅÆYѽÍzÏpÒ`ÏƞÐAËÍzÏâÊ^ÆnìžÚžÏƞÜ.ÏfÏpÒÙѽÕÌÊ^Ç&Ê^ÐAÏ
Ö.ÏÕ^ÕÌí ÚæÒ`ÇzÊÌÐAËYÒ`ڞÕÔÕÌí ÊÌƞ۠ÍzÏpÒZÒ`ÅÞpî[ڞËÕÌÅÍzËXÊÌÕÇzÊÌÍzÇzڞÊÌÐAÅ¿Ç&ÉnÏ9ÒÙʵÖÏpÒ`ÇzÍzÊÌ× ÏfѽÍzÏpÒ`ÏƞÐAʽڞÆnËYÖ.ÊÌÑÏÆæÖ.ÏƞÜ.Ëb؀ËbÖÏpÒ`ÏΐѽÊÌÅ9ÖÊµï ³ ÖËYï % Ø
Å9ï ¶ Ö.ːï : ØzéÚnÏpÒÙÐAōÖ.Ï× Ï ÍzÊdÒÙڞÕvÐAËÍzÏâÆnÏÕ^ÕÌí ÏpÒ`ÑÍzÏpÒ;ÒÙÊÌÅÆnÏäÖ.ÏÕÌÕ^ËUÛ ÍzËÆæÖ.ÏÜ.Ü.ːÖ.ÊÌÑÏÆ[ÖÏƞÐÙÏÞlðæÊ^Ç&Ï× ÏÍ ÒÙ˵Ø&éڞË2Õ^ÅÍzËUÊÌÕÇ&Ê^Í&ÇzڞÊÌÐAÅ
ѽÍzÏpÒÙÏƞÐAÊÊ^ÆÈÊ^ÆnÛ2Í&ÏpÒZÒ`ÅXڞÆYÛ ÏƞÏÍzËÐAÅÍzÏUÇzÅƞÐAÍzÅÕÌÕÌËÐAÅÖ.ˍڞƞˍ۠ÍzË2ÆæÖÏÜÜ.ËÖ.ÊÚæÒÙÇ&Ê^ÐA˵ØzÊÌÕpÎYÅpÖÏÕ^ÕÌÅXƞÅƐêXѽÊÌñYËѽÑÕÌÊÔÇzËÓ2Ê^ÕÔϽÞ
 ˆLÇŠGòŠ]‹…Ë>„iΑŽ’›Ë4ƒ‡…9‹V„HË NCM
`¤ vu
üTý2þ hþ óôWX‘õnSW[¼šS
öS
SW[÷‡½§f

ø ââ á × ß ØTÝÛHÚ±Ú Ö Ø á ØR¸ MN ð Mp¹ Ø áRá ØãâÚ,ä Õ Ý
åLØ ßÕ ÛHÜ
ä`ØæØ áß Ø Ö × ß Úæç2é
ê!ë
ìYÛHØ á ú Õ Ý ÕÖ Øä<Ú ÖÕß ÚÝ
ä Ö Ú Rá á T
Ø ä`Ú
\[­ êë
ì!í Õ ä Õ Ý Õ Ý
ÛHÚ ß Ú,Ýä<Ú†Û Õ,á1á Ø*¸ MpN ð NS¹ í Ô ×¹Ú,ä`ä<× Õ Ý Õ ·
ù é ê!ë
ì® 6ä8 ¶ ê!ë
ìûK çú é
é
êê!ë
ë
ì ì K L ® 6ä8;: Ka
êë
ì 4ê!ë
ì K L K ú é
ê!ë
ì K L
çé
ê!ë
ì

? Ö Ú Ô-Õ  Ù±
ú Ü
×1ØTÙ´Ú·Ú Ö Ø á ØTÝ¹Ø á × Ô × ßÕÖß ØTÝ
ÛÚ±ÛH××RÝÛH× ó ×BÛÜ
Ø ÖÕ
Ü ÝØ Ö Õ,á ØTå_×RÚÝ Õ  Û ×$ä Ö Ø Ô !Õ,Ö ×RÙ Õ Ý
ä`Ú Õ Ý Õ,Ö î ½ü
Õ
ú <ä × Ú ß ß [

à Õ âÚ -
Ô Ô Ö
Ø T Ø ââ 
Ö 
Õ /
Ô Õ Ýä<Ø 
Ö N
Õ ß Ö
Ø Øä<ä ,
Õ Ö Ô
× ä`× 
ß 
à †
Õ 
Õ /
Ô [
ß á Ü ×Ô O
ó Õ Û 
Õ R
á á Ø 
Ö Õ Õ
ä ð

ý*þäÿ
‘ÿ
   Y ± Û Õ
c Ý
×1ä`Ú ß Ú,Ù Õ × áÖ ØâHâHÚ Ö ä`ڛä Ö ØNä Õ Ý Ô ×1Ú,Ý Õ Û×Ü Ô/ß ×1ä<Ø Õ ÛH××1Ý
ú ÖÕÔ/Ô Ú æ·
\¬

8  ® \«
ê!ë
ì
ê!ë
ì
ê!ë
ì
®Pa ­ ê!ë
ìba ¬ ê!ë
ì

…ó ×RÛ Õ Ý
ä Õ Ù Õ Ý
ä Õ íHÛH×1â Õ Ý
Û Õ ÛHØ áRá1ÕNß ÚÝ
ÛH×1åL×1Ú,Ý×iÛ× ß[à ×RÜ Ô Ü Ö ØÌÛ Õ,á1á Ø ÖÕ ä Õ ð

ý*þäÿ
‘ÿ


 ÿ Y± × áOÖ ØTâHâÚ Ö änڛä Ö Ø á ØGâHÚä Õ Ý
å_Ø ßÕ ÛHÜä<ØzØ áß Ø Ö × ß Ú Õ ÞTÜ Õá1á ØGØ Ô-Ô Ú Ö @T×1ä`Ø
Ø á1áÙ± ×RÝú ÖÕ,Ô-Ô ÚGÛ Õ,á1á Ø ÖÕ ä Õ ·

ù é ê!ë
ì  K ç  ê!ë
ì
dçU«êë
ì K L
 ê!ë
ì ® ® êë
ì K a4ê!ë
ì K L ú ®
é ê!ë
ì
ù « ê!ë
ì 6 8 : K ç é ê!ë
ì K L 6 8;: êë
ì «ú ê!ë
ì
  L L
® K a4ê!ë
ì K L ú éO« êêë
ë
ìì   ç ê!ë
ç ì
é dê!ë
ç ì « ê!ë
ì  ® K a ­ ê!ë
ì K L  ú é
«Tê!ê!ë
ë
ìì   笛ê!ë
ç ì
« dêë
ç ì é ê!ë
ì 

ú ú
Õ Û Õ,ó ×1Û Õ Ýä Õ Ù Õ Ýä Տ= ØTÝ ß Ú Ö Ø ü Ü
Ý
å_×1Ú,Ý Õ Û×zçŽéêë
ìå¸! ¹ ð | Ú,ä`×RØÙ´Ú Ú Ö Ø ß[à
Õ í ÞTÜØ á Ú Ö Ø × áSß Ø Ö × ß Ú
Ô ×1ØèØÛHØä<ä`ØTä`Úãâ ÕÖ × á Ù´Ø Ô-Ô ×1Ù´Úãä Ö Ø Ô½!ü Õ,Ö ×1Ù Õ Ý
ä`ÚæÛH×~âHÚä Õ Ý
å_؏¸`çŽé
ê!ë
얮 ç ¬ " ê!ë
ì ¹ í á ØèâÚ,ä Õ ÝåLØ ßÕ î
ÛHÜä<Ø®Ø ç é ê!ë
쑸 Õ ÞTÜ
×1ݹÛH×   êë
ì ¹‘= Ù´Ø Ô-Ô ×1Ù´ØTí Õ·á ØÛH×1â Õ ÝÛ Õ Ý
åLØÛH×   êë
ì$ÛHØ ç é êë
ì$Û Õß ØÛ Õ í
Ö × Ô Ü á ä<ØÝ
ÛHÚ

#"$&% ê!ë
ì® K a ­ êë
ì K L
K çU«ê!ë
ì K L
 < « êë
ì ¬ ê!ë
ì ¸ MpN ð ' ¹
ú ú
ý*þä
ÿ ‘ÿ(


 )* ,+- .@áYÖ ØâHâÚ Ö ä<Úãä Ö Ø á Ø âÚ,ä Õ Ý
å_ؾÛH× Ô âHÚÝ
×ÙT@ × áBÕ Û×YÜ Ô/ß ×1ä<ØTí Õ ÞTÜ ÕáRá ؾÛH×1î
Ô âÚ,Ý×A @ × á1Õ Û Õ,á ú Õ Ý ÕÖ Øä<Ú Ö/Õ âÚ Ô ä<Ú´×RÝÊ×1Ý
ú ÖÕ,Ô-Ô Ú®Û ÕáRá Ø ÖÕ ä Õ !¸ ×1Ý
ÛH×1â Õ Ý
Û Õ Ý
ä Õ Ù Õ Ý
ä Õ ÛHØ áäü Øä<ä`Ú ß[à
Õ
× á ú Õ Ý ÕÖ ØTä`Ú ÖÕ â ÖÕ,Ô-Õ Ý
ä`×Ú¸Ù Õ Ý
Ú áRÕ¸ß Ú,Ý
Û×Rå_×1Ú,Ý
×$â Õ,Ö × á Ù´Ø Ô/Ô ×RÙ´Ú±ä Ö Ø Ô½!ü Õ,Ö ×1Ù Õ Ý
ä`ÚÛHאâÚ,ä Õ Ý
å_Ø ¹ä=
Û Õ ä<ä`Ú9 } /10æ
 0ž
} ÷
2ô¿4~ 3ø*2÷f~ ¢ ~dŸ öLí Õ†Ö × Ô Ü á ä`Ø ·
ù 5 ¶ ê!ë
ì 6ä8,7 êë
ì <  êë
ì  ê!ë
ì 
65 ê!ë
쯮 ® ú ® êë
ì K a « ê!ë
ì K L K a ­ ê!ë
ì K L ú ®
ù 5 : ê!ë
ì < ¬ ê!ë
ì  6 8z: ê!ë
ì 6 8 :  ¬ ê!ë
ì 
6 z
8 :
ú  ê!ë
ì ú ê!ë
ì

K K 
L K
® a « ê!ë
ì a ê!ë
ì  ú ¬ êë
ì ­ K L ¸ MpN ð 8 ¹
ú
9Äá½í ڞÕ^ÐÙÊ^ÎYÅ ÑËbÒ;ÒÙË2Û2Û ÊÔÅUÐAÊÌÏƞÏâÇzÅƞÐAÅUÇÄɞÏ;:0ÅΐÏÐÙÐAÏ Æ[ÖÅ ÕÌËÖ.ÊÌÑÏÆ[ÖÏƞÜ.ËÖ.Ë<>=@?
ï ï  ï ï C ï ï
A BA CED  :Eï F ³  CG  ï ³ ï B 7 ï % ï   :Eï F ³  CG A B 7 A CD  ï ³ ï  C
ï
 %   ³F : %F ¶   %   ¶ F % 
NIHN S‚>ƒÎ„…†‡…‰ˆ_ÇSŠ„‹U‚VŒÌÍ»Îp„…Ž†Ë…Î'ÍhËzÏŒ‚V†Î‘ŒÌ˅ΠÉ΋zÉY’›Î„iÎ
É
°
Ø ÖÕ,á ØTå_×RÚÝ Õ ä Ö Ú ó ØTä`Ø Ù´Ú Ô ä Ö Ø á اÛ×Râ Õ Ý
Û Õ ÝåLØ H Û × J5 ê!ë
ìÌÛØ á1áRÕÊß Ú,ÝÛH×1åL×1Ú,Ý×GÛH× ß[à 1× Ü Ô Ü Ö Ø§×1Ý
×1Ý
ú 
Ö ,
Õ -
Ô Ô Ú /
Ô æ
Õ á Õ[Õ
R× Ù®â Û ÝåLØdç ê ë
ì›Û ,
Õ á Ù±
Õ
ú Ý ,
Õ Ö 
Ø ä`Ú Õ ¾Ô-ßÕá ä`ب×1Ý Ù´Ú,ÛÚæÛHØ ß Ú,Ý Ô-Õ úÜ
× ÖÕ × á Ù´Ø Ô î
T 
Ö =
Ô ×1Ù´ÚÊä Ö Ø Ô !Õ,Ö ×1Ù Õ  ü Õ
Ý ä<ÚÊÛ×GâHÚ,ä ÝL
å Ø ç ê!ë
ì ç  ®
ë ìí á اÛ×Râ Õ ÝÛ Õ ÝåLØ Û Õ,ß ØTÛ Õ Õ Û
ê!
!ê ë
ì «" Ka « KL ®
 ,µ³  L ,µ³ C  êë
ì® « ê!ë
ìí á Ø*¸ MpN ð 8 ¹ ÛH× ó × Õ Ý Õ ·
 ,´³ -0/21Ù_ -0/2,1 ³ K  ®ML EF -0³C /-G1/2L 1  ß ÚÝ Ô ×RÛ Õ,Ö ØTÝ
ÛÚG×1Ý
Ú á ä ÖÕGß[à
Õ
-G/21 ú ú
N5 "
$&% ê!ë
ì® K a ­ êë
ì K L
K ç « êë
ì K L
 < ¬ êë
ì « ê!ë
ì ¸ MpN ð O ¹
ú ú
P Ü ÕÔ ä ± Ü á ä<×1ٴطÞTÜØÝ
ä<×1ä&Q =Ìß[à ×RØÙ´ØOä`Øå}/R0[0ž}÷2 ¿~43ø*2÷f~ ¢ ~d!Ÿ ö
 ö2ŸdSŸ 0UTöWV‡öå/ö$ø;2TWV‡ö Õ Û = ÞTÜ Õ,á1á Ø
ß[à
Õ ØTâHâÜ
Ýä<ږÛH×1â Õ Ý
Û Õ–Ô Ú á ÚNÛØT×âHØ Ö ØÙ Õ ä Ö ×HÛ Õá1á Ø ÖÕ ä Õ†Ô ä Õ,Ô-Ô Ø»ðTñ…ÚÝ !ü Ö ÚÝ
ä`ØTÝ
ÛÚô¸ MpN ð O ¹¹ß Úݘ¸ MpN ð ' ¹
Ý
Úä<×1ØTÙ´Ú ß[à
Õ 65 "$,% ê!ë
ì ß Ú×RÝ ß ×1Û Õ´ß ÚÝ X#"$&% êë
ì@ð´ñ…ÚÝ !ü Ö ÚÝ
ä`ØTÝ
ÛÚ]¸ MpN ð O ~ ¹ ß Ú,Ý$¸ MpN ð 8 ¹ í2ä Ö Ú ó ×RØî
Ù´Ú ß[àÕ 5 ê!ë
ì
® K a « ê!ë
ì K L 65 "$,% êë
ì

E F æ
F ³
: ,µ-G³ /21 C -0/21 ð±ñˆÚ,Ý Ô ×RÛ Õ,Ö ØTÝÛHÚÚ Ö Ø ß[à
Õ K a « ê!ë
ì K L ,´³ Y C ®
 ,µ³  L L -G/21 L L -^/21 L
0
- 
/ 1 Y
 ,´³ -0/21Ù_ , : -0/21  L ,µ³ -^/21 L C ® Y
L ,µ³ -0/1²_ , : -0/1 L C
T
í ,
Ú `
ä ä Õ Ý×RØÙ´Ú

N5 êë
ì®
<  ê!ë
ì O« ê!ë
ì 65 "$&%
K ç  ú ê!ë
ì
dú çU«Tê!ë
ì K L  ê!ë
ì

Ô Õ Ý
ä Õ Û× ó Ø á Ü
ä`Ø ÖÕ 65 ê ë
ìÝ ÕáRá1ՖÖÕ Ø á × ß 
ß[à
ÕNß × ß ÚÝ - Ú Ý
ÛH×1åL×1ÚÝ
×ÛH× ß[à ×1Ü Ô Ü Ö Ø‚×1ݸ×RÝú ÖÕ,Ô/Ô Ú_íØÌâHØ Ö ä`× ÖÕ
ÛHØ N5 "$,% ê!
ë ì ®
6#"
$&% ê!ë
ì ß[à
Õ ÛH1× â Õ ÝÛ ÕGÔ Ú á ÚGÛØ 1á á Ø ÖÕ ä Õ ð

ZJ+-+-fÿ
[\ ] Uþ(
_^µÿ
 ^`–ÿhþbaSÿ
^c aId[e_
zÿE –þäÿf^cgh‘þh
^` 

i ñ…Ú,Ý Ô 1× Û 
Õ Ö ØÝ
ÛHÚÌú Õ Ý ÕÖ ØTä`Ú -Ö Õ ÕÌÖÕ ä Õ T Ø ÛØTä<ä`ØTä`×hâ 
Õ Ö ×á ´ Ù Ø Ô-Ô ×1ٴڂä Ö Ø Ô ÕÖ ×1Ù Õ Ýä<Ú^ÛH×»âHÚä Õ ÝåLØí ü
á Ø Û Õ Ý Ô 1× äjQ ÛH×¹âHÚä Õ Ý
å_Ø^ÛH× Ô âÚ,Ý× × á1Õ 1× Ý®Ü Ô/ß ×1ä<Ø Ö × Ô Ü á ä`Ø A@
ù 5 ¶ êë
ì® 65 "$,% êë
ì ù 5: êë
ì

Õ H Û ÜÝ
ÞTÜ N A±
Õ á Ü Ô-ß ×1ä`ØÌÛ Õ,á1á Ø ÖÕ ä Õ ÛHÜ Õ Hâ Ú Ö ä ÕGÔ × ß ÚÙ´âHÚ Ö <ä Ø ß ÚÙ Õ

Ü Ý¸ú Õ Ý ÕÖ Øä<Ú Ö/Õ–Õ ÞTÜ× ó Ø á1Õ Ýä Õ í

ß Ø Ö ØTä`ä Õ,Ö 1× åLå_Øä<ÚGÛØ^Ü
ÝØ ÝÜ
Ú ó Ø ù ¶
5 !ê ë
ì Õ Û¸ÜÝ
ØÌÛH× óOÕ ÖÔ Ø^×1Ù´â Õ Û Õ ÝåLØ ×RÝ
ä ÕÖ Ý
Øç ê!ë
nì ð ¬
i | Õ,áHß Ø Ô ÚN×RÝ ß
Ü ×H×1Ý×1Ý
ú ÖÕÔ/Ô ÚNÝÚ,Ý Ô × óÕ,Ö × ßà ×H× á ´ Ac
Ù Ø Ô/Ô ×RٴږØTÛØTä`ä<ØÙ Õ Ý
ä`Ú_í k5 ê!ë
ì Ô × Ö 1× ÛÜ ßÕ
ÛH×»Ü
Ý ØTä`ä<Ú Öm ü
Õ l ê!ë
ì
C È® , E: F : -^/21 ,µF[³ ³ -^/21
í Õ ÛH

Ü ÝÞTÜ Õzá ±
Ø Ý
ÜÚ ó رâÚ,ä Õ ÝåLظÛH× Ô âÚ,Ý× × áBÕ ÛH
× Ü / Ô ß ×1ä<Ø A@
Ö × Ô Ü á ä`Ø L L -0/21`_ -0/21
ù 5 ¶ êë
ìU® l ê!ë
ì 65 "$,% êë
ì ù 5 : ê!ë
ì® K <  ú  êë
ì ú T« ê!ë
ì K L 65 "$&% ê!ë
ì ù 5: êë
ì
 ç ê!ë
ì
 ç « êë
ì 

i | Õ,áß Ø Ô ˆÚ ×RÝ iÝ Õ ×1Ý ß

¿c
Ü ×× áß Ø Ö × ß –Ú çYé
ê!ë
ì×1Ý‚Ü Ô-ß 1× ä<Ø–Ø 1á á Ø Ö Õ ä Õ Ý
ÚÝ Ô 1× Ø–ØÛHØTä`ä`ØTä<Ú_í:ÞTÜ ÕÔ ä Ü á ä<×1Ù´Ú ±
Ø /
Ô Ô Ú Ö Õ @ Õ
Ü Ý
ØÌâHÚä Ý
å_·

Ø ×RÝ  
Õ Ö ×1Ú Ö Õ Ø ü
5 ê!ë
ì Õ Hâ Ø Ö ×¹Ø Oó Õ ÛH× âHâ Õ
ù ¶ Ý Û× ßÕ ð hð *¸ ø MN O SN ¹
ù éêë
ì ® J êë
ì ù 5 ¶ êë
ìU® K < ú ¬ êë
ì ú é
êë
ì K L  ù 5 ¶ ê!ë
ì
ç ¬ ê!ë
ì
dç$é
ê!ë
ì

n g ‘ÿ> o hÕ
Ü Ý
Ø ÖÕ ä Õ ÝÚ,Ý ß  !
Ú Ý
ä`× Õ Ý Õ Õ,á1Õ Ù Õ Ý
ä`×GØTä`ä<× ó 1× í‚Ø á1á Ú Ö Ø N5 "$&% ê!ë
ìqp  â Õ,Ö
ÞTÜØ
á Ü ÝÞTÜ Õ ëŽð . Ý ÞTÜ Õ , Ô ä<Ú ß Ô
Ø Ú Ô ×zâØ Ø âH×!r â Ú,â 1× ØTÙ
Ö  á Ö Ö Õ Ýä Õ Û ×N0V-Vö÷/10,ù 42÷
ö
H S3ø*2,÷ !ö b~ f~ ¿~ ¢ ~€Ÿ
s 5 ê!ë
ì tu
Y Ú®
ó óÕ,Ö Ú s 5 ê!ë
ìvÛ_wyx {z 65 !ê ë
ìv!Ûwyx@ð
O ®
-G/21
 ˆ}|Š~Š]Ž†Î@Í„…‹ˆÍhÎp…9ŒÌ΍†$ÎŒÌËX‚V‹…Î NIH '

n g € ,aSÿ>aSÿlÿ »Õ âׂr  ! A±
Ö Õ ä<× Ô ÚÝ
Ú ß ÚÝ
Ý ÕÔ/Ô-Õ ä Ö Ø á Ú Ö Ú á ܹÝ
ØÛH× Ô/Õ úOÜ×Rä`Ú^Ø áRá Ø á ä Ö Øí Õ Ô × óOÕÖ ×1î Ù±
c ß ØTÝÚ Rá Õ·ß  /
Ô ½ü
Ú Ý
ÛH×1åL×1ÚÝ
׎ÛH×Ù´Ø Ô 1× Ù´Ú·ä Ö Ø Ô !Õ,Ö ×1Ù Õ Ýä<Ú¸ÛH×âHÚä Õ  Ý åLØí× á úOÜØTÛHØúOÝÚ±ÛH× Ô â Ú,Ý× T× áR±
Õ ß Ú,Ù´î A@
â 1
á ,
Õ -
Ô Ô ó
× Ú á= Ö Õ Ô
× â ÚÛHÚä`ä<Ú†Û × ×1Ý
 ú Ú ×HÞTÜ
ØÛØTúOÝ×HÛH× âHÚÝ
× T× × #5jƒ…„-†
á Ô á Ù@ z·
65 Y 65 ®
N5‰ˆ ð
 L ‡W‡W‡
ZJ+-+-fÿ
[\ Š^µÿ

, ñ…ÚÝ Ö × ÕÖ ×1Ù ü Õ Ý ä<Ú®Ø áß × Öß Ü
×1ä<Ú Õ ÞÜ
× ó Ø áBÕ Ý
ä Õ â Õ,Ö Ü
ÝØ ß ÚâHâH×1ØòÛ×'ØTÝî
Õä
Ý Ý TÕ á
í âÜ
Ý
ä`Ü
Ø ×Bå_åL×1ØTÙ´Ú [
ß

à –
Õ á Ø âHÚä Õ Ý
å_Ø ä Ö Ø Ô Ù ÕÔ/Ô Ø= @ Ù±
ÞTÜ Õ,á1á ØzØ Ô/Ô Ú Ö T×1ä<ØÌÛHØ áRá ×1Ù´â Õ Û Õ ÝåLØÌÛH×H×1Ý
î
Ù±
ú ÖÕ,Ô-Ô ÚzÛ Õ,á1á ØÝ
ä Õ Ý
ÝØ ä Ö Ø Ô Ù´×1ä<ä Õ Ýä Õ í¹Ù Õ Ý
ä ÖÕ ÞÜ Õ,á1á Ø Ö × ßÕ,ó Ü
ä`Ø =
ÞÜ Õ,á1á Ø ßÕ ÛHÜä<Ø·ÛØ á ú Õ Ý Õ,Ö ØTä`Ú Ö-Õ
Õ ÞÜ
× ó Ø áBÕ
A±
Ý ä Õ Û Õ,á1á ØTÝä Õ Ý
Ý
Ø Ö × ßÕ,óÕ Ý
ä Õ íHØ Ù±
á1á ×1Ù´â Õ Û Õ ÝåLØ^Û×i×1Ý
ú ÖÕÔ/Ô ÚGÛ Õá¹Ö × ßÕó ×1ä<Ú ÖÕ ð

‹Œ6Ž ‘}’“I”–•’}”–—]h˜™}—fš›–•

! Ú Ý
ÚzÞTÜ Õ,á1áBÕ Û ÕÖ × ó 
 Ø Ý
ä`×iÛØ á âHØ -
Ô Ô ØúOú×RÚNÛ 
Õ á
Ô/Õ O
ú Ý
Ø áRÕ ØTä`ä Ö Ø 
ó Õ,ÖÔ ÚzÜÝ ß ØTÝ
Ø áRÕNß[à
Õ Ý
ÚÝ =  ü
â Õ,Ö ‡Õ <ä ä`Ú_í
Ú Ô-Ô ×1Ø^â Õ,Ö × á ÞT a
Ü Ø áBÕ 4ê!ë
ì
Ý
Ú,Ý à Ì Ø Ù´Ú,ÛÜ á Ú ß Ú Ô `ä ØTÝä ÕGÕgœ Ú Ø / Ô Õ†á ×1Ý Õ Ø ÖÕ ð ü
üTý2þž~þvü ŸWX
S‘ bp
¾ k  xzyU{¢¡¤£   xzyX{>£ ¦¥¨§ 0- /21
ø ÝåL× ß[àf= ü Ú Ö Ý
× ÖÕ ÜÝ
Ø Õ,Ô â ÖÕÔ/Ô ×1Ú,Ý Õ ØÝ
Ø á ×Rä`× ß ØæÛHאٮÚ,ÛHÜ á Ú Õü Ø Ô-Õ í Ô Ú,ÝÚ Ô â ÕÔ/Ô Ú¸Ü
ä`× á ×1åLå-ØTä Õ¸Ö ØâHî
â ÖÕ,Ô-Õ Ý
ä`ØTå_×BÚ,Ý×iú Ö Øc ß[à
Õ Û×.·

ý*þäÿ
‘ÿ] b
© .@áHó Ø á Ú ÖÕ
20 log |H(f)|
65¨« ê!ë
ì ® K a4ê!ë
ì K L ®²± ¬­@®>¯ Y-° K a7ê!ë
ì K
W¬­@®>¯ Y-° 0 10

Distorsione di
−3
Õ,Ô â Ö ×1Ù Õ × á úOÜØTÛØTúOݹÚzÛ×iâÚ,ä Õ Ý
å_Ø·×1Ý´Û Õß ×!w Õá ð | Õ,áiß Øî
ampiezza
−6
ªf
Ô Ú¾×1Ý ß Ü
×…× áˆÔ-Õ úÝ
Ø á1Õ ×1Ý ä Ö ØTÝ Ô ×1ä<Ú¾Ú ßß Ü
âׅÜ
Ý
Ø T @ ØTÝÛHØ −9
Õ Ýä Ö Ú á رÞÜ
Ø áBÕ N5¨« êë
ìhÝ
Ú,Ý Ô ×RØ ß Ú Ô ä<ØÝ
ä Õ í áÙ± ÕÔ/ß Ü ÖÔ ×1Ú,î Banda a 3 dB

Ý Õ ÛH× 65‰« ê!ë

ìSÝ Õ,á1á ØhT @ ØTÝÛHØ Ô ä ÕÔ/Ô Ø = ×1Ý
ÛH× ß ØTä`Ø ß ÚÙ Õ Banda di segnale

f~S3WV³2>TW3 ~³2÷
öŸd~÷ö´0_Tö
f€~ 0 ô øU!~ ö‘ù-ùR0ií Õ ÞÜ
ØÝ
ä`×Ac ß Øä<ØæØâHâHÜÝ
ä`Ú®×1Ýhµ ð øGáß Ú,Ý
ä&¶ئ¶×1Ú_íYÞTÜØ á Ú¶Øf·/×
·/â_¸ ß ×Ùc ß[à ×ÞTÜØ á ¸›Û¸n@ST@ ؖ¸·™·¹¸>¶´¸ á ØzÙ´ØI·¹·-×Rٮ؂Ûׂ·-ä`Ú¶W·/×1Ú,ݸ á ×RÝ
¸,ئ¶´¸ ×1Ý 
µ íÙd¸ÛH×1ØTÝ
ä&¸–× á ú1¶Øc ß Ú·/×
@ ØݹÛHظÝ
ä&¶Ú á ؂ÞÜ
Ø á ¸ 5‰« êë
ì·/×HÙ´ØTÝä<×!¸,Ý
¸–Ø áRáÙ± ×1Ý
ä&¸¶Ý
ÚNÛ¸ á1á Ø ü ØI· ß ×RØ ß ÚÝ·™¸,Ýä<×1ä<Øí
×1Ý
ÛH× ó ×BÛÜ
Ø á ØT
Ú,ä`ä&¸Ý¸,ÝÛHÚ Ú>· û × á¹ó Ø á Ú>¶´¸†Û¸ á1á Ø*T
ß @ ØÝiÛØ^â_¸¶›Ûׂ·-ä<Ú>¶´·-×RÚݸzئ·¹·™¸,úOÝØTä`Ø
!¸ ØTÛh¸>·¹¸Ù´âH×1Ú_í á Ø ¢ 0÷f
 00º
µ›í ß Ú¶W¶×!·-âHÚÝ
Û_¸,Ý
ä&¸NØ áRá Ø ü ¶W¸,ÞܸÝ
åLØ ÛH×¹ä<Øú á ×RÚ_í = Û_¸ž
c Ý×Rä`Ø^â_¸¶SÞܸ>·/ä`Ø ó ×1Ø ¹ ð
» [e
U
*^` ,lÿ^`
d *^´þ
 .@áió Ø á Ú¶W¸
ϕ( f )
Ë
f
¾,¿hÀSÁÃÂÄÆÅÈÇ À-ÁÃÂ
É}Ê Ë ÁÍÌ Distorsione di
t. di transito

ÎWÏIÐÐ_δÑ>Ò¹ÑcÓ
ÔjÏfÕ!Ö
ÎWՂÔ&ÏIÎW×ØÙ×ÕÔ&δϦÓÒ¹Õ!Ô&ØÙ×_ÕÚÓeÛ1δÚÐ_ÐØÙ×Õ ¼t
R(f)
Ü Î´Ñ>ÝIÚÑ>ÓޅÑJßdØ>ւÔ&ØJҙÔjÎWÑÔ&Ô¨Ø6ÏIÔ&ÔjØ>δÓ
Ø#ÏI× Áà ÏIÖÖ!ՂßdÕ!Ô&ÑNÚ
ÓÏ ½f
Ò¹Ø>Ö!Ï Ü Î´Ñ>ÝIÚÑ>ÓޅÏIá‰â…ãk×mÑҙÑßdÐ_Ղ؅äÚ
Óæå çèêé É}Ê Á¾³ë ×Õ!ìRÕ!Ñ>ÓÑ Banda di segnale

å çèêé É}Ê ÁÀ!¾*Åí¾&¿ÀSÁÃÂ&Â4ëÄ å çèÃé É}Ê Á¾*Å É}Ê Á¾&¿mÀSÁÃÂ4ë

ØҙҹÕ!ÏïîWØÓdÚÓØNÒ Ü ÏIҙÏIßdÑ>ÓÔjØ Ì À4ÁÃÂÄ É}Ê Á¾&¿mÀ-Áàâ
ð Ñ ¾,¿mÀ4ÁÃÂÃñ îWØҙÔjϦÓÔ&ÑÐ_ÑÎXݦÚÏIÖ!ÚÓݦÚÑ Á äϦւÖ!ØÎWÏmÔ&ÚÔ&ÔjіÖ!Ñkî´Ø>ßdÐØ>ÓÑÓ
ÔjÕÃҙÐÑ>ÔjÔ&ιÏIÖ!ÕßdÏIÓÔ&ÑÓ
ÛRØ>ò
Ó؅äEÏIÖ!Ö!ó Úҙî´Õ!ÔjÏ×_Õ*ô ÀSÁàäÖ!іҹÔ&ÑҙҹÑδÑ>Ö!ÏIÞ}Õ!Ø>ÓÕ
×_Õ Ü Ï¦Ò¹Ñ–î õіÐÎWÑҙÑcÓÔ&ÏIÓ
ØkՂÓ]Õ!ÓÛ1δÑ>ҹҙئâ*ö‰ÓfÔjϦÖîWÏIҹ؅ä
 NIH 8 ÷ ‚>ƒ
ø„…†‡…‰ˆ…|SŠ„‹U‚VŒùÃøp„…ŽJúyøùêúkûŒ‚V†
ø‘Œúyø ÷ ø ‹ ÷ ’Xø„Eø
·¹¸üIý ß[à ¸ 65¨« ê!ë
ì*·™þÃÿdüIýäjþ!¸ý
¸ ß
·/ä¨ü¦ý
ä&¸ý
¸ á1á ü–@¦üIýüþ÷™¸,ú1ýü á ¸_íE·¹þ!üIÿ ý¸ áRá ¸ ß ý_þRå…þ ýþþ
ß üIýü á ¸–â¸>¶ ü ¸,ä`ä ð
!¸  F êë
ìý ý =^ß ·-ä¨üIý
ä&¸_í÷™þ à ü

ýü f~S3´V-2T 3 ~42÷ö埀~!÷
öW0Tö>f~¹õ‰03ö þV‡ö ô ø*2
f~V³TW0H÷3 ~SV³2ið
 ü á ý üIý n¹ þ
ÿdü¦·¹·™þ‚ÿdü
¸ _þ‚-· ä ¶´·™þ ý¸ ó þ‚¸>ý¸
üIý¹äjþÙc ß üTä&üfþ‚ýèäj¸>¶¹ÿdþ‚ý
þ_þ
ÿdþ á1á þ!·¹¸ ß
ýþ‘¸
 í 
þ üdü ¸>¶´¸c ü äj¶Wüï¹þ ä&¸ÿ´âþþ¹äj¶WüIý
·¹þ1ä ý¸ á1á ü
@¦üIýü_þEþ!ý
ä&¸¶W¸·™·¹¸ð
ý å}Ì

 >[e

     !" #$ "&% '(*),+- . 0/ /  "1!"'234+5'761  "8)8:9;"'<=
x(t) y(t)   >$% ?% '06+-%!@% /  "1!"'<3"A+5'<B"861C>DE1+23BFG% H@"8#@% '<"I-J5% @+5 3:KMLONQP

T a A BSR <5T A C GU FV C FW@VXQY[Z5W*\ <]

"B>:+-'<^:+2"A_/  "1!"'<="B@% `>:% != @% '2"F % '<"1$ "a>$%b:9c/ % "1ddA6e<"(>$%
9
6 20*log|H(f)|
fM !"Kg9;8!  3"`% '0@):+h /i"
j
Glk m " ] GlU NQI
3
0
 'n/i: % 61 : "o A BpR <5T A C _/i"q% 8>$% 61`>:%2/i"G% 8>  <
Gsƒ r "B>:+-'<t
-3
U
-6 f
^:+<"u/ +<vu/  1>$+5w "
+-'2fx 3"` 3="'5+< d2% '2"
Kg/i" Nz:'<6e<"7
-9
(
V y
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
f{ "8^:+2"'2d"(" "h< 3"ID|["
/i% ] 61$9c} % ~Kg/i" 6e<(@%€@/i1!3% €61G/i
1 fi(f)
G% H*"1=3"'<="o@/D/ +5 "c@%{@/i8#3:'<c  @9;"13% = "CG% 61"h1% = "1N:   (‚%
e<cc6e<"ƒfx$ "n61'„+-':61:'<: "ƒ3"9c/i8t=<:G% $'23"o
% …6+-%#!+<>:% '2',_
0
/i"* B f f{ '<= 3I
-1 f
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

üTý2þž~þŠý º÷‘
ZV Y>
YR¾
Y± ý -†‚a‡<ˆ ¸c‰ ± ¶´¸ ‡
‡<ˆ þ
ÿdüIý ý ý = ·™¸ý
·¹þÙ@Iþ#‰‚¸ü‰!‰!¸N·OŠ¸ †@† ¶ þ ü üI·¹¸8‹{ŒÍ¸az
ý ¸cþ!· †‚ ¶W·¹þ ý
þzþ
ü üI·™¸#ý ýUÿ þÙc ‡ üIý ‰‚ü` ü1‰!þ † Q_¸-‰·¹¸úRýü‰‚¸Nü þ î
ÿd¸ý † ¶W¸kü ‰ † ¸>¶´ü}þ ý
þ_þEÿ z ‰ ·Ž‚
! ¸kþ#‰
·™¸-1ýü ‰!¸ = ý ÿd¸>¶´þ ‡
‘ ‰!üï¶Wþ‚·OŠ · † ü`þ ü üI·™¸ = þ!ÿuŠ ¶ † üIý † ¸ ‘ Š¸>¶ ‡<ˆ¿e ü‰ † ¶´þ!ÿd¸>ý † þEþ_þ!’1¸¶W·¹þ
¶Wþ † üI¶þ_þ ü ü¦·¹¸mü‰ † ¸¶WüIý ‰ ± ü¦¶´¶Wþ!’ _¸-‰#‰‚¸ ‡
ÿuŠ ý
¸ý † þ
·OŠ¸ †@† ¶´ü‰‚þ0¸5‰!‰ ± þ‚ÿuŠD ‰ · ¸-‰!¸ÿd¸>ý † üI¶W¸ ‘:‡<ˆ ¸
·¹þ:_¸ {ü ¶´ÿdüÙ¸Š_¸¶¸‰‚ü ‡ ü¦¶´ü †@† ¸¶Wþ‚· † þ ‡ üuþ A | “  þ!· †  . ý ‡ ý·™¸-1 ¸>ý}ü ‘ þ!ý· ¶R¸þ!‰ ü ¸ý ÿd¸>ý _þ
† ü
þ!ý ¸¶ ¸>¶´¸cý}üþ‚ý ¸>¶´·™þ‚ÿ£@ ‰!þ ü ¸
† ‡ 
. ! ê 
. ¹ ¸#ü ÿd¸>ý † ü`‰!üŠ¶ @¦üS@¦þ!‰!þ † Q`þE¸¶W¶ ¶¹¸

” •;–ž„– vu º˜—÷š™`›œ‚Y¼Ÿžš U¨nœO›¡
ø(¢¢ þ üIÿ
ÿ · † ´¶ ü ±
ü Šü1£: ':=¤ ‡<ˆ ¸n‰ þ!ý’Rþ#‰! ŠzŠ ƒ‡
ÿuŠz‰!¸·™· B¥ ¦ @§
†@ ( Y ¦ ®
¨ © @§hª« ‚§Š¶W¸·™¸ý (
i
¦ † ü ¬;x­
þz®;x¯DŠü¦¶´þü °
¥-±¦ @§ ‘®
Y ±¦ ‚§:ª³« ±,¦ @ §;z ©´ ¦ ‚§:ª„« ´ ¦ @ §µ
¨˜² ©
¥ ¦ @§
´
Y‘® ¦
¨ ² ©´ @§:ª³«
±:¦ ‚ §

©
±¦ ‚§$ª;« ¦ ‚ §µ
´
¶ þ·üIý ‡<ˆ ¸ ·¹·™¸¶’Rü †@‡ ÿd¸ ‘ ý¸-‰ ‡ ü¦· þ!ý ‡
þ³¸ ¦{¹ §¶Wþ‚·O ‰ † þü]·¹þ!ÿdÿd¸ † ¶Wþ‚ü ‡ ý
þ! Rü † ü]¶Wþ‚·OŠ¸ †@†[
ü  ¹ ° ‘ ·¹þ -†‚† þ!¸ý
¸« ´ ¦ ‚§ ¬  . ä® ý † ü ‰ ‡ üI· ‘ ‰ ± ¸ üdü ¸ †‚†@ ·™þE¶Wþ!D ‡ ¸kü?
¸-‰#‰ (‡<ˆ ¸k·¹þEü’1¶´¸ ¢ ¢ ¸Jþ!ý ¢ üIý_ü
¢ ü¦·¹¸ ‘»º ‰ † ¶WüIý þ!‰yÿd¸>·¹·™ü 1Rþ ÿ z ‰‚ü¦ý † ¸ ÿd¸-_þ‚ü¦ý † ¸S« ±¦ ‚§[½ê ¼ ¸¶ † üIý †@‘ ‰ ¸ ¸ †‚†[ Šz ± üdü
¾æ¸>·¹·™¸¶¹¸
¶Wþ‚ÿ ·¹· C¿
À /R0DÁÃÂGÄÄ10zÅÆ2þ·™¸-Rý
ü ‰!zþ þ ¢ üIý ü ¢ üI·™¸ ¥1±¦ @§¸ ¥ ¦ @§ ‡ ýÇ
ý º ‰ † ¶ ¸È ¦{¹ § ÊÉ È!Ë C!Ì<͂Џ
´ Ï,Ð@Ñ3Ò
Ó ®
Ô0á½í ÏpÒÙѽÍzÏpÒ;ÒÙÊÌÅƞϐÖÊ ƒ A BpR <5T A C êÒ`ÐAËÐAË9ÍzÊÌÇzË2× ËÐAË9ÕÌË9ÇzËѽÊ^ÐAÅÕ^ŘÕÞ-ÖµÏÍ ÕÌË9Ý0ËbÒÙÏ:0$iΐ àqá â ÅpÒ`ÐAÍz˃ ÐÙËÈÊÌƇçžÛ ÚžÍzË1=0Ø.ÅpÒ;ÒÙÏÍ&×2Ë2ÆæÖÅÇ&ÉnÏ
BpR <5T GU F`V Ï-×
Ë C!Ì<Í ÏXÇ&ÉnÏÙØ R <5T GuÚ@Û X€Ü Ú[ݘÞß Ø2ÒÙÊÅÐAÐÙÊ^ÏÆnÏ˜Ø R <5T GuÚ@Û X€Ü Ú[Ý rgã-ä…å à C!Ì2Í ƒ Þ
ægç3èÕ ÇzÅÆnÐAÍzËÍzÊÌÅ؀ê‘ÒÙÏÆ[ÒÙÊÌÓ ÊÌÕÌÏËÕÌÕÌÏÒÙڞÏ× ËÍzÊÌËÜ.ÊÔÅƞÊS?éڞÏÒÙÐAÏڞÕÌÐAÊÌΐÏÒ`ÅƞÅÊÌƞÝ0Ë ÐÙÐAÊ2ÏÕÌËC!Ì2ÓÍ ÅÍ&ËÐAÏÖË2Õ Ç&ÏÍz× ÏÕÌÕ^ÅѽÏÍÏpÒÙÐAÍ&ËÍzƞÏ
ÊÌƞÝ0ÅÍzÎYËÜ.ÊÌÅƞÊÍ&ÏÕÌËÐAÊÌ×2Ï9Ë2Õ éAΐÅ×2ÊÌΐÏƞÐAÅ[ê9ÖÏÊâÒÙڞÅƞÊѽÏÍzÇzÏÑÊÌÐAÊdÞÙëµÅÆnÝ0ÍzÅƞÐAË2ÆæÖÅÊÍzÊÌÐAËÍ Ö.ÊâÖ.Ê^Ý^Ý0ÏÍzÏÆnÐAÊSÏ× ËÍzÊÌËÓÊÔÕÌÊâÖ.ÏÊ
ÒÙÏ۠ƞËÕÌʽÑÏÍz× ÏÆnڞÐAÊpËÕÌÕÔÏXÅÍzÏÇZÇ&ÉnÊ^ϽØ2ÒÙÊѽÚ-ì ÇzÅÎYÑÍZÏÆæÖ.ÏÍzÏÈÒ`ÏXÕ^ËÒ`ÅÍzÛ ÏÆnÐAÏÈÖÏÛ ÕÌÊÒÙÐAÏpÒ;ÒÙÊêXÊÌÆYΐÅ×2ÊÌÎYÏƞÐAÅÞ
í}|î~îÇïJø‰ù„ðòñ„ó¢ùêøiñ;ôøòõø[ôú$ö(óyø H ø
÷ 

ù-ú$û ü$û ý$ûgù þÿ
 +  )  

 ^ ÿ  
 5¸ ‰ ‡ üI· þ!ý ‡ þ$ ý ·™¸-1ýü‰‚¸ÿ z ‰‚ü †@ © ¦ @§òŠ_¶´¸>·¹¸>ý † þ ýü -‡‡ Šü …þ ý¸þ
S¶W¸-
¸ý}üdÿ ‰ †@
Šþ ‡‡
‰‚ü ¶Wþ!·Š¸ †@†* ü ‰#‰!üS¶´¸5 ¸>ý…üpŠ ¶ † ü † ¸ ‘ ·¹þ üI·™·
ÿd¸d·Š_¸·™· ‡<ˆ ¸ ¸ ¦{¹ §Íý¸-‰#‰!ü ¢ ü¦ý_üSþ ·¹¸
Rý
ü ‰!¸fý ý ’RüI¶Wþ»þ¢ÿ ‰ †@‘˜ ·¹·™þ!ü&Š_¶´¸>·¹¸>ý † þÍ·¹þ!üeÿ D ‰ l‡<ˆ ¸SüI·™¸Š¶W¸·™· h‡<ˆ‡ · † üIý † þ¢¸Š_üI¶Wþ
ü ‰’R ü ‰ ¶W¸hüI·™·
ý †@ Š_¸¶ ¹ ¹ ° ‘ò ·¹·™þ!üp¸ ¦{¹ § ¸ ¦{¹ ° §  °  ¥"!$#  P ¸>· † üfü ŠDŠ¶ ·¹·™þ!ÿdü }þ ý¸
Š¸>¶´ÿd¸ †[† ~ ¸ þ † ¶WüI· ‡
¶´üI¶W¸~‰&% ¸'4¸ †@†[ ¸5‰!‰!¸~þ!· †‚ ¶W·¹þ ýþى!þ!ý¸ü¦¶´þ ‘;‡<ˆ ¸fþ!ý.
¸· †@~‡ üI· ¸5 þ#’Rü‰… 
ý ü Ç ýüh·™¸u ÿ ŠD‰‚þ ‡ ¸¶ 5† ü }þ ý
 ¸ _-¸ 8‰!þêüI·™·¹: þ ¸5‰#‰(% þ!ý’Rþ…‰# ŠDŠ `‡
ÿuŠz‰!¸·™· ‘ ¶W¸-’1¸c¶´·™þ ¢ þ!‰ ¸· ‡ ¸-1‰‚þ!¸ý
ŠDŠ ¶
ýüIÿh¸ý (
† † ¸ ‰!ü)SüI·™B ¸ _-¸ ‰#‰‚A ü Š ¶ ü¦ý a
† † ¸ _þ _¸ÿ D ‰! ü …þ ý¸ 
 -¸ ‰#‰!¸d#þ Š 5† ¸>·¹Ù þ Š · † ¸ ‘ ¶Wþ‚O· ‰ † ü þ!ýSü †@† Ù þ ¸ ¦Ã¹ §  i± ¸+* ¦Ã¹), ¹ ° §  ±  °$ ¥-! # u ¸  þ!ý _ƒþ « ¦ @§ 
.0/ Y21 ¸ ¦¹ §43  ±  °5 ¥-! #6 ¦ @§"D7 Š¸>¶ † üIý †@ ‰(% þ! ý ’R…þ ‰# ŠDŠ `‡
ÿ Šz‰!¸·™· ò
u þ « @§š·?
ýíþ!u
¦ ÿ Šz ‰!· þ;üI¶W¸ü
‡ u ÿ Šz‰!¸>·¹·¹üÙ±  °  ¥"! #  ±  ° ¦98 ®:<; ° ,>= :-?A@B; ° §<D( C ‰#‰(% · ‡ þ † ? ü _-¸ ‰ ‡ ü¦ý ü ‰!7
¸ ¸ ¦{¹ § † ¶ ’1þ‚ü¦ÿ 
þ  ý _þ
¥ ¦ ‚§  E ¦ ‚§,ª;« ¦ @§  ¦ ±¦ @§ ,>= ¦  ° ¦'8 ®:
; ° ,>= :G?A@B; ° § 6 ¦{¹ § 
±0F © © ©´ ‚§‚§:ª
  ° ¦ ± ¦ ‚§ 8 ®:H; ° z ¦ :G?I@J; § ,n
° = ¦ ± ¦ ‚§ :G?I@B; ° , ¦ 8 ®:<; §µ
°
² © © ´ @§ © © ´ @§
‡<ˆ ¸##þ ¸>ý † þ º‡  ü ‰!ü ¶WüI·$ ¶¹ÿd ü …þ ý
¸#· þ ü ÿdB
† ¢ †

‡ ¸ ý
ü¶ ü …þ ý¸
-†
yM s
N ¥ ± ¦ @§ N 8 ®:<; N
 ° z :-?A@B; ° ©
± ¦ @§
xM s
x
¥ ¦ ‚§PO G
: A
? B
@ ; ° 8 ®
 H
: ; ° O ¦ @§QO
´ ©´
‡ ~ ý ý
üïÿdü † ¶´þ ‡ ¸(¸>þ ‡ ¸R º‡ þ‚¸>ý † þ ‡ · † ¦ü ý † ¸  . E‰ ¶´þ!· ‰ † ü †‚ ¸5‰!‰!üm¶ -† üS
…þ ý¸aJ· ¸·™¸ÿuŠz‰!þ º‡ ü †‚ þ‚ý º 1 ¶Wü: φK 0 xL c
yL c

ù-ú$û ü$û ý$ûMú TVU2XW + Y  U³ÿZ   [\[]
ÿ Y^Y_

°
¥ ± ¦ @ §  Y ± ¦ ‚§$ª³« ± ¦ @§µ
©a`cbedgf . ýl ¸>· †‚A‡ ü¦· ¦ @§  ¬ ¸-dü ‰#‰ ¶´ü ¨ ²© 5†@† üIý ‘
ü 
±¦ ‚§$ª³« ¦ ‚§µ 2CB
þ
©´ ¥ ¦ @§  Y
´ ¨˜² © ´
¸·™¸ÿuŠ_þ ‘  ýüu¸ÿ z ‰‚ü}þ ý
¸ ÿ þ!ýü ‘ ·™þ -†‚† þ!¸>ý¸ ýe·™¸-Rý
ü ‰!¸?¸>ÿ  ‰‚ü †‚ Š_üI¶Wþ
ü>h ¦ ‚§ 
© ¸  þ#’Rü1‰!¸ý ¸#ü‰ üI· þ_þ‚·
±¦ @§:ª³« ±¦ ‚§ ‘ 5 † ‡ @† ¶´·™þ ý¸(‰!þ‚ý¸>üI¶W¸(  þ üIý
¢  ü ¢ ü¦·¹¸
©a`cbedgfji . ‰òŠ_¶ 5¢ ‰!¸ÿdüæÿdü 1Rþ ¶W¸ ‡ ý&‰!ü~Š ¶ † ü¦ý † ¸hþ!ý † ¸¶WüŠz ¾F’R¸>¶´þ º‡ üI¶W·¹þ·™¸~¸ ¦{¹ ° §Ù·Uÿ ‰&
†‚ ¶W#þ  -†‚†‚0k ü  ¸>·¹¸>ÿuŠþ ü ‡ ü ·™üÇþš
ýüdü †@† ¸ý ü …þ ý¸ï·¹¸5‰‚¸ †@† þ!’1ü ‘ ¸·™¸ÿuŠD‰‚þ º‡ ü † üfü ‰#‰I% ¸·™¸ÿuŠþ
¸ ¸>ý † ¸l ‘ Š_¸¶ ‡ˆ2 þ‚ý † ü‰ ‡ üI· þ#‰z¸ÿ z ‰‚ü †@ ¶´¸kþ!ý’1þ!‰… ŠzŠ ý ýmÃ
ý…þ ý
üŠþ!r³
Š¶W¸ ‡ h

©a`cn . ýÇ ¸· †@(‡ üI· þ#‰
·™¸-Rý
ü ‰!¸#ÿ D ‰!ü †‚B‡ ý † þ!¸ý¸–ü¦ÿ ¢ ¸5z ¸7‰!¸a¬³M­Ù:þ®³x¯D ‘ ¸(z
ý1 ¸(‰!ü
Š¶W¸·™¸cý…ü(þzþ!· †‚ ¶´·™þ ý
þD‰‚þ!ý¸>üI¶WþDŠ¶ ’ 5‡ üþ!‰S4¸>ý ÿd¸>ý ý 5†@c‡
ÿd¸nÂ{ÅV ¿ T od2-Æ/8ÁS0-Ä8ÂS2hÅ ¿ V³TW0qpW2or
s 52 Å ÅV €z
¿ 0 ÅD0 ÁS2
t Â'pu ÆÂwvI0_3´3W00x‰T / Å1ÄR0yþ‚ý½
ü1ý
¿

¿ À ¿ @
† þ!ýe¸ý † ¶WüIÿ ¢ ¸ kb¥-±¦ ‚§ ‘³¥ ´ ¦ ‚§9l ‘ ·™þ † ¶ ’1üIý
¸ý † ¶WüIÿ ¢ ¸ k © ±¦ @§ ‘ ©´ ¦ @§9l ‘ ÿd¸· ‡
‰‚ü † ¸ † ´¶ ü‰ ¶ a† ¶WüIÿdþ † ¸ k « ±¦ @§ ‘ « ´ ¦ ‚§9l[

ù-ú$û ü$û ý$ûMý TVU2XW + Y  U³ÿZ2 U +  ^ ÿ

P ü‰ ¶WüS ýŠ·¹¸5Rý
ü ‰!¸dÿ z ‰!ü †‚ ü¦ý ‰‚ü¦¶´ÿd¸>ý † ¸dü †@† ¶´ü8’R¸>¶´·™þÙ ý ‡ üIýü‰ ¸ ‡<ˆ ¸ÇŠ_¶´¸>·¹¸>ý † üSþ!· †‚ ¶"
·¹þ ýþ,‰!þ‚ý¸ü¦¶´þ k þÃÿ z ‰ ‘ þzSüI·™¸ ‘ ]¸>ý † ¶WüIÿ ¢ ¸l ‘ ·¹þ,’1¸¶Wþ º‡ üIý z ¸S¸ý ÿd¸>ýþêþ‚ýþ ‡ ü † þ ‡ ÿd¸
‡  ý ’1¸¶W·¹þ ý
 ¸ ¼X{gCP{ ¸¼X{{¼X{  ¶ þ¢ÿdüIý
þ(S¸· † ü þ‚ý24ü †@† þÙ
ýü\ÿ z ‰!ü …þ ý¸uþ¢ü¦ÿuŠþ!¸-}üí· 
’R¶W ü ŠDŠ · ü -¸ Ùü¦ý ‡<ˆ (
† ‘ ¸ ‰!ümÿ z ‰!ü …þ ý
¸A_þ2SüI·™¸(Š¶W¸·™¸cý † ü?¸5‰!‰!¸kü ‰ † ¸¶Wü }þ ýþ‚H{\¸>ý † ¶´¸7‰!ümÿ D 
‰! ü …þ ý¸|CP{~@} Š_üI¶WüI·™·¹þ † ü€»  ŠD ¾m¸>·¹·™¸¶W¸¶´þ!ÿ ·™·¹ü
üÇ
ý ‰!þ‚ÿdþ † ü †@ ¶´¸ïþ‚ý ¶´þ ‡ ¸-…þ ý¸ ‘ 
¸-‰#‰‚üFþ]SüI·™¸
ý 7þ!ý ‰ ¶´ † ¸ 
¸· % ‰ þ!ÿÙ½
† † ü Š_¶´¸>·¹¸cý † ü ü¦ý ‡<ˆ ¸ † ¸¶Wÿdþ!ýþyý ý{‰!þ‚ý
¸üI¶Wþ¢¸D ý1 ¸æý ý¸5‰‚þ!ÿdþ!ýü ¢ þ#‰‚þ
ÿd-¸ _þ‚ü¦ý † ¸J5¸  ü ‰‚#þ O}ü }þ ý
¸ 
÷ H€ ö ‚
øðñ„õƒñ …
÷ Q í | î½ðó0ö(ôùÃøiðòñSïJúyøùêúkû„ô˜ö(õ
øšôúyø ÷ *ø ó c
÷ ƒ øðEø

” •;–ž„–…„ †›œ$‡žœOž  ˜— œ‚œ4ˆ9‰‹ŠæŸ

¶ ¸–þ#‰
·™¸-1ýü ‰!¸k¶Wþ ‡ ¸-’1 †@7ˆ üm· ¢ þ †‚ _þ‚· †‚ ¶W·¹þ ýþþüIÿ

Šþ!¸-}ü ‘ ‰ ·Š¸ †@† ¶ _þ¸>ý·™þ † QþŠ -† ¸ý…ü
·¹þ·B_¸ ¶´ÿdü †@‘ ¸5Ùþ!‰ ‡ ü‰ ‡ ‰ _¸-‰#‰(%Œ‹Ž ü‰
¶Wþ ‡ ¸-’1þ †‚ ¶W¸7¸5’R¸ † ¸ ý
¸¶W¸ ‡ ý †@ _¸-‰#‰&% ¸9S¸ †@†[Bº ‰ † ¶WüIý † ¸
þ!ý † ¶  -†‚†[  ü ‰ ‡ üIýü ‰‚¸6ü †‚† ¶Wü’1¸¶W·¹ü †@5‘D ·¹·™þ‚üz‘
« ’ “ ¦{¹ § ˜ ¨
–” « ’ —
¦Ã¹ R§ h¹ ¦Ã¹ §H˜ ¸ h ¹
Œ‹Ž ~’wˆ “ •” ˆ
”« ’
¦{¹ §_h ¹ Ž °™
’
þ!ý ‡ þ·¹þ·#þ!ýþ ‡ ü †ü ‡ ý ™ ‚‰ ü ¢ üIýüü)S¶´¸5
¸ý…¸BŠ ·¹þ † þ!’1¸ -‡‡ Šü † ?
ü _ü ‰·¹¸5Rý
ü ‰!¸ 

” •;–ž„–›š œeŸž`›œ‚¡ H ›X Ež™`—
¢ ýu ý
ü`Š_¶ ·¹·™þ‚ÿdü¸-þ#…þ ý¸B’1¸¶W¶5£·’ ü ‰!ü †
‰† ? ¶Wü ü …þ
†‚† ý¸J¶´¸5‰‚ü † #þ ’Rüü ‰#‰(% ¸5 ü ‰!þ!™ü …þ ý¸ -†‚† þ!ÿdü:

¤¥j¦¨§ ©«ª­¬
®S¯°¬
ª­¯±+ªZ²mªq±e¯P±~³Dª­±+´jµP° ª­®S¶

·a¸¹ºD»4¹a¼¹º$½5¾ ¿&À^ÁÂ2ÁQ¿&ü
¹»G¹R¾ ¿(Á¾5ĀÅ¹Â2»GÁƺD¸¢€¿(»4Áj¼
ÄSÃ
º$¹Ç^Â2ÄSÃ&¹ÆÂ2¹Ã
»4¾5ĀºD¿&»4ÁaÄS»4»4¾5Ä^À^¹¾5º$ÁQ¸ÂZ¼
¿&ºDÈÁ 

ºD¿&»4¿(À_Áq¼
ĀÃX½5ÁÅÈ
Á¾5»"ĀÅ¹Â2»GÁqÂÁ  Ã&¿(Â2¹ÄS¾ ¹¡É‹È
¹¾Ê¿&ËËS¸ĀÃ(¹Ì½ ¿&Á · Ã&Ä+¾5¹Ã(Āͭ¿&ÁÂ2¹q¿(Â2Ç^¾ ¹º$ºDÁ  ¸2ºD½ ¿(»4ĐºD¿&Ä
¼
¹ß»G¿&È
? Á ¥c¦&Î § ÐÏ ¦(Î §µ97 ¹º$È
ÄSÂ2¼
¹Â¼
Á)Ã(ÄZ¾ ¹Ã&ÄSÍ¡¿(Á¹¿&ÂÇ^¾ ¹º$ºDÁ  ¸ºD½ ¿&»GÄu¥+«Ï É2¹¼+Ā¾5¾ ¹º$»GĀ¼
Á
²© ²© µ
Ã&Áaº$À^¿&Ã(¸2È
È
ÁÆÄSÃ<»G¹¾5Í¡ÁQÁ¾5¼¿(Â2¹­ÉÁ»4»G¹Â¿&ÄSÅÁ ‘

x(t) y(t) ¥c¦(Î § Ô«Õ &¦ Î § ,×Ö ¨ &¦ Î § ,ÙØ ¦&Î §Û
g[ ] © © ©<Ú

Ü m  ½ ÄSº$Á } »G¿&È
¿&½5Á  ¼¿<ˀ¸¹ºD»4Á  ¹ÂÁÅ¹Â2Áaº$¿HÁºDº$¹¾ À^ÄÌĀÃ(ÃIÁaºD»4Ä 

y(t) ¼
¿&Á
º2ÂĀÃI¹¼
¿ ¸2ÂVĀÅÈ
Ã&¿!º<½ ÄS»4Á¾ ¹+¼
¿ È
Á»G¹ÂÍ¡Ä>½Ý¹¡ÉÈ
¹¾)ÄSÅ 
È
¿&¹Í¡Í­¹¼¹Ã|ºD¹Ç^Â2ÄSÃ&¹¼¿B¿(Â2Ç^¾ ¹º$ºDÁÅÄSÇ_Ç^¿IÁ¾5¿|¼
¿aÞ É|Ⱦ5¹ 
x(t) ©Hß
−x x ºD¹Â»4Ä  ¹ÂÁÅ¹Â¿z¼¿<à á
âã^ä5á Ä8Â'-å Å ¿a¼
¹¿zÀ^ÄSÃ&Á¾ ¿¼¿¸º$½5¿&»4ğæça¿ £
¼
ÄËS¸¹ºD»4Á¹ºD¹ÅÈ
¿&Áº$¿ ÂÁ»4Äà % ¿&ÅÈ
Á¾ »4ÄSÂ͡ļ¹Ãw½ Á¹  º½ ¿&¹Â 
M M

»G¹QØHɽݹƻG¿&¹Â2¹Q½5Á»4ÁQ¼
¿
¼¿(º$»GÁ¾5º$¿&Á¿ } ½5 ¸ ¢€¿(½Ý2¹  ½Ý¹ÆÅ¹Ç_Ã(¿&Á

Óx 2


È 
Á D
º $
º 
Á 
 a
Á 5
¾ €
Ä

È

È ¾ R
¹ D
º 
¹ 
 4
» S
Ä ¾ Q
¹ &
¿ <
à ½ 
Á 
Å 
È 
Á D
¾ 4
» S
Ä 
Å ¹Â»4ÁQ¿&Ã(Ã&¸<ºD»4¾5Ā»GÁ€æ
x P = Ò x
FM M

¼ ¾5¹ºD¹Ç^¸2¹Â¼ÁèÂ2¹Ã&à % ÄSÂ<ÄSÃ&¿&ºD¿z¼¹Ã]½5ĀºDÁ)¼
¹Ã&à % ĀÅ0ÈÃ(#¿ º½ ÄS»4Á¾ ¹

M 2
Ñt
−x ½Ý¹aº$ÄS»4¸¾ ÄSɀÁº$ºD¹¾5À_¿(ĀÅÁaº$ ¸ ¢S¿&»GÁj½ ÁÅ¹¡É
Â2¹Ã
½5ĀºDÁƼ
¿
ºD¹Ç^Â2ÄSÃ&¿
Óx
M

5
½ 
Á 
 
Å 
Á

¼ 
¸ &
à S
Ä ¡
Í &
¿ 
Á 
 ¹ 2
É (
¿ à  ¹Â2ÁÅ¹ÂÁ̺$¿(ÄmÈ
ÄS¾ »G¿&½ ÁÃ&ÄS¾ Å¹Â2»G¹
2

M P < Ò
x
x
AM
2
M
CP{
Ñt Ç^¾ ĀÀ_¹ ‘ ¿&  ÄS»G»4¿ ËS¸2¹ºD»4¿ ºD¹Ç^Â2ÄSÃ&¿È
¾ ¹ºD¹Â»4ÄSÂ2ÁÀ^ĀÃ(Á¾5¿ ¼¿wĀŠ
−x
M È
¿&¹Í¡Í­ÄV¼
¿&¾5¹»G»-ÄSÅ¹Â2»G¹>¼
¿&È
¹Â¼
¹Â»4¿j¼ÄéËS¸2¹Ã&Ã&¿B¼
¹Ãêº$¹Ç^Â2ÄSÃ&¹
ÅÁ¼¸Ã&ÄS»4¹€æ ¼ ¹¾w¹À_¿(»4ÄS¾ ¹ê¼
¿Áȹ¾ ÄS¾ ¹Æ¿&Âq¾5¹Ç^¿&ÁÂ2¹êÂÁÂqÃ&¿&Â¹Ä 
¾ ¹­ÉSÃ&ÄÊÈÁ»4¹ÂÍ¡Äʼ
¹Ã
º$¹Ç_ÂÄSÃ&¹j¿(ÂZ¿&ÂÇ^¾ ¹º$ºDÁjÄSÃ&à % ¹Ã&¹Å¹Â»4ÁaÂÁÂmÃ&¿&¹ÄS¾5¹ê¼¹À_¹aËS¸2¿(Â2¼
¿S¹ºDº$¹¾D¹j¾ ¿(¼Á»4»GÄ
k'ËS¸¹ºD»4ÄÁÈ
¹¾5ÄSÍ¡¿&Á¹ · ½Ý¿&ÄSÅĀ»GÄ v á pë€r9åx9xSl É ¹½5ÁºD¹Ç^¸2¹Â»4¹Å¹Â»4¹+Ã&Ä»4¾5ĀºDÅ¿&ºDº$¿(Á¹mĀÀ_À^¿&¹Â¹
ÄS¼Ì¸Â0Ã(¿&À^¹Ã(Ã&Áa¼¿<È
Á»4¹Â2Í­Ä ß ¿(  ¹¾5¿&Á¾5¹PÄ)ËS¸¹Ã(ÃIÁa½5ÁºD¹Â»4¿(»4ÁPk —$¨ íî l ¼
ÄSÃ&à % ÄSÅÈÃ(#¿ º<½5ÄS»4Á¾D¹€æ
’P— ì
 ¹ÃJ½5ÄSº$Á¼
¿ï»G¾ ÄSº$Å¿(º$ºD¿&ÁÂ2¹ð { É¿&ÂÀ_¹½ ¹¡ÉB Ä ¢¢S¿IÄSÅÁ+À^¿&ºD»4Áe½ Ý2¹¿(ÃïºD¹Ç^ÂĀÃ(¹eÅÁ¼
¸2Ã(Ā»GÁeÅĀ 
»4¿(¹Â¹ºD¹ÅÈ
¾ ¹Ã&Ä\ºD»4¹º$ºDÄVÄSÅÈ
¿&¹Í¡Í¡ÄSÉB¹¼
¸2ÂËS¸<¹ºD¿Bȸ ¾ ¹ ' ¹»"»4¸ÄS¾ ¹Ã(Ä\»4¾5ĀºDÅ¿&ºDº$¿(Á¹ÄÙÈ
¿&¹ÂÄ
È
Á»G¹ÂÍ¡Ä 7 ¿&ÂÄSÃ&»G¾ ¹èÈ
Ā¾5ÁÃ(¹¡Éz¸ÂÄ0À^ÁÃ(»4
Ä º2ºDº$ÄS»4Áè¿&ßÃ(¿&À^¹Ã(Ã&Áʼ
¿Ÿ»G¾ ÄSº$Å¿&ºDº$¿(Á¹¡ÉŸÂÁÂ>Á½5½ ÁR¾ ¾5¹Ì¾ ¿&½5Á¾5¾ ¹ 
¾ ¹0Ā¼¸ÂñĀÅÈ
Ã&!¿ º<½ ÄS»4Á¾ ¹ZºDÁÀ_¾5Ā¼
¿&Å¹Â2ºD¿&ÁÂ2ÄS»GÁ€æÆòcºDĀÅ¿I¿&ÄSÅÁÌÁ¾5Äe½ ÁÅ¹Zˀ¸ÄSÂ<»4!¿ º2½5ÄS¾ ¹qà % ¹ ' ¹»G»"Á
¼
¹Ã(Ã&¹Q¼¿(º$»GÁ¾5º$¿&Á¿<ÂÁÂÃ&¿(Â2¹Ā¾5¿4æ
 í­óîõôîÇïaö-÷„ðòñ„óJ÷Ÿöiñ;ôÊöòïÆö³ôuñ„ô õXö[ôÊø$ö(ócöð¡ù ÷€úSú

ûSüwý›þŸý›û ÿ
 
 êž


¼ ÁÂ2¹Â¼Á ¦(Î § 
 8 :   Îzº$¿<Á»4»"¿(¹Â¹
 
©

¥C¦&Î §   Õ!e8 :"  Î2,éÖ# ¨ 8 : ¨ 

  Î,ÙØ# 8  :  Î 
Ú Ú   Û
N Ö  Ö 
# Ø 
¨
 $ , & ,)( Ø# ¨+ 8  :"  Î2,
' 8 :,%  Î2, 8 :   Î
% E * % * ( O
½ ݹB½ Á¾ ¾5¿&ºDÈÁR¼¹cÄSÃ&ÃIÁBº$È
¹»G»4¾DÁc¼¿^¼¹Â2ºD¿&» £ ¼
¿_È
Á»G¹ÂÍ¡Äa¼
¿ 
ºD¹Ç^Â2ÄS»4ÁèÄ0Ã(Ā»GÁ)k9½Ý¹0̸Â2Á)º$È
¹»G»4¾DÁ0ã
13254'á
â765ä å ɟ¹)½5ĀÃ(½ ÁÃ&ÄS»4Á Px (f) __
1
È
¹ ¾  –  l 9 æ 8Ÿ¿‹Áº$ºD¹¾5À_Ä+ºD; ¸ :S¿(»4Á)Ã(Ä½ ÁÅÈ
ÄS¾ ºDÄ+¼¿
»4¹¾  2
E
Å¿&Â¿Ä  ¾ ¹ˀ¸¹ÂÍ­ÄÅ¸Ã&»4¿(ÈÃIÄ>¼¿wˀ¸¹Ã(Ã&Äe¼
¿ ¿&ÂÇ^¾ ¹º$ºDÁmk'ÁÃ&»G¾ ¹
f

½Ý¹Z¼
¿¸2ÂÄ+½ ÁÅÈÁ¹»4¹m½ ÁÂ2»G¿&¸2Ä l æ ¢ ÂÙÈÄS¾5»4¿&½5ÁÃ(Ā¾5¹¡ÉXÂÁ __

[ 3 β]
1 1 + −− 2
- 2 Py (f) 2 4. -
½ ÁÂÁºD½ ¹R¼ÁZĐȾ5¿&Á¾ ¿ ¿À^ĀÃ(Á¾5¿
¼
¿JÖ\¹+ØHÉ
Ã&¹0¾ ¹Ã&ÄSÍ¡¿&Á¿
Á»4»G¹  α
__ /α
__ 2 β
__
2

¸2»G¹èºDÁÂ2Á̸º$ÄS»4¹ÌÈ
¹¾QÅ¿&ºD¸2¾5Ā¾5¹Ìà % ¹Â2»G¿&» £ ¼
¹Ã(Ã&¹Ì¼¿(º$»GÁ¾5º$¿(Á¿ 4 8 32

f
È
Á¹¼
ÁÆ¿(Â0¿&ÂÇ^¾ ¹º$ºDÁj¸Â2Äʺ$¿&¸º$Á¿&¼
¹¡É€¹aÅ¿&ºD¸2¾5ĀÂH¼Áa¿
À^ĀÃ(Á¾5¿
¼¿
È
Á»4¹Â2Í­ÄÊ¿(Â0¸º$½5¿&»4ÄÊĀÃ(Ã&¹j¼
¿&À^¹¾5º$¹
ÄS¾ ÅÁÂ2¿(½Ý¹€æ

<   U>=      <ÿ"=@?\U]WBAY  U2³ÿ C ¹½ ÄS¾ ÄS»4»G¹¾D¿(º$»G¿&½Ý¹Ê»G¹½5Â2¿(½Ý¹Ê½Ý¹)ÄS½ ½5ÁÅÈ
ÄSÇ_ÂÄSÂ2ÁÇ^Ã&¿ÄSÅ 

È
Ã&¿E
D ½ ÄS»GÁ¾5¿
¾ ¿&È
Á¾ »GĀÂÁ¡É€¿(Â2À^¹½5¹j¼
¿ÖZ¹PØHÉ^¿
À^ÄSÃ&Á¾ ¿¼
¹¿ x áâõâ å äF2;G;2>251âH6 ä oå G ãI49áKJ
2 å 1369L"MX¹NL k'¼
¹»G»4¿
¼
¿<º$¹½ ÁR¼
ÄʹQ¼
¿<»4¹¾ Í­ÄÌĀ¾5ÅÁ¿&½5Ä l ɀÁ»4»"¹Â¸»4¿
¸»4¿(Ã&¿&Í­Í¡Ä^Â2¼
ÁQ¸2Âm¿&ÂÇ_¾5¹ºDº$ÁQºD¿&¸2ºDÁ¿(¼ÄSÃ&¹Æ¹aÅ¿(Ú º$¸¾ ÄS 
¼
ÁcÃ(¹cÈ
Á»4¹Â2Í­¹ É ¹ ÄSÃ&Ã(Ä  ¾ ¹ˀ¸¹ÂÍ­ÄÆ¿(ÂÊ¿&ÂÇ^¾ ¹º$ºDÁc¹¼Ã&Äaº$¸ÄjºD¹½5ÁRÂ2¼
Äa¹c»G¹¾5Í¡ÄaÄS¾ ÅÁÂ2¿(½ ÄSÉ
’ ÄèO ËS¸2P
¹Q¼¹¾ ¿(À_ÄS¼Áa¼B ’ ¹OQº$O »G¹Q’P
Ã&¹ÆOQOQËSO ¸ĀÂH»4¿(» £
M M
L M  ’ROQM O ¹ L  ’POOQO
’ O Ú ’ OÚ
¹ ½ Ý2¹èº$ÁÂ2Á)Ã&¹Ç_ÄS»4¹)Ā¿½5Á¹  D½5¿&¹Â»G¿‹Ö¹ÌØe¼
ÄSÃ&Ã&¹)¾ ¹Ã&ÄSÍ¡¿&Á¿#L M  T S MQU 7 L  MQU V ½ ÁÅ¹)ÅÁº$»G¾ ÄS»4Á
Ê
Ú í
ÄSÃ&Ã&Ä)Â2Á»4Ä XW æ
8Ÿ½ ¾5¿&À^¹Â¼
Á YL MM M ¹ YL M ÉjÁº$ºD¹¾5À_¿(ĀÅÁ½Ý¹ñȹ¾mÈ
¿&½5½ ÁÃ&¿êÀ^ÄSÃ&Á¾ ¿ê¼
¿ ÉÆÃ&Ä
’ ’ ’ Ú
P OQO
¼
¿&º$»GÁ¾5º$¿(Á¹êÈ
¾ Á¼ÁR»G»4ÄPºD¿&ÄQ¼
Ä O ½Ý¹|¼
Ä Ú ’ O 0ê»4¾5ĀºD½ ¸¾5Ä:S¿&Ã(¹ 7 ĀÃ(à % Ä^¸2Å¹Â»4ÄS¾ ¹|¼
¿ É
POQOO
½5’Z¾ O ¹º$½D¹
½ ÁÂñ¿&Ëˀ¸ÄS¼¾5Ā»GÁ¡ÉŸÅ¹Â»4¾5¹ ’ OQO ½5ÁÂñ¿&˽ 3
Z ’ :SÁ¡OQOÉ]O ¹èÈ
¹¾5»4ÄS»4[
¸ P Á 0Ìˀ¸¹º$» % ¸Ã&»4¿(ÅÄ0½5ÁÅÈ
Á’
¹O ’R
»G¹ÌOQO ½ Ý2¹qÈ
Á¿
È
¾ ¹¼ÁRÅ¿(Â2Ä2æ ’ OQOQO

ûSüwý›þŸý…ü ÿ
 
 F \
"
 ¹ ÃH½ ÄSº$Áa¿&Âm½  ¸ ¿
à % ¿IÂ2Ç^¾ ¹º$ºDÁQ¼¹Ã&à % ¹Ã(¹Å¹Â2»GÁÆÂÁÂ0Ã&¿(Â2¹ÄS¾ ¹jºD¿&Ä)¸2ÂmȾ5Á½5¹Rº$ºDÁÆÇ^ÄS¸2ºDº$¿(Ä_ÂÁ¡É€Ã&Ä)¼¹Âº$¿(» £
ºDȹ»4»G¾$ÄSÃ&¹¿& ¸ º$½5¿&»GÄVÈ
¸;]>Á»G»4¹Â2¹¾Dº$¿ .  »G¾DĀº  Á¾ ÅÄSÂ2¼
ÁÃ(Ä  ¸Â2Í­¿&Á¹¼¿|ÄS¸»4Á½ Á¾ ¾5¹RÃ&ÄSÍ¡¿IÁÂ2¹>¼¹à 
^_^H`baKc!de,fEgRhQi jkjkilmi jkdFnQaogpqa@rtsvu íxwzy|{ { rts uK~ w iPrmsvu7 wNy € rtsvu w € { rmsvu
 w‚
í} fEŒHlmí ak†ip,hg
^„ƒH… ilHi jod†nakg pKa
‡g
fEˆ‰lHdFˆ‰iŠfEag ˆ‰ˆEi pq‹bg pqg }

tí ‘‹í  í3—  íH‘‹í ”

Ž; fEi
y  ~ F’ “ } ”@• ‘ ím– ~ ’ •™˜  ‘ –
€ € € í
Ž;X t‘ w í
í ‘ “ w í
y  š y  ”
› y Ž ví œ í
 í ~ í
Ž XX y
í ‘ í
 v~ • y  š
ž‘  “€ • í y Ž   œ í
”

ŸSú  ¡¢Q‚Xö£¥¤R¦9¤¨§¡ó©ª£«¬¢N­Ê÷zö
£Z¤¯®aøcö÷ŸøN°R­±¢N¦Xö­Êøcö¡‹ö«N¡ ƒ ö£Hö

Px (f) Px (f)
²
f f
B
P (f)
P (f)
II ² II ²
f f
2B
P (f)
P (f) III
III
f f
3B f³ 2 f³ 3 f³
0 0 0

´¥µE¶
·;¸†¹»º
¼#½¾º¿>ÀIÁ3ÂvÃQÄ Å!ÆzÃQÇ
ÁIÅ!ÅHÈ É Ê ÁÇ
Á;È
ÂvË3ÂÊ Ä ÂvÁ
É ÈkÄ Å!Æ"ÌFəÃQÄ ÂKÍqÇ
Á3ÈÎ
É ÂÏÉ[ÎKÉÉÁ;ÐtÉzÏ"Ã#Ç
Á;ÈÉÁIÑ ÂvÉÊ ÁÒPËIÏÓKÊ É"Å!Ë

ÔEÕ ·;Ö×bµ‰Øž¹ ¿Rµ‰ÙªÚIµ‰¸bØžÛ Ü"µZ¹ Ô ×†·;Ù3Ý[Þ,¸bßqÞ"¸µEÝq؞à á5âãÜ,ÝKµZä»ßqä»ÝKÙ3؞µZÜ,µZÚ

¹¸†µE¹åµ Ô µZ¹ Ô ÝK¹؞ßq¸bµ‰Ýæ¶I¹·3ÖFÖµE¹Ù>ÝçZÖFµ
ßq؞؞µ‰ÝKÙ3ÝNµEÙéè·3ÝqÖFØQߙ׆¹Öß"¿

êRëQëì5í3î¥ï¨ðòñ†óKô ñêPõŠì7í3î#öêBõ±ì5í3î,÷ êPëQëëì5í3î¥ï¨ðòñ†øù#ñêPõìXí3î3öZêBõìXí3î#öêPõìXí3î

ßqÚIÚ
ÝK¸†ßú×bßqä»Þ,¹µ‰ßKÙ3ßúØQÝK¸†ä»µEÙ3µZÜ"µÜ,µEÖFØQßK¸ÖµEßqÙ;ÝæÜ,µZû óFü Ýþý ü ¹¸†ä»ßKÙ3µE׆¹ÿ±×
;Ý;¹Ù3Ù>ßúßq¸bµ‰¶IµEÙ3Ý[Ü,¹ Ô‰Ô ¹
×bßqÙ3ÚIß Ô  · µ‰ßKÙ3Ý$Ü,Ý ÔEÔ ¹ãÜ,ÝKÙ3ÖFµ‰ØžàãÜ"µÞ"ßq؞ÝqÙ 
¹ãÜ"Ý Ô ÖÝK¶
Ù3¹ Ô Ý$·3؞µ Ô Ý™×bßqÙéÖݙÖ؞ÝqÖFÖß"½
 Ý Ô ×b¹ÖFßéµE٠׆·;µZµ Ô Þ"¸†ßK׆Ý@ÖFÖ ß 
ì žî ÖFµ‰¹ Ô µ‰ä»µEØQ¹I؞߻µEÙ å¹Ù>Ü,¹ ×bßqÙ3؞µE¶
·3¹ ¹ ԉÔEÕ ßq¸bµ‰¶Iµ‰Ù>ÝçBµZ؞Ýq¸b仵‰Ù;µ
ê ëQë ì5í3î Ý ê ëëQë ì5í3î ;¹Ù>Ù3ß»·;Ù3¹ å¹Ù3Ü,¹ ¸bµ‰ÖFÞ,ÝKØQØ µEÚ
¹ä»ÝqÙ;ØQÝúÜ,ßKÞ,Þ,µE¹ ÝéØQ¸bµEÞ Ô ¹ Ü,µBè·;Ý ÔEÔ ¹ Ü"µ ê õ ì5í3î
 Ú
ÝKÜ, µ 3¶>½;º
¼ ½! ½  Ý Ô ×b¹ÖFß$Ü"µ"ÖÝK¶
Ù3¹ Ô µ"ä»ßKÜ,· Ô ¹ØQµEçIß Ô Øž¸†Ýò¹Ü·3Ùæ¹ ÔEÔ ¹
¸b¶
¹ä»ÝqÙ3؞ßòÜ,µ"å¹Ù3Ü"¹çI¹
Ú
Ú
µEÝqÙ;Ý
º 
·3 Ù X¹ØQ؞ßzÜ,µEÚIÝq¸bÖßNÝzÜ"Ýq¶IÙ3ßzÜ"µ;×bßqä»ä»ÝKÙ3ØQß"¿ êëQëìXí3î ¶
µE¹×bݙµEÙ»å¹Ù3Ü"ݙÜ"µ‰ÚIÝq¸bÖÝNÜ"¹ãè·;Ý ÔEÔ Ý$Ü,µ êŠõ±ì5í3î ç
Þ,ÝK¸†Øž¹Ù;ØQßÞ, · 


!
" #$%5ßqÙ;ØQÝÜ,µ
Ü,µEÖ؞·3¸båß½ ê#ëëQëìXí3î µ‰Ù;Ú
ÝK׆&
Ý ;¹z·3Ù3¹$׆ßKä»Þ,ß@Ù;ÝqÙ3؞Ý
¹Ù;
× Õ ÝqÖÖF¹ ׆ÝKÙ3ØQ¸b¹؞¹ ÖF· ( í ' ç"Ý$Ü,·3Ù;è·3*Ý )zÖFß Ô ßzè·3ÝqÖFØQ¹ Ô + ¹ 5ßqÙ3؞ÝNÜ,µEÖFØQ·3¸båß½
,¹ Þ,ßKØQÝ@ Ù 
¹ ØQßKØQ¹ Ô ÝzÜ"Ý ÔEÔ ÝzÜ,·;ݙ×bßqä»Þ,ßKÙ3ÝKÙ3؞µ;Ü,µ>Ü,µEÖFØQ·3¸båߙ¸†µEÖ· Ô Øž¹µEÙ3ß Ô Øž¸bÝzÞ,¹¸†µ>¹
1
êPëQë±ï.-(/3ñ ™ê ëñ Ý êPëQëQëï ý ó0/3ñ1bê ë
ñ
2ÙªÜ,Ý;Ù3µEØQµEÚ
¹Iç¬Ú
µ¥ÖßKÙ3ß[¹ Ô ä»ÝqÙ;ß[ØQ¸bÝæå·3ßKÙ3Ý[¸b¹¶Iµ‰ßKÙ3µ¬Þ,Ýq¸ ؞ÝqÙ;Ýq¸bÝæÜ Õ ßq×b×
;µ‰ßæµ Ô ÚI¹ Ô ßq¸bÝæÜ,µ ù ç¬×33Ý4)
×b¹·3ÖF¹Ü"Ý ÔEÔ Ý™Ü,µEÖ؞ßq¸bÖµEßqÙ;µ;Ü,µ>؞Ýq¸


 ¹ ¹¸†ä»ßKÙ3µE׆¹#¿

º½5)zµ Ô ×bßqÝ(6;׆µEÝqÙ;ØQÝN×3;ÝzØQµEÝqÙ;ݙ×bßqÙ;ØQßNÜ"Ýqµ7XÝKÙ3ßKä»ÝqÙ3µÜ,µ>Ö¹ØQ·;¸†¹8
µEßqÙ;Ý 9

¼ ½PÞ,¸bßqÜ"·3×bÝNµ‰Ù;ØQÝK¸5Ýq¸ÝKÙ¹ûžµ‰Ùéå¹Ù3Ü,¹IÿZÞ"Ýq¸µÖFÝq¶IÙ3¹ Ô µ,ä»ßqÜ"· Ô ¹ØQµ:9

; ½PÞ,¸bßqÜ"·3×bÝ µ‰Ù;ØQÝK¸5Ýq¸FÝqÙ¹éû:5·3ßK¸†µå¹Ù>Ü"¹ÿ×3;ÝãÜ,¹Ù3Ù3ÝK¶

¶Iµ‰¹ Ô Ýã؞¸†¹Ö仵EÖÖFµ‰ßKÙ3µ#¹<X¸bÝKè·3ÝKÙ¹é؞¸†µ
=
Þ Ô ¹ ½

>@?BADCEGFIH$JKMLON P Q
HSROEGCIJCTKQ
UVSKQWQ
ROFYXK[ZD\^]6_a` bdcfeg\^]6_ih+jkelm\^]!_honpe(qr\^]6_@sut<ROL4HSCvLOHSFYLOFxwyR{z&|}\~(_€`
ƒ‚ ZD\^]6_ZD\^]iho~(_6„*Q@RQ@…
R^LOP0U0UC†HSCvLOHSFYLOCvX wWF%R‡ˆFY‡‰K
X(EGR‡‰R6Q@EGRgŠ ‹fŒ ŽS \~_%` 4‘ e Œ \^]!_ve Ž \^]phƒ~_W’0“•”
Kƒeg\^]6_–%PX
UVSFYHSKQWQ
F5—
CvP QWQBROCvXFCˆ‡ˆK0wuROCˆXP(L^L˜CptCHSHSCwyKH™JKšŠ‹fŒ ŽS \~(_D`d›œQ@KšhožŸ–%wyR!Q
UC
VSR!t
‡ˆKYX(EGVSKœR^X*HSCQ@FHSFYXE
VSCvVSROF%Q
R
CvUU0LOR˜HSCROL0VSR!Q
PLfEGCvEGFDU0KuV}R^L0…
CvLOFYVSKDCvEGE
KQ
FwyKYL0U0VSF0wuFYEGE
 FˆwyR0U0RO ‰…Y“ C“3KQ@EGVSCvEGEGKDROX‰EGKu‡ˆU0RrwyR^…
KYV
Q@R!¡

ƒ‚ e¢r£:e l £¥¤f¤f¤3£:e(¦0„Ÿ`•§ ¨ ƒ‚ ev©uª£Se©W«¥„¬£ o‚ e©W­¬£Se©S®3„¯£Y¤˜¤f¤3£ <‘ e©W°
± ª £:ev© ° ’0²

ROX&HSPRL^C%Q@FY‡ˆ‡ˆC5–³KQ
EGK0Q
C5C5EGPEGEGK³L^KŸUFQ:Q@RO´
ROLOR(UKYVS‡ˆP(EGCvµyROFYXRXFuXšKu¶vPRO…
CvL˜KYXEGRmwuR\G·¥¸$¹
¤˜¤f¤f¸$ºp_i»$Q@FYXFŸKY¶vPRO…
CvL˜KYX(EGR Q@K
CvHSH™FYU0UROCvXF¯HSFYXˆFuV
wuROXKwyRO…KuV
Q
F¯FŸROX‰ROXUFQ@R^µyROFYXKœwyRO…
KYV
Q
CgL^KQ@EGKQWQ
K¯…Y“ C“f¼“3½³w¬KQ@KY‡ˆUROF0t:U0KuV¶PCvEGEGVSF¬…¥“ C“(Q
R0JC¡

o‚ e ¢ S£ e l £3¤f¤˜¤¥£We ¦ „Ÿ` ƒ‚ e ¢ S£ e l „¬£ ƒ‚ e q £We(¾y„h ƒ‚ e ¢ S£ e q „¯£ +‚ e l £We¾u„}h +‚ e ¢ £We(¾u„¬£ ƒ‚ e l S£ e q „
 §­ó©B¿©¢ÁÀ³ÀXøP­ ®aö
¡]ö ŸSúrÂ

ûSüwý›þŸýfà ăťÅq\\

 0ÆžFÈÇ ŸÆFgÉ@ÊÁË

8Ÿ¹j½5Áº$¿(¼¹¾ ¿(ĀÅÁa¸2ÂqºD¹Ç^ÂĀÃ(¹Í̆Î&ÎyÏgÐMÑÒDÓ   ÎÔÖÕ4Î(ÎyÏ$× É^Ã

Ø ¹Ù!Ù9¹»G»-ÁƼ¹Ã&Ã(ÄÂÁÂZÃ(¿&¹ÄS¾ ¿(»:ÚÈ
¾ Á¼
¸2½5¹Æ¿(Ã
ºD¹Ç^Â2ÄSÃ&¹
Ö Ö Ø
Û Î(ÎyϳÐÝÜßÞ Ô &ràÔ)( Ø + ÑÒ¬Ó   ÎÔÖÕ4Î(ÎyÏ$×Ô
*
Î Ô
ÑÒ¯Ó %   % Õ4Î9Î:Ï$×Ô
*
Î Ô
ÑÒ¬Ó   
( (
Õ4Î(Îyϙ×á
% %
âaº$ºD¹¾5À_¿(ĀÅÁ0½Ý2¹0¿
»G¹¾5Å¿&¿ÄãÙ'¾5¹ËS¸2¹ÂÍ¡Ä %  ¹   É
Â2ÁÂ2½  Ý äZ¿(ÃXÃ&¿&À^¹Ã(Ã&Áq¿&Â\½5Á»G¿&¸2ÄSɋÈ
ÁºDº$ÁÂ2Á
¹º$ºD¹¾5¹ñ¹Ã&¿(Å¿&Â<ÄS»4¿jÅ¹¼
¿&ÄS»4¹¸2ÂD2Ã(»4¾ ÁñÈ
ĀºDº$Ärå5:SÄ_( ¼
ÄV½5¹Â»4¾DÄS»4Á¿&ÂTæçÐèæ  Ð MWé êŸë ¼
ÁÈ
Áñ»4ÄSÃ&¹
Áȹ¾ ÄSÍ¡¿(Á¹¡ÉÆÃ(ÄVÅÁ¼¸Ã&ÄSÍ¡¿(Á¹¼& ¿ Ù9ĀºD¹ÖÕìÎ'Î:ϙ0ñÈ
¾ ÁÈ
¾5¿&Áñˀ¸¹Ã&Ã&Ä׿&ÅÈ
¾ ¹º$ºDÄ×¼
ÄSÃ|ÅÁ¼
¸Ã&ÄS»4Á¾ ¹¡ÉQ¹
È
¹¾5»4ÄSÂ2»GÁñ& ¿ Ù'¹Â2ÁÅ¹Â¿êÂÁÂÃ&¿(Â2¹ÄS¾ Š ¿ 1 å 1Ií2, á 131 ïå î å 12†à 6Sð Iã 6†1
JI6à
ã 454'òá ñ&ó ô'»G¾ ÄSÂÂ2¹½Ý¹>È
¹¾+Ã&¹
¿&»4¹
¾ Ù9¹¾5¹RÂ2Í­¹Æ½5Ā¸ºDĀ»G¹ÆÄS¿<½5ĀÂÄSÃI¿<À^¿&½ ¿(Â2³ ¿ õ÷ö
ø Ã<¾ ¿(º$¸Ã&»GĀ»GÁQĀÈ
ȹÂÄÊ¿&Ã(Ã&¸º$»G¾ ÄS»4™
Á 0Qº$»GĀ»GÁaº Ù'¾5¸2»G»4ÄS»4ÁP¹¿HÈÁ»4¿2¾ ÄS¼¿(ÁÆÈ
¾ ÁÇ_¹R»G»4ÄS»4¿Hȹ¾|»4¾5ĀºDÅ¹y» å
»4¹¾ ¹)¸2ÂeºD¹Ç_ÂĀÃ(¹Q³ ð ùÍú ¿&Âeg ð ú Kæ 8Ÿ¿¸º$Äq¸þ  :€ÄSº$ºDÁP¿&¼
¿&½ ¹P¼
¿zÅÁ¼
¸Ã&ÄSÍ¡¿IÁÂ2† ¹ ô9¾ ¿(º$È
Ā¾5Å¿&ÄSÂ2¼
N
Á :SĀ å
¼
8Ä öH¹aº$¿<»4¾ ÄSºDÅ¹»G»4¹QÄÊÈ
¿&¹Â2Ä)È
Á»4¹ÂÍ¡o Ä ô'º$¹ÂÍ¡ Ä :€ÄS3½ ûH(Á Ù6Ù!ö-æ C ÄÈ
Á»G¹RÂ2ͭļ
¹Ã<º$¹Ç_ÂĀÃ(¹jÅÁ¼¸Ã&ÄS»49 Á 1 å 1
G32Oü¬6b13G;6ê¼ÄSÃ<¸Å¹¾5ÁƼ
¿<½5ĀÂÄSÃ&¿
½5Á»4¹ÅÈÁ¾DĀ¹ĀÅ¹Â2»G¹ÆÄS»G»4¿&À^¿4æ

ýÿþj¦
m´B±+²mªBª

ûSüwý ïý›û
[\
oÉ> B\
 ±ÈÆ9Š F

C Ä×¼
¿&ÅÁº$»G¾ ÄSÍ¡¿(Á¹ñ¿&¿&Í$¿(Ä×¼
¹KD¹¼
Á¸ÂÄ×È
Á»G¹ÂÍ¡Ä ¿(º$»GĀ»4ÄSÂ<¹Ä Ä€ºDº$Á¾b:S¿&»GÄ×¼
ÄSÃ:S¿&È
ÁÃ(Á½5ÁÅ¹

 Î&Î:ϳÐ%Î&ÎyÏ Î&ÎyÏgКÎ'Î:ÏiÎ*Î(ÎyÏ Û Î&ÎyÏ:Ïæ C ÄèÈ
Á»G¹ÂÍ¡ÄèÅ¹¼¿(Ä)ÄSÃ&Ã(Á¾5Äʾ ¿(º$¸Ã&»GÄ

à !)"*
M à !)"*
M $
 Ð    Î&ÎyÏ,ÎÿÐ  *Î&ÎyÏˆÞ šÎ'Î)/10mÏ Î Ð
Û Î20mÏ,30á(, ÿ
!"#%$ & Î(' M 
!)"#-$ & Î.' M '
+ !"* + !)"* + $
$ à !"*
M $
Ð Û Î20mÏ54   %Î&Î:Ï3%Î&Î)/60mÏ7,Î98:,30ìÐ Û Î0mÏ;=<Î>/?0mÏ,@04Ð
' !)"#-$ & Î ' M '
+ $ + !)"* + $
$ $
Ð Î!æÏ3C < Î!æÏ,SæÐ ÓEDGF Î6æÏIHœÔKJLMF Î!æÏH
×NC < Î!æÏ,™æÐ
' B
$ A '
+ + $ A A
$ Î!æÏ
Ð CO<œÎ!æÏQP M S, æ
' RES Î!æÏ R
+ $

T ¹ Ãï»4¹¾ Í­¸2Ã(»4¿(ÅÁ0ÈÄSºDº$ÄSÇ_Ç^¿&Ámº$¿B0Ù'ÄS»4»GÁ¸ºDÁ0¼
¹Ãï»4¹Á¾D¹ÅÄ>¼¿VUŸÄ€¾5º$¹À^ĀÃ(ÉX¹¼¹Ã5Ù'ÄS»G»4Á½Ý2¹M; < Î20mÏ

M M M
00È
ÄS¾ ¿ ë ¹Ã&Ã
Ø ¸<Ã&»G¿&ÅÁ¡Éº$¿B0m»4¹Â2¸»4Ám½ ÁÂ2»GÁm½ Ý2¹WC.<5Î6æÏ'É Î!æÏJ¹ RES Î!æÏ R Ð Î!æϳÔYX Î!æÏwºDÁÂÁ
P P
Ù'¸ÂÍ¡¿&Á¿2È
ÄS¾ ¿Ÿ¼
¿³æÉ2Å¹Â2»G¾ ¹=X Î!æÏ¥0ʼ
¿&ºDÈÄS¾5¿[ZŸÈ
¹¾5»4ÄSÂ2»GÁ)¿(Ãz»4¹¾ Å¿&¹=\ $ LGF Î!æÏH]CV<Î6æÏ,SæòÐ
+ $ A
\ $ CO<5Î6æÏB^5_a`cb ,Sæª0+Â2¸Ã&Ã(Á€æ T Á»4¿&ÄSÅÁ+½Ý¹Ë€¸¹º$y » Ø ¸2ÃI»G¿&ÅÁe»G¹¾5Å¿&¹+¾5ÄSÈÈ
¾ ¹º$¹R»4ÄñÃ(ƒ Ä ü å Hâ 6b1
J_á
$
+ d e _a`cb í
d
äb65áâõ7â 2gf ázÉ^½ Ý2¹ÆÂ2Áæ  0j»G¾ ÄSvº Ù9Á¾DÅÄS»4ÄP¿(ÂZÄSÃ&»4¾5*¹ Ù'Á¾ Å¹a¼
¿¹Â¹¾5Ç_¿(ĀÉ^¹ÆÀ_¿(¹Â¹jÄS½ ½5¸2Å¸Ã&Ä^»4Ä)¹j¾ ¹º$»G¿&»G¸2¿(»4Ä
¼
ĀÃ(Ã&Ä+½ ÁÅÈÁ¹»4¹m¾ ¹Ā»G»4¿&À^Đ¼
¹ÃX½5Ā¾5¿&½5Á€? æ hPÃ
½5Á»4¾5ÄS¾ ¿&Á¡É¿&ÃX»G¹¾5Å¿&¹Z¾ ¹Ã&ÄS»4¿(À_Áq1 Ä DGF Î!æÏHP¾ ÄSmÈ å
È
¾ ¹º$¹R»4ÄèÃ&ÄèÈÁ»4¹ÂÍ¡ÄÌÄSº$ºDÁ†¾ :€¿(»4Ä̼
ĀÃ(Ã&Äʽ5ÁÅÈ
Á¹Â2»G¹P¾ ¹º$¿(º$»G¿&À_ÄSÉ
ÂÁ»4Ä̽5ÁÅ ¹ ü å Hâ 6b1
J_á0A á
âHâ 22fRáHÉ
½Ý¹
À^¿&¹Â¹a½ ÁÅÈÃ(¹»GĀÅ¹Â2»G¹P¼¿(º$ºD¿&È
Ā»Gğæ
hjÀ^¹Â¼
Á|¹ºDȾ5¹Rº$ºDÁêÃ&ÄPÈ
Á»4¹ÂÍ­ÄÄSº$ºDÁ† ¾ :€¿(»4Ä i Â2¹Ã&Ã(Ä Ù'Á¾5Åļ
¿¸2ÂÌ¿(Â2»G¹Ç^¾ ÄSÃ&¹ê¿(  æÉ_Ã&Á Ä Ù'¸ÂÍ¡¿&Á¹
¿&»4¹Ç^¾ ÄSÂ2¼
Ä 0¿&»4¸¿&»G¿&À^Ä_Å¹Â2»G¹ÄSºDº$Á½ ¿&Ä :S¿&ÃI¹ñĀÃ(ÃIÁñº$È
¹»G»4¾DÁ>¼
¿ê¼
¹Â2ºD¿&y» ÚV¼
¿êÈ
Á»G¹ÂÍ¡ Ä Z j Î!æÏ Ð
CV<Î6æÏlk]_a`Nb æ C ÁaºD»4¹º$ºDÁP¾ ¿(º$¸Ã&»GĀ»GÁÆÈ
3 ¸ ]ƹº$ºD¹¾D¹Q½ Á  Ù9¹¾5ÅĀ»GÁPº$À^ÁÃ(Ç_¹Â¼Áa¿&Ã<ºD¹Ç^¸¹Â»4¹Q½5ĀÃ(½ ÁÃ&ÁQÈ¿ m
d e _a`cb d í
¼
¿&¾ ¹»4»GÁÉ<È
¹ÂºDĀ¼
ÁaÄS; à :€¿(ÈÁÃ&ÁP½ ÁÅ¹ÄS¼Z¸2þ  DÃ&»G¾ ÁPÃ&Ä̽5¸2¿2Ç_¾5Ā¼
¹Í­Í¡Ä̼
¿H¿(Â2Ç^¾ ¹º$ºDÁ 0nšÎ':Î Ïz¹Êˀ¸¹Ã(ÃIÄ
¼
¿<¸º$½5¿&»4= Ä  Î(yÎ Ï"æ
Ÿ po ¡¢ ÀXö£¥¤R¦9¤¨§¡ó©ª£«¬¢N­Ê÷zö
£Z¤¯®aøcö÷ŸøN°R­±¢N¦Xö­Êøcö¡‹ö«N¡?q|ö£Hö

M
C Äj¼
¹qD2¿&Í­¿IÁ¹J¼
¿RÈ
Á»G¹RÂ2Í­ÄêÅ¹¼¿(Ä Ð  
j Y 9Î É ¿&Â)½ ¸¿  Î'Î:ϳÐ*Î(ÎyÏ3 Î(ÎyÏ9É
!)"#-$ \ ! "*
M  Î&Î:Ï,
!r " + !)"*
ÅÁº$»4¾5Äq½ ÁÅ¹PËS¸2¹º$»GÄ̺$¿&Ä̹ˀ¸¿&À^Ä_Ã(¹Â»4¹PÄSÃ&Ã(ÄoÙ9¸2ÂÍ¡¿IÁ¹P¼¿2¿&»4¹¾ ½5Á¾D¾ ¹Ã&ÄSÍ¡¿(Á¹Q»4¾5Ä2¹nP½ ÄSÃ&½5ÁÃ(Ā»GÄ
¿&Âs0 Ðut7Z   Ðv; <Iw ÎtiÏæxhPÃ&Ã&Á¾ ÄSÉ¥0m¾ ÄSÇ_¿(Á¹À_ÁÃ&¹0ÄSºDº$¸Å¹¾5¹0½Ý¹   Î!æÏ+ÐvyFz; <Iw Î0mÏH æ ø   å
¼
¿&½ ÄS¼Á¿&ÂÙ'ÄS»4»G¿ ½ ÁÂl{ Ã
Ø ¿(Â2»G¹Ç^¾ ÄSÃ&¹m¼¿ï¿&»4¹¾ ½ Á¾ ¾D¹Ã&ÄSÍ¡¿(Á¹¡É ¹m¾5¿&½ Á¾ ¼HÄS¼Ám½Ý¹Ç^Ã&¿wÁÈ
¹¾5Ā»GÁ¾D¿ ¼
¿
½ ÁÂÀ_ÁÃ&¸Í¡¿(Á¹ƹQ½5Á¾5¾ ¹RÃ&ÄSÍ¡¿IÁ¹aÇ^Á¼
ÁÂ2ÁQ¼
¹Ã(Ã&ÄèȾ5ÁÈ
¾ ¿(»:Ú̽ ÁÅÅ¸2»GÄS»4¿&À^ÄSɀÈ
ÁºDº$¿&ÄSÅÁQº$½5¾ ¿(À_¹¾ ¹
;|<IwrÎ20mϳÐ%Î&ÎyÏ]{} Î(ÎyÏgÐ*Î&Î:Ï]{ÝÎ~*Î&ÎyÏ Û Î&Î:ÏyϳРÎ~*Î&ÎyÏ]{B*Î&Î:ÏyÏ Û Î&ÎyÏgÐ;=<Î0mÏ Û Î(Î:Ï

ËS¸2¿(Â<¼
¿&ÉS¾5¿&ºD¸2Ã(»4Ä)½Ý¹
Î!æÏ)/WJXçÎ$æÏ
  Î$æϳÐjyYFN; <Iw Î0mÏH*ÐYC < Î$æÏ Î!æϳÐC < Î!æÏ P M
A RES Î!æÏ R

 :€ÄSº$¹ÆĀÃ(Ã&¹êºD»4¹º$ºD¹Q½
ø ú ÁÂ2ºD¿&¼
¹¾5Āͭ¿&ÁÂ2¿Ç^
¿ Úʺ$À^ÁÃ(»4¹¡Éº$¿À^¹¾5E¿ D½ Ä)½ ÁÅ¹Æ¿&ûG¹¾5Å¿&¹ƿ(ÅÅĀÇR¿&ÂĀ¾5¿&ÁêÂÁÂ
½ Á »4¾5¿E:S¸2¿(º$½ ¹)ĀÃ(Ã&ÄÌÈ
Á»G¹RÂ2Í­ÄqÅ¹¼
¿&Ä0ĀºDº$Á¾b:S¿&»GĀÉH¹)ˀ¸¿&ÂH¼¿zÈ
¸3]ʹºDº$¹¾ ¹èÁÅ¹ºDº$Áè¼ÄSÃ&Ã(Äq¼¹qDÂ2¿(Í¡¿&Á¹
¼
¿ü å âH6b1
J_áZá
ââ72gf á   Î!æÏ"æ

ûSüwý ïý…ü
[\
oÉ>€3#³Æ\
› Æ9‚€3"ƒ€;„†…ˆ‡9‰ˆŠŒ ‹ „Ž ‡‘‰ˆŠ

hjÀ^¹Â¼
ÁèÄ¼
¿&º$È
Áº$¿&Í­¿&Á¹è¸ÂÇ_¹Â2¹¾ SÄ »4Á¾ ¹0¼¿
º$¹Ç_ÂÄSÃ&¹è¼¿
ÈÁ»4¹ÂÍ¡Ä+¼
¿&º$È
ÁÂ2¿‰:€¿(ÃI¹ s’ Î6æÏX¹¼¿(Åȹå
¼
¹ÂÍ¡Ä¿&»4¹¾ ÂÄ S  Î6æÏwÄSºDº$¹Ç_ÂÄS»4¹¡ÉÃ&Đ»G¹Âº$¿(Á¹0ÄÀ_¸Á»GÁmÄS¿Xº$¸Á¿w½ ÄSÈ¿ÝĐ¼
¹ÂºD¿&»:Ú¼¿ È
Á»4¹ÂÍ­Ä
ô'¼
¿ŸºD¹Ç^Â2ÄSÃ&¹ö‹È
Ā¾5¿ŸÄ“C”<Î!æÏ&Ð ’ Î!æÏ * Î!æÏ"†
æ •cÁÃ(~à –Ç_ÄS¼ÁÄSß7Ç –]
 –¾ ÄS»4Á¾—–|˜2½ ÄS¾ ¿(½ ÁèÇ–™–¾ ¿(½ Á
P  
S … Î!æÏ9ÉzÃ&ÄmÈÁ»[–RÂÍ¡Ä0¼¿šNšD¿&È
Ā»GÄm¼
Ä0› Ë ˜]–œšD:» Ø ˜2Ã(»4¿&ÅÁ)¾ ~¿ šz˜Ã&»4ÄmÈ
Ā¾5¿]Ä l‘ Î!æÏ&ÐQCV<Î!æÏ k _a`cb æ
d e@ž _Ÿ`cb~  e  _a`Nb d í
ø Ã
¾ ÄSÈ
ÈÁ¾ »"Áq»4¾5ÄeÃ&Ä¼¡–Â]š$¿(»:Úe¼
¿‹È
Á[» –RÂÍ¡“ Ä –(Ù6Ù2–R»4»G¿&À^Ā“
Å –Â2I» –Ì—½ –¼ ˜»4ÄÄ S … Î!æÏ9) É –Ì›Ë ˜]–Ã(Ã&Ä½] Ý –q~à –=š$rÄ å
¾—–q::p–½c–¼¡˜»4Ä=šz–Ëp˜]–š$»Gì Ä Ù'Á šNšz–Ā¼
ÄS»4»GĀ»GÄqÈ –¾ê¿&Ã2ÅpÄ šzš$¿(ÅÁP»4¾5pÄ šÙ2–¾ ¿&“ Å –»4Áʼ
¿ÈÁ[» –ÂÍ¡ÄS7 É Ù'Á¾ Â~¿ š$c½ –
Ã&Ä)È–¾ ¼H¿(»4Ä)¼¿2ÈÁ[» –ÂÍ¡¢
Ä šN˜3:›£&»4Ä Z
  Î!æÏ … Î!æÏ à * Î6æÏ … Î6æÏ
Ð ’ Î!æÏ * P M  Ð P  P M Ð ÖìÎ6æÏ
 ’ Î6æÏ
 P  RES Î6æÏÔ S … Î6æÏ R  ’ Î!æÏ
 R S Î!æÏÔ S … Î!æÏ R
 

U–¾ »GĀ»4Á¡É3šz– S … Î!æÏxÐ ¤ SxŽ Î!æÏ9É3šN˜ S … Î6æÏpšD¿_¼¿šNšD¿&È
Ä-˜2ÂÄêÈ
Á»I–RÂ2Í­ÄjÈ
Ā¾5¿_Ä    Î6æϳРÖ4Î6æÏ ’ Î!æÏ"æ
ø Ãwœ–¡ ¼ –œšD¿&ÅÁ¾ ¿~šz˜Ã&»4ÄS»GÁú 0mÀ^ÄSÃ&¿&¼
Á0ÄS½Ý]–0È–¾)ÃGØ ÄSÂ2Ä^Ã&¿~šD¿¼–Ã&ÃGØ ÄS½ ½5ÁÈ
È¿(Āœ–»4Ám»G¾ Ä¿&ÃÇ7–Â]–¾ ÄS»4Á¾z–
–Ëp˜¿&À^Āà –Â[
» –Q¼¿¥˜™šD½ ¿(»4Ä輿¥˜2ÂÄ)¾—–»[–P¼¡˜™–QÈ
Á¾5»[–¦–¼§˜Â0½5ÄS¾ ¿&½5Á€æ
¨ª©œ« ?}¬.­
®°¯(±]²´³Iµ ¶›·™¸Ÿµ ¹)ºV±“»œ²V¼p·™²´·™¸ ¹›½ ±™¸ ·¦¾±]²ª¿ ™ ž À Ó ÁœÂ ¸ ·³Iµ ³½9µ ô¹|·Ä¹¸Åµ
¹¢ÆNÇ%Èɗ·¦¾±]²O¶·™²´³[µ ½ ʌ¶µ—ı7½a·]²ÌË9¹
¶)µ ³Iı™²µ ͛µ Î ·ŒÏ ¹%Ð2¸ ·Ñ»´·™²´Ë9·ŒÄ±7³Iµ ½9µ Ãc·Ò(ÓGÔ

Ó ÀÁœÂ Õ ÀÁ?ޏÁIßIÂ
Õ y ”´Öj×ÙØIÚ9ÛgÜ2Ý
µ ²)¾™»œµ
Õ y}à3á
¹›½a½ânÎ ¹=ı7½a·]²ÌË9¹ã¶)µ ³Iı™²µ ͛µ Î ·ä½a±7½ ¹Î ·™É>¶µ ³½9¸Ÿµ Í»3µ ½ ¹=»²œµ Ð ±]¸ŸºV·™ºV·]²Ì½ ·nµ ²”»²Ì¹§Í¹²´¶›¹ ~ Öæå
ÇãçèË¾·]²Ì½‘¸ ¹›½a¹¦¹%Ð2¸ ·7ѻ̷]²ÌË9¹ Á>ß
à y “Ié“êãëcìí Î~¼p·™²´·™¸ ¹›½ ±]¸ ·xâx¾±]Î Î ·¼7¹›½ ±ã¹›¶»œ²(¾¹¸Åµ ¾›±
¿  ÀÁœÂ   ÀÁœÂ
y î ÀÁœÂ
“
} ïÌð
%
ß
y ~ñ
¾±]²  ÀÁœÂå ÆcÇ5È-·7¶  ÀÁœÂ Áò¢å ÆcÇ5È=Ä·]¸ Á Á[ß Ï ¶›¹¦¾™»œµ ò œ Ò
î y y y öc÷ øÌù
ó 2ß õ “ ê ì
ð Üô {
Ó¢ýgþ Ó
ú ³³·™²´¶›±|Î ¹û͹²´¶›¹¶)µ2³·¼²´¹Î · ~ Ö Á ß I
É ˆ
¹ ›
Ä ›
Ä ¸ 
± 
³ I
³ µ ã
º µ 
¹ V
º §
± Î 
¹ )
¶ µ œ
Ä ™
· ´
² ›
¶ ™
· Ù
² 9
Ë ¦
¹ 
¶ ¹ Á 
¶ µ  ÀÁœÂ ±]ºV·=»œ²´¹

¾
¾±7³½a¹)²Ì½ · ˜ ²´Ë9¹-·7Ð Ðü·½ ½9µ ô¹º”·™²´½a·x¾·7¶»Ì½ ¹%¹)ξ¹¸Åµ ¾p±¢¸Åµ ³I»3Î ½a¹ ð
²ˆÑ»´·³½a·Œµ ı7½ ·³Iµ ɗΠ¹Ä±7½a·™
ì@í yúw Õ É[¾±]²
” î ž î  ”

“   
wNy ÿ ¿ ž ¿  ÿ Ü y ÿ  ÿÜ y “ ~  y ÷š 
} } }%ï
§
©B¿©¢ÁÀ³À P­ ®
¡ Ÿ 
Ó ý þ

·ãÑ»µ ²´¶)µ å ÇÉ  á

¹›½a½
ì

í
ÎIô¹)Î ±™¸ ·
Õ w
y “   s  
ß w å Ç3É V¶ %¸ ¹)ěě¸ ·7³~·]²Ì½ ¹1µ ÎIô¹)Î ±™¸ ·|¶·™Î Î ¹1Ä·™¸ ¶µ ½ ¹¶µÄ±7½a·™²´Ë9¹§¾¹»´³~¹½a¹“¶¹Î
{ 
ºO¹)²Ì¾¹›½ ±ã×·]¸Åµ I¾¹)¸ ³Iµ¶·™Î Î ·ª¾±]²´¶µ Ë̵ ±]²œµ~¶)µIºO¹›³³Iµ ºV±ã½9¸ ¹›³Ðü·™¸Åµ ºV·]²Ì½ ±ã¶µIı7½a·]²ÌË9¹)É>·¢Ä›» ã·³³·™¸ ·x½a·]²œ»´½a±|µ ²
¾±]²´½a±Œ¾±]ºV·“»²´¹|¹›½ ½a·™²»´¹›Ë̵ ±]²Ì·n³[»ěěΠ·™º”·™²´½a¹¸ ·¹)Î>¾±]Î Î ·7¼7¹ºV·™²´½ ±™Éµ ²”Ð ¹›³·n¶)µ>ô¹Î »´½a¹›Ë̵ ±]²´·n¶·™Î ! " #!$
%&('*)*+, Ï Ãc·¶µ~¾¹ˆÄ›µ ½a±]Î ±
.-
à
Ò
ì
Ÿ Ÿ ¡¢ À £¥¤R¦9¤¨§/
©ª£«¬¢N­102
£Z¤¯®340N°R­±¢N¦ ­13¡«N¡?q5£6
ø798 ˜]–œš;:<>=@?BADC.:<(EF<=šG< 7 <H=I?*JI?*::I–(J;C.KK/?L:C4C M“–(KK/C
:J@?pš;MNC~šzšGCFOC =I?BO<PJI?*QCF<§–>RTSBJ@?U<(::C.=@?*P
?BA å
ADE.C.=@? 7 QD<1?*VEFC™š;:[–šNš;CE–1=I< 7 šGCFQ–!JI?*K/CF< 7 CR 7W8 ˜XCš;O<!E.:I–BY[Z.–1=I?*JI?*::[–!JGCšG:C.=\]–1Q¡–(CQCFO–!J—š;CM“–!K/KC
C 7 :[–!JIO7– 7 VL< 7 < 7 –!E.E.?]? 7 ?EF~C š;C3¡Q –!E^QDC.“ M – 7 š;C.< 7 ?*“ M – 7 :<_Q –!5
C š;~C š;[: –!MNC.x
P – 8 ˜T? 7 Q<`A< šNš;C.S*C.E –GšG< 7 <
QDC~šG=c˜]šNšz–:I–(= 7 CF=\]–AD?*JI:C.=I<!E.?*JIC6QCX—J –!?*E.C.KK/?KC.< 7 –BY

ý4acb
ý dfegihcjUk
elmjUnogph^jUq*lsrHe>tUj 3

 lmuGu;h^vmnmgih^jUq*l

ø7 :J@<(Q¡˜T=ICF?BMN<6šN˜TS*C.:<w?*E.=c˜ 7 –wQ¡–!R 7 C.KC.< 7 C5–x=@< 7 =—–y::C.P=\]–`?*C~˜T:? 7 <9?zM“–!VE.CF<w? 7 ?BEFC{K/K?BJc–`CFE
ADJI<!SBE –(MN?W¡Q –!E4QCFû M – 7 šGCF< 7 ?BM“– 7 :<|QDC†˜ 7 =@<(EFE~–!V?*M“– 7 :<*Y ø A?*J@?BM“–!:J@CÿÙ}< 7 QD?BM“– 7 :?*E.C Q–!E4=I<!E
å
E~–!V?*“ M – 7 :n< š;< 7 Œ
< –šGAD—J –šzšGCQD?*E.E.?|AD<!:[– 7 K/?|QDC~š;A< 7 CFS*C.E~–mQ¡–!E:J@?pš;M“–(::CF:<!Jz–>~ ’€ P2Q?*E.EF?|MNC 7 C.MH?
AD<(I: – 7 K/?o=I™\ –5<!=I=@<yJI—J –5J@C.c= –(7O –(zJ –~ kD‚[ƒ…„ ô2š;A–šzšG<^C 7 QDC.=@?B:?=I<!M“–‡†@ˆI‰T†IŠŒ‹BŠŒ}Š}Ž¬ö›–5QD?*E.E
Ø ?::I– 7 ˜T?KC.< 7 –
QDC~šGAD< 7 CFSBCFE~–‘ Q¡–!E6M“–!K/K<’QDC“:JI?›šGMNCšNš;C.< 7 –=\]–-š;C“C 7 :I– 7 Q¡–ã˜T:CFE.C.KKG?*J—–BY
’

”–•[—X˜ —T™“š ® ˜ ­œ›¥­ ©!Ì«Dž —

ø EJ@?BADAD<(J@:<ãÜcŸÁÐ   Õ¡ ô¤yö4¥|Q–!::<§¦|¨©DªT©(ðT‰T«§ªTŠ †@Š}†IŽˆ;¬N©K–­J@?BA å
 œ¢ ‚4ƒ£„
¯D°I±!²G±y³T´µx¶.·3¸Nµ*²G²;¶.¸N¹Uºµ*·.¹!°I±_»¶3µ*´´±(³T¼Xµ*½/¶F¹(³T±_¾c¿§ÀÁT±WÂW¯D¹!²G²;¶.Ã*¶.·.±U²;¼XÄ Wd
T
®
¯D±(°@µB°@±BÅœÆ µH»D¶.Ç}nj±(°;±!³X½µH¶.³w»D±(À@¶.Ã*±(·ÉÈ^ÊÌËÍÏÎÑÐW¿€Ò>Ó ÔyÕ­Ð×ÖXØÏÐ_ٓÚ4Û£Ü^Ó ÔyՖÐÝÖ
°Iµ*¯D¯°@±(²;±y³X´µm·.µm²G´±!²;²Gµ1Þ*¼TµB³6´¶F´ß*àL¶.³>¼T³TµoÇ}¹!°I¸Nµ1ÀIÁX±’°I±!³X»D±’¯D¶.á>¶.³T´¼T¶.´¶Fº¹ M
As
¶.·X²G¼T¹o¼T´¶.·F¶.½G½¹o³X±!·T»±!´±!°;¸N¶.³Tµ°I±m¼T³U·.¶F¸N¶{´±mµ*·.·Fµ§¸Nµ*²G²;¶.¸Nµ–µ*´´±!³T¼Xµ*½/¶F¹(³T±
»D¶.²G¯D¹!³X¶FÃB¶F·.±DâL»D±(ºL±¶.³TÇ}µ*´´¶“°I¶.²;¼T·.´µ*°@±
¾^¿ ËÍ9ã ÈcÊÌËÍ Gs

ä]åTæèçTéê[ë>ì éí!éí(îëDï9å Ad

Æ µð»D¶.njÇ}±(°;±!³X½µð´°IµñÈ ÊÌËÍ ±!»Ý¾œ¿Ë͓à^ÀIÁX±x¯D±(°NÞB¼Tµ*³“´¹xµ*¯¯D±(³Tµò»±!´´¹

»D±(ºL±1°@¶.²G¼T·.´µ*°I±Uóñô;àT¯°@±(³T»D±§¶F·2³X¹!¸N±1»D¶6õ`ö÷€øXùŒúXû’üXùý@ù}ýIþûIÿNöXàT±§°Iµ*¯¯D°I±!Ä
²;±(³T´µ ·
±!ÀIÀ@±(²;²G¹–»¶¯¹!´±!³X½
µ Œ¶.³W» ÀÁT±1ºL¶.±(³T±1´°Iµ*²G¸N±!²;²Gµ*àX°I¶F²G¯D±(´´¹1µ*·.·.µ
¸N¶.³T¶.¸Hµ–¶.³T»¶F²G¯D±(³T²Gµ*Ã*¶{·.±Dâ W
R Min

 ¿
]ÎñÈ ÊÌËÍ Ø`¾5¿ËÍ
  "!$#%&'()$'*,+).-/-0132-4)65
)'7+)+)$
'(*,8978+).*:276#
*,'0;=<>'? @A5%''B!C2'
D=EGFIHKJL)MNM/F #
8O)
898*,$
'O5/P
'-@QR2'7SUT.V L,HKM:W FUX9W VZY[#
88\-@@.-/-0O;
]"^"_
`"aUb c"d[e .fhghiBgkjOl"mon`\pqpTBfsr do0tn`00Ou
v  Kw š[•[—yxIz){Tš w}| •~~€ wDžw š  —y‚ w Z„ƒ …(=@=,…††;<9QC’AD<(:%… 7 K?ˆ‡Š‰
‹fQ„…!OI…x=@<(MŒ 7T8 Œq…xJIC†ŒTE.:?BJ:…
MN?*VVLC.<!J,…UQ…(E.EF?Š†G<!MNMN?ŠŽ}C 7 Q\œQDCÉ:%ŒX::/… E… A<††;C.S*C.E.C‘ŒTE.:/…!JICF<(J@CÉ=@?UŒq†R…NQDCÉ?B::/… 7 ŒT?*K/C.< 7 …NQ…!E
†R(… V 7 ?*E@…/P*C 7 QCF=I?*:/…=I<!E.E…(::CFO?*M… 7 :%…’=@<(M…c©ŽŽÌˆ@‰4¨L©’Š}«!‰TŠT†y¨““}ˆI¬Nˆ@‰XŽ©„”@ŠK•
– ‘ Ÿ—)˜š™ ‡Š‰
‹
› 7–8 Œy…G† :?c=@?B:%(… VL<!JGCF?cJ@C@… 7 :JI? 7 <œ:%XŒ ::/œ
… E@3… =I?"Œy†R3… QC?*::/… 7 TŒ ?*K/C.< 7 … 7 < 7 AJ:(… OLC@;† :/… 7 (… EFE.?œ†GC.:%ŒT?BKC.< 7 …
C.Q!… ?BE…w … =I\y`
… A<†RG† < 7 </P’?BQž…7†R(… MNADC.</P?LOI(… J:_ … <!JIC.VLC 7 w
… QD?*E$}Ÿ ?*E.E.CFM… 7 :<wQ„!… E.E_… =I< 7 QCFK/C.< 7 C5A„!… J CFE
MN?"†;† C.MN<:JI?"†RŸ>(… J@C.M… 7 :<QC6A<!:/… 7 K/?*PL<!AAXŒ J:…[…7†R†!… JR’ … =@?UŒqG† ?*:%’… QD? Œ 7 ŸA… 7 <!M¡… 7 <ADC.<!OL<7;† <oC 7 Œ 7
=I<!E.E(… VL?BM… 7 :<cJ@?*QCF</PB<cQDC.A… 7 Q(… J:
… QD?*E.E.?mA„!… JIQDC.:?§QDC„†!… V 7 ?*E@^… QD<(OITŒ :?§?BEFE.?oVLC@Œ 7 KC{< 7 c… :JI?–:J@?B::/…
C 7 RXS*J@?§<!::C.=I?Y Y Y Y

”¢‚è—T˜{ð˜z |7w ‚¤£yzNx6zN{ ¥¦…!E4=I?*ACF:<!E.<¨§ CFE
=@< 7 =:…(::<>QDC4VLJI?*Q<HQCh†R…(J@OCFK/C.<H¥¨†G:?B:<H?"††;<(=@C.?*:<>?*E

OL?BEF<(:J …WQCœADJI<!S*?BS*C.EFC{:/©ð=@< 7 =:ŒTCÉAŒqªWO6…!JICFRX=@?BJ:†GC$Œ 7 Ÿ>… 7 <(M… 7 <WQDCœS*E.<!=I=I<_C 7 Œ 7 …(E…(M… 7 :<_QDC
=I<!MN M ŒT:?*K/CF< 7 …BY « 7 =@< 7 =,…y::<­Q„…!E
:/ŒT::<|? 7 ?E.<!V<¬†RŒy†R†GC†G:%…/P 8 ŒT?*E{<(J@?UE@…­?B::/… 7 ŒT?*K/C{< 7 CC†ŒTADAE…7­
M … 7 :?BJ@C †GCF? 7 <^VLJI? 7 „Q …!K/.K …c?*@E …!?B:<(J@@C …/„P …cE.?§E.<!JI®
 < †G<!MNMN?1AD7< †R†G? †ŒTA…(J@?BJ:…’CFEDO?*E.<!J,…’Q„…!E“MN?*JIVLC 7 …
?_QD@C †;AD7< †;C.K/CF< 7 …•cC 7 :?*E =@U? †;</P E.?wA<!/: … 7 K?WJICF,= …!6O ŒT:š ? †GC‡JICF„Q ŒT,= …†G<!::< E.?wM C 7 C MN?ò ~ ¯ ‚[ƒ…„ hP …!QðC.E
=I<!E.E…(VL?BM… 7 :<¢°OL?œ±/¨L«”IŠ
†N“ˆ:²IŠ9³h²µ´Tˆ7¶GYh·t…!JI:?U¸T:</P2C¸¹†R…(Q…–QDCQDC.M…¸y†;C.<¸X?*M…7¸T:<–QDCtŒy¸w=I<!E.E@…!VL?U­
M …¸X:</PL@C ¸TQDC.=\TC.?MN<c=I< ¸|VJ@?BQD<^QDUC †R…(J@OCFK/CF<5E.?„A …!JIR= …¸X%: ŒT?BE …3QDC*/: …!MNA<’„A …!J E.[
 ? º"ŒX?*GE …†;CBMN"? ¸T:@C …¸q…
~ ¯¼» ~ ¯ ‚[ƒ…„ P
<(OLIO …(J@< EF? AJ@<(S*?BS*CFE.C.%: © =q\ …H@E … ?B:/: …¸yŒT?*K/C{< ¸Xh C †RŒXADAD@E …!
M …7¸T:?*JIC‰T«(ž ‰ †ŒTA …(J@@C ¸T<HC.E
MN?*JIVLC@¸q…/PB<††;C.? ½
¾7¿6À=Á‘ÀÂyÃCÄ,¾.ŤÂÆ7ÂÁÈÇÊɜ¾\Ë – ‘^Ÿ —)˜ŠÌ ‡Š‰‹$Í
ÎÏ|7wDž ~ z){Ы¦¸>VLJI?*QD<cQDC†…!JIOLC.KC.<cQ…(EÒÑUÑY Ñ"ÑÔÓՅ7º"ŒTC.O?*EG…?mAD<(=I<M…¸X<QC Ö^<(J@?1Eƒ ?"¸Ò¸X<’QCҟ>ŒT<(J@C
†R…(J@OCFK/CF</P"…=@<(J@JGC†GAD<7¸TQ…’?–JICF=\TC@…(Q…!J…=\q… ɜ¾Ø×µÙ ‘cŸ —N˜ » ‡‰
‹ØÚ Ç¼Û,Ü6Ý"Þ Y
ß"àØá0ßtá0ß âäãåOæØçÔãsè„éRæOêqësìãsè„æ
› w ™Tš[—y€ w —¢í—Tš[˜
— |! ‚ w — ¥¦…(EB=I?"†;<3C¸§=:ŒTCC.EI†…!V6¸T?*E@…œ:J@?U†;M…7†R†G<B†;C.?®Œy¸¢†R…(VI¸X?*E@…3MN<(QŒTE.‹  ?* :<
=I<W ¸ S*?"X¸ QD?îðïòñóP“E@…mC.MNA…!Q„…¸XK.…äô õ"ö>ñq÷ …äô(øBö>ñq÷t¸qù7¸ûúIü"ý,þ@ü"¸qùÈÿ„þ
ù%ù„…ý  ñ
Šñ.ó Ì …
…7ý /ü"¸ % ù @…:ù7¸qÿ„þOþù7¸qþIÿþ"üUÿü%ü…¸%ùBÿ„þ"þ„…ÿ„…¸Oü[†ù¸qùBü „ý:ù7†R†þü%…ù7¸q…7¸qÿùÈôhö>ñq÷ Ç
ô õ öAñ ó ÷q…¢ô qö>ñq÷ Ç ô ø öAñ ó ÷ 
› ¸¢ü %…7ý:¸qü %þ@úIü †þ „Œqª$!† :#… " @þ@…ý,…Ïÿ„þUý,…ü þ $Oü6ý:… @%… ,ù¸yÿþ .þ@ù¸yþIÿ„þ ü "††Rþ ù&/ý,ü"†RŸ>…¤ý,þ …7¸ /ù$ÿþ
#ù %…7¸ Oü  †Œ '"…7¸qÿ„ù$Œq¸qüœÿþ@(† /ùý,†Rþ@ù¸y…BÿþIŸAüU†R … „ý:ü %þ :ü …¸ /… ,ù!† %üU¸ %… *)q… ,ü"Œy†Rü[Œy¸qüœý,ù 
ü .þ@ù7¸q…
/ý:+ ü @-… ,.0/&sÿ„2þ 1.034sÿ„… ҆R#… "I¸yü @5… ù7ÿŒ @ü /ù 
Î7698.: €zNx6x : x¤z){ ; w < Œqü Gùý,=ü @üԟAŒy¸ .þ@ù7¸q…ÿ4þ /ý:üU†RŸ>…ýRþ …7¸ %7ù ,ù 4…7†R†þú6ü¦ÿ„…  …#$O-ù /ý:üU(† þ@†R­
†Rþ@ú6ù®…[ÿ„… …®†RŒq…-*)qþ@Œq†RŒyý:…?>ðöAñq÷ Ç > õ ö>ñq÷@>+A ö>ñq÷@> ø öAñq÷q¸qù¸¡†Rù7ÿÿþ@†!B@üC:ù7¸qÿ„þOþù7¸q…œÿþ2:üU¸qü@…
…7ý:Ÿ>D… %ù @ƒ …ºUŒqü@þ$Oüþ@ù¸y…¡†þù%þ@…¸y…¡þ@¸q†…ý,…¸yÿù…#@……¸%þ.B/ý:üU¸/þEý,…††RùoþE/ý:üU†(…# F
þ/ùý,…
GŽ >IHäö>ñq÷A …7ÿäþ sý,þ :…7úIþ %ù7ý:…ÈGŽ > ¯ ö>ñq÷A  þ@J ¸ ù7ÿù[ ÿ„ü¢ý,…ü þ $Oü"ý,… >IHäö> ñq@÷ >ðö>ñq@÷ > ¯ ö>ñq÷ Ç}¿ … DÝ K L#M*N 
Ot…$¸yù¸¢†ù¸y% ù ý,…†…¸ %þI…¸ %ý,ü '"þ6@þ B%ý,þ üœŒy¸qù\†Rù @ù$ÿ„þI…7†R†þ †R@þ Œyª$(† ,… "@þ@…7ý:…$ÿ„þIŒ %þ @þ P.ü6ý,…
†R#ù @=ù >IHäö>ñq÷  ý,þ@†R…7ý:ú6ü"¸qÿ„ùÈü" ÿ > ¯ öAñq÷ þ ҆ù @ùÈ(† ,ù sù[ÿ„þ B/ý:üUý:…[þ yý,Œ ù7ý:…È…7(† /…¤ý,¸qùÈü G+ü '"üU¸qÿ„ü¢ÿþ
†R#… "I¸yü @… 
Q üû(† ,… /üûù  „ù$† /ü  „…Rý ……äþ¸yúI#… :…¨ÿþCý:…7ü @þ P.ü6ý,S
… >Ô¯¬ö>ñq÷Øþ@T ¸ ù ÿ„ùüUÿü F/ü /þú6ù  ù7ÿþ Bq­
,ü"¸qÿ„ù¸q5 … :þ@ù U5ƒ ü"¸yÿ@ü …¸ %ùȆ…¸ .Cü ,ù¸yù!† :…7ýRV… @Wƒ > ö>ñq÷ ÿ=ü :ù7ý:ýR#… " "6…ý,… X †ŸAý,Œ %üU¸qÿ„?ù :ù7¸qù!† :…7¸ O…
Y[Z(\ ]^P_`Ga!bFcd]fe_-^(gh7`i_e4jf_`Rklce#_mi_$knka!`icoa?p!ga*qo]`iacoqmia!e#a!qr_-mia!s%t!cEjfage+mG]qoqd_uRa!s&_ev]7a!qoqo\ aqrv`i]Pw mG]s%_VaDj
_$kl_s%^(cd]9e#_q#v`Ga!e kcWv]9cdexgeay`i_fv_zmi]s%s%g#va!va@wn]$jcde{geaymG]s%gecomia!bFco]e#_`ia@jFcd]s&]t!coqo_P|
 j.lUm~}Um cgØiizV€tdÈn&‚f2ƒyƒf‚ cUdÈuØg `"a §
üäý, þ"6Œqü"ý,ÿùÔÿ…#ü¨ÿ…7¸q†þ/©äÿþ
„ù/…¸Oü¨ÿ… †…"6¸qü…Ôþ@¸ûü"ý,ý: þ@úIù  ùÿ¡þ@¸ü/ý,þùÿ„þ„…®ƒ ü/ý:ü†„ü"ý­
/… ü %ý,þ 'UŒqþ@ý:…œþ  ,ù „þ /ù[ÿ#… ƒ …ºUŒqü @‡þ P.ü Oþ@ù¸q…Ïü"ÿˆ> ¯ ö>ñq÷ Œyª5,ü"Œy†Rü"ý,…®Œy¸qü¦°F,ù@ùýRü.þ@ù¸y…¶Cÿ…#
ý,Œ ùý,…Ôþ¸þ¸ "Iý,…†R†ùÈü sý:þ ,…úIþ /ùý,…  þ ,Œqþs…Ÿ>ŸA…#/ùÈÿùú6ý:…‰''"…[…7†R†…ý,…¦ü"¸qü@@þP.ü%ù5…ýú6…ý,þB:üUý:¸y…
@5
… ,ù¸q†… "6Œq…7¸ .…®†RŒ s†… "6¸qü @…Ïý:þ :…7úIŒ %ù 
Šy‹7Œi Ž‘!‘(’“”•–’—™˜4š†š$—œ›&”

Q üÿ…7†(,ý:þ.þ@ù¸y…+,ù4…#%ü¡ÿ…@…C,ü"ý,üF/…ýþ†!%þ*)q… …¢ÿ…#@…=ý:…7†(
ü.þ@ù7¸qþ ÿ…7þz,üIúIþtþ¸ý,ü…CU Œq¸qü
ü/…ý,þ@ü+ù%ùÈú6ü"†!%ü  ÿþž:ŒyþsŸ>ù7ýR¸qþ@ü  ù[ÿþy†…"6Œqþ%ù®†Rù@ùÈü,Œq¸qþý,þ†Œ%ü%þ  †!/ý:…#%ü…¸/…?@…"6ü%þ
ü"@þyü"†(„…%þtÿ„þ9/…#…#:ù# Œq¸qþ,ü.þ@ù¸y… þ„þŸ¹ý,þ@…ú6ü"¸/…¦ÿ…þ ºUŒqüþU¦†…¸Oƒ ü‡/ý:ù=ü ü"¸yþGŸA…7†(/üOþù7­
¸q…¨ÿ„…ƒ …7ŸAŸ>…%ùJ…#@… R)y…¡ÿ„…/…ýRþ¸yüŽ „…ýäñ » Û,Ü7Ü+¡5¢ OŒq¸yüûü%…7¸qŒqü.þGù7¸q…þ¸ÿ„£„ý:ù#ù¤ý­
Oþù7¸qü @…¥ ü ¤ ñ  Q üš†… Oþù7¸qS … U™,ù 4#… ü /üšÿ„üŠŒq¸q¦ ü '"ý,…ú6S… :ü %ü @#ù "Iü Oþù7¸q…¡ÿ…7&þ :üIúIþ‘Œq†ü %§þ …7ý
/… @… ,Dù Œq¸q‡þ ,ü Oþ@ù¸qþ 

ß"àØáW¨‘á0ß âäëåOéI㞩éRæ5ªCæOåOéRè„æf«x¬æ
é ­®¯è 㞩=ª&­°2°2­Tª%­Uè„æ±Bãsé ­
®
­Šêy랩=ªCæP°=æ.랩B毭©=­"è ãsì/æ


«¦¸S, ù¸yÿŒF/ ùý,… …#…#F/ý,þ,ù Œy¸qþ@ŸAù7ý…[…Èÿþ@Œq¸" )҅P.üäþ@¸BÒ¸qþ@­ 
/ü U ÿ„…†!:ý,þù¦þ¸´'"üU†R…Ôü"ÿ¡Œy¸µù7ÿ…#@ù¦üˆ,ù†!ü"¸%þqÿ„þ@†(/ý:þ'"Œqþ/… ldx rdx

…†!ý,…¤†R†ùäþ@¸ /…ý(þ@¸qþ ÿ…#@… ²R¶·R¸G¹4 º¸G»y“(”R»½¼¹„”»[¾=:ù7†(/þ/Œqþ/…äÿü@ü ² V(f,x)

³
cdx gdx ² V(f,x+dx)
ý,…†þ†!% …7¸O ü ¾  ü=: ù7¸qÿŒF/ü"¸.ü=¿ @üC,üü:þ%©+À…V@ƒ þG¸qÿŒF/ü"¸Oü+Á
…7ýόq¸qþ% ©äÿ„þ
 Œy¸"@s) …#$O ü Q ü†/ …ù¤ý,þüäÿ„… …I@ þ¸y……ÔŒq¸yþŸ>ùýRþqÿ„…qB ­
¸qþ@†(, …¢ºUŒqþ@¸qÿ„þ ÿ„Œq…=I" ý,ü"¸qÿ„…P. … ÿ…ý,þ@úIü/ …¬ÿ„ü …=: ù7†(/ ü"¸/ þ9 ý,þüUý:þ@…•E@ƒ » ¼¦“z¾R¾º6’ ¹o²¹„”¹4¸G¸[¾:”(» ·R¸G»>²R¹
ô ó ö>ñq÷q…V ü[²R¶·R¸G¹4º¸[¾Â6» “(”RK¶ “9¹Ã7¹ ’ » ¶Dº¾ Ä öAñq÷f
ÅRÆ ~ w Çw ; x :JÈ: ‚ : ÉÊÉKw ‚¤z |É z È: Ë ƒ.ÿ„…By¸qþ%üI:ù#…
Ñ Î¦Ï‰Ò$Óqžñ Á
Ç Ì ó ö>ñq÷ΦÏÐ ó öAñq÷ Ç ¿5¾ ΦωÒ$ÓqñžÀ
ô ó >ö ñq÷ Í
…¢ý,ü4ý,…†…¤¸/ü¡þtý:ü ù7ýù=%ý,¦ ü ԞöAñq÷C…ÿÕBö>ñq÷þ@¸ Œy¸¦"6…¸q…7ý:þ,ù+Œy¸%ù¦ÿ…#,üUú6ù  „…ýR…DF/…¸yÿù
ÿþ҆!:ý,þú6…ý,…=ÕöAñq÷ œ Ç ÙDÖzÚ × × MMØ Ø 
Û®{ |#É*: ; ɵw†Ç z(~‚¤{y~ :2Ü: x6zN2{ ; w Ë ƒRÿ… By¸qþ %= ü :#ù …
ĦöAñq÷ ÇÞÝ öAñq÷ εÏߨöAñq÷ Çáà ö ¾ ΦωÒ$Óqžñ ÁA÷ylö ¿5ΦωÒ$Óqžñ À:÷
…¸ %ý, …  ü "Iý,ü"¸qÿ„… P.ü… Ýâ × MØ ‰ ý:ü  ý,…†…¤¸ /üo þ Cý,ü  „ùRý  ùäÿ…7þúIü ù7ý:þ(ÿEþ /…¸y†Rþ@ù¸y…†ý,…†…¸/þy/ý:ü
ÿŒyx… „Œq‰ ¸ /þ¤ÿþ¤Œq¸ ,üUú6ùÿ„@þ @Œq¸ " )Ò… P.üÏþ@¸ Bq¸Òþ %ü ÿ„þ!† %üU¸ /þ À „…Rý …/…¸yÿù\ÿþ¤(† ,ý,þú6…ý,…s• Ԉö>2ñ ãäIÎ À ÷ Ç
… Ýâ × MØ Ôˆö>2ñ ãäy÷ 
å[æD]fe]$klmi_e jF]qoajF_e klcdvçjfcP^(]v_ebFa7jF_q4kl_uRea!qr_zcoe&a!`i`GcdèR](wné^(]$knkcotRcoqo_9uR_e_`ia`i_9gek_fue#a!qo_êFjfcoëìëì_f`i_ebFa!í v`Ga
p!g_fqdqo]mGî_Emicžkc#a@k^(_vva{_yp!g_fq‰mGî_ycdeèR_fmi_klc]$knk_`ièRa@w_ymi]e#v`i]qoqoa!`i_ycoes%]$jF].a!gv]fs%a!vcomi]ge7ï#qdv`G]ycoe7s&]$jf]jfa
`ic jfg#`i`i_9qoajfcoëìëd_`i_ebFayv`Gayqd_xjF_e klcovçjFc$^(]v_e#bfa.aq$s&cde#cds&]P|
ð _q$mia@k]zcoe%migc$]mimG]R`i`Ga.mi]`i`i_*uRuR_`i_geajFc kv]`*kco]e_xjFcëìa@kl_9ñìa@j_Pki|(e_qoqo_v`ia@ks&c½knk~co]ec#e#gs%_`Gcdm[î_$òìwfe]e%mic4kc
^(ght!a@klaR`i_xklgq kl]qd]§k^(_vv`i]{jFcP^P]v_ebFa@wn_^(]$kkl]e]_Pkkl_`i_9^P`G_èRc½klv_ëìa@klc jfc(êa^P^(`i_e jFcos%_ev]fíjf_qoqo\ _p!ga!qocrbFbFa!v]`G_Pw
jFg`ia!ev_§qo_{p!ga*qoccoq
kl_uRea!qo_§v`ia@kls%_$knk]§é{e]fv]xaq`icomi_èRcov]`G_Pw(_5klc^(gh{mi]$klv`igco`i_{ge k_fuRea!qr_5jfcoëìëì_f`i_ebFat!a@kla!v]
jFcd`i_fvva!s%_e#v_xkgqoqoaEëd]`is%a7jF\ ]fe jfa@|
`"aó c"d[eEƒ.fhghiBgkjOl"mon\pqpƒBfsr d?ôtnƒfôôƒOuzƒ
Û®{; Ç z)xIz{ ;hz Ç z Èõ z 8#| 8 ‚ : < Œqü @ùý,üþ &:üIúIùÿxþ Œy¸ " )҅#$Oü À †þ@üö*)yþŒy†Rù¹ü"þ\†RŒqù7þ$…†!%ý,…Dþ
†RŒ ÿ þ‘Œq¸÷"6…¸y…ý,ü%ù7ý,…S:ù7¸ þ„…ÿ…7¸Oü ôzhöAñq÷…o†Œžÿþ،q¸÷,ü"ý,þ:ùŠôEqö>ñq÷  ý,þ@†RŒ/ü"¸qù¡ÿ…#Bq¸qþ/þ‘þ
²R¶¾)±A³h²»G¾Rº¸[»Â»y”»oø.¾R··R»G¶#º¾Bÿ…ž"I…7¸q…ý,ü/ùý,…È…[ÿ„…2:üUý:þ:ù„•
ô ö>ñq9÷
ô ó öAñq÷
z ôqö>ñq÷9
ô ó öAñq÷
¾ hö>ñq÷ Ç zô ö>ñq÷ Ξô ó öAñq÷ … ¾ söñq÷ Ç ô qö>ñq÷ Î ô ó öAñq÷ Ž
Ö$ù
4ÖO
ú®††R…7ý:ú6þü ù®†RŒ '"þ %-
ù *)q…[¸y… 2:üU†Rù[þ@J ¸ ,ŒqþtEô höAñq÷ Ç Eô qö>ñq÷ Ç ô ó öAñq÷  ý,þ@†RŒ /ü ¾ ö>ñq÷ Lj¾ qö>ñq÷ Ç}Ü 
û . 8 :Ç ‚¤z)~{Ҁ{ w 6z8 zN£ : € w ; ɵw Q ƒ þ‡…7ÿ…¸.ü¢úIþ@†(/ü¢ÿüUþžù7ý:†…/þÒÿþ » º@Ãq”¾R·R·¶ …[ÿ„þzü@·:²R»½¸[¹ÿ„þyŒq¸
, üUú6ù  þ¸%…7ý„ù†!ù5/ý:üC"I…7¸q…ý,ü/ùý,…È…V,ü"ý,þ,ù  ú6ü@…®ý,þ†!…þ@úIü…¸%…
 
Û ‰
Î ¾ q ö>ñq÷Ký … Ý  â × MØ Û Î ¾h  öAñq÷µý … Ý  ‰ â × MØ
ô õ ö>ñq÷ Ç ô ó öAñq÷
q ö>ñq÷Ký … ‰ MØ … ô ø ö>ñq÷ Ç ô ó öAñq÷
h öAñq÷µý … ‰ MØ Ž
Ö$ù
 ` 
Û ¾ Ý â× Û ¾ Ý â×
þ?@ ù®†(/ …††Rù5% …#ù  @ ü Ÿ>Œq¸. þ@ù¸y…®ÿþ2/ ý:üU†RŸ>…ý,þ…7¸/ ù-»½º¸ ”R» º·R:¾ ²R
¹ ý:þ@†Œ% ü
… Ý ‰ â MØ 
> A öñq÷ Ç Ò
hö>ñq÷ý qöA× ñq÷ýµ… ‰ MØ Ž
Ö$ù
 ùU
Û ¾ ¾ Ý â×
Û®{; Ç z)xIz{;hz Ç z :ÇE:ÉfÉ*:Æ w ; É { ¥¦…#,ü"†Rù®þ¸J:Œyþ ô&höAñq÷ Ç ôqö>ñq÷ Ç ô ó ö>ñq÷  ,ù¡…ȆRü4þ@üù 
þh º"ŒqüUÿý,þ„ù@ù¨†Rþ.,ùù7ý
üþ@¸öùÿ„ùJ„…ý,ŸA…D%ù › ¸ö%ü§,ü"†ù  ý,þ†Œ%üU¸qÿù ¾ ö>ñq÷ Ç ¾ qö>ñq÷ Ç Ü 
†Rþù% þ@…¤¸q… *q) …¹ô õ ö>ñq÷ Ç ô ø ö>ñq÷ Ç ô ó öAñq÷‘…™>CA ö>ñq÷ Ç Ö*ÿ*× MMØØ Ç Ò… Ý ‰ â × MØ •$þE,üUú6ù¡†þy:ù#ù¤ýR%ü
ü@ ùý,ü, ù…䆅äüUú6…††R…+@ Œq¸" q) …#$ üoþ@¸yB ¸sþ/ ü › ¸% ü, ü"†
Ö ù  × þ¸yù%ý,…  ý,þ@†RŒ/ü*)q…J> õ ö>ñq÷ Ç …ÿ
Ì h öAñq÷ ÇÍÌ ø ö>ñq÷P …7ý üU¸% ùœþ26" ŒqüUÿü6" ¸sù®ÿþ@†(„ ù¸qþ"' þ@ …œý,þ†Œ/ ü
½  
h A
ö q
ñ ÷
 
‰ö>ñq÷ Ç  > õ ö>ñq÷R  >CA ö>ñq÷R ø$ö>ñq÷ Ç   Ò … Ý × MØ
K  × MØ   Ç … Ý ‰ × M!Ø
Ì  Û  ‰

 
Ì

Û®{; Ç z)xIz{; wµÇ z w : £yz | z ÇCw ¥¦…#z,ü"†ù¬þ@¸:Œyþtþ(ú6ü@ùý,þ(ÿ„……C:ù7†(/ü"¸/þ9ý,þüUý:þ@…¢†þüJ%ü… ÿü

ý,þ†Œ%üUý:… ¾ ýFÀ Ç Á‰ýn¿  ¸qù#%…7,ù…B²¶#ºÂ»’ » ¶#º»žÂ»S¾R¹D» ·R»½Â¾  ü@ùý,üI„…ýx ü?,ù†!ü"¸%…ÿþ „ý:ù#ü"6ü"­
O þù7¸q…[†þsù#F
þ…7¸q…?Ħö>ñq÷ Ç Ý ö>ñq÷ΦÏ#ßöAñq÷  Ç ¤ ¾ ¿5΁ÏDÒ$Óqñ ¤ ÁÀR•4…7ý/ü"¸/ù Ý ö>ñq÷
UV,ù†!%ü"¸%…È…ߨö>ñq÷
, ý:…7†(R …7@ þ¸y…ü"ýR…¸% …7: ù7¸‰ @ üԟAý,…ºUŒq‰ …¸.ü ý:…7ü@‰þP . üU ¸sÿ„ù5‰  ,ù† ž @ …7:ù7¸qÿþOþù7¸qþ„ÿþŒy¸ˆ,ü"¸yü@…7„…ý,Ÿ …#F/ù
þ@¸¡ºUŒqü"¸% ù?> A öAñq÷ Ç Ò … Ý × MØ … ÝDK  × MØ Ç Ò… Ý … ÝDK L$M 
þ? ùœ†(/ …††Rù?/ …„ù   ƒ þ…7ÿ…¸. üI: üUý:üF/ …ýRþ@†(/ þ: üô ó ö>ñq÷ ÇÞÌ ó ö>ñq÷΁Ï#Ð ó ö>ñq÷ Ç à  Ç à  Ç


Ì ó+š U †Rù# ù ý:…7†Rþ@†(/ þ@úIü …7ÿ þ@¸qÿþ„ …¸qÿ„…¸/ … ÿü@ ü Ÿ>ý:…7º"Œq…7¸O ü  ý,…¸yÿ…¸yÿùŠ†…4 þ, …Šý:…7ü@ þP. ü6ý,… @ ü
,ù¸qÿ„þOþ@ù¸q…ÿþ\üUÿü/ü…¸%ùŠôzhö>ñq÷ Ç ôqö>ñq÷ Ç Ì ó  R)y…ûÿ…#%…7ý(þ@¸qüšü{,ù¸%…#ù¹ü"¸R)y…oþ
ü"††Rþù5/ ý,ü"†RŸ>…7ý: þ…¸% ùÈÿ„þž„ ù/ …¸O ü
› ¸ÿ„…yB ¸qþ% þ@úIü  üoŸ>Œq¸. þ@ù¸y…ä ÿþE/ ý:üU†RŸ>…ý,þ… ¸ / ùˆ  : ù#  @ …††Rþ@úIü¦>†A  ö>ñq÷  Ç  > õ öAñq÷D>C(A ö>ñq÷@> ø ö>ñq÷
úIü …œþ¸¡º"Œy…†(/ ùV, ü"†ùIð > ö>ñq÷ Ç  Ò … Ý ‰    … ÝD½ K ‰ L#M   Ç  … Ý ‰    … ÝDK ‰ L$M  …7º"Œqþ@úIü …7¸/ …®º"Œyþ¸Òÿ„þ
ü"ÿ Œq¸, ü"¸qü …´„ …ý,Ÿ …/ ù, ù¸ÍI" ŒqüUÿü6" ¸Òù Ç  … Ý ‰    …ý,þ/ ü"ý,ÿù ¯ Ç À ¤ ÁÀ \ü%, ù¸% …#ù 
@ƒ üF/…¸yŒqüþ@ù¸y…[ÿþ@†(„ù¸yþ'UþG…®ý:þ@†RŒ/ü þ@¸qÿ„þ„…¸yÿ…¸%…®ÿüñ …5„ü"ý,þsü
½ 
 ‰öAñq÷
ÇÕÛ ‰Øö>ñq÷ … ‰  
Ç
 j.lUm~}Um cgØiizV€tdÈn&‚f2ƒyƒf‚ cUdÈuØg `"a"!
ß"àØáW¨‘áW¨ #œè ãå%$kæOåUåOæOë ©I­¡æf©ðêy㞱Bë
›™ ¸ "I…7¸q…ý,ü@…  @…?:ù7†(/ü"¸/þ„ý:þü"ý,þ…®ÿ…:üIúIùȸyù¸o†ùÿÿ„þ†Ÿ>ü"¸qù@…V,ù¸qÿ„þOþ@ù¸qþsÿþ ¢ … üIúIþ@†Rþ@ÿ…  …? @…
þ…ÿ„…¸ .…¨ÿþy*)yþŒy†RŒqý,üû¸qù7¸†Rù7¸qù¨ü"ÿ„üF/ü/… › ¸ö%üE:üU†Rù¨†þy)qü ¾ hö>ñq÷'Ç & Ü …)(ù ¾ qö>ñq÷'Ç & Ü …
ÿ…7úIù7¸qù[…7†R†…ýR…œü4 @þ,ü/…V@…®Ž
Ö$ù ` y…œŽÖPù ù"f

Û : £y{  Æ {q€ É {€ 8 ; Ü  { Ot…[þ2:üIúIù-U[†RŒyŸ½B:þ@…¸%…#…¸/…V@Œq¸2"Iù®ÿüC„ù/…ý&ùý,ýR…œ… Ý ‰ â × MØ ï Û 
ù††Rþ@ü  … Ý ‰ â × MØ  Ç … Ý ‰ × M!Ø ï Û  @…¨ŽPÖ ù ` Øÿþ@úI…7¸ "6ù¸qùûô õ öAñq÷ Ç ô ø öAñq+÷ * ô ó öAñq÷  …¸ /ý,…J@ü
Ž
$Ö ù ù"y†þs†… 4þ B,ü þ@´ ¸ > AtöAñq÷ Ç Ò… Ý ‰ â × MØ 7¸y… 2:üU†R-ù "I…7¸q…ý,ü @…[ý,þ†Œ %Iü …7ý 
ü"¸ /ù
½    
‰hö>ñq÷ Ç  >CA ö>ñqR÷  ýD0> õ ö>ñqR÷  ý ø ö>ñq÷ Ç  ýµ… Ý × MØý@ > õ ö>ñqR÷  ý Ì ø ö>öAñqñq÷÷
Ì  ö>ñq÷ ‰

Ì Ì
*)qV … ù7(† /ý:ü¢ÿŒq-… :üUŒq†…[ÿþÒÿþ@(† /ùý,†Rþ@ù¸yV… @þ¸y…ü"ý,… 
Q  ü ý,þ ü¦ÿþ …7¸qÿ„…®ÿü „ÿþ@†RüUÿü %ü …¸ %ùœÿþ„þ …7ÿ…¸ .…œþ¸¨þ@¸ "Iý,…††Rùœ…ÿ¬Œq!† :þ %
ü  < Œqü @ùý,üԆRþ
ý,…ü @þ $Oþþ¸yúI… ,V… @=ü ,ù¸yÿþ .þ@ù¸y… Eô Øö>ñq÷ Ç ô qö>ñq÷ Ç ô ó ö>ñq÷ †RþÒù /þ…7¸q…

 ‰öAñq÷ Ç
½ Û … ‰
‰hö>ñq÷ Ç × MØ
Q ü †R‰ …#:ù¤¸q ÿ„ü,ü"Œq†üŠÿþ‘ÿþ@†(/ùý,†þù7¸q…¹ÿþ…7¸qÿ…ÿü{:ù#ù7ý(%ü… ¸%ùû¸yù¸÷„…ý,Ÿ …/ùÿ„þ>VA ö>ñq÷ Ç
Ò…
Ý â × MØ *)q…Èþ@¸/…ùý,þ@ü+ŒyªÈ…††R…7ý:…?,ù4…#ü…7¸/…V:ù7ý:ý,…D%ù † ù@ù[¸q…# ,ü"†ù[þ¸J:Œyþ@…V,ù†(/ü"¸% þ
ý,þü"ý,þ…¡†Rù7ÿÿþ@†(By¸qù™@…,ù¸yÿþ.þ@ù¸yþÿþ ¢ …üIúIþ@†Rþ@ÿ… › ¸÷„ý:ü%þ:ü …7ý:ª þý,þ†Œ%ü%ùUÿþ@úI…7ý:†ù
…7ý *)Už~ìì…œ° :ù¤!† %üU¸ % þ „ý:þ ü"ý,þ…7z
¶ º¶º·R¶º¶I,ù†!%ü"¸%þ-,,.,
Î0/1/%w4É*É {~ w € € w Ot þ /ý:ü F/ü ÿ„þŒq¸¨ ŸA…7¸q#ù …¸q-ù @… "Iü %ùœü ƒ ü"ÿÿ„…¸q†ü …7¸ /ùœÿ„… 2ù/ù®ÿ„ …"@þ…@…#F/ý:ù¤­
¸qþUúI…ý,†7ù @üȆRŒ…7ýB:þ@…ÿ…:üIúIù ü :ý,…¤†(,…ý,…Ïÿ…@üȟAý,…ºUŒq…¸.ü
I·t…7ýº"Œy…†(/ùù /þ@úIù †Rþ"ý,þ@ÿŒ,…ü
†RŒ …7ý B:þ@…[ÿ…#2:ù7¸qÿŒF/ùýR…œý:…7ü…¸%…[üF/ý:üIúI…7ý:†ü/ü¢ÿ„üC:ù7ý,ý:…¤¸/…®…#@…ý:þ,ü ü=, Œqþ2:ù7ý:ý,þ†!ù¤¸yÿ…
Œq¸¦ü"Œ …¸ /ù‘ÿ… @üœý,…†þ!† %…= ¸ .ü „…ýhŒy¸q‡þ /©®ÿDþ @Œq¸ " )Ò… P.ü ¾ @OtDþ Œqxª ù!† %ý,ü"ý,%… *)q… „…ýŸAý,…ºUŒq…¸.…
ü"@"Iþ@ùý,þ(ÿ„þ  "§ 2"­
3Ö 242 ¡5¢  @üý:…7†Rþ@(† /…¤¸ OJ ü „…ý[Œy¸qþ %©¡ÿ9þ Œy¸ "‰)q#… $Oü ¾ üUŒ …¸%üˆý,ù„ù¤ýOþù7¸qü­
…¸ %…®ü ¤ ñ …®ºUŒqþ@¸qÿþ† þ Œqª®(† ,ý:þ@úI…7ý:… Ý ö>ñq÷ Ç Ý ó ¤ ñ  þ@J ¸ ,Œq2þ Iü :ù7(† üU¸ /… Ý ó ÿþ …7¸qÿ„…[ÿü 2/þ ù
ÿ2þ ,üUú6ù   
›´¸ /ü @þ :ù7¸qÿ„þ Oþù7¸qþ  @ƒ ü F/…¸yŒq@ü .þ@ù¸y…Ôÿþ@(† ù7¸qþ '"þ …[ý:þ@†RŒ /ü  ‰hö>ñq÷ Ç … ‰ × M!Ø Ç … ‰ Ú ¤ M  †ü ,Œqþ
,ùý,ýRþ!† ù7¸qÿ…œŒq¸¡úIü @ùý,…®þ@¸ÿ„÷  üUý:þÒü
 
‰ Ú ¤
 ‰öAñq*÷  ‰
‹ ÇÕÛ,Ü65798 ó … M LjÀ;: † ñ ý Ý ó Û,Ü65798 ó … Ç  ó ý À ý : ñ
 
› Øú6ü @ùý,…  ó[ ý:þ@ü"††RŒ …¨þ¸ († UJ%Œ F/ … @ … ,ù !† %üU¸ /{þ ,ùþ@¸qú6ù %…  „ý:…7¸qÿ…¡þ ¸yù …ÿþ ¹ ¸[¸[¾º.ü@¹@’ »½¶#º¾
²µ´ »=< ¶¼¾R¸ (”  »>R² ¹ …ÿ Uo…!† ý,…¤†R†ùoþ@¸ 4ÿ '3( ¡ ü"ÿšŒq¸yü ÿ„… /…¤ý þ@¸qü %üŸAý,…ºUŒq…¸ .ü ŽAüUÿ…7D† š?Ö > ¢ Of  
·t…Rý %üU¸ /ù „ùþ R)A@ ¸y… @ƒ @ü  4þ ,ü"ý,=… @üäŸAù7ý Œü¨#ù ,ù¤ý:ý,I… ü"¸ /…¸y…ý,=… ,ù¸ "Iý,Œq…¸ .üäÿ„þ …7¸q†þù7¸qü @…
†RþÒ#ù F/þ…7¸q…Èþ@¸¡ÿ„… By¸qþ %þ@úIü •
Ñ ñ
 ‰hö>ñq÷R ‰
‹ Ç  ó öAñ ¯ ÷ý  À BC ñ ¯ ý
þ@¸ ,Œqþhñ ¯ ý,ü 4ý,…†…¤¸ / ü @üŸ>ý:…7º"Œq…7¸ Oüÿþ(ý:þ@Ÿ>…ý,þ …7¸ /†ù …7?ý ü¡º"Œq@ü @+… U¬ÿ„ þ!† ù7¸qþ '"þ … þ  úIü ù7ý:…¢†Rþ
 ó  < Œy…! † %ùûý,þ@†RŒ /ü %™
ù Œqªo…7†R†…ý…oŒq†ü /S ù :#ù …ûŸAù7ý Œüšÿxþ „ý:#ù "ID… %ù ™ … …/…þ@¸ž…7úIþ@ÿ…7¸ .ü
,ù …V@ƒ ü %…7¸qŒqü .þGù7¸q…[þ@¸¡ÿ„žÿ…7žþ ,üUú6þs†þ@= ü @þ¸y…üUý …7¸ /5… ý,ù sù7ý Oþ@ù¸qü …œü ü @Œq¸ "@)Ò… P.Aü D 
E)F4g#_$kva{mico`imi]$klva!ebFa{éymi]fs%ge_Emi]eqd_Ev`ia@kls%c kk~co]ec‰coeït!`ia§]vvcdmiaDwÊ_$jéyqo_uRa!v]a!qoqda§^(`i_$kl_ebFaxe#_q‰s%_bFbF]7jFc
geaEmi]s%^(]e_e#v_%jFc kk~co^PavcdèRa@wGcdexp!g_$klv]mia@kl]9qdaE`i_$kc klv_ebFa@|
 `"aUa c"d[eEƒ.fhghiBgkjOl"mon\pqpƒBfsr d?ôtnƒfôôƒOuzƒ
Î7698.: €zNx6x : x¤z)‰ { ; w › ö ¸ „ý:…7†.…¸ Oü¹ÿþ…Ÿ>Ÿ>…ùˆ…@…  ü¹Ÿ>Œq¸OþGù¸y…ÿ„þ§/ý,ü"†RŸ>…ý,þ …¸/ù¡þ¸/ý,þ¸y†R…#:ü
>CA(ö>ñq÷ Ç Ò… Ý â × MØ „ý:…7†R…¤¸/ü¬Œy¸qü¢ÿ„þ„…¸qÿ„…¸.ü¬ÿ„üñ /Œ%ƒ ü/ý:ù?*)q…V…ý,Ÿ …#F/ü ,ü"Œq†ü"¸Òÿù„ù/…¸q­
Oþü ¨…¸/…¢ÿ„þ†!%ù7ý:†þ@ù¸qþ@þ@¸q…üUý:þ †Œqþ †…"I¸yü@þqþ@¸µ/ý,ü"¸q†þ/ùh«¦¸´ý,ù'@…#ü¡ü"¸yüGù#"Iù †RùýR"I…  ü"¸*)y…
þ@¸ üU†R†…¸ .ü¹ÿþ…Ÿ>Ÿ>… ˆù … @…  º"ŒyüGùý,üš†þyü"¸yþŸ>…†!%þhŒy¸ ÿ„þ@†Rü"ÿ„ü%ü…¸/ùÿþþ„…ÿ„…¸O……ÿþ
,üUú6ù[¸qù7¸¡†þü †RŒq Ÿ B,…¸ %#… …¸ %V … @Œq¸"IùœŽAú6…ÿ„þsü ý,…††Rù¤f
Ot=…  ü '"üU¸sÿ„ü¡ÿ„þ †… "6¸qü … U¢†Œq Ÿ B,þ@…¸ /… …7¸ /… …7(† /…¤†Rü¨ÿ„J ü ,ü"Œq†ü"ý,… Œy¸qüäÿþ@!† %ù7ý:†þù7¸q=… þ@¸q…7ü"ý,…
¸qù7¥ ¸ /ý:ü"!† :Œyý:ü '"þ …  ùû†S
… ü „ü"Rý %þ ,ù @ü"ý,…û¸qü /Œqý,üšÿ#… †…  "6¸qü @…oŽ>ü"ÿ …7‰†  ¸qŒ …7ý:þ :ù¤ý,þ *)qþ@…ÿ„´… ü
ý,…†…¤¸ OüÈÿþ„Œy¸ý,þ /ü"ý,ÿùœ(† /ý:#… F
ü …¸ %7 … ,ù(† /ü"¸ %7… ,ù¸ûñ Uϸq#… :…7†R†ü"ý,þ-ù ý,…ú6…ÿ…=ý:…ÏŒq¸qù!† %üUÿþ@ùœÿ„þ
…ºUŒqü @‡þ P.ü .þ@ù¸y… 
G z :H/ {;z : Q ü ÿ„þüUŸAù7¸qþ@ü  þ@¸qÿþ,ü%ü¦þ@¸¡þ@¸"@G…†…V:ù7¸þž/…ýRþ@¸q…®ÿ„þ„²,”R¶·R·(¸G¹;<JI  ,ù¸y†Rþ@†(/…[¸y…þŸ>…¸qù7­ 
…¸yþ ÿþ þ@¸/…ý,Ÿ>…ý,…¸Oü %ý,ü¡þ
…7†R†ü"@"Iþ/ý:üU†(„ùýRü/þq†RŒ´,üUú6þ ÿþ@†(„ù†(/þ þ@¸µ„ý:ù7†R†þ¡þ/©ý,…,þý,ùD:ü
…ûÿù7úIŒ%þ‘üŠŸA…7¸qù#…¸yþ\ÿþ‘þ¸yÿŒ.þGù7¸q…û…@…/ýRùü"I¸q…#%þ,üŠ…ÿ ü,ù4sþü…¸/þ؅@…%ý,ù¤†(/ü/þ:þ › 
Ÿ>…¸q#ù …¸y?ù U?üUý /þ ,ù @ü"Rý …¸ %…Èý,þ …7úI ü"¸ %…®þ™ ¸ /Œ %þsþ ,ü"†þyþ@
¸ ,Œqþù#%þž:üIúIþ"6þ@ü,þ@ù¸qù®ü"Ÿ>ŸAüU†(,þü%þ
þ@¸ Œy¸q´ ü …ÿ„…†þ üµ:üU¸qü @þ !.ü Oþ@ù¸q… :ù7¸qÿ„þú6þÿ„…¸qÿ„ùŒy¸ @Œq¸ " )҅P.ü†Rþ"I¸yþB2,ü/þú6ü ÿ„þ§„…ýR:ù7ýR†ù
¥¦#… ,ü"†Rù®ÿ2þ :#ù Œq¸qþ ,ü .þ@ù7¸qþŸAù7¸qþ *)q…  @ü¢ÿþ@ü"Ÿ>ù7¸qþ@=ü ŒyVª ,ü"Œq†ü"ý,5… @ƒ ü"(† ,ù /ù[þ¸yÿ…7†Rþ@ÿ…7 ý:ü %ù[ÿ„þyü /ý:…
,ù Œq¸yþ ,ü Oþù7¸q.þ KL¸y… {:ü"†ùoÿ„x þ /ý:ü"!† þ@†R†þù7¸qþظqŒ … 7ý:þ *)q…oùÿþ\†… "6¸qü §þ ùÿ„Œ @ü /þ @üšÿ„þüUŸAù7¸qþ@ü
ý,ùÿ„Œ ,…Œq¸}ÿþ@(† /ŒqRý '"ùšüUÿÿ„þ /þú6ùš†Œ  4#… …¸ %üUý:… *)q… #… " "6þù7ý:ü ¦ … ý,…$† /ü Oþù7¸qþB…7(† ý,…††R…þ@¸
/…Rý þ¸yþsÿ„žþ „ý:#ù '"ü 'Uþ @þ %©¦ÿþ҅ý,ý:ù¤ý,…[ùœÿþ O N ¥ M?
Où¸ý,þŸ>…ý,þ …¸ /ù[ü Gùœ(† *)q#… ü ÿ„ þ B"IŒyý:ü ,ù¸y†Rþ@ÿ…7ý:þ@ü ùœŒq ¸ :#ù @#… "Iü …7¸ /5ù …®=­ O †RˆŒ :Œy2þ "6ý:üU­
úIüU¸qù‘ÿŒq&… :üUŒq†R…\ÿþ6þ@¸ /…ý,ŸA…7ý:…¤¸ .üÿþ6 ÿþ@ü"Ÿ>ù¸yþü •=þ D,ù @… "Iü … ¸ %ù$ÿ„ü Ë üUQÿ PJý:ù7ÿŒ :…Bþ ¤ŸA…7¸q#ù …¸yù
ÿþ7z“ ¹„” ¹4» ¹F± ¶Dº» ¹Ž>þ¸þ¸ "@G…†+… RSHTHU º¾R¹” ¾Rº¡ ²:R” ¶·(·R¸G¹;<=IҐ …¸ %ý,…Èþ ž:#ù #… "Iü …7¸ /ùÈ ÿü¬ ü"Vÿ þ
ý,ùÿ„Œ ,…Ôþ qŸ>…7¸qù …7¸qùÔÿ4þ ¸G¾
< ¾Â»½¹7ʱ ¶#º» ¹o Ž 3SVTAU f± ¹ ” ¾RºÂû²,” ¶#··(¸[¹<=IÒf s¥¦… „ý:þ ù:üU†Rù þ y†… "6¸qü @…
ÿþ@!† %ŒqRý '"üU¸ /%… )qü[ù7ý:þ "Iþ@¸q…Bþ@+¸ „ý:ù7†R†þ þ%©Èÿ„… „Œq¸ %ùBÿ„þ ý,… @þ…7úIùBÿ„… "†… "6¸qü …Bÿ„þ!† %Œyý 'Uü %ù  …7¸ /ý:…
¸q#… s†… ,ù¸yÿ?ù )yü ù7ý:þ "Iþ@¸q…œþJ ¸ ý,ù†R†þ þ/©¢ÿ„… „Œq¸ /ùœÿþÒþ þ@†R†þù7¸q… 
A B Disturbante
FEXT
Disturbato C D Sorgente
NEXT
Disturbante E F

W X Y[ZH\1]^\ _a`Y9bc`]^d\1eHf
g"h?ikjleHm4ZH\1]onApqml\ mar'Y[`;]omlZH\1YseHZutLmlboh9fqY?`]cml\ \1Y[ZAeHm"v%]oh9ZHYs`]-`]^m"w=h[ZH]^m

;
\1fqm+b^Y0dh[f
xLY9ZH\1];`]^d\1eHf
g"m"ZA\ ]LYyboX Y[d\ f
Y[r'h0`;]od\ eAfqg"ml\ hlzLW-m{pq]^f
pqh9d\mlZHv%mQp
|AY%}LZHY[];f
]^d~Y9\ \1]^tL];~eAZH\1]
`]]^r'r']^dd].h[ZHY%}"];dY9xLZHmlbo];`;]od\1eHfqglm"ZH\1];|HmlZZAh€b^mNd\1Y[ddmN~h9\ YZAv3m{`Y9bob^mNdh9fqx4Y[ZH\1Yp‚|HY€Y[r'Y9\ \1YQ]^b
dY9xLZAm"b^Y`;]od\ eAfqg"ml\ h%}"~Y9fqr'Y9\ \Y`]ƒ`Y[nAZH]^fqY€boh…„q†
‡ˆ‰‹Š€ŒHlŽ‡ˆ
‡ŒH‘ Š[’AJ‡

“•”y–V—˜š™›œ”y–V—ž˜ ™› Ÿ¡”0¢6—£˜ ™›

p h[r'Y¤b^m?`]^wJw=Y[f
Y9ZHv3mk]oZa`¥¦\ f
m'b^§ ‡‰¨‰‹©
’«ª4‡[¬L=Š9’H©0ŒHŽ­‡;ˆq‡;ŒH=‡[ Š’H=‡ ”…–V—£˜ ™› Y•bo§ ‡‰¨‰¨©q’cªL‡[¬4JŠ9’H©0ŒH©
®

†
Š[®=®J©1¯H‡°'©
’H‰¨Š ”…¢6—£˜ ™› z²±b³b^]ot4Y[b^boha`;]y~;h[\1Y[ZAv3m´`Y9b…dY[x4ZHmlboYµ`]^d\1eHf
g"mlZ\1Y¶~;fqh9tLY9ZH]^Y[ZH\1Y¶`;m´·
Y[`¸h[ddY9ftLml\ hµm"b…~eAZH\1h ¹ºfq]^deAbo\1m´j"eH]^ZH`;]³~m"f
]…m;»¶¼¡– ½3¾‹¿
À œ ¼µ– ŸÁ” –V— œ ¼¶¢ ŸÁ” –V— œ
¼ —ÂÔ0¢6—ÄŸÅ”y–V—Æœ ¼ —ÄŸ¦“•”y–V— }h9dd]^m¶`] “•”y–V— `¥Æ]^ZHw=Y9fq]^h[f
YÇm"bdY9xLZAm"b^Y'eH\1]^boYlz'È+ZHm
`Y9nHZA]ov%]oh9ZHYÉ`;Y[b³\1eH\1\ hµm"ZHmlboh9xLmf
]^deHb^\1mu~Y[f?b^m´\ Y9boY9`]^m"w=h[ZA]omuÊ=ËÌHÍHÎÏJ}y~;Y[f?b^muj"eHmlb.Y ]^bÐb^]^tLY[b^b^h
`]³~;h[\1YZHv%mu`Y9bydY[x4ZHm"b^Ya`]^d\1eHf
g"mlZH\ Ya~;fqh9tLYZA]oY9ZH\1Yµ`;mÄ¥ÑY[`²h[ddY9fqt4m"\1h¶mlb³~eHZA\ hµ¹Ñfq]^deAbo\1m
¼Ó› Ò ¾‹¿
À œ ¼ —aŸ“•” › — ]^Zkp
eH]ƒb^h0„q†
‡ˆ
‰‹ŠQŒHA‰‹©
®J©
ŒH=‡[ Š’AJ‡?|HmN]obƒtLmlboh9fqY

“•” › — ˜š™›œ” › — ˜ ™› ŸÃ” ¢6— ˜ ™›

Ô)ÕÖÕ
בØÚÙÜÛÝÐÞ3ß^؏à‘á[âoØãäÙÜØãäØá9åØ­âoØ×æØÙæÞá[à‘ç‹è[Øéqêà%ݳÞ×æâoÞ­ãäà=ê ÞâoâoØ£ê Û×æבë Û)ì
ìqØá[âoÞÐêØבבÛcâoØבØÙÜÞá[à‘Ûcá[í[ݳØãäàæç‹ÛcîÜïVðñóòÜÕ

ô¨õ;ÝÐØâoâJàæÛqݳޞê à3à‘áê à‘çäÛãä؞ê à%Þö%ØãäÛãäØ­à‘á{ê÷+ö%ØãAç‹è9àæÛqãäØå å Ûyêà%á[Þâ^Ûå àæÞá[Ø%Õ
ø3ùlú~}lú´ûÐüý-ýzV€Úþ{ÿ&‚
2ƒyƒf‚ ûlþü  Ñ
 


 Û : i ÆiÉ
Û :¥  :z:  DÇnÉ! Ë#"%$& ùÿ('ùü 4þ:ü'"þ‡)'S '7ý† $ F*',+ $ '-'/.>ý0'+ $ ' & 1 '™ '7ý† $ þ
ý,þ-2 $ %þ35–
4 Ò$Óž6 Á 5' ¿74–Ò$Ó6žÀP8 & /ü2:ü92Rù:2Rþ2)qü
Ñ Á
ô<;ö=6>? Ì ;@? À
ý0'7ü)' ' ¦Ä öA6>B? ÏDÒ$Ó6 ¤ ÁÀ

…®þ2:ù & 2C'" $ ' & . ü  U:.Aü:þ-'®ý0'7ü@þP.ü6ýD'¢ô  k ? ô  ? Ì ;  *)'®ÿ '*'ý!þ & ü

  
>CA(ö=6>?ÞÒC'(E KGF L#M 
+ $ þ & ÿþÒþ  :üIúIù & ù & ýD' 2C' & /ü ÿþ)!2 %ù7ý02þù & þsÿþÒü  þ)' P.ü  )qü $& üÔüH' &$ ü.þ@ù & '7%ý,ü2! $ ý,ü'Uþ)'  '
ü & þ-.=' !2 /ü $& üÔÿþ)(2 /ùýD2Rþ@ù & '[ÿþ .>ü2C5' @þ & 'ü"ýD'Ïþ & 6 ý0'7ü @þ P.ü & ÿ„ùI+ $ þ & ÿ„þ2)'5,ù & ÿþ.þ@ù & þÿþ :ü & ü)'
 '7ý0.='D%ù 

Û :  È‰É Ë#" þ&,ü2ù ÿ„þ&:ù#)'#"Iü
' & /þ$þ & H'7ý & þü"@þ\ü „ü"ý,ü%þ  ùµ/ý,ü $& %ý,ü2!
'%þ%ù¤ýD' J
ý,þD'ú6þ/ùýD''V@ü ýD'@ü/þ@úIü¢ü & * ' && ü Q ü¢ý,þ@ÿù%üC $& @" )'#$Oü¢ÿ '#ž,üIúIùV('ýR
'G'®ÿ„þK2!:ý,þ@úL'ýD'
' E Fnâ × MØM?N' E F × M!Ø)' E KGF1 × MØÚ*N' E KOF  × MØ
þ & + $ ü & %ù:' E F × M!Ø *QP$
<5$ üù7ý:üR2Rþ7ü & þS.='2(/þ $& ÿþ)2RüUÿü/ü
' & %ùŠÿ„þþ('ÿ ' & 1'  þ:ù' . B,þ-' & /þœÿ„þœý,þ-T' 2U2þ@ù & '
3höA6>'3!qöA6>yý,þ)2 $ /ü & ùœÿþ@úL'7ý02þsÿ„üC1'ý,ù  ý0' & ÿ(' & ÿ„ù
>CA(ö=6>?ÞÒ
' E KG1F  × MØ 
P
V3 höA6
> ý0!3 qö=6> ý!' E K F1 × MØ
&
 '7ý:þ@ùÿ„þ :T ü ,ù &XW  ' :ù &  6ZYA+ $ ' !2  " $ /þ ùþ & ü2U2C' & .ü ÿþ['.=.A'#%ù '# )' \f]8 & „ü"ýR%þ:ù#@ü"ý0'  2U'ûþ
,ü"ý:þ ,ù®ú6þ-' & '^(2 ,ù && ' 2C2Rù - ù  " $ (2 ,þ %üÔÿ #'  :üIúI-ù ù !2 /ü þ & ,ùRý %5ù :þ@ý  $ þ/ù  " '+LYG_Pù`_a\2ù2(/ý:ü=:ù#
'
ý,þ-2 $ %þ(3 yöA6>?cbdPý,þ)(2  #' F
þú6ü e' & *'  V' @=ü „ý:þ ü¢ÿ(' -'5YGP_ ù  \sÿþ@úIþ)' & '

f
P Z
b ' E
ô õ ö=6>? ô;ö=6> PfgZ' E K  1F  × MMØØ
K 1F  ×
'e2Rþhúh'ÿ ˆ' *)ˆ'  '7ý7+ $ 'þCúIü @ùý,þfY>ý:þ ,ùýRýD' & %þ)\‘ÿþf.>ý0'+ $ ' & Oü´ 6 *)'ý0' & ÿ„ù & ù/' E KO1F  × M!Ø ?ibjP5Y)kU\ 
 " þ  '7ÿ ' & Oü ÿ„þsþ & "6ý0'2U2ù[ÿ #' ž,üUú6V ù  $l ý,þ-2 $ %üUý0'®þ & B & þ /ü¢ù &$ @ü 
Ë úIþ@ÿ ' & *'
' & *'  -'‘ÿþ)!2 %ù7ýU2Rþ@ù & ‰þ þ & '7ü"ý,‰þ ý,ùÿs#ù F*'þ & + $ '(2 /& ù ,ü2Rxù )qü &K& ù $& ü & ÿü
' & /ù‘ÿ ' 
 $ F/ù¬ÿ„þ (' & ÿ(' & H' ÿü )C 
' „ü"ý /þ :#ù üUý:þ ,ù & ÿ„þ Oþ@ù & þt#ù  '7ýRü /þúh' '¢ÿ $& + $ C' @Jü @ùý,ùm'+ $ ü ‡þ P.ü .þ@ù & '
ÿ '7úL7' ýD'úh'ÿ('¤ý07' :#ù ù & '  & %þþ & "Iý,ü"ÿ„ùÏÿ„þ„ü"ÿ„ü F/ü"ýD2Rþ„ü @Iü >IA ö=6>sÿ #' 4:ü92RùUn  … " ü %ý,ü üUý *'  $& ü
úI#ù %üo' + $ ü @‡þ P.ü /ùÏþ ,üIúIù & ù & 2ù & ù & ' D' 2C2Rü"ý,þ $ H'7ý:þ@ùý,þü "@"Iþ $ !2 %ü
' & %þ Iü „ü"Rý H7'  ý,ù '-#' þ„ÿþ
ÿ '7ý:þ@úIˆü *'Rý þ,ü z…®þúh'ýD2RIù U¦þ 
,ü2ù ÿ„ü 
 $& /ù ÿ„þ úIþ)(2 /ü¨ÿþ $& *'Rý þ & ü )'Ôÿþ ýD' G'  '7ýœþ p+ $ ü  )'
þ§,üIúIù
'.=.A#' %þ@úIü
' & H' $ /þ @‡þ $Oü / ù  $l '2U2C'ýD'ûÿþ@úL'7ý02ùÿ„ ü ,ù -#' "Iü
' & /ùµ
ü ,ù -#' "Iü
' & /ù '
 '7ý /ü & %ù[þÒÿþ)!2 ù 2þ %þ@úI2þ ùÿ(' ü úL' @ù ,þ H= q þ Ÿ/#' -'7úIü *'[ÿ('ú6ù & ù®ÿþ)(2 ù7ý:ýD'Èÿþ $& ,ù ù & ' & *'[ÿþ
' + $ ü @‡þ P.ü .þ@ù & 'œüUÿü %þ@úIü  ÿ„ü¢ýD' "6ù @ü"ýD'[ù " & þÒúI#ù /ü¢ü"ÿ¬þ & þ OþGù[ÿ(' ž:#ù )' "6ü
' & %ùsr 
tv4u èRèR_`G]wiva!qoc(mGî_xwzy!{a|O}~@S€L‚:ƒ{=„†…M|H}~#S€ ‡
ˆŠ‰ wF_9p!g#cre jFcL}~#S€‡
‹KŒ  mi]fe‹[‡/ŽCz‰G|0*zz
‘v’ g#h-aDj_$k_s&^Pco]7`i_e jF_`Rklce_fmi_$kkla!`ico]êva!`ia`i_íEge+v`ia@kls%_vvv]`i_-`ia@jFcd](w@qoa?^P`icos%a?èR]qovamGî#_5qo]=kcžmi]qoqo_uRa
a!qoqo\ a*ev_e#ea@|
“`ž” \#p!g#_$kva7qoa-ëìa@kl_%coemigc coq4s%]$jF_s m[î_g klcra!s%]^(_`§mG]qdqo_uRa!`Gmic4a!q ^(`i]èRc½jF_`ycde#v_`ie_v_s%_*vv_&geaCk_`ico_IjFc
]`i`Gcdt!coqoc kg#]ec |W|W| |
 • 2 û"þI–Eƒacücý…ü¡ø%ù"úÇÿ[——ƒ˜K™þ?ôÚÿƒfôôƒ1zƒ
š›œW¨xœž› #:ŸO o¡K¢C¡ž¯<ŸP­ ªBŸI£¤ž±<Ÿ# ­9¥
¢!­/¦ ­9¢!­M£¡$ ¬©§Ÿa£p¤E°sŸ1¡ž©§Ÿ
¨ '2U©Dª0«)¬L«)­®
¯e«Š° ªD« & ©0«)° ­9±-«f²*«-°(«Š³ «Š©0­L¬L¯ $ ²*«)±-«)´a´C­9²H«*µm° 'ª7«Š+ $ ­±S«Š.=¯ ª & «)­®
¯/« & ²*­¶'±-±)­]«Š¬L­±)¯ ªD«
²*«-°(«-©D«K³(' ±)±)'I·LªD­ & ³(' ´1´a':' 2C2U' & ´1«-­9±-«)¸ & ' ±)±)'5©D¯ & ³ «)´a«)¯ & «K«)±-± $ 2U²*ª0­9²H' & ' ± ²*' 2C²G¯5©¹'52U'· $ '9µ
º!» ¼1½^¾p»v¿hÀLÁ0½ ÂMÃBÄ }0ŝÆOÇ^È˜É Ê Ã<Ä Ë É ÌGC͏1ÎS1ÏpÐaÑÒ9ÓÔaÕ
Ö*× Ø ÑLјÙÑÒ ÑhÑ ÚhÛ ÚCÜCݝÙÞVÓÔ èaß à ŽGŽ á!âa‰zŽUãäGâD|Må!‰*ŽCãæOâ0áMåG‰*ŽCãaç
ÚhÛ Ó èÙéÓ)ÚCÚ:Ô èaß Ù(ÞêÓÔ èaß
ë<ì ÐÐ × ÑdÒ × í ì Ò í Ñ ÓzÛ îŠÙÞVÓÔ èaß
݊ÙVÓ ÚCÚ:Ô èaß à Ž!ŽÑ ã0ïUðñ ‰*Ž!ŽâCáMå‰*Ž ãò âU‰*Ž ãaæ âáBåG‰*Ž ãaó
îCڝÙêÓô èß ÙÞVÓÔ èaß
ë<ì Ùõ-õ × ÙMö Ñ÷Ó*Û î0øèhÛ è^Õ:Õ ùsÛ ÜÙ(ÞéÓpô èaß ú á%û ì Ø Ð ì ö × í Ñ Ø Ñ üGýDâ1‰! ü!üBå‰zŽ ã þ â1 | à åG‰*Ž ãaä âC‰*Ž ãhÿ Ã
îhÛ ÝCø
sÛ ù^Õ:Õ îhÛ ÜÙÞéÓpô èaß áGŽû ì Ø ÙÒ × Ù U‰Hâ â â
 Û èCøÜ  Õ:Õ Û  ÙÞêÓpô èaß ÿSæ=ó y  ÿ à  ‰! Dá!â â â ÙÞVÓô èß
  

 


   <z   Š
#Š(   
M¯ & ¯ ©0¯2U²G«)² $ «)²H'³(­ $& ­©D¯ °(° «)­X³(«I©0¯ & ³ $ ²H²*¯ ªC« &$ ³ «)¸I³ «
¶ªD¯ & ´1¯Z¯³N­©D©0«)­«)¯VªD«)¬L'2U²*«-²*¯« & ªD­®
'1¸5©D¯ & ³ «)­®
' ²*ªD¯! ³ ­ 
­ "V®
®
¸x2U¯2U²*' &$ ²H«³ ­ $& ­é° ­±)«%$©D­´a« ¯ & ',©¹'÷±-«®
­ & ²H«)' & '
­
#
³ «)2U²*­ & ´1­ ³(«j_'&J)(+*R©0®µ-, " $ 2C¯Z³(' ±)±-'ê±-« & ''V­9' ªD' '#.ê­ & ³ ­²*¯
' 2C²H« & · $ ' & ³ ¯ 2C«©0¯ & «)±B²*' ®
°(¯1¸®
­/ªD«-®
­ & 'd±-­9ª0·L­9®
' & ²H'd³ «).A. $ 2C¯
& ' «%° ­9' 2C«K°( « //° ¯¬L' ªD«*µ
8#¬L­±)¯ ªD«pªD«-°(¯ ªD²H­9²H«M« & ²*­¶9' ±)±-­ 2C¯ & ¯dªD«-.='ª0«)²H«M­ ©0¯ & ³ $ ²*²H¯ªU«p©0¯ & 102( ®
®
¸K­e.=ªD' + $ ' & ´a­ ³ «_
354  ´ 6C±-­j3x·h«-q­e7_ *+* 354 ´#©DªD's2U©D'^­9±¬L­9±-¯ª0'§³(«  *98: 3 ®
¸h®
' & ²HªD'^±-­©D¯ & ³ $ ²*²H­ & ´1<­ ;§­e'_ *+* 354 ´
'©D¯ & ²*' ®
° ¯o®
¯±-²*¯ $ ®
«)³ ¯1¸(° $l ©Dª0'2U©D'sªD=' $ & ¯5­m³ '©0« & '³(«¬L¯±-²*'«)±2 $ ¯I¬L­9±-¯ª0' & ¯ ®
« & ­9±S'­³ê_
354 ´9µL8f¬L­9±-¯ª0«ª0«)° ¯ª0²G­9²H« ®
¯ 2C²*ª0­ & ¯:©D¯ ®
'5±-'^©D¯ & ³(«-´1«)¯ & « ³(« 4 ' ­L¬L«)2U«)³ ' & ¯ & 2C«-­ & ¯^ª0«)2U°(' ²*²H­9²H'¸« &
+ $ ­ & ²H¯?3 >A@CBD;¸(­ & ©¹'52C'I±)¯52C©0­9ª0²*E¯ .I« & .=' ªD«)¯ ªD'ª0«)2U°(' ²*²H¯­9±%©D­2C¯I³(' ±)±-'I©D¯° ° «)'IªD«-²*¯ ªD²G'9µ
, " «-®
°(' ³ ' & ´1­d©D­ªD­²*²H'ªU«)2U²*«-©D­7ªD«-°(¯ ªD²G­²*­7« & ²*­¶'±-±)­h¸ ³(«K©D«-ªD©0G
­ F+*+*18Š¸ .I¯²H²O' &$ ²H­d­° °(±-«)©D­ & ³ ¯
«)±K®
¯³ '±-±)¯5­d¶­2C2U':° 'ª0³(«-²*' ¸©0¯ & ±)'I©D¯ 2U²*­ & ²H«%° ªD«-®/­ª0«)'I« & ³(«-©D­²*'9µ
 <v  !H!
M¯ & ¯d©0¯2U²G«)² $ «-²*'j³ ­ $& ­ ©D¯ ° °(«-­/³ «M©D¯ & ³ $ ²*²H¯ªU«M« &


IKJ+LNM7O+PKQSRUTWVXJ9Y[Z \9JV^]Z _9LNLNO`Iba%c`M?dfega egahVahLiJ+ejM?Iba%J+k

l Mma%dfQ l J+RnejM7OoMSVpJ`c`cqQ l ejarejIKJ l QSIKQsdfM?PbQHRVQsM l a%PKtnMsPbQ?R

uXJdfdQ=v`IKJ+RVMEIKa duXM?ejegQ<J l Va JLNMSegIbQZhwWRmRxnLyMSIKQ<c`JIba%J+za l M=VanegJ l ahPKQSuuXa%M<{|egIbJ1}xJ l P~tMEVXMSPKa%k
RJM9}+xJ l P~tMWPKMSRega%RJ+a%QSdQSRQ9uXQ?aIKJ+vqv`IKxuXuJ+egM9Jdfda M?LNM7O€M9Iba%c`M?dfega egMPKQSRUv`xJa‚RM9uXIbQ?ejM?e ega cqM
a%dfQ l JRejaQ9LNM?ejJ l l a P~tnMXƒa l K I a dx l ejJejQWVXM l l%„ QSuXM?IbJ…'a%QSRnM9†9a%RejM?IbIKJ+egQGQWdQSdfuMHdfQWLNM?VXa%J+RegM9xnRJ‡ˆxk
„
RM<a%R^J+PbPKa%J+a%QZŠ‰ xdQWVM %
l l MWK P QSuuha M<IKa%ejQ?Ibe M7OnRJ+egQ<J l%l QWdPbQ?uXQ9VXa€IKMSJ l a%…'…7J+IKM<a l PKQ l%l MSv`JLNMSRnejQWejIKJ
xegMSRnejM^MsPKMSRnejIKJ M^ejM M?‡|Q?Ra%PbJOAdaA†sIKMSPfM?RegMSLNM?RejM^M?dfegMSdQUJ l PKJ+z l Jqv`vqa QsVaAIKMSega l Q?PbJ l ao{ˆ‹XŒ€Ž
l l

PKQSRmegQSuQ l QSvqa JJ9dfegM l%l J€ƒ'a%RNegJ l M5PKQSRnejMHdejQ7OahPKJcqahdQSRnQEa%RVXa%PKJ`eganPKQSLNM5ŽX‘i{’`“n”b•–ˆ—K˜|™n—b™iš›5–ˆ”Kš—K™

œ –|žfŸZ
  c`J l ?
Q IbanIba%uXQ?IbegJ+ega€a RNejJ+zM l%l JdfQ?RQ=IKa ‡ˆMSIKa%eja€JPKQSRnVXxegegQHIbaPKQSRTG¡¢Z £1LNLNO¤J‡ˆIKMS}xMSRn…'J1Va¥]
¦5§ …ƒ l JE¨©J1]7Y+Y ¦5§ …ª†APKa IKPbJ)VXQ?uXuXa%J[Zq‰©J)«oVXa%uXMSRnVXM¬dQSdejJR…7a J l LNMSRegM¬VJ l%l „ a%dQ l J+RegMAxneja l a ……7J+egQ'O

LNMSRnejIKM l%„ J+xLMSRegQEVa[­¥†5MSc`a%VXM?RegMSLNM?RegM l M?v`JejQ)J l%l JWc`a%Pba%RJqR…7JWVXMSahPbQ?RVxejegQSIajZ
®'¯°²±°¢³A´Žµ©µ¶E·[¸=¹º¶A»N¼¤½¥½Ÿ»¾³¸=¿Ž´ • _
À

Á & ©¹'d« & + $ ' 2C²H¯d©0­92U¯1¸MªD«)2 $ ±)²*­÷3?>=@ÂBD;¸p'7³ $& + $ 'd±-'d©0¯ & ³ «)´1«-¯ & «M³ « 4 '­9¬L«)2C«-³(' & ¯ & 2U¯ & ¯
¬L'ª0«%$©D­²*'9µ=Ãj' ±<°(­2C2U­²*¯1¸2U«¥. .=­²*²H¯e±)­ª0·h¯ $ 2C¯ ³ '±-± " ' 2C° ' ³(«-' & ²*'e³ «<« && ­9±S´a­9ª0' ­ªD²*« $©0«)­±S®
' & ²*'
BS¸[©0¯±)±-¯©0­ & ³ ¯]­³R« & ²*' ªD¬L­9±-±)«ª0'·L¯±-­9ª0« $& ­V« & ³ $ ²H²*­ & ´a­UÄH©D¯ & ©0' & ²*ªD­²*­+ÅY=±-',©D¯ 2C«)³ ³ 's²*²H']¶9¯ ¶« & '
ÆWÇÈÉˆÊ \=¸Mª0'­±)«)´a´1­ & ³ ¯ ©D¯  2 Ë & '±)±-­/¶­ & ³ ­÷³(' ±B©0­ & ­±)'7²*' ±)'.A¯ & «)©0¯ $& ©D¯ ®
° ¯ªU²*­®
' & ²H¯7­° °(ª0¯2U2C«-J
®
­²*«)¬L­®
' & ²*'o° ' ªD.='s²H²*¯9hµ Á±p©Dª0'2U©D'sª0'j³(' ±)±-­ .=ª0'+ $ ' & ´1­¸K° 'ª l ¸p±)'o¶¯¶« & '<Ì $ °(« & °(ª0¯³ $ ©D¯ & ¯ $&
' .=.=' ²G²*¯˜° ­92U2C­¶­h2C2U¯1¸h­ $ ®
' & ²H­ & ³ ¯[³ «L®
¯ ±)²H¯@«)±L¬L­±)¯ ªD'@³(«9­²*²H' &$ ­´a« ¯ & '6C­²*² $ ­±)®
' & ²*'1¸s±)'@2C²H'2U2a'
©D¯ ° °(«-'dª0«)²*¯ ªD²G'd2C¯ & ¯ $ ²H«)±)«-´1´C­²*'d°(' ª:±-­ ²*ª0­92U®
«)2U2C«-¯ & 'j³ «p2C' · & ­±)« &$ ®
' ªD«-©D€« Ì©ÍAÎV¸%'j³ $& + $ 'o±-'
¶¯¶« & Ï' Ì $ °(« & 2U¯ & ¯I2C²*­²H'5ª0«)®
¯ 2C2U'1¸ '³ ­± ±)¯ ªD¯° ¯2U²*¯I« & 2C' ªD«-²*«KªD«)° '²H«)²H¯sªD«%ª0«)·L' & ' ªD­²*«)¬L«*µ
, " «-®
°(' ³ ' & ´1­
©D­ªD­²*²H'ª0«)2U²*«-©D­,ª0«)°(¯ ªD²H­²*­,« & ²H­9¶'±-±)­¸p³ «©D«)ª0©Dm
­ F+**28Š[¸ . ¬L­9±-«S³(­÷­÷.=ª0'+ $ ' & ´1'
­ $ ³ «)¯1¸©0¯ & ©0­L¬LŽ« N0 µ Ð÷®
®ѵ Ì<ªD' ¬h­±)' & ³ ¯m± " ­2U°(' ²*²H¯m©0­°(­©D«-²*«)¬L¯1¸­±©0ªD' 2C©U'ª0' ³(' ±)±-­÷.=ªD' + $ ' & ´a­
ô;Š2U«%ª0«)³ $ ©0'I­
'_ **J À *q*y8Š¸9©0¯ & .A­92U'5³ «%JG7_ *d·hª0­³(«Hµ
, " ­²H²*' &$ ­9´U«)¯ & '7©¹«)±)¯ ®
'²HªD«-©D­eª0«)° ¯ª0²G­9²H­9
¸ .d2U'®
° ªD'7ªD' ±)­²*«-¬h­/­9±p©0­92Ui¯ 0µ Ðe®
 ® 69°(' ª:³ «)­J
®
' ²*ªD«%³(«_µ (o®
® 2C«(¯ ²*²H' & ·L¯ & ¯^¬L­9±-¯ª0«(©D«-ªD©D­d³(«-®
'´a´1­²*«-¸h®
' & ²*ª0'^©0¯ & W0êµ "o®
® «)±(¬L­9±-¯ª0'§³(h« Ò§;
ªD«-2 $ ±)²H­j®
­·h·L«)¯ ªD'µ
Ój& ­ $ ±-²*«-®
­:¯ 2C2U'sªD¬L­9´a«)¯ & '@³ '¬L'^' 2C2U'ª0'^.A­9²H²*­¸h°(' ª2C° «)' ·h­ª0'§©¹'§± " ­9¬h¬L¯ ±)· «)®
' & ²*¯§³ '±-±)­©0¯° J
° «)­m2 $ 2U'2C²H'2U2C­ ¹­m±)¯I2C©0¯° ¯o³ «ª0«)³ $ ªDªD'«³ «)2C² $ ªD¶«K³ «K³ «)­.=¯ & «)­Mµ 8 & .=­²*²H«)¸ 2C'«)±° ­92U2C¯³ '±-± " ' ±)«-©D­
.³ «)¬L'ªD2U¯²*ª0­ ±)'I©D¯ ° °(«-'o­9.A.=­2C©0«)­²*'I« &÷$& «S©0¯o©D­9¬h¯a¸(±-'²*' & 2U«)¯ & «'I©D¯ ªCª0' & ²*«« & ³ ¯²H²*'o³ ­ $& ­7©D¯ °(J
° «)­é2 $ ³ « $&" ­9±-²*ªD­ & ¯ & « & ²*' ªD' 2C2U­ & ¯
2C' ®
°(ª0'
±-¯/2U²*' 2C2U¯÷©D¯ & ³ $ ²*²*¯ ªD' ¸Š®
­é' & ²HªD­®
¶9«« & ®
¯ ³ ¯
­±)²*' ª & ­²*¯9µ , " ­L¬L¬ ¯ ±)·L«)®
' & ²H¯o³(' ±)±-­ ©D¯ °(° «)­e³(«-2C² $ ª0¶9­ & ²*'1¸K« & ¯ ±)²HªD'1¸°(ª0¯³ $ ©D' $& ­ ­9±-²*' ª & ­ & ´C­ ³ ' «
©D¯ & ³ $ ²*²H¯ªU«<« & ¬L«)©0« & ­ & ´C­,³ '±-±)­,©D¯ ° °(«-­]³(«-2C² $ ª0¶9­²H­9¸B­·L·h« $K& ·L' & ³ ¯ $& ­ $ ±)²H'ª0«)¯ª0'e­±)²H'ª & ­ & ´C­
³ '±p¬L'ª02C¯d³(' ±M.=' & ¯ ®
' & ¯j³ «p³ «)2U² $ ªD¶¯9Ôµ Í#¯ & + $ ' 2C²H«­©D©0¯ª0·h«-®
' & ²*«-¸2U«²HªD¯ ¬h­ & ¯j­²*²H' &$ ­´a«)¯ & «³(«
³ «)­.=¯ & «-­,­,.=ªD' + $ ' & ´a'e¬L¯©0­9±-«)¸B³ ' ±)± " ¯ ªD³ « & ' ³ ¥« Õ*J • *,X³ Ö 2 $ F 3 ®Aµ Á±)± " ­ $ ®
' & ²*­ªD' ³ ' ±)±)­é.=ªD' J
+ $ ' & ´1­h¸%'³ '±-±)­m± $& ·h¹%' ´1´a­m³(' ±°(' ªD©U¯ ªD2U¯o©D¯ ® $& '1¸%± " ­h²*²H' &$ ­9´a«)¯ & '³ «K³ «)­.=¯ & «)­m³(«-®
« &%$ «)2U©D'YA'
+ $ « & ³ « ± " « & ²*' ªD.' ªD' & ´a­o­ $ ®
' & ²H­\=`¸ $ & ¯§­j®
¯2U²*ªU­ªD'^¬L­±)¯ ªD«(³ « F*ˆJ Ð+*oX³ Ö <­ Ð+&+* 354 ´@2 $ _9µ F 3 ®µ
 


ž  %    v
Ój& ©0¯ & ³ $ ²H²*¯sªD'd©D' & ²HªD­±)'G.jª0«)©D¯ °(' ªU²*¯d³(«M³ «)' ±)' ²*²HªD«-©D¯ ¸2 $ © $ «[.j­9¬h¬L¯±-²*¯d«)±p2C' ©D¯ & ³(¯7©D¯ & ³ $ ²*²*¯sª0'1¸
« & ²*ª0'©0©D«-­9²H¯ ­,.=¯ ªD®
­ªD' $& ­÷2C¯ ªD²H­,³(«<©D­±)´a­¸'mª0­©D©¹« $ 2C¯e­
2 $ ­,¬h¯ ±)²H­
« &$& ­
· $ ­« & ­,«-2C¯ ±)­ & J
²*'Eµ ,­÷° ­9ª0²*«-©D¯ ±)­ªD' ©0¯ & .=¯ ªD®
­´1«-¯ & ' ³(' ±f©D­9¬h¯ ±-¯ ªD' & ³ ' ®
¯ ±)²*¯e°(«%/Zª0'2U«)2U²*' & ²*' ­«B.A' & ¯®
' & «³ «
« & ²*' ªD.A'ª0' & ´a€­ 6p« & ³ «)©0­ & ³ ¯e©0¯ & ê«)±f³(«-­®/' ²*ª0¯÷³(' ±©0¯ & ³ $ ²H²*¯ ªD'÷« & ²*' ª & ¯/'
©D¯ &Ø× + $ ' ±)±S¯
'2U²*'sªGJ
& ¯1¸§±)­ ²H'¯ ªU«)­ ®
¯ 2C²HªD­ ©¹'ê2U«@³(' ²*'sª0®
« & ­ $& ®
« & «)®
¯]³ «˜­9²H²*' &$ ­´1«S¯ & 'V2U' ×yÙ ?ÛÚqÜÞÝq6[° ' ª
+ $ ' 2C²H¯m2C¯ & ¯ 2U²*­²*« & ¯ ªD®
­±)«-´1´a­h²*««³(«-­9®
' ²*ª0«B®
¯ 2C²HªD­²*« & '±)±-­e²H­9¶' ±)±)­
­÷°(­·%µ À• *µ˜8O±²*«-°(¯ ©0¯ &
Ù7× ? ßqÜâá Ù Ú?ß ®
ã
à ® .
2C¯ ²*²H¯®
­ªD« & ¯1¸Š'e° ª0'2U' & ²H­]±)­é®/« & «)® ­ê­²*²*' &$ ­´1«S¯ & '/©¹«)±-¯®
' ²*ª0«)©D­[6Ò§;
­ $ ®
' & ²H­j­±%³ «)®
« &%$ «)ªD'I³ '±-±)­d2C' ´1«)¯ & '5³ ' ±K©0­L¬L¯9µ
ä « & © ¹ . ×iÙ c?åÚqÜÞÝC¸[± " «S®
° '³ ' & ´a­ê©0­9ª0­9²H²*' ªU«)2U²*«)©0­é³ «)° ' & ³ '
2U¯±)¯³ ­±%³ «)' ±)'²H²GªD«-©D¯1¸ ©D¯ & ± " ' 2U°(ª0'2U2C«-¯ & '·h' & ' ªD­±)'.A¯ª & «-²*­m« & ²H­9J
¶'±-±)­¸p¯ ²*²H' & ' & ³(¯ «¬h­±)¯ ªD«³(Š« &+*
1' Ð+&28 ©0¯ & ³ «)' ±)' ²*²*ªU«-©D¯ ­ªD«-­/'
° ¯±-«)'²H«)±-' & 'IªD«)2U°(' ²*²H«)¬L­9®
' & ²*'9µ
8o¬h­±)¯ ªD«[³ '±)±-',©D¯ 2C²H­ & ²*«[° ªD«)®
­ª0«)'÷ªD«)° ¯ ªD²G­²*«« & ²*­¶9' ±)±-­ê2U¯ & ¯÷¯²H²O' &$ ²H«.=­©0' & ³(¯ $ 2C¯,³ ' ±)±)'
2U'· $ ' & ²H«˜ª0'±)­´a«)¯ & g« æ/3XÛ ? ßqÜâáNçKP è E éê i6 ëŽí!ì î ïXì ð 8 Ùfñ 6¬B/ò ? è`ÜâáóÝôöõ?÷ ì ; í ïùøú Ùfñ 6o; ? bP û?üyç
P è E ìþý+ÿ
  Ã 
   Ùfñ 6S>ò ý
  ýÃ    Ùfñ 61«  © 
« !UX« .§° ¯ !U²*#¯ "#$A«  4 %´ '& ±)± &)(A¯ª0*® ± &+K° ­ªD«(-­ ,ÑÎ 4 ´a¸
K

×
ÿ ÿ
&/.0!C¯1¯#&!U°(ª &2!3!U«p«]®*& ²*ª0«)¸54
6r.j±-­ ©D¯1!C²H­7²8&j³ «& ±&²H²*ª0«)©0­9¸'&:98;<>=Ï.j±? ­@·h¯ ±)¯j³ «p°&ª0³(«-²*­e³& ±
³ « & ± &²H²*ª0«)©0¤¯ 6AB& ±%©0C­ !U¯I
³ & ±K° ¯ ±)« & ²*«-± &1B&1¸(ªD« !3±)²HD­ 4
6 üqÜÞÚCE¸ 98;<>=F ÚÏç1GKè2H  µ
À7IÀ ³+¸KJ©½'¼¥´¥µÑ´ ®7¯+°m¹º¶ML'L½Ñ¼ONÔ¸QP[¹º½RP5P[½7¿½

ÞÑhõ Þ(ÑÒ Ù/Ñ@\ \ Ñ ÙMÒ Ñ Ù Ò ÙõHÕ õ-õ Ñ`_RaôNÞ Ó)î0ÚûhÙ Ùö Ñö Ñ@\ û â Õ Þ öÙ
ô Ö â× õ ] Þ × ×2] Ø ûhÙ7i ì í`í^]û ì Ùõ-õ ] × ÙØ ö Ñâ í Ø Ñö Ùk× ja× ìÙ ØØ Þ(Ù,Þ × \=Ò Ñc× l ] Ñ Ø ß ÑkØ mfno×!í mp !üjì ô)Øq × ß × Ûrìcahb ÑhØ1õ ]× Þ(Ø Ñì Ò Ù Ø ì Þ ì ] ] Ø í Ù ì
SFTUVHCWX@WY[Z
d fe^g h
Ð Ñ ß, Ù Ò ûhÑ2i Ù,ÐÑÒ ûhÙ ÙMö ÑoÞ ÙMö ÕÑ Ó<Õts:âÑdÞ õHÐ Ñ Þ Þ Ò Ù(õ*ÕxÑ Ò Ñ Ò ÙÞ
Þ ì × Ñí Ò cì Ø b ÙMÒ ÑV× )Ó Ú>]!s:í âÞÑ í ÑìcÒ`Õ b × Ø Ø ×ÙMÒ Ñ/Ø ö Ù,ՊÙõ-× õ × ÕŠÙ,ö ]Ø ìØ b5u Ñ ßvß ÙdÞÑö × û ì ì ö ÑØ b ÙØ Õì Ñ Øí × ì ]âDØ[õ í] ÐÐ ì Ø Ñ í`íØ × í Þ ì ì iD×ÑØ Ò b× v ûhÙ í Ñì
ö Ñdû ì Ø Þ × ß × ì Ø × Þ × ÙÞÙ í`í ÙÕÑ Øí ì Ù b ö × Ñhõ í Ò ÑÕ × ÞÑözûhÙ7i ì âCû ì ØI× Õ:ÐaÑLÞÑ Ø ß Ù7ûhÙÒ Ù í`í ÑÒ × õ ív× ûhÙêÒ Ñhõ × õ ív× iÙâ0ÑhÞ
Ù í`í Ñ Ø ] Ù ß × ì Ø Ñ[û u × ö ì ÕÑ í Ò × ûhÙ Â ÃEw ùhÛ ÜÞ5gOøÔaÕ
Ù(Þ,ÓzôFq ß Û1a × l ] Ù Øí ì Þ ì ihÒ ÑBj7jaÑ#Ù ] ÕÑ Øí ÙÒ Ñö Ù7Ð ì í Ñ Ø ß Ù
í Ò ÙõH՝Ñhõ-õ-Ù/x zy ÐaÑÒ1Ò ÙÞÞ ì Ð(Ð × ÙMÒ Ñdö Ùeö ] Ø b{u Ñ ßvß Ù5|
} YB~z€X@WYhfU‚Z ] Ð(Ð ì Ø Ñ Ø Þ ì ^í ]í`ív×z× ûhÙ Ø Ùö × û ì Ø!í ÑÕ:Ð ì Ò Ù Ø ÑhÙMÕÑ Ø!í ÑxÙ í ív× i × â!ö Ù7Ð ì í Ñ Ø ß Ù í Ò ÙõH՝Ñhõ-õ-Ù7ÐaÑÒ û × Ùõ-û ] e
Ø ì Þ × ÑLõ)õ × Ò × õ ] ö í Ù/ÐaÙMÒ × Ù
…† ‡ ÿ à à ‡ ü ‹ p ‹t Õ s:âzû ì €Ø Œ ‡ mzŽpppmŽ‘Û
x„zƒ yˆ
ÿ
’ Ò Ù ^í ]í`í×*× ûhÙ Ø Ùö × â l ] Ñö ì û u Ñ@õ ] j × õ-ûhÑjö ÙmՊÙõ-õ × ÕŠÙ^Ù í`í Ñ 1 Ø ] Ù ß × ì Ø Ñ@û u × ö ì ÕÑ í Ò × ûhÙ “>l ] Ñö ì û ì Ø Ð ì Ò í Ù Ø!í Ñ
Š‰

Ð × ” Ñö 2Ñ iDÙ í ÙâDÐÑÒ × ö l ] ÙMö Ñ

 ƒ Šÿ ‰ à † • –Þ gHøDÔatÕ — ‡  à ˜ mp ü ‡ á p ‹å m‘p Ž‘Ž ‡ à p  à 5Þ gOøÔaÕ:Û
™ ÑRÒ l ] ÑLõ í ì ûhÙ Ø ÙMö Ñâ ×  ö šC›1œ77œ
šCž1Ÿ 7¡¢8¡ ¢8£¥¤@¦FœeÒ × õ ] ö í Ù/ÐaÙMÒ × Ù
§ ƒ Šÿ ‰ †
à ‡ m  à ­µ·®°¶¯²±Š³´ ‡ m  à ó=æ ¾ æ ‡ m*3ý p ŽK5Þ g1â
¨ © ª
¬« ÿ
½« ÿ ÿ
ÑLõ)õ-Ñ Ø Þ ì x#¿ ¹5©© »½¼ ‡ m#ÀÕ s û ­5ì ¸ºÕ¹5Ñ»½¼ × Ø Þ × ûhÙ í ì Ø Ñö í Ñhõ í ì Û ë<ì ÕÑ Ø ì í ì â § ¨ û ì Ò Ò × õHÐ ì Ø Þ(ÑmÙMö ÙՊÙõ-õ × ÕŠÙ
Ù í`í Ñ Ø ] Ù ß × ì Ø Ñ Â  ¶ ÁÂ û u Ñ7Ð ]Ã Ñhõ-õ-ÑÒ Ñ^ÙûhûhÑ í í Ù í ÙMâ*Ñ7ÐaÑÒ í Ù Ø!í ì
 ƒ Šÿ ¶ ‰ Áà  † © ª ‡  ƒ Šÿ ‰ à † ĥŠŊÆGÇ^ È ÆLå ÇÈEÉ ‡ m*ý p ŽK5Þ gUâ
Þ(ÙIû ] × õ × Ò × û9
Ù i©© Ù ÐaÑÒ1ö ٠ՊÙõ-õ × ÕŠÙ ö ]Ø b{u Ñ ßvß Ù
Í É ‡ ÿSç ¾ ‰ ‡ Žp ý ú ÔaÕ:â
Ê µ®Ë¯Ì¶º±ÁŠ³ ª2 ä ¾ Ï=ä
Ç ÈÉ ‡ ´ © Î µ^ÈE
ƒ © †
û u ѧû ì ՝ Ñ iDÑhÞ Ê × ÙMÕ ì “ × Õ:Ð ì õ í ÙÞÙö-ûhÙ Ø ÙMö ÑdÐ × ” Ù í í Ñ 1Ø ] Ù í ì Û
µ °
® ²
¯ 
± 
³ ´

™ ÑÒ × ö*ÐÒ × Õ ì ûhÙ Ø ÙMö Ñâ × Ø iDÑ ûhÑâ*õ × u Ù Â  ƒ ÿ † ÄЊŊÆGÇ^ÈFÆ ‡ ÂMà âzÑ:Þ ]Ø l ] Ñ

 ƒ ÿ ¶ † Á © ª ‡  à ÄËŠŝÆOÇ^ È ÆL8å ÇEÈÉ ‡ á p ‹Bå Ž p ý ú ‡ mHá p ú p–Þ gUÛ
©
Ö Ù^Þ × \ \ ÑÒ Ñ Ø ß Ù © í Ò Ù § ¨Ñ ª • ] b ] Ùö ÑoÐaÑÒ ^í ]!í ív×*× ûhÙ Ø ÙMö × —Ñ Â ƒ ÿ ¶ † Á © ª Ò ÙBÐÐÒ Ñhõ-Ñ Øí Ù × ö ՊÙMÒ b × Ø Ñ#Þ × õ × õ í ÑՊÙ7ÐaÑÒ
× öHÐ(Ò × Õ ì ûhÙ Ø ÙMö Ñâ0ÐaÙMÒ × Ù ©
©
‡ §   ‡ mz3 ý pŽ m*á p ú  ‡ ‹3p  à 5Þ g1Û
ÖÞ(ÙmÑö-õ õ-í ÑÑLõ-õ)DÙ Ùl ö Ñ] Û Ù Øí× Ìí Ó â “dÙ Ø û u Ñ ] b ] Ùö ÑoÙMö Ô Ù 
¡ ¢£ÌŸcÕ ¢8¡ Ÿ@ž1¤#Ö ¡ ž1¤@œ7Õ°¤#7¡ œ
¦t×5¡ ¤3Ø^Øœ Þ(Ñö ûh7Ù i ì Ø Ñö r Ù jaÙ Ø Þ(Ù
é ¨OÒ Ò

b Ø
Ù ÑöSûhÙõ ì × Ø û ] × õ × i c ì b ö × Ù^õ ] ÐaÑÒ ÙÒ Ñ ] Ø Ùdö ] Ø b{u Ñ ßvß Ù§Þ ì ÐÐ × ÙMâÙ Ø û u Ñ Â ƒ Šÿ ¶º‰ ÁŠÃ  † © ª Ò Ù(ÞÞ ì ÐÐ × ÙâvÑoÐaÑÒ0ÕŠÙ Ø e
í Ñ Ø ÑÒ :Ñ x0¿ ¹5»½¼ ‡ mBtÕ s5âHÞ2Ñ i0Ñ7Ò ÙÞ(Þ ì ÐÐ × ÙMÒ Ñ5Ù Ø û u Ñ § ¨ƒ Šÿ ‰ à † © ª Û ™ ÑÒ í Ù Øí ì ©© ö Ù 1Ø ] ì iÙ/Ð ì í Ñ Ø ß ÙøAûhÙ Ø ÙMö Ñ
Ò ×õ ] öí Ù ©
©
xÛzÚ y ÄÐÅ ÅfF È Æ ‡ xQ¿Ü »½¼ ĥŠÅfFÈ ÆÞÝ § Ú¨ ĥŠtÅ Æ ‡ {Ý:Ž § ¨ ĥŠtÅ ÆËß3l ]× Ø Þ ×
Ü
x zÚ y Ä   È x`Æ ‡ mcà µ·Ú ¶ ® µ·Í ´ ‡ m ±áãâ® µ·Í ´ ‡ m æ ¾ äó Ï ‡ à ý m*3ü p ‹ŠtÕ s5â
û × ì “ à p 3ý m
s˜Ù í í øûhÙ Ø Ùö Ñâz)Ñ l ¯Ì] ³ × Ø Þ × à p ý mM‘å m8ŽR¯² ³ ‡ ‘ü ‹Bs˜Ù í`í û ì Õ:Ð(ö ÑLõ-õ × i 8× å
æfçFèç éëê0ì3ìºí)î0ï0ðñí)òôó
õ/ö€ï0÷øõAê

ù º · ­9±-«Š®
¯³±)­²*«Š¯1úú ° ­7¯
« ·@&1B& ª&ô'­ê¶­C%³ ­V®
¯±-²*¯*!C²Hª&s²*²H­ê­²H²*¯ ª¯
­±)±-­]° ¯ª0²*­7²8&1¸

! & c
²*­ ²*¯I³ ­d° ¯²8&ª0±)«­C!º!C«-®
«)±S­ª&I­³D'­û!C«·L¯ ±)­#!U«''!C¯ «)³&9µ
7
®'¯°²¯°¢³A´Žµ©µ¶E·[¸=¹º¶A»N¼¤½fNÔ¸Qü5½7´ À7I (

−6 −3 G T feed
−12 −9
dB þ
θ
b
ý
palo
Diagramma
di radiazione
cavo

Ì5& ªD²H­C²H¯1¸ ±&Mú0¯³ «)´1«-¯«s³ «h®
­7!3!U«)®
¯x²HªD­7!3(·&ªU«-®*&'ÿ

²*¯ ³(«o°(¯ ²&1´a­X²
D­ ­9®
° ±)« $EúD­²*¯
&!$'­±&Ô& ­C²&1'­ Tx Rx
²
0­7!C®
«)²H²&1²8&k$ 
 +0& ²
D­N­7²8&'­
0«ú &¬c&²&
&Û!U²*­³(«-¯,³(«#«  ·
&1!3!U¯]­9±
D« ú& ¬h«-²*¯
º&r$   +§³(­7'ÿ
¯]± ¯·L¯1% ¸ B& ±)±-­¶97­ ³(­Z³ %« !3& ·@­±&1¸@­9³k'­oúD¯ ®
°(¯1ÿ
'&² &o³ «³(« !C²H ¯
!C«-¯ '&j±-« E& ­
&#ú'¹ &0¯ ,³ «)° &1³ &o³ ­9±-±)­ V Zg
(
&7'&´1„ ­ $=®
¯ ³ ±-*¯ &r(AC­ !º&rúD1¯ !C²HC­ ² &1+=%¸ &C'&1!C²H*¯ ú0¯
‘ÿ g ZT Spazio VR ZR Zi

D« !C°  ¯ ³ &/$=­
°(­
D8² &/B­
D¯ ²*­´1«)1¯ '&7³ « (=7­ !3&1+<­±)± ? 7­ !º!3&1Bÿ
´1­Z³ «[³(« !U²*¯
!a«-¯ «±-« '&­
D«H µ  ²H²*­Z±)­Z° ¯8² &´a­³(« !C° ¯ «)¶«)±²&r(A¯
«-²*­³ ­9±-±? ­L®
°(±-«%$'úD­²*¯
&s$'­±&
  ! % ¬L« &1B&ú&
³ ²H­7­±)± ? @­ ² &1'­C¸ &I³ &­ 7'&!U²*­7­±)±)¯ !C° ­´1«)¯µ ù '
& ­9±-²(  ³ «)°&³&5³ ­±ÿ
y#‰ "$$

±)­,c· & ¯* ® &  )²
0«)­é

³ & ±)±)ø¯ !C° ­9´a«)¯ ú0*«
úD1¯ !C²G7­ 8² &6° &
úU,« + ± ? ­®e°(±-%« $'úD­²*¯
&-/.R¬L'­ 021313457680:9;4
³(¯ °(¯
­L¬c&

° ¯ !U«)´a«)¯ ­²*¯5± ? 7­ ² &1B­µ

<=?>@=A>B< CEDFHGIKJMLONQPSRMTVU&WXTY7YXDKPSZ[FS\HRMTY7NQ]8F

^ ªUX¥ª-_T1YV2Ya`©
5&m± ? b7%8
² &'8b/²
3b7!C®'c-²*²8&²&dc,
3
3b³2c*b'b9±-±S¯:!U²&1!3!a¯7®
¯³ ¯dcV²²H²&
±&ê³:c,
& ´Qc-¯8c)¸   !7c@³:c!C²
3c)¶78c!ºú&`!ºX³2c>'abo!º(ä&
3b[6#³
'8C'&Û'ab
!º
° &
b$Búgc&0.  ¸(° ¯!U²b&bj³2c!U²b7´#bD.¸.hb9²H²
gb ic&
!Xb²bm³2b#'abj°(¯ ²&2´Qb e
dS

°2b
gcjb Wf
T

.     9²H²)n
. 
ákB. ý
lm
b
e
d

cE¯²cEú¹'&oc)±%³&1¯ ®'c8b9²H¯
&o
3b°(°2
&1!3&2²bd*± b:!3°&
b$Búgc&I³2cE'abû!3(·&
3bm³2cj
gb9·L· c)¯Q.(µ

p¯ ¯ ²
^ ªUX¥ªp WVÞUX~Wrq ¹ e¹ ¯ ³ ´ -¯ f° )± · ² e³ ® )¯ µ ³
 1 'b7 8&''& ú '& 8bC' :c,
& Qc 8c :
gc*i c & c*b & 2cf& 'c!3!7c 1B& ÏÁ
®
° -¯1¸:± ² é° 9¶¯± ¹ é³ U° ¯ ·h¯ ¯ê³
&1!3& :c &sb7 8&''& 2b
gb )±-± %® ²*¯
,cú '& 2c!  1 A¸ ê± °
2c>Btc  'cab 
& $@uwv3v36Axzyã+ F& ,bk!º &
b$Bÿ
e³ ±-± é° ¶¯± ²*² )± · 9± ³ ± ³(¸ =¯ ± -´1´ ³ ¯±-¯ µ
ú3c& & *b 2b
3b e± C²
*b
3c*{'& 8&c f!º& c8b &
& t(·&& €( 1ú3b *c #bC xwx Ì5&
ú3c,+ *b ! 8&!º!Xb  !Xc
³ C² -¶ ® ² a¸ d± ³ ´ )¯ j³ M° D¯ ° · 9´ )¯ d® -® )¶ é·
2c! 
3c C8c!ºú& Ê 4 Ê !º(ä&
Xcú3b *& & B& ,b 2c*
& #c '& 2c 2
:b b #c 1B& 'bC!º!Xc 'b &!7c c!ºú&ûB @8bCÿ


³ 9· ¯ ¸ -±
2b c h| 9±-¯ §³ -° ³ §³ ± °(° ¯ 0²*¯:² j± ˜³ )® )¯ ³ ±)± %²
c cú aci b 
& :c
&1
& 2b 
gb 
±-± ˜³ ±-±

3b & 2c *&'!7c 1ac & ? b7 &1'abQ&}C'& & & *b
± ·h¹ ´a´ 7³ ¯ ³

D¯ ³ ¯± ± ´ -¯
' O& Qb
?  :b~#!3&1ú 1 *bM
& *b Qc '&

Ò
|

Øák
~ ý
B€‚ƒg„…„‡† ˆ‡‰Š3„Œ‹#*‹/Ž K’‘r‘r“&”KƒX„‡ˆŒ•–‹w‰—,ƒg˜r‹Q™
B‚š„#›7˜rœw;‹#BœAž)ˆ7Ÿ’œ)rƒX„‡ˆ‡ ) ƒ¡ ˆ…œ)‰‹¢›7ƒX˜rƒX£Xœ)„…ˆŒ;ƒ¥¤rœw•–¦‰‹w•–‹)‰—,‹¦2Bƒ3—,œƒOž8‹#B‹w•–›7ˆ‡œ‰‹wˆ3’§ ¨¡§ ©’ªž‹wŠ3„‡ˆ7ƒX¦—,œw«3‹wˆ‡rœw„‡ˆ¤r‹w˜rƒ
£X‹w‰‰œw—,œKƒ¥ž¢¦‰¬r‹w˜r—*œ–Bˆ‡˜rƒXr¦*ƒX‰œQ™@™@™
À7I " ³+¸KJ©½'¼¥´¥µÑ´ ®7¯+°m¹º¶ML'L½Ñ¼ONÔ¸QP[¹º½RP5P[½7¿½

b ic&1 ³ ¯Ec³2cúgb9²H¯ ú0¯2Ò±? b
&b7³

& ±)±? b7%²&1'abMµ
 +
Ì 8 &!º!3&
&

³ &S$'ac-² bÛ'8b­025r®8¯av°X° 0s68v3­¢uw0:±g1 É 4*$²8³¢´¢µ·¶&¸r¹Hº2»M+=¸€ú¹'&V¼'c!ºa
gb½? bC%· ¾½*¾-¿À
&1aÁ
3¾ ú8c–½*bÃÂ2¾Á8&2# ´ bÃc*
g
3b:³ c,bÁb.`!ºaÂ&
3c*¾
&sb½,½*bü*&Á( ³
&½*½,bü'bC!º!Xc,¼'bÃÂ:¾Á&2´QbÃÂ2
&1!º&Þ8Á8&
'&½,½*bj2³ c*
&#´ c*¾1B&oÂ2
3c,i¥c*½& · c*bÁb8xzÄLµ ÅEi i c*b¼ &1aÁ8&o¼'c8¾
&5.Æ¿7Àv7¸ &h¼'b·h · c*¾
&5.&|  µ
^ ªUX¥ªÛV2W7U2qBUXªU {&ǽ,bD!XÁ8&!º!Xbdb7aÁ8&'8bMÁ
3b7!X¼'c,ÁÁ8&8Á&Èi c&1'&'!XbÁb:$ :b½*½? b½,Á
3¾Ç½,bÁ¾ A³ ³
&½
· 1¸
ú3¾½*½& b¼*&18Á¾1+Â
&
É
3cú&i@&O
& SC'&1!XÁbd¼'bC8Ác&'&o½*¾0!7Á&1!3!7¾ cab 2b @8¾Ê|
oË|  j· ³ h· &ǽ*¾0!7Á&1!3!7¾Ê¿gÀ!µ
%³
c &?$'8c!3ú &ob½,½*¾
3bƽ,bû!º8bo0253vg0dvuÌ/130217v>úg¾¼*&Çc*½ji¥b½*¾
&

~ ý
ÒÉÍtÎ|E
ák

·
½& ¥bÁ¾'b½*½,b`(¾
3¼'b„& ÷³2c*¼*&1B!7c*¾1B&÷³&½,½? b7jÁ8&'ab¸Abs¼*&8¾÷³:cÀBˆ(bÁÁ¾
&]³2ct&1(ˆ$'ú3c&1´QbÃÏ*$ xzÐ +Oµ
Ì5&
úgc*+Q'ab:!XÁ8&!º!Xbdb78Á&1B8b:$Ò}Í¥$B!º!X¾1+bC8¼*&8Áb&c*½B!ºa¾ c· ab2³ bhc· a¾Q$ä&Q!7Á
gc@· &Çc,½:Ñv302ÒÛ+8b½*½? b@'ÿ
¼*&1aÁb
&hÓ&½*½*b:(
&7'&8ÔQbÕ¾i¥ic&
3¾ob½SÓ:c,¼'cE8c*
&oÓ:c~ ×Ö $ xØ +)Ù
ÿ

<=?>@=A>@Ú ÛdN)WXFSRM] NQPÜTRMTD:\

TY7N#]aP

ÝÀYaÞ
U2ßfX à/V2Wrá7U:q'/Þâà Ó !Xb7aÓ2¾É½? b¥
&b0&1(ã'ú3b7ú&EÓ

&½*½? bCSÁ&1B8bÇ
gcú&i@&28Á&}Â
&
?c8Á&
ú &ÁwÁb
&ÉÂ:b
3Á8&
Ó&½,½*b&Â:¾Á&1aÔ#bMc,
3
gbÓ2c*bÁbÕC!7cj¾ÁÁc&1B&

Ò Í ~ ý:ç
 Û   |     |  |Eåä bÁÁè
ákB. ý ákB.æ m

Åhi¥i c*b¼ø&8Á&QÕb7Bú3éB&Mc*½
gcú&i c*Á¾
&Êé8bê½*bÂ:
g¾Â2
3c,bë

ì
 b7úúg¾
gÓ2bÁbÂ&
hc*½¼'b7!º!Xc*¼'¾MÁ
gbC!º(ä&1ÿ


3c,¼*&8Á¾-Ó2c?Â2¾Á8&8ÔQbÕt&-½*bëíb78Ó:bÓ2ct!º&îc8b½&ïô!3&¼'Â2
&ô!XÁ
&ÁwÁbsb !ºB(zãBúgc&1aÔ#bÓ2bëî b
3b7aÁc*
&
½? bC!º!3&1aÔ#bÈÓ2cSÓ2c!7Á¾
!7c*¾1acS½*c'&b
gcÙðacjÓ:cS½*b  r   ïEÂ2
3¾Â2
Xc,¾E½,bMÂ2¾Á8&8Ô#bM
gcú&icaÁb¢Ù

^ ÞâÞ
U:߀/àBXcWY8߀UÊp W T`Hà'X@WYø~zWrñ U
V2Y ù ½jÁ8&
g¼'c'&

ákB. ý ákB.z" ý
ä òä
~ æ ó æ

ïøú3éac,b¼'bÁ¾d0:9;9ôv 洂 0° É 4 Ê vM6 É ± È 0° É 4-­ É Ñv35g4SÙ)Á!Â:
gc*¼'bi c!7ÁbëÓ:c,Â

&1aÓ&VÓ2b„" ý Ù ù å
&b½,Á(ëÁb½&
Ó2c*Â&8Ó
&18ÔQbÈÓ2b½*½*bQ(z
&C'&1aÔ#b0!Xc
&½*c,Ó
&)úg¾7B&½*½*bÈ
&½*bÁc*i bÇb½:î@8bÓ2bîÞ8¾}Ó&½*½&Éb7aÁ8&''&æS| 

ÒÉÍ1õ -Ò
Í õ ÿ ‰ $x÷º+wÙ
ö ‰ Ö ‰
@ø¡ù3ˆ—,˜rƒg—,—,ƒ}ž)ˆ#¦‰–rœw‰r‹w—,—,œ–ž)‹w„#—,¦—,—*œúƒg‰ƒX„ŒœwŠ3œúƒX„‡„…ƒüû*Ÿ’˜r‹wýX¦‹)‰ ƒ}ž)ˆ#—,ƒXŠ3„‡ˆŒœKƒhþ/žÿ
¤•–ƒ?ƒX›7›Q„‡ˆŒrƒX—*ƒ/ƒ¥ž¦‰Èžœw•–ˆ‡‰ˆ‡œ
*›7ƒX ˆ‡ƒ3„‡‹rœw‰–Š3‹wœ)•–‹w—,˜ˆ‡ƒH˜rƒ¥žˆ‡ƒX„‡‹Q™
 ‚š‰2ž)ˆ‡rƒg‰2ž)œ;œw ‰ 

„‡† ƒX˜r‹w
ƒ  ‘r§© ‘ 
2*ˆŒ;ƒ ž)‹w„‡„‡† ƒX‰#—,‹)‰‰ƒ¥¤˜rˆB¦„‡—,ƒ " ‡  ¤rœw‰  m™ƒÉžˆ*‹wŠ3¦ƒ¡Š3„…ˆ‡ƒX‰ )ƒú—,ˆ‡‹w‰‹

rœw‰—,œ}ž)‹)„…„‡‹ü›7‹w˜3žˆ‡—,‹Éž‹w„‡„…† ƒX‰—*‹w‰‰ƒ¤¡rœw•–‹?ƒOžH‹#B‹w•–›7ˆ‡œü„‡‹üˆ‡˜r˜r‹wŠ3œw„‡ƒX˜;ˆ…— ‰‹w„‡„‡ƒoB¦›Q‹)˜
rˆ‡‹–ž)‹w„‡„‡ƒ¬›7ƒX˜rƒX£¡œw„‡ƒ¥¤¡œü„‡† œw•–£X˜rƒ
›7˜rœ#ž)œ)—,—,ƒ}ž)ƒX„‡„‡‹AB—,˜r¦—,—,¦˜r‹Ažˆ:Bœ#*—,‹wŠ3‰œQ™
  ƒ
;œ#*—,ƒX‰—,‹  ‡ ‹ºm8•–‹w—,˜;ˆ BB‹wrœw‰:ž)œA˜rƒX›7›Q˜;‹#*‹w‰—,ƒ
„…ƒ¬«g‹)„…œw;ˆ…!— &ž‹w„‡„…ƒ¬„…¦r‹?‰‹w„ «3¦œw—,œQ¤Xœ#*ˆ‡ƒ–„‡ƒ–«3‹w„‡œwrˆ‡— Mž)ˆ
›7˜rœw›QƒgŠgƒg )ˆ‡œw‰‹Až)‹w„‡„‡† œw‰2žƒü‹w„‡‹w—,—,˜rœw•¬ƒXŠ3‰‹w—,ˆ‡rƒ/‰‹w„‡„‡œAB›QƒX ˆ‡œQ™
 "$#EƒX‰—,‹w‰‹)‰2ž)%
œ
2*ƒ
„‡ƒMž)ˆ‡•–‹w‰:*ˆ‡œw‰‹hž‹w„‡„…‹AƒX‰—*‹w‰‰‹7¤ *ˆ œw—,—,ˆ‡‹w‰‹¬ˆ‡„˜rˆB¦„‡—,ƒ3—,œ$ &‹¬—,˜;ƒ¥*•–ˆ*ˆŒœ)‰ˆœw›7‹w˜rƒX‰—*ˆ:ƒÉŸ’˜r( ‹ '
ýX¦‹)‰ ‹
›Q*ˆ )&‹w„‡‹w«3ƒX—*‹}›7‹w˜r•¬‹w—,—,œw‰œ&žˆj˜rˆzB›Qƒg˜r•–ˆ‡ƒ3˜;‹E›7œw—,‹w‰ )ƒO, ™ +¦˜r—*˜rœw›Q›7œÉ›Q‹)˜ -#¤¥Š3¦ƒOž)ƒXŠ3‰QˆüB¦›Q‹)˜rˆ‡œw˜rˆ2ƒV/
þ ./' 0 .ož)ÿ
’rœw˜;˜rˆ*›7œw‰2ž‹w‰—,ˆQƒü›7ˆ…r;œw„‡ˆ#«3ƒX„‡œw˜rˆž2ˆ 134*œ)‰œrœw‰—,˜rœw›7˜rœž)¦r‹)‰—,ˆ¤r›7‹w˜8ˆQ•¬œw—,ˆ‡«gˆ#‹#B›Qœ#B—,ˆQ›Q*ˆ )¬ƒ3«gƒg‰—,ˆ™
 ®'¯°²¯°¢³A´Žµ©µ¶E·[¸=¹º¶A»N¼¤½fNÔ¸Qü5½7´ À7I25

8 dB 9e
EIRP
9
e
GT
6 Attenuazione :s 7
; W.< Up−Link Ipsogramma
dT EIRP
Mutiplexer e
:
6 Amplif. 6 Att. Cavo
Potenza Guida d’onda
Ricevuta s
6
Amplif.
G
T Potenza
Ricevuta

Potenza Distanza
Messaggio
:s 6 Amplif.
GR
:s Attenuazione
Down−Link

9
W.R
e
9
GR
e
W.R

^ ÞâÞ
U:߀/àBXcWY8߀UÊp WT` Y8ßfWñ–W~^U ù ½j
gbÂ:Â2¾
gÁ¾

  kB.z" ý G
=    ä?> $R,(@¢Ù AC+
ë  ó æ | |E


ïú¡éac,b¼'bÁ¾
029ô9ôvCBD¥0° Ez4FB8v–6?Ez±GK4FBHEÑ2E­vQÕ7&Óêc8Ó:cú3bMÓ:cSC8b@8Á¾K!7c2
3c*Ó'ú&o½*bMÂ:¾Á&28ÔQbÆÁ
gbC!7¼*&!º!XbÙ
I a+ &!º!3&
º& &1!XÂ2
&1!3!#¾hcêÓ&1ú3c*í7&½*Õ:Á&1B&1aÓ2¾ú3¾1aÁ¾hÓ&½*½&ú3¾1!XÁbC8ÁcOú¡é'&Ei cEúg¾¼'Â2bc,¾8¾QÕC&Ó '!Xb7jÓ2¾
½&'ac,Á(ÆÓ2cj¼'c!38
3b&Â2c!JVc,Ó:¾1'&&LK

 M ÓONQP S
=   RFT U T(WYX[ZF\L]4^'" M`_ba Ô P T(WYX[ZF\c]4^B. M`d e
¼ P fÃ| M ÓLNQPgfÃ|E M ÓLNP $‘,h@Ù 5 +
>V V 

Å!3!º&
gi¥c,b¼'¾Fú¡éB&#Õ bÈÓ2c(ä(·&
&8ÔQbÆÓ

&½*½*bÈÁ
3b7!7¼'c!3!7c*¾1B&}c/ú3bi ¾QÕ ½? bÁÁ8&'8bÔ7c*¾'&)úg
&1!3úº&)úg¾êc,½78bCÿ
Ó2
3bÁ¾ÉÓ&½,½*bÇÓ2c!7Áb7aÔ#b¥Õ@&É78cjÓ2c7ú3¾1êc*½C!38¾É½*¾î b
gc*Á¼'¾
78bCSÓ:¾)&1!XÂ2
&2!º!XbÇcÊÓ
&1ú3c,íC&½Ù ù '(bÁÁc¾
3b
½? bÁÁ&1B8bÔXc*¾1B&
ïÉÓ2¾i@8ÁbQ&1!3ú3½'!Xc*i b¼*&8Á&
b½*½? b@8¼*&8Áb
&–Ó&½*½*bQ!º8Â
&
3ã'ú3c&)!3Dú ac7!XcÓ2c!7Á
gc*í7acÿ
!ºú&
½*bhÂ2¾Á8&8ÔQboc*
g
3bÓ2c*bÁbÕ1&%8¾Êb(ä&1a¾¼*&8c Ó2c!º!Xc,Â:bÁc*i¥c,Õ1úg¾¼*&
b7úúgbÓ&–c8i@&1ú&–Â&
€úgb i ¾&–ã8í
gb
¾ÁÁc3
ú bÙ

_3` T1Y?i'VOà?jkjsà ðB&1!XÁ¾ÈïÈc,½B8¾¼*&ÈÓ:c''Ó:c,bî
3b¼V¼'b/ú¡é'&Ƽ'¾!7Á
gbê½? bCSÓ:b¼*&8Á¾#!3ú¡é'&¼'bÁcú3¾

Ó&ca½*c*ic&½*½ cjÓ2cjÂ2¾Á8&2aÔ#bÆcVÓLN½'aî ¾ 'øúg¾½,½&î¥b¼*&1aÁ¾Ù
ù  ã8î@8
3bÕjïƼ'¾1X ! Á
3bÁb-B8bÊc*Â2¾Á8&OÁcúgbêÁ
3b7!X¼'c!3!7c*¾'&ÈÁ8&
g
Xb7ÿä!7bÁ&½*½*c,Á&1ÿÁ&
3
gbÕab7!3!7c&¼*&Mb½,½²? c*Âÿ
!7¾î
3b¼'¼'bo
&½*bÁc*i ¾Ù ù ½¼*&!º!Xbî¥î c*¾–Ó2boÁ
3b7!7¼*&ÁÁR&
&
ï
b¼'Â:½,c*ã'ú3bÁ¾–boÂ2¾Á8&8ÔQb   ÕOÂ2b
gÁ&ÉÓ&½*½*b
Í Írq
7a  b½²&#7 ! c¢Â
&
3Ó&:B & ½{3 ú bi¥¾#ú3éB&ûú3¾½*½&î bê½? b7jÁ8&'8bêÁ
gbC!7¼'c*ÁÁ&1aÁ8&MÓ2c¢î@8bÓ:bîcj¾ê| Ùml'? ³¢¸npo vuts

u)vg139$EvuOvwEz535g0:6HE029ôvg6GK4Fxhvg5ú +
3bÂ2Â:
&!º&8  Áb'½*bÂ:¾Á&28  Ô#b &(·(äO & ÁÁc*i b¼*&18  Á&
& c*
3
gbÓ2c*bÁbÕ'¡ú éB&D7 ! c
3c,Ó
'ú&
 ¾Á8
8 & i ¾½,¼*&8  Á&Q' & ½,½*b&Á
gbC7 ! ¼'c!ºX! c,¾'E & Ó2bÊÁ &
3
gbdbû7 ! bÁ& ½*½*c,Á&Kz$ yrGgs*{|EvBH}w+ ÙO~# & ½B3
ú b7X
! ¾QÕ2bÓD&1!3 & ¼'Â2c*¾QÕjc
ú8 c:½*bÆÂ:¾
3Áwb7a  Á8&)7 ! c*bÈÓ2cL€ a Ô%} & ½? ¾
gíc*Áb#X! c,bÈî@
& ¾7! ÁbÔ#c*¾8  b
3c,b0v$ @2‚¢Ù ƒ„ƒ2ƒ d ¼ Ó:bMÁ &
3
3b7+ Õ½? bÁÁ&'8 bCÿ
ÔQc,¾'È & Ó2c†…ÆÂ
‡ÿ lHcH  ˆŠ‰v‹î Œ8b½‹Æb2ŒH‹½,½ bêÓO‹½ Ž’‘QBHs*{|E‡B?}Ó2b”“7bÁ•‹½,½*c,Á–‹ÈbêÁ•‹F—C—7b„˜ïMÓ:cp™gc!—™gbbš(›2ƒdÓON}Ù
2›„‚ œ2wžrŸ( m¡m¢|¡¤£h¥2¦¨§b©ªHªHŸ| 
« ¬†§bŸt¬†¬†Ÿh­gŸ

®°¯ “/‹î ±H² ¯ ‹b—³!™C‹F´µŒH¶–·QÕ¸L³,¹L·F¶•‹F±Hº(²¼»¾¿ ½ Õ²2¶–¶•—²„´ ‹’—“À² ¯Á ²2±c¶–‹’±H±?²Â—³™‹’´ ‹’±?¶•‹b¸L‹ ¯ “À²„¶•‹ ¯¯ ³!¶•‹e¸L³
?²2¸L²îñH·eÄ ½¿ Õ‹ ¯Á ²2Ź ¯ ,³ ã?™C²„¶•·F—C‹Æ“À‹ H‹F±H¶–‹Š‹ ¯ ‹F´µ²bŒ ¯ ¶–‹’—³!·’—Ŋ‹’±H¶–‹¨³ ¯m¯ ³´ ‹ ¯!¯ ·”¸L‹ ¯ “À‹î ±H² ¯ ‹¶–—C²„Ç
Ŋ‹’“/“ÀQ· Õ2¡™ éH‹È“/8 Œ 턳“/™C‹² ¯ ™CŒ?±H‹¹L‹F—C¸O³¶–‹w±H‹ ¯ ™C· ¯¯ ‹ î ²2Ŋ‹F±H¶–·È™·’± ¯Á ²2±?¶•‹F±H±c²É¶–—C²„“ÀŊ³!¶•¶–‹’±?¶•‹È¸L‹ ¯ “/²2¶–‹ ¯ Ç
¯ ³¶–‹Ê¸O ³ H²„¸L² îñ?·ÆÄ Ë½ Õp¸O‹’¶–‹Ì—CŊ³!±H²„±
¸O·Ê™·’“/Íg³ ¯ ´µ² ¯ ·F—C‹É¸L‹ ¯¯ ²”ÎpÏnpo ½ ² ¯¯!Á Œc“À™³¶–²Š¸L‹ ¯HÐ$ÑÒLÓ GgFBHÔHÕ Ñ Ö‡×
“À²„¶•‹ ¯¯ ³!¶•²„—C‹ Ù
Ø ² ¯¯ ²2¶–·Ù¸L‹ ¯¯ ²Ú“À¶–²2º(³!·F±H‹Û—C³!™C‹F´µ‹F±H¶–‹b¶–‹’——C‹Ì“/¶•—Q‹ Õ“À³—³™‹’´ ‹b³ ¯ “À‹ îµ±?² ¯ ‹Û¸O³¹L·F¶•‹Ì±?º(²Ü»¼¿ Ý ¡™ éH‹
éH²Þ“/8 Œ í2³!¶–· ¯Á ²2¶–¶–‹’±HŒ?²2º/³!·’±H‹¸O‹ ¯ ¸O·’ßȱHÇ ¯ ³±?ˆrà
¶•² ¯ ‹“/‹ î ±H² ¯ ê ‹ ï2ŒH³!±c¸L³m—³¹O·’—¶•²„¶•·”²2¸ÛŒH± ¯ ³!´µ‹ ¯¯ ·¸L³
¹L·F¶•‹F±Hºh²Š²2¹O¹L—·’¹O—À³²„¶•·É“À³! ² î —C²„º(³!‹Ê² ¯ H²„¸L² î ±c·á¸L³ ²2±?¶•‹F±H±H¥² Ն¡™ éH‹Ê¹L‹’—ÈŊ‹’ºhº(·É¸L³ ŒH±H·É“À¶–²2¸O³·É¸L³
²2Ŋ¹ ¯ *³ ãc™C²„º(³!·’±?‹ Ù

â2ãåäã%äã æç
èÉéYêhëÃêhç
è,êéYêìí ç
ìî
ï|îrëÃêhç
èÉðñð”òÊóÀóµð„è,ôÉîrëÃêhç?è|êöõÀô,ìì÷/ð2øùð„è,ó2î?íOê

ú·FŊ‹ÞŊ·’“/¶•—²2¶–·e±?‹ ¯!¯ ²b¸L³!“À™ŒH“/“À³!·’±H‹¨¸L‹ ¯ ™C· ¯¯ ‹î ²2Ŋ‹F±H¶•·Ù“/²2¶–‹ ¯!¯ ³!¶–²2—‹#Õ³ ¯ ™ ² ¯ ™C· ¯ ·Þ¸O‹ ¯!¯ ²k¹O·’¶–‹’±Hºh²
—³™‹’´ ŒH¶–²±?·’Ê
± ï|™·F“ÀÍ í„²2±H² ¯ ‹|™C·FŊ‹|“À‹FÅ'í2—²„´ ²w²w¹L—³!Ŋ²w´µ³!“À¶–²Ù ® ±Ê¹L²2—¶•³!™· ¯ 2² —‹#Õµ² ¯ ´ ² ¯ ·’—‹ =Qû M ¸LNQP
¸L‹F´µ·F±H·w‹F“À“/‹’—À‹Q“À·FŊŊ²2¶–‹w‰v³±Æ¸L‹’™³*í2‹ ¯ ˜H¶•ŒH¶–¶–‹ ¯ ‹Q²2¶–¶•‹F±HŒ?²2º(³!·F±H³„E‡BGgEtü K

ý%þOÿ
rÞþSàaáá 
à?jkþ2ß/Þ Ø ·F´µŒ?¶•‹² ¯ Ŋ²„±H™²2¶–·´ ‹’—³,ã?™C²2—“À³ ¸O‹ ¯!¯ ‹™·F±H¸L³!º(³!·’±?³µ¸O³„ÅŠ²„“À“/³Ŋ·
¶–—C²2 “ v‹’—³Ŋ‹F±H¶–·¸L³c¹L·F¶•‹Ì±?º(²?K2²2ŊŊ·F±H¶–²2±?·Q²É2ŒH² ¯ ™3é?‹w¸LN

 Hÿ ñ jkþ2ß/ÞÞ þLÿÃÿÌþ  ÞÿÃþ ðȌH²„±H¸L· ¯!Á ² ±?¶•‹F±H±H²ÈïȸO³“/¶–²2±H¶–‹Q¸O² ¯ “ÀŒ?· ¯ ·Ŋ‹’±H·Q¸L³L2Œ?² ¯ ™¡éH‹ ¯ Œ?±HÇ
î é?‹’ºhº(²¸ Á ·F±H¸O² ¯!Á ‹F±H‹F—gî ³²“À³O¹O—C·F¹L²îµ²¹L‹F—·F±H¸O²ö“/ŒH¹O‹’—3ãH™C³!² ¯ ‹µ·’´ ´µ‹F—C· ¯ ²™—C·F“(¶•²¶–‹’——C‹Ì“/¶•—‹‡²¸L²
™·’±H¸OŒH¶–¶•·F—À‹ ðȌ?‹’“/¶•²v ·’—Ŋ²¸L³O¹L—·’¹O²î ²2º(³!·’±?‹|¹L—·’´ ·Ì™C²Œ?±H²w²2¶–¶–‹’±HŒ?²2ºh³·F±H‹|“/ŒH¹L¹ ¯ ‹FŊ‹’±?¶•²2—‹,™¡éH‹
²2Œ?Ŋ‹’±?¶•²™·’± ¯ ²v —C‹F2ŒH‹F±Hºh²  ¶–²2±H¶–·™3é?‹Eî ³  ²@ _ba º—C²î î ³Œ?±8|³L 5 ¸LNÚ·îµ±?³ š(ƒ d Å ‰v‹F2ŒH³!´µ²„Ç
¯ ‹’±H¶–‹²2¸”Œ?±H²á—³¸OŒHº(³!·F±H‹¸L³?¹L·’¶–‹Ì±Hºh²á¸L³ W   R!#Q " ´ · ¯ ¶•‹F˜$†
 lY‹wFBHÔ?Õ&Š
% ÕCÔ?E‡Õȉvƒ[ @2Çv@ _ba ºh˜p“/·’±H·
Ŋ‹’±?·,²2¶–¶•‹F±HŒH²„¶•‹µ ‹’¸É²„±H™C·F—C²ÅŠ‹F±H· ¯ ‹%’BHÔ?Õ(°' D B!)+? * Õ‰tš(ƒ2Çv@2ƒ ƒ dÈa ºh˜L™¡éH‹,´µ³!²î¥îµ³`²2±?·,²2¹L¹OŒH±H¶–·|´µ³!²
¶–‹’——À²,

-/.10 .10 .102- 3 aß5467aß1

8  ñ1795ôÞ:
ú·FŊ‹Š—³™²„´ ²턳 ¯ ‹Æ²2±H™¡é?‹Š¸L² ¯¯!Á ‹F“À¹L—‹Ì“/“À³!·’±H‹”¸O‹ ¯!¯Á ²2—‹’²Û‹/ãH™²2™‹%² ¯!¯Á ²„ŒHŊ‹’±?¶•²„—C‹Æ¸L‹ ¯¯ ²;v—‹’2Œ?‹’±?Ç
ºh²Æ“/³g¹O·’“/“À·Ì±H·É·’¶–¶•‹F±H‹F—À‹Ê²„±H¶–‹’±H±?‹Ê¸O³g¸O³Ŋ‹F±H“/³·F±H³†—C³!¸L·F¶•¶–‹‹Ê™·’±?¶•‹ÌŊ¹O·’—²2±?‹’²2Ŋ‹F±H¶–‹Ê¸O³g‹ ¯ ‹F´µ²„¶•·
?²2¸L ² îñH· < ¯!¯ ·”“/¶–‹’“À“/·Š¶–‹’ÅŠ¹O· ¹L‹F—Ê‹F´µ³!¶•²„—C‹ ¯!Á ²„“À“/·’3— í2³!Ŋ‹’±?¶•·¶–‹’——À‹’“/¶•—‹ 巒™™C·F—À—C‹”¹O·’“À³!ºh³·F±H²2—‹
¯!Á ²„±
¶–‹’±?±H²É³±”² ¯ ¶•·È‰‡³!±Æ™³!Ŋ²Ê²2¸áŒH±H²ö¶•·F—C—/‹’=˜ O‹w¶–—²2“ÀŊ‹F¶•¶–‹F—À‹È¹O‹’—|·F±H¸L²É¸L³!—C‹F¶•¶–, ² 
< ™²2ŒH“/²¸L‹ ¯¯ ²É™ŒH—´µ²„¶•Œ?—C²ö¶•‹F—C—‹Ì“À¶–—C‹ 2‹’“/³“/¶•‹ÈŒH±H²² ¯ ¶–‹’ºhº(²ÅŠ³!±H³`Ŋ²ö¸L²É—³!“À¹O‹’¶–¶°²2—‹LKµ²2¸á‹F“À‹FŊÇ
¹L³!·™C·F±Š¶–·’——À³O¸L²ö‚2ƒöŊ‹’¶–—C³L“/³c—² î¥îµ³!ŒH8 ± î÷F±H·Q¸L³!“À¶–²2±Hºh‹Q‰v³!±´µ³!“À*³ í2³ ¯ ³>¶ 2˜
¸O³ 5 ƒ d ? Å !@È´µ´ ³² Ŋ‹F±H¶–A‹ 2³ ¯
¹L—· í ¯ ‹FŊ²“À³p¹O—C‹F“(‹’±H¶–²³±Þ¹O³²„±HŒH—, ² ,Br—²2¶–¶•‹É¹L³!J ¯ Œ?8 ± î¥é
‹ö—³¡™ éH³!‹’¸O·’±?·É¶–·’—À—³p¹L³!JÙ² ¯ ¶•‹ 
Ŋ²²2±H¡™ é?‹
?²2¸L ² îñH³L¸L³c²2±?¶•‹F±H±H²ÅŠ² î¥îµ³`·F—C³c‰v‹w2Œ?³±c¸L³c²2±?¶•‹F±H±H‹¹L³!V J ²2±H¸O³O‹È¹L³!J”¸L³!—C‹F¶•¶°³!´µ‹FC˜ ðȌ?‹’“À¶–²ö±H·’±
ïʹO‹’E — DŒH±?²”“/· ¯ ŒHºh³·F±H‹ÉŊ· ¯ ¶•·Ê¹L—²2¶•³!™² í2³ ¯ ‹  ³!±e2Œ?² ±H¶•·Ê³±Û¹L—‹’“/‹’±?º(²Š¸O³ ´µ‹’±?¶•F · ‡·F—C¶–‹ ¯ ‹á²2±?¶•‹F±H±H‹
G ²2±H¸O³ H¹O·’“/“À·F±H·“À¹O·’“/¶•²„—C“/³p‹¹L‹’—¸L‹F—À‹³ ¯ ¹LŒ?±H¶–²2Ŋ‹’±?¶•·Oàó±?· ¯ ¶•—‹ c³ ¯ ™C·F“À¶–·¸L‹ ¯¯ ‹¶•·F—C—³p²2Œ?Ŋ‹’±H¶–²
‹’“/¹L·F±H‹F±Hº(³!² ¯ Ŋ‹F±H¶•‹Q™C·F± ¯!Á ² ¯ ¶•‹Fº(ºh, ² 
I2JLK=MONP$QSRUTWV/P X`Z YO[Z\]^`_/a!
 b+MWP$cEd Nefd M#ghd NNefi5j/P,TWM6k2d NP$MWMlTWNPfV/eCVmknT#iSe$RpoOe`QSNd
iqe$RpP1r/VsknPCRpoMWTWiSPfQqTtoOP$NTWNe$QSPOuSv P$Vwknx
knTOeCiSiSr/oOdyd V/i5j/P{z|T6XL}ZY[L\]A}q}ZafMtd
v d V~z|d&z|TOghQSP$ rP$V/€|P,e$iSiqr/od NndUzCd MWMldyNnQSd6knRT‚k7knTƒe$V/P„…wrPAknNd
PAknTWcEP$V/€|dpzCP$QqTt†EdUz|d M
ghd NNne+iqjPuSPk>knPCV~zCeRpe$MWNe+P$MWP$†Ed Nd1MtdzCTWghgtP$QSP$V/€|d1NQSdˆ‡‰nŠ
‹/ŒPyŽŒ u`knPMtd1ghQqP$ r/P$V/€|d1oOe$QSNd V/NnPfr/NTWMlTW€|€|d Nd1V/P$MWMW roMWTlV/‘
gheAk7knP r/cEr/d MWP1d( r/P$MWMWdzCPCM~z|e$’1V~“ MWTWVA‘uCTtMk2P$cEV/d MWP
NnQSd RpPAk7kne iSeAk2 NTWNr/TWQSP$v v#P1r/V&QSTtMWP$†Ed VNP NP$QSRpTWV/PpzCTATWV/NP$QSgtP$QSP$V/€|d
oOP$QTWM”MWd NeUQSTWiSP$†EP$VNP•zCP$Mknd#NP$MWMtTWNPOuV/eCV/eAknNnd V/NPUMW P$MtPC†#d#Nd–zCTWQSPCNNTW†#TWN—–z|P$MWMWPUd V/NP$V/VPu”zCd V~z|e&iSeAk2x˜Mtr/eCc#eUd
z&r/V
ghP$Ve$RpP$V/ez|T _w™ YšW]A^/™ Yw„
› PUiSeCV~knT=z|P$QSd €|TWe$V/T kn†Ee$MWNPTWVF r/PknNdmVe$Nd–k2ToOeAk>k2eUd ooOMlTWiSd QSPUd MWNQqP$NNd V/NeUv#P$V/PUd V/i5j/PUd M”iSd6k2e•zCT”QSTWoP$NnTtNeCQST
NP$QSQqPAknNQqT‚„
£(¥„¦ ¥„¦Úœ¡å¢r¢g©mœ†§b©Š cŸm« žÈŸh¡ 2›Ÿ

  ÿ7464!+¡y¢þ¤£¦¥+S
~ö‹ ¯ ™² ¯ ™C· ¯ ²„—C‹ ¯!Á ² ¯ ¶–‹’ºhº(²,¸O‹ ¯!¯ ‹¶•·F—C—³µ‰v‹F¸³ ¯ ¹OŒH±?Ç
§>¨©«ª/¬§|­ˆ®~ª¯¯nª{¨¬+§>ª/¬¬+ª/°!± ²
®~ª/³6ªp´E­/¬+± ²n®~ª/µE¨µEª¨¬+¶ Congiungente Geometrica Congiungente Ottica

´`·+ª²n¯¸=ª/¬­/©«ª¬+­¯ª¹!¨§|­ ¨¯¸=¨§>§|­´`·+ª¯nº ­/¬®~¨Fª¯ª§|¶

§>µ#­©«¨¹!¬ª/§>²´E¨»¼~µE­/¼w¨¹!¨¬+®~­±O²n»!½E¾¿1¾=À7Á+Âó!ªµ#± ­¹!¯n²
±O§>µE¨§>²!®wª/¯n¯º ¨§>©«­/± ¸=ª/µE¨s´E­/¬F²n¬+®w²´E²®~²
µE²n¸‚µE¨Ä²­¬+ªˆ©«¨¹!¶
¹!²n­µ#²
Å=­/± ±O²n¨ ³!ªµ#± ­§>ª/µEµO¨°CÆ
Ç,ª/µE§|¨¬+§>­»²
´#¨¯´E­/¯n²
³!ª¬+¶
¹!­¬+­Uª¸‚¸=ª/§$§>È+¨§|²!±Oȼ~¼~­¬+ª¬+®~­U´`·+ª²n¯µE¨¹!¹6²­&§>ª/µ µ#ª¶ 4
__ R
3
±O§>µEª¦± ²n¨ÊÉ6ËÌs³!­¯§>ªÍȪ/¯n¯­ µ#ª¨¯nªÆfÎC¬+­¯n§|µEªA»˜¯nº ²Z¬+®w²´Eª
®~²”µE²¸=µ#¨ÄA²n­/¬ª Å=´`·+ª ¨È+©«ª¬+§>¨•³!ªµE±O­m²n¯~Ϩ± ±O­°¼~È+Ðs³!¨µE²n¨µEª ´E­/¬«¯nº ­/µE¨Fªs´#­¬«¯nª ´E­/¬+®w²Ä²n­/¬+²~´`¯n²©«¨¶
§>²´`·+ªwѼ~ªµ#§>¨¬§|­»¨¬+´`·+ª²n¬ÊÍÈ+ª±O§>­s´E¨± ­»w¯nªs¨¬+§>ª/¬+¬ªU´#­¬Ã¹6È+¨®w¨¹!¬”²~ª/¯nª/³6¨§>²~łªs©«­/¯n§|­®~²nµEª/§>§$²n³!ª/°
¼~­±O± ­/¬­¨¬+®w¨!µEªm¸=È+­µ#²˜¼~Ȭ+§|¨©«ª/¬§|­Æ

ÒÓ5ÓqÔSÕ/ÕÖ+ÔS×ÔU×ÔUØ{ÙÚ~ÕÛژÓÝÜ ª¯n¯¨;¼~µ#­¼~¨¹!¨Ä²n­/¬+ªÊª¯ª§|§$µE­/©«¨¹!¬+ª§|²n´E¨Þ­/´E´E­/µOµEª«§>ª/¬ª/µEªß´#­¬+§>­à®~ª²
¸=ª/¬+­©«ª/¬²f®~²+®w²¸=¸=µ#¨ÄA²n­/¬ªA»˜´`·+ª áÀ#⾂Âwã+䤬+ª/¯n¯n¨¤ÄA­¬+¨å²n¬Ãä/æ«çè#Âé=ê ¯nª­/¬+®wªµ#¨®~²n­´E·ª•§>µ#¨¬+± ²§>¨¬+­
²n¬Ã¼wµ#­±O± ²©«²n§|땮~²~­/± §|¨´#­
¯n²>Æ!Ç,ªµ#§>¨¬§|­»w¯n¨¦®~ª/§>ª
µE©«²¬¨Ä ²n­/¬+ªs®~ª¯¯nº ­/µE²ÄÄA­¬+ªsµ#¨®w²n­ ®~ª³!ªs¼~µEª/³!ª®~ª/µEª
È+¬¤æ«Â~èSÁ+¾=ã+À{á+¾á+¾=½EìqÂwã!í!Âàî§|µE¨F¯n¨•´E­/¬¹!²nÈ+¬+¹ª¬+§>ªm§|µE¨F¯nª¨¬+§>ª/¬¬+ªª/®¤²¯~±OÈ­/¯n­»­®–È+¬–ª³!ª/¬§|Ȩ¯nª
­/± §>¨´#­¯n­Æwï
¨¦®w²± §|¨¬+ĨFî®wª/³6ª ª±O± ª/µEª ¨¯n©«ª¬+­U¼~¨µE²~¨¯wµE¨¹6¹!²n­®wª/¯~¼wµ#²n©«­sª¯¯n²n±O± ­/²n®~ª®~²wð µ#ª±O¬ª/¯n»
´`·+ªñmȬ«± ­/¯n²®w­®~²˜µ#­§|¨ÄA²n­/¬+ª ®~ªò+¬+²n§|­ ´#­©«ª²¯˜¯nÈ+­/¹6­m®~ª²¼wÈ+¬+§>²+óô¼wª/µ&²˜ÍÈ+¨6¯n²¯n¨F± ­/©«©«¨¤®wª/¯n¯ª
®~²n± §|¨¬ÄAªõUö=÷mø|ó¦ù+úûõ&ö‚óˆø|ü¤ù+ñm¼w¨µE²˜¨åõUö=÷ø|üFùfúþýÿ/»²¬Ê´#È
²   ñm¯n¨F¯nÈ+¬”¹!·ª/ÄÄA¨F®wº ­/¬+®w¨F®~ª¯n¯¨
§>µ#¨± ©«²n±O± ²­¬+ª ¨•¸=µ#ªÍÈ+ª¬+Ä ¨ 1Æ
È+®w®~²n³!²n®~ª¬+®~­¯n¨•®w²± §|¨¬+Ĩ¤õ&ö÷ø|üFù§|µE¨F²w®~Ȫ
¸=È+­/´`·²÷þªŽü ²n¬ ®wÈ+ªÊ±Oª¹!©«ª/¬§|²ˆ õ UªŽõ ÿ »²n¬+®~²n³!²Z¶ P

®~Ȩ§>²®~¨¯¯n¨¼~­±O²nÄA²n­/¬ªU®~ª/¯n¯nº ­±O§>¨´E­/¯n­»± ²w§>µ#­³!¨¦´E·ª

d2 B
²n¯˜µE¨¹6¹!²n­s®wª/¯n¯º ª¯¯n²n±O± ­/²n®~ª ñ ¼~¨µE²”¨
d R h


A 1

    
 ú 
´`·+ª»!¬+ª¯´#¨±O­ õ õ ÿ  ÿ    »6¨± ±OÈ©«ª&²¯!³!¨¯n­µ#ª

©«¨± ±O²n©«­ "!  ÿ$# õwÆ % Ȩ¯Z­µ#¨F± ²”®~ª/§>ª/µE©«²n¬+²”¯¨´E­/¬+®w²Ä²n­/¬+ªî'&  ! » ²n¯”´E­/¯n¯nª/¹6¨©«ª/¬§|­s±OÈϲn±O´Eª
È+¬¨å¨§>§|ª¬+È+¨ÄA²n­/¬ª¦± È+¼w¼~¯nª/©«ª¬+§|¨µ#ª¦´`·+ª¦¨È©«ª/¬+§>¨–¨¯+®w²©«²n¬+ȲZµ#ª•®~²)* ( »ª/®«ñ•©«¨¹!¹6²­µ#ª¼~ªµ ¹6¯n²
+ ±O¼~²n¹!­¯n²˜³6²³6²->, »ò+¬+­s¨®å¨µ#µE²n³!¨µEª ¨®åÈ+¬¨•®wª/´E²¬¨F®~²”®/
. Æ

02143 143 14365 7"8:9;9 ÔSÛÔ=<?y > ÓA@ ÔC

B ÓqÔ1ÚF
D ÔFEGEH
> ÕÔ7ÖÛÚ
I ¯n§|µEªŽ²KJMLON;P•ÄA»ˆ¬+­¬+­/± §|¨¬+§>ªß¯¨Þ®~²nµ#ª§|§$²n³!²n§>ë
®~ª¯¯nªs¨¬+§>ª/¬¬+ª»¨¯´EÈ+¬”²~µE¨¹!¹6²~­/ϯn²nÍȔ²~¼~­/± ±O­
¬­s²n¬+¶ Variazione indice

´E­/¬+§>µ#¨µ#ª±OÈ+¼wª/µEò+´E²
µ#R² Q+ª§|§>ª/¬§|²6ł¯n¨¹6·+²­ˆ©«¨± ±Oª{®~º ¨´E¶

di rifrazione

ÍȨ°=»1­/¼w¼~È+µEªÊϵ#ȱO´`·+ªå³6¨µE²¨ÄA²Z­¬+²®wª/¯n¯º ²n¬+®w²´Eªå®~² Raggi riflessi

µE²¸=µ#¨ÄA²n­/¬ª»6´E·ªU´#¨È+±O¨¬+­p¯n¨mµE-² Qª/± ±O²n­/¬ª§>­/§>¨¯nª&®~ª¯
µE¨¹!¹6²­»”ª¯n¨åµ#²n´Eª/ÄA²n­¬+ª®~²+Ȭ+¨¤ª´#­µE²¼wª/§>È+§>¨Ê®wª/¯n¯­
±O§>ª±O±O­m±Oª/¹6¬+¨¯ªÆ
Î$¬ ÍÈ+ª±O§>²s´E¨± ²²n¯s´E­/¯n¯nª/¹!¨©«ª/¬§|­ ¼wÈ+Ð?ª±O± ª/µEª Lago
´E¨µ#¨§|§>ª/µE²nÄAĨ§>­ ©«ª/®w²n¨¬+§>ªsȬ+¨µ#²n± ¼~­/± §|¨•²©«¼wÈ+¯n±O²Z¶
³!¨å®wª/¯f§>²¼w­¤î-ö SCT ù VUOXW Y MZ$[]\ Rö S
^`_ X ù1²n¬ß´EÈ+²+²+³6¨¯n­/µE²_ X O± ­¬+­¦²+µE²§>¨µE®~²f´E­/¬Ž´#Ȳ+±O²¼~µEª/± ª
¬+§>¨¬+­
acbed fhgRiRjkgHgcfmljon2fopqjrnsfhtGu2tuvllwFxzyGuvfon2jm{:jo|r}2xz~vpjn2i-j€rxz~‚uctf:ƒ„jow ~v… jon2jowF|ruvx4~‚}spuvn2fkgcx‡†ˆj:ƒ‰}2ŠjkgCgRjowFjhgRƒ‰jowFuvpjn2i-xzi-f
uv~v~‚}„puvn2xzn‹tfŒ}2nsxhljkgCgR}2wFx$†FjktŒf„gHgcjowF€rxzn/tGf4~‚j€xwFu‚xyuvfonsutu„~v}2puvn2fkgcuŽi-tGxz~‚~6… xz~vi-wAf
~vxzi-f‰‘
’ › “ œ2wžrŸ( m¡m¢|¡¤£h¥2¦¨§b©ªHªHŸ| 
« ¬†§bŸt¬†¬†Ÿh­gŸ

¯ ‹¸L³!´µ‹F—C“/‹ö‹F™·/c·2” ±HŒ?±H²Ê™²2—²2¶–¶•‹F—À³ºhºh²µ¶–²¸L²ŒH±?²á²2Ŋ¹O³‹Fº(ºh²• – —r²á—³“/¹L·F“À¶°²Ê³±àv—‹’2Œ?‹’±?º(²™·’—°Ç

—³“/¹L·F±H¸L‹F±H¶–™ ‹ ˜›šœ žs Ÿ;–r¡ ¢Œ£ •$¤]¥k¦$§$C¨s© „Ë ª ¹O+ Œ D¹L—·’¸OŒH——C‹¸L‹ ¯!¯ ‹¸O³“/¶•·F—C“/³·F±H³ ¯ ³!±c‹’²2—³–à
—³™·’—¸
³!²2Ŋ·
³!+ ± v²2¶–¶•³p™ «H‹É³ ¯ Ŋ·F¸L‹ ¯¯ ·É¸O³†™C²„ÅŠÅŠ³±?·öŊŒ ¯ ¶–³!¹ ¯ ·É¹O‹’—QŒH±H²“/· ¯ ²”‹F™C·Ê™C·F±e—³!¶•²2—¸L·­¬ˆH™«H‹É¹L—‹’“/‹Ì±H¶–²
ŒH±?¯ ² ® ˜›š°œ ž®  þ4±O•6Œ±;²k•T³´2µm²k¶ œ/¬ ¹L‹’—³!·’¸L³!™²Ê³!Ê ± v—‹’2Œ?‹’±?º(²ö™C·F±Æ¹O‹’—³·F¸
· · œ« Ë £ µ·’“/“À‹F—À´µ³!²2Ŋ·
™«H‹É² ¯!¯Á ² ŒHŊ‹’±?¶•²„—C‹É¸L4 ³ ¬ˆ ¯ ‹Ê·F“À™³ ¯!¯ ²2ºh³`·’±H³ ¸L³ ® ˜›š°œ ž®  “À³†³!± ¸H¶–¶–³“/™C·F±H· Ö ¹ p‹É¸LŒH±?2Œc‹Ê²2Œ?Ŋ‹’±?¶•² ¯ ²
¹L·F“À“/-³ º„³ ¯ ³!|¶ Qr™ «?» ‹ ® ˜¼š°œ ž®  ´µ²„—C³ ¸L³µÅŠ· ¯ ¶•·±H‹ ¯!¯ "² º2²„±H¸L²Q¸L‹ ¯ “Às‹ ”µ±?² ¯ ‹ ̙C²„ŒH“/²2±H¸O·¸L³!“À¶–·’—“À³!·F±H³ ¯ ³!±H‹’²„—C³
™«H‹w¸O‹’´ ·’±H·È‹’“/“À‹F—À‹È‹F2ŒH² ¯ ³!º/º(²„¶•‹  ½
ŒH² ¯ ·’—² ¯ ¾ ² º2²2±?¸L²,¸L‹ ¯ “/2‹ ” ±H² ¯ ‹%“À³!²Q³!±H´ ‹’™‹%“À+ Œ vÇ
¿2 1 ¸
? C
™ !
³ ’
‹ ?
± •
¶ F
‹ Š
Å ’
‹ ?
± •
¶ Â
‹ L
¹ !
³ C
™ 
™ · ¯ ² C
— !
³ À
“ O
¹ ’
‹ °
¶ –
¶ Â
· ² £ ‹ “À³w¹O·’“/Ç
|H(f)|
__
Ë
T
“/² ™·’±?“À³!¸L‹F—C²2—Á ‹ ® ˜›šœ žr®  ™·’“/¶•²„±H¶–A‹  ¯ ²Â¹O—C‹F“À‹F±Hº(²
¸O³È™²2ŊŊ³!±H³,ŊŒ ¯ ¶•³!¹ ¯ ³Q¹O+ Œ Dk™·’ÅŠŒH±?2ŒH‹b¸L²2— ¯ Œ?·’Ç
Àf ” ·²2¸²„¶•¶–‹’±HŒ?²2ºh³·F±H‹ c™ «H‹¹L—‹’±?¸L‹³ ¯ ±H·FŊ‹¸L2³  ÒLÐ
Ã Ò :Ô Ä°Å6) °Ö Æ 
Riflessione Diffusione Br—È ² Ç4šÙ‹Ükš ÇÈÉ"ÊÊAº |“À³|¹L Œ De´ ‹’—-³ ¸?™C²„—C‹e³ ¯ v‹’Ç
±?·’ÅŠ‹F±H·¸L‹ ¯!¯ ²Ô ÄvÃ°Ã„Ë Ó Ä‡s ÅHÕ Ð4Ñ  Ìg Ó ÃtÕ Ñ ÄAÍ Ò ‰ ¯ ·“/¶•—²2¶–·
¸O‹ ¯!¯!Á ²„¶•ÅŠ·FO“ v‹’—Î ² ¸H±H·Š² ’ ÇÐÏÈÅ ¸O³² ¯ ¶–‹’ºhº(²„‚˜ 噲2Œ?Ç
“/²2¶–²Þ¸L²Þ¶–ŒHr— º2· ¯ ‹’±?º(‹‹¹L²„—C¶–³!™C‹ ¯¯ ‹“À·F“À¹L‹F“À‹ g‹r™ «?‹
™·’ÅŠ¹O·Ì—C¶–²2±?·Œ?±É±?ŒHŔ‹F—CT · Ä°Å]ÑÒÅ Ä Ð |¸O³ ™²2ŊŊ³!±H³ÃŊŒ ¯ Ç
Ionosfera ¶–³!¹ ¯ |³ 
Br—²Â„ŒH² ¯ ™ «?; ‹ Ó;ÊʺÞ; ‹ Ô ÇÕÓ;Êʺ |³!±H¶–‹’—´µ‹F± ”µ·FÇ
±?– · ‡‹F±H·FŊ‹’±H³Y¸L³r—²2¸L³!·F¸Ln³ ‚vŒH“/³·F±HÖ ‹ Äv2 Å? Ó ÃtÕ Ñ ÄÍ Ò ‰ ¯ ²
v²2“/™C³!² · ¯ ¶•—O ‹ ” ¯¾ ³ “MÇ?ÏÈŊ‚˜ ¸O·’´µ‹b“À¶–—C²„¶•³³·F±H³!º(º/²„¶•³
™²2Œ?“À²2±?·Þ—CR³ ×H‹F“À“/³!·’±H³¸L‹ ¯ “/2‹ ” ±H² ¯ ‹ ‹Ù™·’±?“À‹F±H¶–·’±H·
¯ ²ö¶•—²2“/Ŋ³“/“À³!·’±?‹È²2±?™ «H‹¶•—² ¯ ŒH2· ”]«H³O±?·’±”³±´µ³!“/-³ º2³!Ç
¯ ³>¶ „ÅŠ²É™·’±Š³ ¯ —C³!“/r™ «?³·Q¸L³c™C²„ÅŠÅŠ³±?³LŊŒ ¯ ¶•³!¹ ¯ S³ MØ Á „ŒH‹’“/¶•·È³ ¯ ™²2“À·Q¶•³!¹L³!™·w¸L‹ ¯¯ ‹s ÅHÔHK Õ ÍC ÑÐ wÕ 
Ù ‹’Ê— v—C‹F2ŒH‹F±Hºh‹b“/·’¶–¶•·e³ ¯ Ó;Êʺ ¯ ² ¹O—C·F¹L ² ”µ²2ºh³!·’±H` ‹ ÚÛ¹L‹’—2 Å?Ô Ò Ô Ä Ð Õ ÑÑCsÒ Û ‹ ¯!Á ²2“À“/·’r— º2³!Ŋ‹’±?¶•·
¶–‹’——À‹’“/¶•—‹k³!Ŋ¹L‹’¸O³“/™C‹b¸L³,™C·F¹L—³—Î ‹ ”µ—²2±?¸L³|¸L³!“À¶–²2±?º(‹e‰‡¶–—C²„±H±H‹br™ «?‹ñ¹L‹F— ¯ ‹Ùs ÅHÔH« Õ 'oË]Å!)*
Õ Û ÅŠ‹F±H·
²2¶–¶•‹F±HŒ?²2¶–‹’C˜  <±?r™ «?‹b³!±S„ŒH‹’“/¶•·b™C²„“À·ñ¹O+ Œ De´µ‹’—R³ ¸H™²2—C“/³ ¯ ²Â¸Ln³ ‚vŒH“/³·F±H‹e¶•—·’¹O·ÌO“ v‹’—³™² Q“/¹L‹’™³!‹ÛÔ Ä
ÅH Ð$Ð !Õ 

3 +9594þ/Ü+¥:Ýbþ~¡y¢`ÿ
¥SÝ?:Þ S9q —r‹™·’±?¸L³!º(³!·’±?³H¸L³p¹O—C·F¹L²M” ²2ºh³·F±H‹¹O‹’—¶•‹F—CŊ³!±H² ¯ ³?—C²2¸O³·FŊ·2º„³ ¯ ³n

™·’ÅŠ‹±H‹ ¯ ™²2“/·á¸L‹ ¯¯ ²¨¶–‹ ¯ ‹/v ·Ì±H³!²”™C‹ ¯¯ Œ ¯ ²2—‹ ¹L—‹’“/‹Ì±H¶–²2±H·É¸L³!´µ‹F—C“/³Y²2“/¹L‹F¶•¶–³r¹O²2—C¶–³!™C· ¯ ²„—C³> ® ±?±H²2±cºh³Ç
¶–ŒH¶•¶–· ¯Á ² ±H¶–‹’±?±H²á¸L‹ ¯ ¶–‹’—Ŋ³±?² ¯ ‹wŊ·2º„³ ¯ ‹ßځŊ· ¯ ¶–·´µ³!™³±?²Ê² ¯ “ÀŒH· ¯ ·Ac‹w™C³nD™C·FŊ¹L·F—C¶°² ¯ ²á¹O—C‹F“À‹F±Hºh²
¸L³µŒH±?²w‹’™·¾¸H“À“/²È¸O²¶•‹F—C—²µ ‹|2Œ?²µ“/³2“/‹’ÅŠ¹L—‹,³ ¯ Ŋ²„±H™C²„¶•·|—³!“À¹L‹F¶•¶–·,¸L‹ ¯¯ ‹|™·’±H¸O³ºh³!·’±H³µ¸L³àY—‹’“/±H‹ ¯eáoâ 
® ±H· ¯ ¶–—C‹†  “/¹L‹F™C³!² ¯ Ŋ‹’±?¶•‹á³!±Û²2Åãº2³`¶–·áŒ?—º2²„±c·Ap  “À³ ´µ‹F—C³R¸H™²ŠŒH±Ù‹ ¯ ‹F´µ²„¶•·á±?ŒHŊ‹’—·É¸L³ ™C²2ŊŊ³!±c³gÅƌ ¯ Ç
¶–³¹ ¯ ³
‹¸L³n‚v —C²„º(³!·’±?³2 ™«H‹¹L‹F—C¸O³¹O³-äÞ´ ²2—³²„±
·±H‹ ¯ ¶–‹’ÅŠ¹O·³±¨™·’±?“À‹s”µŒH‹F±Hºh²á¸L‹ ¯¯ ·“À¹O·’“/¶•²„ÅŠ‹’±H¶–·¸L‹ ¯
¶–‹’ÅŠ³!±H² ¯ ‹ ® ± ¸H±?‹ ¯Á Œc“À·™·’±?¸L³!´µ³!“À·¸L³?ŒH±H²á“/¶•‹F“À“/²åº2²„±H¸L²á¸O³+v —C‹F2ŒH‹F±Hºh‹—C²2¸O³!·¸L²¹L²„—C¶–‹¸L³HŒ?±H²
Ŋ· ¯ ¶–³¶–ŒH¸O³±?‹¸O³L¶•‹F—CŊ³!±H² ¯ ³n  ¸L‹F¶•‹F—ÀŊ³!±H² ¯ ²ö±?‹’™‹’“/“À³!¶|ö ¸L³L—³Œ?“À²2—‹ ¯ ‹“/¶•‹F“À“/‹ v —C‹F2ŒH‹F±Hºh‹Q³!±—C‹s”µ³!·’±?³
 ‹ ¯!Á ²„¶•¶–ŒH²„º/³·F±H‹Š¸O³mŊ‹’™™C²„±H³!“ÀŊ³¸O³m™C·F¸L³R¸H™²b¸L³m™²2±?² ¯ ‹Æ¹O‹’—É—C³!¸LŒ?—C—‹ã” ¯ ³m‹‚v ‹’¶–¶°³m¸O‹ ¯ Ç
¸L³n=‡ ‹F—C‹Ì±?¶•³nm

I6æAç z PknP$RoTWeuzCPAk2T=zCP$QSd#V~z7eÎè
ò ö4÷ ëCøúù Rû2knPCi`u7MWdyRpd6k7knTWRpdpzCé' TWghghê` í z|€OTuOoOk2TP$e$QSiSNNe$TWQ`P$knVe PK†Eî]d MWïhPðCüqñý ò ðHñ ë òó knP$i÷FôAî k2ïhPðCMWñ e$V~òãz|ö4d÷ QSd6zCTWe÷ knToQSeCò)
PCQSP$ë‹V/ì"€|dU
od cEd(d MWMld(†EP$MteCiSTWN—
õ ) õ ö øoø RpP$NQqT‚„

I K=MNP$QqRpTWV/PyšhY_~™t^Fk2T!NQSd6z|r/iSP(iSe$RP(YOš/a5] h™

a`^/X ]uORpd&b knoOPAk>k2( e r~knd#Ne(TtV TtV/cEëHMWøúPAù k2PëCu#øziSeAþsk2ÿ Ttiqiqj/b{ MWPmz|T=knNeCQEknTleCV/T

MWTWV/P$d QSTOoOP$QknPCc#Vd MWTdv#d Vz|dknNPCNNdUkneCV/eˆzCPCNNPZ]A^`_~™ ™ ]A^™_~™`šhYO_~™h^~\+™ YXLX ]
 ç MWMWdghQqP$ r/P$V€Cd&zC
T  €{k2TOj/ d qò)ö iqR?P,oPCQ˜r/V/d&z|T=knNd V€|dUz| T ˜RpP$NnQSTzCd MNQSd6k2RpP$NNnTtNeCQSPˆknTOe$NnNTtPCV/P1r/V
QSd cEcETWe1Rpd6k7knTlRepz|P$MWMW P$MWMWTnk7kní e$T=z|P1od QSTOd è ø ö
÷ ò è ö RpP$NQST=„
  ëHøúø  ø "! #
 £(¥„¦ ¥„¦%$¡å¢r¢g©mœ†§b©Š cŸm« žÈŸh¡ ’&&

¯(' !³ ±H¶ '*)  '*)+' ±Hº ',' ¸ '’¯ v²2¸L³!± ”á´ ² ) ³² ºµ³ ¯('ká Ö +<±H² ¯ ³ºhºh³² Ŋ·­º )' ´ ' Å ' ±H¶ ' ³†¹ ) !³ Ŋ³†¸.- '  ' ±H·FÅ ' ? ± ³
) ³Ŋ²„±H¸L²„±
¸O· ¯ ²Ê¸L³(/0-1//À³!·’± ' /- ¯!¯2' ¶ ' 0C±?³20« ' ¸L³c²00 ' /+//·Å3- ¯ ¶•³!¹ ¯ È· ²2¸4-?±H²ö¹ ) *· /+//³!Ŋ² ' O¸ ³ºh³!·’± ' 

ý{¥¢5 95 /  —Y²Š¸L³!¹ ' ±H¸ ' ±Hºh²Þ¸ 'F¯¯ ²¨²2¶–¶ ' ±1-?²2ºh³`·’± ' ¸O² ¯76 -H² ¸ ) ²2¶–·¸ '’¯!¯ ²¨¸L³(/À¶–²2±?º(²Š¹ )' / ' ±?¶ ' ³!±
8:9 Ô, ;<=/À³ )'  '=) ³2/0 ' ² ¯ 0²//·³!¸ ' ² ¯2' ¸L³1//¹L²2ºh³!· ¯ ³-º '*) ·Là ¯!Á ' //¹L·’± ' ±?¶ ' ¸O³?>ȳ!±H´ ' 0 ' ²-?Å ' ±H¶–²­¸?±H·w² ¯

´µ² ¯ · )'A@ LB² / ' 0·’±?¸L²á¸ '’¯ ¶–³!¹L·¸L³c²2Å㺄³ ' ±H¶ ' 8 - ) º2²2±?· ) - ) ² ¯(' < ' ¸ 'F¯¯!Á ² ¯ ¶ ' º(ºh²É¸ '’¯!¯Á ²2±?¶ ' ±H±?² ) ³20 ' Ç
´ ' ±H¶ '  Ù?'*) ¶•²„±H¶–·Ag³ ¯ ¶ '*) Ŋ³!± ' ² C7D´FE £HG >¾šJILK'ž0« ' 0·’ÅŠ¹L² )' ³!± 8:9 Ô, M<r¸ ' ´ '4' /+/ '=)' //·*//¶•³!¶N-?³¶–·
0·’±

OQP
C7D´FE £HG >¾šJILK'ž:±SR Tv.
¸ UWV
³!±X0-H³ O ' ¸XRX//·’±?·Q¸ ' ¶ '=) Ŋ³!±H² ¶–³c³!±º2²Y/ ' ²ÅŠ³2/- )'  ' ¶ ' ± ” ·’±?·Z0·’±?¶•·Q¸ 'F¯¯(' 0·’±?¸L³!º(³!·’±?³O·’¹ '*) ²2¶–³Ç
´ '  ®°¯ ´µ² ¯ · )' ¸L³ O ´ ² ) ³²w¸O²A;² ÔA0C·F±Q>\[ CFCÅ ' ¶ ) ³µ² ¯¯!Á ²-?Å ' ±H¶–² )' ¸ 'F¯¯!Á ² ¯ ¶ ' º(ºh²w¸ 'F¯!¯Á ²2±?¶ ' ±H±c²
¸1//À² 
Å ' ±H¶ )' ³ ¯ ¶ 'F) Ŋ³!± ' RÙ¹.-+D´ ² ) ³² )' ¸L²L]²Þ^w¸.U_0·’±Û²2±H¶ ' ±?±H²å¸1//À²² ¯ ¶–²"` C ' CÈÅ ' ¶ ) ³
) 2³ //¹ ' ¶•¶–³´ ²2Å ' ±H¶ '  ' /- º„³ )' -H±³!±10 )' Å ' ±H¶–·È¸O³ 6 -H²Y/À³a` C¸.U ¹L²//À²„±H¸L·,¸O²,-?±”²„Åãº2³ ' ±H¶ ' ²2¹ '*) ¶•·
²2b¸ -H±”²2ã Å º2³!¶–·c- ) º2²„±H·

d 951egf>¥+
7¡ÒÜ —rh² /À¶–³!Ŋ²Û¸ '’¯!¯(' ” ) ²„±H¸ ' º(º ' O ' ¸iR · ) ²Û³!±H¶ ) ·F¸L·’¶–¶ ' ÚQ//´µ· ¯ ¶–²«%ŠÕCÔ:Ä Ò ÅHÔ1j¨³ ) ³Ç
/+- ¶¯ –²2¶–³¸L³¸O³´ '*) / ' Ŋ³(/+- )' 0C·F±H¸L·F¶•¶ ' ± '’¯ ¶ '*)) ³!¶•· ) ³!·k0r« ' //³³!±H¶ ' ±H¸ ' 0² ) ²2¶–¶ 'F) ³!º(ºh² )'.l ³!±+v²2¶–¶•³
¹ 'F) ¶ '*)) ³¶–· ) ³L¸O³´ '*) /À½ ³n/À³ ) ³2/0C·F±H¶ ) ²„±H·È´ ² ¯ · ) ³O¸L³L²2¶–¶ ' ±1-?²2º(³ ·’± ' 0C·FŊ¹ ¯(' //À³!´µ²ö¸L³!´ 'F) //³µ²„±10« ' ¹ 'F)
- ”m-H² ¯ ³
´µ² ¯ · ) ³c¸L³n>w - ' //¶•· ' ±?·’Å ' ±H· Ú³!±H¸O³20²2¶–·c0·’Å 'ÈÓ 'ojFpÕÃ Ò Ô ÄÅ!)1O¹L·F³20«1q±?·’±3//³?¹ )' / ' ±?¶•²

Å3-H·F´ ' ±H¸LF· /À³†¸O³ ¹O*· 0·Ê³!±r-?±H²4//¶ ' /+//²Šº(·F±H²H³!± 6 -H² ±H¶–·Ê¸O³¹ ' ±?¸ ' ¸O² ¯!¯ ²Æ· ) ·s” ) ² ¸H²¸ '’¯ ¶ 'F)) ³¶–· ) ³·
' ¸O² ¯!¯ ²ö±H²„N ¶ - ) ²ö¸ ' ” ¯ ³cs· ”” ' ¶–¶•³ ¯ ³!Ŋ³!¶ ) 2· ¸yYsö·F3± 0·’±H·F/+0 ' ±H¸O·È²ö¹ ) ³· ) ³
³±X0« ' ºh·’±?²t0³u//³c¶ ) ·’´ ³ ¯Á ' ‡Ç
 ' ¶–¶•·ö¸ 'F¯¯ · Ó 'ojFp Ã Ò : Ô Ä°Å6)r/À³
Ŋ²2±Hn³  ' //¶•4 ² 0·’Å ' -H±?²á²2¶–¶ ' 1 ± -H²„º(³`·F± ' /-H¹L¹ ¯2' Å ' ±?¶•² )' • ½ ² ¯2' ²2¶–· ) ³²
0« '4) 2 ³ /- ¯ ¶•²Æ²„´ '*)' -H±e²2±H¸O²2Å ' ±H¶•Ö · ”µY² -1//À³!²2±c·á³!±b.¸ U 8 0« ' ¹ '*)A6 - ' //¶•­ · ÚḠ' ¶•¶t¦· 'oj) Åvj Ñ % Ò 'vÕw< '
0³s
· Úw¸ 'F¯ ¶–³¹O· áá
ð
š-• š2>{z­žHž
 ¦ (Œ … ~€ƒ‚m„
Œ ½
'
x.y
| ²k¶v} †‡

¸L·F´ ' } ˆ* ‰ ´ ² ) ³²,¶ ) ²" ' ¸BŠm¸‹Ue¹ '*)7'’¯(' ´ ²2º(³!·F±H³Ã¸ 'F¯¯!Á ²2±H¶ ' ±H±H²,¶ ) ²A^ '  ^mÅ ' ¶ ) ³ á:Œ  Ù?'*) ´ 'F¯ ·F0C³!¶>ȸ 'F¯
Ŋ2· º„³ ¯(' ±H·F±r/-H¹ '*) ³· ) ³ ²2³{^"ÏQÅ,A«1//³p¹.-+Dɲ//+-?Å '*)' • ½ 0·*//¶•²„±H¶ ' !³ ±  )'*6 - ' ±?º(²¹ 'F)c6 -H² ¯ 0« '
Ó;Êʺ  ' ± '’¯ ¶ ' Ŋ¹O·¹ 'F) ¹L·F0« ' 0 ' ±H¶–³±?²2³!²É¸O³
Ŋ³ ¯!¯ ³Ž/ ' 0·Ì±H¸O³|
7I P$V/NQSP TWMghd6zCTWV/c
oOQSeAz|r/iSP r/V/dyd NnNP$V/r/d €STWe$V/P †Ed QSTWdEv TWMWP1d MknP$cEV/d#MtPOu7MWdUknNPAk7knd†#d#QSTtd#vETWMWTtNn—UzCP$MWMWP1iSe$V~z|TW€|TteCV/TzCT
oOQSe$oì d#c#d#€CTWe$VPyorFyoOe$QSNd QSPydMWTt†EP$MWMWT/TWV/NPCQSghP$QSP$V€|d†Ed QSTWd v TlMWT=u`iSd r~k2dENnT˜zCdd#MtNQqPyNQSd6k2RpT=k>kLTWe$V/T
VP$MWMtd knNPk>k2dˆv d VwzCd/„
› d†Ed QSTWd v TƒMtTWN—NP$Roe$Qqd MtPFz|P$MWMtd#r/d MlTWN—ÊzCPCMknPCc#Vd MlPsQSTtiqP$†Er/Neu
TtV¤oOd QSNTWiSeCMtd QqPU r/P$MWMWB d qa  ] Z‘
a h†EPAzCTd ooOQSPAk7knew’hu
oOQSeAzCriSP1P$QSQSeCQ|TW d “”}L[EXnu|i5j/P1oOeAk>k2e$V/e1PAk7knP$QqP1iSe$QSQSP$NnNT/V/PAz|TWd VANnP
iqeAzC–T •/iSd&zCTiSd V/d#MlP1PAz{k2iSQSd Rpv#MtTWV/cA„

 ›  TtV/†ETWMlr/oOoOeyiSe$RoMWPAk>k2‘ e — zCP$M˜k2P$cEV/d MlPQqTtiqP$†Er/Nebyd
zCP$cEr/d Nnd RpP$V/NnPyQSd oOoQSPknP$VNd NeUz|dˆrV/d†$„ d6„z|=T ˜˜TWiS P h†EPzCT
oOd cF„ ’— òQ™mšœ› u5TWVyiSr/*T › jdzO„ƒz„ o!„zCT ˜˜d EMWP$TWcEj(PQSd oOoQqPAknP$VNd1Mt P$ghghPCNNez|T#Re$MWNP+iSd#r~knP˜TWV~z|TtoOP$V~z|P$V/NTnu5QSP$MWd NTW†EP
d TiSd#RpRpTWV/TRr/MWNTtoOMWTnu`PAž z ™
byMW d RpoOTtPC€|€Cd zCPCMtMWd{P$iSez|T”knPCc#Vd MWPQSTWiSP$†Er/NndiSe$VMtd{Rpd cEcETWe$QSPd#RpoTWP$€|€|d6v „ ŸE 
P ™¢¡¤£ › £
oOeAk>k2Ttd#Rpe{k2iSQSTW†EP$QSP

™
Œ¥¦§¨ ò ëHø©«ª­¬ 莮 ë òk° ëCøY©±ª¬ 莮³² ¥ ™7š,›µ´ ¨  š,› 
­¶ Œ òk° ëCø‹©«ª¬ 莮 ™ 
™  ²
™  š ™›µ´š,› ´  št› 
:¶Œ ò
£ ™¯šB› £ !

ò ëHø ·F©«ª­¬ 莮 ™  š
è · ë
©±ª¬ Ž®
š !
™
› ´
š
£› £
™ ¸ 
ò ëHø¹©«ª­¬ 莮 ™  š !
› ´
™kº
ò ëHøY©«ª­¬ 莮 ™  š
ø
!
› ´
™
¸

TWV• rd V/Ne »¦iSe$VQ»i¼ u
P&#r/TWV~z7T¯™ Œ¥¦§¨ j/dsRpPAz|TWd

ª¬ ¥ ë
PAk2Ttv#T‚kLiSP1rV/©«dU z„ z„ o6„cEd r~ k7knTld#V/d6u7MWdUknNnPAk>k2ëd&z|T› ´ „
št»
¨ ëHø©±ª¬ 莮 ™  hiSe$RoQqPk2d V/P$M\!Y!X½h ]$[q[+’!PAz
¾ ç MWMW d r/RpPCV/Nd QSPzCPCMtMW d MWNP$€|€|d{zCP$MWMW d V/NP$VV/d6u$knT`PAknNPCV~zCPMW d QqP$dpz|T#iSeCoP$QqNr/QSdzCP$MWMWd{knNPk>k2d6u5Rd
TWVd Rpv TWNe˜r/QSv#d V/e
 r/PknNe,iSeCQSQST=knoOe$V~z|P1d6zfrV/dyRpd cEcETWe$QSP †Ed QSTWdEv#TtMWTWN—&z|P$MWMWP,P$ghghP$NNnTt†EP iSe$VwzCTW€|TteCV/TOe$oOP$QSd NTW†EP„
 ÔMÇ Ç $¿ÁÀ  ÃÄőÄÇÆwÈÉ"ÊÌ˞Í1Í1‘Ãuγ¿AÏ?ÊÌÂ:Ï?Ï?ÂwЯÂ

1¥1Ò/¢7f|¥1Ó7Ô7¡hÜ
Ñ ÕWÖY×.׋)' / '*ØvÙNÖAÚ(' )Ö׋Û2܋'‘' ×.)Ý*ÞHÝ*Ø1܋'
½ ×1- ÙµÙ - Ömß Û(Ý*ØvÛYØ1'FÚYÚ(Û(à'*Ú(ڎݑ܋'*Ú / ' ” Ø1ÖÚ(' )Ö܋Û2Ýwá

Ý // 'F)àmÖÙµ'3Ü - )ÖØ1Ùµ'\Û2Ú7â3Ý*àÛ(â3'FØ1ÙNÝYã - ' / Ùµ' ×1- ÙµÙ - ÖßwێÝ*Ø1Û / Ý*ØvÝ 0 Ö -1/ ÖYÙN'\܋ÖÚ(Ú2'\àÖY)Û(ÖßÛ(Ý*ØvÛÜ.'FÛ

)Û2ÙµÖ)Ü.ÛnÜ.Û1ÞoÖ / ' 0 ÝFØ 0- Û ” Û - Ø ” ÝFØ1Ý,Ú2'äàmÖ)Û('äÝ*ØvÜ.'ä)Û × ' /+/ '.l / ×.Ý / ÙµÖØvÜ.Ý / ÛnÛ(Ø1ÞJÖÙNÙµÛnÜ.ۑå æ 8 ç <³/ Ûn× -1è á
×.Ö /+/ Ö)'ÁÜ.Ö - Ø1Ö / Û2Ù - ÖßwÛ(Ý*Ø1'ZÜ.Û / ÝFâ3â3Ö 0 ½
Ý*'F)'=ØvÙN'ÁÖYÜ - Ø1Ö 0 ÝFâ3×.Ú('*ÙÖtÝ*×.×‹Ý / Û2ßwÛ(Ý*Ø1'cÜ.ÛaÞoÖ / 'Yã

- ÖYڎÝ*)ÖcÚ(ÖZ)Û 0 '*ßwÛ(Ý*Ø1'žÖYàmà'FØ ” Ö׋)Û(Ø 0 Û2׋ÖÚ(â3'*Ø1Ùµ'žÛ2Ø

10
dB
Ö // 'FØ1ßwÖr܋ÛéàmÛ / Û º Û(ڎÛ2Ùµêáé'FÜëÛ(ØS׋)' / '=Øvß ÖkÜ.Û - ØiØ - â3'Fì
5 )ÝS'FÚ2'FàÖYÙNÝSÜ.Û 0 ÖYâ3â3Û2ØaÛAâ - Ú(ÙNÛ(׋Ú2ێá,ÛAàÖYÚ2ÝF)ÛÁ܋'*ÚAâ3Ý*ì
0 Ü - Ú2Ý,Ü.'FÚ2Ú(í Û(Ø1àÛŽÚ - ׋×.Ý 0 ÝFâ3×.Ú(' // Ý4Ü.'FÚ / ' ” Ø1ÖYÚ2',)Û 0 '*à - ÙNÝ
-5
î š(ïGž ð ® ñ š(ïHžr®/ Ý*ØvÝWÖ܋' m- ” ÖÙµÖâ3'FØ1Ùµ'W)Ö×.׋)' / '=ØvÙNÖYÙNÛ=Ü.Ö
-10 - ØvÖ3à ã ÖnãcÜ.Û7ÕWÖYòmÚ2'FÛ ”]« 8 à'FÜ.Û ×‹Ö ” ã 99Y9 < á³Ú2Ö 0- Û Ü¯ã ܯã ×nã
-15 « Ök' / ×.)' // Û2ÝFØ1' x‹ó šî b
ž ð ô ¯ö÷ø ¹+ù æ ô  Fº 0 ÝFØ îûú C á
-20 æ õ õ
Öà'*ØvÜ.ÝZÛ2ØvÜ.Û 0 ÖYÙNÝ 0 ÝFØ } Ú(ÖB×.ÝFÙN'FØ1ßwÖBÜ.'FÚ(Ú2' 0 Ý*â3׋Ý*Øv'*Ø1ì
-25
ÙµÛ Û2ØëÞJÖ / '4'\6 -
æ
ÖYÜ.)ÖÙ -
)Ö :ümãÁý?ÝFÙNÙµÝQÙµÖÚ(Û7Û(×.ÝFÙN' / Û Ú(Ö"×.ÝFì Má
” «
-30 Rayleigh
Ùµ'*Ø1ßwÖ"Û / ÙµÖØ1ÙµÖØa'FÖÿþ¢)Û 0 '*à - ÙNÖYá¯Ú2' ÖÙµÖ3Ö î á Ö Ü¯ã ܯã ×nã
3
5
dB ' / ×.ÝFØ1'FØ1ß Û(ÖÚ('ZØ1' ” ÖÙµÛ2àmÖ ]á
l
0

-5 æ þ
þ ð ð 
-10
Rice K = 4
x ˆ
¹
î º ² } æ
ö÷mø ·‹ù ² } æ
¸
-15

5 'œ6 - Û(Ø1܋Û{×.)' / '*Ø1ÙµÖcÞJ)'*6 - '*ØvÙN'Fâ3'*Ø1Ùµ' àmÖÚ(Ý*)Ûmâ3ÝFÚ(ÙNÝ º Ö /ì

« ” Ìj
dB
0 / Û³'t×.)Ý / / Û2â3Û?Ö3ßw'*)Ýwá 0 'bÛ(ØÌÜ U Ü.ÖYØ1Ø1ÝtÚ - Ý ÝBÖ
-5
ÃNj2Å
ÖÙNÙµ'FØ - ÖYß Û(Ý*ØvÛ 8 
 CÌåÃ
 
w< ã
-10
Ø ¸:”- )Ö Ú â3Ý / ÙN)ÖÙµÝ3Ú(í ÖYØaÜ.Öâ3'FØ1ÙµÝQÛ(ØëÜ U Ü.'FÚÚ2Û(ì

”
-15 Rice K = 8
à'FÚ(Ú2ÝÜ.Û / ' Ø1ÖÚ(')Û 0 '*à - ÙNÝwá)'FÚ2ÖYÙNÛ(àÝÖÚ(Ú(' 0 ÝFØ1Ü.Û(ß Û(ÝFØ1ۋÜ.Û

à   ĝ
Å :Ä rÄ

5
dB )Û 0 '*ßwÛ2ÝFØ1'bØvÝ*â3Û(Ø1ÖYڎ' á?Ø1'*Û 0 Ö / Û³Ü.Û
0
' Ä
  ĝÍ ׋'*)œÜ.Û(à'F) / ۋàÖYÚ2ÝF)ۋ܋'*Ú Ã j  Ä·Ä°Í ¢I ܋'*ì
¸
-5
ØvێÙNÝ 0 Ý*â3'XÛ2Ú)Ö׋×.Ý*)ÙµÝ I ð  !
Ùµ)ÖLÚ(Ök׋Ý*Ùµ'*Ø1ßwÖ !æ
-10
æ
æ õ 
-15 Rice K = 16 Ü.'FÚ2Ú(í Ý*ØvÜ.Ö\Ü.Û()'FÙNÙ:ÖQ',6 - 'FÚ(Ú2Ö } Ü 'FÚ2Ú(Ö 0 Ý*â3׋Ý*Øv'*Ø1Ùµ'b܋Ý*ì
.

5 à - ÙNÖäÖÚ.â - Ú2ÙµÛ2׋ÖÙ « ã#"WÝ*â3' / Ûu× -1è Ø1Ý*ÙµÖ)'wá‹Û(Ú.ÞoÖYÜ.Û(Ø ” Ü.Û

0
dB
ÕWÖòڎ'FÛ ”]« ×.)Ý*Ü -v0 'AÖYÙNÙµ'*Ø - ÖßwێÝ*ØvÛv×.Û ä ׋)ÝFÞ Ý*ØvÜ.'wáaâ3'*Øvì
-5 Ùµ)'kÛ2Ø_׋)' / '=Ø1ßwÖëÜ.Û - ØvÖëÞoÝF)Ùµ' 0 Ý*â3׋Ý*Øv'*Ø1Ùµ'Ì܋Û2)'*ÙµÙNÖYá
-10 Ú(í Ömâ3׋Û2'Fß ßwÖBÜ.'FÚuÞJÖYÜ.Û(Ø ”ä/ Ûa)Û(Ü -v0 ' / '*Ø / Û º Û(Ú2â3'FØ1Ùµ'Yã
-15 Rice K = 32

$BÔFÝ&%~¡ÒFÔ('¡)%4Ó7Ô+*#%,,q¥-%/.
% ,0'
*mÔS¢21QÓ 1¢23
¥vÒ2ÝëԃÒ*ÒFÔ('¡)%
Ô — í ÖYØ1ÖmÚ2Û / Û.ÝF)Ö / àmÝ*Ú(ÙNÖYá׋)' /+0 Û(Ø1܋'Z܋ÖÚ(ì

Ú(í 'FØ1ÙµÛ2ÙµêÌ'FÞoÞJ'FÙÙNÛ(àÖrÜ.'F۞)Û2ÙµÖ)Ü.Û /- ÛéÜ.Û(à'F) / ۞׋'*) 0 Ý=) / Û(áœ'"Ú(í Ö×.׋Ú2Û 0 ÖßwÛ2ÝFØ1'"܋Û2)'*ٵٵÖÿÜ.'FÛWâ3Ý*܋'*Ú(Ú2ÛéÜ.Û

 ‰Ä4
 ' :Ä ĝÍ ž/ ÝFÙNÙµÛ2ØvÙN'FØ1܋' «
0 'WÛY)Ö ”” Ûm×.)ÝFà'=ØvÛ2'FØ1ÙµÛ܋ÖÁÜ.Û(à'F) / '‘Ü.Û()'*ß Û(ÝFØ1ÛmØ1Ý*ØB×.)' / 'FØ1ÙµÛ2ØvÝ

Ü.Û(ÞJÞo'F)'=Øvß 'ZÜ.Ûa)Û(ÙµÖ)܋ÝÁ)' 0 Û2׋)Ý 0 « ' 5FÛ(ØX6 - ' / ÙµÝ 0 Ö / Ýwá‹Ø1Ý*Ø / ÛaÜ.'FÙN'=)â3Û(Ø1ÖØaÝÁÜ‹Û / ÙNÝF) / Û(Ý*Ø1ÛuÚ2Û(Øa'*ÖY)Û(á

76 ç98;:=<
>@?<
ACBEDGFH œ I BKJMLNH I D  ö O0QSRT ?<ULNVXWY8;<
ACW Q <
ACW[ZM?  <UL(LN<
:=<[8;D O H4\ Q <
ACVX<]L7ZM<:=H Q <
ACVXD@VNWMJ^>@?D\4W
:=D
LNH#VX<
ACVXHPFHPLNH4ACVXW
AH_BEBED2:=<`?AaVX<
\4<
bHcL7W
 :=<aøP FW
VXDVXWaFEHd?CAD]DACVX<
ACADfeXH4ACVN<
:=ACD@gEJ@<UFhWUL(LN<
:=bD@A FW W <i\4Df>?CD@\jH4VXklF<
\
LN<mACD@\4<nbD@:=H#LN<
A LNH4oH4\ <
AVX<D@A I <ZM<
:pZKH W
\4H#LNZKWULNVXD <
ACVXH#FE<
\M:=H <
bH4VXW
:=< O Q
7q0r <
Q O =
O O Q
W ZMW
A<
ACVXH@H4As8;DtL7<p<
>@?CDuF(:=D@VX?C:=D L7W
ACW WUL7VXH_VN?CH4VX<sFED@\4\jD LNW O R
D`FHVN?CVXVXH2H D H4ACH ?\_VNH_ZK\4HNJ0<ZM<:d>@?<ULNVXW
W
VNH_bW+O ZMWMQ LvL7W
ACWn<UL(LN<
:0<DtLvL7?CAMVX<iFEHMVXH4ZMWnmD@? LvL7H_D2O ACWMJ(D <UFH4DsA?C\4\_DYQ`<
Q bD:=H4D@ACB(Dxw O  Q`Q Q
Q (yz ZKWL7VXD@A#FWhH4\ D o@H4D <
AVXWGFHbD@:=H4D@oH4\4<G{ ò}| Q  JL7HZMWUL(LNW
AW~D@ZMZK\4H D2:=<h\4< :0R <
mW
\4< bHLNVN<~D@\Ph€ J@H_AFEHjbHƒ
FE?CD@AQ FEW[\4D~8;?CACBEH4W
AC<Y O H4ACQ b<
:L7Q D W < ¾| ò {vJ2\_D ?H € | { 8;W
:0ACHcL < è O <:=VXD@ACVXWKJ^\4DGF F Z FE<
\_\4DhACR‚?C @R‚W
 bDhb D {
O Q  O €=„
¥ ¨ O … „ Ru† R R R R R
bD@\4<U‡
{  {  {
ˆ †7¥ { ¨ ò ˆC‰ ²  { ¶ ÷ { | ¥ { ¨ ò  w hŠ=‹@Œ ÷ ë { ò wë
¦ ° ²  ¶ °
w Ž Š=‹@Œ ¹ w  º
¦ ! !  ! !
 Æ ÈYÉ ÈYÉ%$WÄéŠůˑ?¿AÊÌË`’3ÃaÂγ¿a“cÂwÄ ÔMÇ 9

'*ÜÿÛ2Ú ÞoÖYÜ.Û(Ø ”"/ ÛÜ‹Û 0 ' Åvj2ŏ  K0ˆÄ”=j Û2Ø%ÞJ)'F6 - 'FØ1ßwÖá Ý*ààm'*)Ý Ì4Äc 0Hj 㠗 Ö º ÖØ1܋ÖhÝ 00- ×.ÖÙµÖr܋ÖÚ(Ú2Ö

Ùµ)Ö / â3Û /+/ Û2ÝFØ1'× -vè ÖYÚ2Ú(ÝF)Ö 0 ' /0 'F)+' / 'FØ / Û º Û(ڎ'*âQ'*Ø1Ùµ'*ám'¢×.'F)éÙN)Ö / â3Û // Û(ÝFØ1ÛØ - â3'*)Û 0 « ' Ú ×‹Ý // Û º Û(Ú2'

)'*ÖÚ(Û(ß ßwÖ)' - Ø º Ö - Ü4)ÖÙµ'c'FÚ2'FàÖÙµÝwá'FÜ - ØX׋'*)Û2ÝFÜuÝ¢Ü.Û / (

Û â º ÝFÚ2Ý¢)Û2܋Ý*ÙµÙN݋㠗 í Ý 00 Ö / Û(Ý*ØvÖÚ('Z׋)' / 'FØ1ßwÖ

Ü.Û - Ø 
 CÌÖÃ × -1è ' /+/ '*)+' 0 Ý*â3׋'*Ø / ÖÙµÖäâ3'*Ü.Û(ÖØvÙN' ¸
0 Ý*Ü‹Û v0 ÖäÜ.Û 0 ÖYØ1ÖÚ(' ' /0 )Öâ º Ú(Û(Ø ” ܋'*ۋÜ.ÖYÙNÛµã

ý?'ÖÚ 0 ÝFØ1Ùµ)ÖY)Û(ÝZÚ(ÖÁÜ‹Û / ÙNÝF) / Û2ÝFØ1'Ü.ÛYÙN'Fâ3×.Ý¢Ü.ÛÙµ)ÖYØ / Û2ٵݑ×.)Ý*܋Ý=ÙNÙµÖAÜ.ÖYÚâ - Ú(ÙNÛ(×.ÖmÙ « Ü.Û(àÛ('*Øv' 0 ÝFØ1ì

ÞJ)ÝFØ1ÙµÖ º Û(Ú(' 0 Ý*ØXÚ2ÖäÜ - )ÖYÙNÖäÜ.Û - Ø / Û(â º Ý*Ú(Ýwá / ÝF×.)Ö ”” Û - Ø ” ']•=–#•á 0 r« 'c׋'*)œ' // '=)'¢)Û(â3Ý // Ö,)Û 0 « Û('*܋'

Ú(í ÖYÙNÙ - ÖYß+Û(ÝFØ1'ÁÜ‹Û - Ø1Öt׋)Ý 0 'FÜ - )Öt܋Ûu'F6 - ÖYÚ2Û(ßwßÖß Û(Ý*Øv'Yã

Ù?'*) 0 '*Ú(Ú('hâ3Ý*Ú(ÙNÝ ” )ÖYØ1Ü.Û(áœÚ(ÖÿÜ.Û(ÞoÞJ'*)'FØ1ß Öë܋۞׋'*) 0 Ý / ÝhÜ.'FÚ2Ú('hÜ.Û(à'F) / 'h)Û × ' /+/ Û2ÝFØ1Ûœ× -1è ' /+/ '*)'

Ø1ÝFÙN'FàÝFÚ2'wá1Û2â3׋Ý*Ø1'FØ1Ü‹Ý - Ø1Ö º Ö /+/ Ö4à'FÚ2Ý 0 Û(ÙµêQÜ.ÛnÙµ)Ö / â3Û // Û(Ý*Øv' áv×.'FØ1Ö\Ú(í Û(Ø / ÝF) ” '*Ø1ßwÖXÜ.ÛnÞJÖÜ.Û(Ø ”S 
 AÄ”=j Û2ØkÞo)'*6 - 'FØ1ß ÖnãžÕWÛ(Ü -10 'FØ1܋ÝBÚ(ÖQ܋Û2â3'FØ / Û2ÝFØ1'BÜ‹Û 0 '*Ú(Ú(Öá Ú ×.Ý /+/ Û º Û2Ú('BÛ(Ø1àm' 0 'BÖ - â3'*ØvÙNÖY)'tÚ2Ö

à'FÚ(Ý 0 Û2ÙµêbÜ.ÛaÙN)Ö / â3Û /+/ Û(ÝFØ1'wá‹Ü‹ÖÙµÝ «

0 'ÁÚ('ÁÜ.Û(ÞJÞo'F)'FØ1ßw'AÜ.Ûa)Û(ÙµÖ)Ü.Ý ‹Ù
/ Ûu)Û2Ü -10 Ý*ØvÝã ?'F) 6 - ' / ÙNÝcâ3Ý*ÙµÛ2àmÝwá

/ ' 0 'FÚ2Ú(' 0 ÝFØë)Ö ”” Û(ÝbÜ‹Û «

0 Û(Ú2ÝFâ3'*Ùµ)Û'4Ü‹Û / ×.'F) / Û2ÝFØ1Û7Ü.Û )Û2ÙµÖ)Ü.Ý\Ü.Û¯Ý*Ú(Ùµ)' 9 ǘ—a/ ' 0 Øv' 0 ' // Û(ÙNÖYØ1Ý4Ü.Û

'*6 - ÖÚ(ێßwß ÖYß Û(Ý*Øv'WÖØ r«

0 'W׋'*)Ùµ)Ö / â3Û // Û(Ý*Ø1Ûm֚™ ;G› mº × / á 0 ÝFâ - Ø1Û 0 ÖßwÛ2ÝFØ1Û Ä°Å1jFjCœ0 Ý*ØBÜ.Û / ׋'*) / Û(Ý*Ø1ÛmÜ.Û

)Û2ÙµÖ)Ü.ÝAÛ(Ø1ÞJ'*)Û2ÝF)ÛuÖÜ 9 —a/ ' 0 ×.Ý /+/ Ý*Ø1ÝÁ×.)' / 'FØ1ÙµÖ)'   Ã ĝÅ ×.'*) à'*Ú(Ý 0 Û(ÙNê /- ׋'*)Û2ÝF)ÛuÖÚ Ó;º × / ã
)
"W'FÚ2Ú(',Ü.Û³Ü.Û(â3'*Ø / Û(Ý*Ø1',â3Û(Ø1Û(âXÖá1Ü.'FÙNÙµ'bÖØ «
Ì
ĝÍj$Í  án×.)' / '{Ø1ÙNÖYØ1ÝäÜ.Û / ׋'*) / Û(Ý=Ø1ÛnÙµ'*â3׋Ý=)ÖYÚ2Û1Ü.Û
0 '

/ ÝFÚ(Ý36 - ÖÚ 0 « 'QÜ.' 0 Û(Ø1ÖkÜ.Û×.Û 0 Ý / ' 0 Ý*ØvÜ.Û(á׋'*)â3'=ÙNÙµ'*ØvÜ.Ý3܋ÛÝ*׋'=)ÖY)'QÖkâ3ÝFÚ2ÙµÛ Ó;º × / ÖØ 0r« ' / '*Øvß Ö

'*6 - ÖÚ(ێßwß ÖYß Û(Ý*Øv'ã

œCž ž ž‚ Ÿ Ò*ÒC'3 ¯Ô $Þ FÝ&% s¡2' Ÿ ¡Ý&'vÒ*fv%3=Ô=*d'

Ù?'*)ZÚ - Ø ]” « 'Fß ßw'bÜ.í ÝFØ1Ü.ÖXÜ.Û³Ü.Û(â3'*Ø / Û(Ý*Øv' 0 Ý*â3׋Ö)Ö º Û(Ú2',Ö36 - 'FÚ2Ú(Ö\Ü.'*Ú(Ú('bâ3Ý*Ú(' 0 ÝFÚ2'bÜ‹Û³Ý /+/ Û ” '*ØvÝwá / Û

×.)Ý*Ü -10 ' - ØÌÞJ'*ØvÝ*â3'FØ1Ý4Ü.Û // Û(×.ÖÙµÛ(àÝ :Äs ju¢ Äc£¤ rÅ

Hj .5 Ú('bÞJ)'F6 - '*Ø1ßw'4Û(Ø1ÙN'F)' /+/ ÖÙµ' / ÝFØ1Ý46 - '*Ú(Ú('

/+- ×.'F)Û(Ý*)ÛaÖ ÔMÇ É"Ê ßwá 0 ÝFØ - ØXâ3Ö // Û(â3Ý¢Ü.Û ’ Ç Ü U¯ˆÏ â Ö™ Ç É"Ê ß 8 ᥠ< ãd:Ø1Ý*Ú(Ùµ)'wá‹Û(Ú.àÖY×.ÝF)WÜ.í Ö 0 6 - Ö

8 0 ÝFØ â3Ý*Ú(' 0 Ý*Ú('LÜ.ۜÜ.Û(â3'*Ø / Û2ÝFØ1ۜâ3Ö ”]” ێÝ*)Û < ×.)Ý*Ü -v0 ' - Ø1ÖÌÖYÙNÙµ'*Ø - ÖßwÛ2ÝFØ1' /- ׋×.Ú('*â3'FØ1ÙµÖ)'hÜ‹Û 9 ì

’ Ü U¯ AÏ â 8 Öڜâ3Ö // Û(â3Ý < Ö ’M’ É"Ê ßãLý?ÝFÙNÙµÝLÛ 9 Ç;É"Ê ßQØvÝ*Ø / ۞àm'*)Û v0 ÖÿØ ¸ q Ö // ÝF) º Û2â3'FØ1ÙµÝ"Ü.Ö

Ý // Û ” 'FØ1ÝwáØ q ܋ÖBàÖY×.ÝF)'Yã

œCž ž ž‚¦ $BÔ=§&% Ò*Ô='

 )¨©§&% s¡2'"Ó7Ô+ªs «*#'
,,0% ¬
¨©§&% )¡^'"Ò'
¬
¬%¡2¡'¤¨®­ =Ô 'p¬¬1Ô=¨

:Ø 0 Ö / Ý4܋ۯ׋Û2ݯ¯mÛ2ÖYá / Û¯â3ÖØvێÞo' / ÙµÖ - Ø1Ö - Ú(Ùµ'*)Û2ÝF)' 0 Ö -1/ Ö3Ü‹Û¯Ö /+/ Ý*)°Û(â3'*Ø1ÙµÝbÖYÙNâ3Ý / ÞJ'*)+Û 0 Ý á³Ü‹'*ÙµÙÝ

Ö×‹× - ØvÙNÝ ²±³oj^³c á 02´

µ²¶ Ý·+ÙµÛ2Ùv¸1ÛN· ¶µ Ú2Öh× ¹Û(Ø ¶ Û2׋ÖÚ µ ÞJÝFØ1Ù µ Ü.ÛÖYÙNÙ µ ظ1ÖßwÛ(Ý*Ø µ ·@¸1׋×.Ú µ â µ Ø1ÙNÖ#¹ µ

× µ ¹,Þc¹ µCº ¸ µ Øvß µ ·K¸v× µ ¹Û(ÝC¹ÛÖ«»U¼¾½š¿BßYãaÀ‹í ÖYÙNÙ µ ظ1ÖßÛ(Ý*Ø µ ·@¸1׋×.Ú µ â µ Ø1ÙNÖ#¹ µ ܋Ök׋Û2ݯ¯mÛ2ÖhÖ#¸1â µ ØvÙNÖ
¶ Ý*ØLÚ2Ö\Þ¹ µº ¸ µ Ø1ßwÖ4×.ݹÙÖYØ1Ù µ á ¶ Ý*ØkÚ(í ێØvÙ µ Ø
·Û2ÙµêX܋Ûn×¹ µC¶ Û2׋Û(ÙNÖßwÛ(Ý*Ø µµS¶ ÝFØrÚ(í µ ·Ù µ Ø
·Û2ÝFØ µ Ü µ Ú2Ú(Ö\ß ÝFØ1Ö
×.Û(Ý*àmÝC·ÖÿÚN¸1Ø
¯mÝ3Û(ڜÙv¹Öd¯Û(ÙµÙNݾ¹ÖÜ.Û(Ý 5 º ¸ µ ·+ÙµÛ~¸1Ú(ÙNÛ(â3ÛœÜ ¸ µ ÞJÖٵٵÝC¹Û`·+ÝFØ1Ý µ àÛ(Ü µ Ø1Ù µ â µ Ø1Ù µÁµ Ú µ â µ ØvÙNÛ

ÖÚ µ ÖYÙNݹÛ(á µ × µ ¹ º ¸ µ ·+ٵݠÛ(Ú=Ü.Û(â µ

µiº ¸1ÖÚ µ ·+Û(ÖcÛ(Ú=â3Öd¹¯Û(Ø µ Ø µC¶µ ·@·+Ö#¹Û(Ý

Ø ·Û(Ý*Ø1ÖYâ µ ØvÙNݞâ3ÛX¹ÖcÖG·+ÙµÖd°Û(ڎÛN¹

Ö¯mÖd¹ÖYØ1ÙµÛX¹ µ ¸1Øït¹ÖYÜ.Ýh܋Û`· µ ¹àmÛ2ßwÛ(Ýh×¹ µCÄ ·@·+ÖYÙNÝYãÂ:ڞâ3Ö#¹¯mÛ2Ø µ Ø µ¶µ ·K·Öd¹Û2ÝwáxÅh× µ ¹ÙNÖYØ1ÙµÝk׋Öd¹ÛWÖÚ

àÖYÚ2ݹ µ Ü.ÛnÖYÙNÙ µ ظ1ÖßwÛ(Ý*Ø µ ·@¸1×.×‹Ú µ â µ ØvÙNÖ#¹ µl¶´µ àmÛ µ Ø µ ·@¸1× µ ¹ÖYÙNÖ ¶ ÝFØƸvØ1Ö\×¹ÝC°YÖd°Û(ڎÛ(ÙNêXâ3Û2ØvÝC¹ µ Ý

¸
¯t¸1ÖmÚ µ ÖÚ¯¹Ö܋ÝÁÜ.Û©· µ ¹àmÛ2ßwÛ(Ýã
Ç,Ø1Ö\ÞJÝC¹⤸1Ú(Ö²·× µ ¹Û(â µ ØvÙNÖYÚ µ¶2´
µ¶ ÝFØ
· µ Ø1Ù µ ܋Û?Ü µ Ù µ ¹â3Û(Ø1Öd¹ µ Û2ÚnàmÖÚ(ÝC¹ µ Û(ØLÜÈ_Ü µ Ú2Ú(í ÖÙµÙ µ Ø
¸1ÖYì
ßwÛ2ÝFØ µ ·@¸1׋×.Ú µ â µ Ø1ÙNÖ#¹ µš¶´µ àÛ µ Ø µ ·@¸1× µ ¹ÖÙNÖ ¶ ÝFØ3×¹ÝC°YÖd°Û(Ú(Û2ÙµêšÉlÅ Ê

ËfÌPÍÎ@ÏMÐ ÑdÐ ÉpÒ Ô

ð ÓÖÕ ÎUÏ × Õ Ñ ÕØ ÍXÑ Ò ÕÙ Í ÉÒ ÚJÜÈ`Û

Û(Ø ¶ ¸1Û Î GÏ ÅXÚ(í ێØvÙ µ Ø

·Û2ÙµêLÜ.Û×¹ µC¶ Û(×.Û(ÙNÖYß Û(Ý*Ø µ²Ü Û(Øiâ3âÝ ´
Þs¶2´
µ àÛ µ Ø µ ·@¸1× µ ¹ÖYÙNÖL× µ ¹,Ú2Ý/¼nã ¼P»àß Ü µ Ú
Ù µ Ñ ÅcÚ(Ö,ÚN¸1د ´
µ ßwß ÖäÜ µ Ú ¶ ÝFÚ2Ú µ ¯mÖâ µ Ø1ÙNÝwá µ‘Óᵠܤâ/·+Ý*ØvÝ ¶ ÝC·ÙNÖYØ1ÙµÛ ¶2´µš¶ Öd¹ÖYÙNÙ µ ¹Û(ß ßwÖØ1Ý¢Ú(í µ Ø1ì
â3×.Ýwá

ÙµÛ2ÙµêAÜ µ Ú2Ú(í Û2ØaÙ µ ¹Öß Û(Ý*Ø µ Ü µ Ú2Ú(í Ý*ØvÜ.֑¹ÖÜ.Û(Ý ¶ Ý*Ø4Ú(ÖÁ×.Û(ÝC¯t¯Û(Öá=Û(ØbÞ¸1Øvß ÛŽÝFØ µ Ü µ Ú2Ú(ÖÁÞ¹ µuº ¸ µ Ø1ßÖA×.ݹٵÖØ1Ù µ]µ

ã(ärKå <
\_<bDVXDæD@VNVX<
AC?CD@BEH4W
AC< I H_\4W
< VX:=H DçZK:=<UL7<
ACVX<èD BíZK?Cîí<ULvL7<
:=<ïL78;:=?CVXVXDVXDðAC<
H}LNHLVX< HñFEH

W ?CACH D@BEH4W
AC< <
\_\4?C\4D2:=<MJvD@\4\4WhO L
W ZMW Q FEM O LND@:0<n?CACD]L7VX<UL(LND[o
H :=H4? @D@
éëAFê Di
ì FHM8;:=<>@?C<
ACBE<D@A I <Dso@:0<
b< FHLNVND@ACBED Q
O Q O O O O R
ò ¼#ó ôdõ À  ÃÄőÄÇÆwÈÉ"ÊÌ˞Í1Í1‘ÃuÎ õ Ï?ÊÌÂ:Ï?Ï?ÂwЯÂ

Attenuazione superata per lo 0.01% del tempo a 15 GHz Attenuazione superata per lo 0.01% del tempo a 20 GHz
90 90
Ad(dB) 60 mm/h Ad(dB) 60 mm/h
80 80
50 mm/h 50 mm/h
70 40 mm/h 70 40 mm/h
60 30 mm/h 60 30 mm/h
20 mm/h 20 mm/h
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
d(Km) d(Km)
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Attenuazione superata per lo 0.01% del tempo a 30 GHz Fattore di attenuazione al variare del grado di servizio
90 4
Ad(dB) 60 mm/h
80 3.5 Gamma(p)
50 mm/h
70 40 mm/h 3
60 30 mm/h
20 mm/h 2.5
50
2
40
1.5
30
20 1
10 0.5
d(Km) p
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.01 0.001 0.0001 1e-05 1e-06

ö¯ÛX¯t¸
¹Ö®» ò ;ã »dÊC÷xøCù úKûxüýXþdÿ;ÿû
Cø^þ^ý 
2ûEø 
û
~û
2ÿþnù ûUû
ù dý  Pý þ

Ü.Û.ÖYÚ2Ùv¹ µf¶ Ý*Ø1܋Û2ßwÛ(Ý*Ø1Û ¶ Ú(Û2â3ÖYÙNÛ ¶2´

µfµ ÜbÖ⤰Û µ ØvÙNÖYڎÛ2áÛ ¶ ¸1ۋàÖYÚ2ݹÛ.â µ Ü.Û·+ÝFØ1ÝG¹Û(×.ݹٵÖÙµÛ.Ø µ Ú(Ú(Ö,ÙµÖd° µ Ú(Ú2Ö

¶2´
µ · µ ¯t¸ µ ã

      !" !"

# %$ '& %$(() %$ "* %$ " % $ + $ ,&
- $ 
 $ "! . $ &% $(( $(%&"& $  )"*
ÚéàÖYÚ2ݹ µ Ü.Û ÎKÏ × µ ¹BÚ2í :ÙNÖÚ(ێÖÆÅ ¶ ÝFâ3×¹ µ ·ÝhÙE¹Öó#¼ µ ™#¼râ3âÝ ´ áéâ µ Ø1Ùv¹ µ Û2ÚÙ µ ¹â3Û2Ø µ¾Ù Í ÉpÒ ð
/0214365 Õ 8 79: Õ É 9
;(< =?>@AB< ÏDC :FE GIH%J"K  L M á ¶´µ àÖYÚ µ »¢× µ ¹~É ð 87'9 C á‹× µ ¹â µ ÙµÙ µ ܋ÛuÙ µ Ø µ ¹ ¶ Ý*Ø1ÙµÝäÜ µ Ú¯t¹ÖYÜ.Ý
Ü.Û+· µ  ¹ àmÛ2ßwÛ(Ý ¶2

´ µ ·+Û¯à¸vÝ*Ú µ Ý*ÙµÙ µ Ø µ ¹ µ ã]Ø Ä Ø µ á Ø ÍXÑ Ò ð Í

 N PO
0 7Q4R / Õ Ñ Ò)Å ¸vØÌÞJÖÙµÙNݹ µ ¶ ÝC¹K¹ µ ÙµÙNÛ(àÝ
¶2´
µ ÙNÛ µ Ø µl¶ Ý*ØvÙNÝtÜ µ Ú?ÞJÖÙµÙNÝ ¶2´
µSUTS ±³VT”u ‘WXStUTSFWYT Û(Ú ¶ ÝFÚ2Ú µ ¯mÖâ µ Ø1ÙNÝYãs`¯t¹Ö Ķ ÛnÛ(Ø Ä ¯aãi» ò ã;» á
â3ÝC·Ùv¹ÖØvݑÚ2í ÖYØ1Ü.Ömâ µ Ø1ÙNÝÜ µ ÚÙ µ ¹â3Û(Ø µGÓèÕ Î Ï × Õ Ñ ÕNØ ÍXÑ Òa× µ ¹éÜ.Û(à µ ¹·ÛàÖYÚ2ݹÛÜ.Û+Z Ï µ Ü ÎÏ ámÛ(ØbÞc¸vØ1ßwÛ2ÝFØ µ

Ü µ µ 
Ú2Ú(í · Ù µ Ø
·Û2ÝFØ µ Ü µ Ú ¶ Ý*Ú(Ú µ ¯ÖYâ µ Ø1ÙµÝ5 Û(Ø Ä Ø µ ]
á ŹÛ2׋ÝC¹ÙNÖYÙNÝÌÛ2Úx¯t¹Ö Ķ ÝrÜ µ Ú2Ú(ÖSÞ¸1Øvß Û(Ý*Ø µÙ Í ÉpÒc× µ ¹
Ü.Û(à µ ¹
· ÛaàÖÚ(ÝC¹ÛaÜ.ÛÉ?ã
[cÛ(â
µ

Ø ·Û(Ý*Ø1Ö#¹ µ 1 ¸ Ø ¶ Ý*Ú(Ú µ ¯Öâ µ Ø1ÙµÝBÛ(â3×.ÝFØ µ Ø1Ü.ݸ1Økâ3Öd¹¯Û(Ø µàµ Ú µ àÖÙµÝB× ¸ è Ü.Öd¹ZÚN¸1ÝC¯mÝ,ÖQ×¹ÝFì

°Ú µ â3Û¯Ü.ÖYÚ7Ú(ÖÙµÝbÜ µ Ú[ ¹ Û ¶µ àmÛ2ÙµÝC¹ µ á ¶2´
µ ×.ÝFÙE¹ µ °#° µ Ùv¹ÝFàÖd¹·+Û7ÖÜLÝF× µ ¹Öd¹ µ Û2ع µ ¯mÛ2ÝFØ µ ØvÝ*ØÿÚ(Û(Ø µ Ö#¹ µ Ö
¶ Öd¸
·Ö"Ü µ Ú2Ú(í µC¶¶µ ·K·Ý\Ü.Û ×‹Ý*Ù µ Ø1ßwÖ¤¹Û ¶µ àt¸1ÙNÖYá º ¸1ÖYڎÝC¹ÖhØ1ÝF؏·Û(ÖØ1ÝB×¹ µ · µ Ø1ÙµÛÚ µ ÖÙNÙ µ ظ1ÖßwێÝ*ØvÛ[·@¸1×.ì
×.Ú µ â µ Ø1ÙµÖd¹ÛEÊm׸ è]µ ·@· µ ¹ µ ÖÚ(ڎÝC¹Ö¸vÙNÛ(Ú(Û2ßwß ÖmÙµÝG¸vØ ¶ ÖYØ1ÖÚ µ Ü.Û#¹Û(ÙNݹ+Ø1Ý‘Ø µ Ú(Ú2í ÖYڎÙE¹Ö,܋ÛX¹ µ ßwÛ(Ý*Ø µ áÛ(Ø4â3Ý*܋Ý

Ü.Öl¹ µ ¯ÝFÚ2Ö#¹ µ Ú(ÖB׋Ý*Ù µ Øvß ÖBÜ µ ÚuÙE¹Öd·â µ ÙµÙNÛ(ÙµÝu¹ µ ã

œCž ž ž\ ] ',0,%¬¨p§&%  )¡­Ô7Ô= %Ó =Ô .p% 3=ÒFÔ(¡^1

:Ú_^ ³`S × ¹ÝFÜ.Ý=ÙµÙNݞÜ.Ö ¶ ÖYâ3â3Û2ØaÛ=⤸1Ú(ÙNÛ(×.Ú(Û{׸ è`µ ·K· µ ¹ µ ¹Û(Ú µ àmÖØ1Ù µ á·× µ¶ Û(ÖÚ(â µ ØvÙ µ · µ ܸ µ ¹ µ ×.Ú(Û 2
¶ ´
µ
Ü µ Ú`· µ ¯ØvÖÚ µ ¯ÛN¸1Ø©¯mÝ*Ø1ÝhÖYÚ ¹Û ¶µ àmÛ2ٵݹ µ˜¶ ÝFØ Öâ3×‹Û µ ß ß µ â3ÝFÚ2ٵݾ·+Û(â3Û(Ú2Ûµã¾ڜ×¹ÝC°Ú µ â3Öÿ׸ 讵 ·K· µ ¹ µ

¹ÛX·Ý*Ú(ÙNÝc×¹ µ à µ Ü µ ØvÜ.ݑ¸vØ1Ö¹Û(Ü.ÝFØ1Ü.ÖYØ1ßwÖtÜ µ ¯Ú(ÛaÖ×.׋Öd¹ÖÙµÛNã

 ba
Æ ÈYÉ YÉ ôdcfegeih  õkjlh ’nmpoqo’srgotdu õvc mgm+o ôdõ ò ¼ ò

wf
1
Principale Principale Principale
wf
2
Riserva Riserva Tx Riserva

Diversita’ di Frequenza ? Diversita’ di Spazio ?

xzy|{U}~€y=¡_‚ƒgy+„~'}…+ªP}  ‡†¨ Àgˆ`· ‰ µ ·@· ˆ ¶ ˆŠŠ µ ¯X‹Œ µŽ ‰%ˆxŏˆ4 µ ¹8‹ ‰%ˆi·K¸z‘¸ µ ‘’“ µ ¹· µ ˆC¹8‰?‹ Ž ‰’%” Žµ Š
¶ d ‹ · ˆk’ ¤Ž ¶ ¸U’+Š•‹zE‰ ¹8d‹ · ŒnX’ ·@· ’ˆ Žµ‘¶2´
µ ‹X“X“X’ µŽµ‘¶ ˆ Ž ¸ Ž ‹z‘ µ ŠŠ µ ˆC¹8‰‹ Ž ‰’·K¸° ’ · ¶ ‹9¸ Ž ‹z‹ ‰%‰ µ4Ž ¸
‹ –—’ˆ Ž
µ
· µ Š µ ‰%‰’“X‹˜’ Žš™ ¹ µº ¸ µŽ –6‹ › º ¸ µ Š•Š‹ ¶2´
µ ‹ ‘ˆ4‰‰%‹œŠ ‹ Šž‰v¹"‹˜ˆ¹"‰?‹ Ž ‰ µŸŽ
µ Å µ · µŽ ‰ µ-Ü ˆ “’ ¶µ “ µ ¹· ‹ Þ¡£¢nµ
ŠÆ ‹ °‹ Ž ‘Á ‹ Ť#‹ ¹"‰%’ ¶ ˆŠd‹ ¹8Œ µŽ ‰ µ ‹ ™`™ ˆ4Š•Š‹ ‰%‹ ›PŠÁ‹ · ‰ µ ·@· ‹ ¶ ˆ Ž Ä ¯t¸
¹"‹–—’ˆ Žµ  ¸U¥ µ ·@· µ ¹ µ ‹ ‘ˆ‰%‰‹‰‹œ µ ¹
™ Cˆ ¹ Ž N’ ¹ µ ¸ Ž  ‹ ¹8’•‘ˆ Ž ‘‹ Ž –—‹§¦ ¨ª© ¡l« ‘ µ · µ Œn’ˆ›’ Ž ¸ Ž ‹šv‰ ¹"#‹ · ŒnN’ ·K· ’•ˆ Ž
µ Œ¤¸UŠ‰’Š‹‰‹­¬®°¯±›²Š•‹
ˆ ¹"‰%‹ Ž ‰ µ ‘+ ’ ¹"N’ · µ ¹8“X‹³“X’ µŽ µ d‹ ·@· µ ¯ Ž ‹‰‹¤‹ Š ¶ ‹ Ž ‹ Š µ ‘ µ [ Š ° ‹ pŽ ¶ ˆŸ¬®°¯ ¶2´
µ  ¹ µ · µŽ ‰%‹³Š‹´Œn‹d¯t¯X’ˆC¹ µ
‹ ‰%‰ µ4Ž ¸
‹ –—’ˆ
Ž µ¡

xzy|{U}~€y=¡_‚³ƒ°yg€C­Y¨U†Xy|µ « ‘ˆ4‰‰%‹ Ž ‘ˆ±‘¸ µ ‘’“ µ ¹· µ ‹ Ž ‰ µŽ
Ž

µ ¹"’ ¶µ “ µŽ ‰%’¶’ Ž ˆ· ’–—’ˆ Ž ’U‘’ ™`™cµ ¹ µ4Ž ‰%’•›
Š‹·‘’ ™`™ µ ¹ µ'Ž –—‹‘’X µ ¹ ¶ uˆ ¹· ˆd¸œ‰E¹8‹ ¶ ‹ ŒnŒn’ Ž ’Œ¤¸UŠ‰%’•Š•’Åd‘’ ™V™µ ¹ µŽ ‰ µ  µ ¹gŠ µ ‘¸ µ ‹ Ž ‰ µ4ŽUŽ
µ › µ ‘ ¸ Ž
º ¸ µ
ŠÁ ‹ ¹8N’ · ˆ · ‰%‹˜’ Ž¹™ ¹ µº ¸ µ4Ž –6‹»º ¼ Í Z
Ò_º½ ð © ½ O¿Q—¾PÀ_ÁÂpQ—à Z¸ ´ ‹Á¸ Ž ‹³‘’•“ µ ¹· ‹Ä µ ¹"’ˆ‘’ ¶ ’‰Å Ž
µ ’
‘ ¸
 ˜
µ ¶ ‹ ·’
d š
¡ Æ n µ Ž
¹"‰%‹ ‰ˆ6›Ç‹ Ž
2
¶

´ µ · µ ¸ Ž ¹8’ 
¶ µ
¿
O ¾
“X’‰ˆ¹ µ ·K¸° ’N· ¶µ ¸ Ž ‹¹‹‰‰ µŽ ¸U‹ –6’žˆ Žµ · µ Š µ ‰%‰’“X‹›Š ‹ Š‰E¹8ˆ
ˆ ¹ µk

¹8’ ¶µ “’•‰%C Ž µ Å µ · µŽ ‰ µ¡

ÈqɲÊ|Ë Ì»Í±Î Î ÏбѱÒÓÏÔ´ÕÖ×֗ÔÙØ´Ú×ÛqÑÜÍ±Õ Õ Ö—ÝÑ

Þ ßfàá‡à(Þ âÄãäã åçæ+è%éêXë

ìà¨Uí^ªP~¨­îq€y|ïd¨šƒg}ðð¨ñîPòç~u¨ Ç Ž ‹ Ä °#¹"‹³ˆ4‰‰%’ ¶ ‹ÆÅ/¹ µ ‹Š•’–—–6‹ ‰%‹´’ Ž “ µ ‰v¹8ˆnˆ/· ’Š’ ¶ ’ˆ ™ ¸· ˆ6› µ  ¸
¹?ó
¶2´ ÅגŠiŒn‹‰ µ ¹"’‹ Š µ · ’•- ‹ ¸ Ž ‘’ µ Š µ ‰%‰E¹ ’ ¶ ˆz‰E¹8‹d· ‹d¹ µŽ ‰ µ ‹Š•Šž‹´ŠN¸ ¶µ ›ç¸
¥ µ ·@· µ ¹ µ ¹ µ ‹ Š’–—–6‹ ‰%‹n‹ Ž¶2´
µ ’ Ž
Šd‹ · ‰’ ¶ ‹ ¡Pô n Š ·@¸Ul ˆ Å º ¸ µ ŠŠ•ˆª‘’B‰v¹"‹#· ˆ¹ ‰%‹d¹ µlµŽµ ¹¯X’‹¤ŠN¸UŒn’ Ž ˆ· ‹Ÿ’ Ž Œnˆ4‘ˆl¯¸U’‘‹‰ˆ ¡ Ç Ž ‹
ˆ ¸U‰’Š’•– –6à
¶ d ‹ ¹"‹‰‰ µ ¹8N’ · ‰%’ ¶ ‹ ¶2´
µ ‘ µ ¹"’“X‹k‘’X¹ µ ‰%‰%‹ Œ µŽ ‰ µ ‘‹ ŠŠ•‹G·K¸U‹ Ž ‹ ‰v¸
¹8‹›tÅNJ• ’žŒnŒ¤¸ Ž ’•‰%Åõ‘ µ ŠŠ•‹ Ä °d¹8‹õˆ4‰‰%’ ¶ ‹k‹ ’
‘N’ · E‰ ¸
¹° ’i‘’ Ž ‹ v‰ ¸
¹8‹ µ Š µ ‰v‰ ¹ ˆŒn#‹ ¯ Žµ ‰%’ ¶ ‹B”‰%‹ Š µ ¹8ˆ ¹"’ µ ‰?Å´’Œn µ ‘’N· ¶µ×™µŽ ˆŒ µ4Ž ’°‘’°’ Ž ‰ µ ¹ ™cµ ¹ µŽ –—‹
Ü ‘’‹ ™ ˆ Ž ’•‹ Þ › ¶  ˆ · ö ¶ ˆ4Œ µŽ ˆ Ž  µ ¹8Œ µ ‰?‰ µ ‘’p ¹ µ Š µ “Xd‹ ¹ µ · µ ¯ Ž ‹ Š µ ‘‹ ŠŠ• µ · ‰ µ ¹ Ž ˆ Ü ’ Ž ‰ µ ¹ ¶µ ‰%‰?‹–—’ˆ Ž
µÞ¡

÷8ð
€}¬
ø)¨Uð}ð0ªs§¹yDøPµ
€µ À µ ŠX¸ Ž ¯ ´

µ –—– µ ‘ ˆ Ž ‘‹k‘ µ Š•Š µ ¹8‹ ‘’‹ –6’žˆ Ž ’ µ Š µ ‰%‰v¹ ˆŒn‹#¯ Ž
µ ‰’ ¶2´
µÇŽ
µ Š ¶ ‹ Œnó
ˆ±‘ µ Š¶“X’ · X’ °’Š µ · ˆ Ž ˆ ¶ ˆ4Œn¹ µ · µ ‰E¹8‹Ÿùd¼ Ž Œ Ü » Ž ŒnúP© Œ µ ‰v¹"’ Þ ‘ µ ŠŠ• ¸UŠ‰v¹"‹X“X’ˆŠ µ ‰%‰ˆ Ä
Ž ˆk‹ ¶ ’N¹ ¶ ‹
»U¼#¼züpŒý‘ µ Š•Š ’ Ž
™ ¹8d

7 
9 û
‹ ¹8Cˆ ·@· ˆ6› ¶2´
µš¶ ˆC¹¹ ’N· ˆ Ž ‘ˆ Ž ˆ·‹ ™ ¹ µCº ¸ µ4Ž – µGÜ ¹"’ ¶ ˆC¹ ‘‹ Ž ‘ˆ·‹ Ž
¶ ˆC¹8‹ ¶2´
µ Z ðÿþ Þp¶2´
µ
“X‹ ŽUŽ ˆ‘‹ / Õ ©
¿z–²‹ 3 Õ © ½ ¿z– ¡
 ¸ µ · ‰%’g“X‹Š•
7ˆ > ¹"’°’ Ž ‘’“X’‘ ¸U‹ 7Ž > ²ˆ ¸ Ž ®‹ °‹ Ž ‘‹Ä‹#· ó 
ÿù þdútý 

ûÿ;ÿ    ù þù X••
· ‹ Ž ‰ µ “ µ ¹8‹ Œ µŽ ‰ µ·Ž ˆ4‰ µ “Xˆ4Š µ · µ‘¶ ˆŒnd ‹ ¹"‹‰‹‹ ‘z‹ Šó    Õ   $ , Õ  ~ûÿù4ý
v‰ ¹"’õŒ µ –—–6’E‰ ¹8d ‹ · Œ¤X’ ·@· ’“Xv’ Ê®·K¸
ˆ Ž ’‹ Œnˆœ’ Ž
™ ‹‰‰%’·‘’ Z . Õ ( 
9 û 9


! Õ  ½
>


>  
µ™`™ µ ‰?v‰ ¸U# ‹ ¹ µ ¸ Ž ‹²Œnˆ4‘ ¸
Š•‹–—’ˆ
Ž µh¶2´
µ ˆ ¶¶ ¸
u’ ¸ Ž f ‹ °‹ Ž ó
‘‹zd‹ ¹8’+‹Š•Š‘ ˆ ¼ ¡ »Mß ‘ µ Š•Š‹ ™ ¹ µCº ¸ µŽ –6‹£Cˆ ¹8‰‹ Ž ‰ µ¡pn ¢ µ Z Ï ð © ½š¿z–6› · ’ ´ ‹¾» ¿–²‘’p° ‹ Ž ‘‹
”Œn‹l· µ
Z Ï ð © d› · ’ ´ à C ‹ ¸ Ž  ‹ ° ‹ Ž ‘‹‘Y ’ »U¼d¼½š¿z– 
7 >
f~u¨U€§¹yD€4€y|µUøq} µUíFíFyDït¨ «kŽ¶´µ · µ · ˆ Ž ˆ­‰ µ ˆC¹8’ ¶ ‹ Œ µŽ ‰ µ  ˆC·@· ’N° ’Š’š· ¶2´
µ Œn’‘’Œnˆ4‘¸
Š•‹–—’ˆ  Ž µ
‹ Ž ‹ ŠžˆX¯ ’ ¶ ’›PŠ µ-Ä °d¹ µ ˆ4‰‰%’ ¶2´
µ · ˆ Ž ˆ¤¸· ‹‰ µ ¹ µ “‹ Š µŽ ‰ µ Œ µ4Ž ‰ µ  µ ¹z‰v¹8‹d· ˆC¹8‰?‹d¹ µ ’ Ž
™ ˆ¹"Œn‹–—’ˆ Žµ ‘ ’
ò ¼ ôdõ o—m cqeÇc´jlh oÇm+u õBj o o io
 

Messaggio Sorgente Fibra

informativo luminosa ottica Campionatore

Foto
rivelatore Decisore

T
b

ö°’N¯¸¹"‹¤» ò ¡ ónÊ"!$#&%^ûU)þšünýNÿ0ù þ%šý •Eý U^û ý ('*)dù þktÿÿý #tþ

Ž ‹‰E¸¹"‹ SPW,+.-0/³21*3 · µ¶ ˆ Ž ‘ˆ¤Š•ˆ²· ¶2´µ Œn‹Ä‘’ Ä ¯ ¡ » ò ¡ ó ›°’ Ž}¶ ¸U’qŠ‹ÄŠX¸ ¶µ/µ Œ µ ·@· ‹˜‘‹Á¸ Ž ‹¾· ˆC¹¯ µ4Ž ó
‰ µ ş‹ ¶¶µ · ‹˜ˆ/·  µ4Ž ‰%‹ Ü ˆ““ µ ¹"ˆ Œnˆ‘ ¸UŠ‹ ‰%‹´’ Ž ‹Œn’ µ –6–—‹ ¶ ˆ Ž ¸ Ž ˆ9· ¶2´µ Œn‹5476+Ý84g¬¬ Þ¡d« Š•Š ‹Š•‰v¹"ˆ
µ · v‰ ¹ µ Œnˆ²‘ µ Š•Š‹ Ä °d¹8‹ ›¸ Ž ™ ˆ4‰%ˆC¹8’•“ µ Š‹ ‰%ˆC¹ µGµ™`™cµ ‰‰¸U‹S¸ Ž ‹S¹8’•“ µ Š‹ –6’•ˆ Ž
µ ’ Ž¶ ˆ µ ¹ µŽ ‰ µ ‘ µ ŠŠ µ4Ž
µ ¹¯’•‹ªŠX¸
ó
Œn’ Ž Cˆ · ‹ › ¶2´
µ “X’ µŽ µkŽ ¸
ˆ“X‹Œ µ4Ž ‰ µ¶ ˆ Ž “ µ ¹"‰%’•‰%‹×’ Ž ¸ Ž · µ ¯ Ž ‹ Š µ‘µ Š µ ‰‰v¹ ’ ¶ ˆ ¡ À µ  ¹"’Œ µaÄ °#¹ µ ˆ4‰‰’ ¶2´
µ
¹8X’ · ‹ NŠ ¯Xˆ Ž ˆ‹
Š »:9;d¼› µÇ™ Cˆ ¹ Ž ’“‹ Ž ˆÇ‹ ‰%‰ µ4Ž ¸U‹–—’ˆ Ž ’X‘ µ ŠŠ• ˆ¹"‘’ Ž
µ ‘’dód¼·‘È+Ý=<õŒ ¡ « ‰%‰E¸
‹ ŠŒ µŽ ‰ µ · ’#· ˆ Ž ˆ
¹8d ‹ ¯¯X’ ¸ Ž ‰%’°“‹ ŠCˆ ¹8’B‘’ç‹ ‰%‰ µ4Ž ¸U‹–—’ˆ Ž µ ‘+ ’ ¼ ¡ ó¤‘ È+Ý=<õŒn›¶d‹ ¹8’i‹‘¾¸ ŽÆº ¸U‹t¹8‰ˆ×‘’ º ¸ µ Š•Š‹Ÿ‘ µ ’iŒn’X¯Š’•ˆ¹"’
¶ ‹“’ ¶ ˆ# ‹ ·K· ’•‹Š•’ ¡ [õ ‹ Šžv‰ ¹"‹œd‹ ¹8‰ µ ›‡‹˜‘’ ™V™ µ ¹ µ'Ž –6‹Ä‘ µ hŠ ¹8‹ Œ µ ›f’ŠPŒn‹ ‰ µ ¹"’‹ Š µ ¸U‰%’•Š’–—–6‹X‰%ˆ´ µ ¹Š µ-Ä °d¹ µ
Ü “ µ E‰ ¹8ˆn² ˆ · ’Š’ ¶ ’•ˆ Þ Å¤Šd‹ ¹¯X‹Œ µŽ ‰ µ ‘N’ · ˆ Ž X’ °’•Š µ ’ ŽšŽ ‹E‰ ¸¹"‹ ¡zôŽ ˆ4Š•v‰ ¹ µ ›q‹˜d‹ ¹8’•‰%Ŝ‘’q‘’‹ Œ µ E‰ ¹8ˆ6) › ¸ Ž ‹
Ä °#¹"‹Äˆ‰%‰%’ ¶ ‹œv‰ ¹"# ‹ ¸ Ž¹Ž ¸
Œ µ ¹8ˆ¤‹

‹ · Cˆ ¹8‰?˜ Ž ¶2´

µ »U¼#¼d¼³“Xˆ4Š•‰ µ Œnd‹ ¯¯’•ˆ ¹ µ ‘’ ¶ ˆ4¤ Œ ¸ Ž ’ ¶ ‹–—’ˆ Ž [
’ ¹8X’ ·  µ ‰‰?ˆ
‹ ‘ ¸ ² Ž ¶ ‹X“Xˆ ¶ ˆ#‹ ·K· ’•‹Š µ › ™ ˆ ¹ Ž µŽ ‘ˆ º ¸U’ Ž ‘’
‹  Ž ¶2´
µ ¸ Ž ¹8X’ · #‹ ¹"Œn’ˆõ‘p’ · ‹–—’ˆ ¡

>²~µ
­[¨¬p¨
†Xy|µUøP}Äðª)§¹y|øPµ
€C¨l}˜y|øPƒgy|ï }´ƒgy ~y|„~u¨
†Xy|µUøP} Àgˆl· ‹–—’ˆzŠ’N° µ ¹8ˆ Åz’•ŠBŒ µ –6–6ˆ£‘’琹8ˆó
‹#X¯ ‹ –6’žˆ Ž
µ ’ Ž¶
¸ ’iŠ‹nŠN¸ ¶µ “’•‹#¯X¯ ’ž‹n’@l
? “ µ Šˆ ¶µ Œ µŽ ‰ µ¡ô Š+¹"‹ˆC¹8‰ˆŸ‰v¹"‹BA ð 3 Õ © ŒÝ· µ¶ › µ Š•‹
“ µ Šˆ ¶ ’•‰%Ån‘’ç8¹ ˆ‹d¯ ‹ –6’•ˆ Ž
µDC ‘’n¸ Ž Œ µ –—–6ˆz‰v¹"‹#· ‹#¹ µ4Ž ‰ µ ›z 7 @
Å Š ³`SE³21F- E
³(/³ ^ /*3HGt³VT4S-JI ‘ µ ŠiŒ µ –—–6ˆ
· ‰ µ ·K · ˆ ¡
 U ¸ ‹ Ž ‘ˆl¸ Ž ¹8‹d¯t¯X’ˆ±ŠX¸
Œn’ Ž ˆC· ˆª’ Ž
¶ ˆ Ž ‰E¹8‹²¸ Ž Œ µ –6–—ˆ ¶ ˆ Ž
raggio ‘’“ µ ¹· ˆœ’ Ž ‘’ ¶µBI«Ü ‹‘ µ · µ Œn’ˆ6›Ç‘‹ I ‹‘ I I Þ ¸ Ž ‹
½ML
n < n1
2
rifratto K
θ2 ‹#¹"‰ µ ‘’ µ4Ž
µ ¹¯’•‹G· ’u¹"’@N µ ‰‰ µ`¶ ˆ Ž ‹ Ž ¯XˆŠˆh> ¸
¯¸
‹Š µ º ¸ µ Š•Š> ˆ‡’ Ž¶ ’ó
n1 K ‘ µ4Ž ‰ µ › µ Š‹‘¹ µ · ‰‹ Ž ‰ µ ‹d¹8‰ µx¶ ˆ Ž ‰’ Ž ¸U‹ Ž
µ ŠŠ ‹ Š‰E¹8ˆÇŒ µ –6–6ˆ—›XŒn‹
θ1 θ1
¶ ˆ Ž ‘’“ µ ¹· ˆk‹ Ž X ¯ ˆ4Š•ˆ ¡
O ’N·K¸
Šž‰‹QPSR ðUT › µ ‘¸ Ž
º ¸ µ ’Šp¹8‹d¯ó
P T HWVFX R K
¯X’ˆ`8 ¹ ’™ 8¹ ‹ ‰%‰ˆ]
Å ’Y? ’ Ž¶ Š’ Ž ‹‰ˆ Ž
µ ŠXK Œ µ –6–—HWˆ VFX ¶ ˆ ŽZI ’ Ž
™cµ ¹"’ˆ¹ µxÜ ‘ˆ4ó
raggio raggio
incidente riflesso
“ µ “’•‹#¯¯ ’‹´’@? “ µ Š•ˆ ¶µÞ ¡\[ · ’X· ‰ µ ¸ Ž “X‹Š•ˆ¹ µ^] þ ðU_:` P:R
· ˆ4‰%‰ˆk’Š º ¸U‹Š µõŽ ˆ Ž ’ ´ à ‹ ¹"’ ™ ¹"‹–—’ˆ
Ž µ › Œn‹ª‰EU ¸ ‰%‰%ˆk’•Š8¹ ‹d¯¯ ’•ˆ·“X’ µ Žµ 8 · ˆ ¡
¹ ’YN µ ·@
À8À_ÁÂ P
·  K
[ ?¹8ˆ ¹ ’ˆ`·@¸ º ¸ µ · ‰ˆ ™cµ4Ž ˆ4Œ µŽ ˆ ¶´µ · ’°‹d· ‹·Š ‹X‰%‰’‰v¸U‘’ Ž
µ ‘ µ Š•Š µ`Ä °d¹ µ ˆ‰%‰%’ ¶2´
µ ‘’‰E¹8‹d· ˆC¹8‰?‹d¹ µ
µŽµ ¹¯X’‹ ŠN¸UŒn’ Ž ˆ· ‹ ¡ Àg‹ Ä °d¹8‹ ˆ4‰‰%’ ¶ ‹&ų’ ŽU™ ‹ ‰‰%’ ¶ ˆ· ‰%’•‰v¸U’‰‹ ‘‹&¸ Ž§Ž ¸ ¶ Š µ ˆ Üa1"TS/F-Þ`¶µŽ ‰v¹ ‹ Š µ®¶ ˆ Ž
’ Ž ‘’ ¶µ ‘’]¹8’ ™ ¹8‹ –6’•ˆ Ž
µbI › ¶ N’ ¹ ¶ ˆ Ž ‘‹‰ˆœ‘‹«¸ Ž ¹"’“ µ · ‰%’•Œ µ4Ž ‰%ˆ Üa1Fc23dE&E
³`SfenÞG¶ ˆ Ž ’ Ž ‘’ ¶µgI I ”
½
hL
µŽ ‰E¹8‹ Œ¤°’p¹8‹ ¶¶2´ ’X¸· ’’ Ž > ¸ Ž l ‹ ¯t¸U‹ ’ Ž ‹ Ü ij3d1lk-0mvÞ ‘’pŒn‹ ‰ µ ¹8’•‹Š µ ˆ‹ ¶ ˆ Ü “ µ ‘’ Ä ¯ ¡ » ò ¡ ò Þ¡ >
 ¸U‹ Ž ‘ˆ-¸ Ž ® ‹ · Cˆ ¹¯ µ4Ž ‰ µ NŠ ¸UŒn’ Ž ˆ · ˜ ‹ şˆ · ‰%‹Ä‘‹“‹ Ž ‰’g‹Š•Šž‹ Ä °#¹"‹›çŠ• µ4
Ž µ ¹¯X’‹¾· ’q¹"ˆ4‹#¯X‹³Œ µ ó
‘’‹ Ž ‰ µ ‘’“ µ ¹· ’ +nHT E³nE³#±(/82T ±o3He&3HG³`T'& S -qp ‘ µCÄUŽ ’•‰%’

Ž µ Š ¶ ˆ Ž ‰ µ · ‰ˆ±‘ µ ŠŠ•‹Œ µC¶¶ ‹ Ž ’ ¶ ‹ º ¸U‹ Ž ‰%X’ · ‰’ ¶ ‹› µ

’‘ µŽ ‰’ Ä
¶ d‹ °’žŠ•’°’ Æ Ž ¶´ ’•‹X“ µ ‘’gˆ‰%‰’ ¶ ¾ ‹ ¯ µ ˆ4Œ µ ‰ ¹"’ ¶ ‹ ¶ ˆ4Œ µ ’°‘’“ µ ¹· ’g‹ Ž ¯ˆ4Š•’°‘’g’
Ž ¶ ’•‘ µŽ –—‹ ¡·ô Š +nST EUT
±(/³` S 1³_±o3dcr- Å º ¸ µ ŠŠ•ˆ ¶2´
µ · ’ç ¹8ˆ#‹ ¯X‹¤XŠ ¸ Ž ¯XˆªŠ #‹ ·K· µ ¹ µ ‰%‰’Š•’
Ž µ ˆ6›çŒ µŽ E‰ ¹ µ ’ +nHT E³ts0-F18T& S E3d/³ · ˆ Ž ˆ
º ¸ µ ŠŠ•’ ¶ ˆ Ž ‹ Ž ¯ˆŠˆ ] › ¶2´
µ · h ’ ¹8Y’ N µ ‰%‰ˆ Ž ˆ ¶ ˆŒnŠ µ ‰‹Œ µŽ ‰ µ ‹ Š ¶ ˆ
Ž Ä

Ž µ v‰ ¹8‹ ¶  ˆ ¹ µ®µ®¶ Š‹ ‘‘’ Ž ¯ ¡

L þ
ô Œnˆ‘’d‹ ·@· ˆ ¶ ’‹ ‰%’‹ ‘§‹ Ž ¯ˆŠ’d@’ ? µ Š µ “‹ ‰%’‘’ ] þ “ µŽ ¯Xˆ Ž ˆÄ ¹8Cˆ ¯t¹ µ ·@· ’“X‹Œ µŽ ‰ µ d‹ ·@· ˆ ¹° ’‰%’‘‹ ŠŠ‹
¯¸
‹ ’ Ž ‹› µ  ‘ ¸ Ž º ¸ µŽ ˆ Ž · ’+  ¹"ˆ4#‹ ¯X‹ Ž ˆ ¡
ô ŠB“‹ ŠCˆ ¹ µ.u ðwv I ½ I ½ ðyI ]  ¹ µ4Ž ‘ µ ’•Š Ž ˆŒ µ ‘’ 3C±o-F/0m_,W /F3ÄSqfW +~-0/³21F3 › µ  µ ¹8Œ µ ‰%‰ µ
½ {Â z}| þ
‘’ ¹"N’ · ‹Š•N’ ¹ µ ‹Š
Œnd‹ ·@· ’Œnˆ± t >
> x‹ Ž ¯'ˆ4Šˆ‘’U’ Ž ¶ ’‘ µ4Ž –6‹£Œ µ ‘’•‹ Ž ‰ µ Š9 Ž µ] þ ð€_:`
‹ ¹ µ Š‹ –6’•ˆ
¡ „ ˆ4Œ µ · ’
n
“ µ ‘ µ › u Å‰%‹ Ž ‰%ˆª@’ ?˜’ ¶¶ ˆŠˆ º ¸U‹ Ž ‰%ˆz@’ ? I µ ‘ I · ˆ Ž l 8
À { z|ƒP ‚
ˆ · ’Œn’Šž’”X‹ Š¶‘’•Œn’ Ž ¸pN’ ¹ µ ‘’ u K  › · P ’ ¹8’• ‘ ¸ ¶µ
> ½
: a 
 ôdcfegeih…nõkjlh‡† mpoqo † rgotdu v
õ c mgm+o ôdõ ò ¼ù

Graded Step
Index Index ‰
core cladding jacket Š
d jacket
modo cladding
n primario core
modo
secondario
ˆ raggio
n1 n 2< n 1 assorbito

‹7Œ@fŽ0‘5’:“” “&•,–a—f˜&™lš› šfœn ž\Ÿ

—&› › ž ¡¢ žšf£¤£r ˜,ž—D¥¦š,ŸoYŸW§¢ š§:žœž¨l š™l—

‘©&ª0«&¬®­Y‘¯
°H±W¬H©&²:‘­@Ž³~Œ@©°S´*‘ª«¬¶µ,ŒY¬S©¬®Œ@³~³~¬H´j´*‘©¬S­@­Y‘·¸F‘\°H±W±{Œ@ªF‘¹f³~‘º´jŒ°S±{±WŒY¬S©¬¶Œ@­¸¬S©¬S·ªFŒ@°
Œ@­Y­@Ž´*±WF‘±{°»
Œ¼´j¬H,ŽŒ@±{°”

½¾¦¿ÁÀ¿Áà ÄDÅoƼǺȼɮÈtÊ"ËƼÌÍZÎW϶ÐË$ÌJÆÒÑfÈ

ÓDÔ8ÕHÖt×
ØÙÕSÔÛÚ&ÜÝ×ßÞàÚ&átâãr× ä\Ž&¬H´j±{°Måq¬S©°S³~¬H©&°MæM»d°Hµ,Ž±W°M‘­å2‘±{±W°çª«&¬MŒ³~°S»dŒ¯d0°H¯
‘f‘²:Œ@°H©&¬
0¬H­@‘±WŒYµ,Œè‘f­@Œ‡‘©"°H­@Œè»dŒèŒ@©ª0Œ@»d¬H©&²:‘à¯
ŒYéê¬H­@¬Hµ,‘±WŒY¹‡¯d¬SFª*°S0F°S©°b»
Œèåq‘±{±W°ë(ìîíàï0ð=ñFòdó&òHôõ¬5»dŽ&©öŽ¬
Œ@³~¯dŒ@¬H,‘©°÷¯dŒ@é~±W¬H³~¯
°¯d¬SèfŒ@Ž©f¬S0¬‘D»d¬S´*±WŒY©&‘²ŒY°S©¬”
ø¬H0±{‘©±{°¹º°Sf©&Œ´*Œ@©,°H­@°àŒY³~¯
Ž­@´*°à­@Ž³~Œ@©°H´j°M¯
F¬Sù
´*¬S©±W¬ºŒY©ûŒ@©,F¬S´*´j°º¯d0°H»
ŽªF¬ºŒ@©üŽ´jªFŒ@±{‘D¯dŒ@éüŒY³~¯
Ž­@´*Œ»dŒ@ù ingresso

´*±W‘©&²:Œ@‘,±{Œ©&¬H­f±{¬S³~¯d°S¹,Ž©°‡¯d¬H¦°Sf©&Œ³~°S»d°¶»dŒf¯d0°H¯d‘f‘ù
²ŒY°S©¬”ný\‘±W°ª«¬ºŒ@©°H­@±WF¬º‘fµfµfŒ@¬H©&¬Ž©ûª0°H©&±{Œ@©Ž&°´*ª0‘³~ù ú
t
¸Œ@°»dŒn¬S©¬SF,ŒY‘õ±WF‘ZŒ»
ŒYµ,¬H0´*Œn³~°S»dŒ@¹´*Œ&°H±W±$ŒY¬S©¬ª«¬º­@þ Žù
uscita
´*ª0Œ@±{‘J´*‘FÿºŽ©Z´j¬Hf©&‘­@¬¶ªF°S©^Ž©&‘´*‘f°H³^‘±{Ž&F‘º‘­@­@‘f0f‘ù

   
  
±W‘ 2µf¬S»dŒ¦·fŽ&F‘ $”
þ ¬S©±WŒY±Wÿ5»d¬H­@­@‘üó&ìqï8ë 0ñ0ï0ì Jð Jë
ú
t


ñ0ò  
q»
ŒYå2å2¬H0¬Ù©²‘^±WF‘~FŒ@±{‘F»
° ³~‘ Z¬D³~Œ@© 7´*‘Fÿ^±{‘©&±{° minimo
ritardo
massimo
ritardo
³~‘,fŒ@°H0¬~öŽ‘©±W°û¯dŒ@éMŒ@­¦ªF°S­Y­@¬H,‘³~¬S©±W°~æû­@Ž©f°¹Â¬^öŽ‘©¼±WŒ¦¯dŒ@éç³~°H»
Œ¦¯d‘0±{¬SªFŒ@¯d‘©°^‘­@­Y‘B¯d0°Hù

¯d‘f‘²Œ°S©¬”
þ ¬Hå2åq¬S±{±W°.¯dŒ@ég‘¯d¯
‘0ŒY´jªF¬S©±W¬õ»d¬S­Òåq¬S©°S³~¬H©&°.»
¬H´jªF0ŒY±W±W°^ª0°H©&´*Œ@´*±W¬Z©¬H­@­@‘û­YŒ@³~Œ±W‘²ŒY°S©¬
»d¬S­Y­@‘5³~‘´j´*Œ@³~‘ûå2F¬SöŽ¬S©²‘Bª0°H©Qª0ŽŒÒ,­YŒtŒ@³~¯dŽ&­Y´jŒt­@Ž³~Œ©&°H´jŒÒ¯d°H´j´*°S©°.¬H´j´*¬Ù0¬Z¯d°S´*±$ŒtŒ@©QŒY©&f0¬H´j´*°

‘­@­@‘ ·¸0‘ ٌ@³~¯dŽ&­Y´jŒ±WF°S¯d¯d°µfŒ@ªFŒ@©Œ&FŒ@´*Ž&­Y±W¬H0¬H¸¸¬H0°JŒY©&åq‘±{±WŒnŒY©&»dŒ@´*±WŒ@©¼,ŽŒ@¸Œ­@ŒnŒY©üŽ&´*ª0ŒY±W‘”oø¬H0±{‘©±W°
­@‘³~‘´*´jŒY³~‘Jåq0¬HöŽ¬S©²:‘»dŒ´*¬Sf©&‘­Y‘,²ŒY°S©¬Œ@©.Ž©‘J·¸F‘J°H±W±{Œ@ªF‘¹
»
ŒY¯
¬H©»
¬»d‘­Y­@‘J­YŽ&©"«¬S²:²‘D»d¬S­Y­@‘
·¸F‘J´*±W¬H´j´*‘n”
   !  " #
Œª«Œ@‘³~‘©&° ñ 2ðrì Hó Z­@¬·&¸0¬°S±{±WŒ@ª0«&¬ Œ@©Bª0ŽŒ´j°H©°¯d0¬H´j¬H©&±{Œo¯dŒ@郳~°S»dŒ»dŒ¯
F°S¯d‘ù
%$&')(*,+.-/')0 21
f‘²:Œ@°H©&¬”fä\Ž&¬H´j±{¬÷´*°S©°÷»d¬S­
±{Œ@¯d° ^´*¬ Dª0‘³~¸ŒY‘Œ@©õ³~°H»
°\¸0Ž´jªF°¹f° 354)6)-/')-7*,+.-/')0
89 9 ;:
´*¬^Œ@­ Sñ õ«‘BŽ©QŒY©&»dŒ@ªF¬.f0‘»
Ž‘±W°” J¬S­Â´j¬Hª0°H©&»d°~ª0‘´j°~­@‘5»dŒ@´*¯
¬H0´*Œ@°H©¬^±{¬S³~¯d°S*‘­@¬Zæ~0ŒY»
°H±W±{‘ )
Œ@©å2‘±W±{ŒtöŽ‘©»
°^Œt³~°S»dŒÒ´j¬Hª0°H©&»d‘0ŒÝ‘±W±{0‘µ,¬H0´*‘©°Z­Y‘ü´j¬H²ŒY°S©¬Z¯
¬H0ŒYå2¬H*Œ@ª0‘ü»d¬H­Òª0°SF¬S¹tŒ@©ª0°H©&±{0‘©°
1
Ž©.Œ@©»dŒ@ªF¬ »dŒ¼FŒ@å2F‘²:Œ@°H©¬ ZFŒ@»
°H±W±{°¹d¬öŽŒ@©»dŒµfŒ@‘f,ŒY‘,©&°¯dŒ@é^µ,¬H­@°Hª0ŒW”
< ; 
J©‘J»dŒ@µf¬SF´j‘ 2¬\»
F‘´j±WŒYª0‘ ´*°S­YŽ²Œ@°H©¬÷‘­d¯
F°S¸­@¬H³~‘D»
¬H­@­@‘»
ŒY´j¯d¬H0´jŒY°S©¬±W¬H³~¯
°H0‘­@¬¹dæ\å2°H0©Œ@±{‘
= ">
#> " #
»d‘­Y­@¬è·&¸0¬®°H±W±{Œ@ª«¬ @?
Hó &•föŽ¬S´*±W¬®´j°H©°¶0¬H‘­YŒ@²:²‘,±{¬¶ª0°H©õŽ© ª0°H0¬÷»dŒf»dŒ@‘³~¬H±WF°¶ª0°H´ ¯dŒ@ª0ªF°S­Y°¹
»d‘¯d¬SF³~¬S±$±{¬SF¬­@‘J¯d0°H¯d‘f‘²Œ@°H©¬ »d¬S­&´j°H­@°³~°H»
°¯d0Œ@³~‘0ŒY°”
A  > >
µfµ,ŒY‘³.¬S©±W¬B­@¬üŽ­@±WŒY³~¬~»dŽ¬ü´j°H­@Ž²ŒY°S©Œ q,F‘»d¬H» Œ@©»
¬ b¬ü·&¸0‘g³~°H©&°H³~°H»
° ¶´jŒ´j°H©&°B0¬H´j¬
¯d°S´*´jŒY¸ŒY­@Œdf0‘²ŒY¬\‘Œd¯d0°H,F¬Ù´j´*Œ©¬SŒ¼¯
F°Sª*¬H´j´*Œ¼»dŒåq‘¸¸0Œ@ªF‘²:Œ°S©¬”
ø¬H‡ªF°S©ªF0¬H±îŒY²²:‘,0¬ŒY­»dŒ@´*ª0°SF´j°:¹æ
BCD
´*Ž&å2·ªFŒ@¬S©±{¬ ªFŒ@±W‘0¬\ª«¬ ŒY­
»
ŒY‘³~¬H±WF° »d¬H­ª0°H0¬¯d‘´*´j‘J»
‘Œ ³ ¯
¬H­Y¬ ·¸0¬÷³~Ž­@±{Œ@³~°H»
°¹‘JªFŒ@0ªF‘
E D ³w©&¬H­ªF‘´*° ³~°H©°S³~°H»
°”
 FGH IJ  o—mLK e K ´jlh oÇm+u J Bj o o io
 

M íFí_}øNO
†Xy|µUøP}
ô?Ž Œnˆ‘ˆQP ’•Œn’ŠSR ‹ ’T8‹“’RŠUR‰%‰WV ’ST8’•›q‹ Ž TYXR ŠUR"Z#[V9R
10 attenuazione [dB/Km] ˆ‰%‰%’STYXR^P ˆ Ž ˆ·" Œ R–6–—’‘’UP@P ’‹ ‰%’“X’›’ Ž`_a ‹ Ž ‰ˆ·‹V8‰bR·‘cRŠó
Š R Ž RV9d’•‹’ Ž b‰ V8‹ Ž P ’•‰%ˆd“S’ R Ž R‡‹ P@P ˆ V9[’•‰%‹·‘‹ ŠŠ•‹%Z[V"‹%P ‰WRP ó
\2 multimodo
5
monomodo
P "‹ R×W‰ V8‹ P ™ ˆ V"Œn‹‰‹³’ Ž T8‹ Š>ˆ VR ¡·ô²™ R Ž ˆ4"Œ R Ž ’g‘’i‹ P@P >ˆ V[ ’ó
Œ"R Ž ‰
ˆ P ˆ Ž ˆœSŠ RdX‹ ‰%’Ç‹ ŠŠž‹ñc V9RPeR Ž –—‹š‘’Ç’Œn a V"’‰f Å TYXU’ó
ŒnU’ TX#R6 › TYXR£>ˆ P@P ˆ Ž  ˆ V8’•‘ a VV9R£Š‹nb‰ V8‹ P ‹ VR Ž –6‹nˆ4 a V9R
1

‹X!“ R>VRd‘’•" Œ R Ž P ’•ˆ Ž h’ g`‹õŠ’•i“ RŠŠ•ˆ‡Œnˆ4SŠ RT"ˆ4Š•‹ V9RjcT8ˆŒn‹ V8‹ [ ’Š•’
0.5

0.2
T8ˆ Ž UŠ RŠ aUŽ d!X#R–6k– R·‘ ˆ Ž ‘‹z’ Ž d’•ˆ T"ˆ ¡
0.1
]800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 \2000 Æ R>V _a RP ‰%’°Œnˆ4‰’“X’›BŠ" ‹ T8‹ V8‹ ‰b‰ R>V S’ P ‰U’ T8‹n‘’i‹ ‰%W‰ R 
Ž a ‹ó
λ [nm] –6’•ˆ Ž RlTYXU’Š•ˆ4" ‹ XU‹ aUŽ ‹ Ž ‘‹"
Œ Rb‰ V"U’ T"m Œ R Ž ‰%ˆ ™ >ˆ V b‰ R" Œ R Ž b‰ R
‘’R Ž ‘cR Ž ‰bR±‘‹  ›nRoP ˆ Ž ˆpP ‰%‹ ‰%’U’ Ž ‘’“X’ž‘ a ‹ ‰%’ F ’ Ž b‰ R>V8“X‹Š•Š’
‘’UŠ aUŽ diXqR4–—r– R±‘ ˆ Ž ‘s ‹ g`‘ R4‰‰%h’ tu -0s0mr/0- j
I finestra II finestra III finestra

RV’ _a ‹ Šž’pŠ• ‹P@P ˆV9[’•Œ"R Ž ‰%ˆ2vV8’‘ˆ‰%‰%ˆ›cR4‘Ÿ’ Ž T a n’ P ˆ Ž  ˆ R ™V™ R4‰‰ a ‹ b‰ RõUŠ Rõb‰ V"‹ P ŒnU’ PeP ’•ˆ Ž ’pˆ‰%‰U’ TYXR ¡

Wx y z>{@|W}~€ ‚ ‚ ‚‚ w ‹V8’•Œn‹Z Ž RP ‰bV"‹gT"ˆ Ž ‹ ‰%‰bR Ža ‹ –6’•ˆ4ó

g
ƒ „ …h†5„ ‡‰ˆ!Š ‹Œ„ h†‰‹Ž„ ˆŠ ‹Œ„ ‘h†‰‹Œ„“’5ˆŠ ©[¬URs¯SR2ª"««d!d!¯U¬nd!¬¬U©­>V¬S´rR¬¶j.µv`«P@T®W« «a ®WPe«°«¯U±²ca R>© ¯U¯S¬S±T««°P@Pe²R ¬U© Pe³c´r«;­ © ²¬•¬ó
”%•—–“˜™ŽšY› Š.œ ‹Œ„ %žLŸr 9Ÿrž¡ ¢ „ @‘ „ ®WV«P@² a ®b®b­>Ve¬«·Z²c«[¬¶¯S¬.«
·VR _a R © ´kRQ¬ © ó
%£žL¤¥ ¦¨§ ž¡ ¢ ·¸RV9¬U­V9¬UµR²v^® a ®b®W­V9« a P@«®b«¹³R>VT­>¯U¯UR>d!«ó
ª"R © ®W¬R>T­ © ­>ª"¬UT9¬RsPeT«VPe«ª"R © ®bRTV9¬U®b¬ST¬Wº—w5«"PeRT9­ © ²«"Z © RPe®bV9«QX#«"¬ © ¬U´@¬S«®W­«²7R>P@PeRVeR a Pe«®b«
«P@Pe¬UR>ª"R`«¯U¯UR»Z#[VR»ª"­ © ­ª"­>²­rµ.diV9«´k¬UR»«¯S¯U± R>¼i­>¯ a ´k¬U­ © R"®bR>T © ­>¯U­>di¬ST«½²R>¬.®bV9«Pe² a ®W®b­>V@¬Sµ/ª"R © ®bVR
¯U± a Pe­»²R¯S¯U« ôô?ô Z © R>P@®WV«¾P@¬vQVR>P@­°³­PeP@¬S[¬S¯UR»²­>³c­°R>P@PeRV9R°V¬ a PeT¬U®W¬.«¾¯U¬Sª"¬U®b«V9R»¯U« E¿2sŒÀo-F/s¿ Á u -
10/9S Á +~3dmÂq¿ 1*3 ²R¯S¯URZ#[V9R^g¼!R>²c¬#«³³VR>P@Pe­jú
Ä © ± «¯¶®bV9«¾·¸­ © ®bRQ²¬«®b®WR © a «´k¬¶­ © RQ³ aÅ «!¼!RV9R"­>V¬Sdi¬ © R"²«¯S¯UR e¿ŽÆ u Gi¿¸Á u ¿ ®WV«¾®bV«®W®bR°²¬.Z[V9R
­>®b®b¬STYXRqÇi¯U± a Pe­²¬cT­ ©#© R®W®b­hV9¬³V­>² a TR a © «p³RV9²¬U®b«²c¬ G º sÈÊɉ²Ëµ!R>²;¬d!¬ a © ®W¬ª"RT9T« © ¬ST¬)Ì G º Í
²Ëm­>³³ a VRs« © TYX#R G µ G ù`²ËÎP@R­®W®Ã¬Uª"¬U´@´k«®b¬Ï³R>V¼!¬U«»P@®WV a ª"R © ®b«¯URº‰Ð)¬5³c­>PeP@­ © ­s¬ © Z © R—Ñ Á u E-0/F-
®bV9«¯U­>V­¯UR2Z#[VRkµT9­ © ³RV9²c¬S®bR®bV9« G µ G É%R G µÂɲ˺
Ò;Ó,Ô>Õ/Öc×hÔӌ
Ø ø×Ö ï×hØÙ
UO íÚDÓ ïO`£Ö íY×ÛOÔ>Ü5PN í_íÚØ×ÛÓ)Ö ðÂÖ íFíY×ÛØÝÞUØ í_íÚ|Ó ï!Ó ß2­>³c­^«!¼!RV=V¬U²­>®b®b­2­>²R>¯U¬Uª"¬ © «!®b­
¬U¯/·R © ­ª"R © ­"²¬L²c¬UPe³RV9P@¬U­ © R`ª"­>²c«¯URrµLP@¬Lvଠ© ²¬U¼!¬U² a «i®b« a © « a ¯U®bR>V¬S­V9R»T9« a Pe«°²c¬L²¬UPe³cR>VPe¬U­ © R
®bR>ª"³­Ve«¯UR`²R¯S¯U± R © RV9di¬S«½¬Uª"ª"R>P@Pe« © R>¯U¯U«
Z#[V9«7­®W®Ã¬UT«Ç%¬S¯³V­>[¯SRª"«
P@¬.¼!R>V¬UZT«
P@R"¬U¯PeRd © «¯SR
²¬n¬ © d!VR>P@Pe­ © ­ © v³RV9·Rh®b®W«ª"R © ®bRª"­ © ­T9V­hª"«®b¬ST­rµc­¼!¼iR>V­¹Pe­ © ­³cV9RPeR © ®W¬q²¬U¼!RV9P@R¹¯ a © d!XR´k´rR
²± ­ © ²«)º¾ß2«®b­°TYXR7¬U¯=¼!«¯S­V9R°²cR>¯U¯S± ¬ © ²c¬¶T9R7²¬‰V¬U·¸V«´r¬S­ © R°²c¬S³cR © ²cR7²«¯U¯U«¾¯ a © diXqR´k´r« ²± ­ © ²«µ 
²¬U¼!RV9P@RP@¬5³cV9­³«di« © ­T9­ © ¼!R¯S­T¬S®báQ²¬U··¸RV9R © ®b¬5RV«did!¬ a © d!­ © ­¯U± «¯¶®bV9­sRPe®bV9Rhª"­;²R>¯U¯U«»Z#[V9«»¬ ©
®bR>ª"³¬P a TR>P@Pe¬U¼!¬bºow5«½²c¬SP@³RV9P@¬S­ © R`T9V­ª"«®W¬UT«
²cR>¯U¯S«7Z[V9«°P@¬Lª"¬SP a V«°¬ ©lâ ³P@R>T,rã <^ª ä © ª"åµLR`²á
¯ a ­>di­%«² a © «¹²¬UPe³cR>VPe¬U­ © R®bR>ª"³c­hV9«¯SR%®b« © ®b­%ª"«did!¬¶­V9R _a « © ®W­³@¬ ?sv%¯ a © d!«2¯S«¹Z[V9«µiR _a « © ®b­
³@¬ ?ov‰R>P@®WRPk«^¯U«2di«ª"ª"«%TV9­ª"«®W¬UT« u  ²R¯S¯U«Pe­V9diR © ®bR>æŽçºièR>V5V9¬U² a V9VR‰¬U¯h·¸R © ­ª"R © ­=v‰³­PeP@¬S[¬S¯URÇ
é Äo®W¬U¯U¬S´r´k«V9R a © «s¯ a © diXqR´k´r«à²± ­ © ²c«  ³R>V¯U« _a «¯¶Ro¯S«s²¬UP@³R>VP@¬S­ © RoT9V­>ª"«®W¬UT9«àvoV9¬U²­®W®b«º
ê ²¹RPeRª"³¬U­rµ a © «%Z#[V9«²¬hP@¬S¯U¬UT9¬U­³cV9­² a T9R a © «%²¬UPe³cR>VPe¬U­ © R‰TV9­ª"«®W¬UT«s—É ù¼!­¯S®bR=¬ © ·RV9¬U­>VR
«°Éº F ünªëTYXR © ­ © «°Éº ù£ünª º
é ÐT9Rd!¯U¬UR>VR a © «oPe­V9diR © ®WR¹T­ © ¯S«ª"¬ © ¬¶ª"«;R>P@®WR © P@¬S­ © RTV­hª"«®b¬ST« u  ³­>P@Pe¬U[¬U¯URº
èR>VT¬ Å TX#R;V¬Sd a «V9²c«`¬U¯)PeRT9­ © ²­o³ a © ®b­kµ¬®WV«P@² a ®b®b­>V¬ a Pe«®b¬)³RV³cV9¬Uª"¬)Pe­ © ­Pe®b«®W¬di¯S¬)RT9­ © ­ ó
ª"¬UT9¬#ìí)îfg“ï ¿ e&ð mnñ +"2¿ mrm¿ u e;òs¿HÁ E- jµqTX#RV¬UTX#¬SR²­ © ­ a © «T¬UV9T a ¬U®WRV9¬U«à²¬)¬ © ®bR>V·¸«T9T¬S«àP@R>ª"³c¯S¬UT9Rrµ
óõô ö÷høùÃú WÃû ùÃú W%ü ùÃ÷Þ÷Þý üWþÿ ù ÿõ_þ W úù WÃû ý þ ,ý L÷ ù þ ýY÷£ùÃú Sù W þ W—ü ùÃ÷Þ÷£ý üWþ¸ÿ W ÿõ4þ W ú>ù üWþ ø£ý ÿ ù W—üWþÿ W ÿU4þ W ú>ù üŽþ
þ Sý Eü W ÿ üWþ ý Sý ù þcÿ ù ú>ý@÷ þ ùÃ÷Þù þ þ

   
           
          
  lI K
!#"%$ J '& J K IJ
")(+*-,.,/(10!,/2)3 %*!*4, FG 5

Pe­ © ­%³c­>T­^P@R © P@¬U[¬U¯¶¬«¯U¯SR‰T9­ © ²¬U´k¬U­ © ¬«ª"[¬UR © ®b«i¯S¬UµiR _a ¬ © ²¬V9¬UP a ¯S®b« © ­‰«·Z²c«[¬U¯¶¬bº!ß2± «¯U®bV9«³c«V®WRrµ
¬.ìí)î R>ª"R®W®Ž­ © ­"¯ a T9RQP a ³c¬ ¯ a © d!XnR´k´rRQ²± ­ © ²«µ.ª"R © ®bVR°³R>V¯S¬Uª"¬¶®b«V9R°¯U«¾²c¬SP@³RV9P@¬S­ © R°TV9­
6 7
ª"«®b¬UT9«gR _a ¬ © ²¬qV9«d!di¬ a © diR>VRp·¸VR _a R © ´kR¹²c¬#P@R>d © «¯U«i´k¬U­ © R³¬ QR¯SR¼!«®bR>jÏ­T9T­>V@V9R¹V¬ST­>VVRhV9R¹«¬
6
òs¿Á #¿ ï gìî/jŽº
98 ;:=<>@?

A CBED GF 5ì í »·­>V © ¬UPeT­ © ­^« © TYXR a © «pª"«d!di¬¶­ ~ {iz>}{ ƒ z 97

ƒ z HI
VR»³c­>®bR © ´r«µ5R _a ¬ © ²¬L²c¬S¼iR © d!­ © ­s¬ © ²¬UPe³cR © 9
… ‘ à ‹ 7
‘
KJ )L 9M N O'PQ LSR=T M N U )L 9M N

Pe«[¬U¯¶¬h³RVLT9­³V¬SVR‰²c¬SP@®W« © ´rRª"«d!d!¬¶­V¬õæ ºhß2± «¯ x

‹U ËU‡ ’
7
VW/XZY/[ \ ]
^ \

®bV9«;³c«V®WR2Pe­ © ­³c¬ `T9­Pe®Ã­Pe¬UµX« ©#© ­2¼!¬U®W«oª"R

6
õ
‹  Ú ‹
97
õ
‹ 
_a`bXZYc[ \\ ] d\

²¬U«lV9¬U²­®W®b« V¬UPe³cR>®b®Ã­
«¬ìí)î5µ2R½V¬STYX¬UR>²c­ © ­ ™ õ

‹   ‘ ‹
e f _)gihkjcl)XZY/[ \\ ] S\ \

T­ © ²c¬S´r¬U­ © ¬²¬=¯U«!¼!­>V­°³¬ T­ © ®WV­h¯S¯U«®bRº o­
6

™ zy
‹õ‘@‘ ‘7
i„
mEn XZoqprYts \\ ]

®b¬S«ª"­f¬ © ­¯S®bVRfTYX#R a © « Z[V9« ­®W®b¬ST« ³­Pe®b« š ™ õ

‹ @
‘ ‘ Y  h„ …
mEn XZoqprYts \ ] \ u

¬ © ¬U´k¬¶«¯Sª"R © ®bR
¬ © ­³RV9« ª"R>²¬U« © ®WR½Pe­V9diR © ®W¬ ev m4n XZoqptYrs \ w \

ìí)î5µn³ aÅ R>P@PeRV9R¹³c­>®bR © ´r¬U«®b«;g¬ © ®WRV9ª"¬ © ¬n²¬n[« © ²c«j)P@­>P@®W¬U® a R © ²­¬U¯nìí)î¾T­ © ¬U¯ì í .º CBED GF
wc± a Pe­²¬iPe­V9diR © ®W¬!TX#R‰­>³cR>V« © ­‰¬ © )Z © RPe®bV9«µÛTYXR—g³VR>P@R © ®W« © ²­ a © ««®b®WR © a «´k¬U­ © R=V¬S²c­>®
AA/A d7
®b«j#³R>Vª"R>®Ž®WR^²¬n­>³RV«V9R2T9­ © ®bV9«®W®bR¹³¬ »¯ a © d!X#Rrµc­[[¯U¬SdÛ«¬ © d!R © RV9«¯UR^«V¬S² a VV9R¯U«o·¸VR _a R © ´k«

6

²¬PeRd © «¯S«´k¬¶­ © Rrµ«pT« a Pe«²cR>¯U¯S«¹ª"«d!di¬S­V9R%²c¬SP@³R>VP@¬S­ © RT9V­>ª"«®W¬UT9«)º a R>P@®W± a ¯U®W¬Uª`«p¯U¬Uª"¬¶®W«´r¬U­ © R {

v¹P@®W«®b«V¬Sª"­PeP@«s²« a © ³«V9®b¬ST­>¯U«VR¹®W¬U³­²¬Z[V9«µc²cR>®b®W« ¿ À ¿¸Á u ð#¿ Ñ µcTX#R¹³VR>P@R © ®b« a © 8 < >@?@< |< /}Z> 8
ª"¬ © ¬Uª`­s²¬Ï²c¬SP@³R>VP@¬S­ © R;TV9­hª"«®W¬UT9« ë¬ © —Z © RPe®bV9«"« © ´r¬¶TYX s¬ © õRsTX#RV«d!di¬ a © d!Rs¼!«¯S­V9¬
|~ A/AA E A/A

ª"¬Ud!¯U¬S­V9¬²c¬ F º ³PeRTŒã 2ª ä © ª º

€ Z

×ÛØÜ/Ø ŽØ 2O Ü/OÝ =N LÖ iO»Ö ^ØÜ/Ó ÓÜ/Ó Ó ÖcO =­ª"R2« © ®W¬UT¬S³c«®W­rµ¯S«o²¬UPe³cR>VPe¬U­ © R¹T9V­
‚ kƒ„ƒ †… k‡ ˆ .‡Š‰E‹ CŒŒ Ž t ’‘ t‡ “ 97

ª"«®b¬UT9« V9¬UP a ¯U®W«à³V­>³c­>Ve´r¬S­ © «¯¶R«¯S¯U«¯ a © diXnR>´k´r«à²R¯)T9­¯S¯UR>di«ª"R © ®b­ R²Q«¯S¯U± R>P@®WR © Pe¬U­ © RpT9V­
”~ b• 97
ª"«®b¬UT9« s²cR>¯U¯U«`P@­>Vd!R © ®bRºÐR³cR © Pe¬U«ª"­o²¬)R·¸·R>®Ž® a «V9R a © «s®WV«P@ª"¬SP@Pe¬U­ © RpT9­ © T­>²c¬ST¬ »R
†–˜— š™ FE›

³RV9¬U­>²c­
†œž Ÿ µ/R>²¾¬Uª"³­ © ¬S«ª`­`TYXR"¯U«°²¬UPe³cR>VPe¬U­ © R"®bR>ª"³c­>Ve«¯SRàP@¬S« © ­ © ª"«d!di¬¶­>VR"²c¬ µ bŸ œ4£
­>®b®bR © ¬U«!ª"­ ä ä
¤~
  ¡
t
• ^ä =µc¬ © T a ¬ v¯U«²c¬SP@³RV9P@¬S­ © R¹TV9­ª"«®b¬ST« â ³cPeRTŒã 2ª ä © ª"帵 ¾v¹¯U«
¥–˜—§¦©¨ªK«¬ @œ š~ Z 4•
¢

¯ a © diXqR´k´r« â 2ª"åµ àvo¯S± RPe®bR © P@¬U­ © RoTV9­ª"«®b¬ST«"²R¯U¯S«àPe­V9diR © ®WR â© ª"帵#R v¯U«»² a V«®b«`²c¬ a ©
 ’–˜— ¤œ
[¬U® â ³cPeRT9厺 ê P@Pe­T9¬U« © ²­­>V«¬U¯T9­ © TR>®b®Ã­2²c¬ u Ϋ¯U¯¶«o·¸VR _a R © ´k«o²¬P@R>d © «¯U«´@¬U­ © R i­: µ
8 :†® °¯9£b Ÿ
Pe¬n³ aÅ «·¸·R>Vª"«VR¹TYXR¬U¯ À Á #Á Á u À ? 98 Æ u ð »v³c«V9¬n«¯¼i«¯U­>VR
}Z} '8 >²²:­i: 8 : >@?³²:² ´ >tµ¥µq:
± ¡

ä ¶
ä
®°•Š· â [³cPä 2ª"å
¸C¹§º® ¥•»
~
ªK«¬

–˜—
¼ ½

TYXRv a © «sd!V« © ²R>´r´k«à²c¬S³cR © ²cR © ®WR²«¯U¯U«sT9­³³q¬U«`Z#[V« Pe­>Vd!R © ®bR !º © PeRV9R © ²­¬)¼!«¯S­V9¬²¬ i7 ¾/¿ .A –˜—

g²R¯S¯U«;P@­>Vd!R © ®WRhj#R g¸²cR>¯U¯S«Z[V«jµPe¬n­>®b®W¬UR © R a © «T­>P@®W« © ®WR2²« a Pe«V9R³cR>V=T9«¯ST­>¯U«VR¯U«;[« © ²c«

°~
g·¸VR _a R © ´k«jª"«PeP@¬Sª"«o®bV9«P@ª"¬UPeP@¬S[¬S¯UR^³cR>V a © «p²«®W«¯ a © d!XnR>´r´r«;g­¼!¬UT9R¼!RV9P@«jŽº
{ a «¯S­V9«àP@¬ a Pe¬ a © T9­²¬UT9R µ¬)T a ¬)P@¬Sª"[­>¯U¬)X« ©#© ­o² a V9«®W«
¤FG›
ª"R>®báà²R¯)³R>V¬U­>²q­p²¬)[¬S® =µq¯U«s²¬UPe³cR>VPe¬U­ © R®bR>ª"³c­>Ve«¯SR¹®b­>¯U¯UR>V«
Šœ i7 T T T T T T
[¬U¯UR³ a#Å R>P@PeRV9RpR>¯UR¼!«®b««¯ G ²c¬ µR _a ¬ © ²c¬¬ © _a R>P@®W­¹T«P@­
4€ iÀ Eœ

¬U¯Ï³cV9­²­®Ã®W­[« © ²« ¸¯ a © d!X#R>´r´k«àV¬SP a ¯U®W«`²­³³¬U­V9¬UPe³cR>®b®Ã­;«¯)T9«Pe­

7
NRZ

³VR>TRh²R © ®bRÇ RZ

¶ ®°•Š¸-¹|
ä %ä ~
ªK¬

¥–b—
Á« ¶ ®°•Š· ¸C¹

w/«o®W«[R>¯U¯U«P@R>d a R © ®WR2V9¬U³­V9®Ã«¬q¼i«¯U­>V¬²¬ à³RV—«¯UT a © R2T9­³³¬URZ#[V« Pe­V9diR © ®bRº
¶ ®Â•a·Š¸-¹ i7

ó ý KW SùÃú Wý%ù û ù ÿŒÿ ý ü ý >ú —ú W ú ý û ùŽú Sý ,ùý rþ ý þÞû ùŽú W W ÷ ,ù ú ù W ý9÷ W ,ù þ ú Sù ùÃú W
ú Wþ ú>øý þ øùŽú WÃû ùÃú þ ú W ú÷ þ ú>ùÃý þ ù÷Þý—÷ ,ùú W ú rþ iû W ú W WÃû ý þ ý ,ý ÿ ý@ú Eü W ù Uý@ú W >úý û ùÃú W2ü ùÃ÷Þ÷£ý
rÃÄ  9Å ; Æ/Ç4ÈÉËÊ 9Ì  9   9 Í Î
 ) Â t a  9 /  9 Ï

üWþ¸ÿ ù ÿU4þ W ú>ù WÃû ý þ ý

„ 
Ð Î % Ñ t   Ð   t 9   9

öú >ù ÿ Wÿ ùÃú 7ÿ W bþ ÷ WkEü W W Wkÿ þ þ¸ÿ ,ù >ú ý ,ý û ù W=üŽþÿUþÿ Sù û ý ù þ ùÃú>ù W ú W‰üŽþ >ú
S  š   

W ú W 7ÿ W^üŽþ ,ý ÿ ù ú WÃû ù þ ÷ W ú ,ù W2üWþ süWþ >ú>ý=ý W ù ,ý ù üŽþ ùŽú ü ù ü ý ÿ ý þ ý þ

ÒSÓ ;   ÔÐ  
Õd֍ׄØ9֍ÙÚÜÛ9×½Ý@Þ9ßtàdàrÖ     ’  /  Šá ! ’ 9 

øý W þ WÃû ù þ ÷ ù 7ÿ W bþ úù û ý þ þ ÷Þý ,ý _þ W ú>ù Œþ ÷rø W ú Eü Wÿ ý ü ýY÷Þù

     iâ ̊ Ë 9  =ãäß@×Û9ãäÖ;ØCåÔæ@ãçèÖÔØÖ  9   Ð á  S  @
  Ð  ÔÐ Ô    Ð .
 Å Ð  ééé
 FG ê ëiì%í ,*.î.;î Ôi†& "aïEïE,;*43 ì'ðš& , ðšð ,Ôñ#,

H/I

˜
òcó ôiõKö õKJ÷øù÷ ú)ûèøM ü ýþ.ÿ°û
aô M ü

˜ ˜ ˜

  W   XZYc[  \ \ \

˜
_ g ` ef ` XZYc[  \ 

˜

 f   XZoqprYcs \\  \

˜

 f   XZoqprYcs    \ ^ 
H

 f ! #" XZoqptY/s    \ %$'&

ÔÖ× Ó iÓŒØ ˜ ˜ ˜
˜ ˜
( ː rŒ `  `) W f g* ` g f,+.- `/0/g1Šg=j
jcW Šg W 9f32  ` + g* ` f, ”W f3465  g7 
 W 2 g1 f ! !89!:` ]

˜ ˜ g f, ` 2  fÂú<; % >= ?89`

˜™p– 2- `
˜ + g@ g f9 W j 2 g
˜ ˜ f gBA`  2 W )CED ¡ ; u$
˜
5 :j89g=j
j   ` f
˜ ™  f+. g
˜
g +Gf 

œ
W½jcW j  `Šg W u  FAA@`!  W jG:H f ` f  W f gI:H  ` f /Zg W   gijG W jjcW  f ` u  .g +J+ W ! ` ` g
 W f W ŠgK:H  ` f /g f ` 2 `qjjg@W gW f W 2 `L/½W  f ` '

Ø iÓ,Ø LÖ ˜ ˜™ŽšY›
˜ › ˜
M k‘0NŠŒ 4‡ VW   FA„g 2- `O:` ú<; \Ô\ f P8 Q g ) ` f g/½W  f ` 2- W ! `  ÎW 2 g?R W \ 8  ?8`TS  `qj  TA„g ! `
I

˜ `  `!U Wf g 9f g f,+.- `/V/Zg f  f

˜
j  :`W ! `ÂgXWZY
[]\ ^Z_
;   \ ?8 2!- `”W ` f, W 42 g|W <`dó M ó ùÜ÷ R ó%a.ùÜù÷qø<böHc„ó ø9÷

˜ ˜ ` 2  ` + g@ ` f,  ed `W 42.- W g@>S  Wf

˜ ˜
W 2- ` f  f W f9 ` A@` f,+ g ff W  W  `g:iW h³j  W f,+ ` f9 `g:` 2 g
˜ ˜  jg
` g
9fŠýþŠÿ ˜
W jG:` jcW  f `
W \ _
2
5 :j 
I
 !Šg  W 2 g
› P8tjcWj 
 W `
 V  ::H f ` f
f ` 9f g
 W , W W /V/Zg@ `
9f9+@- `L/V/Zg>ŠgijjcW Šg>:g*WSgkY _i[]\ [l[l[ ; ^\\
W]mn
g ji! + ` f, ` gij`ËW f+
›
g 
?8 2- `
W 2  f j` +@ W  `
2 j  W 0 W j 2 `
W o`dó M ó ùÜ÷ R ó " ó š÷õ có ø9÷ 

c± 9¬U´k¬U­ e¼!­¯U®W­ «p¯S­ ­>³c­²¬ª"­ e® 9« ¯U«pª >®b­>²q­¯S­ !¬U«²c¬³ ­ ®W®Ž­2³ © 9­¯S¯ i«ª © ®W­
Æ ¿¸Á ²¬ ò¿ À ¿¸Á eµ
p q<rq<sot ?r ?u ?r6t r %s Js q Bq v ws <vLq wqsyx t q<v Bq

¬ © «¹­>®b®W¬ «µ!¬ © ¬c¼ © !­ © ­ 9«¯ ­>¯U«®b¬ © ® «ª ¬¬c¯S¬Uª"¬U®W¬!²¬

Kz!{ s t tox q v |t it q Gs 6} }Z}Z> ~ :9µ ~E>yq < >@?< ~E>

p¯S«sª"« @¬Sª"«;¯ © ´k´r«² ¯ 9­¯S¯ i«ª © ®W­ p² >® 9ª"¬ © «i®b«`²c«¯¼i¬ © 9­¯S­¹³c¬ @® ¬ © © ® º >¯
{
61r Gs %q ’y€q

« e­s² >¯U¯U± ¬S´r¬U­kµ5¯U«Q¯ © ´k´r« s² >® eª"¬ © «i®W«°²c«¯¯S¬Uª"¬U® ²c¬/«®b® © #«´k¬¶­ © rµ >²½¬U¯5³ 9­ ®
q Jr6r ix vu!q wq .t q<v Bq € q %q‚s t vLq

s vLq 7

®b­`³ Å ÁÀ=Æ ³ 9¬ @³« ª"¬U« rµ­³³

t r q qr6qs t x vLu!q ƒ q %q<s Gq Gq x q „q

¬U¼!¬ e®b­ ®b¬S¯U¬S´r´r« © ²­ © « e­ © ® ©« Gq>…+>o~ ?:

e­ © ® À¿ ÀÁ 2³ %« ª © ®b« ¹¬S¯ #«²« © ­¹²¬ @¬ e® >ª"« 9­ ©
x qr6rq<soq#s r Kx Kx ƒr s vq wqs€s r s s q

®© ª © ® oª"¬ i¯U¬¶­
wxs q†x

}>o~E}Z> 97
« "¬S¯.¯U¬Sª"¬¶® °²¬.«®b® © #«´k¬¶­ © © @®W­ 9­ © ²­ « @­rµ³ Å
r sovLq Gq ‡ wqs x Bq soq ˆvLx v !r r %q Kq€t rq<vx!q

"­³³­ ® © ­»³ @®Ã«

Gq Bq Gq iv

qJ‰†A ‹Š x!q<r

«®b® © ´r¬S­ © «¯q·«®b®b­ rµn« ª © ®W« © ²­¹¯U«;³c­>® © ´r«²c¬ >ª"¬ e¬U­ © kµc¯S«³ >´r´k« ­>ª"«®W¬ 9«s² >¯U¯U«
s s q %q Gq x Br6qt 1t r x q<rr6qs6q ‚s %x wsoq<r soq

e­ © ® o³ Å ² «²«
Gq q Otouq x †q %q q rr q wx!soq Œt s t q

r sovLq Gq wx wqvLs Js qflŽi Š x!‘G’€rŽ!“Lqs Ž z toKx!ƒJx!”Bq!‘%’f•Ž#–˜—>•w’“Lx!‘%’€K–Zq!’”Bq<!Ž!’

— Žiq<soŽ˜t ’™xšt ’!r6qvLxq<!‘%qœ›wq<vvLŽ’<so”Bq!‘%’B•q —3— Ž”BŽj‘%q#•Ž3•wŽr6›wqs rŽ’<!q@#›q<so‘GJ!‘%’#›’<rr6Ž
7

{ Ž — q>soŽitoq<sot Js q — Br’ — x!žŸŽi’!qŒ•wŽ*”BŽiv — Ž’s qŒt ’”B›wso’‚”Bq<rr6’7‘%s B›w’<‘%q<žHƒ•Ž q”BŽr6rŽi’!q7qŒ›wx!soq<žŸžH

r6›q<‘%‘Gs — q‰

{Px! — ’s g!’šr6Ž3s Žqr6tok¡s Žq<‘GsosoqBq —— q†r›wq<toŽ z t,u!q#•wŽ3›wso’<vq<‘%‘¢’#to’<™x!¡x!Žjtok‘%s J‘G‘%£

’<toto’‚s soq<so¤gr6x!••wŽ“LŽ•wqs q†Ž — to’ —— qvL”Bq!‘%’†ŽiI›Ž6E‘%so‘G‘%q<£„to’ —— qvLJ‘Gq†•w1soŽ›wq<‘%Ž‘G’‚soŽesoŽivq<!qso‘GŽ“LŽ£

’<››wxs q#s Ž›wJs ‘%Žisoq —  { J!•w1rx™›Ž6 z{ s qœ›’<r6‘%qBŽš›wJs  —i— q — ’Ÿ£¥’“L“Lqso’ { Ž — t Žsor6Ž¥‘%s  Š xq<r‘Gq
•wxqPr’ — x!žŸŽi’!Ž%‰

¦§‚¨!©ªeNŠƒ½ƒ,«§‚¬­C‘V­Cƒ½ƒ,§F«3®¯«Eƒ„ƒ9¬Z¬ pe#t ’!“Lqs rŽi’!q>•wq — rq<vL — qŒxr6toq<‘Gq7• ——  z!{ s œ’<‘%‘GŽtoB”Bq97

soŽi‘%q<soq {{ qŒx!#J”B›wŽ#‘%s J‘G‘%žŸŽi’!q>›w›s ’–Z’!•wŽ‘%£@”B Š x!Ž@toŽ — Ž”BŽi‘%ŽL”B’>#soŽi–lq<sŽisoq>qr6t — x!r6Ž“L7

”Bq<‘GqP›w’<t,uqOt ’r6q–l’!•wJ”Bq<!‘% — Ž%‰

A — ‘Gsor•wx!‘%‘G’Fs q†x!‘%Ž — ŽžHžJ‘G’ z I• ——i° Ž!ŽžŸŽi’Ÿ£ q<to’<’<”BŽt ’œq•±J– z •w { Ž — qŸ£e†Ž — •Ži’•w’K²k7V³/7t™´£„t,u!q

›wqs µ#!’¶œ•‘G‘%’œ ——i° Žj”B›ŽiqvL’Bto’< —1›wŽ
6™q — q“LJ‘GqJ‰7·f™r6qt ’!•’B‘%Ži›’B•wŽ¥‘%sor6•x!‘%‘G’‚soqœ”B’ — ‘G’

x!r‘%’7KŽ — •Ži’•w’˜B.²w¸¹º}|»Ë:C²:w~¼9½E>T¾¿½À9}VÀ?Áb>@}>o¼}VÀ9?H˜Z£*toso‘%‘Gqs ŽžHžŸ‘%’K•wƒx±Â%q<–l–lq‚‘G‘%’K“L — ÃvÄ

t,u!q — ’>soq<•wqK›Ž6¡r6q!rŽ { Ž — q>•ŽyşÆi7Å€œ•wÇÈsoŽir›wq‘G‘%’KŽ*²k7V³c7Z™O• °  — ‘%s #›wso‘Gq>›wqs µKv — ŽGB.²w¸‹r6’!’

›wŽ
6B•q — Žito‘%Ž£qP›wŽ
6#rq<!rŽ { Ž — Žw —— Œ‘%q<”B›q<so‘Gxs .‰

peœ‘G { q —— #t,u!qŒr6qvLx!q>s Ž›w’s ‘%BŽ*“L — ’s Ž@•wŽ*rq<!rŽ { Ž — Ž‘%¤kÉ»¸¡l’r6rŽi — œ”BŽiŽi”B†›w’‘GqF!žH†t,u!q

O!qt qr6rsoŽi’OsoŽt q“Lqs6q<˜@•Ž•Ži“q<sor6Žˆ–Z’‘G’‚soŽ“Lq — ‘%’<soŽ£w›wqs¿x!>›wso’ {  { Ž — Ži‘%¤>•Žq<soso’‚s qO›q<s { Ži‘ ¶Ê 

Ë ¨Ì ŸdŸ ‰
 »ë î !#"%$ ì'& ")(+*-,.,/(10!,/2)3 ì î%*!*4, ëiì Í ÆJÎ

I I I
ò ù õó Ï÷Ð öiù õ÷ ú³ûø9M ü Ñ/÷qø,có ôió Ð ó ù)Ò'û R=T M ü D'Ó4û
Ô ôHü

VÔW¢Õ ]ZÖ ]l×  \ ]Üu   \

VW/oՄ[  \ ]   \

e f _agihkj*Õ ]lÖ ]Z× 
\ ])  u  \

e f _agihEjšoՄ[ S\ ]Üu  u  \
e f _agihEjšoՄ[   \ ])‚$  ^$ 

yfq —— ¡‘% { q —— 1†soŽi›’<so‘¢‘%’†!t,u!q†Ž — “L — ’s q†•q —— g–ls q Š xq<!žŸg•wŽ¥r6qvL — žŽ’<!q|¯‚Øِ1tox!Ž¥rŽ

soŽi–lq<soŽr6toq — Erq<r6Ž { Ž — Ži‘%¤£´Ž Š xÃ‘G’ — qƒ›wsoq<r‘¢žŸŽj’<Žyto’<!rq<vx!Ž‘Gq1• — •q<toŽir’<soqgt,u!q1r6Ž´‘Gso’‚“±

Ó £!Ž¡t xŽeÜ¿Øe
“L —i— q€•wq — ‘%s Jr6•x!‘%‘G’s6qŒ•Ži›q<•w’<’Ÿ£@to’<”Bq>’<‘%’Ÿ£@•wÛ· Ú —i° q<q<sovLŽ†›wq<s { Ž‘´touq>“ — q
[
ÜTØ ÝÉz¸¡Þ¥œˆØ àßTá ‰Ùâ@qs ‘%!‘%’Ÿ£@Ž*‘Gsor•wx!‘%‘%’<soŽ„•wŽ”Bq<žŸžŸ!’ — #rq<!rŽ { Ž — Ž‘G¤œltouq7x”Bq<!‘%#•Ž Í
  Ó
•wÇ٘*r6q — K“Lq — ’t Ž‘G¤†¯HØ*so•w•’<››Ž£Ži Š x!Ã‘%’ŒrŽ!•wŽ”BqžHžŸ —i° q<q<sovLŽK›wqs { Ž‘TÜØ9‰@peKr6q!rŽ { Ž — Ž‘G¤
>–lsoq Š xq<žHq?•wŽ“Lq<sor6q•w Š x!q —— q?ŽB‘% { q —— f›wxµ Š xŽiÃ•wŽˆq<rr6qs qOto — to’ — ‘%Œto’<”Bq ¾Ÿã

¯ Øå
Éz¸1䄯ÃØ
å æIç •wÇٔBèÈÉz¸Ké¯HØGê ç •Çy”Bèˆë Ë ¨„ì)íî
¯HØ

ïðñºò´ñºð óõô|ö%÷6øùTöúeûFøHüˆýŒþEú™ÿ„ø
eøŸøŸüˆýŒþEÿ øyö%ô|ýŒþ@ûÃû!úšÿ ZüˆýŒÿyú

gó

 {J{ Žj”B’g“Žir‘G’¡to’<”Bq¡!q —— q z!{ soqg’<‘%‘GŽt,u!qkr6Ž!’ƒ›ws qr6q!‘%Ž¿‘Gsoqk•Ži“q<sor6q z q<r‘Gsoqk•ŽT“L — ’s Žy•Ž

— x!!vuˆqžHžŸ‹• ° ’!•‹›wqs1tox!Ž|r6Ž?u‹x! { rr6‹J‘G‘%q<x!žŸŽj’<qw¿I›’<r6rŽ { Ž — qkq<–l–Zq‘¢‘%x!soqE —— ’<so

‘%s qf•wŽ“Lqs rq>to’<”Bx!Žt žŸŽj’<Ž.!q —i— Kr6‘%q<rr6 z!{ s J£’vLx!Ãœq —— †›s ’›ˆs Ž z q<r‘Gso„p ° t so’‚!Ž”B’

 ¸õ':»Ë>@² >~´E}V½PÁl»<VÀ<~²}!#²>#".˜ˆŽi•q<!‘%Ž z tof›s ’›wsoŽi’ Š x!qr6‘%€‘Gqt6!Žt €•wŽ”Bx — ‘GŽ› — žŽ’<!qŸ£

q<r‘%q<r6Œ — tor6’Ž#tox!Ž — q?•Ži“q<sor6q?t ’”Bx!!ŽtožHŽ’!ŽJ““Lq!vL’?J!t,u!q?!q —— f”Bq•wqr6Ž”B z !q<r‘%s @‰

A — ”B’•w’f›wŽ
6gr6q<”B› — Žtoq>q•ƒŽ!‘%x!Ž‘GŽ“L’€•Ž*soq< — ŽžŸžHs q — †”Bx — ‘%Ži› — žŸŽi’!qf•wŽ — x!vLuÃq<žŸžHœ• ° ’<•w

•Ž•’<‘%‘GJs qO•q<Ž=?!$/?:C}Z}VÀË?%#?& <o…+:C}'0¼&]£s q — ŽižŸžH•w’x!#t Žsot xŽi‘%’O’<‘%‘GŽto’O•wq — ‘GŽ›w’PŽ —— x!r6‘%so‘G’PŽi

z vx!so¾)(‰

A>•wŽr6›w’r6Ž‘%Ži“ŽT•wŽ¿”Bx — ‘%Ži› — žHŽ’!qg•wŽ¿–l’<so”B¶• ° ’!•

•wq — ‘%Ži›’O•wqr6tos Ž‘%‘¢’“Lq!v’<!’O•q<‘%‘GŽ,#:C<@<&Z»-„q ?@> »Ë>@?<&­.0/

²0]£Ž Š x!‘G’€’<g!qt qr6rŽi‘%!’Œ•wŽ. — Ž”Bq<‘GJžŽi’!qŸ£.q• Tx1 Rx1

x!’?r‘Gqr6r’PJ›w›wJs J‘G’?›wx!µŽ!•wŽ–l–Zqs q!‘%q<”Bq!‘%qr6“’ — vLq7 + *
Tx 2 Rx* 2
soq>x!K–Zx!žŸŽi’!q€q — †r6xœŽ!“q<sor6.‰epeK›r6rŽ“LŽ‘G¤†•wq —

 ¸ soq<!•q Š xq<r‘G7‘%q<t6Žito>J‘G‘%s Jq<‘GqŸ£ Š x! — ’<soKr6Žˆ›wq!r6Ž•wŽ•Žr6‘%s Ž { x!Žsoq z!{ s qO’‘G‘%Žit,uqf•Žtor

ŽBtor621’<v!xˆ’PJ“s q {{ qx!fr6x — x!!vFu!qžHžŸ>• ° ’!•”—43j£q —  z!{ s Œr6soq {J{ q?x!!f›wqs¿‘Gx‘G‘%’OŽ —
to’<!•’<”BŽ!Ž’J‰

5 q — q —63r’<!’|‘%s ’›w›’|“LŽt Ž!q¿‘%s  — ’<so’¿lt ’

x!Er6›žŸŽi‘%x!s I•q ——i° ’s •Žiq¡•ŽÙÆ.‰ Æ.Å€E!”#˜Z£ 7 7 7

Tx1 ( λ1) Filtro λ1 Rx1 (λ 1)
 —— ’<so1Že›wsoŽir”BŽ¥!’Is Žq<rt ’‚’K›wŽ
6š!q — t ’”+7

›wŽ‘%’#•Ž¥r6q›wsožŸŽi’!qœvLq’<”Bq‘GsoŽito£¥qœto’<“LŽq97 7 7 7
Tx2 ( λ2) Filtro λ2 Rx2 (λ 2)
!qfsoŽito’<sos q‚soqf•Bx!!Krq<›s JžHŽ’<qŒ•q —— †›’97

‘%q<!žŸklrŽ´–l±xr6toŽisoqB›so‘Gqƒ•Ž3r6qvL! — q — x!”BŽ!’<r’œ•w98:w¼;:>}'˜yq•šx! z — ‘%s vvLŽj’#Zsoq‚ — ŽjžŸžH‘%’B’‘d7

‘%Žito”Bq!‘Gq™”Bq•wŽ!‘%qšvLq — J‘GŽ!q˜Œ•Ž’<v!x! •wq —i— q©—<3'‰ “Ù’<r>=–ZJt q!•w’™›wqsoµ‹r6Ž›q<so•wq¶”B’ — ‘G

›w’‘Gq!žŸ@‰

@?A ù ÿ CB û ù CB ü B üŽþ ,> ý D #B)D!B ü )ù D!DÞý ÿ ùŽú ÿUþ!EYþ D þ CF2ý ü >úý üWþ ù ÿ ý ü ý >ù)D!Dý ü ù)DGDÞù Uý E ù)D!D£ù %ý #B ÿŒÿUþ“û ý CB
þ ú >ý@ú CB.ú>ù þ ,ý ÿŒü CB þ ý ùÃú &BÃú,BøùŽú,B û ùÃú þ ú,BŽú D þ úrùÃý þ ùHDÞù ý@úIB þ DJD þ ù
DGD!B üWþ B SùÃú Žý ü ù)D û B ù=ý>D!Dý
Ò =       D ¡   %  ; ) Ô   Ð

B SùÃú Wý üWþÿ ù ú>ý>DÞù þ ,ù Uý LK ,ý ÿ ,ý9ú ü B >ù ÿ CBÏùÃøøù CB @ÿUþ ý D þ ,ý ,ù D ù ÿ ,ù ÿŒÿUþ BÃúù ÿ B ,ý þ B Sý Uý

     @ 9 Ï  á     Å t 

NMLO þqÿ ø Sý þ D þ ú þ eþ B P ü ù)DGD ý #B E ý>DÞùÃú,B)Q RB ü ù þIS LTVU W
X ZY Úþ ú >ý@ú CB ú,B ÿ Sù ÿbÿ B û ý Sù þ ý>DÞù þ D þÿUû ý
 9Å  š   9   t9 ’   
 Ð Ô 9Ì ¥  „  S   .  t  

,ù ÿ ùŽú Sý þ ú üWþ þnüŽþ þ ø ý þ BŽú>ù üWþ ø£øù ,ùÃú þ ù 4D ú >ù Wù ü BŽú ü ý üŽþ ù ÿ ù ù þ ú üWþ þ ú ,ý ü B üŽþ øGB ,ý>D þ Wý ù eþ
Ò Üt  9   t = GåÜ× GÚ Ø @ÜÐ   !    .  

ÿ B ùÃú þüŽþüWþ ù ÿ B #B)D!B ,ù þ ú ú >ú þ #B ,ý þ B

 9   Ü Å  9  Î 9@á ÅcÅ    Ð Š  @  Å/Å  ÎÑ
/t 9 Î  ’  ) )  ’  
Í ÅŸÆ ëiì%í ,*.î.;î Ôi†& "aïEïE,;*43 ì'ðš& , ðšð ,Ôñ#,

ïðñºò´ñºò [BøHÿyüˆýŒÿTúˆýŒûÃú‹þ#ùOþ.\ø]!üˆö%øyýŒúˆ÷6ô\*úˆö%ø

peq z!{ s q†“Lq!v’<!’œ!’s ”B — ”Bq!‘%q†Ži‘Gqs so‘%qŸ£3qœ›wq<s Š xq<r‘G’œr6’!’œq<r›w’<r‘%qBŽ¥›q<soŽito’ — Že•wŽ3qr6rq97

soq7”BÃvLŽ‘%q>•#‘% — ›wqŒq7‘G’›wŽ£.’>•wŽ@q<rr6qs6q>Ž!‘%q<soso’<‘%‘¢q>œt Jx!r6œ•wŽ — J“’<soŽ*r‘%s • — Ž@’<•1JvLsoŽito’ — Ž%‰

{Px!q —— qgr’<‘%‘G’‚”BJs Ž!qgr6’!’¡šs Žr6t,u!Ž’¡›wqs#“Žiš•ŽTr Š x — Žyq¡s q‘GŽ¿šr6‘%s Jr6toŽito’J‰_^ ° ›Ž6¹t,u!q¡’<›=7

›w’s ‘%x!’>›wsoq“Lq<•q‚s qfx!K•wqvLx‘%œsoŽi•’<•wžHJ£Žg”B’<•’Œt,u!qŒŽ¡tor’Œ•Ž@Ži‘Gqs sox!žŸŽi’!q€•wŽ@x!

to’ —— qvLJ”Bq<!‘%’rŽif›w’r6rŽ { Ž — qP•q<“ŽiJs q‘%x!‘%‘G’PŽ — ‘%s – z to’rxB•wŽÃx!# — ‘Gso’Pto’ —— q<v”Bq<‘G’J‰

ïðñºò´ñ@` aTüˆýŒþJ÷

{Px!qr6‘%’y —° Jt so’<Ži”B’´•wŽIbdc~!¼9½E?oÀ<~Àeq<fV’}l¼:=²g+>}'/

" öiùöihö=ùÜ÷ û
Ô ô
ü Ñó JJÐ öijjk ll
n À?;:†q<•Kx!!’r‘GJ!•wJs •f…BÀ<~ 8  :=² >|•wq z !Ž‘%’P —— ’Prt ’7
 %  u
›w’•wŽw›q<so”Bq<‘%‘¢q<soq —° Žj!‘%q<sot ’‚!q<rr6Ž’!q•wŽs q‘G‘%Œ‘%s fs q‘GŽ
    V)m
]9
Ž z{ s Œ’<‘%‘GŽto@‰pe’?r6‘%q<rr6’Or‘GJ!•wJs •7!’‘G’OJ!t,u!q?t ’7
u^^‚  ^ V)m
])
”Bqobpcw~¼,½k? À~!À<<ÙÁ´  }Z:C²rqs >@?:=? ¼9½JcEDJ¸ ty˜‰Tp ° x!ÃŽ‘G¤
^   \  V)m
]Üu
•wŽ3”Bx — ‘%Ži› — žŸŽi’!qœ–Z’!•”Bq<‘G — qœœx!vu!x!rr6’†!x”Bq97
&‚  V)m
]Ü^
soŽito’g•w»€@ʼn ê.wyx { ›wro£y’<“L“q<so’ Í “’ — ‘Gqg‘%!‘%’¡¢ÅԀi€£Ü€Jz
  uuJ
^ V
m
] 
x { ›r6˜›wqs ^ xˆso’<›@‰
—° Ù
  ^^J  u V)m
]¢ 
 u     V)m
]¢
^

{}|~#€ ‚ƒ‚…„‡†sˆ…‰‹Š‡‰

ïðñ@`@ñï Œ>ö%öü]úeû‚øŸüˆýŒþ±ÿTþö%öþƒL\*þ2Ž*ôŒþJýŒûÃþ\*úeÿ„øŸü

pe¶‘G { q —— ‹t,u!qIrq<vLxqE!’ ›wsoq<‘%q‚!•qE•wŽq<rr6qs qšto’<”B› — q‘GÛkE‘GJ!‘%’<”Bq!’Iqr6‘%‘G.‰ “y’< — q

›wso’<rr6Ž”Bqq•wŽžHŽ’<Žˆ•q — ‘Gqr6‘’Pr6Js ¤Œ›wso’<vs q‚rr6Ž“LJ”Bq<!‘%qPto’<”B›Ž — ‘%@‰

I I
k ø9ùÜ÷qõ
τöÐ Ð ú Ñó JJÐ ö 
IJž
\ ]\\’‘ / “”W •“–” ^4—  ˜L™š ›#œ ùÜõ ÷M ÷Ð „`
I
 Š] — ‘ / “–” ^ •“–”,Y —  Ÿ š ¡ ó ¢q÷ òcõ ÷%£b÷øI¢
IJž §
Š]<\ — ‘ / “–”;” •¤“–” —  Ÿ¥™š ¡ ÷qõ¦e` g.¨’W  f gAqW + g/½W  f ` g g@ + 

 g +J+ W   h ) W AqW Cbf<92 `qg* ` 

IJž §
\
]H\\ — ‘ / “”¥•¤“ —  ™š ` òcõ ÷J£b9÷qø,¢ g.¨’W   2 g W /V/g/½W  f `KŠg@W 
 W Šg°`J¨°g=`  ]
f g 9 W 2 g
§
 Š]<
‘ / ©N“r•“ —  ª«š Ô ÷ R ó b9M òcõ ÷%£b÷qø,¢ ¬ ! f W 2 g/½W  f Wrgi` ``°`ƒ.g*W ) W  `  g ]
¨šW  f gAqW + g/½W  f ` ‹­  qg<¨ 2 gij  h

.]\
‘ / “–”¥•¤“–”;”¥ `  W ®.š ¯ ó J6°)òcõ %
÷ £b÷øI¢ ¬  ` + g@ ` f, Wg 9f9+ g±¨šW j  g f /Zg 4 jjcW`
§
 5 W W g.¨’W qg*Šg  !W 

\Š]<\\
‘ / “ •¤“”e `  ÎW Ÿ¥®.š ¡ ÷õR ¯ ó J6° ­  qg<¨ 2 gij §nG
`²m dF ¬  ` + g@ ` f9 W Wf
§
AqW jdW 5 W W 
C  g.¨’W ´ 5 W W 2 W AqW W`7 W W  g@W 

 Š] _ ‘ / ©N“ •¤“@ `   ³®.š LÐ ùÜõKö ¯ ó J6° l] f, W, g.¨šW °`œ g.¨šW ! 5 W W  `  `j  W 4­  qg ]

¨ 2 g=j  m d‚ V/g  ` W  W% `  `L `9m d‚

§
Š]<\ _ ‘ / “–” •“–”;”¥? ´,®.š Ñb,š÷qõ ¯ ó J6° l' f, W% g.¨’W   `  `j  W  Vg  ` W W  g.¨=g@ 
§
\ ]\\ _ ‘ / “r•¤“”e? ˜L®.š ›#œ ùÜõ ÷qM ÷Ð  ¯ ó J6° g.¨=g@
 µ‹¶6·¦¸6·¤ì'íí " (º¹ , ë , Í ÅÅ

»,¼ ½ ¾ ½¦»<½@» …P¨k‡3ªe­7ªe¬ ¿G§F­eÀ N3­4‡.ŒL¨Á€¨!ªe¨§

 — ‘Gsoq± —i— q { J!•wqÃtVÄã«Å2tVÄ q•_ÆÇtHÄw£ — qk‘Gsor”BŽr6rŽi’!ŽTso•wJs#t,u!qk’<›q<so!’kŽºD6tHÄÛq<•_ÈrtHÄ

•wŽr‘GŽ!vLx’<’P‘%s ŒŽˆrq<vx!q<‘GŽÃŽ!‘Gqs “ —— Žw•Žˆ–lsoq Š xq<žHq<1

e f9 ` A„g ÊÉé_ ‘ '/ Ë 
]   ]Üu u]   ]9    ]9    ]  $  $r]Üu\ u\]V$  $  ]¢\ S\])\Ô\

­ g ¨ g
f i v V ¬ Ì —‹Í — —>Î d Ï  W W `  ÎW 2- `

»,¼ ½ ¾ ½¦»<½NÐ ŽP¨k‡3¨E‘V¬šƒ,­=‘0­<Ñ!¬]©<¬#Ñ!¬

ÒӃÔiÕ³yfx”Bq<so‘%Ž!•w¡ÅPÖ7K›s z €
‘%Žs q€•wb€€@‰ i xØ× žŸ£wr›wžŸŽL‘%Ž.•wŽ Ö xØ× žH£ z !’O êJÍ z €
‰i xØ× žJ

!x!”Bqs J‘GŽw•w 5 BÅ Í z €

€›s ‘%Žs q?•wBÅ 5 €‰ i xØ× žH£ z ’|Ùz.Åʼn 
z € xØ× žŸ£L!to’<so€r6›žŸŽi‘%Ž•wŽ

Ö x u!žJ‰yfq —i—° Žˆ‘%q<so“L —i— ’ êiê 7¢ÅŸÆ êÊx u!ž¿q ° ›wsoq<rq<‘GqOŽ — { so’<J•wt Jr6‘Ú x ‰

ÛÊӃÔZÕ)yfx”Bq<so‘%Ž!•w¡Å w ÖÎ7K›wJs ‘%Žisoq€•w —i— 7›w’s ‘%‘Gq€“LŽ•q<’€•wŽ w5 z €

ʼn i xØ× žŸ£ z !’P z €
ê Æ@ÅJ‰ q
xØ×ÊÜ £Jr6›žŸŽi‘%Žw•wŽpÖ xØ× žJ‰
Í Åz ëiì%í ,*.î.;î µ¶.·†& "aïEïE,;*43 ì'ðš& , ðšð ,Ôñ#,
 ÝPqr6tos Ž“LŽ”B’†’s  — g‘%x!soƒq — q†–l’<‘GŽ¥•q — ›wso’<toq‚rr6’†•wŽ¥sox!”B’s qœr6q”B›wsoq#›s qr6q!‘%q#q<v — ŽeJ›C7

›wJs J‘GŽ@•wŽ@‘%q — q<to’‚”Bx!Žjt JžHŽ’<qH£!q>•Ž@t ’”Bq Š xq<r‘G’fr6Ž#‘%q<x!‘%’>Žkto’<r6Ž•wqs JžHŽ’<q>!q — ›wso’<vLq‘G‘’

•wqv — ŽÃr6‘%q<rr6Ž%‰

{}Þ~&{ ßàsáãâoä}„å†æ„‰ç‰‹‚…âZè鉃‚ƒêoë ë ‰‹ìZ‰

 Žt J›wŽ´•wŽÙxÛs qr6Žr‘G’s6qÃí E‘Gq”B›wqs J‘Gxs »œ 1›wsoq<rq<!‘%qgx!§}Z> ~E<&lÀ<~E>˜:š»dÀ9}VÀî7éðïGêZ£´s qi7

— ŽižŸžHžŸŽi’!q>•Ž*x!k›s ’t qrHr6’ŒvLJx!r6rŽL’>B”Bq•wŽœ!x —— £!touq7 —i° q<–l–lq<‘%‘¢’>•q — ”B’<‘%’7to’<‘%Žt ’7•q<v — Ž

q — q‘G‘%s6’<Ž* —i—° Ž!‘%q<so!’Œ•wq —— #soq<rŽir‘GqF!žHÃã6‰´p„’>r6›q<‘%‘Gso’7•Ž •q<!rŽ‘G¤œ•wŽ*›w’‘Gq!žHœ•wq —i— œ‘Gq!r6Ž’!q>

“Lx’<‘%’u!fq<r›wsoq‚r6rŽi’!q
ô ¯
ñÇò é¯!ê «‹í ó «Iü˜«í ý þy’ — ‘;ÿ

÷
ø
qöù õ QÃú Ëû

Ž#tox!Ž2ü Ë  Þ Ë
Ì ÿ  ’<x — q
È — Œt ’r6‘%!‘%q•ŽˆÇy’ — ‘%žŸ”B#q• ô    ?Þ Ë
Ì  ’x — qwÞ rq<tT — 
ó
to’<r‘G‘GqO•Žˆâ — J 1 Š xq<r‘GŽÃ“L — ’s ŽÃ–l!’Pré=Ãt,u!q —° ››wso’<r6rŽ”BžŸŽj’<!q ñ ò é!ê Iü í¹rŽiŒ“L — Žj•w
•7’<v!ŽÃ–Zsoq Š x!q<žHf•wŽˆŽi‘Gqs qr6rqJ‰ û
!¢Œx! { Ži›’ — ’y›rr6Ž“L’Ù•wŽJŽ”B›wq•wq!žŸ#"Ié$!ê% í‹é!ê,ë'& ( é!êZ£

*,+ -/.10325476829-/.;:<.1=682#=>2 .1-/2#?@+503:A+ 4725476829=>2 *,B/*,6 B/CD.1EF@+547@>+ =,=>29.
G 2 4H2 =>.=>2IB/-J:<=>+ @,25*K*,+MLABN=>OH03+ =>2M682 =>03B/@>+ PJ@Q72I:A2 =>6 .14H6 +I:A+ *,R Z(f) T=0 K
o

*,B/2 LA2SOH47.TL<254H*KB/68U3L<B%:<+56 254HVW.YXNZ'[$\H]'^`_aMbdce[\H]gfihj25-k@>.*,+ Z(f) T = T0

P n(f) =
B/4l@OHBkBm-kn1B/:A+ -m+#@>+ 4H6 254 G .pokqgrM=>2 *,B/*,6 +5=,Bs.T682 03:A2 =.16 OH=>2tLAB/CD2 =gR n(t)
2kTe R(f)
*,2WP%*KBu:AOHvwL<25x74HBm=2wOH47.M682 03:A2 =>.68OH=.Y25yOHB/CD.1-z2 4H6 2;bH{k[\H]g|7O74
n1B/:A+ -m+:A.1*K*,B/CD+S2 y1OHB/C}.1-/2:A2 =>6g.4H6 +S.1-/-m+S*K682 *,*K+TnBm:<+5-/+S4H+ 4~=>O7R Bipolo
rumoroso
)Circuito
equivalente
03+5=+5*K+?.p682 03:A2 =,.16 OH=.€VW25=+5EP}@>+ 4B/4t*,2 =>B/2OH4 G 2 4H2 =>.16 +5=2LABD=>O703+5=2i@+54SLA2 4H*KBm6 U€L<B:A+ 682 4HVW.
XNZd[$\H]%^_ ‚ b { [ƒ\H]}c„[ƒ\H]8f…€O725*,6 + G 254725=.168+ =,2i2 y1OHB/C}.1-/254H6 2WP †y1O7Bz4HL<BLA2 *,@=>B/6 6g+iLA.€OH4H.uoF‡5ˆƒ‰ŠD‹DŒ
 qŽoF‡5Š7q$q$‘‰  q7’ “D”3‡ ’>‰

XNZ'[\H] .1686
•e– Z [\H]%— —š™ ‚ b7{s[\H]œ›
˜ ce[\H] _ ž V Ÿ
 
h92 -¡@>.1*K+9Bm4I@OHBsb { [$\H]J— b¢¤£Y¥¦1§M¨ ©ª?6 2503:A2 =.16 OH=.w.103n}Bm2 4H6 25EP7Bm-¡6 25=03Bm472w‚ b«¢€—¬_ •e– Z [\H]
.1*K*,O7032dB«C}.1-/+5=B<=>B/:A+ =>6.16 B<LABA*,2 G OHB/6 +­:<25=LAB/CD2 =>*K2€OH47Bm6 U®LABA03B/*,O7=>.P}LA.9.1LA+ 686 .1=2€B/4w.1-/682 =>47.168B/R
CD.P .1-/-/+i*,@+5:<+­L<B=2547LA25=K2-m. G =>.4HL<25VWV.p+ 03+ G 254H2 .®@>+ 4;-/2.-m6 =>2@¯QH2d@+503:<.1B/+547+4H25-/-/2i°+5=,03O7-m2
LAB«:A=+ G 256g6 +A±
²´³¶µ··/¸º¹K»iµ%¼W½¾A·/¹K¿À½%ÁƒÂ5½%Ã>ĺ¸ ½gÄŽÆmÆm¿µg¾5¸Ç
È>É5¹ĺµg¿¹€·Ê¸ Æm¿µË>¸º¾5µu¸º¾i»i¹KÃøŵ¿¡»i¸·ÊÉ5¿¹N¸º¾dÉ ¾5¹N»i½gÆm̀ͽgĺĺ¹Î¿½·Ê¸$·ÊÆm½g¾5Ï8¹ Ç
¼,¿µÍÉ Á¹K¾5µÎÉ ¾5¹j͸ºÐ´ÐŽg¿½g¾5Ï8¹jÍ8¸}¼WµgÆm½¾5Ï8¸Å¹>ÄŽξ ½gùKÆm¸ºË¹i¸Å¾'ÈKÉ5½gĺĺ¹®Í8¸º¿½gÏ8¸ºµg¾5½WÑÒ«ÄÅĺµÎÏ8½g¿Àµ¹}··ÓµgĺÉ5ÆmµNԃÕÖ}×KØ9Ù ÚÛ¸ºÄD»¤µgÆmµ
Á¹KµÆm¸ÅÁÀµNͽÃ>ĺ¸½gĺ½gÆmÆm¿µg¾ ¸WÁÀ½· ·Ê¹}Ç$½N·/¸>¹K¾5¾WÉ5ĺÄŹkÁµ·ÊÜKĺ¹kÆm½g¾A·Ê¸Åµg¾ ½ÎÍ8¸K¿É5»¤µg¿½WѯÝs¸KÈKÉ5¸ÄÅÞ ¹KÃýgÆmÆm¸ºËµuß àáâiãÅäzå%¼W½¿kÍ8½·/ÁÀ¿¸ºË>½¿½
¸ºÄWд½g¾5µg»i½¾5µWÑ æsçæ
Í Å w èé®êuëWìîíJïí µð6·Mñ®òóôíNñ¤õöìõñ¤ó÷ëWèJí

ü 7ø
 ù ú  üýAþ

 ×
 ù ú  ü$ý<þ
 ×

ù ú0z1û w#üýAþ¤ÿ  ×

 ý
 !#" $%'&(!)*Sý+%$%,.-%!)0/12+ ' ú43  ,7ý+5/ý+6 !2,%,7/($%
6/16'8pý+9)0,%6,% 
 :  =<>$,%?+)0@,%#ý+6,% 3 !#p ý+A/($%
/(B /(=7C
+DE0E0F 
3ÿHG
;
IKJMLON PRQTSSUTVXW UZY\[^]2_.Q2`'[aVXb.cdU2VK[feg[Mhi]T[M_.[^VXQTW U2VKh

u j ,lkm,%6/1 )*6/'Sý+\)*6,%6,%7npoKq %r s&t<%i ú

wZu (f)
Zg (f) u
*KB/25LA2tOH4H.w:A=+5:<=,B/.;B/03:A2 LA2 4HVW.TB/4H6 25=4H.yx\î
n g(f) g z [\H]%.
vTu (f) vT = 0 6 2503:<2 =>.68O7=>.ô2 y1OHB/CD.}-/2547682„b z [$\H]Pp:A=+5LAO7@>2„.147R
Vu (f)
g
g
Vu (f) g @¯Q{ 2 *,*K+ OH4:A=+5@25**K+÷LABd=OH03+5=2 B/4C}Bm=6* | LA2 -m-/.
@+503:<+ 4H2 4H6 2=25.-m2c z [$\H]%—~}€x z [\H]F  L<Bx z [$\H]P
2€x z [$\H]J:AO7vTyOHB/4L<BÎ*,@¯QH2 03.16 BmVWV.=>*KBî@>+ 4 B/-î@Bm=@>O7Bm6 +;25y1O7BmC}.D-/2 4H682T03+5*K68=.16 +3B/4~x G OH=.sf>s ‚ 2 =gR
6 .14H6 +WPi+ -m6 =>2Y.-m-/. :A+ 682 4HVW.~LAB/*,:<+54HB/n1B/-/2ILAB¤*K2 G 4H.1-/2€ƒ – z [\H]T— Š„m‹ …… †ˆ†Œ‡1‡1‰ ‰1 68=+5C}Bm.03+I.14H@¯QH2MOH4H.
:A+ 682 4HVW.tLAB/*K:A+547BmnBm-z2­LABA=OH03+5=22ƒ –*Ž [$\H]%—‘  ‚ b z [$\H]P2€L<OH4HyOH2dOH4;=>.:A:A+ =>6 +p*K2 G 4H.1-/2­=OH03+ =>2
LAB/*K:A+547BmnBm-/2
’s“ c z [$\H]F— ƒ – z [\H]
‘ ‚ b z [\H]
@¯QH2p@+5032€+5*K*,2 =,CDB/.103+'LAB/:A2 4HLA2€LA.;\<P*KBm.t.9@.1OH*K.tL<B%ƒ – z [ƒ\H]H@¯Q72pLABb=î z [\H]gf
”K•M–O— ˜R™.šd›2œKŸž7^  'ŸœX^¡ ¢i£™.¥¤g›2œX¡ 
¦ 2w@>+ -/-m2 G QHB/.103+SO74 G 2 4H25=.16 +5=2;=>O703+5=+5*,+;.1-/-!{ Bz4HR
¨ «¨ G =25*K*,+®L<B7O74H.t=256 2®LAO72®:A+ =>6 2WP«†®-m2 @>B/6 +®.1*,:<256 68.=>*KBH.1-/R
-!{ O«*K@>B/68.9LA2 -m-/.®=256 2€OH4w:A=+ @>2 *,*+dLAB<=OH03+ =>2­LAB/:A2 4HLA2 4HR
¨
Vg (f)
n g(f) Zg (f)
Vu (f)
n u(f) Zu (f)

6 2÷*KBm.„LA.1- G 254H2 =>.68+ =>2~@¯Q72÷LA.-m-/. =>2 682 P'2÷-/. @OHB:A+ R

¬
Tg
¬­
TQ 6 254HVW.YLAB/*,:<+54HB/n1B/-/2ƒ ®
– Z [$\H]J:<OHv32 *,*K25=2M2 *,:A=25*K*,.lBm4

§¨
Vg (f) H(f)
°OH4HVWBz+5472€L<BO74H.j682 03:A2 =,.16 OH=>.925yOHB/CD.}-/254H6 2€L<BAOH*,@B/68.
®
b7{ [\H]$P16 .1-/2€@¯Q72
© ª ª
Gd (f) n e [Te ]
u u
ƒ ®
– Z ¤[$\H]%—
_
™ ‚ b7{ ® [$\H]

¨
Vg (f) H(f) ¯ { .}-m6 =>.­:A.1=6 2i.€b { ® [$\H]@+547@>+ =,=>+ 4H+*,B/.€-/.­6 2503:<25=.16 OHR
¨ © ­ =.­LA2 - G 254725=.16 +5=2bzÎ[\H]$P¶@¯QH2-m.'=>2 682¤@>+ 4tOH47.':<=>+ :A=,B/.
b%°®[$\H]%± 25yOHB/CD.1-z2 4H6 2pLAB«OH*K@>B/6 . ²,|*,@=BmC}Bm.03+€LAO74HyO2
n g [Tg ] Gd (f) n Q [TQ ]
u u

§¨
Vg (f) H(f)
ƒ – Z® [\H]%—š_™ ‚2³m´ b z [$\H]pµ – [$\H]~ ¶ b%°® [$\H]¸·
¨
n g [Tg ] n Q [TQ ]
i i
­ ©
Gd (f)
B/4@OHBd-m. :A+ 682 47V.„LAB/*,:A+ 4HB/n1B/-z2 B/4B/4 G =>2 *,*K+ .1-/-m.„=25R

§¨ 6 2I@>+ 4 G OH.LA. G 4«+ILAB/*,:<+54HB/n1B/-/2 ;µ – [$\H]†I=B/:A+5=6g.68. B/4

Vg (f) H(f)
5µ
OH*K@>B/6 .1Ps03+ -m6 B/:A-/Bm@.14HL<+5-/.3:<25= – [\H]gf ¦
2S2 °°$2 6g68O7Bm.03+
ª © !{ - + :A2 =>.VB/+5472iBm47CD2 =>*K.p:A2 =ÎBm-D@>+ 4H6 =>B/n1O768+L<B=OH03+ =>2L<+5R
¼»½ ¾A® ¿ †Œ‡1‰
n e [Te ] Gd (f)
CDO768+T.÷b%°®,PÎ+ 686 2 4HBm.03+7ƒ – Z® [ƒ\H]#—¹‘  µ ³+´ z ¶ %°º ¸· 9°º
i i
‚ – [\H] b [\H] ~b 1[$\H] F?B/4 @OHBNb <[\H]— EP
+5C}CD2 =>+
ƒ – Z ¤® [$\H]%— _™ ‚ µ – [$\H]5b{ º [\H]
ÀÂÁ ¸ ¸º¾5Æm½¾AͽJÍ8¸º¿½kÁÀÂ5½k¸ºÄ5à ĺÆm¿µk¾5µ¾¤¸º¾5Æm¿µÍ8É5Á½k¹KĺÆm¿µ¡¿É5»iµg¿À½%µÄÅÆm¿À½kÈKÉ5½gĺĺµJ͸W¾5¹KÆ/É5¿¹îÆm½g¿À»i¸ºÁ¹}Ñ
Äð ÅÇÆ ÅMñ®òióôíJñ¤õÉÈ9õïuïuõ KÊ
ñ¤õ®ìë Sòõ„êíJñ®ì«õ Ë Ì
!,&($%
 ÍOÎ q %r%ô o q %rÏ~Ð%Î q %r%ô o q %rÏ  ÒMÐ%ÓKÑ q q %%r r
Ôpý)0)*5 ,%&t<%ÖÕØ×(Ù?Ús×(Û1ÜÕtÝmÛ1ÜgÞß%à(߸à(Õ×1ÙÜ.áâäãåá ÍØÎ æ !&t<%çB/(/()*5!,g,kp/('B !>/()0T)0$%)0)*A
&(,%)0/1 3 $)*A A/($%
/(pý=$'&()0  ý+6èp$%)0A'!
 +km,/( )*6/'é&(<B !?/()0+G
ê !
é+/(ëT/(
 ')0=&(,$%,/1 3 !

!/(/1!'6)0+ì &t<%pý/(B
/(!kp$% />ý€ý+=á ÐÎ ×^á ÐÑBí
î ïñðóòäðôî õ÷ö ø'ù ú2ûýü ü'ùþÖö
ê $++6,%!
i/(ÿ)*$)*)0KK&16
+@,,%)0K !#€')0'ÿ)*6
+@/( )0$%/(yá Ð G
, $%6')0&( g'K+$ë

)0/1 /(T&t<%B/(!'$%!)0
 á ÐÑ q r ã ˆC ÷ÒMÓKq
 r
 á Ð
á ÐÎ q r ã   Ñ  ã ÖÓXq r  C  á Ð
!,
  ý+T?+)0@/ &(/1!èp6/1ì
 á Í Ñ q r ã ÒMÓKq r á=oKq
 rÏ á Ð Ñ q
 r ã ÒéÓKq r áAoKq rAÏ ŒC ÷ÒMÓKq r á Ð
á ÍOÎ q r ã   Ñ   ã á=oXq rÏ  ^ÓKq r  C  á Ð
 $%6')0?/1!'$)0 )0>6èp/ ý+6,%i&(
>+/é$%,g/()0
 '!èp!4&16,#"%$ ÒÖÓ&$ŸC('49!i)*6
+6/' )0$%/(
ý+9/($%
6/1?) $%!èpm!,%)0?,7$'&()0i'! $%,%
  ý+! +6' )0T
 ý!!?)0
/' )*$/1j ý9kp6,%6/1 )*6/'
 ý!!>/()0 G+*?+&( 'A!
#)0 !,g&1$%9ÒMÓÖã,"Ö+$%/(   !?á Í Ñ q r Ô + /1+/(+6)*)0èm
6,%)0 >á Ð
€
?áAoKq
 r.- ,0/¸ )*)0%¡ ý+$T&1 '%&(6/'/1!'7, ý+,21 ýg$%,21* '6,%4Î3 ý! /()0?+$%/(> ýg$%,%
/16)
&t<%B,, )*)0,$% G
î ïñðóòäð65 ÷ õ û=ú ú87:9ø7<;>=7õ ù(?A@>üCBmùøpû
ê  'Aèp !$%0) ?+/( +/() km,% ! /($%
6/1T!,g$%'&(!)*> !2/16)6)*)0@,%!m

DFEHGJI q r ã E K á Ó o ÍOÎ q
q  r r ÒMÒMÓXÓKq
q
  r r ã E  áAoKq rK Ï Ó o ÖqÓK rq r  C  á Ð 
L)M LNM8O
P !&16>/ ý 7, ý+÷&t<% ! kp6,%/( )0/( , !,%km/16' +/(,%)0 $%,QDFERGTSpq
 r ã WU V V [  T+6'!

èp $)*m/(T+kpkm6/1
,)*B/1  ý+@)0)*€ ý+ !!>/16'@,9ý+!!
/()0+ì XZY 
DFEHGJS q
 r ã K Ó o q
 r LE M]O  á o q rÏ  ÖÓXq r  C  á Ð^ ã C Ï á Ð  ^ÓKq r  C 
DFERG\I^q r LE M áAoKq r O K Ó o q
 r á=oKq r O
î ïñðóòäðóò _Bû=ø'ø7:9 öa`\ùb9+@Jcd7:9 ö
 &16N/¸-&1!,)*fe q
 r ã C Ï gV   O  ^ÓKq r  C  Ô;&t<
 )*]hÜ+ÕÕiÛ(×.Þ%ß^Û ÝpÙji6Û1×ZI k ý! /()

+ 'èm \/( +/(@,%)0ÿ!K+6kpkm6/1
,%)0;  ý+6!"lD>EHG ýèp$)* !#y$%€+/(, G
*?)0!

'$ 3 !)*ÿ&t<%lláAoKq r ã á Ð M !#/(me ãn^Óì$,% /16)*;+ '!èp &t<%;Ö)*/(èm  !! )0'
)0
+6/' )0$%/(w  ý+ kp6,%6/1 )*6/1696' 3 !'&(
 $%!H, ý+%$%,R/¸ )*)0/'9 ý+ /($%
6/15 /(  !"  )*)0,$% 6,% G
,o/4 )0)*!
,)*/(i.)0,Iý+!+, 3 #w  ý\/($%
/(iÔ !.')0'H4'@7, ý+ km,%6/1 )*6/1i /()
 !!>)*6'5)*6
+6/1 )*$%/(4'4 A'6kp, ! 'A )0)0,%$# ý=$,j/4 )0)*6/1
^ÓG
pqr
sut.vxwTy{z)t}|~€ ‚€ƒ#suvx„[t…(vxy{†‡y{z)t,ˆ‰„[r8Š„[susu…#‹Œ)trŽC‘“’ Ε” …(susut(z)–—su…˜ˆ.„š™[–—t(r{r…mˆ.y8–œ›‹xysž„ŸwTtˆ‰y{„[z)sut
wT…(r{suy{ ry{‹x„[¡‰y6…(z)t¢ gt.v:yrgŠ„[susž…(vxt¤£¦¥§C‘“’ Ψ £ª©‰C‘“’ Ñg«
Ë g¬ ­C®°¯¦±g²´³¤µ ³ Ķ Å%·°¸ó ³ ·¤õ ² õ ·¤ó ±g­¤³
î ïñðóòäðóï õ÷ö ø'ùTû=ø'ø'ùþÖö
, $%)0&( !K/1$
/(!,%)0/1 ý+6)*);ý+ !7/()0<%€6/1!kp!,%&¹oi—¹ à‡i)ºiIý+ K/()0/'!ý;ý$%, ú
 $!¹oi—¹š»éÚ ß.¼a½@×(Ûiy&t<%€á Ð Ñ q r ãnˆCb ÒMÓKq r á Ð GH,%6)0/1!äkm$%1ýpkm,%Mý!'+6,% 3 !+$ë
 '$
/(^èp !/(ÒMӕ¾ CG,! $%)*^&(   $%ë^+/(
6/'^"lDFERG !, $%&1!)*®ý !T/()0é&(

DFERGJI q
 r ã E óÒMÓñK q Ó r o áAq
oK rq ÒMrÓKÏ q á r ÐÑ q r ã E  á=oKK q Ó orÏ q
 ár Ð%Î q
 r

LM L M8O
5ý ++6kpkm6/1
,)*T&(

DFEHGJS q r ã C Ï á ÐÎ q r ã,e q¿ á=o r
DFERG\I^q r áAoXq r
 $%6')0" $%!)*!
7+/(6,%wý+!+6,Hý ,%&(/(lýyáAo6G  #g'&(=;ý+K6)*)0@,%6/1g$%,7kp/( ,Hý
&t<%p ý7, ý+
!
6,%)0p ý+ !2/16)€ ý$%B/()*6< ý+« ý-%,&1é/(\hÜ+ÕÕÀi6Û1×ÖÞß%Û ÝpÙji6Û1×ÂÁM!Aèp !6/1
eåq r ã C Ï á Ðá Î ø q r
&t<%l/( +/(@,%)0 ^kpkm6/1
,)* ý]DFERG&( $' )* ý ! /16)*f $% , ýl!Mkm,%6/1 )*6/1 Ô
 )0
/' )*$/1 
3 !6,%)*;á øSù˜Ã4Ä ûmÅ.Æ ù¥ÇÅ.È GFÉ" /16+/'!#eåq
 r &t<%ʽ ß4×¹%×]h‰iۇ¹%ß4ÕÀi ý 
&()*/'$)*)0/(÷ ý! /()0÷
 ý+$€+/()ÿ )0)*!èp  !,å
5 ý÷  ý+ /(
))0/(;! &( !&16Y  ý+^á ÐÎ q r ã
á ø  e q
 r  C  ­ ý+$%,0 $%
DFERGJSpq r áø
DFERGJI q
 r ã C Ï á=oKq
 r Ëe q r  C 
Ì]ÍxÎoϗÏ)ÐÒÑ´ÓZÔ
Õ :/¸ )*)0/'®ý/($%
6/1TÔ®ý-,%)0T&(
T!kmkp!/(
,)*®ý>DFERG ý+6èp$)*T !
/16'6,%
ý+!!/()0 )*/(.kp6,%6/1 )*6/1 5&( /(!&1¢ $ « , ý+5! kp6,%/( )0/( Ô5)*6
+/ )*$/1á ø ã×֗Ø"
Å Æ ùl Å È G
Õ ê 2áAoMã~á ø  !/(5á ÍOÎ q r ãÙe q
 r á ø p ý+$,o $B!
)*6
+6/' )0$%/(t  ý'!)*6
 á ÍOÎ Ô
eåq r
èp!)0Ú $!9 ý+6=km,/( )0/' -
Õ ê B!
/()0T,%6,ÔB/($%
6/16'5A)0)*!,
e ã CÛ4+ /(A û ý<þb' -
Õ ê B!
/()0TÔ  '!èp
 #6/1Üe q
 r ãË^Óýq
 r  C  g Ý Ï C ' á Ð ã á ø  !6/12eRã˜^Ó -
ޓϗߜà#á¦ÍxÔ âgã ä“å4ä+æä
ç—èZä
é êëæêbå^çZê°ìí0é æ€ê îëíoèoä4ïuïuêëðñèZä4æãðñçZä4å4ä+ðñèZíTå^ã ï‰ìíoè)ã ò4ã ó ê
òä^èZå4äøå¢ã‡é{ç—ù¤í0é ê2ú¢û&ê°ü6ä4ææíoé ê°å^ã‡éç—ùÛíoé ê ä^ó çæä¢é êªã óZé äFì4ìíoé æí
ïuö êëZð^÷ èZä^ó ê!é{ç—ùÛíoé ê•å¢ã ïÂìíoè)ã ò4ã ó ê!ã èJçÿïuî0ã æäHèZê0ãå¢çÿê°î룴ä4ý+ï‰ãZþ ã è´î0ç)ãÿã óÀðCêoèÿêoé ä+æíoé ê
Zô (f) ï‰ãuæÀé í
ëãuä4åÜç—èZä•ðCêoèÿêoé{ã îëäÚæê0ù ìê0é ä4æÀç—é ä íoì4ì4ç)é ê“ä
Vô (f)
F B

Gõ
N

Tô
â(ä¢ì+ì4ã ä^ùÛí•î ê
ó äÚå+ê0èZï‰ã æ å¢ã‰ìíæê0è ä•å¢ã ïÂì—í0è)ã ò4ã ó ê\å¢ã‰é{ç—ùbíoé ê
gV ã è çZïuî0ã æä Zä^ ó ê Ý ý
g
g
g d

 Ô ÀÐ ëÍxÔ:Ñ´ß 

 

 
 
  ¨ W  ¨ W
ã èFðCêoèÿêoé ä¢ó ê X  ö ê X ç)ã èZå^ã  ö !
   ©
   V
   © å¢ç—è çZê
£ # ¨ " %$&  ) ¨
   Ý  £ + * " ÷ )
    ¨ XW  ,©  )V   Ý  +
$('
£ *  ©ö  ý "
-/.10‡…(r{sut ›yy{z)‹À…(z)suvx„>„[z)‹ÀŒ—t¢yrsut.vxwTy{z)t3254
6)‚€~798—‚6:>‚€ƒ<;gˆ‰t(vxy=0‡„[su…¤ˆ‰„[r{rŽ y{z†‡r{t›t?>9@BAC<DFE,AGIHKJ
DML‹ÀŒ—t¢yz vxt(„[r{sN
›žygsuvÀ„ëˆ.–)‹Àt O8 |‚€~ 798)‚ 65:F‚€Qƒ PR;Ât¢‹Œ)tb›žyvxy{Št(vxy›‹xt¢„[r{r{„¦wTy›ž–—vx„Jˆ.y£]y{z°ˆ‰t(‹x=y S[t(r «
 Ķ ÅÇÆ Å%·°¸UT ³ W· VÉÈXV µ¦µ V·WV ²:± Ê2¸FV ¯\³ · ² V Ë 
êoé æä^èZæí ó äÜìíëæê0è ä•å¢ã ïÂì—í0è)ã ò4ã ó ê\å^ã.é{çNùÛí0é êøé{ã ï‰ç—ó æä
Y ÷
ú¢û
¨ ©
Z  £
î ê  èZê0  óžîëä4ïu í&ã èF)V î0 ç—ã  Ý  ï‰  ãÂé{ã å>ö çZ îëê“ä
[ * " © úû
êo égó ÷ä2ìíæê0è äÚå^ãuïuêëðñ èZV ä^¨ ó ê  Ýï‰÷ã ä2ã èZ‡êëîëê  ! ZM ¨   Ý £ ê&ö ì ê0é æä^ý èZæí ïuê é{ã ï‰ç—ó æä
Y û ÷    \  ¨  V  ÷ ¨
§V  Ý ÷
Ñ ¨

¨ ö
íææê0CèZ‘“ê0èZ’ å4í ç)ã `èÿ_ å¢ ã‰ó í“ïže æ$(êë' ïu`
ïuíf
g
^ ] 
a d
b c ã èbã èZðñé êëïuïuí ù´äÚîëí0èTç)èbé{çNùÛí0é ê Zíoó æêøì4ã ìíæê0èZæê
ê0óîëä+ïží!ã è´) î0ç—ã ïÂã ä8ðCêoèÿêoé{Cã îë‘“í ’ jä ‡êoèÿå+í2ìí÷ ïuæí2ã óuü6ä4ææíoé ê“å¢ã.é{çNùÛíoé£ ê&ã èZå¢ã ì—ê0èZh å4ê0èZæê“å4ä^óý ä8üé ê çZê0è ä
èZi ê0ó ó ä2ò—ä^èZå4äÚå¢ãÂé{çNV ùÛíoé ê8úFû íææê0÷ è)ã ä¢ùÛí
û ÷ k
)

C‘“’ Ñ l ¨ ]  _ c  ¨ e ac bdf5c g © W ¨ e ac bdf5c g © W ¨  c abdc

` $ $ nW mpo & c  $ nW m o 'qsrc tvunw e $ m $('(x `Iy nW z  f5g
o o
î ïñðóòänð { _Bû=ø'ø7:9 öa`\ùb9+@Jcd7:9 ögú2ö49j9 ö ø'ùù.?×BûKüB%û=øpû
ê  ++!

&(<  kp$j | kp,A}  |+, 3 !1 |+!!" $,%!&1/16)*~  |+$5+6/1)0i) $%!èp #6,%)0  !!E /16)0
+6')0g,÷&( &1 )0 sÔi+ /1\ ý/1 |+))*~  |+6K'!,%km!\km$%j |mkp,%!sèmèp6/1€Ò^Óg€ ã ‚ƒ… „ E ÒMÓ G È 6

|+6)*6/'
!,%m/1 ,èp&(B!/¸ )*)0/(†  |+A/1$
/(B) $%!èp #,%)0B&(
6'èm† ‡
È ,?/(u/4/(!
,%)0  !^-%kp$/1^/( ˆ
+6/1)0 )0  ! )0^!Ö'!,%km!€&16,%)0/1 ˆ g Z‰ (f)

3 $)*+  |+X/1$
/(Ž  |èp$)*;&( '&(3$ ˆ V‰ (f) T‰ 1
ŠG
F 2
ŠG Œ
FΠN
GŠ
F

,% /16)*l+$%ëy'6/';/(/()* )*÷  ˆ g g d1 d2 dN

!" !,Akp/('}  |!./(6)* )*6'  !3, |+ ˆ

èp  |+$  K, |+É&16Q T$%,å)*6
+@/( )0$%/( V‰ (f) GŠ GŠ GŠ
á Ѓ Î ãå‘á U’(e  ƒ   ,C “=Gë9!,%kp6 &(63, ˆ g d1 d2 dN
n‰ nŒ
)0/1 3 $%)0X+6',%ª $K, |+X6'/'g/1 ˆ
n n
g
g
1
0 1 T‰
‹
T (F −1)
2
T‹ (F −1)
N
T‹ (F −1)
+6/1)0 )0 l
6,%)*#  |!7/()0 &t<%7!
0 2 0 N

+/(&(” |+6,%? |+!èp |+63, |!y)0@,% V‰ (f) g d1 GŠ = G G . . . G

d2 d3 dN

4èmèp/( !^)*6
+@/( )0$%/1C'p+6/ý!@kp$%I ˆ g n‰
T‰
n
T‹ (F −1)
|+ kp,%•  |+!'+6,% 3 !• |+!!2/16)*^1*&(j ˆ
T
g 0 T

èp &( )0)3jG –  )*B&t<B=&(,)*/( 3 $%)0‘ |=/($%

6/1T,B!3, |+!+6 3,  |,%)0! !B!/(B+6)*6,%B'6

 ,
—|$%,0p$éÔé6&1!)0 

 /( !M'!,%km!é)0
/( )0$%/(Tá Ð%ƒ Î /(/() )0é !" #,%kp/(6'' ,i
|+˜|+
)0)0@,%/(B$,$%,&( &(6,%)*/( 3 $%)0B&(
6'èm• |+Aèp 6/1
á Ð  Î  ãåá Ð E Î  Ï á Ð L Î  ÒMC Ó Ï á К ™‰Î  ÒMÓ C ÒéÓ Ï O‡O‡O Ï á Ð  Î    DC E ÒMÓ
W W X ƒ…„ E
!,&($%!)*!)*$,|+B! 6'/1@'!,=/ =á Ð ƒ Î  'A)0)06,%
á Ð  Î  ãåá  œO › e Ï e ÒML É C e™  C e  C
Ó W Ï ÒMÓ W ÒMÓ X Ï O‡O‡O Ï  ƒ… „ DE E ÒéÓ ‘
E  C
 +!&( ,|+ !X|+-,%!!,8e   Ï  xž$ Î z  'A)0)0@,
ã C
Ý
e    ã,e L C Ï e ™  C Ï Ï e   C
e
EÏ
ÒMÓ W ÒMÓ W ÒéÓ X O‡O‡O  ƒ… „ DE E ÒéÓ
&t<%B&()*!)0$%!'&(T+/(/1!T" 6'+/('!6,%B&(/(&1 )*9ì
e    ã,e E Ï Ÿ   eñS DS0E  ÒMC !Ó ¡
S„ L   „ E
Ë v¢ ­C®°¯¦±g²´³¤µ ³ Ķ Å%·°¸FT ³ ·WV ² V ·WT ±g­¤³
=/($%!)* )*é'A+/()? !é'6kp$%6,%)0=&(,'|+6/1I£!,*ì
Õ¥¤  Ú Û1ß4ÙÜ Û(×(ÕØ×F|+$%é+6/1)0•|+6èpé èm/( $,He€Ú ß(¼ Úsߧ¦¦‡i)ºiÚFi6à1àßd¨ ß
º4×'j©!,ª $%m,%)0•   $3ª5«)*" $)¬©ˆ
­ B,%6,¯®+$뗪«Q«<ª/Qªé/©|+6)*)˜©!, !&1$, ­ |+•ª &16,%)0/© 3 $©«&ª˜®9ª6/F©,)(ª6/1BI|ªe  -

Õ ýÚsÛ(߸ÙÜ?Û(×1Õ?× |°ªBè ªÖ Bè ª,/ ª Ò Ó Ú ß(¼M׺4×½ Ü+ÕiýÚFi6à1à(ß!¨ ߺ4×
©,
 $%m,%)0\ $ª5«)*" $%#)¬© ­ U|9©!豩|9ª )0$%)0)¬©
©=&(,)*,/ © 3 $%¬) ©‘|°©=/($ ­ 6/ ª†|°ª! ªé/ ª6() ©‘«Qª6kp
$ ª,%¬) ©0G
² ª /()* ,%)07" ª6ª ­ ª,%)0.&t<3ª³|°ª)¬ª@/ ­ ©!,%´©, ­ 5|+Ž®+/ª®+6,3|9ª /1 ,)(ª¯©ä/1$ ­ /,ª³®+/(5|+ )*)0³|+l$,%
&( '&( )0—|°©m/,ª)¬©I|$3ªµ®+/()¬ªÖÔ !ýÚ Û1ß4ÙÜ
/,ª)¬ªU|9ª6!‚«Qª6/©ªBª5|•©”«'$W®/16k±ª@)0)*W|9ªèBªWª«Q«<ª@/ªµª5«<ªkm$3©!)*
j«
&(,÷&($%/1¯®+ /()(©!&(! /,ª\ ,%&t<3ª5)¬ª,ª,3| &16,%)0~|9ª>/¸ )*)0 &t<3ª ª}|+$3ª¶ª5«Q©!kBª,3£vª¶«5®+/(7/©®/() )¬ª
«'6,%  «<®9ª5«<«' ©!,.&(,%)0/'I «')0T)*/(i6/1 GñÉ "…©!,%!)0/ª2j®°®9ª,¶©!%&1I«'†|°©%/©!&(/,|= /,ªT&(<ª2" ª5«<®+/,ª5«<«Q©!,ª
)0¬) ª@ ,%$%)0°¹0i)¹ª‚» ©!¯ , |9·X ­ ª,%)0,/ ª•«Q®°ª5«<«'
e ÔÚ/4/(,3©!)*TI®9®+$,%)0—©!,¯|°· - ®°ª/()* ,%)*†®°ª/W©A&( !&16•|°©
e  &(&1@/(,/ ª•®+,/ © ­ 1 ª5«<®+,/ © ­ ª6Q/ ª )0$%)0() ©=kp ©0e:°S ©,$%3, ©#¬) ¸
 ©, ª / ©0G
èÒæÀé ä+ïÂù¤êëææÀã æíoé êÚîëíoè“ìíæêoè ä8å¢ã ¾¿8Áù ÀÙê!ìíoé æä^èZæ•ê Â<¿†Ã‚Ä ùÛíå^ç)ó Æ ä ÅBǟç)èÒïuêëð^èÿä¢ó ê•îëíoè
ޓϗ9ß ¹”ºCå+»Í êëëæÍ êo½ —
ò ^
ä ÿ
è +
å ä
Ô éù ¼ ã èZä^é êRó äÜå^ã ïuæä¢è ä!î ¶
Æ œ
È É Ë
È n
Ê ¶
¿ …
Ì Ä ÿ
ç ^
ä ó o
í é 2
ä ‰
ï ã +
å ë
ê ‰
ï ã 4
å 0
ê 
é [
ã Ò
ù ^
ä Z
è 
æ 0
ê Z
è 
ê é H
ê —
ç è

ïuï‰ã ò4ã ó ê
îëíoì4é{ã é ê
ä+å4íææä^èZå4í!ä^èÿæê0
è)÷ è.êRã ïuíëæÀé í0ì—ê êåaç—è8éã î4”
ã Ú
è {
é ã 4
î ê ã o
í è.ê
å^ãÂä¢ó ù¤ê0èZXí Î<¾JÐå Ï
¨ ý p Í ê %
Ñ 
ì 
í C
 “
‘ ’ ê ëã æíoé ê ÷
îëä¢é ä+ææêoé{ã ä+æí“å4äÜç—è>ü6ä4
æ
æí0é êJ å¢ã éçNùÛí0é ê Ê¿ÒÓ åÏ

÷

/
ïuï‰ç—ùÛê0èZå+í\î ê]ó ä æé ä4ï‰ù ã ïuï‰ã í0³ £ èZê\Ò ï‰ã ä}ØZÙ/Ú
ý ÛdÜݜê\î ê\ï‰ãn‡êoé{ã މî ã èZíøó êJîëí0èZå^ã ã íoè)ãå¢ãxùÒä+ïžï‰ã ùÛí
‘Ô 3 Ô /Õ:æÀÍxé ä4à#ïuülê0ߜѴé{ã ùÛÓZ× Ôê0èZæÖ í2å^ãgìíæê0è ä  ã ¬ó ‡ä^ó í0é ê&å+êëï‰ã å4ê0é ä4æí ì+Zç à&êïžïu êoé ê]íææê0è)çÿæí!
ïuê û
É ú
÷ ê ç)ã èÿ墏C㠑“’ ¨ aa gß  _ ¨  ©
4‘J’ ¨ Óå ÏgÁù ©‰‘ â Ý ©‰ÊC¿5‘“ãžä’ å ¨ Ê¿5æ © Ä   â”Ý ÛУÜʬ绩.è C‘“Óå Ïg’ Áù ÷ éÄ ) âê ê è<¿ÁÛÓʬç¬è˜ê†Ê¿˜êœÎ¾ Û5ëëÒÐ å Ïù
óuðñçZä4å4_9ä+á ðñèZí å^ãuï‰ã ïuæê0ùÒW ä2Ý éã ïÂçNá ó æäÚ
ä^ó íoé ä2á ìä^é{ã
ä

 Ò £  f C
 “
‘ ’  f Ò Ò ý
ì å Ï(â
Ð å ÏÁù â”Û Ðå ÏÁù â Ê¿ãíäå ¾<¿˜êîë<ë ʬçÁêœëë ÊÊïÛÐå Ï
Ð
í0èbì4\ é ê”êëå+ê0 è.å+íøèZêëïuï‰ç)è¤ ùÒä^é ðñã èZê Ò ó ð ä+ææêoè—çZä ã íoèZêJå4Ò í”NçZæä°ä^ó ó ä•Ò å^ã ïuæä¢è ýä•Ñ
è)ç—ùÛêoé{ã îëä^ùÛê0èZæêøìä^é{ãuä¢ó
ð^i çÿä4ö å+ä4á ðFèZíJå¢ãuï‰$ã ïžæá ê0ùÒä êøìêo_jé á æä¢èÿæí ÷ ïžî0éã Cã ä^ùÛW Ýí

ÊÊï ÂÎ è‚êîÎ<÷ ¿5ãžäå ÃòÄ â‘êîÎ<¿5ãžäå ÌÁ ù â Â<Î è˜êœÎ<ë ¾˜êœÎ¿5ãžäZå ÌÁù â
ê ç)ñ ã èZå¢Ò ãÎ ç Ò ãíäå ý Ìù?â å4W Ý äÚ î0á ç)ã
W ”¾<ó ¿á ÊpÌù
Ý Ò ý ý W Ý5ó á
ý Ò ÷ ¨ »
" ô X
â Zí) oó ðCêoèÿå+í&è—çZ
í Zä¢W Ý ùÛó ê0á èZæê
ãžîëä¢ó îëí0ó ã(ó èÿêoó€îëä+ïží&ã è>î0ç)ã‰ã óuüËä+ææíoé ê å^ã‰é{çNùÛíoé êJå+ê0ó‰é{ã îë”
´ ! õ ö Ò ý ê ëã æíoé ê ïÂã äÜìä^é{ã
—ä Î<¿ÛÓå Ï
ê¯Ê¿<¿´åÓÏ ï‰ã€íææÀã ê0èZêTî ê8ó ä&è)çÿí”Zä&ùÒä4ïuï‰ã ùÒäJå¢ã ïuæä^è ä&é{ã ï‰ç)ó æä2é{ã ï‰ìêëææã [ä^ùÛê0èZæê å¢ã,ʾ<÷FÌùHê\å¢ãÊn¾\ùÛêëæéã
÷ 
ý
ޓϗß9¹”ºCÍ»ëÍ Ô èZä8æé ä4ï‰ù ã ïuïÂã íoèZ—ê Nã å+êëí!ùÛíå^ç)ó ä4æä³ÅBÇpÛdØZÙ/ø îëíoè\ìíoé æä^èÛ
æê ¼ ÎWû•Ä Nã êoèÿê2é{ã îëê”ëçÿæä
ïuêëîëíoèÿå+í2ç—èZíÚå+ê0ãå^çZê ïuî ê0ù ã
ã îè މð^çNé ä ã èÿå¢ã îëä4æãuîëíoùÛê•îëä4ïuí1üjêŽý ðëì4é êëïuê0èZæêøç—èZäÚå¢ã ïuîëêBÛ
fp Caso A 0
T T0 T0
fI ïuä#»ã è“ú Òîëäj÷ Zíªîë
íä4ïuï‰ã ä^ó ê!îëíoè1ÿ Ê Î<é!è ý<þèÜù ùó ç)èZð䎾<¿ÜùÛ êëæéã
ç)?è Þgó æé ±í Ûä^ù ì4ó ã Þ.îëä4æíoé êøîëíoè¤ð^çÿÒ ä+å4ý ä4ð^èÿý í
å¢ã ï‰ìíoè)ã ò4ã ó ê
BN
Mixer ο ÷
Cavo
Aùd Gù d1 F 1 Gù d2 F 2
å
Ó Ï 6
ü 4
ä 
æ 
æ 0
í é Ú
ê ¢
å .
ã {
é N
ç Û
ù o
í é ê ¤
è å
Ð ¢
Ï &
ê 
ò ¢
ä ÿ
è +
å °
ä ¢
å .
ã {
é N
ç Û
ù o
í é ø
ê ^
ú û
 è u äÊÒ Ò ã Zè ç Û
ò
Ã Ä ë
ê H
å )
ç Ú
è ù
÷ùÛêëå¢ã ä ê°î ê°êëï‰ã ò4W ã ïuîëê 㠉ê 0 [
é î 8
ê £ ë
î o
í \
Ò è Zý ‡ê 0 é 
æ ª
ê ã ó u
ï ë
ê ^
ð ÿ
è ¢
ä ó 8
ê ø
ä 
ü é ê ÿ
ç ö o
ê

æ o
ê 
é ¿ Ð å Ï>ê Ên¿bÓ å Ï çÿææã‡ã
ä ï‰ãuæé í
‡ä^èZíJä¢ó ä°
÷ïuæêëïuïuäÚæ
ê0÷ ù ìêo é ä+æ ç—é ä
fp Caso B fI
îëíoù ìíoèÿêoèÿæÀãžä•Zä¢ó Cavo ó êJå4êoó ðËä^èZæê0è)èZMixer Îë<  ¿ Ò Ì ä^ó îëío£ ó ä^X é Òê ) ý

 Ý Ò ö  ý  k
ä!ù ã è)ã ùÒäªìíëæê0è äÚå¢ã ïÂì—í0è)ã ò4ã ó ê É î ê“íîëîëíoélé ê&é{ã îëꔇêoé ê2ìêoé(íææê0èÿêoé ê ¾¿Ûå èZê0ãuå^çZê•îëä4ï‰ã

 ã ìêëæê0é ê
ã óuîëä^ó îë
íoó í ï‰ç—ì4ì—í0èZê0èZå4íø ß ó ðËä^ èÿæê0è)èZä2é{ã îë”ê ‡êoèÿæêJä•æê0ù ìêoé ä+æç)é ä C‘“’ ÊÝ ¿ Ò Ì¢ä¢è  ã î ý
 Ò   Ý ý
ä!ù ã è)ã ùÒäªìíëæê0è äÚî ê èZêëîëêëïuïuä^éã í°æé ä4ï‰ùÛêëææê0é ê2ìêoé(ï‰ç—ìêoé ä¢é ê&ç)è¦îëíoó êëðä^ùÛêoèÿæí æê0élé êïžæÀé ê!ó ç—èZðC—í ¾<¿
 

Ìù îëí0è>ä^èZæê0è—
è(ê“å¢ ãžðñ çÿä+å4ä4ðFèZí ¿Òå ã ì—êëæêoé ê
ã óuîëä^ó îëíoó í&ìê0égç)è¢å+í èbó ã è ïuä4æê0ó ã æä^é ê
 
ã èFío÷ élò4ã æä8ðCêëíïuæä ã í0èZä^éã ä îëí0è ¨ _ è<¨ ¿Òå  ý 
÷ öœ$ ö ¨ $ ö _ ö ¨

 ý


 ¶ %·°¸UT ³ ·WVXV µ¦µ V·WV ²:!± ¸FV ¯\³ · ² V

  "$# Ä
»ó Zä^ó íoé ê
êëü Þ.îëä4îëê
å4ê0ó ä2æê0èZï‰ã í0èZê°ä^ã‰îëä¢ì4ã å+ê0ó ð4ê0èZê0é ä4æíoé ê8ê ç—ã ‡ä^ó ê0èZæê
å^ãçZïžî0ã æä2å+ê0ó ð ä¢ù ì4ó ã މîëä+æíoé ê
å¢ã
% ¯ì ì—íëæê0è ä•å4êoóuæé ä4ï‰ùÛêëææã æí0é ê ìê0égã óžîëä4ïuí&ù ã ðñó ã íoé ê æé ä ü%+ ê ý ) âëå+ê0óžîëíoó êðä^ùÛê0èZæíJæê0élé êëïuæé ê èÿêoóžîëä4ïuí å^ã
ùÒä+ïžï‰ã ùÛ
í æé ä+ïžülêoé{ã ùÛê0èZæí å^ãÂì—÷ íëæê0è ä•îëíoè ¾<¿ í0ì4ì+ç—é ê îëí0è ¾¿ ê ÷ ¾¿ÁÛ ¾<¿
¨ á ¨
êæê0éù ã è—ã ä¢ùÛífã è—èZä^è
ã æçZææí#&(ó ð ä4' ææê0&è)çZ ä ã íoèÿêj) ÷ å4êoó‡îëjä ‡íjîëíëä+&(ïu' ïÂã ä^ó ê î ) ê#& é{ã ï‰ç—ó æä * ) ý
Ò Ò
Ô /Õ:Íxà#ߜѴÓZ,
‘Ô 3 Ô + å é,Ìù êoé—ã ó
å^ã ä^ùÛ
êæé í2ã èZå^ã îëä4æí!é{ã ï‰ç—
ó æä ¾ ÂÛå éÌù êå°ä¢ó ÷ ó ä°ü é ê çÿêoè ä8ñ å^‘  dã Î?û• Ä ¨
ï‰ñ ãxÝí- ææÀã ê0èZ/.1ê 032  ý Y å é,Ìù ê ç)ã èZå¢ã‡ã Ò Áè ¾<ý¿]ùÛêëæé{ãxï‰ã ÷ ä^è)èÿí ÊÊ ÷<) ¾ Ê
Î\å ä4æí

î ê
ã óuîë°ä Zíñ K ä° æ ê0ù 5 ¨ ì—ê0476é 8ä49 æç): é ä © "¬ô;¤5¨ é{ã ï‰ç—:<ó 8æä•= ä^èZî ê ) ñ Ý å ã ä4ïu ï‰ç—ù¤ê0èÿå+í ý >  ý +
 
f
 Ý÷  @ ¨
£ ?  A  ñ  ¨ # "
 :  ý  k

å ñ  Ê<¨ ÊÊ ¾ ÷<£  ¾ ?  A  Ê£ è W Ê ö ÊnÎ<¿<¿ ¿ u £ ÊÊ¿¿ X ö ¿ Ê

ó ã èZêëä^ é ê ý ý
ý ý


ü óuü6ä4ææíoé êJå¢ãÂé{çNùÛíoé êJîëíoù ì4ó êëïuï‰ã Zí&é{ã ï‰ç—ó æä
¯ì å
£ä4æí B†î Ò £ êø?  ìA ê0 ég ó ä•ñ æÀKé ä4  ù W ã* ïžï‰ã" ío èZ ê“æEBê0D D ó ê”Nã £ ï‰X ã Zä*[" ÅB Çp¨#ÛdØZ"Ù/4Fø 6 8 é{ã ï‰ ç)ó "æä 4F6 8 ©  6 G   WIW H!Ýõ Ý ; JZ ïu¨
C î0é{ã Nã ä¢ùÛí
:<GLK NMO6ž"
"  ý
+ É  É u úFû ê ç—ã èZå^ãC‘“’ ¨ C‘“’ Ý ÷
É  ß ¨å CÁ ù ‘“â $’ PN©  g å ¨ C⑑“ê ’ Ý ©Âå C£ B•â‘© ê ú û ©  å  Ý Ã‚Ä ) â‘ê å ùÁéÃ‚Ä â
 ß á  Òb¾<C¿‚‘“ꆒ ÊÝ è á Êp êœ÷ èC£ ¾B Ûîá Ê<Ênè ÛRè‘Ê á ¿<¾´ å ù
Qò Ý á 
Ò
ý óuü6ä4ææí0é êJå^ãÂéçNùÛí0é ê“îëí0ù ì+ó êëïuïÂ㠇í&é{ã ïÂç)ó æä8íoé ä Ò ý ý Ò ý 
Žì æ å
£äÜå^f ã ü ülêoÒ¤é ê0£ è W  ä2îëx `íoR/ESUè8TUD V ã ó‰y îënW z ä4 ïu# í BWD  £ * "  #
¢
å X ã Ê¿ ¾ï•å
¨ "X6ž"  W õ ;  IW H!õ ; JZ 
R
ê W ó }
ä 
ì 
í 
æ 0
ê W è !
ä ^
å ¨ 㠉
ï 
ì o
í —
è ã 4
ò ã
:76 :<GLKY876 4
ó ø
ê î &
ê ë
í  ý
îëîëíoélé êRé{ã îCêB‡êé ê
E üD ± 
Ý Ý 
Ý Ý
å¢ ã ù ã è—ç)ã ïuîëêø
ìêoé æä^èZæu í“å+ê0ó ó äÚïuæu êë ïuïuä çÿä¢ý èÿæÀã æ  ÷ ê ç)ã èZå¢ãží0é ä!
éã ïÂç)ó 杶 ä É ÛR¾ Ê ïÒå ù
÷  Ò ý  ý
ê0ó‡îëä+ïžíã è•î0ç—ã Ê¿ Ì\[ èZíoè•) ï‰ã‡íææã êoèÿê#ì4) ã ùÒäRß íîëîëí0élé êã èZæé íå^ç)élé ê}ó ä
å+i ê0ó ä<é êëæê#é{ã ìíoé æä4Zæ äHÒ ä^óï‰çÿíã èZ¨ ðñé  êÝ ïž÷ïuí êªîëíoèZï‰ã å+ê0é ä^é êfh ó ä éêë æê#¨ èÿ£ ío è&Ý ÷é{ç)ùÛí0é íëïuäã è2ùÛíëå+íjå4äÊïuî0é{ã ê0 é ê 
ã ì÷ êëæÀã ä^ùÛí&ãžîëä^ó îëíoó ã.ìê0éãå^çÿê îëä4ï‰ãüjê¯ý
¨
   )V     B   Ý  ¯ ¨ £ * ý  " k
ü É É úû úû
 É ß ¨ å C‘“À•’ªâ ©  g ¨ å C‘“ â‘’Ü ê © ãíäå ©  ©  ]  ê    ãžäZ¨ å C‘“’Ü© ©  ]© ^ ]   Ý ^C£ B—* "__
 ß á  Ò C‘“’ á  "»ô W Ý = © "¬ô` "¬ô W Ý ^ "6 8a © "¬ô y X ;  "»ô  : J ô © :X4  _ Ò
¾¿˜êœï<÷ ¾ÛîÊë¿ Û/ç”Ê ¾Ûå À ÛRèÊ ¾Ûå ù
Ò ý Ò ý  Ò ý 
ý É å À•â ¾¿‚êœï÷ ¾˜ê ãíäå Û5÷<è ÂÒå À ÛR¾<è ÂÒå ù
  Ò ý »
" ô " © yX   J ©  Ò ý  Ò ý 
¬
" ô ; »
" ô ô "
é{ã å4íææä ó ê!W Ý ì4é êëïuæä ã í0è)ãÿìê0é§ó ä]îëí0è Þ.ðñç)é ä ã íoè.}
 ^  6 X
8 a :  6 <
: G _
íëæÀã ä^ùÛß í]á î ê•ïuê!ó ä ê üŸù ã ð^ó ã í0é ä^èZíÚå¢ãÀïžíoó !ã ¿ è<¾ å
ù¤i ê0èÿæÀé êHèÿêoó îëä4ïuí ý2 ã óg ù  ã ðñó ã íoé ä¢ùÛ÷ ê0èZæí å¢ã‰
î0ã é îë[ ä Î çÛå çÿêïuæíR
é{ã ï‰ç)ó æä4æíøæÀé ”í ZäÜï‰ì4ã êëðä ã íoèZê
ý îëíoè° ã ÷ ó
ü6ä4ææí•î ê
ã ?è ü#ì4é êå4íoù ã èZä•îëíoùJç)è çÿêø ã ó ì4é íå4íý ææí  å4Qý ä^Í óuîë°ä Zí


è ç)è îëíoó ó êðä^ùÛêoèÿæíªé ä4å¢ã í
æê0élé êïžæÀé ê
ï‰ã ä+ïžï‰ç)ùÛê )  
Îë<¿ Ì èZíoó æé ê ìê0éëã ó îëä4ïuí%ã è êëïuä^ùÛê]ï‰ã æé

ý í ZäÊç—èZä
 ¯ì +
ä 
æ 
æ o
ê —
è Z
ç ä ã o
í Z
è J
ê ^
å 㠉
ï 
ì o
í )
è ã 4
ò ã ó

ê 
ì ^
ä {
é 
ã ä   Ò  ý ì ÷
Â<Î è‚
ê ãžäå Ã‚Ä â‘ê ãíäå ÌÁ ù â”Û Û Â<Î è‚êœïï˜êœÂ<èÛ5ï¿
ñ  Ò ç»Î ý èÒå : ô WÝ  á
: ô WÝ ó á Ò ý Ò
œ$ ö _
ö
Ò ý 
ü É É ê Û5èÊ ¾‚êUç¬Î è ¿ ëÛå ù ëÒå À Ê Î<ÂÁÀ\ä+ææ
ý  É  Ò É  ß ê ñ  Ò Û5¾è ý‚êWç¬Î ýè Ò Ê÷ ý Êå  ù ÒbÛîý Ê<Ê ëÒ  å À K ý ï<ï ùÁÀJä4ææ
 $ Ò ß ñ  Ò ý
o ý Ò ý  Ò ý  K
" b à ­C®°¯¦±g²´³¤µ ³ ¶%·°¸FT ³ ·WV ² V ·WT ±g­¤³
êoégã óžå4í è)ó ã è ï‰ã ä Âï ¿<¿¿˜Ìù ù¤ê0èZæé ê Ê¿ Ì ê0é æä¢èÿæí
Y Â< Î è˜ê  ãž äZå ó Ò ÃòÄ ý âKê ãž÷ äZå ÌùÁ]â” Û Ò Û  ý Y ÂÎ è˜êîk ï<ï‚êîëÊ ÊnÎÁÛ5÷<¿
ñ  Ò Ê¿<ë ý ¾Òå 
: ô
WÝ  á

: ô
WÝ ó á Ò ý ý
œ$ ö _
ö
ê ç)ã èZÒ å¢ã çZæý ã ó ã ä¢ èÿå+í&ã ón‡ä^ó íoé ê1É íææê0è—çZæí&ìêoégã óžîëä4ïuŽ í ý íææêoè—ã ä¢ùÛí
)É ÷ É
/
Û¾è ˜ê†Ê¿< ë ß ¾ ¾¾ ÎÛå ù ξ ÎÛå ÷ À Â<ÂÊIÀ\ä4ææ
¨ ý ý ý
ê0óžîëä4ïuí o å^ãä4å4ä4 ß ææä¢ ùÛñ ê0 èZæí ó ä!ìíæêoè ä•îëêëå^çZæä8ä^ó ó ð ä¢èÿæê0è)èÿä  ì4é íoì4é{ã í çÿê0ó ä•å¢ã ï‰ìí0è)ã ò4ã ó êJå+ê0óžðCêoèÿê±Û
Ò Ò Ò ý K

% ¯i é ä4æíoé ê ê ç)ã èÿå¢ãuï‰ã ä~É ÷ æ  å4

ä•îoç—ã Wc  )
÷ )É   ¨
e d c ÷ Â ï<Â í0ó æ
¨ ¨ o "¬ô ; _ M 4ô
è^îëf ä4V ïuí“-å^ãå¢ãïuä4å+ä4ææä^ùÛêoèÿæí y å+êëï‰ã å4ê0é ä^èZå4í\ý î þ ê]ó ä&ý ìíëæê0è ä îëêëå¢çÿæä•ä^ó ð ä¢èÿæê0è)è.ä•æÀé ä+ïÂù•ã ææêoèÿæê]é{ã ùÒä^è Û
M ’ 1 9 
G G © © © Ò
ðCì ä%ó ä8ïuæêëïuïžä o êÚï‰ç—ì+ìí0èZê0èZå+í! ó ê!ã ù ìêëå+ê0è ê& ã èZå^ã ì—ê0è.å+ê0èÿ
æÀã
å+ä^ó ó ä
üé ê çÿê0è ä ïuî0é{ã ëã ä^ùÛí ã è¦ä4îëîëíoé å4í
ä¢ó ä!é ê0ó ä ã íoèZê]÷ ùÛíïuæé ä4æäªã è ÷ ÊnÎ Êânâ
)
÷
á ý
á

Ê¿
ê  ç)$ ã èZå¢h ¨ ã g A V i j _S ï i  ï l ¨ k íoA óVæ â  H Ý ì4ì+ó h ¨ k A V © í í0y é XäÜó ä2é êëðCíoó ä°å4ê0óÂìä¢é æ ã æíoé ê ï‰ãuíëææã ê0èZê
S H Ý mWH Ý ã îëä¢èÿå+
) k A
V >
ý áþ X ý Ö ÷
k A l ¨ k A X ¨ l k
¡ X ¨
ç)è V çZê cCmm j S j m S j æ  mm æ A cCÊmm ïH Ý H m¾ Ý H y Ý íoy H ¡ Ýó æ H Ý mm í
<ê0é Aí c W H ÝÝ Ý  mWmWH H Ý Ý  A c © ý í0ó æ
l k
 
¨ l k ô
7 6 M

+ ëã å4)êoèÿæê0÷ ùÛ k êo ¨ ê n ã T óžõ Vå¢ã ¨ïžä+å4` õõ ä4` æ¨ æä^ùÛêoý èÿþ æí
ì+X é í÷ å¢çÿîëê]ç)pè UV ã qsè)rèZr ä^¨ ó ä^9 ùÛ"tGuê6 èZ4 æ>í“å4M êoþ ó ‡ä^ý ó íoé ê\êëü Þ.îëä4îëê ïuê\ï‰nã NçZíoóÂùÒä^Zè Û
A c èÿæo
æþ ê0èZê0é ê
ó ä•ïuæêëïuïuä!÷ Ýìíæêoè Ý äÚå^ã‰çZïžî0ã æä
÷

ý
Zu Za Zu Za

v
50 Ω v 50 Ω v
Vg Vo 50 Ω Vg Vo 50−j50 Ω

Disadattamento

î ïñðóòäðxw õj@Jcd7:9sö!?>ö ùb9ùúTö ø'ùø7:9ù

y{z}|(~ ©£…£v© | ­h © ~ ®€ ]‚ ~ ª ­ |{ƒ  z €,©žd/ ªZ€© ­ ª z}„  | |†… z‡ƒ  ~s~ ª]ˆ | ­ ª z‰„  € | |°© ‹Š |(z}ƒFŒ ªF«Qª ~|„ € |(„ „ | £…©  ˆ
z ª†®Ž…%ëª5«<«QªZ€ªXª« „ ª5« || | |(~„ €,ª „ ª ƒ7z © ƒŒ ª „ € | « ­ ©«Q«<©èBª(0ÉW« | ­ © z © | ­ © ~‰ƒF| «  © z1ƒ …3©3© ~‰ƒ  ~~ ªZˆ | ˆ
­ ª z}„  | | ª)/§/ ª „„ … | €ª‚«Q© | ­ ~„  ~ … z ˆ ‘Š „ |(z}„  | | © ­ ®°ª5|°©s€ z ª ~s| €,ª |~ ©£…£ | £v©  z ª ­ ª|9© |(z‰„ ª3… z‰’ …ˆ
z © ƒF|“U” Ü ““ Ü Š• | |lƒF| …3« | |9ª ~~’ ª ƒ7ƒ ª5«<«Q©!è |l|(„ „ ª z … | £…©  z ª1|9©«Q®  z © ‚ © ~ ª Š} ®9®…}€ª¶®°ª]€ ~| ­ |z‰ƒF|(z £ |
|9© ƒ  z |9©£v©  z ©œ|°©ý±
è ©«<© ‚ © ~ © „ ¸• z–„|~CƒF| « ‘ŠC ƒ7ƒ  €7€,ª~«O…|9|9©!豩|9ªZ€ª~© ~Cƒ  ~~ ª]ˆ | ­ ª z}„  © z ®9©— “U” Ü ““U˜
§© z™z … ­ ª]€  |9©}š˜‘ ' |°© ­ ª z «<©  z‰|(„ ªò© z ­ |  „|~ ª ƒŒ ª  ˆ z … z}| €©®€,©« „ © z ©°© ~Ž~ ©!豪 ~~  |9©°«<ª]ˆ z‰|(~ ª | |
… z è |~  €ª—® | €,© | (  …ª ~~  © z © z ˆ›€,ª5«<«  |(~~s|†„ € |(„ „ | « „ ª5«<« | „ € |(z}z ª  èpèB© | ­ ª z}„ ª ~s’ … ~„ © ­ | '<
1 2 M

m(t) . . . . . m(t)+n(t)
Gœ d Aœd Gœ d Aœ d Gœ d Aœd Gœ d
i 1 1 2 2 u
dB

Pm d

Ipsogramma

 € |  ˆ z © ƒ  ®°®9© | |9© „ € |„„ ª#«Q© „ € Zž | … zŸ”7 ¢¡£˜F“U “ i ”7˜¥¤¦ƒŒ ª | ­ ® ~ s© § ƒ7| © ~ <« ª]ˆ z‰|(~ ªŽ© z ­ © «O…}€ |
® | €© |(~ ®€  ®€,©  ›
ˆ … | | | ˆ z  |°©«<®  z © ‚ © ~ ª‡¨ª© P¬« ªX® | €,© ƒ © ] |(~~/’ © z ª]€,«  9 | ª ª
~~s’ |(„ „ z … |£…©  z ª
®Ž­ ¯NP Š  ° ž
 ¶ %·°¸UT ³ ·WVXV µ¦µ 
  V ·WV ²:±! ¸FV ¯\³ · ² V " Ã #

|9©«<®  z © ‚ © ~ ªX|9ª ~~|„ € |„„ | ®€,ª ƒ ª”|9ª z‰„ ª(²± ~ €7… ­ €,ª „ ªZ€ ­ © ƒ  |(ƒFƒ … ­ … ~|›„  |(~~/| § z ª |°ª ~£ƒ  ~s~ ª]ˆ | ˆ
­ ª z}„  ®Ž…‰³ ƒ7|~sƒ  ~| €,«Q© ƒ  z © ­ ª „  ° | © „ € | |9©£v©  z‰|(~ © Š‘­ |ƒ  z <« ©|9ª]€ |(z |  ƒFŒ  ª © ~´~ © ž ª ~~  |°©3«QªZˆ z}|(~ ª
°  « ª5«<«  ®°ª]€ …
~ „ „ 
„ „ ©9©µ€,©®9ª ©  €,© Š «<©  ©ª ªª… €©«u…
„ „ 
„ „ z z s
~
„ (
| „  © ‰
z „ ª €,ª5«<«
] 
| ‰
z „ ª Š ƒŒ ª  € | © ~s~ …« „ €ªZ€Qª ­ 
¶ | €ª ­· …© z |°© z  „ | €ª ~s’ © z´¸ …3ª z £ | 9 | ª ~s~| |°©« „  €,«Q©  z ©(¹     ˜Fº”7 U“»hz ª ~ ®Ž€  ˆ±ª „<„   ¹oi—¹ªº ¹
¼]½¿¾ À¿¾ Á¿¾I¼ Ì]дà#Ô3¹Nß2ÓZß9¹§à#Í»ºëÔ%κjº4дà}ÐÎoÓÿÔ
 «<«QªZ€ ž |(z |  «  ~| ­ ª z}„ ª˜© ~ «<ª]ˆ z‰|(~ ª‚© z …3« ƒ © „| | |~s~’ … ~„ © ­ €©®9ª „ © „  €Qª Š «Q©K®…}³—|9ªZ§ z ©s€,ªª… zLãÄ\Å
ƒ 5  ­ ® ~ ª «Q«Q© ž@ ƒ 5­ ª ãÄLÅÇÆ «ÉÈÊ }– ’ |(~„ € | ® | € „ ª Š © ~ €F… ­ €ª ƒ ­ ® ~ ª5«<«Q© ž›l° | Zž … „  | © ƒ  z ˆ
„ 
€ ©‚ … „ ©K|9©}€F… ­ €ª—© z}„ €  |  „„ ©‘| È| ©‘«Q© z ˆ  ~ ©µ€,©®9ª „ © „  €,©ËIª5«<«Qª z | {· …3ª« „ ©´… ~s„ © ­ ©K© z |9©®9ª z |°ª z‰„ © „ € |
~  € ‹Š ~s| ®  „ ª z £ | |9µ © €7… ­ €,ª |(ƒFƒ … ­ … ~|(„ | ° ~s| « ­¯­ | |9ª ~~ ª•«<© z ˆ  ~ ‚ ª ®  „ ª z £…ª˜|9©µ€7… ­ €,ªË
Þ Þ
ϛà á
Ì «ÎÍ}Ï «ÎÐÒÑ@ӉÏCÔÕÖFצ«ÎÐÙØ Ÿ Þ
Ú ÛÝÜ Z
Ó ÔÕÖß «ÒÐä㠟ZÞ Ó‰Ï ÔÕ Ö‹åæ« Ÿ]Þ Í}Ï P «ÉŸÞ ç Ì P
ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ
â
Þ
„ ­
 «<«QªZ€ ž © | 
­ h € |LƒŒ ª[®9ªZ€
 ˆ z ©«Q© z ˆ  ~  €©®9ª „ © „  €ª[®…}³[ª«Q«<ª]€,ª¯|°ª]§ z © „  … z ®Ž€  ®€Q©  ÃCÄ\Å
P
ÈÊ Š ª · …© z |°© Ì P «
P
ÈÊ P  ² ª]€ „|z‰„  s~ ’ëãÄLÅoƒ ­ ® ~ ª5«<«Q© ž› €,©«O… ~„ | Ë ÃC\ Ä Å²Æ « È Ê P (
 ï  „ © |
«
û ˆ
È
XP ƒ è êé ì Pîí Ê P
] _
­ð € |™ƒFŒ ª Š ª«Q«<ª z |  © ~ €7… ­ ,€ ª ƒ 5­ ® ~ ª«Q«<© ž@ ,€ ©dñ ªZ€ © „  | |l… z\~ © ž ª ~~  |°©p«QªZˆ z‰|~ ª†|°©‰€,©sñ§ª]€,© ­ ª z ˆ
„ ‘Š ~  « „ ª5«<«  |9ª ž ª | ž›ž ª z © € ª}®°ª]€ ©œ«Q© z ˆ  ~ © ƒ  z‰„  € © ‚ … „ © Ì P Š ƒ  «<© ƒFƒŒ‰òhz ª ~s~’ … ~„ © ­ | ª«Q®Ž€ ª”«<«Q©  z ª
ƒ
 F
ƒ ƒ  €7€,ª ƒ  «<©|9ª]€ €,ª Ì£ó P « Ìêó
z | ƒ  1
z 
ô õ Š ñ  € ª |  ©
z z z |°ª]§ © © ž
z „ |

Ì Þó Þ
ãÄLÅöÆ « « ø
Ì÷ó ì ­ ì
 é P
è ê è ÷­ é P
ù …3ª« „  €,©«u… ~„|„  
® …}³•ª5«<«QªZ€ª†ª«Q®Ž€ª«Q«  ƒ  z1~| ñ¥€ | «Qª

úüû ãÄLÅ\¡¿”7ý ¹ ýZ““Uý ¹ º3¡¿ þ ¦ º¿ÿ
F˜î  ¹   ¡¿˜ ¹ ˜}“ ¬  ú ¡¿º”Fº ú¥ú ˜ ú ý ¹ ˜ ú  !ÃCÄ\Å ¹ ý
´ÿ@“ ´º ú¥ú ˜
¹   W˜F”F˜ ¦ º£ÿ
F˜ ¹  ‰”ÿ
ýZ”7˜

®9ªZ€ ž © | ª ~s~|{|(z}|›~  Bˆ © | ñ  € ­ |(~ ª ƒ  z‡~| €,ª5«<©« „ ª z‹| ª · …3© ž @

| ~ ª ‰
z „ ª ©(… z ® | € |(~~ ª ~ Ž
© €,ª5«<©« „ ª z ª
~’ |z´|~  ˆ
 | ª ž  ª z  | Š „ €  | ~’ |›~„ € ‹Š ƒŒ ªÆ«Qª … z}|–„ € ( | „ „| ° ƒ  z « Zª €ª ž  ~
› ­ ª z}„ ª#®9ªZˆ›ˆ  €ª ª ~s~ ª
€ ª Š ãÄ\Ų
|(~„  Æ ®°ª z ª]€,¸ ª«Q«<ª z  |(~ ­ ª } z „ ª | · …3ª5« „ | 
± ~ €«u… ~„|(„  | ƒ …j« | ­ ˆ
… z}„  Œ‰| ž ( | ~   „ ¸®s—¦ˆ±ª z ª]€ (| ~ ª ª ~(ƒF| «   ~ ~ …« „ € |„ ‹Š ªF®Ž…‰³Fª5«<«QªZ€Qª
 z ž› ƒ7|„ ‡ ˆ z  ž› ~„|1ƒŒ ª‡… z «« „ ª ­ |  ƒ 5 ­ … z  ƒ7|   z ª ° | ñ¥ñ§ª „ „  | ®— 7ƒ | …3«Qª  « „ …}€ ‚
|   „  ž›   z ®9ª z ª z‰„  „ € |l~  € ‹Š ®9ªZ€  ˆ z … ‰ z | ª ~~ ª · … (| ~ œ«î« | «Qª® | €  | „| ­ ª z‰„ ª z ˆ›€ |  
ˆ
… z
€ ª 
ˆ ª], | … z‰| ª5«<® € ª«Q«  z ª  ãÄ\Å 
² €  «<ª]ˆ›… | 
­  ~’ |(zµ|(~ «®  „  ‘|z 3 € |¦ƒŒ ª „ … „„ ª ~ ª „ € |(„ „ ª—« Þ ˆ@… |@~  „ € |¦~  € ‹ŠZž›ž ª]€ 
|(z  …‰
ƒ  z ªZˆ›… |(~  ©ª ¨ © Š …‰ˆ@… |@~  „ª ­ ° ® ª]€ |„ …}€ª µ€7… ­ €,ª Š ª …‰ˆ@… |@~  ãÄ\Å   ± zh„|~ƒ7| «  «  „ „ ª z ª
Þ
ÃCÄ\Å
ÃCÄ\ÅöÆ « ø «
š
è"! é P
Þ ç
ƒ  zÒÃCÄ\Å « $ à Ä\Å&% «$# È' Š Zž ª Ì*) «$+",- P/.
# £ ° ~s|10  3„ 2]z‹|4 !€7…5  € 2z2]~~s| ‚ |(z Ž| 
5 2766O| ˆ›ˆ   . Š Ì é ° ~s|80  „3È
2W( z‹| € ƒ2 ž … „ |9 Ž| … z €  02]„  „  € 2;: …‰ˆ@… |(~<202 € „ … „ „  62\~<21„ € |„„32
6  z  …‰ˆ@… |(~ <= Š 2 # ° … z ñ |(„ „  € 2ƒŒ2>  02]z 2? Ž|(~„  0  @5  … ~|   z2 A 2 5 ‚ € 2 € 2 ‚‚ 2& … z · … 2
ƒ Œ 2B02 C€ 5sˆ ~   € | € 2{~’¢Ã£Ä\Å΃  5 0~<2766  ž› 6  |6 …}ñü§ ƒ  2]} z „D2B2Z~E2 ž | € 2  ~}~  ž 2]~~   „ € |6 5 66   z2 
„ … „„ ݈ ~  6O„ |  Š  z 5   Ž | 2]<~ 2 ž | € 2‡~s
| 0  3„ 2]
z ‹|  € 
ƒ 2 ž … „| ª± z € 2Z|(~„DF\~|;0  „D2W z ‘|1„ € |6 5 2
66u|
z  z 0 …‰³ |  … 5 2]z}„| € 23G | 0  |(
ƒ 2 € 2 Š  z · … |(z}„   z}D „ 2 € ž 2]z ˆ  z  ñ 2]z  5 2Zz   z   z Hü~  
z 2]| 
€ D
„ F 
"II JKLNMOQPSRTP V U;WXZY[P\W^]_O]TW^Y`MJSP

¼]½¿¾ À¿¾ Á¿¾ba c?de`fNghdejik

k7d;lmg"ng"o*ejdghiplmig"ejqrd;ipsNqtqvuQlwighejdsxo*y/nz
qduQi
y{6 …  „32
5 0  6  °‡ 662 € ž |„  ƒ  5 2|02 { € … z`62 ˆ z‰|~E2 5  … ~s|„ ‹Š ~|;0 € 2762]z‘|; C… z92]~<2 5 2Zz‰„ 
|hƒ  5  0
€ 
„ | 5 2
] ‰
z „  z  z ~  z  2
Z | € }
2 :
ü „  0  F
ƒ | 5 2Zz‰„32¦~’ | 5 0~ /§ ƒF|(„  € 2  0  „32]z‹|~ 2]~¿„ € |6 5 2]„ „  „  € 2 =
0 €  … ƒ2  z}„D2 €7ñ 2 € 2]z‹|  z ‚ |(z@ | Š ~| ƒ  …  0  „D2Zz‹|9  02Zz 2ƒ  z ~E2 ˆ›ˆ 21ƒ … ‚  ƒ7|4 |~s~|`0  „32]z‹|
2Z~*62 ˆ z‰|E~ 2™„ €  | 6 5 2
66   ±  z  ƒ7|z ™·  …  z  ƒ  zÒãÄLÅ& « ÈÊ  ~ € |00  € „  ãÄLÅ ƒ  5 0~<2766  H
È €

ž› 2Z~!ƒ  ~~E2 ˆ | 5 2Zz‰„  ]ž … „  |LƒF| … 62p  z  z5~  z2Z| € „3F Š   ¹  ¢¡£˜ ¹ ˜}“  ¹ º ú ”ÿ
ý]”F˜†“˜F” ‚Fý Š
 662 € ž  | 5  ƒ Œ 2 · … 2
6O„  ¹     ÷ÿ›  7˜ð|(~s~’ |  … 5 2]z}„| € 2ƒ 2Z~s~| 0  3„ 2]
z ‹|„ € | 6 5 2
66u|; |  ˆ z £€ 027H
„  „  € 2 @„ 2  Š s~ ’ëãÄLÅeƒ  5 Ž
€ „|z‰„ ‘ 0 ~E2
66  @ž  ƒŒ2{„  2Zz2{ƒ  z‰„  6  G
| 2]~ €F…5  € 2{„32 €5 ƒ   ƒ Œ2  · … 2]~~ 
@ z‰„32 €5  … ~s|    z 2 Š 2ªƒFŒ2>0  66  | 5    „ „32]z2 € 2ªƒ  5 2…  ~0Ž| € |(~~E2Z~ 
†  2Zz‰„ € | 5 ‚  (Š  66  |

ãÄLÅ « ø
èh! ­ é‡~ˆ è"! ­ é €
0 € 72 62Wz‰„ | … z 5 |66 < 5  0 2 €î… zƒ2 € „ { ž |(~  € 2>  0  3„ 2]z‘|¦„ € |6 5 2
66u| Š(]ž@ž 2 €  276  6O„32 … z~ <5 2]zH
6   z‰| 5 2Zz‰„ ª „„ E5   z ˆ›€ |  µñ  € z s€ 2  ~ 5ˆ ~   € ãÄLÅeƒ  5 0Ž~E2
66  ž@ 

‰ k
iejfNqd
Š | §‰ˆ@…‰€ |†|¦~|(„  5 6 „ € |¦~s’ |(z |
 O 5 2]z}„  
SNR SNR complessivo
SNR termico
SNR intermod. ãÄLÅ « ø
è"! ­ 釈 èh! ­ é
10
€
Zž … „  |  2 „D2 €5 z
… 3 
1
Ì÷ó
ãÄLÅöÆ « Ì÷ó 2¦Ã£Ä\Å& «
Pm Ì óÏ Ì?ó Ž
0.1 ‹ øTŒ ˆ ‹b ^
ø Œ
0 2 4 6 8 10

  5 2>6  ž 2
2 Š ãÄLÅ[0 € 2
62Zz‰„ | … z 5 
| 66 <5  02 € ÌÝ󑐓’ 
‹•”
 –

¾ —>˜^™Tš˜^™T›Tœœ7˜*Ÿžö¾—| T¡N¡£¢˜Z™\¤t¥Ÿ¥Ÿ¢¦p§ ˜7ýZ”O ¥º ¹ ˜F Ÿ¨C˜v‰º ú  

–

¾ —p¤t©ª¤t«S¤t¬Ÿ¬­›t ‰ ¾
—p¢D®T¥Ÿ¢m¤t™T¢‚p§ ˜FýW”7 ¥º ¹ ˜ ú¥ú º;¯²”7ý
°(º°  ú  ¥“»Ÿ˜G±$ºŽ”7 ¥º°  ú  ªFºÿ›º ú   Š ù … | 2 € z 
@² ~EZ2 „ „ €  z  ƒ7| Š #
³ ´µ}¶  € z ˆ Œ  2 €
· ›S¸Z©¹—p¤t¥Ÿ¥˜^º¼»xS½ ¾  } ¥“º ú § ˜ ú ˜t¡x¿‰ý

À Š #V³³•#ªÁ  Œ‰z~  ~E2
à |(z A  z6 Š ï 27ÄÆÅ  €Ç

È 
¾ c?˜^©T¡N¤N¥Ÿ¥Ÿ¢D¤Q™*¢/p§ ˜ ú ˜7ý
–ÿ
‰ Fº7É@ üý
‰  Š Iµµµ}„N „| ˆ  € |}27  „ €  ƒ2H ¶  ~  ˆ z‰|

Ê 
¾ —¾c>˜^™\¥œ›ª©t   55… z  ƒF|(„   z A Ã
6u„D2 5 6 Š "Ë © ²  „   z Š #V³´Ì}Í ƒ^Î € |
Ä“Ï  ~~
Ð

¾ cp S›Tºƒ›t~§ ˜ ú 
˜ ºŽ“ /7º Š Iµµ‰# Œ‰„ „D0 Ë ÑÒÑ z2]„   z ñ  ƒ  –
5  … z s €  5 | #(  „ Ñ „~<2 5}Ñ ~… ƒ  ÓÑ ~… ƒ    0Œ0 "

Ô ¾Õ1¤t¡£¢m©x˜* Ê ¾Ö›x×^¤N™\¢¼Ø ý ¹Ù\Ù¼§Ú º"ۂÜQ7ýC Ù ú¥ú Ù­Ý}ÙÞ   ¹   Ø

ý –ÿ
‰ Fº7ɛ ¥ý
 Ùßà³³­àT² <áDâEã 2 ŠNä
Î?å7æ  ä â E ã ä H^
ç å 5 ä
Ô ¾Õ1¤t¡£¢m©x˜* Ê ¾Ö›x×^¤N™\¢\è  ¦Þ Ú ý ¹ ÿÉ@ üý
 Ù º ú¥ú Ù}Ý}ÙÞ   §Ù ú Ù Û<ý
‰ m¿ Ù}é ‰º ú mý ‰ m¿ Ù;Ù}ê ÿ
 Ù Ú  m¿ Ù ß
àV³´³ƒ² Eá3âEã 2 ŠNä Î?å7æ  ä â < ã ä HŸ^
ç å 5 ä
Ô ¾ È ¾
Õ1¢£—|¤t©T¤N«T¤t¬Ÿ¬­›tëî¾ Ô ˜Z©T«­˜^™\¢m©T¢‚>Ø 7ý –ÿ‰ 7º
ɛ ¥ý7} Vì ú ÙÞ¦Þ/Ú   m¿ Ùß"Iµµµ¼² Eá3âEã 2 ŠNä Î?å
H
æ  ä â <ã ä HŸçTå 5 ä
Öæ¾í¦¾ Ð ™\¤t¤QºC˜C©t§
Ù ú Ù 7ý
–ÿ
} ‚Fº Þ  ¥ý7¹¨À Þ¦Ù î쉠 ÙÚ ‚   ߣI ) ©
² <áD å7ï ßNÁ å
ðïj  æE2
Ãñ
A å7ï6
cl¾òo¾ó9¤t¥Ÿœ¬™^›Sº¼ ¯ Ú ý7°º°(  ú   Þ Àº ¹ ¨ Þ 7ý Fº Þ   >¯ Ú 7ý  Ù  Ù >Ûý Ú ì
} ‚ ÙÙÚ ßTI ) © >
ß àV³³­à~Í ä ã H
<
æ æ ï
5 ä 5 ä „Nôõ  æ 6  ð 
ï 
ö ^
 å 5 ä 0 
ï Ã
÷ ¾ – ¾ · ˜»
˜C©S¬7ëî¾ ÷ ›T¥Ÿ¥T½ ¾  }  Þ º ú Ø ý ¹  
lýmÛ¼ø{º Ù ÛXý Ú  ßxà³´ù}„Nâ 27ï á3<ã 2
H‚Ï ä æEæ ßï}Á
Ô ¾íB¢Dœ¬7˜^©T¬¢3 Ê 
¾ Ö;›­×^¤Q™\¢‚Ø 7
ý –ÿ
} ‚Fº7É@ üý
‰  ½ º Þ  
ß ú 00 ô ï áD
ëî¾ Ô ˜^©S«x˜Z™\¢m©T¢‚|§
Ù ý Ú  üº ¹Ù  ¨ Ù }º ú   ß­àV³û³B² <áDâ<ã 2 Š£ä Î?å
æ  ä â <ã ä HŸçTå 5 ä
Ê  ¾ ýþtþt¤Q©S¸Z¤Q¢Dº>­Öæ¾òo¾ – ¸£˜CÿŸ¤t™£\½
¾ ü    Þº ú C
 ‰ ¨  ¾‰º ú ¡ Ú 7ý  Ù 7 
 ßxà³û
G„Nâ 27ï áD<ã 2?Ï ä æ<æ ߛï}Á
Ê 
¾ ë\˜Zþt›T S¥Ÿ¢ œh ¯ Ú 7 ý °º°(  ú   Þ ÀX¤ Ý 
º  ¹ ý
 Wº Ú  ¥º° ú Ù ¤¿º ¹ ¨ Þ
ý m¿‰º Þ ¦  ­¯ Ú 7ý  Ù  ٠ߟàV³³Ÿà^Í`ã Î â ä ļH
Ï  æ<æ ± ï á ² 6 
—1¾ëG¤t™^›S©T¢‚>Ø 7ý –ÿ‰ 7º
ɛ ¥ý7} ì ú ÙÞ/Þ/Ú   m¿ Ùß² A­ã 27ï á3§ã ð2 AŸ 2 â 2 ä ß­àV³û ç^å 5 ä
Ê 
¾ Ö›x×Z¤t™\¢SÝ}ÙÞ   ¹   Þ¦Ù ú Ù Oý
–ÿ
‰ Fº7ɛ ¥ý
 ÙßVú 00 ô ï áD

I
 Iù JKLNMOQPSRTPVU
;WXZY[P\W^]_O]TW^Y`MJSP

Ô ¾ – ¡£¸^˜^™\¬ hTè 
Ûý Ú º Þ  ¥ý" §Ú 

º  ‚O ¥ý7@¤ ý ¹ ÿ ú º Þ  ¥ý7@¤ 
º  ;
¹ ê ý]  Ùß*ùƒ² <á3 å
ï ߪàV³³µß
Í`ã Î â ä Ä‘Ï  æ<æ
Öæ¾ – ¬Ÿ¤t¤t¥Ÿ¤ 
ý °(  ú B
Ù Ý º ¹  ¥ý Ø
ý –ÿ
‰ Fº Þ  üý
 à³³I „ 27ï á 2 ã ð „Nâ 2766 Š å
ï å
ï ßGàV³³
ù± ²T²^²
0 â 2766 ï}Á
Ð ¾ È ¾ – ¬Ÿ™\¤NºG¥¤t™£>Ø
ý –ÿ
‰ Fº Þ  üý
¨À Þ/Ù  ß­àV³³µCú   6å
ïHÂ4276æE2
Ã
Ê ¾ – 
¾ ž*˜^©T¤t©Sš˜ª Tº¼SÝ}ÙÞ   ¹   Ø 7ý †¡îÿ Þ¦ÙÚßxàV³´
³ Î âô 00å ² <á å â ä æE2 Á ä ãwÇ 6å
ï
¾ 폾 – ¡£¸Z¢m¥Ÿ¥Ÿ¢D©T®t ¯ Ú ‚  7 ¢¡ ú Ù
ó¾ž*˜S Tš­Õ  ¬ýwÛ Ø
ý –ÿ
‰  h7º Þ  ¥ý7¨À Þ¦Ù  ß­à³´ÌÍ`ã Î â ä Ä Ï  æEæ
 ¼ È  i u*ig"ny/ql ¼
àÒà  â ä 6 5 66  å7ï2¼ 2
æEæ  ï ñ å â5 ä   å7ï2  à
à I  â ä 6 5 66  å7ï  ï ô5 2 â<ã ð2  I
à  A 27öï ä æ  ä ï ä æ<å7ö Eã<ßã 2 âáD 27 ä æE2 ä á å â

à Òà ç ä 00 â 27627ï á ä   å7ï2?  62
ö
ï ä æ  ä ï ä æ å
ö <ã Ì
à  I ç ä 00 â 27627ï á ä   å7ï2?  0 â å ã 2"66  ä æE2 ä á å â Ì
à    â ä ï6 Eá å? 2  62
ö
ï ä æ  ä áDá3â ä ž 2 â 6å6  6 á 2 5µ§ 6 <ã Ì
à ù A 27öï ä æ  ï ô5 2 âEã  û
à
 27å â ä 27æ<æE2¼0 â å õ ä õ æ Eá F  ´
à Ì A­ 6 á 2 5   27æ<2 ã å 5ô ï <ã ä   å7ï2  ´
à û A 27öï ä æ  2?6  6 á 2 5 à à

à ûÒà  ä â ä á3á 2 â 6 áD<ã ð2 2  6  6 á 2 5 àà
à û I  ä â ä á3á 2 â 6 áD<ã ð2 2  627öï ä æ   àVI
A 2
ö
ï ä æ<2?  0å á 2"ï ä  àVI
A 2
ö
ï ä æ<2?02 â å
<ã å  àI
A 2
ö
ï ä æ<2?  2
ï2 â ö  ä  àVI
A 2
ö
ï ä æ<2 <5 0 ô æE6  ž å  àVI
ç  ä 66 ô5 2
ï å  àI
² 62 5 0   627öï ä æ   27ï2 â ö  ä  à!
² 62 5 0   627öï ä æ<2 ä ôâ ä á ä æ <5 á ä á ä  à"
à û  ú 602 á3áD´  § 6 Eã 27æ<æ<2>ö â ä ï 272?27ï2 â ö
2 áD<ã ð2  à"
„ å á 2
ï ä  6 á ä ï á ä ï@2 ä  à"
² ï2 â ö  ä  à"
„ å á 2
ï ä  66  0 ä á ä  àù
#Sä æ<å â 2>2 ñü§ã ä ã 2  àVù

a – ighqvips£q Ð do*g"qig ¼%$

IÒà „Nâ 2 â 2 · ô 6 Eá3@áDâ öå7ïå 5 2 á â<ã à!

IÒàÒà ï}ô5 2 âã å 5 0æ<2766 & !à

IÒà I ¶ å â5ô æ<2> ²Tô æ 2 â å  àVÌ
IÒà  ¶ä 6å â' àVÌ
I I A 2 â 2¼  ¶ å ôâ 2 â  àVû
I IÒà A 2
ö
ï ä æ @â 2 ä æ ( à´
I IÒàÒà AŸE55 2 áDâ ä ^å
ï <ô ö ä á ä  àV´
I IÒà I ± ï á 2 â 0 â 2 á ä   å7ï2? 27öæ *) ) ã å 5 2 ñ ä 6å â+ à³
I IÒà  A 2 â 2  â ö
å
ïå 5 2 á3â<ã ä  à³

I

 IÌ M-,/.?MJt]

² 62 5 0  å ËA 2 â 2> 10 å ôâ 2 â ô ï2 å7ï ä â 2 áDá ä ïöå7æ ä â 2  Iµ
I I I A 2 â 2 3  0 å ôâ 2 â ä õ ä ï ä æ <5Eá ä á ä  I à
­
I  4 27å â 2 5 ä „ ä â 62%5 ä æ  II
6 âá å
ö
å
ï ä æ <á Fƒ 27öæ  2
60å7ï2
ï  ä æ ã å 5 0æE2
66 7 I
A 02 á3á â å> @„ å á 27ï ä 02 â 62
ö
ï ä æ  02 â å
<ã8 I
„Nâ å õ æE2 5 ä  I
A å
æ ô   å
ï2  I
I ù ú 0027ï <ã Iù
I ùÒà ú æ<ö
2 õâ ä9# 2 áDá å â ä æ<2  Iù
A 0 ä   å¼ïå â5 ä á å  Iù
A 0 ä   å¼ 2  627ö
ï ä æ  02 â å7 <ã: I

ç  H 2<;ï    å
ï2? 2 ã å
2 ñ ; ã 2
ï á3 10 å ôâ 2 â  I

=  6 ô ö ô ä öæ  ä ï@ ä @A­ã ðÄ ä âá   I

I ù I ² 62 5 0  A 5  æ ô 00å  ï~62 â 2  IÌ
6?ï ä/> ô ä â ä 6 E55 2 áDâ<ã ä  IÌ
4Nâ 27ïå> @<5 0 ô æ<6 @â 2 á3á ä ïöå7æ ä â? IÌ
6?ï ä áDâ ä ïö
å
æ ä â 2¼6 <55 2 áDâEã ä  IÌ
= 2
ï á 2>  62
ö ä 6 <55 2 á3â<ã å  Iû
ç^2 áDá3 ; ã ä á äƒä 6  ïö
å
æ ä 62 5 å
ï ä  Iû
ç^2 áDá3 ; ã ä á äƒä å
ï ä  ï á 2 â ä  Iû

@ žSghnk%A3dghejnlmnsNq Ð doQg"qig aCB

Òà = 2%;ï    å7ï2  I³
4Nâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä @ô ï â 2 áDá ä ïöå7æ<å  µ
 I = 27ï6 <á Fƒ @² ï2 â ö  ä  ­à
  „NâE5 2>0 â å
0 â 2 á F} 27æ<æ ä á3â ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä 30 å ôâ 2 âD ­à
A­<55 2 áDâ ä ã å
ï <ô ö ä á ä  Ÿà
= ô ä æ  á F  Ÿà
Š  ï2 ä âEá F  I
#Sä æ<å â 2 5 2
 å>25 ä æ<å â 2  ï    ä æE2  I
4Nâ ä 6æ ä   å
ï2>ï27æ á 2 5 0å  I
^å
ï627ö ô 27ïV2¼ 2
æEæ ä æ  ï2 ä â<á F} µ  ñ ä 62  
4Nâ ä 6æ ä   å
ï2  ï ñ‚â 2 > ô 27ï ä : ý<÷ E ÿ úGF ÉI¥H ý7 Ù=J ù
^å
ï <ô ö ä á å  ù
 ä 5õ ä 5 27ï á å>  6 ã ä æ ä  ù
 ù K 5 0 ô æ<6å 5 ä á 2 5 ä á3<ã å>2 áDâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á 2ïå á 2%5å7æ L ù
 ùÒà 4Nâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä ô ï ä ã å76 á ä ï á 2  

 ù I 4Nâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä 02 â 627öï ä æ  02 â å7 Eã 

4Nâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä @ô ï ã å
627ïå  Ì
 ù  „Nâ å70 â 2 á Fƒ  ÙÞ F MH F  Ù  Þ ý  Ì

ç  60å76 á ä K 5 0 ô æE6  5 ä 2?^å7ï*5
å
æ ô   å
ï2  Ì

Òà ç  60å76 á ä K 5 0 ô æE6  5 ä  Ì

 I K ï á 2
ö â ä æ<2> @ã å7ï25å7æ ô   å
ï2  û

  NPORQTS­ã å 5 2 ñ‚ô ï  å
ï2 5 2 5 å â ä  ´

 ù ^å7ï*5
å
æ ô   å7ï2 ã å7ïæ E5 0 ô æ 6å á3â ä 6æ ä á å  ´
 Ì Í å7æ áD 0æ <ã ä   å7ï2  ï 0tâ 2 > ô 2
ï ä 2?ï27æ 4 2 5 0å  ³
Í å
æ á3 0æ Eã ä   å
ï2  ï 0£â 2 > ô 27ï ä  ³
 MU,/.?MVJx] Iû

Í å
æ á3 0æ Eã ä   å
ï2&ï27æ 4 2 5 0å>:V ý<E÷ÿ úWF ÉH¥ý7 Ù=X ùµ
 û = 2 â 5 ä   å
ï2¼27 K ï á 27ö â ä   å7ï2?ï2
æ 4 2 5 0å  ùµ
= 2 â 5 ä   å7ï2?ï27æ 4 2 5 0å  ù­à
K ï á 27ö â ä   å7ï2¼ï2
æ 4 2 5 0å  ù­à
² 62 5 0  åZY 4Nâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä @ô ï á3â ä ïö
å
æEå  ù­à
 ´ 4Nâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä  627öï ä æ  02 â å7 Eã[ ùI
4Nâ 27ïå> @<5 0 ô æ<6 \ ù
A 2
ö
ï ä æ<2?02 â å
<ã å  ù

4Nâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä 2
æ á3â 2
ïå> <5 0 ô æE6 ] ù

4Nâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä  62
ö
ï ä æ<2?02 â å7 <ã å  ùù
 ³ ú 0027ï <ã ùù
 ³Òà ² 62 âã   å  ùù
 ³ I A­ô æ<æ ä á3â ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä @ô ï ä ã å76 á ä ï á 2  ùù
 ³  0£ ï2
6 á3â ä áDôâ ä 2?6 á3E5 ä 602 á3áDâ ä æ<2  ù


 ³ ù 4Nâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä  6 ãâ 2 á ä 30 å ôâ 2 â^ ùÌ
 ³
4Nâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä ô ïö â ä  ïå  ù´
 ³ Ì A­ ï á 276  2
æEæ<2¼0 â å
0 â 2 á FG 27æ<æ ä á3â ä 6 ñ å â5 ä á ä 30 å ôâ 2 â  ù´

_ c?nejfNq/du*nejiu*lwdipž\g"nk
ejqvk
k7qdu*i|sNiqtÕGnlmq _ZB
ùÒà 4 27å â 2 5 ä 2
æ ä 5 0  å7ï ä 5 27ï á å  ù³
ùÒàÒà ú æ  ä 6  ï@ö 
­à
ùÒà I ² 
ï 2 â  ä @ô ï~62
ö
ï ä æE2 ã ä 5 0  å7ï ä á å 
ö
­à
ùÒà  ` 6å?0 â ä áD<ã å 
I
ù I 4Nâ ä 6 5 66  å7ï  ï ô5 2 â<ã ð2 

ù IÒà 4Nâ ä 6 5 66  å7ï2¼ï ô5 2 âEã ä 6 ôã ä ï ä æE2 ä ï ä æ<å7ö <ã å> ¶ ä ï ä ¶ ä 62 

ù IÒàÒà A 27öï ä æ<2? ä á3a


ù IÒà I çT2 > ô 6 <áD 02 â æ E5 0 ô æ 6å? @áDâ ä 6 5 66  å7ï2 


Š <5<á ä   å
ï2> õ ä ï ä 

Š <5<á ä   å
ï2>ï27æ á 2 5 0å 
ù
Š <5<á ä   å
ï2>  0 â 2 ã 6  å7ï2 
ù
ù IÒà  Tå7ï    å7ï  ´  ï à > ô 6 áb


^å
62
ïå>ç  ä æ  ä á å 
Ì
ù I I ^å7  ; ã ä  æ  ï2 ä 
´
ù I IÒà Tå7 <ã  Š  ï2 ä}ä õ ä ï ä  ï*;ï <á ä 
´
ù I I I 4£â ä 6 5 66  å
ï2 5ô æ áD æ  527æ<æ<å 
³
ù I I  Tå7 <ã 2>  Î â ä à  Ìµ
ù I  ^
 å7  ; ã ä   ä ï ä æ<2  Ì­à
ù I Òà Tå7 <ã ä õ æ<å ãã ð  ̟à
^å
ï á3â å
æEæ<å>  0 ä âEá F  ̟à
ù I  I Tå7 <ã ä ã å ââ 2
  å7ï2  ̟à
^å
<ã 2 ä â 02 á3   å
ï2  ÌI
=  6 á ä ï ä  Ï ä 55 ïö  ÌI
0N² Æ2 ú î ç ù  ÌI
ù I ù A­ãâ ä 5õ æ  ïö  ÌI
ù  ç^2 á3 á3â ä 6 5 66  å7ï2  Ì

ù Òà Í`ô æ áD 0æ ä   å7ï2> @á 2 5 0å?ï ô5 2 â<ã ä  Ì

4Nâ ä 5 ä „  Í  Ìù
 I´ M-,/.?MJt]

 ú A ? 2 ^ Ac Ì


A­ ï ãâ 7å ï   ä   å7ï2> @ã 27ï á3â ä æ<2  Ì

Ì

ù   A­ ï ãâ å
ï  V ä   å
ï2&  ç^2 á 2  ÌÌ
² æ ä 6 áD<ãTA­á å â 2  Ìû
ù  ù Í 2766 ä ö
ö   627ö
ï ä æ ä   å7ï2  Ìû
ù 
4 å70å7æ<å7ö  ä â 2 á 2  ̳
ù  Ì K ï6 á3â ä ä 5 2
ï á å  Ì³
ù  û ^å 55ôá ä   å7ï2  ûµ
ù  ûÒà çT2 á3 ä  5  6  å7ï2?  60 ä   å  ûµ
ù  û I çT2 á35ô æ á3 6 á ä  å  ûµ
ù  û  Tå 55ôá ä   å7ï2&ï ô5 2 âEã äGä  5  6  å7ï2¼ á 2 5 0å  û­à
4N<5 2 A æEå ádK ï á 2 âã ð ä ïö
2 âe ûŸà
^å 55ôá ä   å
ï2 õ <5 27ï6  å7ï ä æ<2  ûI
ù ù ú 0027ï <ã û
ù ùÒà Í`ô æ áD 0æ ä   å7ï2 ä  5  6  å
ï2; Sá 2 5 0å 5 27  ä ï á 2 5 å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2  ä 5 H
0  27 ä 2
ö
æ <5 0 ô æE6  û 

ù ù I 4Nâ ä 6 5 66  å7ï2 ú 6  ï ãâ å7ï ä  û
ù ù  ^å7 Eãã å
ï25
å
æ ô   å7ï ä æ f ûù
ù ù Òà =  ä ö â ä 55 ä @áDâ ä ï6    å7ï2  ûù
² 62 5 0  åZY^T: Iߦàß=g û

ù ù  I =  ä ö â ä 5 äBä á3â ä æ <ãã å  û

ù ù   = 2 ã å7  ; ã ä  # Eá 2 âõh ûÌ
ç i 2
66  å
ï  ûû

$ ë&g"d*jtn2jtqy/qvlUë&ghdrik7k
q£is ‰ g"g"dg"q k%B

Òà 4 27å â ä 27æ<æE2¼0 â å õ ä õ æ Eá F  û³

ÒàÒà ú 66  å 5 2
æEæ<2>0 â å õ ä õ æ  á F  ´µ

Òà I 4 27å â 2 5 õ ä 62  ´µ

Òà  „Nâ å õ ä õ æ  á F ã å7ï    å7ï ä æ  ´µ

Òà ù 4 27å â 2 5 ä @¶ ä Ã
2
6  ´­à

Òà
K ï  02
ï 2
ï ä 6 á ä á3 6 á3Eã ä  ´I

Òà Ì ² 62 5 0 @â ä 66 ô ï á3 5 l ´I

 I #Sä â ä õ æ  ä æ<2 ä á å â 2  ´

 IÒà 0Nô ï  å
ï   2
ï6 <á F2?   6 áDâEõô   å
ï2¼  0 â å õ ä õ æ  á F  ´
K 6 á å7ö â ä 55 ä  ´ù

 I I Í 7
2  ß5 å 5 27ï áD 2 5 å 5 27ï á3@ã 2
ï á3â ä á3X
2 ´ù

 I  #Sä â ä õ æ 2 ä æ<2 ä á å â äGä  6 á3â<õô   å7ï2 ô ï s ñ å â5 2  ´



  „Nâ å ã 2"66 AŸá ä   å7ï ä â 2
²^â ö
å7 Eãm ´Ì

 Òà Í 27  ä @ ï6  2 5 2  ´Ì

  I Í 27  2 á 2 5 0å â ä æ n ´û

   Í 27  2 á 2 5 0å â ä æ @ã ä æ ã å
æ ä á 2 ã å 5 2 5 2
 2> @ ï6  2 5 2  ´û

  ù „Nâ å ã 2"66  6 á ä   å7ï ä â8 ´´

 
„Nâ å ã 2"66  6 á ä   å7ï ä â 2
p2 â ö
å
<ãd ´´
² 62 5 0  åZYæ ä 0å á 2"ï ä  627öï ä æ<2  ´´

  Ì ç  ä 66 ô5 2
ï å  ´³

  û „Nâ å ã 2"66å ä ä æ<2 ä á å â 2 á FG0 ä â ä 5 2 á3â<ã ä  ´³
 MU,/.?MVJx] I³

 ù A$ï ç  ù ô ä ï áD V ä   å7ï2  ³µ


„ â å õ ä õ æ  á F @²^ââ å â 2>ï27æ<æ<2 4Nâ ä 6 5 66  å7ï Žï}ô5 2 â<ã ð2> ¶ ä ï ä õ ä 62 
N ³­à


Òà Î ä ô 66  ä ï ä  ³I


 I „Nâ å õ ä õ æ  á F  2 ââ å â 2  ³


  =  027ï 2
ï ä @„ 2? ä A$ï ç  ³



 ù =  027ï 2
ï ä @„ 2? ä ²^õVÑUï å  ³Ì



=  ä ö â ä 55 äBä å ãã ð  å  ³û


 Ì ` 6å? 27æ ã å
<ã 2>  Î â ä Ã  ³´


 û ç <ã 2<5 <á å â 2å áDá3<5 å  ³³


 ´ ² 62 âã   å  àVµµ

 Ì ú 0027ï <ã àVµI

 ÌÒà  ä ï ä æ 2>6 E55 2 á3â<ã å õ ï ä â å  àVµI
ç ä 00å âá å  52 â å76 E5 ö
æ  ä ï@ ä  àVµI
# 2 â ; ã ä 3K 0å á 2"6  @Í Š 2 ¶ ä Ã276  ä ï ä  àµI
ç i 2
66  å
ï  àµ
ú 00æ Eã ä   å7ï2  àµ

 Ì I ² ï á3â å
0  ä 2?^å7  ; ã ä @A å â ö
2
ï á 2  àVµ

^å
 ; ã ä  Ï ‰ ô ñ¥ñ5 ä ïïG2 ã å7  ; ã ä 27ï áDâ å70 Eã ää æ ô ïö
ð@27 ä 5 ä â ä õ
 æ<2 àµ


 Ì  Í` 6 ôâ ä 27æ<æE2¼ö â ä ï 27V2  ï = 2 ã<õ 27æ  àVµÌ

 Ì ù ù ô ä ï á3  ä   å
ï2?æ<å7ö ä âEá35<ã ä  àVµÌ

 Ì
0Nô ï  å
ï2 ã ä â ä á3á 2 â 6 á3Eã ä  àµû

 Ì Ì 4Nâ ä 6 ñ å â5 ä   å7ï   5  ä  2 ã ä 5õ å?  5 ä â ä õ æ o àVµ´

 Ì ÌÒà  ä 6å ô ï  E5 27ï6  å7ï ä æE2  àVµ´

 Ì Ì I  ä 6å 5ô æ áD E5 2
ï6  å
ï ä æE2  àVµ³
5  ä   ç ä  æ 2  ö
ð  ààVµ
5  ä   ç Eã 2  ààà

 Ì û = 2 á 27  å7ï2?  6  ï ô 6å  2>ï2
æ âô5 å â 2  ààI

p žSghn2ATq*rdc?ds£i|i~Ö}ilmqxn;ëSnrrr*ilwlmd s s<$
C
ÌÒà =  6 á3â<õô   å7ï2 ¶^ ïå 5 ä æ 2>02 â 0å70åhæ ä   å
ï2;ï Eá ä   à à!

Ì I =  6 á3â<õô   å7ï2& „ å  66å7ï~27 ² 60å7ï2
ï  ä æE2&ï2
ö ä áD 5 ä  àVà û
Ì  A­ 6 á 2 5 ä  62 â 5    å¼å â 2
ï á ä á å ä æ<æ ä 02 â <á ä  àVà ´
Ì Òà „Nâ å õ ä õ æ  á F @â ; ôá å  ààV³
Ì  I î ² ñ ; ã 2
ï ä  ö Eô ï  å
ï2  àIµ
Ì   #Sä æ  Eá Fƒ 27æ 5 å7 2
æ<æEå  àVIŸà
Ì ù A­ 6 á 2 5  62 â 5    å?å â 2
ï á ä á3 ä æ âEá ä â å  àII
Ì ùÒà ç  6 ô æ á ä á å?  Š <á3á æ<2  àVII
Ì ù I A­ 6 á 2 5 ä ã å7 ä  ï*;ï Eá ä 2
ä 62 â 5
2"ï á 2 ô ï <ã å  àI
Ì ù  A­ 6 á 2 5 ä ã å7 ä ;ï  á ä 2 ã å7ï0 t 62 â 5
2"ï á3: àVI

Ì
ç^2 á3 02 â^áDâ ä 6 5 66  å7ï2? ä áDm àVIÌ
Ì
Òà K æ@0 ä ãã ð2 áDá å> ä áDu àIû
Ì
 I Í å7 å @áDâ ä 6 ñ 2 â<5 27ï á å 27æ<æ<2  ï ñ å â5 ä   å
ï h àVI´
Ì
 IÒà AŸã ð2 5 ä 5ô æ á3 0æ ä   å7ï2  àVI´
Ì
 I I „£â ï ã 0  å¼ @ã å 55ôá ä   å
ï2  àVI´
^å 55ôá ä   å
ï2& @ã<âãô<á åCY  àVI³
^å 55ôá ä   å
ï2&  0 ä ãã ð2 á á å ä  <âãô<á å # EâáDô ä æ<2CY  àVI³
^å 55ôá ä   å
ï2&  0 ä ãã ð2 á á å äv=?ä á ä ö â ä 55 ä  à!µ
µ M-,/.?MJt]

Ì
 I  ú>âã ð <á 2 á3á ôâ ä 0 â å á å ã å7æ<æ ä â 2  à!­à
A­á3â ä á3 ; ã ä   å7ï2wyx
z*H{z|xIw  à"I
K ï ã ä 06 ô æ ä 5 27ï á å  à!
K ï  027ï 27ï ä 2  62 â 5   á3â ä 0 ä ââ 602 áDá å ä æ@62 â 5    å> @ã å7æ<æE2
H
ö ä 5 27ï á å  à"
Ì Ì ú 0027ï <ã à!ù
Ì ÌÒà ŠNä â 2 á 2 K ï á 2 â ï2 á7 à!ù
Ì ÌÒàÒà AŸá å â ä  à"ù
Ì ÌÒà I Š 2 ã ä â ä áDá 2 â 6 áD<ã ð2  à!

Ì ÌÒà  μæ  ï <â  } à!Ì
K „ 27 ²^á ð2 â ï2 á~ à"Ì
A å áDá å â 2 á3  à!Ì
K ï á3â ä ï2 á  à!Ì
= ï}A à"û
K ï Eâ  C4  „€ à"´
Ì ÌÒà ù 4  „  à!´
K æ0 ä ãã ð2 á3á å 4  „ à"´
ú 02 âáDôâ ä 2 ã ð Eô 6 ôâ ä 2
æEæ ä ã å7ïï2766  å7ï2  à"³
„Nâ å á å ã å7æ<æEå ä ;ï276 áDâ ä  àVùµ
` = „‚ àVùŸà
Ì ÌÒà
K „ƒ àVùŸà
Š   ï á 276 á ä   å7ï2 K „„ àù­à
K ï Eâ  ä 5 2
ï á å>2>ç^å ôá3 ïö  àVùI
A­ôõ ï2 á3áD ïö2 A­ô 02 â ï2 áDá  ïö  àVù
^æ ä 66æ<2766 K ï á 2 â å 5 ä  ïç^å ôá3 ïöBH2…2†|wy‡  àVù

Š å
ïö276 áQÍ ä á3ã ð  àù
A­ 6 á 2 5úôá å
ïå 5 2 ¶ å â 2 â Î ä á 27Ä ä Ã  àVùù
Í`ô æ á3Eã ä 6 á àVùù
Ì ÌÒà Ì ²Tá ð2 â ï2 ሠàVùù
ú  â 2766Cç^2
6å
æ ôáD å7ï „Nâ å á å ã å
æH2‰‡2Š  àVù

0 å â5 ä á å?  0 ä ãã ð2 áDá å  àùÌ
^å
æ<æ  6  å7ï2  àùÌ
4Nâ ä 6 5 66  å
ï2  àVùÌ
Ì ÌÒà û 0 ä 6 á 2>Î  ö ä õEᣲ^á ð2 â ï2 á àVùû
0 ä 6 ᣲ^á ð2 â ï2 á  àVùû
Š  ú ï A Ä <áDã ð  àVùû
Î  ö ä õ
<áQ²Tá ð2 â ï2 á‹ àVùû
„ ä ãwÇ 2 áQõôâ 6 á3 ïö  àVù´
úâã ð <á 2 áDá ôâ ä  àù´
ç  02 áD<á å â 2 ñ‚ô æEæ<H ô 0æE2<Œ2 ã å
ï á3â å"æ<æ<å? 3iô 66å  àù´
ൠΠ ö ä õ áQ²Tá ð2 â ï2 ፠àVù³
Ì Ì I ç^2 á 2 ú4NÍ  àù³
úâã ð <á 2 áDá ôâ ä  àù³
A­á3â ä á åP;6 <ã å  àVù³
A­á3â ä á å ú4NÍb à"
µ
^æ ä 66  á3â ä ñ ; ã å? 2 ù ô ä æ Eá FG 27æ A 2 â 5    å?U: ùPz AN=\ à!
Ÿà
K ï Eâ  ä 5 2
ï á å  à!

MU,/.?MVJx] 
­à

A­á3â ä á å  ä ä áDá ä 5 2
ï á å  à"

K 0p6 ôú4NÍ ã æ ä 66 Eã å  "à
ù
Š ú ï}²^ß ï ÏGç „ 2 Í`„ 6 ú  à!



Í`„ Š A8 à"
Ì

k ÕGiu*k
qvlŽ – f£ilmlwg"ny¦ii Ð qvy/lwghn22@qd %s $CB
ûÒà ^
 å ââ "
2 æ ä  

å 
ï >
2 >
2 T
 å
% 5 ä â ä @
ï  ä  !à
³
ûÒàÒà ^å ââ 2"æ ä   å
ï2  à ̵
ûÒà I ^å%5 ä â ä ï ä 2 K ï  027ï 2
ï ä A­á ä á3 6 áD<ã ä  àV­ Ì à
ûÒà  A­á ä á3 6 áD<ã ð2 2 „£â å ã 2
6V6  à Ì I
ûÒà ù úôá å ã å ââ 2
æ ä   å7ï2  à Ì I
ûÒà ùÒà „£â â á

å 0 2 ƒ
F 
7
2 <
æ æ
  ä å å
ôá ã ââ "
2 æ ä   7
å 
ï 2  àVÌ
4Nâ ä 6æ ä   å
ï @á 2 5 0å â ä æ ƒ àVÌ
= ôâ ä á ä}Š <5Eá ä á ä ‘ àVÌ
A 2
ö
ï ä æ „ 2 â å7 EãTh àVÌ
Í ä 66 E5 å¼ï27æ<æ å â ö  ï@2 ’ àVÌ
A­<55 2 áDâ ä ã å
ï <ô ö ä á ä Y  àÌ
û I = 27ï6 <á F A 02 áDá â ä æ<2  àVÌù
û IÒà 4 27å â 2 5 ä  Â  2
ï2 â“ àVÌù
û I I ² 62 5 0 ” àVÌù
„Nâ å ã 2766Vå ä â5 å
ï <ã å • àVÌù
„Nâ å ã 2766Vå¼ö ä ô 66  ä ïå õ ä ï ã å>æ <5Eá ä á å  ï õ ä ï ä ’ àÌ

6?ï ä „
ú͖  àVÌ


û  A­á3E5 ä 602 áDá â ä æE2  àVÌÌ
û Òà „ 2 â å
å
ö â ä 55 ä  àÌÌ
û ù 0£ æ á3â ä ö
ö  å¼  62
ö
ï ä æ  2?0 â å ã 2766   àÌû
û ùÒà A 2
ö
ï ä æ   27ï2 â ö  ä  àVÌû
û ù I A 2
ö
ï ä æ  02 â å7 Eã  àVÌ´
û ù  „Nâ å ã 2"66  2 â öå7 Eã  àÌ´
û ù ù ² 62 âã   å  àV̳
—<˜ ™š!›I™Rœž  àV̳
û ù
0£ á3â ú ä áDá ä á å  àûµ
æ å
A 2
ö
ï ä æ ä   å7ï2 ä ï á3 0å7 ä æ<2  àVû­à
A 2
ö
ï ä æ ä   å7ï2?å âá å"öå7ï ä æE2  àVû­à
û
 ä â ä á3á 2 â 6 áD<ã ð2 2  6  6 á 2 5 ;6 <㟠àûI
û Ì ` ï <á Fƒ  27æ ä õ å â ä   å
ï2  àVû

û ÌÒà „Nâ 7
å 
å áá å  àû
û Ì I A å 55 ä  àVûù
û û 0£ æ á3â =  ö <á ä æ ‹ àû

û ûÒà 0£ æ á3â å áDâ ä 6 5
2 â 6 ä æ<2> 2
æ à%¡ å â  ï2  àVûÌ
û û I A­á3E5 ä 27æ<æ äGä ôá å ã å ââ 2"æ ä   å7ï2? @ô ï0 â å ã 2
6V6å¼2 â ö
å
Eã å  àVûû
û û  0£ æ á3â å>  ö <á ä æE2 ä â 60å76 á ä <5 0 ô æE6  5 ä H‚Ü*2H Þ F 2
æ à ¡ å â  ï2  àûû
û ´ 0£ æ á3â"ú ï ä æ å
ö <㢠àû´
û ´Òà 0£ æ á3â å ä ï ä æ<å7ö Eã å ä ô ï~0å
æEå  àû´
û ´ I 0£â 2 > ô 27ï ä @á ä ö
æ  å  àû³
û ´  ú 6627ï ä   6 á å â 6  å7ï  æ  ï@2 ä âg àû³
û ³ ú 0027ï <ã àVû³
 I M-,/.?MJt]

û ³Òà ^å72 ñ ; ã 2

ï á 2  ^å ââ 2
æ ä   å7ï2  àVû³
û ³ I 6?ï ä „
úÍ  Và ´µ
û ³  „ å á 27ï ä ô ï627öï ä æ<2? ä á3 àV´Ÿà
û ³ ù úôá å ã å ââ 2
æ ä   å7ï2? 2
æEæ ô 6 ã<á ä @ô ï';æ áDâ å  àV´I
û ³
Î â ä ; ã  2
62 5 0  å  àV´I

£ – iCu*ny/qtejdsNo*y/nlmq s £Z@
´Òà Î?27ï2 â ä æ Eá F  Và ´
´ÒàÒà Í`ô æ áD 0æ ä   å7ï2 ä  5  6  å7ï2& µ  ñâ 2 > ô 27ï ä H 0 = ÍD àV
´ 
^å
æ<æE2
ö ä 5 2
ï á3„Nô ï á å
H Í`ô æ á3 0 ô ï á å ‚ àV ´ ù
úãã 2766å Í`ô æ á3 0æEå m àV ´ ù
^å
æ<æE2
ö ä 5 2
ï á3„Nô ï á å
H „Nô ï á å ¤ àV´

´Òà I  ä ï ä æ 2 á 27æ<2 ñ å"ï Eã å  àV´

´Òà  ¶ ä ï ä  62
ö
ï ä æE2  à´Ì
´Òà ù ú ï á 27ïï2¼2>æ ô ïöhð2
V ä Z å
ï ä  à´Ì
´Òà
4Nâ ä 6 5 66  å7ï2 ä õ ä ï@ ä æ ä á 2 â ä æ<2 ô ï  ã ä  à´Ì
´ I ç ä 00 â 27627ï á ä   å
ï2? 2  627ö
ï ä æ 5 å7 ô æ ä áD: àV´û
´ IÒà K ï*5  æ ô 00å ã å 5 0æ<2766å?2 5 å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2&  ä 5 0  27 ä 2 Ñ å ä ïöå7æ ä â 2  àV´û
´ I I ^å 5 0å7ï27ï á3 ä ï ä æ<å7ö <ã ð2> õ ä 66 ä ñ‚â 2 > ô 27ï ä  àV´´
´ I  0£ æ á3â å>  Ï  æ õ 2 âá} àV´³
´ I ù A 2
ö
ï ä æE2 ú ï ä æ  á3<ã å  à³­à
´ I
² 62 5 0 ” àV³I
´  4Nâ ä ï6 Eá å? 2  62
ö
ï ä æ  ï õ ä ï ä á3â ä 6æ ä á ä ï2  6  6 á 2 5 ;6 Eãg àV³I
´ Òà 0£ æ á3â ä ö
ö  å  à³
K ï á 2 â5 å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2 á3â ä …  ‰  3¥+§¦Z( à³
² > ô ä æ   ä   å
ï2  àV³

´  I ^å7ï    å7ï  02 ⠌ ORQSâ 2 ä æE2  à³ù
0t æ áDâ å>0 ä 66 ä õ ä ï ä  2 ä æ<2  àV³ù
A­<55 2 áDâ ä ã å
ï <ô ö ä á ä}ä á3á å â ïå ä &¨
%  à³ù
´   ² 6 áDâ ä   å
ï2? 27æ<æ<2 ã å 5 0å
ï27ï áD ä ï ä æ å7ö Eã ð2? @õ ä 66 ä ñ‚â 2 > ô 2
ï ä  à³ù
´ ù ç ä 00 â 27627ï á ä   å
ï2? 2  0 â å ã 2766 @ ï õ ä ï@ ä áDâ ä 6æ ä á ä  àV³


´ ùÒà ^å7ï ã æ ô 6  å7ï | àV³û
´ ù I „Nâ å ã 2"66å>ö ä ô 66  ä ïå õ ä ï ã å>æ E5<á ä á å  ï õ ä ï ä  à³û
´
ú 0027ï <ã 2  àV³´
´
Òà úôá å ã å ââ 2
æ ä   å7ï2? @„Nâ å ã 2766 „ ä 66 ä H ¶ ä ï ä  àV³´

B Ô  d sNo*y/nzqvdu*i|f£ig – iZu*ny¦q Ê uQny¦d*qrq aC©ªs

³Òà Í å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2? "ú>5 0  27 ä H é  $Iµ­à
³ÒàÒà ¶ ä ï ä}ŠNä á 2 â ä æ<2 = å
00  ä H1«:¬ ½“ IµI
³ÒàÒàÒà „ å âá ä ï á 2>6å700 â 276V6 ä Hh¯Z¨ $IµI
³ÒàÒà I „ å âá ä ï á 2 K ï á 2 â ä Hh¯ è  IµI
³ÒàÒà  „ å âá ä ï á 2>0 ä â   ä æ 5 2
ï á 2>6å
00 â 2766 ä Hh¯N¯Z¨  Iµ

³ÒàÒà ù Ç ² ñ ; ã 27ï ä  ¯ è"­ ¯N¯ª¨  Iµ
³Òà I ¶ ä ï ä}ŠNä á 2 â ä æ<2 ` ï Eã ä HC«:¬/®  Iµù
³Òà IÒà μ27ï2 â ä   å7ï2?  627ö
ï ä æ  «:¬/®  Iµù
³Òà  ¶ ä ï ä æ ä á 2 â ä æE2 â å áDá ä H3«ª¬ Ý $Iµ


³Òà ù „ å á 27ï ä ô ï627öï ä æ<2 ú>Í  Iµ

MU,/.?MVJx] 


³ I = 2 5
å ô æ ä   å7ï2¼  ä 5 0  2
V ä $Iµ


³ IÒà = 2 5 å
ô æ ä   å7ï2 ã å72 â 2"ï á 2>:å 5 å
 ï ä = $Iµ

³ IÒàÒà ²Tââ å â ´ñ ä 62>2 ñâ 2 > ô 27ï ä  IµÌ
³ IÒà I = 2 5 å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2  ï ñ ä 62?2 > ô ä â ä á3ôâ ä  IµÌ
³ IÒà  „ ð ä 62 Š å ãwÇ 27 Š å7å
0pH"¯¬|¬ $Iµû
³ I I = 2 5 å
ô æ ä á å â 2  ï25  æ ô 00å  Iµ´
³ I IÒà A 27öï ä æ  « F *E F ¬ F Þ/ÙÚ Fú Ù ®Z*H‚ F 2 Ý HWE‰ý Þ/Þ F $Iµ´
³ I  = 2 5 å
ô æ ä á å â 22 á 2 â å"  ï ä $Iµ³
³ I Òà 0tâ 2 > ô 27ï2 <55 ä ö  ï2 $I­àVµ
³  Í å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2 ä ïö
å
æ ä â 2  I­àà
ï å
ïæ  ï2 ä â<á F  IŸàà
ú5 0  2
V ä ã å
6 á ä ï á 2  IŸàVI
Î?2
ï2 â ä   å7ï2¼ @ô ï62
ö
ï ä æE2 ä 5 å
ô æ ä   å7ï2 ä ïö
å7æ ä â 2  I­àI
³ Òà ç <ã 2
  å7ï2> @ô ï~62
ö
ï ä æE2 ä 5 å
ô æ ä   å7ï2 ä ïö
å
æ ä â 2  I­àI
³ ÒàÒà ç Eã 2%5 Eá å â 2 ä „ ŠNŠ  I­àI
³ Òà I ç Eã 2%5 Eá å â 2 ä  6 ãâ<5 ï ä á å â 2  I­à"
³  I = 27ï6 <á Fƒ602 á3áDâ ä æE2¼  62
ö
ï ä æ @5 å
ô æ ä áD ä ïö
å7æ ä â5 2
ï á 2 $I­à!
³  IÒà A 27öï ä æ<2 5 å
ô æ ä ï á 2¼6  ï ô 6å  ä æ 2  IŸàVù
Í å
ô æ ä   å7ï2 ä õ ä 66å  ï Eã 2  IŸàVÌ
Í å
ô æ ä   å7ï2 ä ä æ á å  ï <ã 2  IŸàVÌ
ç^2
ö
å
æ ä   ä â 6å
ï $I­àû
³   = 27ï6 <á Fƒ602 á3áDâ ä æE2 0NÍ ã å7ï;0 â å ã 2"66å ä æ<2 ä á å â å 5 å7 ô æ ä ï á 2 $I­àVû
³  Òà K ï Eã 2> 5 å
ô æ ä   å7ï2>02 â 0 â å ã 2766 v$I­à´
³   I Í å
ô æ ä   å7ï2 ä õ ä 66å  ï <ã 2 $I­àV´
³ ù ú 0027ï <ã$I­àV³
³ ùÒà  ä æ ã å7æ<å? 2
æ<æ ä 0å á 2"ï ä ô ï627öï ä æ<2 ú>Í ¶ Š ` $I­à³
³ ùÒàÒà  ä æ ã å
æEå¼ 2
æEæ ä 0å á 27ï ä  627öï ä æ ¶ Š|= H „|K ß„NAß„£„NA¯ IŸàV³
³ ù I ç <ã å
6 á3âô   å7ï2> 2
æEæ ä 0å âá ä ï á 2 5 27  ä ï á 2 > ô ä â ä á3ôâ ä $IIµ
³ ù  K æ 5 Œ
2 â( IIµ
³ ù ù 4Nâ ä 6 5 66  å7ï2 á 27æ<2%5  6  5 ä  IIŸà
^å
 ; ã ä 27æ<æR <55 ä ö  ï2  II­à
A 2
ö
ï ä æ<2 á 27æ<2%5  6  5å  ï õ ä ï ã å2?ï2 â å $III
0 å â5 ä á å? 27æ<æ <55 ä ö  ï2 $III
6 ããô 0 ä   å7ï2¼602 á3áDâ ä æ<2  III
A 2
ö
ï ä æ<2 ä ô  å  II
A 2
ö
ï ä æ<2? ãâ å 5 ï ä ï ä  II
A­ ï ãâ å7ï   ä   å7ï2  II
K ï á 2 Fâ ñ 2 â 27ï ä $IIù
³ ù
Í å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2 0£Í ä õ ä 66å  ï Eã 2  IIù
³ ù Ì 0NÍ ¶^â å ä  ä 6 áa$IIù

s%©4ëCg"ik
lwnz
qdu*qxsNiy¦y/i~žSghnk
ejqvk
k7qdu*q Ô ds£o*y¦nlwi aa:k
àVµÒànK æ âô5 å â 2>ï2  62
ö
ï ä æ 5 å7 ô æ ä áD $IIû
àVµ à
 à ç ä 00å âá å A 27ö
ï ä æ<27Hç ô5 å â 2?2 ¶ ä ï ä  ç ô5 å â 2  IIû
àVµ à
 I = 2 5 å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2¼ @ô ï0 â å ã 2766å? @âô5 å â 2  II´
àVµ I;„£â 2
6 á ä   å
ï  27æ<æ<2 áDâ ä 6 5 66  å
ï 7úÍ $II³
àVµ I à„ å á 2
ï ä  62
ö
ï ä æ<2?2> âô5 å â 2> å70å 2 5 å7 ô æ ä   å7ï2 $
A ï ç  II³
ù M-,/.?MJt]

àVµ I à
 à9¶ Š|= H „NA  II³
àVµ I à
 I ¶ Š ` H „NA  Iµ
àVµ I à
  ¶ Š|= H „|Kn I
µ
àVµ ;„£â 2
6 á ä   å
ï  27æ<æ<2 áDâ ä 6 5 66  å
ï C0NÍ° I
­à
àVµ  à ç ô5 å â 2> å70å? 2 5 å7 ô æ ä   å7ï2 0NÍ  I
­à
àVµ  I  ä 6å¼ @õ ä 66å âô5 å â 2 $II
A 2
ö
ï ä æ<2?0 â 2
62"ï á 2  I

=  6 ãô 66  å7ï2? 2  0 ä 66 ä ö
ö f$I

=  6 ãô 66  å7ï2? 27æ â 6 ô æ á ä á å  I
ù
àVµ    ä 6å¼  27æ<2%5 ä á å âô5 å â 2 $I

àVµ  ùj² ï ñ ä 6  2? 27H27ï ñ ä 6 ±$I

sCs Ô  d sNo*y/nzqvdu*i|u*oQejig"qrn a @ k
ààÒàƒÍ å
ô æ ä   å7ï2¼ hú5 0  2
V ä 2? 30£â 2 > ô 27ï ä  I
û
àà
 à
 à¶T„NA² $Iû
àà
 à
 I Š H úA² $I´
² ñ ã 27ï ä A 02 áDá â ä æ<2P³  I
´
î ;
àà
 à
  Š H 0NA² $I³
0NA² å âá å"öå7ï ä æ<2 $Iùµ
àà
 à
 ùj„£â 2
6 á ä   å
ï   Š H úA²  Iù­à
ï ä áDôâ ä ´µ¶Ž· % $IùI
àà I;Í

å æ
ô ä   7
å 
ï ¼
2  ñ ä 62  IùI
µ
àà
 I à ù „£A² 2
Š H „NA² $IùI
àà
 I Ij㣉 2
6 á ä   å
ï  ù „NA²  Iù

àà
 I j㣉 2
6 á ä   å
ï  Š H „£A² $Iùù
àà  ù ú>Í  IùÌ
àà
  à„£â 2
6 á ä   å
ï   ù úÍ  Iùû
àà ùƒú æ á3â 2?0å766 <õ æ Eá F  Iù´
àà
ƒú 002
ï <ã I

µ
àà

 àAŸã ð2 5 ä â ä 66 ô ï áD 5
å& 2
æEæ<2>0 â 2
6 á ä   å
ï  I

µ
àà

 Ie0£A² 6 âá å
ö
å
ï ä æ<2 $I
µ
Í å
ô æ ä   å7ï2 ã å72 â 27ï á 2  I

­à
Í å
ô æ ä   å7ï2  ï ã å72 â 2"ï á 2  I

­à
# 2 â ; ã ä ö â ä ; ã ä $I
I
=  6 ãô 66  å7ï2?6 ô æ<æR å á3á E5 ä æ Eá FG02 ⟸~¹Dº $I
I
àà

  6 0 = Í $I
I
àà
  à ç ä 00 â 27627ï á ä   å7ï2?ï2
æ á 2 5 0å27  ï ñ‚â 2 > ô 27ï ä $I
I
àà
  I9úâã ð Eá 2 áDá ôâ ä @5 å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2  I



àà
   î ² ñ ; ã 2
ï ä 27æ<æR 6 0 = Í $I
û
àà
  ù9úâã ð Eá 2 áDá ôâ ä  2 5 å7 ô æ ä   å7ï2 $I
û
àà
 
„Nâ 276 á ä   å7ï  $I
´
 ä æ ã å7æ<å¼ 27æ<æ ä\» - 02 â 0å âá ä ï á 2  I

´
àà
  Ì ² > ô ä æ  V ä   å7ï2  IÌI
Í å
ô æ ä   å7ï2&  ñ¥ñ 2 â 27ï  ä æE2 $IÌI
àà
  û A 2
ï6 Eõ æ Eá F ä æEæ ä á 2 5 0å â V ä   å7ï2 $IÌI
àà
  ´ 6 á3áD<5 ä æ Eá F  IÌI
àà
  ³ ^å
 ; ã ä  IÌ
MU,/.?MVJx] 


s7a4ž\g"nu*k7qlmd;sNiqxk7iZu*ny¦qtu*iq£rqg"ro*qlwq a p $
² æ ä õ å â ä   å7ï2?2 =  6 á å â 6  å7ï2 $IÌ


 ä ï ä æ<2>02 7â ñ 2 á á å  IÌ

àVIÒà  ä â ä áDá 2 â V ä   å
ï2? 2 @ã<âãôEá3?$IÌÌ
àVI à
  à ï}ô5 2 â å>  0å âá 2  IÌÌ
àVI à
 IjÍ å
2
æEæ  â ä 00 â 27627ï á ä   å
ï2 $IÌÌ
àVI à
 j„£â å
0 â 2 á FG 27æ<æE2 â 2 áD ô 2?0å âá 2 $IÌÌ
àVI I;¶T 0å7æ } IÌÌ
„ ä 66  5 “$IÌÌ
úá3á3 5 ] IÌû
² 62 5 0  å $IÌû
àVI ;„ å á 2
ï ä  62
ö
ï ä æ<2?2>ö â ä ï 2
V2?2
æE2 áDá3âEã ð2  IÌû
àVI  à„ å á 2
ï äGä 66å âõEá ä ä ô ï õ 0å
æEå  IÌû
àVI  IjÍ` 6 ôâ 2?  0å á 2
ï ä  IÌ´
àVI ù Tå7ïï2766  å7ï2 áDâ ä ö27ï2 â ä á å â 2¼2 ã ä â<ã å  IÌ´
àVI ù à„ å á 2
ï ä  60å7ï Eõ æ<2  I̳
àVI ù Iú 6627ï ä   6 á å â 6  å
ï  æ  ï@2 ä âg$I̳
àVI ù ˆ¼|½+O ¨ Sâ 2 ä æE2 $I̳
àVI
çT2 á3 ô 2?0å âá 2 $Iûµ
àVI
 àÍ å
2
æEæ<å ãEâãôEá ä æ<2 $Iûµ
àVI
 IjAŸã ð2 5 ä 6 E5õ å7æ <ã å $Iûµ
àVI
 e4£â ä 6 ñ 2 âE5 2
ï á å27ï2 â ö
2 á3<ã å  IûŸà
Î ô ä ä öhïå> á 27ï6  å7ï2  Iû­à
Î ô ä ä öhïå>  0å á 27ï ä $Iû­à
Î ô ä ä öhïå>  60å
ï Eõ æ 2 $IûŸà
^å
æ<æE2
ö ä 5 2
ï á å ^ô ï[ö
2
ï2 â ä á å â 2 ä ô ï ã ä âEã å 5 27  ä ï á 2 ô ï ä
â 2 á 2 ô 2?0å âá 2 $IûI
ç^2 áD 0 ä 66  52  IûI
ç^2 áD@ ï ã ä 6 ã ä á ä  Iû
^å
æ<æE2
ö ä 5 2
ï á å â ä  å  Iû
àVI Ì =  6 á å â 6  å
ï  æ  ï2 ä âv Iû

àVI Ì à ç ä 00 â 2
62
ï á ä   å
ï  2¾hO ¨ S:¿JÀ ¾hO ¨ SMÀ 2ÂÁ-ÃIÄÆÅÈÇ  Iû
Î ô ä ä öhïå  ï ¶ $Iû

4 2 5 0å? @â<á ä â å>  ö âô 00å $Iû
² 62 5 0  å  Iûù
àVI Ì IjA 27ö
ï ä æ  õ ä ï@ ä õ ä 62 $Iûù
àVI Ì jA 27ö
ï ä æ 5 å
ô æ ä áD¤$Iûù
àVI Ì  à9A 2
ö
ï ä æ  ä õ ä ï ä 6 á3â 2 áDá ä  Iû

àVI Ì  I Í å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2&  ä 5 0  2
V ä $Iû

¶ Š= H „£Am Iû


¶ Š= H „Km Iû

¶ Š `¯ Iû

àVI Ì   Í å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2 ä ïöå7æ ä â 2  Iû


àVI Ì ù  ä æ ã å
æEå¼ 27æ<æ AÉ ç $IûÌ
àVI Ì
j² > ô ä æ   ä   å
ï2 $IûÌ
àVI û =  6 á å â 6  å
ï   ïå7ïæ  ï@2 ä â<á F $IûÌ
àVI û àK ïö â 2
66å>6  ï ô 6å  ä æ<2  Iûû
Ì M-,/.?MJt]

0 ä á3á å â @ ï á 2 â5 å

ô æ ä   å
ï2 $Iûû
àVI û IeK ïö â 2
66å ä æ<2 ä á å â å $Iûû
àVI û j²‹ÊGÊ 2 á3á å¼6 ô æ<æ ä 5 å
ô æ ä   å7ï2 0NÍ  Iû³
àVI ´ƒú 002
ï <ã Iû³
àVI ´ à„ å á 2
ï äGä 66å âõEá ä ä ô ï õ 0å
æEå  Iû³
àVI ´ Ij„ å á 2
ï ä ã 2
ôá ää ô ï ã ä â<ã å ¼dË2O ¨ S9¿” Ì ¼½ Í O ¨ S€$I´µ

s @ Ô  i z
zq£ž\g"nk
ejqvk
k7qyÎq a £Z@
à!Òà = <5 2
ï6  å7ï ä 5 2
ï á å? @ô ï ã å
æ<æE2
ö ä 5 2
ï á å  I´
Î ô ä ä öhïå> A­ 6 á 2 5 ä $I´
Í ä â ö  ï2?  6  6 á 2 5 ä $I´
úá3á 27ï ô ä   å
ï2?6 ô 00æ<2 5 2
ï á ä â 2  I´ù
Î â ä å>  62 â 5    å  I´ù
à! à
 à  ä 6  0 ä âá3<ã å
æ ä â I´ù
A 2
ö
ï ä æ<2 ä õ ä ï ä 6 áDâ 2 áDá ä  I´ù
² > ô ä æ   ä   å
ï2 $I´ù
à! I Tå7æ<æE2
ö ä 5 27ï á3@ ï ã ä 5
å  I´

à! I à Tå76 á ä ï áD  6 á3âEõô<á 2 ß ö â ä ï 27V2? 2 â 5 ä á 2 ß 2 ã å7ï    å7ï  ö27ï2 â ä æ ~ I´


K 5 02
27ï ä ã ä â ä áDá 2 â 6 á3<ã ä  I´

^å
6 á ä ï á 2>  0 â å
0 ä ö ä   å7ï2  I´


^å
ï    å
ï  @ã ð <ô 6 ôâ ä $I´Ì
Ï ô ä â 0å7æ<å¼2 > ô 5 ä æ 2
ï á 2 $I´Ì
^å
ï    å
ï   ä ä á3á ä 5 27ï á å $I´Ì
^å
ï    å
ï2¼  ÏG2 ä 5  6  2 $I´Ì
à! I Ie4£â ä 6 5 66  å
ï2  ï ã ä 5
å  I´û
²[ÊWÊ 2 á3á å027æ<æ<2  I´û
² > ô ä æ   ä   å
ï2 $I´´
=  ä Ê å7ï  ä  I´´
à! I I à  ä 6  æ <5<á 2 $I´³
 ä 5
å ä õ ä 662?02 â <á 2  I´³
 ä 5
å ã å âá å $I´³
à! I e4£ 
0 7
å <
æ 7
å ö  2> ã ä 5  02 â æE2 á 2
æ<2 ã å 5ô ï  ã ä   å
ï }$I³µ
à! I  à ^å
00  2>6 E55 2 áDâ<ã ð2  I³µ
Š  ï2
2 ä 2 â 272 $I³µ
^å
00  2 â<á å âá 2  I³µ
à! I  I  ä 5
式^å ä 66  ä æE2 $I³­à
à!  Tå7æ<æE2
ö ä 5 27ï á3@â ä  å  I³I
à!  à4£â ä 6 ô   å7ï2 ² æ<2 á3á3â å 5 ä ö
ï2 á3Eã ä  I³
ú ï á 2
ïï ä K 6å áDâ å"0 ä $I³

ú ï á 2
ïï ä <â 2 á3áD 5 ä  I³
ú ï á 2
ïï ä âEã 2%527ï á 2 $I³ù
à!  Ij¶T æ ä ï ã å>2
ï2 â ö2 á <ã å  I³ù
„ å á 2
ï ä â<ã 2<5 ôá ä $I³ù
úá3á 27ï ô ä   å
ï2?  60 ä   å?æ <õ 2 â å $I³ù
úá3á 27ï ô ä   å
ï2?  60å
ï <õ æ 2  I³

K 06å7ö â ä 55 ä  I³

à!   Tå7ï    å7ï   0 â å
0 ä ö ä   å
ï2¼2 úá3á 2
ï ô ä   å7ï  6 ô 00æ<2 5 2
ï á ä âƒ$I³Ì
MU,/.?MVJx] 
û

„ 2 â <á 2>  ä ãã å
00  ä 5 27ï á å  I³Ì
ú 6 6å âõE5 2
ï á å á 2 ââ 2"6 áDâ 2 $I³Ì
à!   à ^å
ï    å
ï   5  6 <õ æ <á F  I³Ì
6 â Vå7ï á 2?ç ä  å  I³û
² æ<æ  66å   30£â 276ï27æ  I³û
à!   I  ä 55 ï @Í`ô æ áD 0æ  2 = ÊWʂô 6  å7ï2  I³û
^å
æ<æE2
ö ä 5 2
ï á3â ä  å 5 å õ æ ¢$I³´
„ ä á ðæ<å
66  I³³
A æ<å
Ä Ê ä  ïö $I³³
0 ä 6 áÊ ä  ïö •µµ
= <5 27ï6  å7ï2? ã 27æ<æ ä 2527æ<å ãEá F á3â ä 6 5 66  å
ï2 lµµ
à!   9ú 66å âõE5 2
ï á å úá35 å76 Ê 2 â<ã å lµŸà
à!   ù = <5 27ï6  å7ï ä 5 2
ï á å> ô ï ã å
æEæ<27ö ä 5 2
ï á å?6å
ö
ö
2 áDá å ä 0  å
ö
ö  ä lµŸà
à!  
^å
æEæ<27ö ä 5 2
ï á3@ ï  52 â 6 <á F lµI
=  5
2 â 6 <á FG 1Êâ 2 > ô 27ï ä •µ
=  5
2 â 6 <á FG  60 ä   å •µ
à! ù Tå7æ<æE2
ö ä 5 27ï á3@ ï'; õâ ä å á3á Eã ä •µ
à! ù à Î?2
ï2 â ä æ <á F lµ
É ä áDôâ ä ;6 <ã ä 2
æ<æ ä ; õâ ä lµ

K æ627öï ä æ<2¼æ ô5 ïå76å •µ
4Nâ ä 6 5 66  å
ï2?å áDá3<ã ä •µ
„Nâ å70 ä ö ä   å
ï2?æ ô5 ïå76 ä 2  ï Eã 2? âʂâ ä   å
ï2 •µù
à! ù Ij„£â å
0 ä ö ä   å
ï2?æ ô5 ï@å76 ä •µ


=  602 â 6  å7ï2 5 å
ä æ<2 •µ

úá3á 27ï ô ä   å
ï2 lµÌ
=  602 â 6  å7ï2 ãâ å 5 ä á3Eã ä 2 á3â ä 6 ôá3á å â 2
æ<2 á3áDâ å
H‚å áDá EãalµÌ
„Nâ å7 å á á å ¶ ä ï@ ä H Š ô ïö
ð@2
V ä 2>^å
<ã  æ  ï2 ä lµû
4Nâ ä 6 ôáDá å â 2
æE2 áDá3â å7Hå áDá3Eãolµ´
à! ù jÍ`ô æ á3 0æ ä   å
ï2 ä  5  6  å
ï2&  æ ô ïö
ð27 ä C å7ï ä HŸÂ = Í •µ³
à! ù ù ç  å7ï ä ï ä 2?02 â<ã å"æ  ï ä áDôâ ä æ •­àµ
à! ù
jA å7ï2 á•l­àVµ
à!
ƒú 002
ï <ã•ŸàVµ
à!
 à}ú æEæ<å ã ä   å
ï2¼ 27æ<æ<2 Êâ 2 > ô 27ï2 â ä  å •ŸàVµ
à!
 à
 à9¶ ä ï 2¼ 3ʂâ 2 > ô 2
ï ä ç ä ä â&•Ÿàà
à!
 à
 I  ä ï ä æ @á 2
æ<2%5  6  5 |•Ÿàà

s%_4Ö}oQejdg"i|žtig"ejqrd @ s @
àVùÒà ç ô5 å â 2>ï2 @õ 0å7æ  0 ä 66  5 |•Ÿà!
àVù I ç ä 00å âá å627öï ä æ<2 âô5 å â 2? 2  ö
2
ï2 â ä á å â(•ŸàVù
àVù  ç ô5 å â 2>ï27æ<æE2 â 2 áD ô 2?0å âá 2 •ŸàVù
àVù  à çT2 á3 0 ä 66  52 •Ÿà!

àVù  I ç ä 00å âá å AÉ ç  ï ô 6 ã<á ä l­à!

àVù  e0 ä á3á å â 2 âô5 å â 2 l­à"

àVù  ù çT2 á3 ä á3áD 52 l­àVÌ
ç  ä 66 ô ï á å l­àVÌ
² 62 5 0  å •­àÌ
àVù 
e0 ä á3á å â 2 âô5 å â 2?02 âªâ 2 áD ï ã ä 6 ã ä á ä •ŸàVû
´ M-,/.?MJt]

² 62 âã   å l­à´
àVù  Ì ç  ô 5 å â 2>ï2 @â 02 áD<á å âЕIµ
àVù  Ì à ç ô5 å â 2 á 2 â5<ã å ä ããô5ô æ ä á å •I­à
àVù  Ì I ^å 5 0 â å 5 2
66å áDâ ä âô5 å â 2 á 2 â5Eã å2?  ï á 2 â5 å7 ô æ ä   å
ï2 lII
² 62 5 0  å lII