HAPTER TWO GAPTER TWO Caribbean people and the environment RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT Human activites, population distribution and density ae atfected by many factors, bth abiotic and bot, ncading: # imate natural vegetation © relief * soi vers and water supply + natural eesoures © industry peltics trade CLIMATE ‘The main impact of climate on population linking the east coast of Trinidad wieh ae Pit, ING. CIP wil be the ist 132 cm (ota ts pipeline in the westem hemisphere = uy fal have an initial capacity of2.4 peng et nd Tobago has also proposed the cons A intra region pipelines that would dyes 22 it production 0 other Caribbean ianga 8k thet proposals however, has moved benno planning stages. the INDUSTRY ——_~ Te pce of ndalton wan 4 FIGURE 29. Emancipation Park in New Kings" Cone of the most beautiful recreation parks in Jamaica,pouries — on niet. In most countries, capital te epee hy “sittin oe pe ceton of Da a sialic veby Be county olenment to divert development ery fate the nen neo and io Paulos ton te inte Cea ana ar on decoy nd sae pcan ‘TRADE Trae iit tothe Caribbean economy, both ‘neal and externally Is, however only ‘wave recently thatthe impact of trade onthe tovionment hasbeen studied, and even more recent that environmental policies have begun toinunce trade, Caribbean exports are mostly raw materials, with minerals, petroleum and raw food products making up significant percentage. Imports inde manufactured products from more industrialised areas, processed food products and processed petroleum products ‘Tosmall island nations, the environmental impact of trade is of great importance and that importance has now been recognised ‘internationally, The 1994 foundation declaration ofthe World Trade Organisation stats that WTO members recognise ‘hat their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with view fo raising standards of living... while allowing for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with the objective of ‘sustainable development, seoking both to protect ‘nd preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at diferent levels of economic development’ The WTO's recognition ofthe need fr sustainable ‘velopment and the parallel ned to protect the ‘vironment was, however, preceded by more than 20 years by the Caribbean's own trade organisation ‘CARICOM, the mission statement of which also Togs eed tnde kena ‘sustainable community. ers * } Community and Common #8 CARICOM, isa cooperative the citizens of the an. On July 1973, fur countees- rados, Guyana, and Trinidad and 0 ~ signed a treaty at Chaguaramas. eaty came into eect on 1 August of 3¢ year. Other member countries A) joined CARICOM the next year ‘he Caribbean Community concentrated "mostly on the integration of member sats _ economic polices and on ting to ensure heed swith each other’ social and Mision statement T provide dynamic eadesip and the seen parnerhp wth communtiy Inston and groups oad on te etanment ofa erty open Sustainable comma th improved qual fe forall. ee ‘Members ofthe Caribbean Communit, in alphabetic order, are Aigm and bods Ea —- JAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 39Jamaica Montsertat SU Kits and Nevis St Vincent and the Grenadines Surinam Trinidad and Tobago. “The associate members are: 4 Anguilla (4 July 1999) ermuda (2 July 2003) Meee cn vi ns 90 [ge Ray Gaya Islands (15 May 2002) aay ‘Turks and Caicos Islands (2 July 1991). Ps 0] Functional cooperation areas For the establishment of the Caribbean ‘Community, the treaty stated that the member territories had to cooperate in shipping, air transport, health, culture, trade, education and training. They also had to cooperate in meteorological services and hurricane insurance, the position of women in Caribbean society, broadcasting and information and intra-regiona technical assistance. “The major provisions of the Common Market are 1. no tariff barriers to intra-regional trade 2. common protective policy and externa tariff 9. common policy on all Foreigi investment 4. the development of tourism 5, agriculture of the region to be rationalised in the three main agricultural markets 6. formulation of a development policy for regional industrialisation 2. harmonisation of fiscal incentives for industries. Integration ‘The main objective of CARICOM was integration among member countries Integration is the uniting and harmonising of formerly separated groups into one group. In the Caribbean, integration is seen as a way of ‘reforming the economies of the Caribbean. At both national and regional levels, benefits are gained through the reorientation of policies. Some benefits of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy are: * increased production and trade in goods and services in a combined market of ‘over 6 million persons and for the world beyond.niodction A rlable and suficient energy supply i essential fea modern nation. To flourish, a nation must, Javeboth abundant and financially viable access Throughout the Caribbean, the main source of energy has been petroleum (ol). The major oil-producing countries in this area are ‘Trinidad and Tobago, followed by Barbados. Although ols important to Caribbean nations, notall of them can afford i. This has negative consequences on ther economies Purpose of PetroCaribe In recent mes, the high price of oil has crippled the economies ofthe many small nations ofthe Caribbean. Venezuela's president, Hugo Chaver, has made an sitempt to eliminate this problem with a solution that has been called PetroCaribe. An assurance has been made that PetroCaribe willaleviat the financial problems faced by Caribbean counties in obtaining oi The arrangement was introduced tothe 15 members of CARICOM and, o far, 13 of these have signed or approved the PetroCaribe intativ. The other two countries, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, have not signed, for reasons of their own, Two other countries, Cuba and The Dominican Republi, have been included in the arrangement. Even though PetroCaribe may seem like an act of fenerosity tothe majority of nations that make UPCARICOM, it has not gone smoothly. Many problems have been highlighted, {Specialy for Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. Scar trance ep PetroCaribe does not of 0d fallow iano enezueh’s OPEC membership. Instead tg countries to defer part of ‘withthe Fenaing cont bengen Ina longsem an thalw nkse ey thepic aol gor ton Uso kar Paricatng ont wl cee ae Gicoan hat wile comedic yar 1S. The prop ae ous a ae rc of i goes yond USS per bel he Scout wl eS Forth count nd epyment cin be earn oer rane theta andere are on ‘geen’ maby Cuban Venera which sesconton ered tom ‘lordocars {ne that in exhoge or 900 br ti om Verena ends 1000 dots {dma pve fe eal evel poorer pts of erent ‘Under he agree Vell overall shppngcons stint pr denen ofthe of centaur an seas fis and enn ie fin otensin mente coun Percarie il nda witha cond en meaning al them me le nin Rafael Ramirez, the Venezualan Minister for Energy and Petroleum stated: "We're not talking about discounts. We're talking about financial facilites, dret deliveries of products and infrastructure? He also sid that the main {goal isto cutout the cost ofthe middle men, ‘This would mean that intermediates such as US Alistributors (Texaco and Shel) would be exchuded from purchasing Venezuelan crude ol. In essence, countries wl forced in he draton of curtailing their industry infrastructure in favour of senting up state guided facilites, Conclusion Barbados and Trinidad continue to sit PetroCaribe for a number of reasons. The Government believes Venezuela is refine theisland scrudeciland thishascontributed to Bridgetown’ opposition to PetroCaribe CARIBBEAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 41prodecs 150 000 yan hs jo i tn DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN POPULATIONS Aspens linia hat re ‘publ atiner breeding A popaltion troup of individuals ofthe same species ving nl sharing upol Inthe sme ata or inter breeding etc information. Soa species sade Populations Hw rapidly a population changes depends onthe growth ae, which he difference between the bith ated the death rate ‘Demographics isthe sty of population Typical 2 groupoldemographrs (asa employed bya tvernment counts population, to determine is her further, more dtaled tal ize. They abso Future changes tothe population, ned prdicions of ‘gimany statistical ty is ase ithe aration gatered 8 O4ped in some, infovonmine pater orsiratre, = "™%y BASIC DEMOGRAPHI¢ CHARACTERISTICS DEFINITIONS ss ‘Age AND SEX STRUCTURE ‘issn graphic representation ote composition of a specific population showing comer drton fhe india ie persion Pears may loko th pte th ‘eanerges when people are grouped by age Rather srartyng estab puters bed once aa cag they wil work on maton ithe number oF people in any given ag range The ar way ced ner One 9, 10-and son. fash year group may then be sb fener es int males an fees Te ‘Stecamtreofa gen population ay “rcv app ani i “Sucted by representing the 5 es Gorte verte sleand he gender or Tel) nthe quences (numbering rages) on te hoot eae Line population ae strustare th propria the uplation nen age cass. The age cae of appulton et erent and te ih Putin tess 2 charters "on Pyramid or Barbados, 190 based on US Census Bureau Fiwe=- ceva growth es thee mpact cre MF a an - epresents & rapidly increasing, eet isda oh Bc the ery ase oat yam typi oa dveloping tpg the CADE thsdiagram represents population with slow or zero got ‘Themidsecton ofthe diagram is usually a than the top and bottom sections. isin pyramid isypia f developed count, = tive Pyramids This diagram represents decreasing population growth negative growth, ‘hisis indicated bythe bottom section of the lagra usually being the smalls. This type of pycamid is typical in very developed counties. Given enough time, all countries pass ‘hough similar demographic transition stages population eyls related to the age an ex Pyramid, This can est be represented by The Demographic Transition Mode. It describes a ‘Sequence of changes over a period of time the ‘tionship between birth rateand death rate ST. JAMES HIGH SCHOOL’ ll pasion cage (see Fig 2.10), be aa IRTH RATE the ith rae ithe ner eins yer ‘measured pet 1000 people: Hrlaesthe sumiero births athe otal population actors pectin birth rate Age strate Ina moral Child labour " Sox ers Religion and aure Stata con stot wom Contacton and abortion (China rest bh, Canada proms bits) DEATH RATE The death rate isthe numberof deathsin a yea, measured per 1000 people. Ht eats the number of| deaths othe total population. The fant death rate or infant mortalty rates the ‘numberof nfnt deaths ins year cased pr 1000 live bits. In other words, treats the number of hs depress population growth HISTORY OF POPULATION cRowTH cael ‘FIGURE 2.13. Human population growth from AD | to 2000, In the early period of hunters and gatherers, the ‘world's total human population was probably less than afew milion, The second period, beginning with the rise of agriculture allowed a much greater density of people and the fist major increase in human population The Industrial Revolution, with improvements in healthcare and the supply of food, led toa rapid increase inthe human population. Currently, the rate of poplation growth has slowed in wealthy, industrialised nations, but continues to increase rapidly in poor, less-developed nations, History of population growth in the Caribbean from 1840 to the present In the Caribbean area, up to about 1880, death rates were only slightly lower than birth ates, so the rate of population increase was low. From about 1880, death rates began to decline, | ‘but bith rates remained high, so the population rose rapidly. This trend continued until about 2000, ‘The reasons forthe slow population growth rate tp to 1880 were lack of medical knowledge and an associated high death rate from disease, especially among children. In addition, there were food shortages due to droughts, and diets were restricted ta what could be grown on the land. Sanitation standards were poor and the combined result ‘of these disadvantages was that life expectancy. was low, giving rise to population with «high proportion of young people. Birth rates were high, due to the lack of bieth control methods and also tothe need for large families to provide enough labour to work the and. CARIBBEAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 47‘The post-1880 rise in population can be ascribed to improved medical knowledge, health care and sanitation standards, together with improvements in agricultural practices that increased the quality and availability of food, An additional factor was industralisation, which inereased incomes. __ "These improvements caused a decrease in the death __rate, especially in infant mortality rates, and an increase in lfe expectancy CURRENT GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN. POPULATION GROWTH tf World population prospects 2050, Source United Na Prospects The 201 FIGURE 2.15 4s cHarena shen en gee nem cconte cameraman | Niger 3.7% | iopia 3.2% Burkina Faso 3.1% Burundi 3.3% Jordan 2.3% | se eeeee Nigeria 2.0%. Developed nations In contrast to the high growth rates to be found inthe developing countries, much lower rates are found in many developed counties, for example ¢ USA 1.0% * UK03% © Canada 0.8% France 0.5%, The Caribbean | Inthe Caribbean and surrounding areas, there are some high growth rates, such as in | Guatemala (2.08), Antigua (1.3%) and Haiti (1.3%), butalso some low rates such as in Cuba (0.2%), Dominica (0.2%) and Barbados (0.3%). Trinidad and Tobago is unusual in having a negative growth rate of 01%, This means that, for any ofa number ‘of reasons, the population numbers are declining ‘World population growth based on 2006 estimates.pemOGRAPHIC STATISTICS ZaicutaTions Spe ae the hy ae ee er si rramtes eye okey tome loncet co! 10 tions stipes to make eal pes he fertility rate is the numberof live births in ese per 1000 women who are in the normal radu age group (15-44 Years). numberof live bisths suumber of fertile women 1000 "°°" erty rate rth rate birth rate (b) isthe number of births per unit ie (8) divided by the total population (N). B = 2 100% em jortality (death) rate se death ate (d) is the number of deaths per unit 1 (D) divided by the total population (N). D formula: d=? x100% N DDenosvaphic statistics For Trinidad (estimates Birth rate (births per 1000 population): Death rate (deaths per 1000 population) Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1000 lve births) “oral: 24.33 deaths per 1000 lve births Males: 26.93 deaths per 1000 lve births (2003) Females: 22.92 deaths per 1000 lve births (2003) Life expectancy at birth (years) ‘Total population: 66.85 years 67.07 years (2003) 72.23 years (2003) te (migrants per 1000 fertility rate (children born per wor”) lation growth rate: -0.883% for 200 107 births per 1000 population 1) 1076 deaths per 1000 population );-11.3 migrants per 1000 population ): 1.740740 ani Migration rate 1 Ts numberof immigrants and = number of emigrants he te migrant = (per 100 ‘The net migration i (F-B. When more people leave the country than come i this is negative (he et migration ls). When more people come into the county than leave thisis postive (the net migration gi). Growth rate Growth ate (isthe numberof births (8) minus the numberof deaths (D) per unit time, divided by the total number in the population (N), provided that the net migration is equal to zero. B-D W Formula “The growth rateis: ‘negative if more people de than babies are born. + postive if more babies are born than people die. {the net migration is not equal to zero, then the formula becomes B_D+ net migration poy N «100% a= ‘When both the birth and death figures ae given ‘out of 1000, N= 1000 and rates are quoted as births ‘or deaths per 1000 population. stated) unless other en born per 1000 women) CAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENTDoubling time ‘This the time it takes ties present siz, a formula fora population to reach vis estimated bythe 0 doubling time, T ale _ FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION GROWTH RATE [Numerous studies have revealed the following factors tobe some of the reasons leading to the high/low population growth rate in some Culture This refers to the values and norms ofa society. ‘couple might be expected to have the number of children that are determined by the traditions of their society. In many cultures high fertility rates are traditional and ae a sign of status Economic Development in the country High economic development indratesa high level ‘of education and work ethics inthe population and individuals work long hours, health cae is ficient, sanitation is igh, social and economic status of women is high, Family planning acess Family planning progeams can provide education and clinical erie that can help couples to Choose hove many children to have and when to have them. The programs can provide access to contraceptive methods at an affordable price and in counties where couples cannot Mord contraceptives, they are provided fe. “These programs can lea to an increased use of contraceptive ad hence help to conto population growth Government Policies Governments phy an important rol in managing population regulation. They can implement polices {hat ether promote or decrease population growth Budgetary allocations o family planing services, education especialy for women), eat cae, pension schemes or incentives or slleflarget_ Family sizescan stimulate ot tie population growth, 50 CHAPTER Level of lene und Cece wena sendin aco ership ln sun Ncomern tect seb eine eg Besa en ssn ey shen ete cont wh poverty rate Level/Cost of education tn many Caribbean countries educations] ‘portunities especial for women have aaa sePtfean impact on ther Fertlty rates, Eat ences the probability that women wil now | TRewrto improve the health oftheir familie, ates infant and child morality and contol thot feriity Italso increases women's options hth regards to career and way of achieving stay tther than by having babies Pension schemes availability if pension plans ae avallable through proper government policies there will be reduced ned fore ‘security chil” (a child who has the sole responsible to take care ofthe parents in ther ld peace parents woul have their own source of {income to buy medication, pay bill or even rea caretaker, hence reducing population growth a. Poverty evel and Health care Poverty can greatly increase the population of a country. This can be seen in ait where the population is ineeasing at a very high rate. Many Couples cannot afford contraceptives and tnd sotto use them. Families have many children 0 that they can work on the family’s peasant farm to increase family incomes soon a they each a working age. This necessary, to increase the overall income. Poverty increases the infant morality rates patents in poor rural areas donot have accesso 00d healthcare for their children. ‘Thisin itself limit on population growth However, families tend to compensate by having sore children inthe hope that some wil uve to adulthood and make an economic contribution to the family This leds to population growth. TH infant mortality rate inthe Caribbean isabout $0 infant deaths fr every 1000 live births. On ve bean woman wil have 3 childrenR spe religious belie oppose the use of artificial oe Cepuives and encourage earl age of marriage conten This may increase Fertility rate and hence in wetaom growth rate since natural family plan ulation 8 planning wee maybe unreliable and a young ageof ease increases a woman's reproductive years, : status of women When women have access to education and paying Jibs and live in societies in which their individual sare upheld, they tend to have fewer and “thier children. By promoting the rights of pSmen and the opportunity to become educated phate earn income, governments can help to slow population growth. In the Caribbean many women Arreducated and are becoming more career Stiented. Cultural practices where women stayed at ‘ome and became housewives seem less attractive, 7 La 1 FIGURE 2/6 Improved education opportunities Hor wornen generally slows population growth POPULATION CONTROL METHODS here are two main methods which act to control opulation growth, 2. Directly ~ using Family Planning measures ‘nd methods oF government policies. These are some measures used throughout the world: * Budgetary allocations to family planning services/contraceptives, education (reducing cost and assess ability), health re especially for infants, ‘ ‘Taxstructure and incentives based on family sizes Policies to promote later marriages. * Incentives for smaller families (medical ‘are, schooling, housing, retirement fund! Pension schemes) ‘ Promote the social and economic status ‘of women by improving woman's rights! advocacy ‘Penalties and fines for larger families. Note: Most successful programs integrate family planning and development programs that allow couples to make informed and educated choices on their family size 2. Indirectly ~ Natural Disasters (loods, ‘earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes). These are not very reliable and cannot be depended ‘upon to reduce global population growth but are very effective when they do occur PovERTY Poverty isthe inability ofa person to asess basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. Acute Poverty People living in acute poverty lack access to basic resources such as an adequate diet, decent housing, basic sanitation, clean water, medical care and other essentials for human survival While inadequate access to proper food or healthcare should lead to high levels of infant mortality and lower life expectancy, this does not decrease the growth rate ofthe populations of poor countries. Poverty will not slow the rate of growth. ‘of the world population inthe future. Cycle of poverty or deprivation ‘The cycle of poverty isa continuous process that ‘makes escape from deprivation very difficult. The cycle can affect both urban and rural areas In the inner cities, there isa tendancy for certain ‘occupational groups to have very low incomes, which make for low standards of living, including poor housing. The poor environment may produce Stresses and strains in the household and poor health among household members. In turn, this affects the educational and other prospects of younger members of the family. The school and CARIBBEAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 51seighbourbowx! may lak the resources and skilled people necessary to mprove conditions Fr the young. Those caught inthis eye of poverty tend toleave school early, with Few jb prospects: Poor oadtions and poor prospest encourage criminal activity ada lack of intrest in the neighbourhood ‘vironment, This, in turn, discourages outside tvestment. which mgt otherwise provide incentives for improvement The inner city yc of poverty is thus characteristic ‘ofthe ‘under classes’ and is increasingly ‘concentrate in particular areas and in certain housing estates om the edge of some cies tn rar areas poten tend to have many children becuse they ate a form of economic security. This tendency is reinforced by poor education and poor access to contraceptives. Children ean help with the rowing of fond crops, gathering wood for fel and tending to livestock, Patents also have many children. Fecaus ofthe risk of many oftheir offspring dying at an arly aged to poor heath care Poverty can be sen to ead to overpopulation which causes degradation and depletion ofthe fnvironment, This deepens the eee of poverty as the rural poor tend to depend on the environment for subisence See students essay on the cyl ofpovertyon page 70 atthe end ofthis module POVERTY AND POPULATION GROWTH ‘Throughout the Caribbean, widespread poverty represents the mos intractable challenge to octal and economic development. Within the region, poverty is characterised by literacy and ow educational attainment, under-employment, ‘malnutrition, low status of women, limited access to healthcare, social services and the basic human ‘needs of fod, clothing and shelter, all of which lead to an increase in population growth, INDICES OF POVERTY Access to education Potential pupils may liv great distances from schools, on remote areas, Parents may not have enough money to buy books ~ or even meals ~ and ‘may be unable to pay for transport to school 52 cHaprena have enough money an ere crete ther children into secondary and tertiary ve tjon They are not elped bythe fact that Sapulation in ual pars is ofen smal there peo schools or educational institations in these ares. Parents may not ‘Access to health care There ae very few health flies in rural areas and those public feciltes that do exist ae open shi few hours pe day. When thes are closed, Cmergency cases have tobe referred to major Foss that are sometimes faraway and dict to reach, especially at night Access to basie needs: food, housing and water Food supplies are bic and may be restricted they avclimited to what can be produced on family and, which itself wil be low grade and liable to Fresh water isnot availble ori restricted in (quantity, o is only available ata considerable {istance from the home. Housings of poor quality and often overcrowded, ‘Housing is located on land that i lesst sel agriculturally and may be at risk from environmental hazards such as flooding and landslips Sanitation facilities are poor or non-existent and this put health at risk. ‘Measures of development that relate to Poverty Gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP) ate sometimes used as economic indicators of development. Gross national product is the sum total ofa county's annual economic output, expressed in monetary terms, divided by the total population of ‘country to give GNP per capita, Gross domestic produet is calculated in the same way as GNP. Itisa measure of national output and income but takes net property income from abroad into account GNP = gross national product ‘output np =cut _ ‘otal population ineva nur fndatorsare combined se ta coated sig ge et one method used by the United Nations ety iscaled the human development index Nas counts on he aif sop aeetge of coining oll nde ape od ich san economic st cre area ae aed ime expectancy and canal rare ee sean teal els of development, the lt Natos has calte fender rete sem inder (SDN Like the HDL Seer reer ‘editante between men and women. The se gener apes of these tos he Sdn’ GD compared with HD RELATIONSHIP OF GNP TO. POPULATION GROWTH AND PovERTY the lowera nation’s GNP the shorter the doubling tine ofits population, which implies a high ate of population growth, he lower the per capita GNR the less the abilty ofthe population to meet is basic needs and the treater the percentage ofthe population living in poverty. st even in countries 7 Poverty cane uch a5 Tiidad Poverty causes premature death and health problems that are preventable. Infant mortality ‘ates are high and lf expectancy is low. This is compensated by hgh fertility rates. Couples tend to have large families. They hope that some offspring will survive to provide labour and income that ‘ill help the family survive and to ensure that the parents canbe looked aftr in their old age. All these factors contribute toa high population growth. Ifa population increases at arate greater than the rate of increas in the production of goods and services, more and more people wl lack access to basic resources and wil fall into poverty as result Environmental impacts of poverty and high growth rates Deforestation All human populations requite resources to survive People need land and material for building and for growing cops. Land and materials are made available by the clearance of forests. AS ‘population size increases, so does the demand for land, which, in turn, increases the rate of| deforestation. Inn anany Caibbean counties, forest areas are being cleared forthe construction of industrial sites, housing settlements and for construction materials, With the increasing growth rate of many Caribbean island populations deforestation is ‘increasing at an alarming rate. Envieonmental degradation Poverty encourages high population growth. This ress ina stution where mote people eit than Tocl natural esources can suppor. This results in the depletion and degradation oflocal forest, sol water supplies, wld fe and other natural resources. “Thus the envionment is degraded faster than it can replenish tse Less is avalabeto support the opultion, o poverty increases, asthe poor mainly depend on the envionment for subsistance Social Impacts of Poverty Poverty has a strong influence, through its socal and environmental impacts, on the population [growth rate ofa country. The growth rate willbe influenced by ‘availability of family planning programs ‘the social and economic status of women CARIBBEAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 53the level of education culture ‘quality ofan acces to, heath cate health problems such as malnatrtion, slow govt and meatal retardation ‘educational challenges ‘housing problems and overcrowding Tack of social amenities None ofthese problems has an easy solution and ss iksly tobe with us foras longa high population rowth continues and as such ate closely associated ‘vith Factors affecting population growth rate” Frum page 50) CONSUMPTION PATTERNS The following consumption patterns need to be considered for contributions from both Developed and Developing counties from each individual person Food consumption Fac consumption {© Water consumption Green House Gas emissions For each factor consider contribution from the sectors of Domestic, Agriculture Industry & Transport Relationship between developing and developed countries Developed counties hve high per capita consumption of resoures, ut their otal Population size is much smaller than that fof many developing countries In contrast, developing countries have a much smaler per capita consumption of resources, but thet total population sige is much larger than that of Aeveloped nations. A lerge population consuming small amount of resources pe capita can cause similar environmental impact to thse resulting from a small population consuming a large amount of resources per capita. Developing counties ae the source of many materials forthe industries of developed countries The high consumption patterns of develope countees esl in high demand for ‘hese resources, while developing countries are carrer 2 cocouragd expt ts str sures se atconomi gaan tothe ata or deveaped counts ean nese tha of xen of A cs incenes nd oe-xation ah mya esos eli, “epoca of eploting aturl resues Te etn processing sing hen soo high nonmetal npc, een nein apparent that beth ean consumers us im tomate roe We ned understand that bo eee devon coun are response teers envionment prelems. Note Aug here armore persons Ing Neng cots compared to developed weeks high andar fing and high onan = ©hon > Impact > Prevention Maat people bout the eect of polation on EeGonment and hw tena «BSc that cont polation, $ Eoungethe of envionment fendly poste Sr npn ‘ors that eels armen INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC SPECIES A species introduced into anew geographic area is tales an exoti species. ‘Tye human introduction of exotic species has had mised results. The major foods ofthe world come from only’ few species, such as wheat, potatoes, poultry and cattle. These species have been, Introduced by people into many new environments because of their useful characteristics. Cats and dogs have been intentionally taken into new habitats by their owners as pets, but other species such a eats have been introduced by aceident Exotic plant species can become pests by altering Ae plysical envisonment ur food chang of native habitats ‘here are many benefits of introducing exotic species to new environments, but there are pitfalls vel 4 Exotic species may introduce diseases to theit new environment. These diseases may destroy and kil local species of flora and fauna. + Competition from exotic species for food, mates and nesting sites can reduce local populations 4 The harmony existing in local foodwebs and ecosystems may become imbalanced and unstable, especially predator and prey selationships 1 Exotic species can interbreed with local species éreating super-breeds (hybrids). These hybrids ‘an out-compete local breeds for food and ‘an cause havoc inthe ecosystem. An example ofthis is the African honey bee, which was introduced in South America to improve honey Production, but which escaped and bred with ative bees, and is now found as far north as the USA. Mitigation measures * Educate people about both the ecological and «economic effects of introducing exotic species. Laws can prohibit or control importations of dangerous exotic species. Large fines canbe imposed for violation ofthe regulations, especially when dangerous exotic species are released int the wild Carey out strict inspections of cargo ships and planes that might accidentally transport exotic Species to the Caribbean, Impose specialised quarantine messures on all imported plans, animals and fh, in order to prevent the spread of disease, Change in life style eg use and buy local vegetables and aguarium fishes. OTHER WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE NEGATIVELY IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT “CUMATECHANGE ‘The Earths climates subject to constant ‘ariaton that takes place over periods of ‘thousands of years. This variation has produced Jong periods of warmth as well as long periods of «old, calle ice ages. In recent year, scientists have noted that the ‘temperature of the Earth i increasing a rate that is too fas tobe consistent with the Earth's natural variation, and have suggested that man's activities are altering the climate of the Earth, The greenhouse ¢/ Greenhouses are made of glass Tis enables them to trap the Sun's heat, which helps to keep the plants inside the greenhouses warm. Ina similar fashion, gases that are found naturally in the atmosphere trap the Sun's energy and cause the atmosphere to heat up. ‘These gases include carbon dioxide, water ‘vapour, ozone, methane and nitrous oxide. Together they are known as greenhouse gases, and cause the greenhouse effect. ‘The greenhouse effect is defined a the insulation ‘ofthe Earth's surface by atmospheric gases, CARIBBEAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 57| Radiant energy from the Sun warms the surfaces of the sea and land, Most ofthe incoming solar ‘ration isin the visible part of the spectrum (light). Most visible light passes through the tmosphere without being absorbed. As the Earth warms up, it radiates heat (infrared talation) back out towards space. Much of this infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse fgses, in particular water vapour and carbon thioxide. Asa result, the lower atmosphere warms tup. Some of the energy in the lower atmosphere escapes into space, but most radiates back to the Enrth’s surface, warming the planet futher. Its not the greenhouse effect that concerns scientists, but the enbaneement of the greenhouse effect by human-induce the levels of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide plays an important rote in regulating the Earth's temp Without the greenhouse effec, the Earth would bea frozen planet with an average temperature ‘of about —18%C, but this natural process keeps the Farth’s average surface temperature at a comfortable For the lst 100 years or so, mankind has been burning large amounts of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, and, asa result, the “amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 28 per cent in this period (and could rise by more than 40 per cent in the next hundred years). The inerease in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is thought to produce an Increase in the Earth's average temperature, tn 1995, a panel of leading scientists, convened by the United Nations (UN), predicted a ‘worldwide rise in average global temperature of 110 to 3.5 Celsius degrees (ora rise of 1.8 to 6.3 Fahrenheit degrees), witha best estimate of 2.0 Celsius degrees (3.6 Fahrenheit degrees), by the year 2100, Despite its name, global warming does not necessarily mean that everywhere on Earth will {get hotter, Some places will in fact, get colder. For this reason, many people prefer to use the term climate change to describe the changes in 8 CHAPTER 2 atten that are thought orev Jobal weather ps . the greenhouse effect and from the processes 0 slobal warming Auhoush he Poe ema cou bare ei species Satelite view of Hurricane han, ‘Statitice for both 1998 and 2005 rate these yeare as the hottest ever recorded, while 2002 and 2003 ‘were rated the second and third hottest years respectively. Higher temperatures usually cause an increase in the evaporation of water, especially during hhotter times ofthe year such as summer and the dry season, There isa greater chance of drought ‘which, in turn, results in more frequent and intense wildfires, Higher temperatures also cause deadly heat waves and the spread of disease. ‘There has already been an increase in heat- related deaths in many countries, for example, France. ‘An increase inthe incidence of mosquito-borne tropical diseases is being blamed on climate change, The Dengue fever virus has now been detected in high-altitude areas such as the Andes: ‘malaria has been found at high altitudes in Indonesia, ‘Another consequence of the warming of the Earth's surface isthe melting of the polar ice caps ‘and of glaciers in alpine regions. This causes the levels of rivers and lakes to increase and produces in sea levels. Such rises ar likely to resultsn widespread flooding. Floods kill millions of femme tan mre 7s etre chen there ba by is Sena ofc valnerable, Scemsshane eed hat sarees ave already en by sacs (10-20 cm inthe pat eae ced Se pected to lncese by epproncarge inches (38 cm) by the year 2100, 14 (Gott wering icles a rein the Seertureof the wat, Warmer war produce pric tat a teroiagh eae et panbbeen ery ealve and burcaet he ba Unie thm ever ‘The 2005 huricane season cimed vousande ves inthe western hemiophere Fran, theres eidence Io sgget that the number ef Perce in ach son willbe reduced Cl warming has caused shits in some Sunes in sea temperature have alee plants sadanimals ving inthe sea cang ome {pro fo fouish and some ode ot ‘arinsin seasonal temperatures hav had iret on and: anal migration patens nse ad nd ave Been aeted “hres some concern tha the Glf Steam, the mame gen tothe fw of warm wet om theCanbean to North Arc andacrss the ‘Mss to northern Europ, maybe weakened, sik would have drastic fects on thse eins Stan and coral building ogni ull thet thal fom acim compounds hate found aural in the oceans When aon oxide isles ia water a8 ‘open hen tans carbonic ai is fred ‘head ins its way into the oceans and ‘race wth alia compounds to cea ne Compounds tht are unable by agate The Canbean as lost ppoimatl 20% is Con reece to sea temperature changes and inrened ocean ely. International efforts are being made to halt the rise and then reduce the levels of greenhouse {2s in the atmosphere. In 1997, representalves from 160 countries met in Kyoto, Japan *° a era aeemen to reduce woldvie Beet an Derren i es i ie Be wR esac harmful UVfudation enanaing eee | ey oe molest bres up intean organ tod an tom ofeaygen-Tese ere ager 0,20,+0 none decay when Rect vithan stony | 0,+0+20, Bi ide tects eenony 1 i Serine ante Senta Towanda tty hes MASE pete, Pies (Oh ey artiomct ty te tad te beeen te le Jette bat ngane on es mange Sapien chine atk hers, Serre) en tiitdg i icp tircenatoning uns | Renatiaiaie 1 vay i Saemijecis Pte seteee ‘The most widely known of these chemicals are chloro fluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and bromide. Ozone-depleting substances remain the atmosphere for considerable periods, upto 50 years, They can be transported into the u atmosphere by air currents and, when they to the stratosphere, they interact with UV and break down into radicals, which reduce ‘amount of ozone in the ozone layer. Hes | $ Werening immune sem $ Sinenct i eninge tn : Destruction of marine ecosystems sucha that of phytoplankton in the sea | Reduced plant yidds Adverse effects or animals Damage to plastics a Reduced fishing yields + eeeseven years of assessment, research aver ations, the fist general ozone anne ss established in 1985, Itis see pe Vienna Convention forthe ‘sow on of the Ozone Layer. This agreement icp eee enti tect the ozone layer, However, it was. ree ice oo Aectives regarding ozone-depleting on nces were compiled in the Montreal Se geal root pon ieaions, be ON ci acer purest Union, ended the production of at ie Chon ed eda toe Duet the implementation ofthe Montreal al. and is various amendments, there fsbeen dramatic decline in the production snd consumption of oone-depleting suntances. Scientists predict that ozone layer depletion will be reduced within the next {eae and, slong asthe Montreal Protocol snd ts amendonen continue to he implemented ball member countries, the ozone layer should retun to normal by 2050. Thesis way to prevent damage to ie ozone ayer is to use products such ros spays frigerators and fre shes that ar labelled ozone-fiendly Ozone depleting gases anda on deplting atenatve. ‘To prevent the escape of ozone-depleting Substances, unwanted efrigerators and other appliances should be disposed of responsibly. Chioro fuorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants should be removed from the appliance before itis Aiscarde, ensuring thatthe refrigerant isnot released or Vented into the atmosphere, Avoid using fre extinguishers that contain halons or chemicals that contain methyl bromide zone depleting substances have been replaced by chemicals wit similar properties, but without ‘the damaging effect onthe atmosphere. CFCs hha the properties of stability, non-toxicity and chemical inertness, Hydochloro uorocatbons (HFCs) ate curently being used as alternatives, but may be subject to controls inthe future (ue to ther glbal-waeming potential) under the Climate Change Convention andthe Kyoto Protocol, Hydrocarbons are long-term alternatives to ozone depleting substance, although their flammability causes problems in ‘many applications. Pesticides are ued to control organics considered harmful to agriculture oF horticulture, or involved in disease transmission. Despite pesticides being a economic necesity, they can also be serious threat to biodiversity and ae potentially serious pollutants, Today theresa general cognition ofthe dangers of ‘excessive use of pesticides, both to humans and to the environment. Residues ofthe pesticides ‘may accumulate in hamans and other animals and case serious harm. These residues pass through the fod chain, becoming more concentrated at each tage ia 1 FIGURE 223 Pesticides are readily avaiable. CARIBBEAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 61of pest contol kn Abate form of ee negated pest management inv methods such ‘¢ varied cultivation methods ‘rotation of crops {se of biological control mechasism ‘+ minimal well-targeted application of selective pesticides, ran commis pads ge quanti of fovacold snd comme vaste The tradorl eto f dsp! 0 um ui (ep lal tesech sds vonage pi Tis approach can aie frotlems because here ate ict anil Sittotle the wate Rubbish conning cron-sed material Seca nthe bec ofa, prodacig methane fav hihexaps ito the atmosphere: his Fetan cos the remus ss tn insome laces as cid ead talon Tei tances may each into router and pole wep for Fema Landfl tessa provide sbreeding traf ptogen t Waste dump In the Caribbean, the problems associated ith landfill could be reduced by a sustained campaign to cut down the excessive use of paper and plastic in packaging and junk mail Rubbish thats destined for lanl shouldbe sorted to remove items that coud be recycled (such as glass, paper and meta) from the ‘materials that have no further usefulness © CHaprena ee Faeroe nh hee Se iecioivinenes Senne dea Fitna become Wieden wichisbamt ee, t Metal for reeyeing Some substances released by industry do occur naturally, bt are damaging at high concentrations. Among these ae the heaty mals, mining waste snd creo Many industries release toxic emissions fom their processes into the atmosphere. Some of these pollutant are sulphur dosde ($0) nitrogen oxides (NO.),CO and CO, Thee can be corrosive are dangerous to wife ant humans and contebut tothe greenhouse fe Noise pollution is very common i indus sites, where it disturbs wife Prcilly al industries have some form of eft Industries that donot have wase treatment P= ‘kava vase tr ten on_ of oe eae ec Os re ont ae a ea eke Contaminated river atthe Aeabam Eat, Trinidad. AND ITS SOCIO- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS WHAT IS URBANISATION? Urbanisation i the migration of people in large numbers fom ural to urban areas. ‘An examination ofthe Caribbean region will reve that ther are high population densities in the cies and thie suburbs, such as Port of Spain in Trinidad, Bridgetown in Barbados, Kingstown inSt Vincent, Castres in St Lucia and Nevis, and ‘New Kingston in Jamaica {HORE 228 Abusing complex San erando,Trnidad CAUSES OF URBANISATION Attraction of the urban areas Factors that encourage people to move int the ‘ites are called pul fctors. These include the avalbility of white-collar obs beter infastructre~ roads, water, electricity the availabilty of socal facilites ~ health, education, recreation, posta services and police ‘aide variety of entertainment and nightlife facilites. Conditions in the rural areas “The factors that cause people o move away from ‘the countryside are caled push factors. These are ‘ypiealy: the scarcity of jobs except in agriculture, ‘which most people consider tobe low-paying, laborious, sky and menial ‘lack of nfastructure, poor roads, regular ‘water and electricity supplies poor educational, health and socal-service facies alack of entertainment and recreational facies SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS. OF URBANISATION Problems of urbanisation Increased urbanisation brings problems to the fected towns and cites. As the population rises thee areas may become overcrowded, lad toa shortage of housing, which, in turn, causes the development of sms. Typically, slums will not have sufficient educational or recreational facilites, and may become polluted because of Jack of civic amenities such as rubbish collection. ‘Unemployment may rise because there are not ‘enough jobs, and migrants often do not have the necessary silt take the jobs that are avatlble. People without jobs are mor likely to turn to crime to provide themselves with an income. CARIBBEAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 6Urban areas have flooding problems due the presence of buldings concrete and spalt surfaces which promote water un of ‘Am increase in demane for water causes aor tobe tansered from rar to urban arss, depeiving url areas ofthis source ‘© The inreased demand for water in rban , olutans over un ares. Italo gvesrise thera pllation * Urban dels ae more likely tobe exposed luton, due to increased in trac oterainments and industria Push-pull actors canbe countered by biting indasti ses in rural areas to create jobs and bring increased wealth tothe lol population, ‘This willed tothe development ofa proper infastructarein rural areas, including the provision of roads, electricity and water to service the industries, and socal facities sch school, health centres, recreational parks an postal service for the workers and the families In towns, trafic problems associated wth increased population canbe deal with bythe construeton ‘nd management of mas public transportation, B systems including features such as larger buses, Bains and even ramears, ‘both raral and urban areas the government should educate the population about pellaton and, where necessary enforce laws o protect the vironment. They should encourage recyling and sve incentves for separating recyclable mates from refuse or disposal, See student's say on problems of urbanization on age7 atthe end ofthis ch 1 cHaprena 1 GUE 229 Coleg steel er recig MANAGEMENT, CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ‘Sustainable development canbe defined as ‘economic growth and socal progres tat dees ot damage the prospect of future genration, Terequies that resources such as raw nately and energy ate used and managed in vay that ill no create problems in the future tears ‘maintaining or improving our standard of ig without cheating om our childrens inhrtane CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINAI DEVELOPMENT ‘Two examples from forestry tha wl help exe the dea of sustainability ae as follow. * timbers cut ata faster rate than new growth occurs this is unsustainable in thelong 4, * fpollution is allowed tol ees ater than new ones can grow, thsi not susinable Inboth cases, tinber output leven fl because thee willbe ever res, Howe ee teesae planted and they grow healthy ad lumber is cut ata rate equal tothe grovth le fnew tes the output ca be ead inti long. Longtem sustainability li reauis ‘hatte tremens is dete ‘Permanently damaged. This relates toe ce tbodiverty. Biers isthe variety offre) nd fauna (animal) in an area Best 'simportantbeause itis pat of our atgas must be maintained because the anes Will be lost Forever, inal Mies sustainable development arose thee 4 the iiversity Convention relating tothe protection of fora and fauna 4 theclimate Change € abl warming «Agen 21 celatng to sustainable development inthe 2st century this document proposed that sours should adopt policies to conserve theenvironment and resources vention, relating to “Tnccnvironmient was defined asthe ai and water, otal vegetation and wildlife, and the social and Juman environment, including building, historic stvand ways fie Resources were defined as mineral (res and iss) shan other marine lifeand forests. To sum extent, these definitions of environment and vsoutees overlap. Together, though, they ‘onsite the renewable and non-renewable raw mae that people need to survive ‘Theaim of sustainable development ist: ‘ensure a better life for everyone, now and for generations 1 come’ through: sacl progres which meets the needs af eveyone effective protection of the environment prudent use of natural resources ‘nantenance of igh and stable level of ‘canoe growth and employment education. How CAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BE MEASURED? Ate Ro Earth Conference, it was agreed that ® of sustainable development indicators ‘ould be established, These indicators would "venue economic grit, socal progress and Ctrionmentl npc. At presen met oni sur economic pont yclcuting haga nts Gros Nand Pros (GNP) eae it me curt dr nt ge compet pte oft aad of ling The Uied Nation Human Devcopest Inde (HD atempetn combine econo nd Soci and ope terion of lig stn, Howe the HDI oe note sind of envrnmeatlipate Devdopment Wachsa United Sons agency ht monitors pogesson usable developmen thas proposes de tof ‘cvrnmentl nds Ths meses, Ise ilo: tothe yas hah gency: ae imporan when essing he ervromentlinpaof elope uc Annual withdrawals of ground and surface ‘water asa percentage of avaiable water ‘Industrial and municipal discharges into freshwater lakes and rivers '¢ Household consumption of water per capita Catches offish and other marine species, ol Land development Area affected by si erosion © Areaafeced by deseification ‘© Deforestation rate and annual timber production ‘© Arableland per capita and use of fertilisers and pesticides per km ‘Rate of extinction of protected species See ‘¢ Emissions of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides ‘Production of ozone destroying substances of waste recycled asa proportion of, total municipal and industrial waste + Generation of toxic wastes and area ofland ‘contaminated by toxic waste Development Watch also monitors international agreements on environmental issues that have ‘been ratified (incorporated ito national aw). It monitors environmental indicators, ensuring CARIBBEAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 65that statistical measures are in place to predict future trends. 1 uses this information to establish sustainable development strategies and tries to. sure that representatives of indigenous peoples are included in national decision making HOW CAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BE ACHIEVED? Sustainable development requires: ess wasteful use of energy and raw materials more recycling of waste * greater energy conservation ‘+ more use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power '% more use of clean, and non- polluting production methods, Some of the policy issues are outlined below, the traditional view of urbanisation is thatthe process is destructive. Big urban centres are seen as {growing explosively and causing great damage to the environment. However, there is some evidence that, contrary to the mainstream view, urban living ‘can provide Solutions to environmental problems, Cities can accommodate large numbers of people ‘on relatively smal areas of land. In the Developing World, fertility rates are significantly lower in tities than in rural areas and statistics have shown that turban poor people are three to five times better off than rural poor people. At the 1992 Rio summit, high-income countries agreed to bring their fossil-fuel emissions back to 1990 levels by the year 2000. The aim was to cut carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Only the UK and Germany managed to achieve this target. In Germany, it was achieved by closing down the dirty and inefficient coal power stations of the former Fast Germany. ‘In the UK, it was achieved by running down the coal industry and switching from coal to gas fired power stations. Burning gas emits much less pollution than coal. Whether this ‘dash for gas’ Is sustainable in the long run is very ‘much open to doubt, because the North Sea gas reserves, on which the UK achievement was based, will one day be exhausted 66 CHAPTER 2 + FIGURE 2.30. Installing a solar panel Government policies ‘Many governments have started to promote sustainable development through a range of poi ‘measures. These involve taxation, legislation, setting up environmental protection areas and also direct action, ‘Green’ taxation is the name given to taxes that are ‘environmentally friendly’. For example, in is 1996 Budget, the UK Government introduced « landfill tax. This tax, levied at a fixed rate per tonne 4s paid by businesses and local authorities, which dump waste in landfill sites. At present, most UK household waste is still dumped as landfill ‘The tax aims to encourage councils to recycle 4 greater proportion of paper, metal, glass and plastic. The more that is recycled, theless tax has be paid. In Norway, a‘carbon tax’ was introduced in 1991 ‘This raises the price of fossil fuels according to the amount of CO, they emit when buent. "The reslt hhas been to reduce carbon emissions by 12.5 pet cent ‘Throughout the EU, the law now requires that an environmental impact assessment be carried out before any large-scale civil engineering projects a be started. ‘Many countries have established Environmental Protection Agencies, which have a legal responsibility to monitor and control pollution #%% other forms of environmental damage-aly eso Between hose who wih to oc opments perhaps ponte coment tos who wie Sia pment Tistenion et So conte whee many “se es ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES IN THE CARIBBEAN ‘TRINIDAD AND TOBAG [NVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (EMA) “pe EMA was established by the Government {Thvoidad and Tobago to adress the Strirnmental problems. 1 was established irjne 995 under the Environmental Ttagonent Act No.3 of 1995 The Acts concerned withthe protection, conservation and tahancemen of the environment. Among is aims, it clearly tates: ‘polluters should be eld esponsible forthe costs oftheir polluting hiupdwwweemacost BARBADOS: CARIBBEAN CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION (cca) ‘This agency manages and controls economic «evelopment inthe country It also protets fd conserves the natural resources and the hnipdinww ecdpm. org GUYANA: GUYANA, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION ORGANIZATION (cemeo) ‘hs organisation protects environmentally- “vv species and also helps to conserve o-howw guianashiel.org ‘The DCA helps to preserve a: eer id improve inthe country. Italo develops and ‘stablishes environmental standards and criteria. Iupswwfa0.0rg ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA: ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS GROUP (EAc) ‘This group educates the public about the nation’s ‘environmental sues, using resources such as !wateness programmes and tours, hupiwweag.orgagy EAN NATURAL RESOURCES INSTITUTE (CANARI) The institute focuses on minimising the degradation of the country’ resources by investing in the protection and conservation of the enviroment, btw an org GRENADA: GRENADA COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (GRENCODA) “This agency helps to protect matine life and to conserve natural resources, Intpffwwwtede.org ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING AGENCY (NEPA) ‘This agency was established on 1 April2001. It ‘promotes sustainable development by ensuring the protection ofthe environment. The aim isto conserve natural resources and to develop and. {plement strict policies in order to maintaina healthy environment, hitps/www.nepa.govjim JEAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 67es QUESTIONS ty) Explain how sustainable development can lover the growth rate of Caribbean countries, Give eelevant examples in your answer, 2 List four negative impacts of urbanisation ‘on the environment, Discuss four mitigation ‘measures fr each ofthe factors that you have listed. 3. Using the four terms below, explain how human activity negatively impacts the ‘environment. a, Overexploitaion b. Habitat destruction € Pollution 4. Introduction of exotic species 4. Explain how recycling can help preserve the ibbean’s natural resources, Give relevant examples 5. Discuss four waysin which humans depend ‘on the ecological systems and processes 6. Discuss how changing consumptian patterns atfect the environment, with reference to the following factors a. Waste b. Water & Fossil energy 4. Food 0. Describe how the trends in human popuaig | growth may lead to the degradation of ‘he natural environment. 3. Discuss five factors that can affect the population growth rate in the Caribbecn, ». Caribbean countries are knovn to the world as developing countries. How can Caribbean countries change their status from devloping to developed? Discuss the relationship between population ‘growth and poverty, using the following indices: a. Access to family planning b. Access to education Access to health care 4. Access to water, electricity, Food and housing fe. Access to work, Note: For solutions and further questions, pleae visit “The Talking Textbook” on FB.nt essays low TO MAINTAIN A SUSTAINABLE POPULATION ¢ROWTH .gcoth is determined by th rate of increase oF population, which s the ference between “othe death rate, plus net migration. Sustainable poplation growth describes a situation i cocina count continue tobe abe to sustain the population. Population growth brings fas to be maintained ata sustainable level. Introducing contraceptives. all ways conefits toa country bat sea sublie,legalising abortion and influencing the use of renewable energy resources are tS ootainable population growth can be maintained seen poses help te limit the popslation growth ina country. Although contraceptives were introduced eee SEcexpensive to purchase and were only availablein heath centres. These were rare in cee ues, There tends to bea higher population growth rate in developing countries compared "Ses this is due tothe fact that contraception methods ae abundant in developed countries 1 TiShwe ready access to them tn order to maintain population growth ata sustainable level eens need to be made available to the public, Tiss specially important in the parts ofthe A ASR fiveny prevails, People would be more encouraged to use contraceptives if they were free ‘sey did not have to worry about Buying (BE “che puhlicon the benefits of maintaining sustainable population is essential. Ifthe public isnot see aeiaging effet that exponential groveh ea have on them and ifthe population bexps.on oe ually be a situation in which the resources of «country cannot sustain is existing esos especially not the growing future generation. The resolt willbe that if there are not enough, aac aeascais ate wil rapidly increase aver the birrate, Educating the Public will influence them “iv the number of offspeing they produce and persuade them fo use renewable encray ution can also help in maintaining a population ata sustainable level. Although there is ean help to contol the population. In many countries ee ea By Tgalising tindviduals whe arent financially and emotionally ready to bring = «insta edhe make their own decision aboutabortion. Some argue that even ifs couple are +s .ully prepared to bring a hild onto tis eats this snot the way fo go. Overal in helping to ‘vs vain sustanable population growth abortion ea help inspite ofthe many disadvantages. 1. ol senewable energy esoufees such as sola winkdand Water can help by ensuring there are eee erent Sheehan tase. Gas andl are nonerenevable, meaning that once they ae used up, OTe as le or centadesfrthem te replenished. Aa result ofincreased industrialistion “an the oad th adelante remaining zig concer Gas and oil sho cause pollution “snd wind are renewable meaning they ean be replenlshed. Hydroclecric energy from dams is also =e Uung public wanportation instead of individual vehicles will help to reduce ol consumption “cussin resources fora growing population in the fature, | + se many methods by which a sustainable growth rate can be maintained. Justa few of the many “1 oS Gecrbed above. The combination othe ws of contraceptives edseation, abortion and these "> so hares ly an imprint prin contin to antalning saat population +L ethods need be implemented to ensue that adequate resources are availabe forthe future, "aise opposition from those against abortions CARIBBEAN PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 69REDUCE THE CYCLE OF POVERTY IN How TO THE CARIBBEAN « iss not the sy Key Bi sopedarenin a country, Dutthisis the eas nthe xy he cpl ty sly he mos develope ey One such problem i developmen ya rise due to the rapic ‘much attention is paid to these poor areas which » any peblem sented by the capital iy, they are a ro aval of obs nthe oor par of the capital iy may not have had he ey ope who lve yma . Toa aa proper education, they ae notable get ob. They then ate forced mga? Cr ete free of oun shod pt a home while most of them ar wilt rss, so that they can lear a trade or obtain a sie. ase ica cy neon eto mane iy result fom lack of education. Educated people can be poy ing pn. owee. doesnot necessary est fom ick of education, Educated peop aswel Thsis because they are sometimes deprived of ob oppo ry mainly due toracism and cheaper labour. In Trinidad, Chinese workers are imported for construction and Cabsy tiaors are prefered although thy do not understand the language spoken there. In other word ly Sold be given first pefeence for any job opportunities that arise before considering foreign abou, ‘Money managements alo mportant when considering poverty. Some of the people who ar appa the cpl of poverty ae there because of bad money management, They may choose to spend the nay in purchasing cigarettes, alcohol, and other unnecessary luxuries and are usualy not concerned about saving their money. These types of people may ive on 2 pay check to pay check basis and wil not hare sufcient mone for themselves or thei families. This Foo lifestyle is one of the reasons for poverty in the Caribbean The government ofthe Caribbean courtres should employ staff to target such plo provide advice on proper money management and to give counseling to break habits such a5 sng ji ecesary. In this way, people can put their money to better use and will eventually be able to move ct from the eyele of poverty. erty. Though not St htc cy becometed mainly y the means of ectin She osTeof poverty may start with adults but isin mos instances continued by thei children. Tiss because most ofthe children found inthe cycle of poverty do not receive support from their parents and The rat nye fed fr themselves. In doings, they must stop school and work to oats bec ees m contig chet, he government in such instances should provide these necesitieso tat the {ascot schoo and break the cycle of poverty inthe ama Selon nd jo opportunites go hand inhand and are the avenues through which the crcl of poverty ean be reduced in any coun ae Hesand only then would the cycle of poverty be brokeOBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH U RI AND SOLUTIONS BANISATION saussation the movement o migration of people from rral to urban areas Urbanisation tends to wie inthe capital of a country due to the many pull factor. There are ‘many drawbacks as well as benefits ‘Soeted with urbanisation. Lack of housing, increased pollution, more crime and the spread of dvases “Sixt sme of the many problems that cone with urbanisaton Fortunately there are reese tat exe fiplemented to belp alleviate and even solve these problems -cof housing in urban areas is crated by the increasing rumbers of peopl who migrate fom the rural A jones The land is expensive, s those who cannot andi bulashrete ode havea place taster. n slums, there tends to be a lack of services such as water and electricity, The slums continue to yw asmore and more people migrate for the wrong reasons. In order to solve this problem ofa lack of owsng, governments can help by constructing tall apartment buldings to accommodate families fora fir ret This helps to solve the problem as tll buildings can accommodate many more families on a small area flan and provide beter services while, decreasing the area af urban slums nceased olltion is ls caused by urbanisation. As moze and more people migrate, the more the sndvidal and total wast produced builds up to. There are more commercial and recreational services salable in urban areas; therefor, consumption willbe high, eslkng in more garbage being created. insu, there willbe a build-up of wast asthe garbage is ofen not collected in such areas, creating wssantary conditions Trafic congestion is also associated with urbanisation, The idling of vehicles products air pollation, In order to solv this pollution probe, the public needs to be educated about the cfc that pollution can have. Another way to help isto provide garbage bins near food courts and along ey treet The government can also help by enoring garbage icllece in su tee tice a Week 1 reduce the garbage build up and th effets it can have on heath, Tncesed crime i also a problem associated with urbanisation. The increase is strongly inked to high lees of unemployment. The more people migrate, the fewer obs will be avaiable. It wl be dificult for some to find good jobs that pay wel When the unemployed cannot gt their basie needs the only alternative left isto tur toa lf of crime suchas robbery to Flp buy the necessities to survive Ths ean be dangerous as people's ives canbe at rik ad it can influence others negatively, especially children, In de to reduce the crime level, and even solve the problem, cecentralisationis needed. This is where social ‘cites at builtin rural areas instead of being alin one place in urban areas. This will help discourage ‘igraton as more jobs will be avalableto them. Diseases are more prevalent in overcrowded areas where unssnitary conditions exit. Diseases are more ‘ely o occur in sums asthe residents are overcrowded and the houses ae tightly packed together “Thee isa lac of services such as water, health-care and garbage collection, When ran fll on the ‘sage, water tends to settle in containers promoting the breeding of mosquitoes that cary the deadly (ese called dengue, Rodents ae also attracted to garbage; their urine and droppings can get into the food of those who reside in slums resulting in sickness and death. The ack of health-care makes it worse as "sidents who get sick need immediate attention. To solve ths problem, the government can build health ‘teservices closer to slums and provide clean water to these residents, Educating the residents on how to _ Poet themselves and their family from disease can als hel. {aniston is assoctated with many problems but fortunately there ae ways in which each problem ean ‘lleva. Educating the poblcis the main solution to any problem, as citizens canbe made aware and 7 tei pat in helping to develop this country.