we suices leeded Tor these difterent ways of deforming undeformed stretched compressed (tensile forces) (compressive forces) bent wise (bending forces) (torsional forces) Figure 5. 1 Forces can 1 change the size and shape of a solid object. «Lees.deform, because, was “~ back to its original shape. Here are two more f materials that deform in this way: @ Whena football is kicked, it is compressed. fora short while (see Figure 5.2). Then it springs back to its original shape as it pushes itself off the foot of the player who has kicked it. The same is true fora tennis ball when struck by a racket. springs examples ©! Figure 5.2. This remarkable X-ray image shows how a football is compressed when it is kicked. It returns to its original shape : it leaves the player's boot. (This is an example of an elastic jeformation.) The boot is also compressed slightly but, because it is stiffer than the ball, the effect is less noticeable. ‘OT ee eg, way when a small force 7 applied, how their length changes. SO it is easy to measure Figure 5.4 shows how to carry out an investigation on stretching a spring. The spring is hung from a rigid clamp, so that its top end is fixed. Weights are hung on the end of the spring - these are referred to as the load. As the load is increased, the spring stretches and its length increases, Figure 5.3 A Tibetan silversmith making a wrist band. Silver is a relatively soft metal at room temperature, so it can be hammered into shape without the need for heating.RAR Re RR ay ne tee Be te nee Er tty te spring becomes permanently stretched and will not gure 5.4 Investigating the stretching of a spring.Figure 5.5 Stretching a spring. At first, the spring deforms elastically. it will return to its original length when the load is removed. Eventually, however, the load is so great that the spring is damaged.Extension c 2 a c S 2 * wi limit of proportionality —————Figure 5.9 This underwater exploring vehicle is used to carryweight of water Figure 5.10 a Pressure is caused by the weight of water (or other fluid) above an object, Pressing down on it. b This dam is thickest near its base, because that is where the Pressure is greatest.atmospheric atmospheric pressure pressure I higher lower pressure pressure Figure 5.11 Using a manometer to measure the pressure difference between two gases. a With atmospheric pressure on both sides of the U-tube, the liquid is at the same level in both sides. b With higher pressure on one side, the liquid is pushed round. The greater the pressure difference, the greater is the difference in levels, h. Fig atr pi okglass tube trough Figure 5.12 A mercury barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.Jd Questions (men 5.6 Name an instrument that is used to measure: a atmospheric pressure b differences in pressure. 5.7 The diagram shows two closed tanks, A and B. Each tank contains gas and is fitted with a manometer to show how the pressure compares with atmospheric pressure outside the tank. a In which tank is the gas pressure greater than atmospheric pressure? Explain how you can tell. b What can you say about the pressure of the gas in the other tank? ee RF Auefin 4 use vs Ucuosty pe pressure = depth x density x acceleration due to gravity 1 p=hpg Q Questions 5.13 A water tank holds water to a depth of 80cm. What is the pressure on the bottom of the tank? (Density of water = 1000 kg/m’.) 5.14 The diagram shows a tank that is filled with oil. The density of the oil is 920 kg/m’. 1.0m 1.5m